Hello everyone. How are you all today? The question says if a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a chord is drawn Prove that the angles which the chord make with the given line are equal respectively to the angles Formed in the corresponding alternate segment. Now using the above theorem we need to prove the following P is the midpoint of arc A, B A, B, B prove that tangent q are drawn at P to the circle is parallel to A, B Right, so first of all We need to prove the first part for this question that this is a required figure Which we need here. We will be writing what is given to us Now here we are given that pq is a tangent to the circle with center o and radius r with point of contact a A, B is a chord and D and C are points on the arc A, B and arc B are respectively other than A and B We need to prove that angle B, A, q, B, A, q is equal to A, C, B, A, B is equal to A, D, B For that we need to draw the diameter A, O, E and join B, E. Now, let's proceed with the proof In triangle A, B, E We know that A, B, E is equal to 90 degrees because it is an angle in a semi Circle as we have by construction drawn A, O, E as diameter Now further angle A, E, B is plus angle A, B, L, V, A, E is equal to 180 degrees Because 180 degrees, 90 degrees and the sum of the remaining two angles Become equal to 90 degrees itself. So angle A, E, B plus angle B, A, q becomes equal to 90 degrees Let this be the first. We can see that equal to 90 degrees. Let this be the second equation and this is because It is the angle between the tangent, the second equation we get. Let this be the third equation that to be done over to 180 degrees. Similarly, angle B, this is because of linear pair They are forming linear pair and this is because the correlator B, A, q because they both are equal to 180 degrees So hence their sum will be equal to each other from the fifth and the eighth equation. Now here This was the eighth equation and the above were the sixth and seventh We get angle A, angle A, D, B to angle P, A, B plus angle A, C, B or we can say that First we can say that angle P, A, B is equal to angle A, D, B and this is the required Proof of the theorem which was given to us. This completes the first part of the solution Now let's proceed with the second part Here we are given that T is the midpoint of R for convenience. Name these four rounds Begin with our proof. We can conclude that A, P is A. The whole question well, so have a nice day


Hello and welcome to the Circular Metabolism Podcast. This podcast is hosted by the Chair of Circular Economy and Urban Metabolism held by Aristide de Tannassiades and Stefan Kanpermann at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. In this podcast, we talk with researchers, policymakers and different practitioners to unravel the complex aspects of what makes urban metabolism and economies more circular. This podcast is produced by the Chair of Circular Economy and Urban Metabolism at the Université Libre de Bruxelles held by Aristide de Tannassiades and Stefan Kanpermann. In this podcast, we discuss with researchers, administrators and practitioners to clarify the different aspects that make the economy and metabolism of our cities more circular. On this episode of the Circular Metabolism Podcast, we talk with Adrian Hale, the project coordinator of Cities of Making. This project is funded by the Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe and explore what is the role of industries in cities and more specifically in Brussels, Rotterdam and London. With the advent of great technological innovations ranging from automation, 3D printing, internet of things etc etc, we discuss about what 21st century cities should be making. We also elaborate on what type of industries should come back in cities, where could they be located as well as who is likely to be employed in these new types of manufacturing activities. Finally, we explore the link between urban manufacturing and circular economy and how a productive city could tackle both social and environmental challenges. Enjoy this episode and don't forget to visit our website CircularMetabolism.com to find all of our activities and productions. So, Adrian, we'll start all over again, but welcome to this third episode of the podcast of the Chair of Circular Economy and Urban Metabolism. We've been talking with my co-chair, Stefan, about what is circular economy in cities, what does urban metabolism help us to do within this whole problematic and challenging question of circular economy in cities. We've talked briefly about the territorial aspect of circular economy and therefore who is making a circular economy, where do we make a circular economy in cities. You've been working on a project called Cities of Making, which I think addresses very well, or at least a big chunk of this question. So, I'm very glad that you're here and that you, with your many hats of designer, landscape architect, thinker, doer, content manager and all that, you address this question. And before you explain, I think what is Cities of Making and how can it help to this circular economy question, I'd also like to ask you how do you arrive to a project like this? What's the context behind wanting to do a study like this? What's the rationale behind it? Well, Cities of Making is focused around the question of what 21st century European cities should be making. And we arrived at that question based on a few issues and trends that we've seen. We have on the one hand, we have the whole question of reshoring and reindustrialization, which is raised from companies, organizations, regions, the European Commission that have said, we shouldn't be letting our industry be pushed off shore. In fact, we should be bringing it back because there's a lot of value in the process. You've got the question of new technology, which can be using materials more effectively, which is much smaller. It's quieter. It doesn't necessarily pollute. It can be put into offices, homes, shops. And so the technology has changed dramatically in the last, I would say, 30 years. On the one hand, on the other hand, there's also the constant threat to industrial land from cities because of the densification of cities, the repopulating of cities, that has essentially focused on industrial land to build housing, to build parks, to build shops and schools. And so businesses that are a little bit dirty, noisy, that are not necessarily in line with our 21st century concepts of urbanity are under threat because their value is not seen. So yeah, there's a range of different dynamics which have which are coming about, which have inspired this question about what cities should be making. That the project itself was developed with three case study cities, and those three case studies being Brussels and London and Rotterdam. Why have we chosen those cities? It's because they have changed dramatically over the last 60 years. All of these cities have been based on one type of industry or another. And so now we're seeing a dramatic change, and particularly a lot of the land connected to industry, which is still under threat. And the cities themselves are asking themselves why do we need to keep this and what value does this have for these cities? So we're hoping to get closer to answering that riddle. And then so each of these cities I guess were industrial at a certain point, and now we're at this tipping point of either we exterminate industry from our territory and give it to residential areas, or there is something else and we don't know what this something else is. But then let's think about it. And you mentioned these technologies. I can imagine these technologies are like CNC and then additive or printing or how you call them 3D printing and stuff like that. And these could upscale to bigger technological advancements like building houses or or building other materials in 3D and stuff like that. But is that the sole industry that cities need or what the industry will be? Because there is one thing about what's the most efficient for our lands and the less noisy and the less environmentally impactful. And there is another thing, what does reindustrializing cities mean? And what do cities need as an industrial pattern? You know, I mean, an industrial pattern could be whatever we can think of. It ranges so much. So are they specific industries that cities need? Or are they cities, certain manufacturing activities that cities are more likely to host? Have you thought of that? Yeah, absolutely. There's a wide spectrum of making and conditions for making, which we need to think about. You have the question of manufacturing activities that need the city. So the manufacturing activities which need to be close to clients or to a marketplace or to a source of materials or to a university because they're very high tech or to employees. So that's what manufacturing or industry needs from the city. Cities on the other hand also need industry and manufacturing. Why? Because they deal with waste. They provide the material for building buildings and infrastructure. They provide employment and a range of other things which cities very much depend on to adapt and to grow. So it comes from, of course, both directions. In terms of places and in terms of technology, evidently there are new and very interesting technologies which are emerging. I couldn't say that the position that we're at right now is absolutely revolutionary, but there are certainly a range of technologies on the horizon which are extremely promising. And yes, it's pushing towards more decentralized kind of manufacturing. But on the other hand, we're also looking at very high tech solutions that could be shared across at a city level by existing, by manufacturers. So the way that we see it, we see three particular trends. We see a trend which is heading towards high tech, automated automation, artificial intelligence. So industry 4.0 or something like that. Exactly. Internet of Things. We have another trend which is looking towards the metabolic dimension of the story. Of course, the circular economy story. It's about how we use materials more wisely, more effectively. We generate less waste. We get a better service out of the things that we produce so that cities can be more efficient in their energy use, efficient in the management of waste. And then you have the third dimension which is the social dimension which is very much about how people can be providing services, how industry can be providing skills, how the industrial process or the manufacturing process actually creates value added for the community. It could be anything from repairing things to producing and things from furniture to housing to sorting glass or whatever you like. But that we can see as being a social service for society where manufacturing benefits society and it's certainly connected with the circular economy story. So imagine, I'm trying to put this into words, but so who will be the person that works in this new urban manufacturing because is it the low skilled person like in the past? Is that the new urban industries that we're going to have? Is it the person that's super qualified coming from university and developing the how robots connect to each other? Is this urban industry the things that will automate so many things that finally urbanites will not work anymore and just enjoy their lives? I mean, I see that you have this social and people perspective, but so if we take this case of Brussels, which is a very fragmented population, so 20% of structural employment and a lot of highly educated people either for the services or because of the universities etc etc. So let's say that there is new urban industry in Brussels or I don't know how to call it, is it new urban industry or urban manufacturing? Who will work there? Is there a rule or could anyone work there? Industry has been seen as very useful for a range of different jobs and skills. On the one extreme, the very social extreme, you have industry manufacturing offering low skilled people a step into work in a sector where you can easily climb up the ladder or you can become more specialized. So that's a very important factor for cities to have such work, which is very important for the city. It allows people to then move into stable long-term reliable jobs that are suitable for people that are perhaps not so interested in the services economy. So that's the very social end of the spectrum. At the other end of the spectrum you have businesses which are certainly moving more into the high-tech world where there's much more automation. That is happening for two reasons, one because it's more cost-effective and you can create larger outputs. But it's also because a lot of businesses can't actually find the skilled labor to do it manually. So I have an example in Brussels, a tap company that makes very high-end taps. They can't find people that have the appropriate skills and there's not extremely complex skills. They can't find the suitable people to employ to manage their machines. So they're forced to invest more money in machines that can automate the process. It's not necessarily in their interest because machines they break down, they cost a lot of money, they become obsolete. But it's simply a staffing question and so you're seeing that machines are becoming a more reliable tool in the process. Yeah and to be honest manufacturing in Europe hasn't necessarily reduced significantly over the last few decades. What has reduced certainly has been the personnel. The outputs haven't necessarily reduced. So it's an interesting point to be thinking about. Yeah and what's this famous link with the circular economy? Because there are two ways of seeing it. I think there is the manufacturing, as you say, new processes of manufacturing can reduce the inputs, can optimize the process and therefore also reduce the outputs, make the ideal product let's say. So urban manufacturing could help us into that perhaps. But then there is also the the other end of the spectrum which is let's say the waste side of the spectrum which is remanufacturing or dismantling or perhaps recycling and all of that. I'm wondering you know in your mind what is more is there something more relevant for the circular economy or is that the only two cases where urban manufacturing can engage with circular economy are the others? I would say in terms of circular economy it's hard to distinguish manufacturing from the circular economy because at least urban manufacturing should have significant value for the city. If it doesn't have significant value then there is no point in keeping it in the city. An important point to remember is that if manufacturing is urban it generally also requires some kind of protection, some kind of finance, some kind of public support and so therefore the mere fact that that that does exist should mean as a basic criteria that the manufacturing should be a benefit to the city. So we have a very controversial question in in Brussels. We have a very large car manufacturer and they occupy an incredibly large site in the south of Brussels, employ a few thousand people but what that employment is is essentially assembly. Now the links between that manufacturer and the universities here in in Brussels are extremely loose and we don't see a very particular benefit for Brussels apart from some small employment likewise many of the employees some 90% apparently live outside of the region of Brussels and they travel into Brussels every single day. So there's a fundamental question there of whether this very large actor is actually providing benefit for the city and also the output which is being produced. My vehicle is not necessarily being used in Brussels or sold in Brussels so therefore we need to think whether that is of value. If this manufacturer was extremely connected with the universities and had R&D connected with the universities, if it was using materials which were sourced locally or involved some kind of production chain locally, if it involved training and educating personnel in Brussels which then could then connect with spin-offs into other kind of industries then you would say that that kind of industry is extremely valuable for the city and we should do everything we can. So that seems like a public industry if you will because I get what you mean and even before you started giving this example I was trying to think like does urban manufacturing is supposed to be private or public or is there a public version of it because what you seem to say is like because when we see the incinerator or you know recycling plants and things like that sometimes it's just you know public urban manufacturing because it's useful to the city because of the flows and all that. So in the case of, I guess you mean Audi right, but how do we, what's the control of the city to that? Does it not give a permit or how do we, how does a city, what type of authority does the city have into the implementation of new urban manufacturing activities? In the case of Audi it's a relatively special situation because it's a historical development it was formally I think Volkswagen and then before that it was another company. It's a special story but now we have a lot of friction between the local municipality and the factory where the mayor of that municipality feels that Audi is not necessarily the best neighbor to have and therefore is is becoming should we say less welcoming. Yeah we, the city, pragmatically he cannot kick them out right? No but he can certainly make it very uncomfortable for them to be there. Municipalities can make the relationship much stronger and then on the one hand provide the kind of training conditions and education conditions and links to local universities which are necessary for that business to evolve. But on the other hand can also create the conditions, the relationships with the neighbors, the infrastructure which this company depends on much more accessible and attractive. So yeah this is a fundamental question for public authorities is that urban manufacturing should be seen as a service to society because if it's not then what's the point in having it? It's not the right time, it's too expensive to have an industry within a city. There are much more effective ways of using land than having the industry in the city if it's not providing benefit. So yeah, there are certainly publicly funded and publicly owned forms of manufacturing. You could argue that the incinerator is one, you could argue that the wastewater treatment plant is another, you could argue that the waste sorting plants is another but it's at a certain point private businesses end up filling this kind of niche within the ecology of manufacturing simply because they're much more competitive, much more risk taking, much more prepared to push innovation and so therefore they're a much more appropriate partner to have. But of course you know that depends if we look back 100 years ago a lot of companies were nationalized and they worked extremely well. So yeah, whether it's public or private, I don't think it's so significant, I think it's a question of what is the benefit for society and how can we make that relationship between the making or the circular economy better, more embedded within that local context. And so I'm wondering because we talked about the territory slightly, right? I mean you said because of these new technologies you can have one in your office or in your basement. I'm always you know with this critical urban metabolism approach like what does it going to change in the flows, right? Into the share or the bulk of all of the flows we need elsewhere. Perhaps it's going to relocalize some of our externalities. So at least our external footprint is going to you know become smaller. But how do you see it? I mean do you think that each office in Brussels should be producing as well or how do we really affect you know the bigger scheme of things with urban manufacturing? And is it a thousand small or is it one big? Because this will impact very much the territory, right? I mean do we have one zone of industrial let's say in Buda? Do we just have new urban industries over there and that's it? Or is it everywhere spread around Brussels and we don't need specific territorial conditions for that? We don't need the Zemus, we don't need nothing of that because it's different. Do you have any thoughts on that? It's the most appropriate space for manufacturers will depend entirely on the type of manufacturing that they're focusing on. Some manufacturers need to be extremely close to highways or the canal because if not then they become far less competitive. Others are much more city focused and can be much closer to the city, have much smaller orders of materials and therefore for them it's much more important to have a public facade and be connected with the local with the community. So I think the most important thing for cities is not to say there should be one option or another it's simply to provide as many options as possible because that's how we're going to allow the ecosystem to evolve. When cities and we're seeing this particularly in London for example, where manufacturing has been focused much more on these industrial areas then a lot of makers have simply had to leave London because they just can't find the right space. So yeah, it depends entirely on the business. The biggest challenge though is to be able to have availability and a wide variety of options for when a business is ready to be able to move that they can easily move either upscale or downscale and that happens in both directions. It's important that if a business has reached its limit in one particular area that it's easy enough for that business to move to another site nearby where which means that it doesn't break its relationships with other businesses that it depends on nearby for instance and so the options are extremely important. We've seen a lot of businesses in Brussels simply leaving Brussels not because they don't want to be here in fact they really want to stay in Brussels a lot of a lot of businesses want to stay in Brussels because the identity of Brussels but they just can't find the appropriate space for that to happen. Businesses can't really move more than once within within a few decades it's just extremely expensive it creates an enormous extremely extremely damaging on their on their logistics. So yeah that's another issue why a lot of businesses are leaving town simply because they just can't find the right space. Should we push businesses to one spot? It just depends entirely on what you see as the most critical form of manufacturing you might say that only that form of manufacturing that you could stick into a shop front is is critical. If you want to see the full range of manufacturing as being important then you need to create space throughout the city within different kinds of environments those close to freeways those where you have an intensity of manufacturers those which are close to to a marketplace which are generally close in the city. So that's the that's the most challenging issue particularly when you have businesses that are under threat through land use change because a developer sees that it's much more useful in in building housing or or office space than to have a manufacturer. I think it's the closing remark and we might also be cut off but I'll just have to try to squeeze in again this metabolic thing I mean do you think that so we discussed with Stefan on the previous episode about how you know Brussels went from industry to tertiary and perhaps back to industry but the metabolism itself kept growing and kept becoming bigger. Can urban manufacturing also help us from an environmental point of view as well you think? Absolutely absolutely and this is I think the missing link between the concept and the political dimension of the circular economy and putting that into action.


Citizen Soldier is a third story in this real-war stories number two from Eclipse Comics published in 1991. Citizen Soldier the name of a veterans organization that is geared towards advocating for US veterans. Written by Kim Yeo, artist Dean Mottor, letters M. Eisman, edits Joyce Bradner. Press about face. A four-year bummer. The airman's voice. On guard and I believe on guard was a paper that Citizen Soldier was putting out. This is your personal property and cannot be taken away. Fort Knox had won so did Fort Dix. Its name was shakedown, Newport Naval Station, titled Dares, All Hands Abandoned Ship. While weight, right Patterson Air Force Base, called Dares, the star-spangled bummer. The Marines said said it all with a single nasty word, rage. That's what that is, rage. The GI Underground newspapers were the most consistent, consistent stateside protest during the veteran era. Some lasted for years, others folded when the men who put them out were discharged or transferred. As the war drew to its weary end, the newspapers shut down as well. Vietnam vets were systematically discharged from service to make way for less embedded, more pliable volunteer armed services. The reason for the fraggings, the search and avoid patrols, the radical unrest and sabotage and attack carriers and unpopular war is long over. One rarely hears of any protest among soldiers or sailors. On guard, the paper published by Citizen Soldier, a non-profit GI, a veterans rights group, is proof that discontent and dissent still exist. Hi. I was told I could call this number and find out about AIDS testing. I'm in the Army and I need to know what will happen to me if I refuse. I guess I'd better tell my story. I tried using the chain of command, but no one's doing a damn thing about it. The equipment's unsafe, and someone's going to get hurt, maimed, even killed. Hi. I'm in the eighth grade and I'm doing a term paper on Agent Orange, and I was wondering if I could send me some information.  I want to fight it, but I'll need help. Each issue of on guard reflects the paramount concern of Citizen Soldier, the democratization of the military system, making it accountable to society at large, and responsive to the needs of his personnel and families. Every day, Citizen Soldier receives calls from men and women, enlisted, enlisted, and officer on active duty or in the reserves who believe their human and civil rights have been infringed upon by military policies and practices. Changes are, if you call chances are, if you call Citizen Soldier, Trisha Prechfield will answer. Trisha sought Citizen Soldier's assistance in obtaining a release from the air force as a consciousness objector in 1983. She's been an integral part of Citizen Soldier now for eight years, press releases, fundraising, screening, and processing calls. You name it, Trisha does it. The answering machine goes off. Amazing. After all these years, we're still getting inquiries about Agent Orange. So this is... This was a call coming in to her, I believe, regarding Agent Orange. And Agent Orange was a chemical that the US military used in Vietnam, in Cambodia, and in that region. And they sprayed it everywhere and it appeared poison. And Monsanto had a role to play in it, I believe. It was amplified, pesticide, military grade pesticide that was used for killing off the vegetation so the soldiers could see through. They wouldn't be ambushed and stuff and poisoned everything. Poisoned everything. Continuing with the comic, gay men and women love their country too. Every time I put on my guard uniform, I feel a great sense of pride. That's another message. There's the paper on guard. Bring.  Oh, so someone was leaving a message. She picks up the phone. Hello, Citizen Soldier. She answers. That's a beautiful piece. I see you're calling on behalf of your son. He signed with the Marine, reserves for the money for college and the terms of enlistment were misrepresented to him. Recruiting. Join the Marine. They promised that field training would not disrupt his college studies and that he would be excused from drills when he had exams or term papers. Now he's getting hassled. He's interfering with his grades. Yes, and now he wants out. History of western civilization. C-minor as well. That's not good grades. No, your son's not the only one. Unfortunately, we receive plenty of calls and complaints about recruitment practices. They'll tell you you're going to be a pilot and you don't have a high school education. False promises, bait and swish tactics, blatant lies, threats and intimidation of enlistees, all in the name of an established quota system which recruiters are under intense pressure to meet. So the ends justify the means, forge the signature of a 17 year old recruit, old recruits, estranged father on the enlistment papers. Don't mention that on a delayed entry enlistment contract, a person isn't legally obligated to report for active duty unless they swear a second oath which places them on active duty. Talk to golden career opportunities, portray in the commercials and films like Top Gun and then sign the guy up for whatever slot needs to be filled, over qualified, under qualified for the position, it doesn't matter, fill the quota. A third of the jobs in the army and marines are either with infantry, artillery or tanks. Almost half the navy jobs involve extended tours of sea duty. The number of qualified people who actually get the high tech training is very small. Enlistees find that written promises for a specific job assignment aren't binding, the army isn't obligated to train you as a radar technician, the navy isn't obligated to place you in navigation school. Hey buddy, your scores are good but all my school openings are closed right now. After you complete basic, you can reapply for computer tech or attrition or sonar or nuclear. Yes, tomorrow afternoon is fine. Back to the citizen office, right? Yes, tomorrow afternoon is fine. How about 115? Good. No, please feel free to come along. We want you to find out more about citizen soldier by now. By now. Good morning. How many messages? He asks. Too many. The most important one is still on the machine. Another call came in before I could finish listening to it and this time you're helping an eighth grader with her paper on Agent Orange. On guard was delivered but I haven't looked through a copy yet. I just finished with another recruitment call. The guy will be in with his father tomorrow. Fine, do the intake and I'll review exactly what kind of case we've got and how we can help. You answer it. I want to read my morning paper with my coffee, she says, and the phone was ringing. Hello, citizen soldier, Todd Ensign speaking. Haha, Todd Ensign. The end. And Todd Ensign. So it looks like it was a two-person operation so far, but it must have been more people in there, right? And Todd Ensign is the person that wrote the little statement here regarding who citizen soldier is, right? Todd Ensign. Very cool. Very cool. Very cool. What a historical piece. Crazy. Crazy. Very cool. Very cool gang.


The Supreme Court has affirmed the election of Umo Eno, of the People's Democratic Party, as the validly elected governor of Aqaibam State, after dismissing the appeals of the three parties challenging the outcome of the election held on March 18, 2023. This comes after the Apex Court panel led by Justice Uwani Abadji, dismissed the appeals of the All Progressives Congress, Young Progressive Party, and the Action Alliance, based on the non-qualification of the governor over allegations of certificate forgery which the governor denied. What the Supreme Court has done has been to confirm that Pastor Umo Eno is not only the governor of Aqaibam State, but that he has genuine certificates. I think that's a more important thing because that matter had already been decided in another Supreme Court case. Hello. Hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


So Dr. Nguyen from Illinois will go first. So hi, everyone. This is the first conference or meeting that I went to that people don't talk about genome sequencing. And I'm really actually excited about learning a new tune, many new tunes that you have here. So I would like to present an argument for the assessment of groundwater and the microbial quality to strengthen the future development of sensors. So why do we need to know about microbial quality of groundwater? So I did a little bit of research just last week. The most recent available data from CDC showed that in one year, in 2013 and 2014, there were a total of 42 drinking water-associated outbreak reported to CDC. And that is actually not small because it has more than 1,000 INS, 124 people who have to go to the hospital and even 13 deaths. And then I got a look at further in the report, and they found that a third of that is related to groundwater. Another third is related to surface water. The rest of it, another third is related to premisplumbing and drinking water distribution system. So it's distributed really equally. So all of those causes are very important. And since this workshop is about groundwater, so I look at the data for private well. And so what you see on the slide is the top six causes of the outbreak and top five of them are microbial. The first one, hepatitis A, is a virus. And then you can see Giardia, a butyzoa cause. So Giardia, Campyloid, Macta, Shigela, E. coli. So all of those are pathogen-caused diarrhea. And then the last one, the sixth one is related to a number of different contaminants, chemical contaminants. So that shows that this is an important problem that we need to look at it in terms of public health. So this is the most recent and most comprehensive data reviewed on microbial and found in groundwater by Scott Bradford and Charlie Harvey of USGS and USDA. And so most of the data are available from the US because you can see that it's clearly easier to get to do this kind of work in the US. And what we found is there are norovirus pretty much everywhere. You probably know norovirus. That is, I'm sure you all got sick from norovirus at some point or the other. And then there are other bacteria, Kampaito, Macta, Legionella, E. coli. And then also there are protozoa, cryptosprudermyosis in Giardia. So the data I'm showing you here or from the US because it's where the data are available. If you go to developing country, I'm sure the magnitude will be much, much higher. So why we found microbial pathogen in groundwater? There is actually a scientific reason for that because bacteria or microbes or protozoa virus, they are not just particle. They are not that easy to be removed by flowing through the subsurface environment. So with some of the work that we conducted in my group funded by NSF and USDA. So thank you, Jim, for funding this work. That what we found is that there's a very high mobility of microbes in the subsurface environment. So in one graph, I showed the data for the virus, which is the diarrhea causing virus. So the X axis is the separation distance between the virus particle and a sand surface. And on the other axis is the interaction force. And as you see that if you just push, so we use atomic force microscopy to push the rotavirus closer to the sand surface. And we see a huge positive interaction force, meaning that the virus just didn't want to get close to the sand surface, the sand surface repair it. So it just doesn't like to stick to the sand surface. On the other graph, I'm showing you the attachment efficiency as a function of ionic strand. Attachment efficiency, meaning the probability when a micro, for example, stick to another surface. If the attachment efficiency is one, that means that any, like if the virus or a micro in this case, crypto get close to the sand surface, it's the probability will be 100%. However, as you see that in groundwater, ionic strand is very small. So the probability that you can get the crypto particle to stick to the sand surface is less than 10%. So this data show that we did all of this data at a microscopic scale to show the scientific reason why we have high mobility or pathogen in the subsurface environment. So I'm showing this work. So with some work currently, we get also funded from NS7, USDA. We are looking at the water quality in rural environment. The rural region in the US. So in this slide, I'm just going to give you one example. So why this is important. This slide showing you the distribution of septic system in the US. And the states when you see really black color, that is more than 40% of the residents are using septic system. So septic usually go together with private well. So where do we see a lot of septics? North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky. And then the gray color is from 20 to 40% of president using septic tank. So Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma. So those are the states that you can see in here. There's just examples of that. And although the place is the way we are doing some study now. And then, so I just found this map from USGN just last week. So you can see that some of the region that currently have the flooding problem also the state where we have a lot of septics. And another thing that I want to show you some of the photo that we took when we went sampling, there's a lot of infrastructure problem, broken bridges and roads. So the infrastructure is also very important in this case in here. I have learned a lot from this workshop and it seemed that you do a really good job in looking at, in using remote sensing to determine the chain in groundwater quantity. However, given the uncertainty extreme event like flooding and drought, groundwater quality, the presence of microbes and chemical contaminant is going to be a serious challenge. That's what we think. So future groundwater management should also monitor not only the quantity, but also the quality, including chemical and microbial contaminants. And as we seem to all agree that we need data simulation, we need to use a combination of in situ measurement knowledge also knowledge on contaminant, faith and transport, and modeling of groundwater integrated in surface water to solve this challenge. So I'm going to end my presentation with some food for thoughts here. So given the stress on surface water, how can we make sure that future groundwater management also include the information on our quality? Can you develop some sensor network or some remote sensing system that we can help to manage the groundwater over time? Should we develop a national and also maybe global database on pathogens and not only pathogens, also their genome, antibiotic resistant genes, they are sequencing and more importantly, more importantly is the link to hydrology. And do we know the link among land use, server, agricultural, infrastructure and microbial quality of groundwater especially under extreme conditions? And lastly, do we need a new modern for groundwater governance to protect not only its quantity but also its quality? Thank you very much.


A lot of times people say, well, Dan, what does that mean? What does that mean? The stock needs to build. And here's a perfect example of the Q's building below the 50-day moving average, right? Six days in a row. Welcome to Access a Trader, the number one community for those who are committed to taking control of their trading in order to achieve success, profitability, and longevity. Thank you for joining us. Here's Dan Shapiro to help you find your edge, master your process, and own your future. Hey, guys, good evening, everybody. Welcome to another edition of the AccessaTrader.com, the wrap-up show. I hope everybody is doing well. Right now it is about quarter to seven. I just literally got back from my son's tracking, okay? So I finished my chart work, and as soon as I'm done with this video, I got a soulful game to get to. So crazy dad life, right? Forget about the trader life. It's all about dad life. But again, as much as you guys, well, you guys who have kids, it wouldn't trade it for anything. So let's talk about the tape. So yesterday was bizarre. It was frustrating. I couldn't get anything going. And the most important part of every single day, and we talk about this day in, day out, is all about value. Forget about what social media is doing. This stock is moving. That stock is moving. Anybody who's been trading for a very, very long time knows that's not the case. It's the furthest thing from the case. And identifying plays, identifying sentiment, identifying value is the hardest part.  That's not me. That's not reality. That's not even the realm of anybody's been doing this for a very long time. It's all about what you can identify for the next day, wait for it to play out, and if the value is there, you hit the mouse. And the one thing we've been noticing over and over again in the last couple of days has been selling, selling, selling, selling, selling. And all of a sudden, just when you think you're about to have crazy value for the next day to the downside, they've rallied the market the next day and they've gapped it up the next day only to get stuff. Now I wanna show you guys something very, very important. This is kind of not necessarily the indicative of how the market closed, but kind of what potentially could happen next. If you guys notice now, we are one, two, three, four, five, six days in a row closing below the 50 day moving average. And in those six days, three times we had the possibility, especially in the last three days, three consecutive days in a row, we had the possibilities of finally reclaiming the 50 day moving average on the cues and started building momentum to the upside. And every single day, again, you can see this with your own eyes, every single day we've touched that area and we got rejected, touched that area, got rejected, touched that area, we got rejected. And matter of fact, when you woke up this morning, you saw the futures up very, very aggressively from yesterday's moving to the close. You said, all right, maybe this is finally the day that the bulls seized control, seed the opportunity and finally start making its way through the bushes, right? Through the forest with a machete cutting down trees and maybe finally start getting above this 328 supply, but again, not so fast. And if you guys remember from last night's video, I really wanted to make sure today we were kind of open-minded if we had a very, very strong tape and we started reclaiming levels, then yes, we were gonna start looking at logs. If the market started getting rejected at certain levels, then of course we're gonna start looking at shorts. Tay was probably the first day and we talked about this in the webinar this morning, I literally had longs on beta, shorts on beta and we had to see which one of them was going to confirm first. And unlike yesterday's session, there was actually some pretty good value today, okay? I don't think anybody could turn around and say, hey, there wasn't value, there was some value in beta, Tesla was good today, Zoom was a big mover, you had an Amazon move, but you saw the same common denominator over and over and over again. As soon as you saw the futures getting any type of tightness, any type of heaviness, they started selling the market down. And finally towards the end of the day, and this was the first day in the first day in the last three sessions that we didn't close strong. Matter of fact, if you look at the queues in the last hour of the day, we had a really, really big aggressive sell-off and now we're towards the bottom of the range where they held yesterday off this 321 level, right? 321.40 was the low yesterday, 321.35 was low today. So you could see how important this 321 level for the queues going into tomorrow's session. If the bulls start losing this 321 session on the queues, you can see it, right? 321.45, today's low is 321.35. It starts losing the 321 area. Look how much room you have down, right? You have room all the way down to the 315 level, maybe not in one day, right? Maybe not in one session, but the point is technical analysis will give you a firm gauge of what potentially happens next and you can see it here on there. Now for the macro, any close below this 320.40 on the queues is very, very important. Now again, if you're a bull, you really want to pay attention to that level because any close below the 320.40 level, then you potentially have a room right back down to the 316 level, the lows from May the 12th. Very, very important to understand that. And the most important part, and if you even understand basic technical analysis, the most important part is the word building, right? You guys hear me, even if you're not on the webinar or the private Twitter feed, you kind of hear the word building, the stock needs to build. And a lot of times people say, well, Dan, what does that mean? The stock needs to build. And here's a perfect example of the queues building below the 50 day moving average, right? Six days in a row, beneath the 50 day moving average. And all it simply means is a stock, or in this case an ETF or a barometer of the NASDAQ 100, the longer it stays below a level, in this case on the downside, the higher probability it's going to start testing the bottom of the channel here. So it's building below, right? It's building below the 50 day moving average, the same way the stock market here and the queues were building above the 324 level back to the upside. So now we're making a base. And the one thing that I've always said, the longer the distribution, right? The longer the consolidation above, right? Above supply that's bullish and the longer the consolidation below demand. And again, at this juncture queues are demand, right? The 50 days demand and now keeps on getting stuff there. So now that we are below the six days in a row, the longer we stay there, the higher probability it's going to go down there. And we started seeing very, very aggressive moves from names that were strong, right? They were very, very strong, like Amazon, right? Ever since that note from two days ago that Morgan Stanley talked about, Amazon could see $5,000, $6,000 in the next several years. And again, I think everybody would agree with that but you could see what happened to Amazon, right? This was the strongest name. There was a pivot this morning above that 3303 level and look what happened, right folks? It hits supply perfectly. And this was literally, what are we talking about here? This was literally an 80 point candle, right? Back to the downside and now it closed on the 50 day moving average. So now that we're getting the strong names are also starting to see weakness, that's a problem as well. So kind of review six days in a row below the 50 day moving average the longer we stay below it the higher probability we'll see recent lows. And it's very, very hard to get excited if you're a bull going into tomorrow's session. Very tough, okay? And it's very tough to find something that you turn around and say, I have to be long the stock, right? I need to be long the stock. I have to be long the stock. Even Tesla this morning looked incredibly good, right? Really, really good. I caught a pivot on this thing off that 590 level but it looked really good. Like it was about to explode. You saw 600, 610, 615, 640 weekly calls come in and look what happened. As soon as it hits supply, right? As soon as it hits supply, it just rolled over now. And now you have a two-sided trade ready to be on deck, either above this channel to the upside or below this channel to the downside as well with a measured potential on the March 8th lows. So we're kind of set up for tomorrow. Although I do have some loans that I kind of like for tomorrow, the majority of the names that I'm watching tomorrow is to the downside. Is it possible we rally? If everything's possible, right? Everything's on the table. You know, we're not in a pissing contest to see who's right, who's wrong. We're just trying to take the data and try to figure out what happens next. And based on what we're seeing here, based on the data we're collecting, you know, I do believe their value for tomorrow is gonna be on the downside. Is it possible to find some loans? Of course, you know, there's some names I kind of like on the long side. Fisker, right? Not a bad-looking chart. This morning, we had a NKLA of all things, pivots to the upside. The Fisker looks okay. Fisker, you know, confirms today's price action. Maybe this thing wakes up for tomorrow. A name like Blink, right? This charging station. Again, there's a theme here, right? Biden was talking about the EV names possible, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah.  No, but if it confirms to the upside, it can move up as well. And then you start looking at names like Netflix, right? And Netflix never rallied. It has a very, very definitive base to the downside. If this thing confirms, it could get hit. You look at a name like VRSK, part of the NASDAQ 100. Look at this, you know, look at this setup here, right? Had a big aggressive gap down into earnings. And now it's just sitting here, basing out there. This thing starts confirming the bottom channel. It can get hit as well. You know, look at a name like ISRG, right? Not really a name I trade a lot just because the liquidity's not great. But this thing is literally a day or two away from confirming the bottom channel here on May the 12th to get hit really, really aggressively. So we're definitely set up here, okay? We're definitely set up here. The question is, is it gonna be an aggressive pull? That's the one thing we never know. And if you look at a lot of charts, you're not gonna see a lot of clear channels even though Amazon looks weak and it looks lower for tomorrow, right? You're not gonna see a major channel. There's a lot of support here. If you look at Facebook, you know, had a really ugly reversal today, you know, look, we're looking at the bottom of this channel here and it's a very clean channel. If the stock takes out this channel, yeah, you have a lot of room down, but this has been supporting out for three days in a row.  But at least we have to prepare it to the outside of the market. Names like Apple as well, again, never rallied and this is very, very close to taking down the five day moving average to go back to the bottom of the range. So we are set up, like it or not, we are set up if you are an active trader and you trade both sides of the market. You know, it's your job to identify the easy, not only, I hate the word easy, the most, the clearer, right, the clearer path potential to the goal line. Is it gonna be right? Is it gonna be wrong? We don't know what happens tomorrow. But again, I do like the downside value for tomorrow and I think if everything starts to confirm, we could get some moves to the downside follow through. So let's talk about today's pivots. Again, some really good solid moves today, complete opposite of what we saw yesterday. Zoom 313 needs to build. Zoom had a really strong move, right? Here was Zoom took out this 313 and traded right to 322. You had a $9, $10 move on Zoom, very aggressive early. Yalla, I wasn't, RBLX, I know for a fact, didn't confirm 78 because I was watching at the trade and never confirmed it. Yalla 18 if it builds below can flush. I wasn't watching Yalla.  Yeah, it looks like 18 is still, guys, watch this Yalla, YALA. This thing has held 18 out three times if it loses it, it's gonna start getting hits. Keep an eye on it, never confirmed today. Netflix was still watching. Nice pop on BCRX 1450, 1475 needs to build. Here was BCRX, right? Took out the 1450, traded to 15 bucks, not a huge move. But again, markets can be only as strong as sentiment. Fossil only ran up about 20 cents, nothing there. Facebook never confirmed 317, never even came close. Amazon, 3302 needs to build. Here was Amazon, not a huge move at all, right? 3302 needs to build, traded maybe 10 points and then the stock really got rejected off of supply. You can see here that things started losing steam. NKLA, 1350 needs to build. We started watching it and guys, again, this is the common denominator. Once you see order flow come in and once it confirms macro, usually good things are gonna happen. We saw it repeat, 1450 weekly call buyers coming in on NKLA. I was shocked as anybody as me putting it into the feed. 1350 needs to build. Here was NKLA, right? Here was NKLA. It took out the 1350 and went to 1450, not a bad move. Congratulations to all you guys who caught that as well. Take on the way up. Ozone got flushed right at the close. I still like it lower for tomorrow. 52, 50, 52 if it builds below can flush. Here was Ozone. I still like it for lower prices for tomorrow. Here's Ozone took out the 52, 50, 52, traded out to 51, 50, but I still like lower prices, especially if they pull the market, that looks fine as well. Peloton 98 needs to build, traded to 97, 80, never got to 98. Tesla, here's a nice trade. I was pretty happy with the Tesla trade. 590, 593 needs to build, right? Needs to build and it almost exploded, right? Almost exploded and traded out to like 97 change. I sold most of it and stopped, broke even on the balance, which is fine. But now I like it on both sides, either to the downside here, very, very easy channel to identify. And if there are buyers come back, I like the channel above today's highs as well. So I'm kind of watching it both ways, but I'm probably feeling it back to the downside and that's it, right? So we're set up folks, we're set up. I think tomorrow, let's let everything play out, let's everything take out these pivots, put in these opening range lows, let them rally back and once they take out opening range lows, that will be the second entry. That's it guys, nice and calm, don't anticipate everything, let the price action tell you what happens next. Well, off to my next softball game. Guys, God bless and I'll see you all tomorrow.


Alright, mamba wepe mpensi mteza maji wa espe mbaz nime, baki njuma ki dogo kwa fatili ya, the amazing cast, the creative behind Happy Country. Bro, mamba wepe. Fitisana. Kwa lembo wana kutezama mebi? Tupati e intro ki dogo? Me ni twa Derek Waswa. Sijukama nizonga kizungu ama... Sawa ina Rushiwa. Alright, my name is Derek Waswa. I'm a creative director and actor who's our producer. And I'm glad that I took part in Happy Country as a cast. And also as a support cast and a member of the creative team also. How was the feeling when Kenna called you? The feeling was amazing. I've had a relationship with Kenna and Brian that goes before high school dramas where we used to be competing. We were coming from that background of drama. And when the announcement of the show came on board, I felt why not give it a challenge? Because it's something I wanted to do. I also wanted to perform in such a grand stage. And I also needed to work with somebody who I think has a bigger and a broader vision that I need to step up so that I can be able to fit in. So that I can broaden my school of thought as a creative and actor. And also to just have a feeling of doing a performance that is well invested in. So you know, you're coming about to help Kenna come up with this amazing show, Happy Country. Of course, we have a different scene.  Maybe you can tell us maybe how was your role? How have you been supporting this Happy Country? Okay, I was a commander and maybe I will just clarify. Ordinarily, in my personal life, I'm a creative director. But in this specific show, I came in on board as an actor. Of course, with my capacity, I would advise just here and there. But there was a director called Mugambi. And of course, being assisted by Brian Ongyo. And my experience with the role has been amazing. It has grown from the onset since Kenna told us about the entire journey of the story. And we've been together for like two months, just creating and crafting, improving on it. And it has evolved in great measure to debt to having it fulfilled and being totally sold out. And having laughed us in every 10 seconds of the show for more than two and a half hours. That is a grand performance. In the right position to share with me maybe the sacrifices Nani Kenna made for this show to become successful. There are many, many that most people may not know. One is Kenna leaves rehearsals the last one and is usually on rehearsal the first one. You know that means because you've been able to see the stars that have been on the show. The Honile Sensationalist from Kinasandra, Osoro, Awinja, to Faith, to Bien, to Flaco, to Bena. All those people you only have to be able to work with them and conducively. It means you have to create a schedule that aligns with all their programs so that it works out. While it's indeed a hectic measure, it solely dwells on Kenna being available for all the rehearsals. Because somebody will tell you why can't we do it at 7am. Another one will tell you we'll start at 10. Another one will tell you at 12. Another one at 4. Another one at 10pm. Another one past midnight. So all that require that he's available 24-7 for the show for an entire year. You know, from the research, to the writing, to the creation, to the marketing, to the publicity, to the outsourcing of sponsors. Those are sacrifices that most artists have not really endured and he's been able to go through it. Two, the other sacrifice is the risk of association. One, because he's been able to work with so many. It just shows he's been able to sacrifice a lot so that he's able to invite all walks of artists all over and be able to make them work in one production. Ordinaryly, it's not easy. But for somebody to be able to balance all those crafts and they're able to turn up for one event, those are very big sacrifices. It also means he's been able to deny himself a lot of, you know, luxury of time and free time to be able to speak to his people and make them understand his vision so that they can buy it. That is sacrifice. This is a sacrifice of time. This is a sacrifice of, you know, he would ordinarily be in his place just relaxing and chilling. But he has put all that aside to be able to realize his goal, his vision. And you know, that is sacrifice enough because taking a risk is not usually easy. To take a risk to have a show in the biggest auditorium in the city centre and to fill it to the brim and have a show that excites more than all these people who have been here. That is sacrifice enough, you understand? So I feel this much more that he's been able to, for financial sacrifice, he's denied himself a lot because you can clearly see the investment is put up from the set to the screens to the deka, to the venue, to the marketing, to the publicity. That means for the last, I don't know how many years, not spoken about any other thing, but happy country. Those are sacrifices that he's been able to put up. What do you think may be the future for Okina? Of course he's set standards and very big standards and people are going to try grappling to fill the standard. Every other person, a content creator out here who has witnessed the show is now looking at, are we able to attain such a step? Because genuinely it is a big step, it's a very massive step. And to be on stage in every single scene for two and a half hours doing all those change ups without a break, you know that is entire sacrifice. So he's clearly cut himself out as an icon by himself having done that show and being there presently understanding all the cues and not missing a single thing. Me have been in rehearsals and I tell you without fear of contradiction, the guy has mastered the show on his toe. He knows every single heartbeat of the show. So you see other creators are now having a burden of being able to look at if they can be able to step up and reach such a level of performance in terms of quality, in terms of investment, in terms of organization, in terms of security, in terms of everything. It's a whole lot of a lesson that creators have been able to see and how to organize a show. Leave alone every other thing, how to be able to create a speech at the end of the show and be able to mention every single person who has put up a hand or an input in the show without missing a single person. So those are things that we are able to learn as time goes by from such a show and it's really massive. The sky is the lower limit for you. I believe in a bigger and broader you and this kind of hard work that you've put in, you're really challenging us to even dream bigger. Keep inspiring the creators to dream bigger and never stop creating because as you go higher, even the others are coming up and with time will reach a sphere where art in Kenya and not just in Kenya, in Africa is surely appreciative of the effort and is respected. Thank you so much and wish you all the best. Happy Merry Christmas and Happy New Year.


I said at the start of the last two episodes that the show needs to stop making me feel so many things. I reiterate now, last episode was rough, man. I thought we were kind of past the point, at least me personally, of the pain of everything in terms of Ace's death. But it's just like the way the storytelling is done with the backstory with Savo, Luffy and Ace, and the way it wrapped back around, it needs to stop. I'm vulnerable. Welcome back to the channel though. I'm watching episodes 506 and 507 of One Piece today. If you're new to the channel, drop us up and let's get into it. This is Zoro and, uh, god dang, what's her name, Perona? Now we're back. This is probably the island I'm most... wait, they're monkeys? All of them? Oh, they're baboons! They're all baboons! K!  Oh my goodness. I said this is the one I'm most curious about is the giant cross. It's like a giant grave, I think it is. It's so intriguing. Now we just cut randomly the Zoro just fighting for his life against baboons. Oh, damn. Oh, damn. That was sick. Busted him up. Baboon, though, stand a chance. Is that like their leader, I'm guessing? That one has a bone arrow!  Brother! Why are they the inhabitants here? This is so random. I mean, I guess there's nothing to really question in the grand line. Nothing really makes sense. So I don't know why I'm even asking that question. He's put him in their place. Is it going to be like Brooke being like the leader of all those people they think he's Satan? Like all these baboons are going to start looking up to Zoro? Like he alphas them? Oh, damn. Never mind. Oh. Dog, that wound! My brother, you will perish! What do they want with them, though? It seems like they're more just about the combat, because they were all cheering whenever he knocked down one of them. You're just going to watch! Oh, my God, he's getting obliterated for the giant cross and tree.  Do you actually worry about him? Yeah. She likes him.  Oh. What does that shine? Why is this so cursed? Is Corona doing this? Sounds like heels. God, this is kind of creepy. Oh, he's going to reunite! Oh, my God! Oh, my God! Did he seek him out? After all this time... Why do you cut away? Oh, it feels real. I cannot. Listen, I'm concerned about Chopper as much as the next guy. You don't cut away from that! Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Very no goddamn way, man.  You understand him, Dad. Yeah, he's sentient. All right, I'm all better now. I'm all better. I missed my little son. Oh, wait. Is this island does apply? They make medicine out of the tree? Oh, my God. Wait, there's so much more depth to this place than I thought. Chopper's kind of formed a coalition with the baby bird. He'll be the bridge between the tree and the people. Oh, no, don't go to war. I understand why they would, though. Everybody's dying. I can't take the sun seriously. He just looks like a little bean, bro. Bro, he's just misshapen. He don't look regular. But, like, why does the kid look like that? Look at him! He'll be their diplomat for the birds. Like I said, he formed the bond with the baby bird. He's just climbing? POV going at the end of Hunter Hunter, bro. Oh, my God, they're going with him. Those are pretty advanced-looking spears. The resort to violence, if anything goes wrong. Amen, brother. Uh-oh. What's up? They're, like, interesting. Oh, so they're not guarding the tree. They're guarding a treasure. Mmm. It's simply miscommunication, guys. God dang, dude. Chopper out here fighting demons. It's miscommunication. That's what I said! No! Diplomatic Relations Administrator, step in, Chopper! He's gonna take the hit or save them in some fashion. No, he is.  What is this show doing? I'm being blue-balled to a new level today. This is incredible. This is impressive. Damn! That's all he's worried about on the way down. Gonna hit the water. Oh, wait. It's on the baby bird, is it? Oh. Is this baby bird piloting another bird? Aw, that's so cute. It is piloting it. My god, Chopper really is gonna be the bridge between the birds and the people on this island. Dang. Not a word was spoken, but progress was made. This little giggle. So, Miha, Zoro, were you nighting for the first time since, like, Episode 6? We're not... Okay. No, no. That's chill with me. They glittering things. Ah, so it is literal treasure. Ah, so they'll trust humans. I see. But these people just want medicine. Aw. This is so awesome. There's like a healthy relationship now. Chopper prevented literal war on this island. Look. Peace. What are we sliding on one of the birds? This is so adorable, man. Oh, messenger bird. Oh, no. Oh, my heart. Oh. There's no way we're not going back to Zoro. Never mind. I'm like, I won't complain. Oh, my gosh. They grow weather balls? Aw. That's true. There's always at least some level of it. Oh, my God. They're all going to find out. Oh, Dios mio. Oh, no. Buddy went right for the weather. How apt. Dog, does this island even get newspaper delivery? Are you sure? Oh, my God. Large stop. It's not muslin. Visceral fat. This duo is so strange, man. Oh, my gosh. He's kicking his little feet behind him. Oh, dude. Oh, my God. Do you see everything is food now? Dog. They all had to find out. Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Stop. Sanji's found his self. I wonder if this is going to like snap him. Like he's going to be like, wait, even the bird had like that sort of vibe. Yeah, there it is. I wonder how detailed the paper is though. My favorite of every place, Tequila Wolf, it's so intriguing. Brother, they are out. They are simply just out. Also, the animation chain changes solely for this place. It's so interesting. Yeah, the revolutionary. I'm sure they know a lot of like just Intel. Trust them, Robin. She's like, damn, you know a lot. No, never mind. This is my favorite. Just because Frankie is my favorite. He's back, baby. No longer fancy Frankie. Mechanical. Oh, so there's a mechanical polar bear in there. I forgot we left off on that as a sort of cliffhanger. What? Vega point just left behind hundreds of bottles of cola. It's a fax. And then broke. Like, oh, my goodness. He's cooking. Forbidden ritual. That's exactly what he is doing. Yes. What about the triangle? Oh, no. Oh, my God, it's right there. Oh, my God, it's literally just a picture of ace on the ground. And he came to tell Zoro. Damn. And he comes solely just to... That's Mihawk's house. Oh, man. To say the least. Fuck, fuck, man. Oh, my God. Just like that. They're gonna panic wanting to get to Luffy. Because they know how much ace meant to him, too. And how Luffy would react to that kind of thing. Yeah, he's not doing great. I'm gonna be honest. We finally get to check in with all the straw hats. And my goodness, dude. They had to find out what has happened eventually, but it's so sad they're all split apart and can't be there for him physically. It's not like they can just give him a quick phone call, either. It just sucks, man. 507, let's go. Now they know. Absolutely. Fuck, I love Beppo so much. Everything... Dude, he just catches my eye. But his facial reactions is like expressions and everything. A ship? Oh, my. That was a large sea king. What is going on here? What was that? Brother! Is somebody just fighting it? Killing it? Uh... Hello? Random man? God, it's Rayleigh!  Oh, my God. Oh, my God, he came to see Luffy. No shots. But he just went... He doesn't have a double fruit. He just swam? No shots! I have a good rush from...  Oh, my God. The chigachan. Yeah, he is here to see Luffy. I thought so. Everybody here to see Luffy, man. They don't want to party with him again. No, it would not. You're going to have to find a gum-gum fruit, ma'am. Although we're newlyweds! Brother! It's adorable. It's like a middle school love. Not middle school. Do not say that to her! What counts as marriage? Oh, man. A little piggyback ride. That's so sweet. Wait, the arrow straight up gone.  Why did they dim? His bright smile. Is there going to be like David Hasselhoff in the SpongeBob movie? We'll be like rides on his back. She made a goat. I think Luffy still... He realizes how important Rayleigh is, but still. Man, it's nice that he has a smile again, at least. Yeah, why did Law and them just dip? Did Rayleigh just scare him? He's not even going to be able to thank him. Yeah. Law is another very intriguing character to me. I wanted to see that. It would have been nice if he was a bear, but... He's got some stylish boots, too. That D will cause like what? Bro, what does this entire wheel of D mean, man? Or does he have a D? Is his middle name a D? Is that why he was just referring to him as D? I don't know, man. Nothing makes sense anymore. This is dad. I don't know anything. She probably is insanely hungry. She's too nervous. She's shy. Hey, let Jimba eat a little bit, man. He's done so much. Things feel a little bit more normal again. It feels good. Let Jimba eat more, man. There's more, man. There's plenty to Jimba. Oh, you know Shaki? Oh, I see. I don't think they'll find him here. Yeah, that's what I was going to say. He told Rayleigh. That's what he told him. Dude! Dude! Yeah, that's about what I expected. We know more about Kuma now. Kuma, they go for World 2. I'm kind of sad that he's just gone, but he died offscreen. Well, the real Kuma. And this is before he... much time at all. Damn. He told him where he was. She figured it out! Wow, that's a bold guess, though. Wow, she knew exactly how Bola would act. Yeah, they would never figure that out. Let's get down to business. What is the business? Get back with the crew. That's what he needs, man! His people! So, did Kuma tell him where everybody else is? But he's having flashbacks. Ludwig has been through some insanely traumatizing stuff in the past week and a half. A week and a half. The New World. But you got some steroids or something. I'm sorry. Maybe he can teach them more about what hockey is. He always said, I'm too weak. Let's hear it, Dark King. Of course, Ludwig wouldn't hear any, I guess, offer or suggestion from Roger's right-hand man. Oh, my God! We just keep jumping around! Dark King Silver's Rayleigh is about to give Ludwig a suggestion about next steps and we cut to this! Honestly, Uso's Island is pretty chill, aside from the fact that the island feasts on the inhabitants. I mean, there's just food everywhere. I wonder if he still has his Soga King form. He is not doing great, though. Oh, my God, he's gone! The music? Does he just want to get back now that he knows what happened? And he's gone again. He's worried about Luffy. God, the island's enormous. What is that? That sea creature looked enormous! That's why so much... Oh, my God, it's a hippo! The hippo about to move!  Impossible to leave. Yeah, I mean, all this food everywhere, why would you even want to? So it's too late. Aw... He snaps him in the action. He knows there's no time to waste. Hey, no! Why just kind of eat, though? It's time to move. Are you planning on getting off the island?  Like, I think shopper could fly back. Nami is just gonna be... Bro! Nami is like... Like I said, I think he'll hover over it eventually because they're on a cloud. Bro, that looks crazy. Oh, my God! What does the inside look like? It's like a Venus flytrap, but I would say times a thousand, but that's not enough. Times 20 billion. Thank goodness, Usob got Heracles here, man. The newspaper. Oh, my God, this is the exploding stars following. My God. His intuition is to be by his side. His instinct. As light-hearted and whatnot as, like, the cut-ins on, like, Usob have been, it's so sweet to see, like, how fast it just brings him back down to Earth whenever he realizes the gravity of what's going on with Luffy. It's like, you know he cares about Luffy, duh. But it tends to lose some of that connection with, you know, we're cutting it in and out. It's been so long since they've been together. Just a lot of stuff has occurred, but just his scream for him, man, it reminds you of how close they are, dude. But I'm very curious as to what Rayleigh's gonna offer Luffy. Like I said, I feel like there's a lot more we need to learn about Haki. This power concept was kind of introduced very slowly. But the entire thing with Boa and him finding out he had, like, a certain type called Conquerors, I feel like it has to be a bigger deal than we've, like, realized yet. Because I said it's rare for someone to have that kind. But again, we don't even know what it is. It's seemingly just, like, an aura that you can have that he doesn't really even have control over. Maybe he'll just offer to try to teach him a few things. I don't know. This guy is the right-hand man, or was the right-hand man to Roger. He has to know an absurd number of crazy just, I would assume, battle techniques in general. Are you really just gonna sit here? I'm not done with my outro yet. But guys, that's been it for episodes 506 and 507 of our One Piece Watchthrough. Like I said, things are starting to feel a little bit more normal and it feels good to see Luffy smile and laugh. If you're new to the channel, drop a sub, and I'll catch you guys in the next one. Peace, peace.


In the last video, we saw that we could describe a chemical reaction in terms of the rate of disappearance of the reactants or in terms of the rate of appearance of the products. But what exactly is the overall rate of this reaction? In fact, is there even a way to describe the rate of this reaction as a whole? So in this video, we are going to see how we define the rate of a reaction and we will realize that because of our definition, the rate of a reaction ultimately depends upon the stoichiometric coefficients that we use to balance our reaction. To understand, let us take a hypothetical reaction A giving me B. Now let's assume that initially, at time t equal to 0, the concentration of A was say 10 molar. Let's assume that no B was formed as of yet, so the concentration of B is 0 molar. Now let us say that after 1 minute, some of this A converted into B and the concentration of A dropped down from 10 molar to say 8 molar. So in 1 minute, 2 molar of A got reacted. And if you look at this reaction, 1 molar of A will give me 1 molar of B, so 2 molar of A on complete reaction will lead to the formation of 2 molar of B. Right. Now looking at this data, if I ask you to calculate the rate of disappearance of A, what would your answer be? Well, you can be like, hey, 2 molar of A disappears in 1 minute, so the average rate of disappearance of A is going to be 2 molar per minute. Right. Similarly, if I ask you to calculate the rate of appearance of B, you can say that since 2 molar of B is formed in 1 minute, so the rate of appearance of B is going to be 2 molar per minute. Right. Now if I ask you to tell me what the overall rate of this reaction is, rate of the reaction, then what would your answer be? Well, out here the rate of disappearance of A is 2 molar per minute, the rate of appearance of B is also 2 molar per minute, so 2 molar of the reactants get converted into 2 molar products in 1 minute. So maybe we can put down the overall rate of the reaction as also 2 molar per minute. Seems reasonable. Right. Let us now take a totally different reaction, say P giving me twice Q. Now even in this reaction, let us assume that initially the concentration of P was 10 molar and the concentration of Q was 0 molar. Now to keep things simple, let us say that after 1 minute, the concentration of P also drops down from 10 molar to 8 molar. So what will be the concentration of Q after 1 minute? Well, out here in this reaction, 1 molar of P gives 2 molar of Q, so 2 molar of P on complete reaction will give me 4 molar of Q. Right. So out here if we try to calculate the rate of disappearance of P, 2 molar of P disappears in 1 minute. So the rate of disappearance of P is going to be 2 molar per minute, right. Now what would be the rate of appearance of Q in this case? Now out here 4 molar of Q is produced in 1 minute, so the rate of appearance of Q is going to be 4 molar per minute, right. Now again if I ask you what the overall rate of the reaction is in this scenario, what would your answer be? Well out here the rate of disappearance of P and the rate of appearance of Q is clearly not equal. This time 2 molar of the reactants give rise to 4 molar of the products in 1 minute. So what would you say that the overall rate of the reaction is? Do you say that it's 2 molar per minute or is it 4 molar per minute or is it something else? In fact, what does the overall rate of a reaction even mean? To highlight this confusion let me take one more reaction. Let us say we have a reaction 2e giving me thricef plus g and just to keep things simple let us assume that initially we had 10 molar of e and 0 molar each of f and g. Now after 1 minute let us again assume that the concentration of e drops from 10 molar to 8 molar. So 2 molar of e gets reacted in 1 minute. And looking in this reaction we can say that 2 molar of e gives me 3 molar of f and 1 molar of g.  Right. So out here the rate of disappearance of e is going to be equal to 2 molar per minute. The rate of appearance of f is going to be 3 molar per minute while the rate of appearance of g is going to be 1 molar per minute. So we can very clearly have very different rates of reactants and rates of products. But what's not very apparent is how we can calculate the overall rate of a reaction. Let us now for a moment step back and analyze these 3 reactions. Let us start by analyzing the rate of the reactants and the rate of the products for this reaction. Now out here if we divide each of these rates with their respective stoichiometric coefficients. So if we divide rate of e by 2, rate of f by 3 and rate of g by 1, g has a stoichiometric coefficient of 1 then we will see that all these values turn out to be equal. Rate of e by 2 will be 1 molar per minute, rate of f by 3 will also be 1 molar per minute, rate of g by 1 will also be equal to 1 molar per minute. So all these rates come out to be equal. Now this relationship exists because if we look into this reaction we will realize that by the time 2 molar of e completely reacts, 3 molar of f would have formed in the same time. Right. So by the time, let me get some space out here. So by the time 2 molar of e completely reacts, 3 molar of f gets formed. So by the time 1 molar of e gets completely reacted, 3 by 2 molar of f would have formed. Right. So the rate of formation of f will always be equal to 3 by 2 times the rate of disappearance of e. So from here we can write that r of f by 3 will be equal to r of e by 2, r of f by 3 will be equal to r of by 2. Similarly if we look at e and g, by the time 1 molar of g would have formed, 2 moles of e would have reacted in the same time. So the rate of disappearance of e will always be 2 times the rate of formation of g. Right. So the rate of e by 2 will always be equal to rate of g by 1. So rate of e by 2 will be equal to rate of g by 1. So we can conclude by saying that by the time 2 molar of e completely reacts, 3 molar of f and 1 molar of g would have formed. So the rate of disappearance of e by 2 will be equal to the rate of formation of f by 3 which will be equal to the rate of formation of g by 1. Similarly even in this reaction if I divide these rates with the stoichiometric coefficient, these values will come out to be the same. So rate of p by 1 is 2 molar per minute, rate of q by 2 is also 2 molar per minute. So this will be 2 molar per minute. Now even out here we can see that this relation will always be true because by the time 1 molar of p completely reacts, 2 molar of q would have formed. So the rate of formation of q is 2 times the rate of disappearance of p. So if we divide the rate of formation of q by 2, we will get the rate of disappearance of p. Similarly, in this reaction, rA by 1 will be equal to rB by 1 which out here will be 2 molar per minute. Now chemists all over the world have agreed to call these values that we get by dividing the rate of the reactant or the product by its respective stoichiometric coefficient. Chemists all over the world have agreed to call this value the rate of the reaction. So for this reaction, the rate of the reaction by definition is 1 molar per minute. For this, the rate of the reaction by definition is 2 molar per minute. And the rate of the reaction out here is 2 molar per minute. So to summarize for any chemical reaction, the rate of disappearances of the reactants and the rate of appearance of the products can have very different values. So if we had to put a value to the overall rate of the reaction, how do we do that? Well, for any chemical reaction, the rate of the reactants and the rate of the products divided by their respective stoichiometric coefficients will always be equal and this value is assumed to be the overall rate of the reaction. So whenever we say that a reaction, say this one under certain conditions, has a rate of reaction say 0.3 molar per minute, then what we really mean is that under these conditions, the rate of disappearance of nitrogen is 1 times the rate of reaction. So it will be 0.3 molar per minute. The rate of disappearance of hydrogen will be 3 times the rate of reaction, so it's going to be 0.9 molar per minute, while the rate of appearance of ammonia will be 2 times the rate of reaction, which will be 0.6 molar per minute. So the rate of the reaction is simply a neat way of representing the rate of disappearances of the reactants and the rate of appearances of the products for the given reaction. Now because the rate of reaction will always be directly proportional to the rate of the reactants or the rate of appearances of the products, so any change in these values will always be reflected in the rate of the reaction. So say we carried this reaction at some other conditions and under these conditions if we assume that everything was happening here twice as fast, the rates of disappearances of the reactants or the rate of appearances of the products were 2 times these values. So this reaction is happening twice as fast and if we calculate the overall rate of reaction out here, this will be equal to 0.6 by 1 or 1.8 by 3 or 1.2 by 2, which will be equal to 0.6 molar per minute. So under these conditions this reaction is happening twice as fast, which will be reflected in the overall rate of reaction, which will now be 0.6 molar per minute instead of 0.3 molar per minute.


I have posted a lot of videos about the X-15 lately, and every single time there are some really good questions in the comments, and a lot of them are pretty basic program questions. And so I thought today on Vintage Space, it would be a good thing to do a bit of a crash course on the X-15 program. In 1953, the Bell X-1A was the fastest plane on the planet. It was Chuck Yeager who took it to its top speed of Mach 2.44, and he almost died in the process. It was clear that there was a need for a high-speed research aircraft, something that could probe not only supersonic, but hypersonic velocities. That speeds in excess of Mach 5. And Bell aircraft's chief engineer, Robert Woods, was the first one to really pitch the idea to the NACA in 1952. By 1954, the NACA had a pretty good idea of what the aircraft should be, and had gotten the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy to sign on to the project. Midway through 1955, North American aviation was chosen to build the aircraft that would become known as the X-15. But North American almost turned down the chance to build this high-performance research aircraft. The company had so much going on at the time that it really didn't want to have to take resources away from the bigger projects to devote time, energy, and manpower to a small run of experimental planes. It was Harrison Storms who was really the X-15's chief cheerleader with North American. Then manager of research and development at North American's Los Angeles Division, he took his case directly to Raymond Rice, the vice president and chief engineer of North American. Rice told Storms that North American could accept the X-15 contract on the condition that Storms keep everything relating to the eccentric aircraft off of Rice's desk. Storms was only too happy to oblige, and North American took the contract. And one other man played a very important role in getting the X-15 off the ground. Scott Crossfield believed so strongly in the need for a high-performance, hypersonic research aircraft that he actually left his job with the NACA and went to North American.  If any change or any development was going into that airplane, it was going to go through him first. So now on to the X-15 as an airplane. The X-15 was a single-seat mid-wing monoplane airplane, 50 feet long, with a 22-foot wingspan, and a wedge-shaped vertical tail, 13 feet high. But I kind of think about it almost as a missile with a cockpit. This is the tiny little cockpit up front, and the rest of the X-15's body was devoted to the fuel tank and all the plumbing that would power the one massive engine in the rear. The X-15 used conventional aerodynamic controls for flight in the atmosphere. That's rudder surfaces on the vertical stabilizer for yaw control, and canted horizontal surfaces on the tail for pitch control. But because the X-15 was designed to fly at altitudes where the atmosphere is far too thin for traditional flight control surfaces to work, the X-15 also had reaction controls, a series of hydrogen peroxide jets in the aircraft's nose and on its wings that could adjust its attitude at altitude. Coming back from altitudes above the appreciable atmosphere meant the X-15 would be exposed to intensive heat during reentry. That was one of the things that the aircraft was actually developed to look into. To handle these heat loads, the outer skin of the X-15 was made of a nickel-chrome alloy called Incanel-X, and built with a heat sink structure. The cabin, meanwhile, was made of aluminum and isolated from the outer body to keep it cool. When the X-15 first flew, it had two XLR-11 engines mounted in the rear. Each of these engines has four barrels that can be ignited individually to give it some sort of throttle ability. But the XLR engines combined produced a total thrust of just 16,380 pounds. These two engines were eventually replaced by the Big Engine, the XLR-99, a throttle-able engine that produced 57,000 pounds of thrust. But even the XLR-99 wasn't enough to get the X-15 off the ground and then send it to high altitudes above the atmosphere. To save all of the onboard fuel for the powered flight, the X-15 was launched from underneath the wing of a B-52 bomber already at altitude. The B-52 always took off from Edwards Air Force Base and launched the X-15 from about 30,000 to 40,000 feet overtop another lakebed somewhere in the area called the Launch Lake. From here, the pilot could fly one of two flight profiles. If the goal was a high altitude flight, he would pitch the nose up and fly in a high-arcing trajectory, burning all his fuel in the process. If the goal was a speed run, he would fly a more level path. One X-15, the X-15A2, was modified for high-speed runs. Delivered to NASA in February of 1964, it featured external tanks for liquid ammonia and liquid oxygen that provided roughly 60 seconds of additional engine burn time. At the end of either flight path, the X-15 landed on dry lakebed, ideally at Edwards Air Force Base, using two rear skids and forward nose gear. It landed typically at about 220 miles per hour. Between 1959 and 1968, 12 men piloted the X-15. They were Scott Crossfield, Joe Walker, Robert White, Boris Peterson, Jack McKay, Bob Rushworth, Neil Armstrong, Joe Engel, Milt Thompson, Bill Knight, Bill Dana, and Mike Adams. Pete Knight flew the fastest flight on October 3rd of 1967 in the X-15A2, hitting Mach 6.7. Joe Walker flew the highest flight on August 22nd of 1963, reaching a peak altitude of 354,200 feet. The X-15 was amazing in its time, and among the applications the research went to was the Space Shuttle. So having learned all that about the X-15, do you guys still have questions? Let me know in the comments below, and I will do my best to answer as many as I can as best I can. But if you really want to dig in a little bit more to the X-15 program, I've got a couple of books that I would definitely recommend. The first is Michelle Evans' The X-15 Rocketplane. It is a fantastically detailed book from somebody who grew up with and loves the program, I think more than anybody I've ever met. The second book is Milt Thompson's At the Edge of Space, which is a really phenomenal and really interesting look at the program because Milt Thompson was, of course, an X-15 pilot himself. He brings some really neat insights and personal stories into the book. For more vintage space content every day of the week, including pre-space space like the X-15, be sure to follow me on Twitter as AST Vintage Space. And with new videos going up every Tuesday and Friday, don't forget to subscribe right here so you never miss an episode.