coating of monolayer abrasive grain by wetting. Now, exactly what we mean that a surface which can be a metal or alloy or even a ceramic that can be coated with one abrasive grain having a monolayer configuration. This can be illustrated by this sketch if this is the substrate on which the abrasive grains can rest they can be anchored or fixed or bonded in the form of a monolayer. Now, here comes the question how we are fixing this grains on this substrate and that is the bonding technique and the bonding material which are being used and at the same time this is not a continuous layer of abrasive that means, there is some gap in between and it is intentionally done to have some of the desired effect from this particular product and this is exactly what we mean as a monolayer configuration and this monolayer configuration that is being supported by one substrate. So, these are actually abrasive particle and this is the substrate. Now, where we can use such a product that will be of immediate interest. Now, here we see that application of abrasive it has a wide spread application in the area of manufacturing. So, this abrasive can be used in a grinding wheel it can be used as loose abrasive in the lapping process it can be even honing process or it can be what we know as coated abrasive that means, in a belt grinder one endless belt that is actually coated a medium that means, the medium of the belt that is coated with a layer of abrasive and in this case it is actually glued and this is also a single layer formation, but what we mean as we have presented here this is actually the bonding of this abrasives in a monolayer configuration in particular it is going to be a metal or one alloy substrate material. Now, bonded abrasive and conventional bonding material. Now, this is actually what we mean it is actually the grinding wheel or the abrasive tool and as we know that there are basically three types of bond material one is resin the second one is metal and the third one is vitreous bond and this we call conventional bond that means, this is a conventional way of working with this bond. So, that this bond and the abrasive together can make an abrasive mass which can be of end use just like one abrasive tool or one grinding wheel and here this abrasive can be conventional abrasive or it can be super abrasive. Conventional abrasive means aluminium oxide or silicon carbide and whereas, super abrasive means it is diamond or cubic boron nitride. Now, what we find here the requirement on the abrasive tool the requirement of the abrasive tool this is actually what we find in fact, if we see this is just a circular wheel which is rotary in nature and here we have the grit materials. Now, these grit materials are bonded and this is one ideal situation that means, we have some spacing then the protrusion of the grit tip above the bond. So, these are some of the specification of the wheel and this thing cannot be independently chosen what we mean here this protrusion of the tip above the bond and this spacing they have some kind of relation with the steeps chip storage volume that means, this grit protrusion and the spacing they when we put them together they make actually the steep chip storage volume that means, the chip space for easy disposal and evacuation of the chip. However, what is mean by chip volume that chip volume also depends upon the thickness of the chip which is varying from 0 and which attains its highest value once the grit is about to leave the work piece. So, it starts with 0 it assumes the maximum value here and if we can consider this arc of contact and here this is the wheel depth of cut. The wheel depth of cut is quite small compared to the diameter of the wheel and in that for in that practical purpose what we find the volume of the material removed by each grit that means, this grit starts its action from this point and that is the end of this grinding action. It repeats itself however, there will be series of this grits arranged over the entire periphery and each has its own cutting action and the volume of the chip that will be given by half a m into l. This is one thing then this a m value it is also possible to find out and this is given by V w by V c into p into root over small d by capital D. So, V w that is one operational parameter V c that is the peripheral speed of the wheel V w that is the work table speed small d that is the wheel depth of cut and capital D that is the diameter of the wheel. So, from there we can determine a m and what is l that is the length of the contact and this can be very well approximated by root over capital D into small d. So, from all this we are in a position to determine what will be the volume of the chip. Now, the problem begins from that point when we like to use this wheel just not as a grinding wheel, but as a wheel for super abrasive machining at is high speed using one of the best grit material from the diamond family or from the CBN family. So, it is not the problem with the grit material neither it is the problem alone of the bond material, but it is the question of what is the protrusion of this grit which we can maintain above the bond and how with what uniformity these grits can be placed over the entire periphery and this is actually one plane of the wheel and this has a back engagement that means, normal to this picture we have what we called width of cut. So, what we see here that it is mostly the chip storage problem that becomes the major issue rather than the cutting capability of the grit or the strength of the bond. So, the problem here is in summary it is the chip disposal problem or chip storage problem and as a consequence of this could be that this space cannot accommodate this volume of the chip which is being produced and the entire space will be filled in and then that will be squeezed between this job work piece on one side and that is the bond material on the other side and the two grits one is following the other. So, this is actually the confined volume where if it is not adequate if it is not adequate then the whole chip will be squeezed over this surface and the constraints are given here either by this volume of the chip or by length of the chip. Length of the chip also very much comes in picture because of the simple reason this length should be adequate to accommodate the length of the chip. It is of course, uncut length which will be reduced little bit, but one thing should be also kept in mind that when we have larger arc of contact particularly with a large diameter wheel and also large depth of cut. In that case the length will be sizably large it will be sufficiently large and if we do not provide adequate length in between the two crystals there will be folding back it will be like a coiling and this coil also can have some squeezing effect in this volume available between the bond and this arc of contact and these two grits which are one is following the other. So, this is one of the major issue as we consider grinding and transformation of that grinding to abrasive machining involving high speed and also high material removal rate. There comes the question of the chip disposal or chip evacuation. Now, considering this aspect we see that there are some limitations serious limitations with this present state of the art. Apart from this chip storage problem what we can see the complexity of the manufacturing route we start this is when we use these abrasive grit with either resin metal or vitreous bond then it is mostly the conventional way of working that means, we need a mould without this mould we cannot give the shape of the wheel. So, it can be cylindrical it can be cup shape it can have some beveling it can have a v form it can be a small wheel very large wheel whatever may be the case we need a mould and this mould shape is important in that that will give us the final form or geometrical form on the wheel and when it is a complicated form then it will become rather difficult to transfer this geometry from that mould to that actual piece and also the flexibility of making the wheel of any shape that also becomes a questionable issue that how flexible the process is when the demand for variety of geometry is so high. Now, as a solution to this problem we have another kind of wheel it is a different concept it is no more a solid mass as we see in a conventional wheel it is a solid mass which is moulded in a cavity and then it has to go through all the process. So, it is a mould it is a grain moulding then sintering or firing then follow up process before grinding we must go through this follow up process which is string dressing and grit conditioning. So, these three processes the wheel must go through before it become one of the efficient grinding wheel for this particular grinding action. Now, this truing dressing or grit conditioning it may be not that difficult task when it is a conventional abrasive what we mean aluminum oxide or silicon carbide then this truing dressing and grit conditioning can be well handled and managed, but when it becomes diamond or CBN then this follow up process after this firing or sintering this is not so easy it is a very delicate and difficult task to carry forward this truing dressing and grit conditioning. So, considering two issues or problem one is chip storage problem another is the flexibility in manufacturing the wheel which can be used with a particular shape where the manufacturing itself is a very flexible process plus the material plus the profile of the grit or profile of the grinding wheel is prepared in that it can take up heavy grinding that means, high remove material removal red grinding or what we call stock removal grinding and for that we have a new concept and that is exactly what we call monolayer abrasive tool and it is going to offer a solution to this this aforesaid problems. So, monolayer abrasive tool basically what we see here that as we have mentioned at the very beginning of this discussion that means, on a substrate it can be say for example, this is metal substrate and over that we have the grits. So, this is just like a one layer formation it is one way it is very similar to a coated tool where on a high speed steel or a carbide tool we put a coating and the life service life of the tool depends upon the survival of this coating similarly. So, it is just not a tool with composite structure that means, regrinding or resharpening of this tool is not just possible once the coating fails we also can say that leads that is the failure of the tool similarly here this one layer of grit that is supposed to work for a reasonable period of time and it is not even a composite structure in a composite structure of conventional wheel when the first top layer become dull or become flatten obviously, the truing or dressing operation comes in picture and that removes the dull layer. So, that one layer from behind that can appear and that becomes the active layer of the abrasive, but when we set one layer of grit then this whole performance of this wheel that depends upon this retention of this one layer on this surface. So, here of course, we must have some kind of bonding agent some kind of bonding agent and also the technique of bonding. So, this is the substrate that means, the basic material and there we have this bonding agent it can be various ways it can be done. So, this is the bonding agent now question is whether with such a bonding agent and a bonding technique we can really bring up a tool ideal tool which can be given any shape according to the need of the grinding and at the same time we can also provide adequate space in between the crystal and the space above the bond. So, that adequate space is available for easy clearance chip removal and at the same time this wheel can be used with high material removal rate even under dry cutting without any support of lubricant or some coolant and at the same time most important thing is that this grit should not pull out or get dislodged then that is one of the issue that means, what will be the level of coverage if this is the grit. So, one would be interested to know that if we consider just one single grit being resting on a metal support and to what extent we have to put this layer whether this is as low as 10 20 percent or it should be as high as 70 percent that is the issue and on that the success of this bonding material and the bonding technique will depend because ultimately the whole aim of this work is to bring up a tool or an abrading surface which provides adequate clearance space. Obviously, that means, low bond coverage, but at the same time without the risk of fallout of the grit. So, these are to be met by using a particular bonding technique and a bonding material. Now, comes the question which has been raised how to manufacture mono layer abrasive tool, there are actually two technology for making such thing one we call electroplating technology another is active brazing technology. So, these are the two available processes which can be used for making such configuration that means, the abrasive grit with mono layer configuration. Now, here what we see that this is just a schematic representation of this wheel where it can be CBN or diamond. Now, why do we prefer in single layer configuration CBN or diamond the reason is obvious the choice is obvious that means, here if this is the metal support which is the base for holding the grit and these are the grit these are the grits and there is a bonding material. So, that is the substrate this is the bonding material and these are the abrasive grit. Now, the whole life of the tool depends also on the quality of abrasive or wear resistance of the abrasive that means, its retention of the hardness resistance to plastic deformation then thermal stability chemical stability all this issue should be taken into consideration and these wheel wear out with passage of time that means, if we consider that this is the limiting bond level this is the limiting bond level we cannot go below that point that is the critical thickness of the bonding layer then from this point to this point that is actually the zone over which this grit is expected to work efficiently. So, this is actually the rate of wear which will determine the service life of this grit. Now, wear from this point to the very close to this bond level and in that we know that aluminum oxide or silicon carbide they are not that wear resisting in comparison to CBN or diamond. So, where we normally use silicon carbide as conventional abrasive. Now, if it will be it has to be replaced by a super abrasive then the choice is diamond similarly, in most of the cases if aluminum oxide being the conventional abrasive is to be substituted for by CBN substituted for by super abrasive then it becomes CBN. So, CBN and diamond one layer that is that can be equivalent to few hundreds of layer of grains of aluminum oxide or silicon carbide. So, grinding ratio if we consider the grinding ratio of CBN to AL to O 3 it can be few hundred the ratio that means, wear volume of aluminum oxide will be few hundred times compared to the wear volume of CBN. So, this from there we come to immediate conclusion that it should be CBN or diamond those are the best candidate for this single layer tool. So, here what we see that with this galvanic tool though it is better much better compared to the conventional wheel that means, where we need this molding technology. However, the question is that to hold this grit in place that fallout should not be allowed dislodgement. So, it is also our common experience that for holding this grit in place with this layer that this is the electro plated layer or galvanic layer and which is in most of the cases nickel or in electro less splitting we also use nickel phosphide and that has to be raised at least two third or seventy percent for holding this. So, though we get thirty percent, but still considering the requirement of grinding and lot of high expectation still this does not give us the best possible solution for solving this problem of grit holding capability of the bond or creation of the chip space. So, if we consider these issues then we must look for a better process though we understand that this is a wheel which can show mart improvement over the conventional wheel when it is the question of high material removal rate number one and number two when we need the wheel of different geometry in short notice the idea is that in this case we what we need we just need a preform a preform it can be any shape. So, it can be machined with by precision machining and over that this grit can be anchored by this electro plating technique. So, only the preform is necessary and we can do away with this molding or the requirement of the molding. So, that is one of the greatest advantage of this technology. Now, this limitation of galvanically bonded monolayer abrasive wheel which has been just now highlighted because it is at least 70 percent coverage that can be reduced to 20 to 30 percent coverage by this brazing technique. So, what we are doing here we are not changing neither this material this core area of the wheel which is a steel a special steel according to the need of grinding also the same grit material it remains as it is, but what we are changing here it is mostly the bonding material and the bonding technique. So, one can easily compare this bond level which is quite high and that can be reduced here and interesting part is that this is done by this reactive wetting. So, this term is very important reactive wetting of a braze alloy or the bonding alloy and this because of this wetting if we can achieve good wetting we get a concave surface whereas, in the previous case it was like a convex. So, at the root here we have less coverage and in between we have high rise of the bond we can compare this here we have larger thickness and because it is non-wetable wetting is not that good and so here it is like a convex very typical of not wetting character, but here it is wetting character. So, what we need in between we need low bond coverage that means high clearance and along this side of this grit what we need that material should be pulled up by lowering this interfacial tension. So, that spontaneously there will be the material will climb up and giving this necessary support on the two sides of the wheel two sides of the grid and as this one each grid is participating there will be grinding force and in that case this chip which is coming out it has larger space for easy accommodation. There will be less chances of wheel loading or squeezing and the wheel offers free cutting even under dry condition not only that because of this large grid protrusion from this point to this point the service life of this cutting point will be longer in comparison to what we find in this case in this case this will be only the protrusion available. So, what is important in this case very important issue that as we have mentioned that this is reactive wetting it is not no more non-reactive wetting. So, here we must have a reaction layer and that has been shown by this schematic figure that say this is one abrasive grain maybe diamond or CBN and this is a low carbon steel substrate and this grain is held over this steel substrate. However, in between this is the active brazing alloy which can go to a chemical reaction with this abrasive material and the result would be the formation of a reaction layer at this point. Now, if it is CBN that means boron and nitrogen very much there and if we use say for example, one alloy this bonding alloy which is silver copper with addition of titanium as an reactive material then what is going to happen this BN plus titanium that will lead to TiN and TiB2 that means the surface of the CBN which if it is a smooth or featureless surface after this reaction if one removes this whole thing this area by proper etching chemical etching then the surface will reveal itself but it will not be any more that CBN, but there will be a reaction layer and it is obvious that this thickness of the reaction layer that can influence the quality of this brass mint or brass joint. We have already discussed this issue that this thickness of the reaction layer whether it is grit material or a bulk ceramic that there must be a reaction but this reaction should be confined to a very narrow zone. So, a reaction should occur but thickness of the reaction layer should be as small as possible. So, this point should be also considered in this particular issue. Now, requirement of the bonding alloy now what are the requirement of the bonding alloy? Obviously, it should be wetting number one the necessary condition that is the wetting the material must be also ductile this ductility is also one important term in that unless the material is ductile there will be tremendous amount of thermal stress at this brass mint it is because of the simple reason that ceramic though it is very small it is CBN and on that other side we have steel and in between the bonding alloy which is the brass alloy. So, alpha E this alpha E and alpha E that means thermal expansion coefficient and young modulus these are varying widely. So, one should be flexible enough to adjust itself so that this difference can be adjusted through this deformation of this brass alloy otherwise CBN is cannot be deformed steel is also not that easy. So, we must have a soft alloy that means having the ductility and it is also one of the important factor then basic strength of the material it should also have certain strength so that under the action of the force the material should not undergo plastic deformation if it undergoes plastic deformation then the whole purpose will be lost purpose of brazing because there will be some grinding force and because of the grinding if there be some rise of temperature then at that temperature material strength should be sufficient not to allow allow large deformation. So, that should be within the control limit so it is also the strength holding that is also one of the important issue and another thing so strength comes and more importantly wear resistance. If we get back to this figure quickly here what we can see that this chip is sliding and this will obviously it is expected normally it will slide over the surface now this surface should have some kind of tribological quality that means either the friction or wear resistance it must have a good value of this friction coefficient or wear resistance so that it should not also wear out too fast and if it wears out then there will be fallout of this material. So, these four property this bonding alloy should have but at the same time this wetting what is this wetting what does it mean suppose we have this grit material and this is the bond material the steel substrate so the braze alloy should have a balanced wetting towards the steel and also towards the grit. If there is not this balance then the interfacial tension if there is too much difference in interfacial tension if interfacial tension between this braze alloy and this steel is high and with the braze alloy and the grit is low then the whole material will be pulled and you can have accumulation of the material which will be pulled from the place around this grit and the bond height will be excessively large so the whole purpose of brazing will be also again lost. So, but if we have adequate wetting on steel then perhaps we can expect to have a profile something of this form so here we can have something of this form so here we have good wetability of this alloy towards the steel that means the base and this is the abrasive and that is the braze alloy that means the bonding alloy so it will have very good wetability and it can give a supporting wall over the entire surface of the grit and thereby reducing also the bond level in the space between the crystal. So, good wetability towards the steel and also good wetability towards the grit both may both characteristics this bonding alloy should show. Now, requirement of the substrate material now requirement of the substrate material obviously the substrate steel if it is steel it should be such that as we have already mentioned that braze alloy should have good wetting over this and another requirement of the substrate is that it must also have adequate strength rigidity and since in the brazing we have little high temperature so the distortion or change in shape because of this rise and fall of the temperature at certain level that should be taken care of the material so that the it does not crosses its limit of distortion and otherwise this brazing cannot be accepted as a process for making grinding wheel. Now comes the brazing parameters now what are those brazing parameter number 1 it is actually the brazing cycle number 1. So, brazing cycle we can consider this is the time and that is the temperature so here the rate of heating rate of heating then soaking and then it can go like this and this is the holding at that brazing point and then it comes like this so the entire thing and it comes almost to room temperature so this whole thing we call a brazing cycle now here this rate of heating then soaking at a temperature just below the liquidus temperature of the material that is very important to have uniformity. Now when it is geometrically symmetrical in that case problem is not that complicated but if we have a complex geometry then rate of heating in steps and holding in various steps to have proper soaking that means to make the temperature throughout the entire mass uniform that is also one of the very important consideration and this way the temperature can be brought very close to the liquidus temperature and holding there so that the uniformity of the temperature over the entire mass can be ensured and then thereby quickly raising this point to that brazing temperature and holding there for a very short period of time that is also important. Now here this temperature of brazing time at temperature these are the two very important parameter apart from that what we also see that environment whether it is inert atmosphere or whether it is a reducing atmosphere or high vacuum atmosphere that also to be taken into consideration. Now one thing should be also mentioned here that it is reactive brazing. Now reactive brazing means one of the reactive material should be present in that metal or alloy so it is a metal or alloy or it is a metal and alloy reactive metal and alloy and this reactive metal what should be the amount of this one that is also very important because what we want here we want a wetting only to have coverage over this wall of the grid. This is ideally the brazing so to have this what is important to know the fluidity of the brazing material or the bonding alloy and that depends upon the basic constituents whether it is metal or alloy plus the amount of this reactive element which is present that should be also taken into consideration. If we are interested in diamond what is our experience that chromium can be used as one reactive element in nickel phosphorous or nickel boron silicon system so this is a quite effective alloy to get this kind of profile with diamond the reason is that this chromium can react with the diamond surface making a chromium carbide. So, this carbon and chromium that goes in this direction may be CR7C3 one of the carbide and here this delta G is negative so reaction proceeds in this way and this nickel will wet so we can get such a profile with such kind of alloy and the desired profile we can have, but when it comes to CBN so in that case we have to write this one with chromium, but this reaction does not move in this direction and we hardly we can achieve such profile that means this kind of alloy is not at all wetting the surface of boron nitride. Now, here one should look for how this chromium nitride or chromium boride can form now we have to look in the change in free energy now for brazing we must have a temperature limit of technical interest and if it is within a 1000 degrees lower it is always better, but if we consider a limit of 1000 degree it is shown that at 1000 even at 1000 this wetting of this alloy either chromium nickel phosphorous or chromium nickel boron silicon that alloy this wetting is not possible in this case so here we see that the free energy of boron nitride is higher than that of chromium nitride or chromium boride, but when it comes to when we take a alloy which is readily available titanium silver copper there can be many version or many formulation this is one of the basic this is one of the basic and here we can see that this carbon of diamond and titanium go straight to TIC formation this is wetting is perfect with this alloy also with boron nitride plus titanium we can also have TIB2 and TIN of course here hypostoichiometric layer should form on the outer surface, but the basic thing is that this TIB2 and TIN which are more stable than boron nitride so here we have a delta G minus this one also delta G minus so this way one can look into that the severity of the reaction the degree of reaction so this amount of reactive element and also it has been mentioned that the existence of the ternary element reducing the solubility of this reactive element thereby increasing its activity reducing the concentration requirement of this reactive element all these issues are taken into consideration so that finally what we can achieve this one this one we get back to this slide that means this thickness of this reaction layer that can be properly controlled so in summary what we can say that this thickness of the reaction layer should be controlled by this brazing temperature number one and number two by the amount of this reactive element and the presence of one of the ternary element which can control in a very favorable manner the activity of this reactive element now here we see the different level of bonding so if it is very high temperature the grids are totally covered and this is not a very desirable situation and in one case we can have also the brazing quite satisfactory brazing at a temperature as low as 720 holding these grids and in another case this has to be elevated to 800 degree centigrade and in all cases what we find that it is actually the amount of this reactive element and also the melting point or liquidous point of the brazing alloy or the presence or absence of this ternary element which regulate the activity of this reactive element in the alloy and all this will make this difference which are illustrated by this and obviously if it is one passive alloy then there is no chance of wetting and this passive alloy what can be interesting that this passive alloy it cannot wet the surface of the steel either so the existence of titanium or presence of very titanium is so useful effective also to have wet ability over the steel so here we see that this is the very strong reaction showing this needle like thing titanium diborite and it is a very strong reaction with a alloy having almost 10 percent titanium and temperature 920 degree whereas when it is at 720 we have this reaction but it is a mild reaction thickness is also very low and this is good enough to have a very good wetting but at the same time having a adequate bond which is guaranteed by this thinness of the reaction layer. Now this is the outcome of this brazing technique where the grits are implanted or bonded to this surface and it is actually the coating that means it is a coverage of the grit on this wheel surface in a mono layer formation and each grit can be located at a fixed distance thereby we can also maintain the gap between the grits this is required this is desirable from the requirement of grinding. So this is the actual profile of the grit which are bonded and this is the coverage of this grit over the surface now in this brazing technique what is in essence the effectiveness that the concentration of the grit can be adjusted according to the need of the grinding if it is large material removal rate we can increase the inter grit spacing but if it is more wear resistance precision grinding high surface finish we can also reduce the spacing and it can be done by this screen printing technique that means temporary fixation of the grit and then by this law of wetting a surface of this nature can be immediately realized. So this summary what is also important here to know that though this grit is brazed and apparently there is effective wetting satisfactory wetting and thinness of the reaction layer that is also ensured here. However what we can see here that because of this contraction at this point there may be a crack formation and this contraction depends upon the relative young modulus coefficient of thermal expansion and also the liquidus temperature which is also very important parameter which can affect this crack formation so their adequate attention has to be paid otherwise what will happen even after getting adequate bonding good chemical attachment because of this generation of the thermal stress this grit can have a breakage at this bond level. So this is the coverage of the bond and because of this crack formation this part can be removed just because of this thermal cracking. So with all this thing taken into consideration we can summarize the discussion of today's that high performance abrasive tool can be manufactured by brazing super abrasive grit on a metal substrate in mono layer configuration. Effectiveness of brazing depends on wetability of the bonding alloy towards the abrasive as well as the substrate. Precise regulation on the brazing cycle is also an important step in that direction. The brazing process of course facilitates control of grit spacing and grit protrusion on the tool surface.


Just Thanks for coming. So I will just present Panda Which is a platform for network data analytics, but keeping my just data analytics and also platform So just few words. So what I like really is innovation So he's doing the right stuff at the right time, but also DevOps because at the moment text is very good There's no issue with tech. We just issue with people. So that's why I like DevOps So so just to give you a few context about the project. So You will see that virtualization automation and the orchestration has made real-time service for viewing possible There's a lot of open source a bit of big data technologies at the moment I will speak later on what what there are and there's a lot of big change in the Network space. That's why Panda is only network oriented, but I will show you some use case which is not fully network So what we've seen so far and what Explained about all is that we've seen a sealed analytics pipelines and the issue is that once you are you implement a data pipeline and By using dedicated technology, then you put your putting constraints on your pipeline. And so it is not really Optimal and you are duplicating a thought. So that's what we we define Panda and why Why we want to achieve a really good Big data platform So we we do not invent a lot of stuff Just present you some some kid key aspect of the platform But but basically so this is a Linux foundation open source project Why Panda so really? We really want to make all the big data space really easy for you to use So and I will give you a live demo but they point some Spark streaming application And so what we want to achieve is we need to remove the the complexity of working with big data technologies and if you If you want to have a quick look so there is a Lot of technologies on the big data space So and you've got some open source distribution of ad-hub Like or turn works, which is fully open source, but there is also Cloudera distribution map are but you can also go the other side with plank, which is Not open source at all. So we are right in the middle so just to illustrate one thing if you want to just Keep one take away of this presentation is pandas about the platform So do not spend any time on building a platform for doing big data stuff Just be focused on your use case and on the application So because you will waste a lot of time of fine-tuning your ad-hub cluster making Analysis, etc. So really do not care about the platform. So here is just a short view about what is panda So this is the platform is just in the middle. So on the left inside So you've got how to integrate with the platform. So we we just use Kafka a well-known database technology, which is the better one at the moment in order to To be able to push that out who are to a panda. So it's quite easy to use we are providing as part of the project all the the Producers as the sample code and the plug-in to connect to the platform. So we are you can use lockstash We've got a plug-in for last touch. We've got a plug-in for open daylight and we've got all sample code in a PHP pattern and Java so that is just about using the Kafka API with the Encapacitation and then once you are you've got your data in the platform You can either consume me to consume them in real time directly from Kafka or you can build near-time application based on spark streaming or spark batch processing, etc So what we provide at the moment? So we are on the release 3.4 as part of this way. So we are providing all the The installation to build your open for your platform on top of open stack or on bar metal So this is based on heat template. So in less than one hour, you can have your platform ready to use It's also possible to stop the platform on Amazon As I say we've got plug-ins for lockstash open DMP and a lot more And so as mentioned, so you you must be focused on the right side because this is where the value is Once you've got all the data pushed to a cluster and then you need to build the app that Really extract the value of the data. And so we are already providing some sample application such as fault analytics I don't know, but just Maybe I want to spend more time on the older text that are inside Thunder So we are bringing all together using either heat template or cloud formation template for my zone We are using salt stack in order to orchestrate all this stack And so One benefit of pandas for every data you push inside the platform. This is automatically restored well stored in HDFS, so so do not care about The data will manage it. So we are using goblin in order to store that and then after that you can You can deploy any application on top of pandas and what we've built so far is with simple this process We we provide some simple coin in order to help you building stream a streaming application for example and Deploying it to to pandas is quite easy. We just Build a component you post your application. It is automatically Deploy on the platform.  So we we provide a console in order To make available all the relevant relevant information and everything you you need for using pandas So this is a kind of dashboard that show you that all the components are Fully working and it gives you also all the statistics and all the links you need to know So what we provide also is that so you've got a set of software available But we we provide also all the operational UI to manage everything within the system So as for example for for Kafka if you want to manage it, we are using a Kafka manager So in order to create topics set the Replication factor or set the partition etc. So everything is available Through the UI for the other part so you can access to the Clothing Manager If you want to start because you you are putting a lot of data within pandas if you want to start some investigation We include Jupiter Jupiter is a notebook in order to start working in an interactive mode with the data So in order to play with all the datasets and start building something and And after so you've got the links for Grafana, OpenTSDV Impala All the stuff so rather than spending time on the slide I will show you a live demo This is back so So everything is in GitHub. So if you go to a GitHub.com slash Panda project you will find 25 repository which consists of So you have everything from the heat template to the sample application So for the example, so I use heat template. So yesterday I bootstrap a platform. So you've got Okay, so you can see that so you've got a simple CLI with some parameters and other To bootstrap a cluster. So you've got a lot of steps. So in 40 minutes, I've got a really to go big data platform so just to show you So on the So here what's look like so when we build the platform on top of OpenStack, so we build a Dedicated environment for for pandas. So it's consists of a bastion a net a dedicated network and a set of VM So everything is automatically created. So As I said, you do not care about the the platform. We manage that So this is this is the real Panda console. So so just to give you some insight so On the matrix part what we we build so we've been we build a platform testing component which grab all the metrics for all the component in order to ensure that they are working and expose all the information you need so so that we've got all the information for HGPase for example, you've got All the information for Iparra, Uzi, etc, etc And you've got also all the stats for all the brokers available in this cluster. So this is quite useful Just to show you so here for the for the demo I've just created a topic And so you will see that there is some data coming over over it and as I mentioned so So here's the You service which is part of CDH This is a way to bruise the HGFS So everything is stored in as a data set So any data push to Kafka goes over HGFS through Goblin and is sought by a source so we've got a Little we do not put any constraints on the data pack line as I said So we just put an everyone's calculation in order to specify a little platform schema, which is just about Defining a source in order to know where the data is coming from a timestamp Hosts and then the raw data so the raw data can contain whatever you want This is where you will put all your event data for the metrics. So here's an example So I've got a collect this source and so it is it is sorted also by by dates. So Just to give you the Some information about the the demo so I just have a little write-on script that will push that are so random data to a to a Kafka topic. So this is the Avro.caiso.metrics So just to show you that with just 10 lines of Python, you can push data to Kafka or to Panda So and so to Kafka, you just need to use the the Avro schema and then put your your raw data within the within the message. So just to show you that the Avro schema is quite simple and says timestamp source of IP and raw data so I will push I will push data just after. Just let me show you that So at the moment, so I've got my working cluster. What I will do is I will deploy a streaming application So I already compiled the sample code available on GitHub which so the The Spark streaming application will just read information from Kafka and we'll push it to open TSDB, which is a time-server database So I just use a package. So there's a few few configurations to two sets. I call the application for the demo Good name, it's creating Okay, so the application is available on top of the cluster. I can run it and just to show you that now I can produce data to the cluster And if I go to open TSDB, okay, so I've got my data that are coming over You can see that I've got some points. So just to show you so this is a real-time application So basically, it was easy to produce data to render to deploy in the application which just get the data from Kafka and push it to open TSDB. So open TSDB is a well-known time-server database. So most of the time all the data Are based on the on timestamp. So especially on the network side. So that's why we use to do this kind of Of demo. So just to show you that it's quite easy to use and Simple. So I show you that so this was back upside in case we lost the network So there is bare metal and open stack deployment based on each template. You can also deploy On AWS if you want. So we've seen the console all the Platform testing so the data ingestion is quite easy to do just with a simple Python code or so We've got also ODEI ODEI ODEI ODEI plugin and logstash. So logstash is just a matter of configuration On the data storage part. So I show you that with gobbling everything is stored in the HDFS But you can use also HBase as part of the platform The application management is made simple. You just deploy package and it is automatically automatically deploy for within the adobe cluster And then after you've got all the time series and impala interface available We use also impala because this is a you can easily connect it connect to To tableau which is a well-known BI tool and so just behind that so we've got at the moment the Claudia distribution of adobe So you and then you've got all the management UI behind that So so now I've just run through the the platform. So you see that this is This is Everything is available. And so we apply it first on on NFV in order to To we give get more analytics on top of the network So the first use case built on top of that were the service analysis and the service impact And we've done also with the MOOC soft So we integrate MOOC soft in order to provide some fault tolerant on top of an infrastructure We also apply Ponder for IoT and smart cities for example. This is this is what we've done so far In Paris. So this is good because this was a data-driven approach. And so we put we put a lot of sensor within So place that plus the nation which is a big place where we've got a lot of traffic and the city wants to get invents from the all the The work that they will happen they will close All the roads that come to the to the place in order to ensure that there is less pollution, etc so we put quality sensor We we get data from from the From the device available in the place through the Wi-Fi the wireless connection We were able also to interact on video analytics solution in order to identify the flows So once you've got the infrastructure you can build application on top of that So we are able to identify the the different flows Happening on the the vehicle flows For each road. So then in case of the closed one we identified the impact. So we are able also to to correlate the noise with the vehicle We are able also to identify the density of the pedestrian per section And also how we are in France. We can do more analytics regarding the noise and Correlate that with strikes because we are used to strikes in France. So as you see, there's a lot of spikes spikes and this was So there's some spikes and we can identify that this was when they are Strikes in France so a lot a lot of space also As you see we'll talk we talked a lot about open daylight and BGP So we are we've done some work on top of that Maybe what I can do is I can show you a Short video about the work done on So this is so what we've done so far. So we've put all the prefix within Panda so as Jill Demonstrated just later on just so extracting or everything from open daylight And putting that into a panda So we've got all that other so this is currently I would say In development, but we will soon soon demonstrated on the Cisco live Berlin So you will see that all the BGP events are stored in automatically in HDFS and then after that So you can run So BGP application on top of Panda So this is video. This is good because he's working faster than a live demo So we can launch multiple instance of an application and then after So we've done some data expression using Jupiter So this is a way to show you how the Jupiter works. So you can do some iteration on top of all the data set and start doing some some visualization and here you can You can have a network topology graph based on all those BGP data and after you are free to spend more time on the application and visualization which is the key part of all the big data space and So you can look at all the prefix because you can sort them their eyes And and after just for the fun After you are free to do a nice visualization on top of all those big data. So this is But keep in mind also that Panda is about big data. So you need you need to have a huge data set A big stream of data coming to the platform otherwise, this is not about big data So this is where just a nice example Okay, so we are building an ecosystem around Panda in order to so we are a small team at the moment on the core develop Core development, but we we are working with a lot of SP companies In order to build this co-system and also with third party So just to mention that So we are working with the Linux foundation. So we are working with mood especially for the Fulton exist in the network with stopper with strings. We are working also with open data soft around all the smart cities Topic with opening all the data We base also and you know ontology, etc Just to give you few words about what's coming for the next three. So we plan to do some Some stuff especially the big stuff is the the data security Which is always good to consider once working with the data we will do also maybe Well, not maybe we'll do that all the VMware support for enterprise application We'll do open source add-up at the moment We are leveraging through their distribution, but we plan to work on the add-up upstream In order to have a free open source platform and Also on the app side, which is key. We will have the so BGP deep analytics Which will be showcased at the scolife Berlin.  We put a guide so we say read the fucking manual, but this is really Yeah We put efforts on documentation But now you will you have a complete guide which explains all the technologies are we try to To give you as much insight as possible We're getting all the technologies or to work with panda or to integrate or to produce or to To work on the data information or tool to use all the simple code in order to build your application on top of panda Etc etc and so that now I've got five minutes for a question Yes Sorry This is Yes So we can discuss that but we plan to okay, so the question is Okay, so the question is what about VPP so we We are currently we will integrate VPP, but This is in the to do is we can discuss that this factor, but I'm not focused on this part at the moment So using I Don't know about the Okay, so so it's about you so the question is about So using a string set instead of Kafka So for engineer at least So if you go to the engineer website, you will see that they using stream set and we are also putting ponder on on the architecture So I've got a diagram we can discuss that We so we stream set do not replace Kafka, but we can become a bit of compatible with this kind of solution Any other question, and I do not have stickers, so okay, so thanks for your time So we are Coming So So we are So we are focused on the core development. We are supporting Focus on Yeah


Hello everyone, okay right now I'm going to do a quick review on this lunatic tactic casing So before I proceed, I have to warn you Don't buy life proof casing it sucks Okay, I I can own I've been using this only for one month and then The rubber protection Waterproof protection started to peeled off on its own and there you go. It becomes naked There are no protection anymore. So throw this aside. Let me let me explain about this. Okay, so This lunatic tactic It is made up of aluminum protection And in the middle core is it is it is made up of a silicon And it it comes along with the audio jack protection to protect from dust getting in Okay, I have to say that This one is only shockproof not a water resistant Okay, so it is shockproof And not a water resistant. Don't ever put this in uh inside the You know Inside the pool or something you don't want to do that it will Damage your iPhone. Okay, so So, um, it comes along with the gorilla's glass screen protection the glass is quite thick and but In terms of sensitivity of the touchscreen, I got no issue of that. It's super sensitive Everything works fine So at the back you can see it have a space for the camera And here you can see it's the silicon the silicon is quite thick So if it falls down to the ground it will prevent Your iPhone back cover from shatter into pieces Okay, so that's a good thing about that. So from this side also a silicon And the edge here It is um quite Quite a good structure So when it falls down on every angle It your iPhone will be safe. So I think that's it. Uh, thank you for watching. Please like share and subscribe


So today we will look at methodology which has been developed by series of students for design of a tethered aerostat system. We have seen one methodology for airships. This is for a similar purpose but there is a slight difference in the way we go about doing the calculations. So essentially let us have a very brief look just to refresh our memory because we have been talking mostly about airships in the last few lectures. Now we come back to aerostats. So to refresh your memory, this is a picture of a tethered aerostat system. The main component is the envelope which is also called as a hull that is filled with the LTA gas. And inside that envelope we have this green coloured airbag or air ballonet which is essentially for pressure and buoyancy control. There are tail fins which have been given for static and dynamic stability. So the sizing of these fins have to be done keeping in mind the requirement from stability. Recall about the difference between static and dynamic stability. Can someone again elaborate and tell me what is meant by static stability and what is meant by dynamic stability? Recall your memory. We have discussed this. So when you write a proposal to do a project, you write something like this is what we will do, we promise this, we promise that and then in the end what you actually do. So what you propose is static stability, what you actually do is dynamic stability. So with this, can you try to recall the difference and tell me quickly, yes, Chetan, yes. Okay. No, that is not correct. What you said, what you are telling is about neutral stability and unstable or stable, it is not that. Okay. Anybody else? Yes. Sorry. Yeah. Amir, yes. It is actually the opposite. So static stability is from an equilibrium condition if there is a disturbance, the tendency is to come back, not to divert or stay where you are. So for example, if I have a system in equilibrium and if I push it and it just goes to some other position in equilibrium, then it is neutrally stable. But if it tends to go away further, then it is unstable. If it tends to come back to the original position, it is statically stable. Now if it actually after some oscillations maybe comes to the original position or very near to it, then you say it is dynamically stable. Okay. Then tether is the cable which is attached to the ground, the link between the balloon or the envelope and the ground. Then you have payload which is the choice of the user and we have a ground station which has winching and mooring. So now in all these components, let us look at which are the components which we as aerospace engineers can hope to design. So going from the bottom, can we look at the ground station? Not really. It is basically a mechanical and electrical problem because there is hardly any aerospace engineering in designing a winching and mooring system. So we will not talk about it. Payload, something that you are given by somebody, you do not design the payload, right?  Tether, tether is it something that you will design? No, it is an item which is brought out. But the question I want to ask is, how much tether is needed? Because the aerostat is expected to deploy from a height of sea level to 1 kilometer. Under the action of ambient wind, it will occupy some kind of a position such as shown in the figure. How much is the length of this tether exactly? So let us say we are told that the maximum continuous wind is so much. So using that information, we need to determine if the height is 800 meters or 1000 meters the tether needed will not be 800, it will be more than that. How much more? 10 percent, 15 percent, 20 percent. So that is something. Now what will determine the profile of the tether? One is the wind condition. Then what else? Self weight, right? If it is very heavy, it will be more taut. What else? Yeah. So how it reacts to the forces acting, elastic modulus of the tether plus aerodynamic loads, diameter, wind speed, Reynolds number, Mach number plus also the shape of the envelope will determine the drag acting on the envelope which will affect the tension on the tether which will affect the profile. So we as aerospace engineers what we can do is we can determine the profile of this tether under some given operating conditions. So that is what we will study. Although you can always say okay if the height is 1 millimeter, 20 percent extra, 30 percent extra that is also a safe assumption but it is better to get a better estimate, okay. Going up tail fins, yes this is our job because we are concerned with sizing the aerostat for static and dynamic stability. The actual process of designing the fins and sizing the fins is very cumbersome but in conceptual design we always take some empirical, semi-empirical assumptions or formulae and get some shape, okay. Going up air ballonet, how do you decide how much is the volume of the air ballonet needed? How do you do that? By determining the inflation fraction, we have already seen the principal parameter is sigma 2 by sigma 1, the density ratio at the maximum altitude of deployment upon density ratio at the bottom altitude and it could be under ISA plus some other temperature not ISA standard temperature. So we have spent I think couple of lectures in finding out inflation fraction etc. So with that the ballonet volume can be estimated, once the volume is known you have a choice of having an integral ballonet or a hemispherical ballonet you can work out the size of the ballonet that means the material needed to do it. Envelope of course is our job, we have to decide the shape of the envelope, we must decide the dimensions of the envelope. Now this envelope dimension will depend on many, many, many things, first of all on what user requirements will the volume of the envelope determine or depend, payload to be carried, what else will affect the envelope volume, altitude of operation or deployment yes, ambient conditions at that altitude, pressure may be different from standard pressures, temperature may be different from standard temperatures. Then you may also need to know for how long we are supposed to deploy it continuously because then you will estimate the gas leakage and then you will say okay I should have so much extra volume to ensure that it does not come down. Suppose I want to deploy for 15 days, it should not happen after 4 days the air pressure stat is half down okay, it will not be correct, if the user says I want it to be deployed for 14 days at a stretch, at the maximum you can ask the user in 14 days how much height loss will you accept 1%, 5%, 10 meters, 20 meters that you can ask and then you can plan for that.


J-E-L-L-O! The Jello Program, coming to you from Hollywood, California, stopping Jack Benny, with Barry Livingston, Phil Harris, Denton Day, and yours truly, Don Wilson. The orchestra opens a program with I See the Moon at Noon. You know, ladies and gentlemen, along about this time each year, folks seem to appreciate a lovely Jello dessert, even more than usual. More Jello, with its vivid shimmering colors, seems almost like a preview of spring. Its glowing beauty makes you forget that winter is still with us. It adds a special note of gaiety and good cheer to any March meal, and the refreshing extra-rich flavor of Jello gives you a welcome foretaste of next summer's fruits, with all their tantalizing, juicy, ripe goodness. So brighten up tomorrow night's dinner with a brilliant Jello dessert. Order several packages from your grosser the first thing in the morning. Choosing any or all of Jello's six delicious flavors, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, orange, lemon, or lime, and be especially sure to include strawberry, raspberry, and cherry Jello, for each has a new improved flavor, obtained by using a natural flavor base artificially enhanced. And the result is something mighty swell, a unique and delightful flavor that you'll find better than ever. Enjoy attempting Jello dessert tomorrow. As I See the Moon at Noon played by the orchestra, and now, ladies and gentlemen, after a month's vacation in Palm Springs, we bring you a man who looks a month younger, as if that made any difference, Jack Benny! Thank you. Jello again, this is Jack Benny talking, and, Don, I may only look a month younger, but believe me, I feel like a kid. If there was anything I needed, it was those four weeks on the desert. Roughing it really did me a world of good. Roughing it? Well, I wouldn't exactly say that you were leading such a rough life there, Jack. Oh, you wouldn't, eh? No, I saw you out many a night in Palm Springs, and you were wearing a tuxedo. Yes, but it wasn't pressed. And if you had to look close, you'd have noticed that carnation in my buttonhole was a cactus blossom.  Don't tell me I didn't rough it while I'm as hard as nails. Well, you feel pretty rugged now, huh, Jack? No, I don't. You remember how soft and flabby my arms used to be? Uh-huh. Well, wait till I roll up my sleeve. I'll make a muscle for you. Wait. Oh, Jack, you don't have to bother. I'll take your word for it.  No, no, I want to show you. Now what? I'll raise my arm. There. How's that, Don? How's that muscle? Where? I don't see it. Right there on that tattoo. See how fat the eagle is now? See? Eagle? I thought that was a sparrow. With E. fluribus unum on it? What are you talking about? I tell you, Don, I feel so good I like to get in a scrap with someone. Wait till Dennis Day comes in. I'll straighten him out fast. He'll ever know what hit him. Jack, Jack, wait a minute. Take it easy. Take it easy, nothing. I've got a muscle and I'm going to use it. That kid has got to learn how to behave himself. But, Jack, you're being unfair. Ever since Dennis has been on this program, he's been a perfect little gentleman. Well-behaved and well-mannered. Well-mannered? Let me tell you something, Don. Last Monday, when I gave Dennis his salary check, he looked me straight in the eye and said thank you very much. Well, what's wrong with that? Don, with the check he gets, that very much is pure sarcasm. It takes that kid to thank me. Oh, hello, Mary. Hello, Jack. What are you doing with your fist up in the air? I made a muscle for Don. I can't get my arm down. See? See the muscle? Where? Right there. Some muscle. Looks like a marshmallow with a hangover. The hardest marshmallow you ever saw. Boy, there's a real muscle. What are you going to do? Stand there like a baking soda ad? No, help me get my arm down. Here, pull. Oh, well, the eagle's a sparrow again. But just the same way that Dennis gets here. I'll fix that kid. What about Dennis? I'm going to beat him up, that's all. He's been acting too fresh around here lately, and it's time I straighten him out. Straighten him out? Why don't you do something about Phil Harris? He's the wise guy.  But Dennis is a real troublemaker. And he's smaller than you are. That's merely a coincidence. Let me ask something, Mary. How about when we were driving back from Palm Springs in the Maxwell? All that kid did was complain, complain all the way in. Well, who wouldn't complain? It's a three-hour trip, and it took us four days to make it. Well... Four days from Palm Springs to Los Angeles? Well, it's only 120 miles. 129. We came by way of San Bernardino. Besides, we stopped to enjoy the scenery. It was lovely down with those snow-capped mountains and beautiful orange groves. Oh, you and your orange groves. That's all we had for four days, orange juice. Never mind. The sign got him. All you can drink for ten cents. Now, wait a minute, Mary. Wait a minute. Don't give Don any false impressions. There was food, too. What about that delicious pressed chicken we had? It had to be pressed. You ran over it. All right. I didn't mean to do it. It was an accident. An accident? Yes. Then why did Rochester yell tally-ho and chase it clear through a cornfield? That never happened, and you know it. It would have been a very pleasant trip if you and Dennis hadn't been beefing all the time. I'll fix that, kid. By the way, Don, how did you come back to town? Well, the little woman and I took the train. It was a very nice, restful trip. Oh, the train is swell, Don, but I prefer motoring myself. I don't know, you see more of the country that way. But, Jack, even allowing for sightseeing, I can't understand why it took you four days to come from Palm Springs to Los Angeles. Oh, four days isn't so bad. That's progress. It used to take the covered wagon six. And they didn't come by way of San Bernardino like I did. Anyway, Mary, you had a swell time in Palm Springs. You're back in Hollywood safe and sound, so forget it. Hello, everybody. Oh, here he is. All right, kid. Put him up. Put him up. You've been aching for trouble, and you're going to get it. What's going on here? It's a long story. Jack found a muscle. It's not it at all.  I'll teach you to be careful. Well, gee, I didn't mean to run over that tin can with the lawnmower. That's not what I'm talking about. A small fine covers that. I just don't want you to go around complaining about your trip home from Palm Springs. I was nice enough to invite you. Gosh, I drank so much orange juice, I feel like a sunset. Now, let me tell you something, Dennis. Orange juice is not only nourishing, but it's very good for you. It'll keep you from catching a cold. I won't sneeze till 1980. Well, that doesn't. All right, Dennis. Put up your dues. Oh, Jack, will you stop being so childish? You're just picking on Dennis because he's the smallest one in our gang. Mary's right.  Why, in your physical condition, you could mangle a kid. I could.  You don't realize your own strength. I don't? Well... No. The least you can do is apologize to Dennis. Well, all right. You don't have to, Mr. Benny. I'm a rat, and that's all there is to it. No. No, you're not a rat, kid. Well, one of us is. Look, Dennis, you better sing your song before I lose my temper again. I don't know my own strength, like Don says. Now, what's it gonna be? I'm gonna sing in Dublin's Fair City. Good, good. Oh, Mary. What do you want? Help me get my arm down. Okay. Thanks, Mary. Sing, kid.  Dublin's Fair City sung by Dennis A. And very apropos, Dennis. Tomorrow is St. Patrick's Day, isn't it? Sure it is. Yes, sir.  I'm not going to bother putting my arm up again. So control yourself. Oh, Jack. What is it, Don? Tomorrow being St. Patrick's Day, I have a great treat for our audience tonight. A treat? Yes, I've prepared my commercial this evening with a Gaelic slant. I'm going to deliver it with an Irish brogue. I do it very well. No kidding. Well, that really is a treat, Don. Any novelties always welcome on this program. You say you do it with an Irish brogue, eh? Yes. Well, well, now go ahead, let's hear it. Ladies and gentlemen, the next time you go to your neighborhood grocer, why not ask him for a package of tempting and appetizing jello? Hmm. It is not only economical and easy to make. Where's the brogue? But comes in six delicious flavors, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, orange, lemon, and lime. Don, where's the brogue? So always insist on genuine jello and look for the big red letters on the box. Be gone! Ah! You did that beautifully, Don. Oh, that's a marvelous brogue. How did you ever acquire it? Oh, I do several dialects, Jack. Would you like to hear me read the same commercial as the Swede would do it? Don, if you think I'm going to listen to that whole thing again, just to hear you say yump and yemeny at the end of it, you'll pay for that. Now go away. Oh, hello, Phil. Hiya, Jackson. You back in town already? Yeah, I got in last night. But you know, I don't know, I wish we could have stayed in Palm Springs a couple of more weeks. It is wonderful there. Well, personally, I'm glad to be back in the city. What's the matter, Phil, don't you like the desert? No, that fresh air gets under my eyes and puffs them up. And I can't stand that hot sun beaten down on my head. Well, why don't you wear a hat? Look, Jackson, I got gorgeous hair and it would be sheer madness to hide it. Well, that's the most conceited thing I ever heard. You know, Phil, I could have gorgeous hair, too, if I got it marcelled every week like you do. Well, why don't you? Well, maybe I will. You can get a marcelle soaked in a coconut. What? What did you say? Did I put my dukes up, Mr. Benny? Not this time, kid. This is strictly between Miss Livingston and me. You want to step out in the alley? Oh, quiet. We're talking to Phil about Palm Springs. Now, how long did it... Mary, put your dukes down. Phil, how long did it take you to drive back? Well, with all the traffic and everything, about an hour and 45 minutes. Only an hour and 45 minutes? Yes, and I stopped for a rumble lesson in Pomona. Well, I'll be darned an hour and 45 minutes. That's what I can't understand, Jack. Why in the world it should take you four days to drive that distance? Well, we had a lot of tough breaks, Don, and hard luck all the way. I'll say, just as we were pulling into Beaumont, all the tires blew out. Yeah. All four of them? All four in the spare. They've got a union. Wait a minute, you're wrong, Mary. We had that tire trouble in Banning. Beaumont is where we ran out of gas. We ran out of gas in Azusa. No, Mary, I think it was Arcadia. Yeah, yeah, we ran out of gas in Arcadia. Arcadia's where the top blew off. The top didn't blow off. It shook off. Besides, it didn't happen in Arcadia. It was Pasadena. It was not. It was too. Pasadena's where we hit a bump and the headlights changed places. Oh, yes. We had motor trouble there, too. Motor trouble? Were you held up very long? Yeah, we had to stay overnight, so Jack and Rochester made a personal appearance at the theater. That's right, Don. I figured as long as we had to stay there, we might as well do our act. How was the business, Jackson? Did you pack them in? Well, it was on such short notice, Phil, and then it was raining, and besides that, we were bucking a terrific picture that was playing right across the street. Yeah, what was the name of it? A puppets of passion starring Ronald Glick and Heather Noodleman. Adults only. But we did pretty well at that. Anyway, enough of our adventure of getting back home. What do you say, Phil? How about a band number? Okay, Jackson, what do you want us to play? Something popular or something classified? Classical. Classified? Oh, brother, what a dodo. Well, it ain't my fault. You dragged me down to Palm Springs, and I missed four weeks of night school. Oh, that's right. You did miss night school. Did it set you back any? Yeah, the teacher's going around with another guy now. Oh, she is. Say, your teacher must be good-looking. Jackson, she's pretty enough to be a cigarette girl. Nice day. Well, Phil, let me know when you graduate from school. Well, yeah, I want to send your diploma to Ripley. Now, let's have a number. I don't care whether it's classified or classical. Just play it. Wait a minute. Come in. Wait a minute. Wait, who are these three guys? Those are the boys that sang on the program last week. Oh, the Guadalajara trio from Palm Springs. Well, I paid them their money. What do they want? More. More. I gave them plenty. I gave you mucho pesos, boys. Remember? Pero queremos más dinero, por eso estamos aquí. Look, fellas, if you want more money, I'll straighten it out with you tomorrow. Manana. Manana. Why don't you pay them tonight? I don't know the word. Manana, boys. All right, go ahead and play, Phil. Hey, fellas. Adios. Will ya? Adios. I wish I knew a good Spanish lawyer. Classified meaning. I'm going to put an ad in the paper. Hey, go yuck, Benny. Por qué no la reglamos ahora? I'll pay you pronto. Pronto. Pronto means right now. Oh. Manana, fellas. Manadios. Will ya? Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to announce that next Sunday night for our feature attraction, the Benny. We know our business, but we're in the wrong one, players. We'll present their version of 20th Century Fox's version of Jack Kirkland's version of Erskine Caldwell's famous book, that sensational and daring saga of the Georgia Hill Country tobacco roll. Thank you, cupcake. I should have hit that thing. I've got a muscle. Now, this great American classic will be the outstanding effort of our next Sunday's broadcast. I haven't seen the picture yet, Jack. What's it like? Well, it follows the play pretty closely, Mary, and just think, the legitimate show is still playing at the Forest Theatre in New York. Remember the time I took you to see Tobacco Road when it first opened? Oh, yes. Gee, that was a long time ago. Uh-huh. I'll never forget that night.  And a bamboo cane. You know, in those days, when I'd walk down the street, I wanted people to know I was an actor. You never could tell in the theater. Oh, yes, they could. Say, Jackson, I remember Tobacco Road in them days. Oh, did you see it, Phil? Now, I lived there. Oh, that's right. Well, Phil, you can be our technical advisor and tell us when to take our shoes off. Anyway, folks, tonight, as a trailer to this outstanding dramatic vehicle, we are going to present a few of the highlights. That will... Pardon me. I'll take it. Hello? Hello, Mr. Bennet. Guess who this is? Hmm. Well, really, I haven't the slightest idea. I'll give you a hint. Who works harder than anybody in the world? Not you, Rochester. I bet $12 you're laying down while you're talking to me. You got the phone in one hand and a chicken sandwich in the other. Wait me to dart me. Never mind. I'm very busy now, Rochester. What do you want? Well, I'm over here in Pasadena to pick up the Maxwell, but you didn't give me enough money. Rochester, I gave you $20 to have that motor fixed. And that's plenty. I know, but complications have set in. What do you mean? Do you remember how the motor used to backfire just before it blow up? Yes. Well, now it whistles eight bars and there I go and boom. Well, that's only because it's overheated. Is the fan turning over? What's that, boss? I said, is the fan turning over? How can it you been wearing the belt for two weeks? Well, that's your fault you gave me a buckle for Christmas. Now tell the man to put on a new fan belt and haven't fixed that little leak in the radiator. Little leak? Yes. Boss, that thing drips like a California sky. Oh, it's not that bad. I haven't fixed and paid the garage man. And Rochester, if I didn't give you enough money, paid the difference and I will reimburse you. I beg your pardon? I said I'll reimburse you. That means I'll pay you back. I know what it means. I just want to hear you say it. Don't worry. I'll see you at home. Okay, goodbye. Goodbye. Oh, say bye. Now what? I read in the paper where you signed a contract and make another picture pretty soon. Is that correct? Yes, why? I wish you'd speak to me about those things. That's none of your business. Just speak to him about it. Now where were we? Oh, yes. And now, ladies and gentlemen, as I start to announce, we will now have a preview of Tobacco Rose. Take it, Mr. Wilson. Tobacco Rose, a few of the highlights from this sensational production. First, romance. I love you, Ellie May. What do you say we get hit? You mean get married? No, get hit. I want to plow the field. Drama! Hey, Jeter, ain't the clown. Jeter, ain't the clown. It's fleecy tonight. That's the mattress. You're under the bed. Intrigued. Yes. Come in, tree. Comedy. Why does the hen cross the road? The jack can have pressed chicken. Now cut that out. I told you, fellas. Manana! Manana! These are only a few of the highlights of dramatic thrills that are in store for you next Sunday night. Don't forget to tune in, folks. Tobacco Rose. Bigger than puppets of passion. You said it. Play, Phil. Many folks find that Sunday evening is a swell time for writing those letters they've intended to write all week, but just haven't got around to. So if you haven't yet written for your copy of General Food's new dessert recipe book, as I know you've meant to, why not do it tonight? Just address an envelope to me, Don Wilson, care of General Food's Battle Creek, Michigan. Then place a dime in coin or stamps in the envelope, together with your name and address, and mail it right away. In return, we'll send you a copy of our new dessert recipe book, a big 48 page recipe book, so beautiful that you'll never tired of looking at it, and so convenient that you'll use it not just once or twice, but all the time. It's a new idea in recipe books altogether, because it's designed to give you a different idea for dessert every single day of the year. There are tempting suggestions and recipes for 365 luscious desserts, pastries, puddings, cakes, cookies, and every other kind of treat you can think of, including lots of desserts made with rich, shimmering jello. And this grand book is simply full of colorful, fascinating pictures, lovely photographs, and clever, attractive paintings, page after page of them. So don't wait another day to send for this useful and beautiful book. Tonight, take a few minutes to write for your copy. Just send 10 cents in coin or stamps to Don Wilson, care of General Food's Battle Creek, Michigan. Be sure you remember the address. Don Wilson, care of General Food's Battle Creek, Michigan. Past number of the 24th program in the current jello series, and we will review again next Sunday night at the same time. So be sure to tune in and hear our version of Tobacco Road. Say, Mary, I'm going to be a hillbilly next week. I better dig up some old clothes. Why don't you wear that checkered suit? You still got it. Oh, yes. But the coat is so tight on me now. I'll never be able to get my muscle in it. You're the best.  Not when I inhale. Good night, folks. Whenever you reach for a cup of coffee, ladies and gentlemen, is there a still small voice inside that says, Careful now. You know you didn't sleep a wink last time you had coffee. Then see that your coffee in the future is Sanker Coffee, because it's the caffeine in ordinary coffees that keep so many people awake. And Sanker Coffee has had 97% caffeine taken out. Sanker is a real coffee, a delicious coffee, and it won't interfere with anybody's sleep. Sanker Coffee presents we the people over another network every Tuesday night. This is the National Broadcasting Company.