How do regulators make decisions on what we're not allowed to do, like smoking in public places or driving gas, gasoline, air-polluting cars? And how do health organizations decide what healthy eating recommendations to make, like having five servings of fruits and vegetables a day? These are examples of public health decisions based on epidemiology. The science of understanding how what we're exposed to or what we do may affect the overall health of society. To make sense of epidemiology, we need to dig a little deeper. Let's start by going back to basics and ask, how do we work out whether something we do or are exposed to is harmful, and how harmful is it? The only reliable way is to use science to develop evidence that shows something is bad for health. But this isn't as easy as it sounds. One way is to do research on animals, called in vivo studies, or on cells in test tubes and petri dishes. These are called in vitro studies. But such research can only tell us so much. For example, many substances can affect us differently than they affect animals. So while chocolate is harmful to dogs and aspirin is toxic to cats, both are safe for humans when used appropriately. As for in vitro studies, cells that are isolated in the lab behave differently than cells inside the body. So we have to be very careful applying the results of such studies directly to human health. Of course, the most straightforward approach is to do experiments on real people. But with a few exceptions, this is highly unethical. You can't go around exposing people to potentially harmful substances just to see what happens. This leaves us with observing the real world, measuring what a lot of people are exposed to, and by a lot we mean tens and hundreds of thousands of people, and trying to work out what the connections are between these exposures and their health. Exposures like this form a big part of epidemiology, and it is a powerful way to understand how exposures and behaviors potentially affect large groups of people. But it's also sometimes difficult to make sense of. To start with, just because someone was exposed to something and they got sick doesn't mean the two events are related. The exposure may not have caused the sickness. For example, lots of people eat ice cream when it's hot, and lots of people get sunburn when it's hot. But ice cream clearly does not cause sunburn. These events are instead correlated, meaning they often happen together. But they're not causative, meaning that eating ice cream doesn't directly cause sunburn. And while this example is pretty obvious, making sense of epidemiology data is often really hard, and care needs to be taken that we don't jump to the wrong conclusions. When examining relationships between exposures and health outcomes, there's a number of reasons why we might see an association. These include an actual cause, pure chance, bias, and what epidemiologists call confounding, other things interfering with what we observe. Bias can come about because of errors in how a study is designed. For example, if we observe only people who eat a lot of ice cream and live in really hot sunny areas, and don't include anyone else that doesn't eat so much or live elsewhere, the association between ice cream eating and getting sunburn will seem very strong. In other words, the results will be misleading, they'll be biased toward a particular and in this case, wrong conclusion. Confounding on the other hand is where other factors confuse our interpretation of exposure and outcome. For example, imagine a study that suggests people who drink more coffee are more likely to develop heart disease. It be tempting to conclude that coffee causes heart disease, but people who drink coffee also tend to smoke. In this case, smoking is a confounder. Since it is associated with both drinking coffee and heart disease, it can make it seem that coffee causes the condition if we don't take smoking into account. In real life, there are many confounders, some more obvious than others. Because of this, epidemiological investigations take quite a bit of detective work to figure out what exposures really lead to the health outcomes and which ones only appear to. To tease out what is relevant and what is not, epidemiologists use statistics. One standard practice in analyzing data is to look at the probability or p-value to determine if the findings are likely to be true or are simply due to chance. The lower the p-value, the more likely it is that the results of the study represent reality and did not just happen because of chance or random variations. Usually, epidemiologists consider a p-value of 0.05 or lower as indicating that the study results are statistically significant, which is just a fancy way of saying that there is less than 5% chance of these results being due to random variations. However, the p-value only helps you get a sense of whether study outcomes are due to chance or not. It does not help us examine how strong the association is or how important the health implications are. If statistics aren't done well, even low p-values can be misleading. Consider cancer risk. Epidemiological work shows that both smoking and processed and red meats have a statistically significant association with increased cancer risk, meaning they both have p-values below 0.05. But while smoking increases your chances of getting cancer by around 20 times or 2000%, eating red and processed meats increases it by only 20% or 0.2 times. This is extremely low when you consider all the other things you are exposed to that potentially impact your health, especially if the chances of getting cancer aren't high to start with. And this is why looking at the p-value on its own is not enough, and researchers also need to consider how large of an effect an exposure has, called effect size, not just whether there is likely to be an effect or not. Lastly, when making sense of epidemiological studies, it's important to remember that this science deals with the collective health of thousands and millions of people and not individuals. Because we're all different and live under different conditions, it is very hard to apply broad conclusions from such studies to single people. But they are good at indicating what whole communities should do to stay healthy. And just to complicate things further, epidemiology studies may not include people like you, meaning that they may be less important to you than to others. The bottom line is that it takes a lot of work to conduct epidemiology studies well, and it takes a lot of work to interpret them correctly. Despite these difficulties, epidemiology is crucial for making public health decisions and improving the well-being of people, so that on balance, we all live healthier lives. These decisions do not only mean better healthy lifestyle recommendations and programs, they're also important for reducing healthcare bills and increasing productivity over tens of millions of people. Which is why, even though it's complicated, epidemiology is so important.


This is stock number 20 J96. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used Jeep and Jeep Cherokee headquarters. Today we are checking out this really good-looking 2020 brand-new Jeep Cherokee Latitude Plus with the altitude addition on it. Hydro blue is the color. This one has a 2.4-liter four-cylinder motor and is a four-wheel drive. We're going to do a walk around here. We do all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second so if you have HD capabilities, turn them on right now because it's like you're right here looking at the vehicle with me and definitely your best way to check out the vehicle before seeing it in person. If you want to check out more photos of this Jeep in the upper right-hand part of the screen as they link right to our website where you can check out all the photos to check us out there. It comes with the 18-inch gloss black painted alloy rims, Continental Pro Contact 22560R18 tires. It's like a highway tread pattern on there. Hydro blue one of my favorite colors on the Jeeps. It has the LED running lights, the LED headlamps, and the LED fog lamps.   And around the fog light bezels is also gloss black as well as those rims of course.  We're going to take a quick look at the original window sticker here. Feel free to pause this at any time to check out all the options on this particular vehicle and if you want to check this window sticker out on our website in the upper right-hand part of your screen is a link to our website and to this window sticker. Anyways we have the highway is 29 cities 21 for an average of 24. Altitude package is a $995 option cold weather group so you get the heated seats, heated steering wheel, windshield wiper de-icer, and the comfort convenience group gives you the power lift gate, security alarm, remote start, a homelink system, rear view automatic dimming mirror, and the AC auto temperature control with dual zone. This one also has the vista roof which is a $1595 option for a total of 35,165 miles. So I want to show you real quick as long as we're up front here that windshield wiper de-icer is this thing right here those yellow lines heats up your windshield right there so that your wipers never stick to your windshield. One thing I want to always point out on here as well they do have the capitalist fuel filler on the new Cherokees four-wheel disc brakes on all the Cherokees as well and as we come around to the back you'll see that it has the backup parking sensors and the blind spot monitoring as well LED tail lamps. The altitude package is going to give you this gloss black 4x4 and Jeep lettering. This has the power lift gate part of the convenience and comfort group so you press the button on here twice that'll power lift up like so.  To get this gate down you just press this button it'll beep at you three times and then it'll begin its descent actually beeps at you a total of four and take note that it does have the LED license plate lights as well. You also get the gloss black around the tail lamps there. This one has the enter and go system so kind of a neat system. I got the keys I'm going to put them in my pocket if you can see my reflection in the car there so doors are locked put my hands in there it automatically unlocks so that I can get into the car with just having the keys in my hands power windows power locks power mirrors more altitude gloss black door trim there the latitude plus package gives you the black cloth and premium vinyl seats. Both of these seats are heated because of the cold weather group get driver side lumbar and a power driver seat factory all-weather floor mats part of that cold weather group auto headlamps the power rear gate button and you'll notice the gloss black around the air vents there as well. As we hop inside you can see you got a digital speedometer on your average miles per gallon and this vehicle does have 136 miles on it as it was a dealer trade to us. It has the heated leather wrap steering wheel so you get the gloss black on the steering wheel as well that goes all the way down here and up and around cruise controls in the right Bluetooth and information center controls on the left and audio controls in the back. This one has the 7 inch Uconnect 4C radio which means that it has Android Auto and Apple CarPlay capabilities so you can project your cell phone to the screen AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities as well you can do your climate controls up here it's all touch screen you got your dual climate control you also have your heated seats and heated steering wheel control and then you get your backup camera there those are dynamic grid lines meaning that they're going to turn as you turn the steering wheel and to kind of show you where you're head in the future and if you had a hitch on here it goes right down the center line there as well you can connect your Bluetooth phone to it and do all that Android Auto and Apple CarPlay stuff. You can turn those backup parking sensors off you get your dual climate controls down here if you like the more tactile buttons and you know you don't like to use in the screen or anything. Also stability control your start-stop capabilities you can turn those off and on. Active Drive 1 you get the Selectrain Auto Snow Sports Sand and Mud gloss black around the shifter nine-speed automatic shifter and USB and auxiliary jack. All weather format on that side this one does have that Vista Roof that we were talking about so you get the fixed second row glass and then the power Sunroof is in the front here up here your Sunroof and Sunshade control so you can put a shade that powers closed like so if you don't want it open up like that but I like it open is it makes it real bright and airy inside. You get your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lane systems and you do have your map lights up there in that auto dimming review mirror. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll do one more quick walk around here. Back seats are very good looking just like the front seats kind of that honeycomb design to them.  All weather floor mats back here it does have a 115 volt 150 watt plug-in and you also get two USBs and two USB C's they're up top they're kind of hard to see but they are there and nice if you have devices to charge or whatever these seats also fold down like so. They go down pretty flat which is nice if you have to haul a bunch of extra things and it does have the center cup holders and the armrest right there. Side curtain airbags very safe vehicle I've owned three of them you get the gloss black and the back here as well and then it does have the child safety locks too. We'll take one more quick walk around here I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. Probably one of the best-looking Cherokees I've seen in the new redesign and hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to tell just kind of the options what the altitude package gives you and the latitude plus and get a really good idea of the overall looks and styling on this particular Jeep. And to see more pictures of this Jeep or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftones, three quarter tons, one tons you name it we got it go to our website www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel and you left a link to more new Jeep videos like this one on your right if you've not been on our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out and we're super excited to be offering the 2020 Jeep Cherokee especially the latitude plus with the altitude addition in hydro blue metallic thanks again