. To see in the last class we discussed about the nature ofind in the philosophy of Renite and Decart, Decart as you all saw is deriving a kind of athesis which is called substance dualism, as you know for Decart mind is an independent substance and the body is indipendent of the mind. Bod y un mind are two indipendent substances and the existence does not need the help of the other. Meaning thereby the existence of mind does not require the existence of the body and the existence of body does not require the existence of mind. osely ministrars of Chronix f  beverages. Today, we will discuss little further how alligator gutha kabasiko ĕ'anas? Is it simply that Deckard is dediciing from this hypothesis that I think Howard exists or there for I am ? Is it a simple assumeephetic claim that Douihad is making or is something else? What is the epistemological clue and dekat prorides us to understand the nature of the mind or the nature of the self is there a metaphysical necessity to talk about the nature of self. What is the epistemic access to this notion of the self that is what we would like to discuss and at the later half of this talk I will be also talking about critiques of dekat particularly Gilbert and John Searle, Ḩ I have accepted them as critiques because as you know, the Gilbert Wright's famous essay Descartes's myth is very important contribution to the contemporary debate on philosophy of mind. And so also it is true in the case of John American jaunsel appropriate so talking about how mind body problem is no more mind body problem . Rether what is mind body problem today environments like this that taking mind brain problem. So, you come back to this world. shai isong, ƒa thete warindri. Spには ƒ precisely mark, f w obvious I am so nif so I... e r h parse d tro eas සතම මිතලයග කරතුන්තු වන්ත ද� hangුන ගණාධෙ, විතලය බෙතාලයුන්තු. that is what is the kate is claiming why because I am a thinking thing is not accessible to the other I am not an object rather I am the subject which is thinking all the time and hence from this notion of thinking I can very well derive that I exist so I existence the existence of this is not all the ? ?", ?", ?",  Britney ', ?", ?", ?", ?", inin, chuck ?", ?", %, Hey ?", %,  shel  gusta choice cook will  nominations  對啊 ason  acoust есon   think considerations of  你 The two focus on the concept talks about the fact that of mind  Ó Mind is  świat. It does not avía mention the mind is something like ihi material entity is one érieur Tr�fing inassening so that paragus  picture that kind of. Des Sans be one to make and minds are represented in a kind of unitary principle. when I say I have acting I am given the li lust struck like audiences. I said I κάθε, I gave the lecture, and this I represents the entire activities of Madras. They represent mind as a self, and it is something very significant in the garnition theory of mind, theory of mind, where Descartes makes an ontological claim. So, substance dualism talks about the ontology of mind, mind that is really there and when Descartes talks about mind that is really there it is there independent of the objects that are there in the world, so the ontology of the object or the ontology of the world is also not clear. Descartes was questioned by Descartes because Descartes knows, I mean in the sense that Descartes quite convinced with this mechanistic world view which was proposed by Kallinu and many others that the object or the things in the world have an ontological status and their ontology is something which is clear and observable, I mean which also talks about the a self-evident truth. So, the ontology of the world is self-evident because it is observable, it is publicly accessible, etcetera, etcetera. Similarly, the ontology of the mind is also real and it exists and it is accessible from a private sense, it is directly accessible meaning thereby I can directly access my mind, you do not have a direct access to my mind, whether I have direct access to mind, so everyone who thinks have a direct access to their respective minds, I can immediately know that what I am thinking, I am aware of what I am thinking right now, so that state of my mind is immediately accessible, whereas it is not immediately given to your observation. So, what you observe is probably my actions, my behaviors, etcetera, etcetera, but my behaviors, actions are part of the body, it is the body which is performing my behaviors, it is the body which is you know making utterances, it is the body which you know makes this expressions possible, but what is important for direct access to my mind, it is the body which is performing my behaviors, it is the body which is you know making utterances, it is the body which you know makes these expressions possible, but what is important for direct access to my mind, it is the body which is performing my behaviors, it is the body which is you know making utterances, it is the body which you know makes this expressions possible, but what is important for direct access to my mind, here is this that it is not the body alone is real, it is something which is presupposed here is to be looked very carefully that there is a mind which causes certain voluntary actions,  imagination and given this lecture to you all talks about my voluntary action. When you read my behaviors, it gives you reactions. Now, this lectures are already made public a new towas not before, there is a lot of private action. But in Crout ind Framework there is some times of privacy still prevail. In the feeling Madison initial sessions. In the sense that how does one know about the mind? How does one have the access to his or her mind? So in that sense when you look at this question you会 f esas the meant that there is some element of privacy that has still led to Decate and that is because has been criticise for this notion of privacy. That mind is immediately accessible to an individual who is a thinking thing and the thinking subject, he alone is aware of what is thinking. So there is a kind of a inner mind. Chana ped  sunt bi te gge pa conformā with pamañi ṇu sanāga  usando ṇu… G� , ṇu ṇu Ṭi Ṭi possibili ṇu Ṭa unha inate ṇu le gada durosci T Newsown Rtha Parubhadaaran берdem pongi ṇu lnda su uncles English Jakeda y milligrams ṇu Ṭi chāni Pen 28 acada talit Packard Pall breeding knです that it isha It isha Dosge off Doctor God it isha the existence of God, power of omnipotence this kind of interaction is Possible between this Two tudo the mind and the body lтакиli see ot the fromp こpb deteri I am observing all of you in the class. I am invigilating your examinations, et cetera, et cetera. I am performing voluntary actions and we all perform voluntary actions in our everyday life. When we talk about voluntary actions, human actions in particular, we don't really bother about the mind-body interaction. Rather, this is a very theoretical question and indeed a very philosophical question. It is not a general question in that sense. So, when Lily Allenen points out very recently on his text, Descartes' concept of mind, he says, the mind-body interaction is not questioned at all when we talk about our everyday life phenomena. So, it is questioned only when we talk about when mind is not interacting with the body. If that interaction is possible at all and what is Descartes' response to this? Descartes said this interaction is possible because there is an omnipotence God. So, Descartes gives a kind of a religious answer to the thesis. I mean beyond these two substances, mind and body, Descartes, in fact, many of the historians of philosophy of mind have quoted that Descartes presupposing another kind of a substance. The substance is probably primary substance of God. That comes at the end of his, you know, meditations. Let us not talk about the concept of God. I will come back to this idea when we will talk about Ryle. But let us see if mind and body are interacting, then what is this mechanism of interaction? So, for example, when I came to your class, I thought about what I am going to say today. Now, this thinking or deciding to talk something relevant is a kind of a decision that I am making. So, I am already in conversation with my own self that I will be doing this. Now, when I say I am already in conversation with myself, I am presupposing that there is a self or I am rather talking to me. Now, Descartes says that this kind of intervention and the intervention that happens from language makes a kind of a confused relations. I mean, in the sense that it gives a confused idea about my own being, my own self. Why this confusion? What kind of confusion it is? Now, Descartes, as I mentioned earlier in the previous class, that Descartes is in fact interested in a kind of a knowledge claim, which is clear, distinct and self-evident. Now, knowledge must guarantee clarity. Knowledge must guarantee that it is distinct and clear. Knowledge must guarantee some kind of a certainty to all of us. Hence, it should be self-evidently true. So, the intervention of language does not make things clear according to Descartes, but still Descartes is arguing a kind of a presentational thesis where the existence of mind is presupposed. But my knowledge about my mind is such an immediate knowledge where I do not really require the help of language to know it. Now, look at this idea of making a decision or a judgment or saying something to you presupposes a thought or a thinking mind. For Descartes, this thinking mind is a kind of ontological reality and this ontological reality controls all our voluntary actions. It executes these ideas, these decisions and that is how we are able to perform voluntary actions. Now, where does Descartes locate the mind? As I have mentioned earlier, I would like to repeat it here, that Descartes locates the mind at the centre of the pelion gland and this gland is somewhere at the middle of the brain. Now, the pineal gland is the immediately is a place where the soul or the mind is located. In Descartes' meditation, you will find there is no mention of mind, whether Descartes is again mentioning the concept of soul. I am using the concept of mind and the soul interchangeably. So, here it is the soul which has the power of intervening to the domain of mind and the body has the power, has the ability to sense things and pass this information to the mind. The mechanism through which this information is passed through is something very significant. Descartes says there are animal spirits and there are animal spirits stored in the cavities and these animal spirits are transformed into some kind of sensations and further by actions. So, there is a kind of a elaborate discussion on this biological function of the body, how the animal spirit is transformed into some kind of a behavior, how this animal spirit controls our muscles. Now, how this animal spirit causes voluntary actions, bodily movements. So, that is what is explained in the Cartesian biological or physiological framework. So, there is a complete explanation of that. Let us not go deep into that kind of questions. Let us accept in brief that the body is an organic system and this organic system is controlled certain mechanical function of the organisms. Therefore, we can explain the behaviors of the body by using the mechanical laws. So, human body is like any other material body. So, like any other matter. So, that is why this mind and the matter dichotomy in the Cartes. Because my access to my body is like my access to the objects out there. So, as I said, the body exist out there. I am not having kind of immediate access to this particular entity, as I am having in the case of the mind. So, that is what is something very significant in the Cartes. Now, the other two things which I would like to mention in this context is this. One is, do animals think and the other is, what is the status of animal? One of the brief answer to this question would be, in the Cartes, animals do not think. Now, why I am posing this question in between? I am posing it because, are these animals treated like any other objects in the world? The answer is yes. In the Cartes philosophical framework, we will find that animals do not think. They are like the material bodies. They are like trees, plants and any other objects like stones, etc.  Now, according to Descartes, human beings are having higher order consciousness and there are two important features of this higher order consciousness. One is imagination and another is reasoning. So, imagination and reasoning are two important features of human consciousness. Human beings can imagine what would happen in future. With the help of imagination, we can grasp things. Now, you might have learned something about this Descartes example of the wax. Now, when Descartes talks about the objects, talks about things or the material bodies, what does he says? He says the material bodies are having certain fundamental or essential properties. And like thinking is an essential property of consciousness or the mind or the soul. Similarly, the matter has an essential property and that essential property is extension. So, extension is an essential feature. Here, Descartes gives an example of wax. When he says, let us go and collect wax from the honeycomb and bring that wax. And when you bring that wax to the table and you will find the wax has particular fragrance and it has particular color, particular shape, etc. But if you light the flame and bring that wax near to the flame and burn it, you will find colors is changing and shape is also changing. Now, what remains with the object? And Descartes says it is extension. Extension is something that which tells us that something which occupies space. The body as an extended entity must occupy a space. So, that which occupies space is the extension of the body. So, Descartes saying that there is a kind of a rest cositance and rest extension. Rest cositance is about the existence of the mind and the mental events, the mental states and processes, whatever is there in the domain of the mental life. Rest extension talks about whatever exists in the domain of the material world. So, this kind of dichotomy is very much there. And the very fact that I am able to grasp it is the same wax. Descartes said it is my imagination which helps me to comprehend that it is the same wax. So, with the help of imagination and reasoning, I can talk about the existence of the wax or the identity of the wax. So, the identity of the being is captured by my imagination and rationality. Now similarly, how do I say that 2 plus 2 is equal to 4 and this 2 plus 2 is equal to 3 plus 1? This kind of identity is comprehended through my reasoning and through my imagination. So, human beings have a kind of a higher order consciousness and this higher order consciousness is different from mere sensibility. Animals have this power of sensing things. They show us some reflexive behaviors. Look at the pets. Pets are very sensible animals. I should say that pets are very sensible beings. And what is it to you that when they roll tears, if you beat them, if you are being very harsh to them, what is that? Are they not thinking? Now for Descartes, they are not thinking. Obviously, because they are not aware of what they are doing. Now, this awareness for Descartes is a kind of a self-awareness. The awareness of one's own individuality, the awareness of one's own being is something very important. And it is that awareness which confirms that we are a metaphysical subject.  So, all our voluntary actions are to be morally evaluated. They are evaluated either good or bad precisely because we are responsible for our actions. Now, this kind of a responsibility is attributed to human beings, human actions, particularly because human actions flows from a conscious mind. Human beings know what they are doing. We do not hold responsible to the animals when we say that they are performing voluntary actions. Of course, they have some beliefs or of course, they have the sense of fear, doubts, etc. It is quite possible to me personally, they do have certain belief states. But what is not immediately given or what is not given at all to them is this idea of self-consciousness. The existence, the consciousness about their own individuality is something very significant. Now, Descartes is trying to talk about the existence of one's own being with reference to introspection. He says how do I understand my own individuality? How do I understand that I am the same person because my physical body has changed and is changing or in future we all will grow up. But still I consider myself as the same individual. So, Descartes says introspection is something which talks about how do I reflect on my own being and this reflection is a reflection on my consciousness. That is what gives me a clear and distinct ideas about my own self. This is where Descartes is claiming that we can introspect, analyze the phenomenal mind. We can very well study the phenomenal mind, reflect on our thoughts and see how distinctly they are appearing to all of us. So, the existence of mind is not questioned in the Cartesian theoretical framework. Neither Descartes questions the existence of the body. The body has an essential property called extension and the mind has an essential property called thinking, thought. Now, with these two essential qualities or attributes, I mean Descartes never called it properties, mind is not a property for Descartes. I am saying it probably. I still believe that mind is, you know, caused by certain brain processes which is the claim of Jean Searle. Let us conclude about Descartes' theoretical positions. Now, Descartes for me is a dualist who accepts that mind and body are independently conceivable. The existence can be independently conceivable. Mind is a thinking substance where the body is an extended substance. So, they belong to two different categories. Now, this word category is something significant. We will come to see what kind of significance it has when we will go to the critiques of Descartes. Let us go back to the critiques of Descartes. Gilbert Reil, one of the 20th century philosopher, raising an important point with regard to Descartes' substance dualism. According to Reil, Descartes' theory is an official theory. It is an official cause. It is widely accepted. People accept it and though they find that there is some problem about the interaction between mind and body. I mean religious thinkers, the scientists and many others. They often find that it is not a problematic one, but with some modification this position can be held. Now, Reil calls this one of the official theory. It is one of the established theory. Reil does not accept Descartes' theoretical positions. I would come to some of the questions which Reil is raising in this context. Now, let us look at these questions from the slide. How can the mental events will be part of the physical events? Because as you know, for Reil, mental events are different from physical events. Mental events are private. They are accessible directly to all of us. Whereas physical events are the events which are there in the world. They are observable and therefore mental events are not part of the physical events. Now, the question is how can the mental events will be part of the physical events? The second question talks about how does body influence the mind and vice versa. Is there an interaction between mind and body? Because we are an embodied being. We think Descartes is posing this question. And as I mentioned, a philosopher Lili Allenen in her book Descartes' concept of mind, published in 2003 by Harvard University Press, says that Descartes is talking about an embodied being. And this embodied being is being where the embodiment of mind is not questioned at all in our everyday life. So then how does Descartes explain to us the mind-body interaction is a logical interaction? I think Reil is raising the question because there is some amount of mysticism left there. The third question talks about how can we be entirely blind and deaf about the working of other mind? For I say that my mind is available to me as a person and it is private. I can take only the cognizance of its activities, so what I am thinking right now. But how can you be not aware of all this when I am living in this world? How can you be entirely blind and deaf about the workings of other minds? Is there something hidden then? So Reil is certainly referring to Freud who says there is something called an unconscious mind and that unconscious mind is something very much hidden to the conscious mind. So Reil brings Freud, Sigmund Freud, one of the 20th century famous psychoanalysts who lived in Vienna. Now how does the last question talks about how does one talk about the authenticity? Now when we talk about the objectivity of mind, it is very important that how do I confirm this objectivity? How do I confirm that this is something very significant? This is something really there and because that makes my claim very circular in the sense that I know that I am and I know that I am thinking being. So my thinking defines or explains my existence to me and I will not have any kind of a clue on the basis of which I can confirm that others are thinking. So in that sense this question is something very interesting. Now Descartes says that mind and body are two independent substances. Mind is an inner phenomenon and it is real, it does not exist in space whereas body is something which exists in space. Now the existence of mind in the body, taken the case of an embodied mind, mind that is there in the body and performing voluntary actions or experiencing performing things. So that mind is a mind like a ghost. Ghost in the machine is something Ryle's one of the favorite concept. According to Ryle, mind exists in the body like the ghost exists in the brain or the machine. Mind and body is like a machine and it is functioning following the natural laws, the law of causalities. So the mechanical laws can explain how does the body function. So but mechanical law would not explain how my body acts according to my will, my intention to act. So the mechanical action does not explain the mind because mind is something outside there. Look at Ryle's favorite example of a ghost in the machine where he says how can we locate an university. Now a foreigner visiting an university, I will just read out this quotation. It has then to be explained to him that the university is not under a collateral institution. Some ulterior counterpart to the colleges, laboratories and offices which he has seen. The university is just the way in which all that is already seen is organized. Now this is very important in the sense that he says when we talk about mind, mind is nothing but a kind of a collateral organic bodies which are there. So mind cannot exist independent of the body like when a foreigner visits to a university he would find that there are departments, there are schools, there are laboratories, libraries, there are gymnasiums. Now he would see all this. Now where does the university exist when you say that there it exists when we put all this thing together. It is a kind of a collateral institution where the ulterior counterpart is a university. So when you say that mind and body are two different things then you are really making a category mistake. So according to Ryle they are not two categorically independent substances. They are one and that can be analyzed. Ryle gives various examples one is how we can talk about a system. And how we can look at now there are different divisions within the systems. I mean say there is a system and there are subsystems and how the subsystems are functioning. So that is important. Once you know the function of the subsystems you will understand how the entire system is functioning. So that is one kind of example when he tried to give how pointing out to the periods of the military. And he also talks about team spirit. What is this concept called team spirit? Pointing out to a cricket match. In a cricket match the bowlers are bowling to the batsmen.  There is a case of a run out. There is a kind of a bold. Now all these are the concepts when you talk about the cricket match happening out there. But where do we locate this concept of team spirit? When the entire team is very enthusiastically playing the cricket. Trying to defeat the other. So team spirit is part of everybody. It is not with the bowlers. It is not with the fielders. It is not with the captain. It is exhibited in the performance of everyone's actions. So it is not something hidden. So mind is similarly exhibited when we perform voluntary actions. Mind is not something hidden. So there is nothing called private about this concept of mind. There is another thing which riles makes it very clear to all of us. Now what are the reasons why Descartes concludes the substance dualism? What are the reasons behind it? Now look at this. The origin of this category mistake. Descartes was very much aware of Galenios' mechanical theory of the universe. Now the mechanical theory of the universe talks about there is a mechanical law. There is a causal law which prohibits everything. And that can explain the nature of things that are existing in the world or existing in the universe. But Descartes was a bit uncomfortable when it comes to the explanation of the mind. Descartes showed that there is something beyond the mechanical function of the universe. Now rile is also referring to Hobbes. Hobbes did not much bother about the existence of mind. Rather he was quite comfortable with Galenios' mechanical theory. Now mechanical theory is explained by Galenios with an example of a clock, how the machinery is in the clock function. When you look at the wheels of the clock, they are all connected with each others. As I mentioned earlier that there are subsystems. And subsystems are having a kind of a coordinated function. And that exhibits that a system is functioning. So in a mechanistic world view you will find that mind is part of the world. And Hobbes accepts this world view. Hobbes is committed to this world view. But Descartes is not. Descartes had this religious and moral feeling which was the reason probably for not feeling comfortable with this mechanistic world view. Descartes thought that mind is something which cannot be explained with the mechanical laws, the law of the universe. And these are the, I think mind is not governed by a non-mechanical laws. Now the question is whether mind is governed by a non-mechanical laws at all. The later Cartitians have this view that mind is governed by a kind of a non-mechanical laws. Like you have a kind of a livenies idea of a universal law of reasons where principles which governs our actions, which are different from the causal laws. One can look at a livenies world and look at sea where the things are there. The other problem which we find is this, that the reason for a category mistake is that how do we relate freedom of will with a deterministic world. Because the universe which is governed by the mechanistic principles or the principle of causality, which gives a kind of a closure in the sense that puts a kind of a closure to the entire system. And that is a kind of a, you know, a determinism which Descartes is contemplating. And how does one explain freedom with relation to the determinism. So, these are the questions which we will come back to in our next classes. May be in the future we will have a special topic on the freedom of will. And there I will be discussing the relations between free will and the world. Or when we will talk about souls, we will try to see how souls try to define this relationship. Those are the questions. So, to conclude this, Descartes is a substance dualist. And mind is a substance can be immediately known. One can have a privileged access to the mind through introspection. And similarly, on the other hand, we will find that the body is an extended entity. Extension is the essential feature of the body and that exists. And the function of the body can be explained through the mechanical principles of the universe. And Reil is being very much critic to this idea of dualism. And according to Reil, this is a category mistake. So, mind is not an entity which exists independent of the body. Mind is, you say that, then it is like a ghost existing. So, the presence of mind is an epiphenomenon for Reil. But probably Reil will not say that. Reil accepts that there is mind. But in Reil's philosophical analysis, you will find Reil accepts that the mind is rather exhibited in the behaviors in our voluntary actions. So, Reil does not really eliminate the notion of mind when he identifies mind with the behaviors or voluntary actions. So, with this, I will end this lecture. And we will come back to Searle's criticism in the next lecture and see how does Searle do justice to Dakar's substance dualism. Thank you.


So thanks for joining us this afternoon for the RTC on Debian Track. For our final presentation, we've got a special guest. We've got Emil Ivov, the lead developer and founder of the JITSEE project, formerly known as SIPCommunicator. The project now does SIP and JABA other protocols. Emil is one of the real leaders in the free multimedia and real-time communications community. He's involved in the IETF processes. He's participated in FOSSTEM and all the other major events in free software. So I'm going to introduce Emil and go where you go. Thanks Daniel, that's a great presentation. Thank you. So today I am going to talk about the things that we have running in the JITSEE community, which has been around for 10 years now. We just had our 10-year birthday a couple of months ago. It's been quite a ride. So today I'm going to talk about what JITSEE can do and all the projects that we have spun off from JITSEE. And the things that we're currently working on, the things that we have planned for the near future, and all this. We, by the way, just got accepted in Debian. So that's something we're very happy with. We've had our Debian packages for quite a while, but now we just feel different. Well, thank you, by the way, for that. So JITSEE started out as a multi-platform instant messaging communicator. Today it supports a number of protocols that you can use for instant messaging presence. And on top of that, you can do audio and video calls and conference calls with XMPP and SEP. This is what the application looks like. As I said, it does audio and video calls. We support a very wide range of codecs. Actually, I would claim that we are the most feature-rich communications applications around. That's our thing. We do a lot of stuff. And it used to be, at some point back in the past, some of that stuff was somewhat, you know, gadget-y, somewhat useless. But today we try to concentrate on things that can really make working together remotely a very lightweight process. We actually work on JITSEE using JITSEEE. So we support codecs like Opus, Silk, J722. We even have J729 for those who would want to use it for some reason. It's just not compiled by default for all those licensing issues. We have H.264 and VP8 for video. By default, JITSEE sends 640x480 video. You can configure it to send 720p and have HTCos, which works especially well if you have a good webcam like the one that Daniel showed a minute ago. We do conference calls and know that this is not the kind of conference call where you just call into a set conferencing server and then the client just sees that it's a regular call. JITSEE can actually host conference calls. In other words, you just start 5, 6, 10 different calls to different people and JITSEE mixes the audio from all those calls and you can all talk together. You can do that on your own computer without having any constraints on the server. You can do it over SIP, over XNPP and it's going to work. One of the things that we are really proud of and that we try to work on as much as possible, we really care about is the security aspect of the application and the privacy aspect. There are several ways, several things that you need to take care of when you are talking about privacy and security with VoIP. Obviously, securing the signaling is one of them, but you then get to securing the media, securing what's actually being said, making sure that not only no one can understand what's being said by looking at the packets but even protect you against men in the middle attacks. That is if someone is in between you and your correspondent, you can still protect against them or at least know very clearly that there might be a chance for that to happen. We do that using SRDP and the ZRDP key negotiation method. For those of you who are not aware of it, it's a negotiation method designed by Phil Zimmerman, the creator of PGP and it basically comes down to Jitsie showing you the four-letter hash of the key that got negotiated between you and your correspondent so that you can compare those letters and if you have the same, just click on the button, you do this only once. You click on the button and you know you are secure and that's something WebRDC cannot claim today. I'm actually ready to argue that it's probably never going to be able to claim that given how it's supposed to work with how easily it is to just serve different JavaScript to different users and how difficult it would be for the browser to indicate reliably when communication is secure but even if we forget the future discussions and arguing between DTLS and ZRDP, today WebRDC does not have that. So if you want to be secure, this is a pretty decent way to get there. We also support other encryption mechanisms just for interoperability's sake and of course we are also going to support DTLS even though we believe it is inferior to... Sorry, am I moving too much? Okay. Even though we believe it is inferior to ZRDP, we're going to support it just so that when next time someone here asks, hey, can I go from that web page to Jitsie, we would be able to answer yes because don't get me wrong, I'm not saying that WebRDC is something I don't like, it's going to serve a great purpose for a great many different use cases and we would like to be able to use Jitsie in some of those use cases. So that's eventually going to happen. We also support encryption for chats and instant messaging. This is an end-to-end encryption method, it's called OTR, it means of the record instant messaging. And again, it protects you against man-in-the-middle attacks and it works over revenue and a protocol. So it's not something that's limited to XNPP, for example. It is not something that secures your connection between you and the server, it just makes sure that between you and the other person, there's an encryption going on and no one can listen in on what's happening and what's being said. We also support DNSSEC that got implemented actually by a Swiss contributor, Engel Bauerzaks, recently. He's currently working on a rewrite of that part so that it's going to be more lightweight and more easy to package and run reliably. But we already do support it. For those of you who are not aware of DNSSEC, that basically allows you to discover your SIP servers or XNPP servers in a reliable way so that no one can lie to you and make you connect to their SIP server or their XNPP server and then potentially ease your point of traffic or at least, because with GRDP that wouldn't be possible, but at least see who you're calling and you might not want to do that. You might want to avoid it. We support video conferencing as well. Now, we support it on GC. There are two ways you can do it. You can have GC do the bit of the conferencing server. Obviously, for that, you would need the organizer of the conference to have very decent bandwidth and I'm going to talk more about that in a minute. Or we have taken apart the parts of GC.do the video conferencing and we have created the GC video bridge project, which is obviously also open source, which is probably going to go... I mean, we are certainly going to submit it to Debbie and hopefully it's going to be there at some point. I have a few more... I would have very much loved to run a demo, but for several reasons, I won't be able to. So we have a number of screenshots here. All of these are real calls. It's just regular calls that we had while working on GC. None of this is Photoshop. This is actually one that we took and posed them on our booth. So none of these are reworked images. It's just conferences that we had. And I've just taken snapshots. We do run on Windows Linux and Mac. We support RPM and Dev packages on our website. Obviously now we are also in Debian, so that's a great thing. And we are also currently working on an Android version, which is still a little bit shaky, but it's getting there. And all of the features that are in GT are eventually going to find their place in the Android version as well. This means all the things like XMPP multi-user messaging and SIP calls and being able to look up a user in LDAP and all these things. So we have the tablet version here. Here's a chat on the phone version, the contact list on the phone version, a call with XMPP... Sorry, going on the... on a phone. We also support desktop streaming. And we do that in a very simple way. We simply capture a video of your desktop and send that over as if it were a simple video call, which is very practical because it makes it more platform. In this case, we have a Mac OS user watching the desktop of a Debian user. And you can actually even take control of the remote desktop. And that's also possible with what Jitsi. Although admittedly that feature needs a little bit more work. And because it relies too much on the server being stable right now and it could be improved in that way. We have... Yeah, that probably no one cares about it, but I thought I'd mention it because actually that helps when you want to make enterprises move to open-source software. So it's great to be able to say, oh, you know it's going to be the same... It's going to be able to do the same things that Link is currently doing or Skype is currently doing. You don't have to dump everything right now. You can start by moving to Jitsi and you're still going to be able to start calls from Outlook and they're going to go through Jitsi this time, not Skype and not Link. So I believe that's important. And we have a number of other features. Again, we work a lot on that and we support a number of codecs. We have things like native echo cancellation, depending on the platform. We have spawned libJitsi, which is a media library that one can use, for example, to build server-side software for multimedia real-time communication applications. That actually works together with WebRDC. There's a project of Telecom Italia Labs, for example, that does WebRDC to PST and interconnection and they rely on libJitsi for that. One of the things that's not here and that probably came up earlier today is Ice4J. That's a Java implementation of stun, turn, and ice. And that can also be very helpful for... for naturally versa. Even when not using Jitsi directly, you can use it with other projects or server-side projects. When talking to WebRDC and that's also something that we hope to be able to to integrate in Debian, because part of the adventure of integrating our package in Debian, and that was a great adventure, because we have a lot of dependencies. Many of them come from ourselves, but many of them are third-party libraries and being able to track them down, because for some we were just using an old version that was already doing everything that we needed to, and since then the project just died, for example, so we had to track down the sources to be able to get all that before submitting to Debian. So our first submission was really one, a relatively rough package for Jitsi, and we are hoping to now get to splitting that into several packages, like, for example, getting LibJitsi apart, Jitsi VideoBridge, so that you can get these libraries and deal with applications with them, even if you're not planning on using Jitsi itself. We have also made sure that you can use existing protocols, such as SIP and XMPP today, in a way that takes the best from both worlds. Now, I'm not sure to what extent people here are familiar with SIP and XMPP, but in general, historically, everyone has been using SIP mostly for calls, and everyone has been using XMPP mostly for instant messaging and presence. Now, that doesn't mean that the protocols can't do the rest of the stuff. You can do instant messaging with SIP, you can do presence with SIP, and you certainly can do calling with XMPP. The thing is that historically, both protocols have been used for different things, and that it can very easily feel the impact of that in servers, for example. It's very, very hard to find a media server for XMPP today, and it's also very hard to find a decent, simple instant messaging and presence implementation for SIP. So while it is really extremely trivial to get your contact list with all the avatars from an XMPP server, doing the same thing with SIP requires you to run three different protocols You need SIP, you need XGAP, which runs on top of HTTP, and you need MSRP, which you need for the instant messaging. So these are three completely different problems. You need three different servers, and you don't really have a lot of choice when you want to do that. So what we thought is that we wanted to make it possible for people deploying JITC in the university, for example. This is something that we tried at the University of Strasbourg. If you want to have a solution that does instant messaging and presence and has contact lists and can share files at the same time as audio and video calls, and you want to use specific SIP servers because you want to interconnect to the public telephone network, you want to have things such as voicemail like copicop, directed transfers, and that kind of stuff. Then you really want to use SIP for the telephony and XMPP for the instant messaging. And with JITC, now you can do so. That's something we are... We've called CUSACS, which stands for Combine Use of SIP and XMPP. It's a protocol that's currently in the last stages of standardization on the ITF. It should be an RFC relatively soon. So I thought I'd mention it here in case some of you are wondering you need to deploy a working infrastructure for real-time communication in an organization where you are involved. I'm not going to go into the details, but you can always ask me questions later if you want me to come back to that. Now, something that we've spent a lot of effort on during the last several months, actually almost a year now, more than a year, is JITC Video Bridge. It's a server-side application that allows you to do conferences for both audio and video. Here's what's special about it. Normally, traditionally, when people did audio conferencing, it always happened the same way. You call a media server for whatever protocol, you behave as if that's a simple one-to-one call, you send your media, and in return, you get a single audio stream, but that audio stream contains the mixed content of everyone else. And this is okay for audio because mixing audio is really a lightweight process, so much so that you can do it on your own computer. That's why we were able to do audio mixing in JITC and that runs on most modern computers today. The reason for this is that mixing audio is an extremely simple process. It's just adding integers, basically, if you put it very roughly.  In practice, it's a little bit more complicated, but not extremely more so. It's certainly not from the perspective of a computer. It's maybe of a CPU. It requires some thought in terms of implementing, synchronizing, and making sure that it doesn't go beyond the borders of, beyond your ranges, beyond the ranges that you're supporting, but it's something that's very easy to accomplish for any CPU today. Now, video mixing is something that is way harder than that. And why is that? Now, in order to get video mixing, what you need to do in general is receive four different streams in a central point. So four people have calls established, video calls established to some sort of video media server. And the video media server is supposed to take all of these streams, decode them, scale them down so they would fit in a single image, re-encode the new image, and send it to everyone. Now, and that needs to happen at least 25 times a second. This is extremely heavy. If you've tried doing a regular real-time video on your computer, you've probably already noticed that it's quite CPU-intensive. Imagine if you had to do that for four, five, six different persons. So traditionally, that's how video mixing was being achieved. Yes, sorry. Sure, go ahead. Behind you. Okay, now it is. Yes. Thank you. Can you just change the schema so that the four video clients send an already scaled-down image, video stream, and then the server, instead of decoding, laying them on the same frame and encoding again, just send four already encoded video streams to all the listeners. We'll get there in a couple of slides. So that's how video mixing has been accomplished for many years, but it's always required, dedicated DSPs, and things that are extremely expensive, and that's why video confidence has been traditionally a very expensive thing. Certainly not something that you can run on your own computer. That's out of the question. What you could do, however, is exactly what you asked about, and you don't even need to scale down the initial images. You just keep sending whatever you send normally. It gets to the server, and when it gets there, it doesn't get decoded. It doesn't get scaled down. The server is simply going to take your packet and send it to everyone else. Now yes, that's going to require a little bit more bandwidth, but bandwidth today, that kind of bandwidth, is way easier to find than a CPU that can handle that in real time. We did that in GT itself in the beginning of 2012, and then we thought, well, that still requires a user, not a server, but a user to have that bandwidth. At least one of the participants in the conference needs to be able to send all these streams to everyone else. So we see we have in a four-person, in a four-member conference, we have a total of nine streams going out. I'd say that, depending on how much you move, that's approximately 200 kilobits per second per stream, so you can do the math. That kind of upstream is rarely available today, unless you're working at a university, for example. If you do that on a server, however, now that becomes a lot easier to find. There are machines out there that you can get for 20 euros a month or even less, and they can very well cope with that task. We did this XMPP extension protocol that we called Colibri, which allows you to take that part of Jitsi that did these package shifting and put it on a server. It's an XMPP component, so you connect it to an XMPP server, and the organizer of the conference controls it through the XMPP server. So here's how this works. Basically, when you want to set up a conference between several clients, the organizer just tells the Jitsi video bridge, hey, could you please open a conference for me with three different channels, three different sets of ports, and send me back your address and the port numbers that you allocated for me. The server responds, and when the focus, the organizer of the conference sets up the calls, instead of sending its own addresses to the other participants, it sends the address you got from the Jitsi video bridge. As a result, when the call is set up, everyone will end up sending their stream to the Jitsi video bridge, thinking that this is actually the focus, which is okay. And then the Jitsi video bridge is going to take care of all the relaying and making sure that everyone gets all the media. This is basically, it's as if we just export it onto a server, which is part of Jitsi, because none of these clients has to know anything about that Colibri extension that I talked about. Not that knowing about it is a bad thing. It's an open extension. We just need to write it down because we haven't been lagging a little bit, but you can always look at the code and see how it works. But maybe because you want to be able to interoperate with standard clients that don't support Colibri at this extension. It could also work with SIP, because as I said, the only communication that's dependent on XMPP in this case is the part that allocates the channels. So once you allocate the channels and get the IP address of the video bridge, you can still invite everyone over SIP and telling them, hey, I'm a male and I'm calling you from this IP address. And then the clients can start sending media there to the same situation. Question? What about encryption? I mean, now we need to trust this server, isn't it? The server is receiving the whole video in plain. What was the first sentence? What about encryption? When I'm talking with someone by XMPP, I'm encrypting between him and me and the server without the error, for example. Yes, that, yes. So currently, GC video conferences are encrypted when they're hosted on GC. It becomes a little bit more complicated when you want to encrypt the video bridge hosted conferences. This is currently working progress. Right now, there's actually someone working on that. And we should have DTLS for the video bridge within, I'd say, a couple of weeks maybe at the first version. The reason we chose DTLS here, because you remember I wasn't quite happy with what DTLS had to offer like 10 minutes ago. Now I'm changing my mind. Well, I'm actually not. The thing is that once you run DTLS gives you a good encryption how to put that simply. Let's say that in this case this entity has to be trusted. If you care about your privacy and you want to do a video conference that's hosted on a bridge somewhere you have to trust this. Let's say it's almost impossible to have end-to-end encryption in this situation without trusting this guy. So once you make that assumption that you're trusting this because, for example, this is something you're running yourself. You are your own service provider or you know the service provider and you trust them because it's another member of your community or organization then DTLS is entirely sufficient. And this is something that we're currently working on and it will also make JT Video Bridge compatible with, usable with WebRTC clients and browsers. So two questions already and both of them have anticipated something. I was just about to say great questions. Next one, please. I was wondering why we need to trust the server. We could share keys for just this conference coordinated with all the clients. How are you going to share the keys? By using one protocol. But how are you going to send that key? And then you trust your XMPP server because it can see what you're exchanging. If you're doing RTR on top of that, for example, then that's something that could work potentially but you can see that it's a very complex from a user point of view, it's a complex way of achieving things. Now let's say that multi-party encryption is on the whole in general a complex topic because you basically have two ways of doing it. Either everyone has to have a trusted connection with everyone else. Which requires a lot of signaling to get right. Or you need to trust the server. In which case Yeah? I would have to actually think about it. But isn't it possible to extend the Diffie-Hellman protocol to support three exchanging parties or more? It could be possible. If I remember correctly what happens in DH? Is there a question there? Or a comment maybe? Actually, multi-party OTR is being specified and implemented right now. Well, we'd have to look into that. The thing is that you also need to trust your server for other reasons as well. For example, it needs to make sure it needs to be able to change the media for other reasons as well. For example, you might have negotiated different payload types with your different user agents. We need to change the numbers of the payload types, the dynamic payload types that it's using between the different clients. It would need to be able to decrypt and then re-encrypt the media anyway. If you try to Well, it's something that we actually need to discuss in more detail because it's quite technical, but I'd be happy to talk about that after. If you want to completely eliminate your bridge from the loop and make it entirely incapable of changing anything in what you're saying, that gets you into a whole into a number of different issues. And I'm not saying they're unresolvable, but they're hard to get. Yeah. Hello? Okay. One solution maybe is to make simply connection like an SSH whatever, an example from each machine and then exchange one pair of keys. Then all the people encrypt with the same key all the key people encrypt with the same key but it's a two-way key. It's used only for the session and it's exchanged via a secure channel peer-to-peer. Then when it's changed, it's changed each peer connect knows the key and can make the encryption part. Sure. And the same would that actually is the same thing as using setting up different OTR channels with everyone and then you have a trusted connection with anyone and then you generate a key and send it to anyone else. But even in this case this puts us in the same situation where if you don't want to trust the bridge at all, then you are preventing it from doing a number of other things for you like, for example, redefining the payload types or mixing audio in some cases being able to change the packets. For example, in the video bridge, we still mix audio. Why? Because it's cheap it doesn't cost a lot to do it saves you a little bit of bandwidth it simplifies the negotiation and contrary to video, there are a whole lot of different audio codecs so it's a lot easier to get codec mismatches. It's a lot more difficult to make sure that there's a single codec with everyone in the conference support. So we thought we would just mix the audio. If you have an Android client, for example, joining into a video conference, then the video bridge would definitely want to mix the audio and maybe just choose one or two of the video streams that are being relayed and then change them and switch between them. So the video bridge needs to be able to do stuff with the media. So that means it has to change the packet so it needs to know the encryption mechanism that's being used. So you can probably come up with something that's going to work and never said that's impossible. It's just that it makes it harder on the whole to achieve the whole conferencing thing. If you eliminate it from if it ties hands it won't be able to help you when you need it to help you. I'm sorry if I'm not being convincing enough but we can probably get to that after and discuss it in more detail. What about graceful degradation? So you have people who you trust where you can negotiate the encryption directly and then you don't need to trust the bridge and then maybe by sort of bootstrapping a web of trust on top of the star of people that you trust directly there are people that you can negotiate through trusted parties and one of these entities could be the bridge how much do you trust the bridge? If I set it up I trust it completely maybe. Then also for every specific use like a teleconference you can say how much do I need privacy. So if I say for instance I want expediency not privacy then the client can be like okay so for this call you trust the bridge. You don't care to even have to wait for negotiate a strong encryption even if you could do it. So then you have graceful degradation of the privacy. Do you want me to take the microphone? So let me remind you something if you want to have an encrypted session with everyone else without requiring trust for anyone else but yourself and your peers you can do that today with Jitsi. You just need to have the bandwidth so that you can stream to everyone. That's already supported in that case Jitsi is being the video bridge. Jitsi does all the all the rewriting media of the payload types but that's okay because you're one of the participants in the conference so you are trusted anyway. So you can do that and in that case you have graceful degradation because you're using interface and everyone else is going to show these prisons are who they are and we have encrypted sessions with them and this last participant well we haven't been able to publish a ZRDP connection with them or her and in that case well you'll be aware of what's going on if you want to use the video bridge then you are going to be guaranteed that everything going to the video bridge is being secured that no one is able to read what's going on except for the video bridge. It's just something that it's a requirement in our design. You have to we use the gtv bridge too much and we can't get away from not trusting it otherwise the whole thing falls down but that doesn't mean that you trust your sessions with the video bridge is going to be exposed in any way you can very easily use a public private key pair on the video bridge or a certificate that you have to join yourself with your own certificate authority or even a PGP pair you would be able to do that and that's going to work. It has to be your video bridge. There's another question there. No question, okay so the last thing that I was going to say is that yes we're currently working on the security with with the video bridge we're going to start by DTLS and initially you would have to be able to trust the machine that's hosting the conference unless you want to host the conference yourself and we're also going to be adding support for trick-a-wise to the bridge so that you can use it for WebRTC clients and that's the end of the official part of the presentation I'm very much enjoying the question so if you have any more keep them coming. So I was just you know because you said before my last question I was thinking again maybe of course you can have anything if you're willing to code it but maybe you can have a situation where you have like I understand the basic situation of the video conference is processor and bandwidth intensive and me I'm not a security freak so but then there are people who are so maybe you could have a situation where you have channels going out in a star but they are not bandwidth or processor intensive so you could have for instance I could have the video coming to and from the video bridge but a control channel to every participant where I'm basically negotiating identity with them so as long as you got this control channel open with me and can identify yourself periodically through it then I trust you're the one that are there and I don't know we could even run some basic checks to try to flush out the man in the middle stuff like that and again this is if I trust the video bridge because I'm running it or one of my friends is running it who cares if I don't care about the security of the video conference who cares but there might be situations where I'm not being paranoid I don't know who the hell is running the video bridge but I still care I still care to have as much security as I can in a situation where I understand I can't have really good security so you take a look at the cryptologic objectives and you say this one no I can't do that one but this one maybe and if it takes a low bandwidth control channel then I don't see why not so again yes you can do that but in that case you would have to eliminate the bridge from helping you and in our case we are relying on the bridge doing a number of things for us we are relying on it being able to mix the audio to make sure that we're getting the video with the payload types that we expect to get and we won't be able to do that it is possible to it's very easily actually to make sure that the bridge runs with the certificate that you have signed and you're only trusting that certificate the problem is not in getting it to I should say that the problem is not in getting the security and eliminating preventing the bridge from seeing what's in the media the problem is that if you do that then the bridge won't be able to do all the things that it's currently doing and it is possible to get a simple media proxy that relays to everyone but that's not something that would fit our requirements we want to be relatively we want to make the bridge relatively easy to use with other ship agents we don't want it to be specific to GC we want it to work with WebRTC as well maybe in a single call have Web browsers GC clients and other empathy clients if they not actually that should work even with not a lot of effort I believe so we want that to be possible to happen and for that we need the bridge to be a little bit more smarter not too smart we don't want it to start decoding video and all that but we do want it to be able to change parallel ties, maybe mix video, be able to read the RTCP packets that's actually very important it has to be able to read RTCP yeah it's part it's not it's not only a security it's not only an encryption program it's a it's not an encryption problem at all actually it's all the other requirements that that come with it okay was that five minutes or was that over five minutes okay so a couple more questions oh one minute so one more question okay well we'll be hanging around there's also Jana from JT here she's actually the person who has written the highest number of lines of code in JT so a plus for her and we'll be hanging around until tonight if you want to chat with us just yeah just get by us and talk to us thanks


So, Martin Regan, manager of Neve Connell, seventh final in a row. You've been here before on numerous occasions. It's a big day for Ghidor because they've got two teams and they haven't been on it since 2019.  It's as big as the first quarter final we've had in 2005. You never know when the next one will come. So, you want to make the most of these opportunities and as you say for Ghidor to have the two teams there, it's huge. And we've been lucky in that situation. We were there last year with the senior and reserve team. And like it was three or four years ago with the two teams there, and it's massive for the players, it's massive for the area. The lift that you get to go into the final was two teams playing on the same day, it's huge. So, I'm sure they're all buzzing down to get over with coming up to the two-county finals. Yeah, it's a huge day for both clubs, definitely. How do you get the group to go to the Wale every single year? Because you are without doubt the best team that has ever been a club level in this county. And to keep going back and making finals in one on titles, it can be a difficult thing to do. It's not, look, they don't take any motivation. It's, you know, you're asking me, how do I keep the game? It doesn't take anything. The boys themselves, they have the hunger. They have the desire to keep coming back and keep wanting more. When we've lost finals, it's to get back and make amends for that. And when we won finals, they want more of that there. They want to come back and retain the titles that they want. They feel it's their title, so they want to defend it. And more than last year, we won last year. And it's ours at the moment and we want to hold on to it. So, look at that. They don't take any motivation or any encouragement to come back. They enjoy their football and they're really united groups are there. They all get on well with one another and they enjoy their time together around the football field when we're training and going to game. So, it's a very simple job really getting them back. There's a couple of spanners thrown at you during the campaign. You were put seven down against Unionans and six down against Glen Swally. Four down to the break against Kilkiar. So, those real questions asked to the group during the campaign. So, there was, but they answered them very impressively with stone and second half performances. Yeah, there has been. I suppose last week was a bit of a role reversal in that we started with maybe the first few minutes aside. We were per in the first few minutes, but then we had a very good first half the last day. We put ourselves in a really good position to go 5-2 up. And then first time in the second half, we found ourselves in a really good position, 10-6 up and we should have been seeing the game out. But we finished the game poorly then. We'd all consider the next three points to go 10-9. Yeah, every game has been kind of topsy-turvy. We haven't got a 60 minute performance yet in any game. As you said, it was a good few games. We were really poor in first half and found ourselves four or five points down at half times. We haven't come back. Other games, like Unionans last week, we played well for maybe 40-45 minutes and finished the game poorly. So, that's the big, big one for us now over the next two weeks is getting a 60 minute performance against Kilur. Because that's what's going to be needed. You're not going to get away with winning a county fine by playing 40-45 minutes. So, we're going to have to really find it for 60 minutes against Kilur. Even though you are the raising hot favourites for this game you don't pay any attention to tags. But as I said to Ornn, do you feel that there's maybe a target in your back given the history between these two clubs and what you have been through previously, particularly in the trilogy in 2019? We have put a stop to what some were expecting to be the team that would maybe dominate Donegal football in the years during that period but it was flipped around with that result that you just pulled off. Yeah, definitely. Whatever team wins the championship and any given year the target is on there back the following year and we've been the exact same last year. We would have been looking at Euron's last year. Euron's won the championship two years ago and they were the team we were looking at last year then as to what we have to do to take them down and it's no different to this year. We won the championship last year and teams would have been watching us all year and trying to get to the level they were getting to. So, of course there's a target in our back and definitely get over and we knocked Kilur out in the semi-final last year in a really tough battle. From that game that's what they would have been talking about all winter last year, how can we get up to the level they've caught on that and they're going about it the right way they've put in a serious shift all year they're in really good place when you see a senior and a reserve team on a final on the one day there's some excellent young players coming through there they're really going to train on teams there for a few years. So, look at while the target is in our backs we're under absolute no illusions that it's going to take a massive, massive performance to get over the line in two weeks. You talk about the good or team but you've been able to blood players over the last couple of years as well you've got four centurions is it between the four guys there's 400 championship games in that squad of yours and then you've got all these young players that you brought in over the last couple of years as well so listen there's buckets of talents in Ghidor but there's lots of talent in Glendis Funtown as well Yeah and loads of experiences say as well Marty would have been made as 100 games last year so you have five that would have made 100 and I know Brandy's not too far off that either so look there is loads of experience in the group but that's the young lads really that are driving the whole thing on now it's a big deal made of the older lads and they're brilliant and there's no words I can say about how good they've been for this club but really it's the Kearons and the Doherty's and Keel and Miguel it's all them lads that are really driving the whole thing on now training as well they're the ones that have really stepped up to the break the last while so while the older lads are hugely important and their experiences are massive and can't be underestimated the younger lads and the middle aged bracket lads they're the ones that have really stepped up over the last couple of years to be fair Yeah just finally when you talk to a lot of sports people guys that have been involved in big games in GA they say it's the matches that they lost to the ones that are sitting with them worse than the ones they remember the most if we go back to last year and that defeat in Ulster has that stolen up and away at you and something that you just want to rectify Ah look at every game Ulster's not the worst thing I've ever done but Ulster absolutely not no never would we think about Ulster at any stage but I'm not asking you to talk about Ulster but the fact that you lost that game I suppose something that you just brought into this year Yeah definitely we'd even look back as far as the 2018 final where Ghidor beat us beat us comfortably even looking at games we played Ghidor in the past that's one that always brings to mind where we just didn't perform in the day and it's one where we feel that down the Kylkar final we would have lost as well the finals you lose, you'll remember them more than the ones you win without doubt and you'll always have regrets over them finals that's rather than the ones you win definitely the carrying game course you'd be thinking about what could you do differently to win the game and things like that but now look at our focus as since the final whistle might last on this straight away our focus turned to Ghidor and the county final and that's all we'd be thinking about now for these two weeks OK listen Martin many thanks for talking to us I wish you the best look on the final No problem


So we're gonna we're gonna skip ahead right now to the presentation how hacking helps us that it originally been scheduled at 350 just to get some more time for Before any can come so this I think will be This is something that is a subject of great this a lot of debate and The word hacking has very different connotations depending on which crowd you are crowd sourcing We're fortunate today to have Tiffany rad a research scientist in the cyber security group at the Battelle Institute She's gonna give a presentation on this subject. Thank you, Tiffany Hi, I'm here talking to you sort of with with two hats that I'm gonna be wearing today during my brief 15-minute presentation I'm a research scientist at Battelle. I work in their cyber security group and I'm an embedded systems engineer doing some work with them on access and car computers and we're evaluating safety and security But tell is an institute that not a lot of people know about but it's a nonprofit based in Columbus, Ohio I work out of their Columbia, Maryland office, and I actually am proud to say my office is gonna be in a garage That's the kind of work I do. I don't have a cubicle. I work in a garage It's a 501c3 nonprofit which means about a large portion of yearly profits about 20% of Of the net goes toward putting money back into education and teaching students and the industry about the type of work that we do I'm also a founder of a hacker space and as as was mentioned hacker carries a lot of connotations Some of you may not have heard it from the term that I'm going to be using it But if you're here at this conference, you know what a maker maker space is hacker space kind of the same thing I take things apart and I figure out how they work and I work to design them better We we have about 250 members online at the hacker space and it's attached to a private high school so the high school students have access to the equipment in the hacker space during the day and the Adults at the hacker space come in to use it on nights and weekends We have a 3d printing group to which seems to be one of the most popular ones we have but I'm talking to you today about Accessing your car computer and actually the way I got my job at Battelle was I I'm the founder of a car hacking group at the hacker space We got together and we had about 40 people turn out and Everyone from mechanics to to people who tinker with their cars and the with the car computer and And attorneys such as myself I'm I have a bachelor's in science, but I'm also an attorney and have an MBA So I help get things up and companies up and going looking at the intellectual property and the business aspects of their ideas a Lot of cars right now If you take your car with a light on that says check engine if you take it to your local neighborhood mechanic They can fix a lot of with the car they can one of the problems They have those to be able to access the car computer to turn that idiot light off The check engine light off so your car can pass inspection after it's been fixed They can't do that they have to take you have to take your car to a dealer and they usually charge you about a hundred dollars Just to plug your car into their proprietary computer to say turn that check engine light off It's been fixed and a lot of the local mechanics said hey, that's not really fair We want to be able to do this, but now that cars have so many computers in them. This is making it a little bit more difficult So hence some of the research projects. I've been doing I've been accessing car computers for about 10 years And now professionally with Patel. This is one of the first times. I've been able to do it with another group of group of hackers and When you need to get your car service this becomes a problem And we're trying to alleviate some of those problems your car knows a lot more about what is going on with the computer Then it outputs to you if you purchase a car you shouldn't just have a license to the software that runs it I mean you want to be able to see what's information. It's storing about you for privacy purposes things like that So there's a lot that your car knows about you when you're driving that it doesn't output And so some of the things I'll talk to you about just very briefly are what we are researching right now That are outputted through like a federally mandated emission control standards and there's things that basic scan tool can do you So your car may not look like this Maybe that's a good thing actually But there are a lot of small computers in your car a whole lot of them And if you have a performance car whether it's performance sedan or a sports car It's even more and an interesting fact is that the premium class? Automobiles run about a hundred million lines of computer code and that's more than Boeing's new aircraft It's a lot of code. So what does that code? What does it do with all these computers in your car? It would be kind of interesting to be able to do more if you knew that maybe you could and Here's a little bit of a warning This is more from the legal side of things when you access your car's computer Are you this is actually a picture from my backyard in Maine? But what do you do when you're trying to access your car's computer? There's a layer of cryptography that if you break it you're going to be triggering something called the digital Millennium Copyright Act Unless you use by legal reverse engineering techniques getting to a lot of that code is very difficult to do and What's the problem is is when you're trying to research security or safety aspects of your car? You can't do that without breaking some of the cryptography Unless you do the very expensive and time-consuming legal reverse engineering So the DMCA is one of is really the the piece of legislation that we we are evaluating when we look at like How does this affect people that own cars what how you want to be able to access these things? so Now to kind of counter some of the issues I don't think the DMCA was initially enacted With the intent that it would prevent people from fixing and accessing their car computers It's kind of just the way that it that budget piece of legislation has worked out So we have the right to repair act It says one of the debates about this is the big automobile manufacturers don't really they're not really happy with this Act they say if people can access their computers in their cars they're going to be a lot of safety issues and What some of the other side the researchers are saying is there may be some safety issues We'd like to discover before things go wrong, but because we can't access the car computers. It's very difficult to do So the right to repair act unfortunately from the last time I've been able to see any reference of it It's stalled in committee, but it is an important act one of the things that The right to repair act allows is that you should have a lot to be able to diagnose and service your own vehicle your local neighborhood Mechanic will then be maybe a more of an even playing ground when it comes to the dealers I mean if you don't want to take your car to a dealer you should have an option to take it to someone who's local It'll sell tools and equipment to accomplish the same types of things like developing scan tools and things like that are It's very expensive, but it need not be there even Arduino projects right now where you can access a lot from your car computers But one of the things that is unfortunately is not defined in the act that I would have liked to have seen more about is You are not it just says that a mechanic can access these things But am I a mechanic some states actually have a definition of what a mechanic is you have to be licensed to ten different types of programs I don't do that. I've just been accessing car computers for ten years So I would have liked to have seen more about protecting individuals really really the do-it-yourself people who want to fix their own cars So accessing car computers for research and education I'm also a computer science professor at the University of Southern Maine, and I teach my students About ethics law and information security I teach them to think like hackers and I'll tell you in an accredited CS program This is something that has taken a little bit of time. Oh, sorry a little bit of time to Be able to get the faculty members used to it But understanding how things work and how things are being broken by people with malicious intent you'll be able to design things better This is the philosophy I have so I don't just teach my students about here's a history of different types of hacks that have occurred both on us government sites and on different types of technologies, but this is how they do it and Really, it's this type of knowledge isn't something that I believe should be suppressed or It should be shared especially an academic environment when you want to see how things are broken So my students hopefully will design them better and make better choices then Some have made when it comes to accessing computers and devices But what we're doing at Battelle is we are teaching people from the industry and I have a slide that'll show you how many But we have 20 high school students 20 college students a group from federal agencies like one from FBI one from DHS and We have STEM educators as well We have seven five to seven cars and we're going to have everyone accessing these car computers and One of the purposes for this is that we're teaching people About secure coding rugged coding programming and secure hardware design You can't tack on security and safety at the end it needs to be designed from like the first line of code to the last It is something that can be done It's just a different way of thinking that we're trying to bring into academia Into the industry and into the federal government and that's why we chose people from each sector to attend our our car hacking Institute It's actually called domain five con It's one week at Aberdeen proven grounds in Maryland and we put all the students up in the barracks And then we we take them to an aircraft carrier where we have all our cars and we teach them different kinds of things That they can access with the cars We're gonna have about five or five to seven American manufactured cars and we're gonna have different types of competitions It's to get the groups I mean in this group would be like a few from high school a few from college the government agents and all working together on a particular goal and that goal is different types of competitions. We're setting up such as reviewing You know how how easy it is to reset the odometer things like that the speedometer And this is really the breakdown of the type of people will have at this This camp and the reason I'm discussing this is because I listened to the conversations I was driving into DC the earlier presenters today STEM educators getting them to understand what we're doing in industry and how this will help academia as well and Maybe some of these these students coming up through the camp both from the high school and college level We'll want to do something similar join hacker spaces create new research new products but One of the things we're doing is also understanding what legal reverse engineering is what it isn't but We have a 45 foot trailer that we're going to be driving around the United States And I personally am not going to be driving this trailer but it's a race trailer with a car in the back and the car in the back can be hacked and The race trailer has this sort of stage that folds out and awning and chairs and we'll have teachers STEM educators from that area doing demonstrations for the students and allowing the students actually hands-on access to This is how you write code This is what the protocols look like when they're coming out of the car computer And we are doing this we were going to do it at tour camp and actually that's changed in the past few days Unfortunately, just because of timing we can't go to tour camp But we're driving this around the US and those of us security researchers but tell one or two of us will We'll meet the trailer wherever it's going to go, but we're doing this for colleges universities high schools And part of this is really the outreach to get students thinking this way and to get more people to Sort of challenge the notion that if you buy a car or you buy a computer or whatever that device is that you don't really You can't really know what's going on with it that you buy it and it's closed and locked up by intellectual property We're encouraging open standards when it comes to safety and security for vehicles And there's actually a group in the in the EU called Evita and what Evita is doing is there? They're creating a small secure platform for vehicles and they're doing that in an open platform So those of us other researchers can be able to access it too because when it does come to the safety and security the vehicles You drive I one of our philosophies is you really want to know how that car operates what it's doing And maybe you want to customize it as well. So that's kind of the do-it-yourself We're encouraging that type of thought and that kind of research So that's the end of my presentation that thank you very much


Hello, welcome to Tofford TV, it is the Starnt 11 show Liverpool versus Everton, the Masyside Derby, at Amfield, always a tough game, somewhere we haven't had much joy, I'd like to say recently, but pretty much all of my life, we haven't had much joy there, so let's get into it, in gold Jordan Pickford, the man Liverpool fans love to hate. Big performance neither from Jordan, gone away on international duty, helped England qualify, so hopefully comes back with a big performance, or hopefully it doesn't need a big performance, hopefully it's a bit of a quiet day, it won't be, I know that. Back for, right back, do you know how I was playing this one in my mind, thinking who would I go for, Ashley Young's obviously being in there, playing Nathan Paterson as I'm being starting, played for it against France in the week for Scotland and they got B4 wound up against killing him. I'm going to go for Nathan Paterson, I don't think the manager would go for Nathan Paterson, but I'm going to go for him just because of all that pace Liverpool have got in the wide areas, and I just, I know Ashley Young's got a lot of experience, but against pace that worries me, don't get me wrong, I'm not massively hopeful on Nathan Paterson either. I'd rather have shame his coming back for this game, but he's back on the grass, but he's not obviously nowhere near ready, probably after the next international break, but I'm just going to go for Nathan Paterson, even though I don't think the manager will pick him. Yeah, on the other side, Vitaly Michalenko at left back, he's been, he's been better recently, good, he's been good form, good defensive form, again, helped Ukraine to win in the week setting up an interest and finish to see if they can qualify for the Euro, so defensively don't a good job. He's been doing a good job recent years over, over Salah, or certainly up against when he's one on one with people on his back to his job, he's normally okay, so Michalenko stand at left back. Two centre backs, obviously James Tarkowski and Jared Branthwaite, obviously big game for Jared Branthwaite. Again, let's see how he deals with the different proposition, he's been pretty solid this season against Luton physically, it was a real battle for him. If he goes up against Darwin Nunes at any time on Saturday, it'd be interesting to see how he handles that, but obviously alongside James Tarkowski loads of experience again, good lane and experience for him, so huge game for those two and obviously the rest of the back four. Centre move field, I'm going to go for O'nana and James Garner as the two in there, those two sailing in Villa were fantastic together, we've seen shades before that in the Bremford game with what James Garner could do even though he started on the right hand side on that game. I think the manager might be tempted to bring a Jessica Garner game back for this game, he did have some minutes for Senegal in the international break, but I'm just going to stick with those two because James Garner is in good form, scored a couple of goals recently as well. O'nana was left out for the last game, but obviously played in the Bournemouth game and played well, huge game for him as well, he got sent off for Belgium on the international break as well, so has to make sure he doesn't do anything stupid. But away from home, those two together have done really well, a recent, so I'm going to go for them and it's a big, it is a big game for Armie Field, it's normally where we fall down against Liverpool and not having a Jessica Garner game if we don't go for them would be interesting to see, if we could get through a game like this and those two play well then I think it would say that we could go on for the rest of the season with those two. Ahead of them, Decorey, who has been in brilliant form, certainly away from home obviously, scored in the last game against Bournemouth and had a really important game in that. I think he'll be a little bit deeper, he'll be playing more what he does in the away games, I think in the last game against Bournemouth he was almost playing as a striker at times, but he will come back into midfield and help out, certainly in the physical battle and he will help and set pieces for and against us. So a big game needed from Decorey, but he has done well away from home and of course scored a cheffield tonight and scored at Bournemouth, so a big game for him as well. On the wings, on the right hand side, Jack Harrison to play second game in a row for Everton, big game for him as well. Defensively, he's going to be neither lot away from him, but of course he'll be on a high score and go against Bournemouth as well, so big game for him on the left hand side. McNeill and both of them have got a really important role, getting back and helping his break as well because that's where if we're going to create chances, that's where we're going to create chances. We've got to be a threat on the break, so those two will have to drive us forward. And also be putting crosses in for Domino Cavallini, he'll be starting off front, who is getting back to full fitness, getting back to full sharpness. Again, this will be a big task for him, and we'll see, but we insanely need to mix it up, lot more crosses into him from the wide plays. And obviously it's up to him to be clever to hold the ball up to get us something to play off as well. So that's my team. Let me know your thoughts in the comments. What would you go for? Who's your stand 11 for the Mayside Diary? Let me know. Make sure to give this video a like, subscribe if you haven't already. Check out the match preview as well for this game. And if you want more great videos, live daily exclusive videos, join us over on Sofi TV Premier. The link is in the description and the QR codes come up on the screen now. See you later.


Thank you for joining us for the Camp Fort Worth Parent Meeting. We're going to go over the information you need to know for Summer Day Camp 2020. Our mission here at the City of Fort Worth is working together to build a strong community, and summer camp is a great way to do that. Our goals this summer are to provide an affordable youth program in a safe and friendly environment, promote educational learning through recreational activities and social interaction, encourage healthy lifestyles, promote appreciation and respect for diverse cultures, and develop life skills that build strong leaders for tomorrow. Camp fees have been adjusted for this summer. Early bird registration takes place from February 3rd to March 31st, followed by standard pricing from April 1st to May 31st. Camp hours have been extended to 7.30am to 6pm. This means we no longer have extended care or the fees that come along with it. You may choose to register for all trips or no trips. To register for individual field trips, you will need to register by the weekly rates. We will have a late pickup fee of $15 if you pick your camper up after 6pm. After 6.15pm, each minute will be an additional dollar thereafter. We will also have drop-in rates of $15 per day, plus a membership or day pass. Drop-in hours are from 9am to 6pm. There are multiple ways to pay for summer camp. The City of Fort Worth accepts cash, checks, money orders, and credit or debit cards. Please make checks payable to the City of Fort Worth. There is a $25 fee for checks returned due to insufficient funds. Campers will not be allowed to return to camp until all fees are cleared. The $25 fee must be paid at the City Hall cashier's office. Once paid, the parent or guardian must provide the receipt of payment to center staff. If you would like a refund, they will only be given prior to the start of the program. A $10 processing fee will be assessed for all refunds. A credit for the amount of the program can be applied to your account if requested before the program begins, but must be put toward a membership or program. Credits are not able to stay on accounts. Campers must wear shoes that lace up or are velcro. Close-toe sneakers are preferred. Flip-flops and sandals are not permitted during normal camp hours, but will be okay during water field trips, however. Roller skate shoes are not permitted. If a camper is not wearing appropriate footwear, they will not be allowed to participate in camp activities. Our Texas summers get hot, so light-colored clothing and thinner materials are better for campers since they'll be outside during various times throughout the day. The more comfortable campers are dressed, the more fun they will have. Girls should wear tops that cover below the waist and bottoms. Dresses are not permitted. On swim or water days, campers should bring swimwear, a towel, sunscreen, and a change of clothes. Again, campers are allowed to bring sandals or flip-flops for the pool. To avoid campers' clothes and towels from being lost, please clearly write your camper's name on the label. Campers may bring a morning snack. They will be provided with a nutritious meal each day, but you may send a lunch along with your camper as well. There will be no refrigeration available, however, for lunches or snacks brought from home. Lunches are not allowed to be heated in a microwave either. Please note any food allergies in E-Pact. The City of Fort Worth assumes no responsibility for lost or stolen items. Personal items such as toys, cell phones, MP3 players, and gaming devices must be left at home. Staff will take possession of items if seen and return them at the end of the day to the person who picks up the camper. Staff will provide all equipment necessary for activities during camp. Parents or guardians are required to sign participants in and out each day if the release is not signed. Participants will only be released to individuals 18 years of age or older, unless the individual is a sibling age 16 or older, as listed in E-Pact. Parents may also add an authorized pickup person to the list, but must know the code word in order to do so. Parents may also sign a release allowing their camper to sign himself or herself out at the end of camp. Continuous failure to sign in or out by the parent or guardian will require a meeting with the center coordinator or supervisor. Individuals must present a photo ID. Center staff is responsible for verifying drop-off and pickup of campers. Please address lead staff as soon as you have questions or concerns in a respectful manner. We would like to make sure that any issues or concerns that may arise be kept confidential and private. Staff will ask to speak to you away from the campers when necessary. If there is an emergency, you will be contacted right away. Parents or guardians are encouraged to visit or volunteer during camp. If you would like to volunteer, you need to fill out a volunteer form online and be approved before doing so. Please go over the code of conduct with your camper. Disciplinary procedures include timeouts, disciplinary reports, suspensions, and removal from camp. Summer day camp participants have the right to feel physically and emotionally safe during our program. Bullying of any form is not allowed. Parents must go over our anti-bullying contract with their child and sign off in EPEC before summer day camp begins. If your child is being bullied, rest assured that we will address the issue with the other camper and their parents or guardians. Due to privacy, we will not disclose the results of the outcome. Be aware of the following signs of bullying. If your child comes home with damaged or missing clothing or other belongings. If they have unexplained injuries. If they complain frequently of headaches, stomach aches, or feeling sick.  Or if they have changes in eating habits, hurt themselves, or run away from home. Field trips may take place once or more per week. Space is limited and the summer day camp buses are filled on a first come, first served basis. The fee includes admission and transportation. Campers must wear their camp t-shirt on field trips. Campers may bring additional money and please remember, field trips are a privilege. Please complete the authorization to administer medication form in EPEC for your child in order for staff to administer medication. Medication must be brought in the container issued by the pharmacy and be given to camp staff at time of arrival. Each medication must be in its own container and have instructions for time, dosage, and administration of medicine on label. At the end of camp, all medications not picked up will be disposed of properly. If an emergency occurs, parents will be notified immediately. Center staff will administer first aid, monitor participants, and notify parents upon pickup for minor accidents or injuries. All center staff are CPR, AED, and first aid certified. Please ensure emergency numbers are correct on EPEC. If required, the local ambulance service will transport your camper to the nearest hospital or healthcare facility as indicated on EPEC. Illnesses will be handled in a manner to protect the health of all participants and staff. If a camper becomes ill and is unable to participate in camp activities, an authorized person must pick up the child as soon as possible. Should staff suspect that camper may have a communicable disease, the parent must pick up the camper within one hour. A doctor's note will be required before the participant may return to summer day camp. Thank you for choosing Camp Fort Worth for your child's summer day camp needs. Our staff strive to promote activities that provide a positive social, cultural, and recreational experience.