Γεια σας, είμαι Vicky εδώ και καλύτερα για έναν άλλο βίντεο. Σήμερα, εγγραφήσαμε την Νοβέμπερα Καρδίκη by Simon Sestamp. Πρώτα, θα πάμε να δούμε ένα κομμάτι για να παρακολουθήσουμε το βίντεο και τώρα θα σημαίνω 4 καρδίκες για εμπειρία. Ας ξεκινήσουμε με το βασικό λόγος που βλέπεις. Είναι ένα βαράδιο χρώτων να βλέπεις ένα από τους και θα also βλέπεις 2 λίγο σπόντσο κομμάτια που είναι καλύτερα για τα δεξιόνια σας. Θα also βλέπεις ένα κομμάτι από λόγες κορδίκες που έχουν 12 τους σε αγγελές συγγραφές, όλοι είναι αγγελές και εγώ εγώ πιστεύω ότι θα πιστεύω να δούμε σαν κρυσματικές κορδίκες. Από όλοι έχεις να κάνεις μόνο να κομμάσουν και να τα σκοφήσουν σε ένα κομμάτι προσφαλμένο και έχεις 12 κορδίκες σκέψεις. Θα σας δείξω όπως μπορείτε να τα κάνετε ένα πρόεδρο με ένας από τις εξέμπλες που βλέπω σήμερα. Και εδώ είναι ένα κομμάτι που αγαπημένου αρέσει και είναι called Ho Ho Deer. Θα πιστεύω ότι αν δεν θέλεις να κομμάσεις το κομμάτι, πιστεύεις να κομμάσεις μόνο αυτό. Τώρα για τα νοώσια μπορείς να χρησιμοποιήσεις τα κομμάτια στον κομμάτι να τα σκέψεις στον ροδόλφ. Θα θα also βλέπεις ένα κομμάτι από γίνακες συγγραφές. Και θα δούμε ένα κομμάτι από τις εξέμπλες. Αυτές είναι 6 x 6 εξέμπλες από Moda Scrab. Αυτή είναι μια καλύτερη κομμάτι και δεν ξέρω αν έχεις εξέμπληξει τα κομμάτια, αλλά έχουν καλύτερο εξέμπληξη. Αυτές δεν είναι δύο εξέμπληξές, γιατί δεν έχεις να κομμάσεις σε κάθε εξέμπληξή να χρησιμοποιήσεις. Είναι ένα καλύτερο κομμάτι και αυτό είναι called Forever Green. Και θα βλέπεις ότι είναι εξέμπληξη εξέμπληξη εξέμπληξη. Οι εξέμπληξές μπορείς να φτιάξεις σε κομμάτια αν δεν θέλεις να χρησιμοποιήσεις την καλύτερη κομμάτι. Και τώρα ας δούμε την εξέμπληξη εξέμπληξη. Είναι ένα εξέμπληξη 6 x 8 εξέμπληξη. Είναι called Woodland Wimpsie, με 4 κρύτερες, 3 για να φτιάξεις εξέμπληξη εξέμπληξη. Υπάρχουν also many leaves and flowers that you can embellish your cards. Το στενσίλ που χρησιμοποιήσω είναι μπαϊτόνικο και θα βοηθήσω εξέμπληξη εξέμπληξη εξέμπληξη. Αλλά υπάρχουν πολλές εξέμπληξη εξέμπληξης της νεκρουσίας στον αυτοπίστημα. Είμαι χρησιμοποιήσω ένα εξέμπληξη εξέμπληξη, μπαϊτόνικο, που βοηθώ είναι πολύ αρκετή να δουλειώ. Τώρα θα εξερφήσω το στενσίλ, για να μπορείς να δείτε το βαγγράφι. Από όλα είναι αρκετή, θα εξερφήσω το νεκρουσίλ για να δημιουργήσω το στήμα ξεκίνησης. Και θα σχεδηθήσω το μπαϊτόνικο στον αυτοπίστημα. Έχω ένα σπίτι στο τεπίστο, για να χρησιμοποιήσω ένα εξέμπληξη. Από όλα αυτό είναι ο σιόδρος γιατί θα το χρησιμοποιήσω και θα σχεδηθήσω αυτό το μπαϊτόνικο στον αυτοπίστημα, που είναι 4.25 x 5.5. Και εδώ είναι κάποιες φωτοσχεδόνες στον αυτοπίστημα. Παραγότητας στον αυτοπίστημα για το μπαϊτόνικο δίδιο δίνει ένα φικρό τεξοσυκλό, το οποίο είναι πολύ καλό σε τη ζωή. Ας δούμε να ρωτήσουμε στο διώτατο κανό και θα χρησιμοποιήσω το φωτοσχεδόνικο μεταξύ αυτή τη σχέση. Έχω ένα σπίτι βαλιά και θα το χρησιμοποιήσω. Δεν μπορούσα να το τη σχέσουμε με τον φωτοσχεδόνικο και θα πω να γνωθεί αυτό το φωτοσχεδόνικο στον αυτοπίστημα. So at the back I'm using some double sided tape and I'm going to stick a piece of acetate. I left enough space below that window so this is where you are supposed to stamp your sentiment, use any Christmas sentiment that you like.   So I'm using my new wood that looks at the back and this is a die by Simon's stamp. You will find it linked down below. I absolutely love the combination of gold and white and craft with a touch of red when it comes to Christmas cards. I think this creates a really elegant card in a clean and simple look. For the inside of my window I am going to use this gold confetti by tonic and now I'm going to peel off the backing and stick it on top. Now I'm going to work on the nose of my reindeer. I'm going to put back the white little piece so that I make sure it's not going to show any hole if I stick on top the pompom and of course you can use some glitter cardstock for that. The pompom is quite dimensional and it would make it quite difficult to put inside the card so I'm going to cut it in half. This way I create a dome. It's still textured and fluffy but it's not as dimensional so it fits nicely inside the card. This is where I remember that I haven't stamped the word Christmas and I am using my misti for doing that. Remember to stamp the sentiment before you put your card together.  I'm just using black nuvo drops and my card is ready. For the next card I'm going to use pattern paper and there is one pattern paper that gives you all these four different panels that you can use to create cards. For today I will be working with the seasons greetings one and I'm playing with my rectangle dies here and decide which one fits better. I'm going to pick two of those and cut out a frame using the craft cardstock that's included in the kit. This is going to go on top and it's going to give more definition on my focal point later on. Now I'm going to combine this with another pattern paper so I'm going to cut it out to be four and a quarter by five and a half which is going to cover up completely a standard card. Notice that the color of the frame matches the color of the antlers. I'm going to stick that on top of my pattern paper with foam squares at the back and also the tree trunks has the same color as that craft cardstock so somehow everything comes together. Now I'm going to finish it off by adding a few gems just to add some sparkle on a Christmas card. So I have some green ones that match perfectly the color of my background and I have a ton of them from a set by Pinkfries Studios which I'm going to link down below. I find that I always grab this one since it always has so many different colors that match pretty much any project. And here is a card using only paper from the kit and for the last card for today I'm going to use the stamps. First of all I'm going to stamp a few of those tree trunks. I need to have enough so that I can build up a scene later on. I'm stamping that with alcohol-friendly ink so that I can color with my alcohol markers. Now I'm going to show you how I color those trees so I'm working with my Altenew alcohol markers in three shades of brown. I'm going to color brown the right side of each tree trunk and I'm swiping a little bit of color towards the center part of the tree trunk making sure that I don't cover it up completely. I need to have white areas all around. Then I switched to a darker shade of brown and did the exact same thing to add more definition on the edge. I'm planning to use my scissors to cut out those tree trunks which means that I don't have to stay inside the lines however it seems that I'm doing so I guess because I'm used to it. I also stamp the deer which is going to be the focal point of my card and as you can see I had some trouble coloring my deer just because Jinger decided that he wanted some attention so he is going to say hello to you and let's move on coloring the deer. For that again I used my Altenew alcohol markers in three shades and you can see which colors I used on your screen right now and then I used my scissors to cut it out.  If you want to make your life easier leave a white border all around. Now I did cut out only one of the ears just because I didn't bother with the other one it was too flimsy and I'm going to cover up completely that part with one of the tree trunks so it's not a problem for me. Now I'm going to create a background and for that I'm going for an ombre effect from blue all the way to white. For that I'm using the stress oxide ink and I would find a time to put my card together so I'm going to create a little scene. I have a couple of snow banks that I have cut out of white cardstock.  Some of them are going at the background and some at the front to create the dilution of dimension.  For some of the tree trunks I'm going to use foam squares at the back and for others I'm just going to stick them directly at the background with glue. This is definitely not a simple card to make it takes some time with coloring and cutting out all the pieces but it's such an adorable card and I think it's perfect for someone special. And remember since I cut out the ear of my deer I have to strategically place it so that it doesn't show. It's a lovely winter card and I decided to stamp the word hello from the stamp set and again I'm using the same blue ink so that it matches nicely with my background and it is quite subtle. I created my card base out of craft cardstock from the kit that's four and a quarter by five and a half and it creates a lovely border. To finish off my card I'm going to add some snow of course there are many different techniques to do that I decided for this card to use these clear gems to add some sparkle at the background. These gems are by Studio Katia you will find this link down below along with everything else that I'm using. So here is a close-up look on the last card for today with all the dimension and these were the cards that I created while playing with my November card kit by Simon Says Stamp. I hope you had fun that you got inspired. Don't forget to like and subscribe if you haven't done so already and also leave me a comment down below and let me know which one of the four cards was your favorite. Thank you all so much for joining me today and I'll see you all next time.


Greetings from the National Archives flagship building in Washington, D.C., which sits on the ancestral lands of the Nacotchtank peoples. I'm David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States, and it's my pleasure to welcome you to today's conversation with Bruce Ragsdale about his new book Washington at the Plough. Before we begin, I'd like to tell you about two programs coming up next week on our YouTube channel. On Monday, December 13th at 1 p.m., Jeremy Dauber will be here to discuss his book American Comics, which is the history of cartoons, comic strips, and graphic novels over the past century. And on Wednesday, December 15th at 1 p.m., we'll present a program entitled Anti-Federalists and the Bill of Rights. Professors Mary Sarah Bilder and Woody Holton will discuss the arguments of the Anti-Federalists and present day controversies over how we teach the Bill of Rights. In the summer of 1787, in the midst of the meeting of the Constitutional Convention, George Washington recorded an outing in his diary. Observing some farmers at work and entering into conversation with them, I received the following information with respect to the mode of cultivating buckwheat and the application of the grain. In his letters and diary entries throughout his life, Washington frequently makes observations on crops and farming practices. For his own Mount Vernon estate, he kept careful accounts, always seeking improvements in agricultural practices. One can read Washington's own words on Founders Online, a searchable website hosted by the National Archives through the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. Over time, Washington's ideas about agriculture and agricultural labor changed based on his own experiences and application of modern farming techniques. In today's program, we'll hear from author Bruce Ragsdale, whose new book, Washington at the Plough, discusses these changes and examines how Washington's passion for farming led him to question the reliance on enslaved labor. Bruce A. Ragsdale served for 20 years as Director of the Federal Judicial History Office at the Federal Judicial Center. The author of A Planters Republic, The Search for Economic Independence in Revolutionary Virginia, has been a fellow at the Washington Library of Mount Vernon and the International Center for Jefferson Studies. Now let's hear from Bruce Ragsdale. Thank you for joining us today. Thank you. I'm delighted to have this opportunity to speak to the audience of the National Archives. And as the archivist said, I relied so heavily on Founders Online, a wonderful resource that has all the published correspondence of Washington and other founders that made it so accessible to do this research. The book is an attempt to write a full history of Washington's life as a farmer, a farming biography as it were. And his life as a farmer really still stands as the most important untold story about the most familiar of the founders. And I started this project with a conviction that no one can fully understand Washington without having some sense of why he preferred his life as a farmer so much, and also what he hoped to achieve for the new nation as a farmer, and the way he saw it as an additional kind of leadership in establishing the new United States. A British visitor to Mount Vernon in 1785 reported that Washington's greatest ambition following the American Revolution was to be considered the first farmer of America. Washington's been celebrated for many firsts. But the idea of first farmer of America is one that has been lost to our nation's memory. And I wanted to find out why that accolade would have been so important to Washington so soon after he had just led the Continental Army to victory and secured American independence. Why was it so important for him to turn to farming and his service to the nation? I also wanted to uncover a side of Washington that seldom evident in his military and political life. He considered farming the activity that was best suited to his disposition. He certainly enjoyed it more than any other activity. He said it was more rewarding than any string of military victories could ever be. And it reveals a private Washington that is often hard to discern elsewhere in his life. You find a man who is deeply connected to the natural world around him. You find an intellectual curiosity. And you find an engagement with a world of self-defined enlightened landowners on both sides of the Atlantic. It became a very important part of the person that Washington wanted to be. And what he wanted to bring to his farming at Mount Vernon. The farming for Washington was never just a private enterprise. Agriculture he thought would be one of the most important foundations of America's place in the world. Of its respectability among a community of nations. And he always, in all of his agricultural innovations over 40 years, he always was looking toward the larger direction of economic growth. A political economy that would be supported by different kinds of agriculture. First in the 1760s when he moves away from tobacco, which he abandoned since 1765 and makes his cash crop. He does that in no small part because he sees the opportunities outside the restrictions of empire. It was a crop that could be traded without the restrictions of the Navigation Act that encumbered the tobacco trade. And he saw it as a way of making Virginia more independent or self-directed. And then again after the Revolutionary War when he adopts a program of diversified farming that he thinks will be the foundation of the new nation's commercial prosperity. That it will provide the common commercial interests that will tie the nation together. And so farming was another demonstration of the kind of leadership that he had exercised as both a military and political leader. But I also wanted to reconstruct a side of the heroic Washington that is often forgotten about. That especially is represented in this famous sculpture by the French sculptor Houdon created for the state capital in Richmond. And that was the celebration of Washington as the American Cincinnati's. His return from the army to farming recalled the example of the Roman general who had left his farm to defend the Republic in battle and then refused an offer of arbitrary power and returned to his life as a farmer. In the 18th century the image of Cincinnati at La Plow was held as an ideal of civic virtue and Washington at La Plow became a similar representation made all the more powerful by his actual preference for farming and his deep engagement in farming at Mount Vernon after 1783. And the presentation that Houdon has here he is showing Washington not just as he takes off his military cloak and hangs up his sword but also with the plow that's at his feet and the plow at his side that is awaiting his life as a farmer. And this representation of Washington at the plow is especially notable because Houdon in consultation with Franklin and Jefferson and some input from Washington decided to present Washington in modern dress rather than the classical dress associated with Cincinnati of the ancients. And instead of the ancient plow that was always associated with Cincinnati Houdon presents Washington with a drill plow, a new innovative kind of plow. Washington designed one like this. It was manufactured by the enslaved carpenters and blacksmiths at Mount Vernon. And this becomes another representation of Washington's service through his embrace of the plow. Washington is also associated with the plow and he retires from resigns as president in 1797. In this image that was created to celebrate that event Washington is surrendering the symbols of power on the throne of liberty but with his last hand he gestures to Mount Vernon and waiting for him at Mount Vernon is the plow with the yoke of oxen. And so as these themes and images suggest Washington after 1783 is effectively farming on the public stage that he's being closely watched by both Europeans and Americans celebrated as Washington's the plow, this idea of a farmer doing the public good. And that notion of the public good frames many of the expectations of Washington as a farmer. He places greater emphasis on the civic benefits of the agricultural improvements he introduces. But those expectations also frame his new reckoning with slavery in the years following the Revolutionary War. And it's here in his life as a farmer more than any other dimension of his life that we can discern how Washington ultimately confronted the paradox of slavery and freedom that runs throughout the founding period. And it's as a farmer that we can find the most detailed record of his changing attitudes toward slavery. The story of Washington, the farmer is the story of Washington made slavery. Farming and enslaved labor were inseparable to Washington throughout his entire life as a farmer. And he once wrote that he didn't like to even think about slavery, let alone write about it or talk about it. But in fact, he thought about slavery all the time and he thought about it and wrote about it in terms of his management of the enslaved agricultural labor at his own estate. And it's there in that record that you can see both the change in attitude and also the record of his daily interactions with the enslaved laborers whom he supervised and controlled. And then finally, when Washington does ultimately decide to search for some way to emancipate the enslaved people he controls, the only record we have of that process and thought process is through his record of farming and his reorganization of Mount Vernon. It is here in this example of this document of Washington made in 1799 toward the end of his life. He gave a detailed description of various enslaved laborers at Mount Vernon. This document's only in the last 10 years come to light. It was acquired by Mount Vernon and it's in the library there. It's available on their website. And what's really interesting about this document is that he gives such a detailed description of individual laborers and what he sees as their strength. It also makes clear that he defines these individuals largely through their labor and largely through their value to him. But it shows a kind of close personal connection and engage personal engagement that is not available in any place other than in these farming records. When I started the research for this book, I thought I had a pretty good true sense of the trajectory of Washington's life as a farmer. But what I now think are two of the most important contributions of the book came largely as surprises as I undertook the research. And the first of those surprises is the depth of Washington's commitment to British agriculture to British models of agricultural improvement. And in the middle decades of the 18th century, transformation of farming in Great Britain had brought about remarkable increases in productivity. And as soon as Washington becomes a full-time farmer in 1759 after he leaves the Virginia Regiment, he's determined to adopt many of those practices from British husbandry to bring it into Virginia to create a new kind of farming and new kind of agriculture at Mount Vernon that would open up new kinds of opportunities and provide a new role for him. And he learns about these new techniques almost entirely through books. Beginning in 1759, he starts to order new books through his tobacco merchants in London. This is one of the most important. This is Thomas Hale's Complete Body of Husbandry. And he not only reads his books into his library and takes extensive notes, but we can very specifically trace experiments that he undertakes, changes in cultivation that he undertakes soon after he receives this and other books. He develops one of the largest libraries of practical British treatises in Virginia at the time. And he learns about a practical agriculture through these, but he also learns about a whole culture of farming that was promoted by a new type of gentleman, self-professed gentleman farmer in Great Britain. As the frontispiece on the right side illustrates, these gentlemen farmers often connected their efforts with the great agriculturalists of antiquity, people like Bertrand and Pliny. They often presented their improvements as a kind of civic, even patriotic service that they were undertaking experiments that would lead common farmers to improve their land. And Washington found in this culture of farmer a new role for the Virginia planter, that the Virginia planter could be a take on this role of demonstrating new kinds of farming that would diversify farming and would open up new kinds of commercial opportunities. What's even more surprising is that this commitment to British husbandry increases over time and has become stronger and stronger after the Revolutionary War, after independence from the Empire. Washington is still deeply committed to these British models and in 1785 he announces that he wants to undertake a complete course of husbandry as practiced in the best farming counties in England. This is not just cultivation methods or new crops. This is a very elaborate, complicated system of crop rotations integrated with livestock management and especially restoration of the soil, stewardship of the soil. And it leads him to redesign the entire agricultural landscape over thousands of acres at Mount Vernon. It also leads him to demand that the enslaved construct a whole new infrastructure of farming, including what Washington thought were the largest barns in the United States they probably were all constructed on the basis of very sophisticated British models. At the same time, Washington begins correspondence with some of the most important agriculturalists in Great Britain and they really become his confidants and guides as he implements new types of farming after 1785. But the second and closely related surprise was the enormous effort that Washington expended in trying to adapt enslaved labor to this complicated course of British husbandry. And this is a merger of British notions of enlightened farming with enslaved labor that really is unique to Washington. No one else is trying to do it on the scale that he has. And it's a challenge that he understands is also unique to him. During the Revolutionary War, Washington on a couple of occasions in private correspondence says that he wants to be done with managing enslaved labor that he wants to be done with relying on enslaved labor for agriculture. And those comments combined with a few remarks in the 1780s that he supported the principle of gradual abolition. He persuaded many historians that from the Revolution on Washington is is trying to extricate himself from the institution of slavery that he sees the future of American agriculture going in a different direction. In fact, from the time that he adopts this new style of forming of farming in 1785, he takes a number of very decisive actions to make to increase his reliance on enslaved labor, and to adapt that labor to new kinds of farming, find new value in the enslaved labor that he has acquired for at Mount Vernon. He relies on enslaved overseers at four of the five plantations at Mount Vernon that are involved with commercial agriculture. He tries to replace the hired white artisans who he had paid to do various kinds of skilled trades with enslaved laborers at Mount Vernon, especially carpenters who would make the agricultural implements with bricklayers who would help build these tremendous agricultural structures and work with the carpenters in these complicated joinery. Most of the enslaved laborers, of course, were working in the fields and Washington imposes a new kind of specialization of labor, and it's a specialization of labor by gender. He puts more and more of the agricultural work, the field work, on responsibility of the enslaved women, whereas more and more of the enslaved men are working as artisans and craftsmen. But it's a very carefully constructed program to take the labor that he had at Mount Vernon, the enslaved labor, and to apply it to new kinds of farming. Washington understood that what he was trying to do was unprecedented, and certainly he was not going to get any advice or suggestions from the British agricultural treatises he wrote that he read. And he devises a new kind of supervision of the enslaved that is original to him, and then allows him to supervise labor much more closely than he ever had before. He devises these weekly work reports, which eventually are kept in the format of bookkeeping format, even though there's no money being transferred and not know a monetary value is being recorded, but rather each plantation is indebted for the number of labor they had and then credited for the work that those laborers did over the course of a week. He received these every week, usually prepared on a Saturday, and from 1785 until the end of his life, and they allow him to exercise enormous supervision and control over the enslaved even when he is not at Mount Vernon. As president of a resident in Philadelphia, he devoted most Sundays to reviewing these work reports and writing a very detailed instructions for his farm manager in response to that. These reports are just one example of the many kinds of records that Washington kept about his estate. He had a pension for all kinds of recordkeeping. Those records collectively make Mount Vernon probably the best documented a state in the Chesapeake in the 18th century, and it also made possible writing a book like this. Here's an example of the kind of exactitude and detail that he would offer his farm manager. This is his architectural design for an innovative barn for treading wheat with horses, a 16 sided barn of very complicated construction. And this is at the bottom is he provides exact details on how the lumber was to be cut. He explains which lumber was to be gathered on the estate, which was to be bought from Alexandria. But he put this together at one of the busiest times of his presidency. This is this document was sent to his manager a week before he was elected to a second term. And as he came back from the fields one day in the 1780s and he creates this remarkable count of seeds of how many seeds are in a pound and a bushel how many seeds of the various crops are needed to so various acres. And he's it's looking for an exactitude and a new kind of an efficiencies through this really quite remarkable attention to detail. He brought that same attention to detail and many of the records related to the enslaved, particularly in the work reports that I just shown. And then also in the record of the provisions of the enslaved the clothing food. And those kind of detailed records aside from the correspondents are really what make possible some reconstruction of the lives and the work of the enslaved. That record is always imperfect because it is kept almost entirely by Washington and his white managers, rather than any input from the enslaved themselves. But these these kind of plantation records and accounts allow for a much broader reconstruction of the work of the enslaved and many historians once thought was possible. And it gives some tantalizing view of people you'd like to know far more about the one person I would love to have better records for and know more about this man named David Gray. David Gray was an enslaved overseer. He had started out as a field worker. He later learned how to cradle wheat which was an especially valued trade or craft and Washington was trying to train the enslaved to do it rather than to hire white traders to do it at an enormous expense. And then in 1770, David Gray is made an overseer only the second enslaved overseer of the farm where he had worked. He continues this overseer for 30 years. He works on several different of the farms. Over that time he probably knew the land and the patterns of farming better than anyone, maybe better than Washington because Gray was there as a supervisor of labor and a farming during the long years that Washington was away in the revolution and again as president. So all the records and the many references to David Gray. This document is the only one that has any indication of his mark is quite literal mark that he apparently was not able to write, but we do have this one receipt that he marks is in receipt for having been paid for by Poultry that he raised for Martha Washington, just after the death of George Washington, and that mark is the one indication of Gray himself. He was able to like the other enslaved overseers great received some small cash payments from Washington, and he apparently used those to buy poultry that he could then sell. He also, after the death of Washington and the sale of the livestock, maybe Gray was able to purchase a cow or quite remarkable purchase for an enslaved person, but he was not able to purchase his own freedom or in any other way gain it. And he was one of the so called Dower slaves, those that were controlled by the Custis estate, Washington was able to use their labor during his marriage to Martha Custis. But upon his death and Martha's death, the Dower slaves were divided among the Custis grandchildren and David Gray remained enslaved for all of this attention to detail. So that Washington never loses sight of a much grander aspirational vision of farming that he's trying to implement at at Mount Vernon. It was a great deal of agricultural society of Philadelphia society for improving agriculture, of which Washington was inducted as an honorary member and she was in a great deal of correspondence and gained a lot of practical assistance from. And it presents this this very aspirational notion of what farming will contribute to the nation. I presented the goddess of agricultural is here presented with a crown of 13 stars. This improvement society like Washington was focused. They had a vision for agriculture in the United States but it was focused primarily on trying to bring the best of British agriculture to to the new United States. Washington from the later years of his service in the Revolutionary War, he starts to talk about make references to the vine and fig tree of life under the vine and fig tree and anticipation of his life after the Revolutionary War. And he sees those biblical references including the many about turning swords into plowshares this is representative of a new kind of peaceful era that he think will be based on agricultural improvement and a shared culture of agricultural improvement with other nations and particularly great, great Britain. He bonds with a lot of British agriculturalists in their mutual rejection of the mercantilism that they think had led to war. And, and that they believe that they're in this joint effort, and they engage in an almost global exchange of agricultural knowledge and of agricultural plant material agricultural implements. This this image here of what's called General Washington's jackass hardly seems like the start of a new era of enlightened exchange, but in fact it was that this is this is a documentation of Washington's first improvement project after the Revolutionary War. He decided that he wanted to breed mules, and that mules were supposed to be superior to all other draft animals in their endurance and their longevity, and also in the cost of their upkeep, and he decides he wants to procure a Spanish jackass, which was considered the best animal from which to breed mules, but they were prohibited from export from Spain. And when he sends out some letters trying to find out how he might get one, it sets in play a whole network of highest level of diplomatic circles in, in, in Europe, and it also attracts the attention of the King of Spain, Charles, King Charles III recognizes that this is a new way of supporting their ally in the Revolutionary War, and he orders that one of our two of the prize animals would be sent to Washington in the United States. The one that survived was named Royal Gift. And when he comes in, he's almost a kind of celebrity in his own right. He's pictured here in this Massachusetts farmers almanac. And also his journey from Massachusetts where he's landed to Mount Vernon is covered in the newspapers, and he attracts the interest of other agricultural improvers throughout the United States ranging from John Jay in New York to the political elite in Charleston, South Carolina, who all want to bring their mares for breeding with Royal Gift at, at, at Mount Vernon. And over the next 15 years, Washington participated in this global network of of scientific and agricultural exchange that extends mostly through the patterns of the British Empire, but also through diplomatic channels of of the United States. He received seeds and plants from all over the world. He is planting wheat from Cape Colony in Southern Africa from the Barbaric coast and in Africa, he even receives weight that was sent to him by agricultural in Great Britain, that supposedly was seed that had been given by Catherine the Great of Russia to George III. And so Washington is connected with this whole world of both improvement and also exploration of the natural world and exchange of plant exchange. It also includes agricultural implements. He gets plows from from Great Britain. And most importantly, it includes even more books to add to his library. And he again returns to his practice of taking detailed notes from agricultural treatises that he can apply those lessons to performing at Mount Vernon. In, in return, Washington welcomed many, many visitors to him who pilgrimage to Mount Vernon, and he offered them a view of an agricultural landscape and unlike anything else in the United States. This is the famous five farm maps, five farms map that he draws in 1793. And it shows the extent to which he had completely reworked the landscape at Mount Vernon to incorporate British, British farming. And the visitor from one of the visitors, people who came to Mount Vernon recognized that it just looked different from any other farms in the United States, particularly those in Virginia. A visitor from Europe couldn't believe that Washington had not been to Europe because he had so completely absorbed the ideas of agricultural landscape. And also the visitors recognize the civic purpose of what Washington was trying to do. The new French minister to the United States came to Mount Vernon and walks with Washington on a circuit of all the farms and he wrote back later and said that the barns that he was building were a monument to patriotism that these were showing the way for other American farmers. And this is a detail from that map which shows that he also was creating vistas and views that connected the different farms. And so in other words, it's it's agriculture on display to the visitors. Here is the farm with the long tree lined alley that went to the grandest barn that he built of all at Union Farm. And then in this image of Mount Vernon that was painted by Savage in in the late 1780s or early 90s was one of the very few that showed the housing that was provided for enslaved families to the right of Mount Vernon is what was known as the house for families. And when these visitors who came to Mount Vernon, of course, not only saw the agricultural improvements but they saw the large number of enslaved laborers who are carrying out Washington's innovations who were responsible for the changes and innovations that he had brought to Mount Vernon. And just just as agriculturalists on both sides of the Atlantic recognize the powerful symbol of the general turned farmer. So, a new generation of anti slavery advocates. And Washington convinced that Washington's support for their cause and Washington's emancipation of his own enslaved laborers would add immeasurably to the abolitionist movement and encourage other people to join with him or at least that's what they thought. Washington becomes one of the most important objects of the appeals of these abolitionists that he becomes their special target among all the founders. The first appeal was that's documented is from Lafayette, who invited Washington to join him in an experiment to educate enslaved laborers to be self supporting and independent tenants on the land. And Washington received other personal appeals from religious leaders, such as the Methodist clergy who wanted him to support a petition for gradual abolition in Virginia or the Quaker leaders who came to him in New York to ask him to as president to support petitions to Congress for the freedom of slaves. And the French abolitionist, Jean-Pierre Brousseau came to Mount Vernon with a very special appeal that he wanted Washington to establish and be the leader of a new abolitionist society in Virginia. And Brousseau, like many of the others who appealed to Washington, would they recalled the language of liberty from the revolution and they called on Washington as the hero of American liberty to now extend that kind of liberty to be enslaved laborers at his estate. And hopefully that that would then lead to further emancipation of enslaved laborers throughout the United States. And Brousseau called Washington said it was appropriate that the man he called the savior of America would become the liberator of hundreds of thousands of enslaved blacks in the United States. And these appeals to Washington, including some that were harshly critical in the press, continue through throughout his life. And apart from the very few private comments that Washington makes and supported gradual abolition, the change in his attitude towards slavery is really only evident in his record of farming and his record as as an agricultural improvement. And in the years after he first heard the appeals of abolitionists, he attempted institutes new ways of managing enslaved labor and he attempts to shield the enslaved from the worst and most inhumane parts of what he thinks of the most inhumane aspects of slavery. He resolves not to be involved in the purchase or sale of enslaved laborers. He resolves to protect the families of the enslaved. He insists that his managers provide adequate food and medical care. And he also tries to discourage the use of violent punishment, especially in a violent punishment used in coercion for the coercion of labor. And in a way that mirrored similar efforts in the Caribbean and among other people, including Thomas Jefferson, he thought he could make slavery more rational and humane. Washington in some ways thought he could try to improve slavery like he was improving agriculture. But by making these resolutions and guaranteeing some minimal protections of obviously Washington return increases his demand for labor. And he thinks that in return he that the enslaved people owe him what he calls their duty to work from sun up to sundown and to do all of the labor that they are physically capable of carrying out. So I said, it's difficult to write about slavery at Mount Vernon because of the silences that are imposed on the enslaved, the fact that they are not able to leave their own mark in the record. But as I worked on this project I came to recognition that Washington created his own silences that make it further difficult to document his life as an enslaver and his changing attitudes towards slavery. When Lafayette first approached him about the experiment to prepare the enslaved for freedom, Washington replies that it gives some vague support and affirmation that he'd like to help him. But he also says that any discussion that should wait till you're at Mount Vernon and that becomes a pattern where Washington reserves for conversations that are undocumented, any kind of detailed talk about steps away from slavery, any kind of consideration of emancipation or or freedom for the enslaved. And it's that record that makes the study of Washington as a farmer so important for understanding his eventual path to emancipation of the enslaved. And it's in this famous map that I had already shown of the five farms was actually created as Washington's first step toward what he thought would be a program that would allow him to emancipate the enslaved, or at least find some other kinds of of less brutal dependency for them. And he creates this map in 1793 as part of a very elaborate plan that he has to lease his farms to scale British farmers who would come and take over his improvements, continue his improvements, but who would not rely on enslaved labor. And that the money they provided Washington he hoped would allow him to free the enslaved. He suggests at one point that they might then work as hired laborers. Other people who advised him said that they might be able to work as tenants, but it's all part of this plan that he puts forth in 1793 and draws this map as a way of showing the British farmers what would be available for them to lease. And how Washington got to this point is somewhat harder to document, but there's definitely a change that takes place during his presidency. And that he comes to the recognition that the kind of agricultural system that he wants to implement, the kind of enlightened agriculture that he hopes to implement at Vernon is incompatible with slavery. And as president he gets a much broader perspective on American agriculture and he begins to understand the ways in which reliance on slavery separated Virginia and Maryland from other parts of the country to the north that were engaged in the same kind of farming but without the reliance on slavery. And it's particularly his residents in Pennsylvania where he closely observes farming while he's there as president. And he comes to the conclusion that Pennsylvania has improved agriculture much more than Virginia, not because they have greater advantages, the soil is better. Rather he concludes that is because Pennsylvania has provided for the gradual abolition of slavery and that Virginia has not but that he's convinced Virginia and Maryland will need to adopt that gradual abolition if they were going to keep up and compete with the improved farming of Pennsylvania. Of course, Washington understood that the Virginians were not going to he acknowledges that to Brasau and others that Virginians are not going to endorse gradual abolition. And at that point, he decides that he's going to have to try to find a way to do it himself. And it was first through this plan of leasing the farms to British farmers was a wildly impractical idea. He refused to lease the farms to any American farmers, said he wouldn't hand it over to the slobberly farmers of the United States. And despite the support of a number of British correspondents and trying to recruit people it never, it never happens. And so Washington is left to his own actions and just in the summer of 1799. And just five months before his unexpected death, Washington drafted the will that would provide for the freedom of more than 120 enslaved people at Mount Vernon. And he ensured that the enslaved ones freed would those that were older and firm would be cared for that the young would be trained to take care of themselves and be soft supporting. But beyond that he offered no, he offered no principle statement of opposition to slavery, and he never explains what it was he was hoping to accomplish whether he expected other people to follow his actions, but they didn't. And as he rightly anticipated probably that very few Virginians would would share his ideal and it would not lead to a wave of emancipation as the abolitionists at home. Several, just in closing several years after he resumed his life as as a full time farmer after the Revolutionary War. Washington and wrote said that the life of the husband was the most delectable life of all. He said that to see plants rise from the earth and flourish by by the superior skill and bounty of the labor of hills that contemplated mind with ideas which are more easy to be conceived then expressed was a kind of poetic expression we don't normally associate with Washington, but it's one that you find throughout his vision of farming, and it was that ideal of a natural bounty. And of the rural landscape and the dignity of labor that it originally attracted him to the model of British husbandry in the 1760s, and that had guided his further adoption of British style husbandry in the 1780s. And visitors to Mount Vernon coming into the most public room this is the freeze in the new room at Mount Vernon Washington decorated both the walls and the ceiling with sort of the symbols of this kind of improved agriculture and lightened agriculture that he had adopted from Great Britain. He also was convinced that his engagement with that enlightened world of of of agricultural improvement would bring about a new kind of peace. And this is for the top crowning decoration of Mount Vernon this vein that he designed at the piece of dove. Again, recalling the scriptural prescriptions to learn war no war as part of the turning into plowshares. And then he was convinced that this agricultural improvement would allow the new nation to both engage in peaceful commerce, and also it would establish a kind of political stability based on with the stewardship of the land that discouraged haphazard movement of the West. But that ideal of rural life remains in her out Washington's life remained in conflict with a system of labor that depended on coercion and a denial of individual liberty. And in this book I tried to recover not just, but I think it's an essential dimension of Washington as a farmer. I've also tried to show how his pursuit of a particular model of agricultural improvement, ultimately and uniquely to him convinced him that slavery had no place in an enlightened and commercially prosperous new nation. Thank you. I have a few questions here at time to answer. Very good question that many people have asked is, it says, can you discuss if the cultivation of various crops such as weed as opposed to other crops affected the number of enslaved workers Washington needed. And many people have thought so and I've written in the past that once he transitions to wheat that he no longer has the need for as many enslaved laborers but that's not true. He finds productive employment for enslaved laborers. He actually continues to buy enslaved laborers after he transitions to read. Because wheat, as he implements it depends on a much greater diversity of crafts. And so he employs more of the enslaved in these crafts. He's building a whole infrastructure at the farm of barns and and also there is just more work to maintain the kind of fields that are necessary wheat requires far more land than than tobacco as a crop it requires less work on a daily basis than tobacco but it requires far more land. And so Washington actually increases his need for enslaved laborers or his demand for enslaved laborer after the transition to wheat. And through most of his life he is able to find productive work for the enslaved laborers, and that it's only in the mid late 1790s that he finally decides that he has more labor than he can productively employed. Another question, did Washington's agricultural activities affect his presidency, I would say yes, very much so. And he sees himself as sort of agricultural representative of the United States. He puts together a remarkable survey of American agriculture. It's not a part of his official duties. But he receives a request from a leading agriculturalist and very frightened Arthur Young, and Washington calls on a number of the leading farmers who were also part of the government. Most notably Thomas Jefferson, and he puts together this extensive report on American farming. He also tries very hard to get Congress to endorse an institution comparable to what the British Parliament had established. A Board of Agriculture that would do surveys of agriculture like the one he had carried out but would also recommend national legislation. So he begins to see a more active role for government in the promotion of agriculture. Congress does not pass that Board of Agriculture chose great disappointment. And let me see what else is here. A question, did enslaved laborers help manage Mount Vernon during the war? Washington has two enslaved overseers who are running plantations who are supervising the farming and the labor at those plantations, Morris at the Doverun Plantation, and David Gray, the man I had spoken about who is then at Muddy Hole Plantation. And they play a very important role in trying to find some way of increasing revenue during the Revolutionary War when markets are interrupted. He has them grow tobacco, he had given up tobacco, but he thinks maybe he could make some money from that. And he instructs both of those of the two overseers who are involved in because they had been involved with tobacco before. And he's really successful as an experiment more because of disruption of tobacco markets, rather than the work of. So Christian here were black laborers, Washington's only slaves. There's no one enslaved in Mount Vernon who is not black. But what is important is to recognize that Washington's ever entirely dependent on slave labor. He throughout his life hires a number of white skilled craftsmen usually, and also indentured servants. He is purchasing in the time and service of indentured servants throughout his time as a farmer. What's interesting is that after 1785, he requires most of those indentured servants as part of their contract with him to also train enslaved laborers in their craft. There'd be bricklaying or ditchers who are the people who drain the fields and maintain the boundaries of the plantation. That's all the questions that we have here. And if there aren't any others, I just want to thank you all for listening to this. And I hope you found it. That's something new about George Washington. So thank you.


Assalamu alaikum my name is Dr. Naima Hassan. Earlier we have discussed about few challenges and issues we may come across during e-learning and e-teaching. Now we will move on to some striking solution to deal with these issues and challenges in e-teaching. First of all I will share some competence tools required for effective and efficient e-teaching. Then we will discuss about a few of key attributes a teacher must possess for effective and efficient e-teaching. First of all we will start with the top of the list strategy that is getting technological proficiency. Before moving on to the strategies we should keep in our mind that in any virtual institution or distance learning institution students are coming from different socio-economic backgrounds as well as different ethnic backgrounds. There is no certain age limits for the student. Students are as young as 18 to 19 years and as old as 55 to 60 years. And also in all the educational institutes students have multiple intellectual and educational capabilities. Some students are high achievers who need no attention and effort from their teachers to get good grades in the exams. Then comes the average performers who need little help from the teachers to get the new concept. Then comes the struggling students who need maximum attention and effort and engagement from the teachers to get good grades and to process any new information particularly in virtual environment. So let's start with technological proficiency. It is really important to deliver the content efficiently and promptly in a virtual setup that you have access to reliable tools that is for example you need computers, you need a laptop or you need a tablet or any other gadget to deliver the content. And also you must have a stable good strong internet connection to deliver the content effectively. As we said earlier, access to reliable devices and getting necessary IT proficiency. Along with this, it is very important that we keep ourselves up to date with recent innovations and updates in the industry and in academia. When you have to deal with the students and to handle the content in a virtual setup or particularly in asynchronous mode, you need to keep yourself updated with new technologies with new software tools and new innovations related to the ICT. Because content you are delivering in a virtual setup is asynchronous. So these will be very helpful if you get yourself updated with the new upcoming software or communication tools and platforms. Next is understanding of the user interfaces. Students' complaints, queries, emails, you can see or assess that students have no basic orientation about the system. For that, it is very important to deal efficiently and promptly with that issue that you also go through all the user interfaces you have to deal during the effective e-teaching or during the deliverance of the content. Student upco for example, we get so many queries through emails and MDBs that they don't know where to download, how to download the course handouts, where to contact, how to contact course instructor and where to find the information regarding course instructor, how to submit the assignment or how to submit a particular file on LMS. Issues related to these, you can assess through their MDBs and emails content. To deal with these, it is really important that you explore each and every tab of the LMS on administrative side and on demo side, that is the student side interface. There is no harm in explore and experiment with each and every tab of the LMS because LMS is the main medium through which you communicate, through which you deliver the content to the students. Also, it will help you to give basic orientation to the students. In addition to interfaces, it is recommended to go through all the rules and regulations available on the website, available on the desktop, available on the Viz, available on any other platform, student handbook. You should also go through interfaces, go administrative point of view and you should also go through the student perspective. Then you will be able to effectively and efficiently guide the student. Next, I would suggest that to deal with these kinds of basic issues. For example, a student doesn't have to connect to the internet, students don't have to official VU email ID. Students have a problem to upload an assignment, students have a problem to download an assignment. Students don't know where to see the course calendar, where to see the grading scheme, where to see the course instructor's information, so before directly dealing with them, you can do this beforehand that you provide resources for them. You can provide resources on LMS in what way you can add such basic queries to FAQs. Plus, you can provide them written guidelines available on LMS, available on Viz. Also, you can upload short video tutorials regarding these basic queries such as, for example, a student is having a problem to attempt a quiz, for that, you need to add a certain extension related to this, you can upload a short video tutorial on how to attempt the quiz on LMS, how to upload the assignment file, where to find the course information, where to find the course instructor information. Next, we will be discussing few key attributes that a teacher must possess for effective e-teaching. First of all, it is really important to be adaptable and to be flexible for the students. Students' needs, as we discussed, students have a diverse population in the virtual system, distance learning programs, different backgrounds, different learning abilities, different learning paths, or paces, or styles. It means that students' needs and queries and issues will also be as diverse as they are. So, those diverse needs and queries and issues are very important to deal with, that a teacher may be an adaptive or flexible attitude, flexible attribute, so that they can address their queries well. As we discussed earlier, it is really important to keep ourselves updated with new tools and platforms. For example, if you get a query from an overseas student, where Skype or Google Meet doesn't work, but student has to appear in Viva or he or she has to communicate with you for some issues regarding assignment or LMS or so on, and Skype or Google Meet doesn't work, so you have different platforms, communication tools, and software knowledge that you can provide to get in touch or to take him or her online. Next, as we discussed earlier, you should be updated with innovation. It is very important in another perspective. Your content, in this synchronous mode, your content is the major medium through which you contact students, you make connections with them, you establish rapport through your content. Your content should be interactive, engaging, and to make that content engaging or interactive, different softwares, different tools, communication tools, or interactive tools through which we can make the content engaging or interactive. So, it is very important to be updated with those software tools or features. And to use all these features for students, we can only be motivated or use this content effectively when we are adaptive to these new features, these new innovations, or we are flexible to cater all the needs of the students. Students' time, for example, students' time zone difference, student overseas student or student, a student does a job, but during job hours, after his job hours, after his duty hours, he needs to be in contact with you, so you must make yourself that much adaptable and flexible to deal with the... to address his or her queries. Next, strategy or key attribute to deliver the content or being an efficient e-teacher is effective communication. Effective communication is a vital part of your effective e-teaching journey. Before moving on to the effective communication techniques or skills or tips, we should understand, to communicate effectively, it is really important to know about other's perspective. It is important to know about students' perspective. If you don't know the students' queries from their perspective, then effective communication might get difficult. For effective communication, it is very important to know the students' perspective as well. With some examples, let's discuss this perspective. For example, students are posting MDBs or queries on LMS under the tab of a video lesson that present-present, you get multiple queries of students writing present, it shows, a student has no idea about marking attendance or if the attendance or if the marking attendance is compulsory or not. It means that the students clearly didn't deliver these instructions that it is not necessary to mark attendance after a lecture. For example, you can see an example on your screens that student is posting a query on MDB forum that assalaamu alaikum, I don't understand this course is difficult. With this small query, we learn about multiple things. Student, first of all, if you are greeting, it means that he or she knows that someone is on the other side available to address our query. But student has no idea about how to communicate effectively and clearly his or her concerns. Student, you don't even know the student's query that he or she has to face the issue in which topic, in which concept. Where he or she has to face the difficulty. Also, this can also happen. Student has enrolled many difficult courses in this semester and he is very frustrated due to excessive workload or difficult courses. So, how would a straight reply be? Extended reply, you can see on the screen. Dear student, please watch the video lesson and consult the handouts for clarity of concept. This is a concise to the point. But this student is not guiding, helping response is not. So, it is really important to answer the student question, answer the student query in a clear and in a detailed manner. For that purpose, interactive approach, engaging approach, encouraging approach that is appreciative inquiry is recommended. In response to this example, how can a good comprehensive reply be one of the examples you can see on your screen? That is, If the student has started with your query greeting, then it should start with a culturally appropriate greeting. I hope you are doing well. Writing a statement like this or deliver a sense of connection, sense of concern with students through your response, a sense of concern established by adding such statements. I understand this can be little difficult for you to grasp the new concepts. Please do let me know the concept you are facing, difficulty. I'll try to explain it to you. Feel free to contact me on the particular email ID. You can provide your email ID. You can provide your Skype ID, any other official in contact information. Then finish your answer with best wishes and your name. Next, we will discuss another element of effective communication that is timely and constructive feedback. It is important. We all know that it is really important to provide the feedback timely and in a constructive manner to the students. For example, a student's quiz is scheduled and one day before that, a query related to the quiz is being asked through MDB or email. And you reply after 48 hours, after 72 hours, after two or three days, then there will be no benefit of that feedback. So it is important to provide the feedback in a timely manner and in a constructive manner. If your response is short to the point, it will not be in a constructive manner, it will not be clearly written, then there will be no benefit of that feedback. Next, I will share a few techniques and tips for interactive approach while communicating to your student or while when you are involved in creating content for the course, it is important to opt for interactive approach. Always, it is suggested and recommended to always use first-person narrative while writing your responses or email replies to the students. So using first-person narrative while communicating to the students, establish a sense of concern. Students' idea is that a person or the instructor available on other side knows about you. For this, there is a feature available in LMS or you can know about the student information through which the student's ID or the student's identity is available in email or in MDB. Take further information from that information and address it with its name while writing your response. It will reflect your concern, your connectedness. After greeting the student in the response, it is advised, it is recommended that you divide the student's query in smaller chunks. Divide the student's query into chunks and review it to see what it is asking. It can be in a query. It may be asking you about multiple issues but it is not clearly written. It is not clearly stated. So it is recommended that you divide the student's query content in smaller chunks, review it and then answer it step by step. Then conclude your answer with some best wishes and your name. Writing your name, designation and contact information will help the student to contact you in an efficient manner and also student will have the idea about the course instructor or the person who is responding on the other side. We talked about students' queries and how to use interactive approach. Now we will discuss briefly about the interactive content and interactive LMS features. In this increased mode, the content is communicated through the students. Your content and course content should be so enriched and interactive that the student feels the reflection of live teaching. So it is important to make your content interactive using different tools and different techniques interactive techniques. For example, you can add animated video in the content. You can add formative assessment in the content. You can add pictures and you can add pictures in the content to facilitate the student learning. Also, in LMS, many features already are working on the interactive approach. You must explore new ideas and innovations to make your LMS or any other medium you are using to communicate with the student more interactive.  Next, we will discuss a vital key attribute of being an effective and efficient e-teacher Being an empathetic person or teacher also helps us dealing effectively in teaching and as well as in our daily life.  Empathy is important to know about what empathy is there is a misconception that empathy is feeling sorry for someone that is sympathy that you feel sorry for someone you show support and concern just because that you are feeling sorry for someone but empathy is sensing other people's emotions mirroring someone's feelings really listening to what others have to say putting yourself in others shoe imagining how someone is feeling it identify how a person is feeling feeling overwhelmed by others tragedy it is also imagine what someone is actually thinking after acknowledging or knowing about others emotions and conditions and perspective you should support and concern to others that is empathy To deal with students effectively showing empathy is very important if you are a empathetic teacher a empathetic person in your student's queries by replying students' queries empathy will reflect empathy in your responses in your replies by dealing with students will reflect empathy helps us in many aspects being an empathetic co-worker or empathetic person it helps us in conflict resolution in problem solving for example there are some courses which has a huge number of students we are working in teams so being a team member or being a team lead or working in a group it is important to have empathetic values and empathetic traits when you inculcate and establish empathy as a personality trait in your personality it helps you to stay motivated it helps you to cultivate a conducive and inclusive environment in your office or in your teaching it reflects in your teaching and everyday dealing with others earlier we have discussed how being an empathetic person helps us in being an effective e-teacher and a good co-worker and a good person if we experience empathy on a daily basis and practice being a team worker being a teacher being a homemaker it helps us in every aspect effective or being an empathetic teacher will help you in delivering the content efficiently and effectively it will help you to communicate with your students promptly and in an effective way it also helps you to work in a better environment around you earlier we have discussed few key attributes such as adaptability flexibility empathy and support effective communication skills now I will share a few time management and organization tips and tricks to work efficiently and to deal with the students effectively first of all it is strongly recommended that if you are working in a virtual setup while working in a virtual setup it is strongly recommended that you establish a routine it will help you to deliver the content to the students it will help you to complete your task in a timely manner and you will feel you will stay motivated you will feel accomplished accomplishment and achievement if you establish a routine you know that you are coming to office and you are doing the particular task in that specific of time next it is while establishing a routine it is important while establishing a routine is important to set priorities prioritize your task according to your according to their need to be addressed for example as we discussed earlier students queries questions in a timely manner giving feedback and answering is very important according to this you can prioritize your daily task setting priorities can be according to your daily task prioritize your task according to the weekly goals next a helpful technique while setting our goals is setting priorities prioritize your task according to the urgency to address those queries or those tasks for example in the first half of your working hours you may prioritize the task of replying or responding to the student queries so that you can timely and constructive feedback to the students then you can prioritize your other office or departmental related work according to their need to be addressed this will help you to complete the task in an efficiently and timely manner next is it is recommended that you prepare yourself for a certain activity or task in advance for example if you have scheduled a Google Meet session or a session to communicate or to address the students queries in a particular course you should prepare for that session in advance it is recommended that you go through the content that you have to deliver during the session you go through the list of the students you get the idea from which region students are coming in that particular session and for example students have to appear in Viva you must go through the content from which you have to ask questions and queries and you go through the list of the students in a timely manner so these tips will help you to deal these tips will help you to complete the task in a timely manner next technique is a really important technique to work efficiently and promptly in a virtual setup that is use time blocks divide your day and divide your working hours or divide your tasks in smaller time blocks assign specific working hours to a specific task do not exceed the time limit while working on that particular task try to complete that task in those assigned hours it will help you to keep yourself motivated keep yourself disciplined and focused in the end you will realize that you have completed the work in efficient manner next is limit multitasking do one task at a time so that you are completely focused on that particular task and your attention is not diverted to any other issue it will enhance the quality of your work it will enhance the quality of your performance as well last strategy is to evaluate and reflect all your duties you have performed all the strategies you have opted to complete the task in a timely manner please it is recommended that you go through each and every task and the strategy you have opted to complete that task so that you can have an idea about how effective that strategy work for you if a strategy doesn't work effectively for you then you should move on to another effective strategy to complete your task and to perform well in your duties lastly I will discuss a few elements that you need to incorporate in your personality as a teacher, as a human being to access to gain personal excellence it is really important and crucial to inculcate these attributes and personality traits in your personality for being an effective e-teacher for being an effective co-worker and a good human being first of all is avoid procrastination procrastination is the worst enemy of a e-teacher it is enemy of being an efficient teacher but it is particularly can be damaging for a e-teacher or a person who is working in a virtual environment that to avoid procrastination it is important to stay focused and disciplined if you are following our disciplined routine if you are focusing on a task one at a time if you are establishing a routine if you are setting your goals appropriately according to the priorities and you are time blocking for your task and you are doing one task at a time this will help you to stay focused and disciplined and you can avoid procrastination till now we have talked about some attributes through which we can be a good effective e-teacher and a good human being so far our communication and discussion around those students as a team member or working in office with multiple co-workers next topic that I am going to discuss self-care that should be the utmost priority in your list it is said that you cannot pour from an empty cup you are most important to prioritize yourself if you are not motivated you don't take care of yourself if you are not a fully functioning person you cannot be an effective e-teacher you are a good human being a beneficial member of that particular community cannot be working in a virtual setup requires maximum effort and exhausting working hours exhausting and excessive screen time which disturbs your physical health sometimes and if your physical health is disturbed your mental health will also be disturbed for example if you are not getting enough appropriate amount of sleep it will first of all it will affect your mental health you can have mood swings or you can have fatigue and you can have symptoms you can experience symptoms of burnout while working in office so it is really important to prioritize your physical health and mental health as well for that particular for that particular issue I would advise you to take short breaks if you are working for 8 hours dedicated for a system then you can have 1 hour particularly for yourself do whatever you like in that particular hour just for yourself for your mental health for your physical health get good sleep or you can just relax while listening to the music or you can read or you can you can do some physical exercise you can meditate there are multiple activities to relax to prioritize your physical and mental well being so when we achieve the optimum level of when we take care of ourselves of our physical and mental health it will help you to establish sense of openness to new experiences it is important for being a successful person for being a good human being and lastly a good effective efficient e-teacher it is really important to keep yourself open to new experiences for new learning experiences and to growth a conscious continuous learning and growth mindset is a key to ensure a consistent growth path in your life it is really important to know that a conscious continuous learning and growth mindset is a key to ensure a� but in your life keep learning keep growing much.


Who, taking me down memory lane, were you at a point in your career, were you your own agent? I'm still my own agent. Do you? How you think you got this interview? Did you call my agent? Did you call my agent? Who did you call? You called my homeboy. You called my homeboy. And he called me. And that's how we got through it. Yeah. All right, Baron. Like the most disrespectful thing about you is that you don't even know what you're doing. You don't even know what you're doing. He called me. And that's how we got through it. Yeah. All right, Baron. Like the most disrespectful thing about basketball is crossing the dude up, making him fall or dunking on a man. I used to want to like dunk on guys all the time. I used to dunk on my cousins. It was on official price goal, but still, I got somebody once, but the rim was bent a little bit so it don't technically count. But you've got one of the most disrespectful, one of the most amazing dunks in NBA, in NBA history, I got to say, what is that moment like and how exhilarating is it? It's a packed crowd there in Oakland, and it's a playoff game. Anybody a guy? Man, it was crazy.  And so for me, it was just one of those moments. Like I knew I caught him slipping. You know what I mean? And, you know, what's that? I didn't even know if I made it. I just looked to the bench and that's when I knew because everybody was like, oh my god. I was like, oh, yeah, I got him. So I didn't know what it was happening at all so fast, but it was like happening in slow motion. You know what I mean?  Was business something that you were always interested in? Was it something growing up or something that sparked it? To make you want to take things a step further? Well, I was, I always say, you know, I always consider myself a hustler. Right. And so when you grow up with nothing and you see people that like I've always been in the middle, right, of the haves and the have nots, but more on the have not side and then all the way to the haves. You know what I mean? But as, as I live and as I grew up, I always kind of found myself, you know, in this middle ground and trying to figure out like, where do I fit, right? In this space. And so when it was time for me to decide to live out on my own, I was already by myself, right? Because, you know, it'd have been great to have an agent, right?  But at the same time, I never would have gotten into film. I never would have gotten into investing, right? I would have been limited, right? And so the more people I figured I had around me that came from the traditional space, the more I was going to limit my opportunity for growth. And I know a lot of people always say, wait till you're retired and start investing, then start doing this. But I think the best time to experience all the things that you're going to go through, right, is in your 20s and your 30s. And so if I was just playing basketball in my 20s and 30s, then I wouldn't be aware of all the things that's happening in the world or aware of who I wanted to be when this is over, you know what I mean? And so that's for me. It was like, man, I got to write my own narrative. You know what I mean? I got to punch my own ticket and, you know, it always stuck, it always stuck to me that, you know, I would be able to write my narrative, right? I would be able to write my story. So when I go to write my book, right, you know, what kind of story do I want to tell, right? And so that led me into different directions of business and, you know, cultural things and looking to just expand my horizons. So I could experience it all, right, when I have the opportunity to. So how did that start? How did that pop into, this is what I'm doing. Well, my first three years, my first three years of being introduced to the NBA for three summers in a row, when I had an agent, I just sit in his office all day after I worked out. And because I'm nosy, I have to ask what everybody does. And then because I'm annoying, I have to sit in on everybody's meetings, right? And because I'm curious, I start looking at, like, hey, man, can I look through these papers like, yeah, it's public records. So, you know, I started looking at NBA contracts and things like that and start studying a lot of the players in the company, their contracts, Kobe, Jermaine, O'Neill, Chase McGready, Reggie Miller, all these dudes just sit back and do research. And then, you know, when the time came for me to re-up for another contract, I figured that, you know, the 4% should go to my agent, my new agent, which is me. One of the things I appreciate about you is your mindset about paying it forward. And I heard you in an interview not long ago, talk about financial literacy and that word almost being barbed wire for people who want to expand their mind and get involved and try to understand it a little bit better. Tell me about your upbringing and what sparked this idea in your heart about paying it forward and the things that you experienced and helping others along the way. Like I said, I come from South Central Los Angeles, the east side borderline Watts and, you know, literally where I came from was crack, cocaine, gangbanging, shootouts, drugs, you know, police, police brutality, shootouts against the police. Like there was, there was, I'm trying to, in church, right, and every now and again, we, you know, we have some, some fun time playing sports to keep us, to keep us active. And so I would say, you know, just kind of coming from that environment and then saying, and then, you know, by the grace of God being picked, one of anybody could add this opportunity. I realized that, you know, and my grandmother told me that I had an opportunity to do something, right, and to be responsible, to be presentable and, and, and I never forget my uncle used to tell me, like, all my grandmother wanted was for her kids to be sharp, respectful, smart, intelligent and presentable, right.  And so when I look at it, I think about all my friends that didn't make it, right, and how they could have end up in jail. Well, they were going to jail, they were in and out of jail. And so for me, it was like, I can't go this way and they go that way. So I have to come back and pull them up and get them on the surface so we can get three or four or five more Baron Davises. Now, if we get that out our neighborhood, we can go on the neighborhood and now you got to worry about gangs, drugs, violence, police brutality, right, because we have the economic resources, we have the community, you know, sustainability and togetherness to actually do it. And another thing I appreciate about you, man, is you're multifaceted.  They're guys that are, you know, more than just an actor. They have interest in other things they want to get into. Matter of fact, you hosted a show, How I Rock it. I used to watch that bad boy and see how stylish the show was and how you show a different side of people and things like that. Always appreciated that. And you with film, tell me about the movie that you that you've got coming out real soon.  And this lady came up to me and was like, you should be a director. And I was like, I want to be a director. She was like, I'll, I'll, I'll finance a movie if you want to direct it. And I was like, I don't know about directing. I'm the movie. So I said, all right, I got one. And so with that, with that, we have a movie, Domino Battle of the Bones. I got David Arquette, Snoop Dogg, Scruncho. Some social media, you know, Rising Stars and famous Losers in it, the Instagram Big Job.  And what I wanted to do was create a movie that, you know, kind of dealt and felt like where we come from in Compton and LA and our culture. And Domino's is such a baseline communicative, you know, event, right?  So it's really, you know, character driven. It was my first one, but I think I did a pretty good job because we're working on number two. So they don't let me do it again. You've been around. I've tricked somebody. You've been around since and acting in different things like that yourself. So you, did you have to take like a crash course on Directing? Did you hit some people up? What was that process, process like, you know, as far as like executing your vision for the film? It was a learning experience. It was a learning experience. I realized as a director that I realized where my talent would lie. And that's in working with the artists, right? Being able to direct, you know, the artists and the actors and things like that. The hard part, I think, is just a preparation, right? Because you have to, you have to see, you have to almost like see everything before it happens and then be able to see it in the moment, right? And then be able to figure out, like, if I need to pivot and tweak it or something, you know what I mean?  It's like, hey, come back. They're like, we can't, we can't. We're late. So, you know, the first five days we went over like crazy, we just, over time was crazy. And then they told me, if we keep going over time, like they is going to have to get bumped to a new tier.  So I did it, I did it, I delivered it. It was under budget, you know, actually it was within budget.  And so I didn't want to be that, dude, you know? It was a process. It was a hell of a process. I'm a Midwest dude, living in New York now. But I felt something, you know, whether it's single 10 or some of the other films, Straight Out of Compton was another one. You know, how great a job that they do as a Caligar, Eligar yourself of capturing the essence of Los Angeles. And what? In their films. In Ministers Society? Ministers Society, Your Boys in the Hoods, you know, those kind of films, Straight Out of Compton, not long ago, you know, telling the NWA story. Like, how do you feel like? You're out of Compton, man. We're keeping it real. It was cool, but it didn't. It was it didn't give us a like that was not like that was some Hollywood. Yeah, you know what I mean? Boys in the Hood, you saw LA. You felt LA. Ministers Society, it showed you LA. You felt LA. You know what I mean?  OK, right.  And the reason why it stands out because you've never seen anything like that. You know what I mean? It was just the aesthetic, the approach, right? Like is that movie could have been made terribly wrong. You know what I mean?  And when you think about Ministers Society, it was like every shot. Right. It was a beautiful shot, right? And they made the hood feel like, you know, like one of the best backdrops and scenes that you can imagine. So, bro, I love I love movies. I find myself loving those movies where the location is like another character in the film. And that's certainly one of those. I've always I've always loved those. Whose music are you listening to these days? Mine, mine, mine. I love. Dom Kennedy, obviously, I'm always listening to that. You know, Dom Kennedy. Now listen to everybody, dude. I love everything. I listen to everything from Lil' Texas still to Red Man New Project. I listen to everybody. Uncle Murder, I listen to him. You know, I'm a DJ, so I have to listen to everybody's stuff. But, you know, I'm I'm definitely West Coast bias, you know, and I love the, you know, the Atlanta Midwest scene. So, you know, when it comes to Dom Kennedy, the Nips, the Kendricks, you know, people like that. Even the locals glasses alone problem. You know, it's like the Blue Blucks clan. I don't know if you heard it. You know, no. Hey, for real, for real. All the young homies is putting off. Yeah, man, it's some good, it's some good music, some good young music. You know, as you see, I'm in my studio, so I've been making beats and making music and stuff because I had to for my films. And so I'm going to be putting out a project pretty soon, soundtrack and then we'll be producing it. I'll be producing an EP, an EP and a project that I'm putting out. But what does music represent to you? Is it therapeutic? What does it represent? I mean, it's another opportunity to connect. I would say the reason why I make music is because I don't want to sit and write an autobiography. You know what I mean?  Where else can I go outside of, you know, basketball? I don't play anymore. That I can express myself, my point of view and, you know, all the things that I think, that I know, right? Or all the things that I want to share. Like I think music and art is the best part, whether it's poetry, you know, writing things like that.  I'm going to ask about the, you know, talking about the business ventures and things like that, things that you're really proud of and involved in, including being on the board of charge. Yeah, I think everybody needs a charge. You know, I'd say the future of this world is going to be, you know, sustainability, right? Microtransportation, last mile delivery. And, you know, with me joining the board of charge is really we want to be the picks in the shovels, right?  Recharge. Our cities and infrastructures, right? When you think about pollution and climate, you know, climate change and, you know, really trying to be all in as far as like what we can do as a people from an infrastructure standpoint, you know, I think that's where I wanted to invest my money. So, you know, it's not just about entertainment.  I think it's going to be the future of, you know, really being able to power, you know, these stations, car stations, motor home stations, office buildings, things like that. And so, you know, super grateful for the opportunity. And more importantly, it's like the reason why I took the seat is, you know, I want to be able to amplify our positions in different industries as athletes and people of color. And so, if people see me, you know, on the board of charge, then, you know, they would, they'll be interested in a whole other industry, you know, and we can allow our people of access. Haven, the way for so many, Baron, I appreciate your time, brother. Thank you so much. Appreciate it. Thank you, my dad. Absolutely.


So I guess the first thing to say about these is there's three examples in this video You can have a look at them all together or one at a time feel free to pause the video Perhaps even turn down the sound and just watch the process see if you can calculate the answers to each of these as I do them And see if we get the same answers and if you don't let me know We can always check and make sure that we haven't made any silly mistakes along the way So the first thing that we want to do is we want to have a look at what happens to the pH of a solution after it's been diluted So here we have Some nitric acid HNO3 in solution We know that the initial volume of the solution is five mils and I'm already going to convert that to point zero zero five liters Only because I know that if I'm looking at concentrations in moles per liter I'm going to have to get that back to liters just for consistency sake so you can see I've also got an initial Concentration, which is equal to point zero one moles per liter then what I'm going to do is I'm going to dilute this to a 100 mil solution so my final volume is Equal to be is going to be equal to be one hundred mils Which is going to be point one? liters and I need to calculate the pH of the dilute solution So in order to calculate the pH of the dilute solution, we need to use our formula Which is that pH is minus the log base 10 of the concentration of hydrogen ions So I need the concentration of hydrogen ions to do this question I also know that because I'm dealing with nitric acid. It's a mono protic acid So therefore if I just move it over here a little bit I know that when it ionizes in water, and I'll just simplify this a little bit to H plus ions and NO3 minus ions and of course they're aqueous The important thing is the mole ratio is going to be one to one now if I include water Which is a better way of doing it. I'm just a little bit cramped for space The ratio will still be one to one and the form of the hydrogen will be the hydronium ion H3O plus and that's fine So what I need is this concentration So what I want to know is what is the final concentration of the solution and then that's what I'm going to plug into my equation So in order for me to do that. I'm going to need to Have to find the relationship between the initial solution and the final solution Now I know that I always put my name on my CV So the number of moles is equal to the concentration multiplied by the volume Now one of the important things about this is if I look at the initial number of moles I can multiply the initial concentration by the initial volume But I'm also aware that I haven't actually added any of my Acid during the dilution. I've only added water So therefore the number of moles initially is the same as the number of moles finally So these two values are the same and what that means is that the C initial the Initial is equal to C final the final because I just put these two equal to each other Because I don't know the final one if I divide both sides by vf I'm going to be able to find the final concentration is going to be the initial concentration 0.01 multiplied by the initial volume, which is 0.005 And then I'm going to divide all of that by 0.1, which is my final volume And that is going to give me and I'll just pop this on the calculator so 0.01 times 0.005 and then divided by 0.1 is going to give me a value of 5 times 10 to the minus 4 moles per liter To find my pH then I put that value in so pH is equal to minus the log base 10 of 5 times 10 to the minus 4 and that's going to give me a pH value of 0.3. It's hard on these little slides to set these things out Vertically and make sure that you have everything neat and tidy and it and it doesn't really matter at this point as much Whether you can get to the right solution It's obviously better if you can but that you make sure that your sequence is easy for a market to follow that they know What formulas you've used what values you've used and if you have made a mistake anywhere as I may have I can go back in and check Anywhere along the line where my initial values correct where my final values correct What assumptions did I make about what was going to be used? How did I rearrange the equations in order to try and solve the problem? substitute my values find my initial Number and then use that number to calculate my final result. So setting your workout is really really important


Studying Romeo and Juliet? Let's discuss the infamous balcony scene when both Romeo and Juliet Professor love for each other. In Act 2 scene 2, Romeo witnesses Juliet and she doesn't yet know that he's snuck in and the sibilants when he says she speaks shows just how enraptured he is by her.  He's a simile winged messenger of heaven and here this is showing that Juliet is almost an angelic being. Romeo uses angel and heaven which belongs to a semantic field of religion showing that Juliet is almost this immortal heavenly being. Juliet then utters the famous O'Romeo Romeo where for art thou Romeo and the repetition of the word Romeo shows how enraptured she also is with him. Bear in mind this is also a tropical question showing that she longs to be with him. She uses the verbs deny and refuse to show that if Romeo rejected his Montague background she would also reject her Capulet background. She speaks and I am a pentameter and I'll no longer be a Capulet to show that she's actually very headstrong, very defined and she doesn't follow her family out of blind duty.


Hi, I'm Melissa Paul, Press Secretary to your Prime Minister, Honourable Philip J.P.A. I have a little bit of an announcement to make. Some news I'm sure you will be glad to hear. The government has just secured $20 million to pay out outstanding tax refund. This $20 million injection has already been allocated to the Inland Revenue Department. The Inland Revenue Department is expected to pay out $10 million in December. The remaining $10 million will be dispersed between January and March in 2024. This $10 million disbursement of tax refunds couldn't be more timely as hundreds to thousands of solutions can expect to receive their tax refund checks in time for Christmas and the holiday season. Prime Minister Pierre and the Government of Saint Lucia are committed to accelerating the tax refund process to ensure that tax payers get their refunds in a timely manner.