This study examined the social network structure of a complete population, using data collected from administrative registers of family, household, work, school, and next-door neighbors. The researchers found that the network exhibited both scale-free and small world properties, with certain layers contributing more than others. Additionally, they suggested a new measure of excess closure, which was applied in a life course perspective to show how the social opportunity structure of individuals varied across age, socioeconomic status, and education level. This article was authored by Esther Bacani, Ilkem Heimskirk and Frank W. Takes.


So we are right about to start with the last talk of the session. Please take your seats and The talk is about for Sology project Given by Michal Jager and Maximilian Huber. Let's welcome the speakers Thank you Actually the talk at 540 already Say thank you to the persons who still left So I'm wondering what to say for the persons who stay until 640. Thank you very much. Anyway So we are Maximilian and me Michael We both work on the open source project for Sology and we would like just to introduce it today very briefly in 15 minutes We are very happy to have the opportunity and Let me start so for Sology is about this notice file thing I guess you have seen maybe an open source projects already examples about notice files one more popular notice file appearance are the Legal parts and smart phones if you are interested in this like about section and then you see some legal section And then you see a lot of licenses and these are actually the licenses of the involved open source software and The basic problem is if you have larger software today, obviously you use a lot of open source software and if you would like all Would like to print all the different licenses then you need to collect collect them and Probably you would like to have some software for that and this is what for Sology is about So it's basically about Licenses if you are into the open source software licensing There are two areas where you would like to deal with scanners one scanner finds open source software that has been copied maybe to private proprietary products and The other thing is just finding the license statements in open source of here for Sology is about finding license Statements in open source of there and why is that so difficult because open source of there today is made of other open source software So if you have an open source package It's natural that you find pieces of other packages in that open source package and as such because different packages have different Licenses you will find also different licensing conditions for different parts of your open source software That's why you would like to have software scanning it. So that's one problem. You have I have here a screenshot Probably you can't even read it It's about Apache thrift. You would think that this is an Apache foundation project Usually they are well curated about licensing But this one has 20 different licensing statements for different parts inside the software because Apache thrift is about remote procedure Invocation on different programming languages and that involves different technology stacks. So you have different licenses. So that's one problem and Maybe you would say okay So what so you collect all the different licenses write some regular expression scanning thing and then you get all the licenses of your open source software involved The next problem is that licensing statements are usually not so easy to understand So I have a couple of examples that should Kind of explain what the real problem with finding out proper licensing is here We have a licensing from out of the wild from true crude software. It's actually very good software I've used it myself no offense against true crude But the licensing here is very confusing because they're saying like oh the software is actually based on some other software But we license our software on true-crypt licensing and and then you find out okay But what was the license of the other software by the way and you start researching on this? another another example is that some Persons just like software for a right software for fun and then they do licensing statements which are also fun Right, so this guy and that's also a real example from out in the wild It's it's from the ZLIP library, which is used at many many places for just doing ZLIP compression and this guy says like if you're a fan of Shigewara, don't use my software right and You can do that But the point is this statement is really hard to find by scanners, right? so you need to look at the statement maybe if you have real commercial software you want to sell in 100 thousands or So do you ask you lawyer if you are an open-source project you say like oh, that's fun Let's make another fun out of it and you start another funny license like chocolate license or be a very license or whatever But if you want to cope with it somehow you come across this one. There are two other examples which make it more complicated Here you have a common license text It's called BSD license if you are into licensing and then they have added to the license text another paragraph saying Oh, if you don't all licensing you can also go for GP a licensing This is because you want to be compatible maybe with GP a licensing and so on But the fact is this is a very custom statement about licensing and it's really tough to write scanners to Automatically identify these and interpret on these and then there are even nasty more nasty things. This is a common license text here It's also an example from open source software, which is on github I didn't put the source here because I don't want to blame the vendor here But this is about an MIT licensing. It says you can do basically with the software, whatever you want just tell who those who wrote the software and And then they have added to a standardized license statement Special sentence saying like yeah, but you can only use the software on our hardware, right?  There are a lot of open source scanners today There are fast scanners. There are scanners on Titan. There are scanners and Java You will find a lot of open source projects doing scans and open source software, but phosology is about scanning and review So that's a major difference to other projects It's not only about scanning, but it's also if you have these Ambitious cases you have in UI and can review what licensing you will you find in the software? So now I'm heading over to Maximilian so I'm This is working here. I will tell some core facts about Phosology It's open source. That's great. It's in fact even a Linux foundation collaboration project. So it's The Linux foundation supports the project and Yeah, it's gpl v2 licensed so it will stay open source and It's a Linux application which is mostly written in cmphp. It has around 100,000 lines of C and 100,000 lines of PHP the Graphical web front-end runs on Apache and There's also command line interface which can be used if one wants to have automated scans or Want to get the information into Some other systems It can be accessed via via the command line The back end of the of Phosology is also very interesting. It contains a scheduler which Which runs agents and agents in parallel and allows to so if you have a huge chunk of code you can upload it and say I want These three scanners to be run on this upload and then you can come back later once they are done And we have Postgres SQL as database and we have scripting for doc and vagrant iPhone wants to to just try it out or to deploy that makes it easier So That are just some facts Now I will try to actually show the application Yeah, it's working and is it readable or is it too small? so Actually one would need a larger Resolution for that, but I will try to work with that So I have just uploaded two random packages time and set up and Now I can For example open the time library and as shown previously one can at one look see which statements might be contained Which or which licenses might be contained in there in the source code and With this information one can now Try to find interesting corporate statements for example here. There is Some MIT license and that is found correctly and Let me just switch to the more interesting set lip Example so here we see we have many set lip possibilities That's one of the features of physiology that for such he already knows set lip or the the special parts of set lip and That the special Thing in set lip is that it says if you want to know what the license situation is look in the set lip dot h file and And Since Just to demonstrate what for surgery can I can now take this sentence and say hey The sentence is used often here, and I know what I'm doing. So every time I see that sentence in a file I Will say the set lip possibility was right, but I know it even better. I can say it's real set lip and Then I can say do that and look at each file and and What why is there a patch it to do I think I have clicked something wrong You can correct it with the same method, right? Yeah. Yeah That's interesting just I think I can remove Licenses here for the whole To demonstrate another feature I can say I know that in the whole project there is no apache 2.0 and Then it's gone. So and With this workflow one would work through the whole package until all things are green on the right side and after that one is sure that all possible Lightman's license statements were controlled and were cleared and There are also further There's also a UI to handle copyright statements and to clean them up since they often contain some rubbish which can be removed and Also other features. So that's for solitude and Then another feature of for solitude Now one has the clearing one has all the information in the system and Then there are how to tell others about these these the gained information and For that for so it she supports spdx, which is a format I think it's created by a group from by the Linux Foundation is the right and It's also supported by many other tools So you can export the license information you can even process it with your own tools which might understand the XML RDF standard and the Just to be fast the next big step is Company a has generated such a next spdx file and it hands it to you and you want to know whether it's right or wrong and for that you can also use for solitude so you would Just take the provided spdx file and upload it into the system then you would Then you would land go to this exactly the same UI as here, but now you would see only the provided license information and you can use the same UI to verify the the spdx file provided to you and Yeah, that was just another feature of for surgery. It's it's really huge and we have many many features and it makes fun to explore them all and Thanks, I think Yeah, and yeah, thanks You can try it If you want by this simple line of talker you get pre-built image of the latest master or you can just visit one of the URLs to Get further information and Now I think we might have if there are Yeah Yeah So the question was if I have an analysis and looked at one file or one upload and then I'm Uploading a newer version of the same package So for solitude can do a couple of things to reuse information from the existing upload first of all It stores every file only a single time on the file system by hashes So if the same file is part of a different upload it takes the hash and takes over information Which I have originally assigned to a file with a certain hash So if that fire has been already on a server being analyzed It's it appears in the same form at the newer version that will be taken over but also the the custom formulations and that that was probably also the One important thing here with this presentation license statements are normally written in like just prosaic language, right and As such if you have an open source projects You find these prosaic statements and you would like to tell the system if that prosaic statement is actually found in a file then it's gpl and that can you that is what you can do with this interface of for solitude and You can reapply these rules like identified text phrases hinting to a license to a new upload So you do not need to make the work again So that's why is for solitude is also a server based application with multi user even multi groups and so on That one big server Just collects your analysis and if you upload newer versions of that you really need to look into new licensing statements That are found in your versions of open source packages I'm okay to have two more questions. I'm But maybe just one quick interesting True Yeah, frankly, you know MPM is not really the domain or the problem domain because many packages have clear licensing in the beginning It's really like the classic UNIX pack a Linux or UNIX packages that you find in this embedded systems programming also, for example, if you are a fan of spring framework and They are very well licensed very cleanly licensed so for the clean licensing thing for solitude isn't fun, right? You're just uploading and you see always the same license and then you say like, okay What what do I need to do here? But it's really for the the classic C library that has been grown over many years And you find ten different licensing statements and you would like to get a clean impression about the licensing situation So NPM. I think it's also obvious half page of JavaScript code one liner of licensing in the beginning So Scott is not my opinion No, we don't but For solitude actually if you look for licensing statements, you can do many things you can search for keywords So you will find a lot of licensing statements but you don't know which licensing or which license it is and In or if you review these you need to determine which license it is So for solitude can do both you have keywords that hint at license relevant text statements You have full license texts like 400 full license text and you can do text matching and it shows to you 100% matched so you know that the license is actually in the open source package code base and it does also some Sentence characteristic sentence matching in the middle which is not really like giving you the security or certainty that the certain Text is actually there, but it hints very precisely at that this licensing is actually found so it has keywords regular expressions covering a couple of words and Full license text matching And I think we have to close we will stay here in the middle in the front since this is the last talk and we'll answer To close the room We won't stay in the room, but we will answer questions Is there anywhere people can find you either today or tomorrow if you use Phosology and some of them seem to have used it as I see you can have stickers we have stickers now and Please talk to me if you want to have a sticker


We will continue our discussion today on few more concepts of theory of demand like elasticity of supply or how the price and quantity changes when there is a imposition of the taxes and when there is a legal imposition from the government when it comes to equilibrium price, how it effect on the demand and supply and whether it leads to equilibrium or whether it leads to surplus or deficit. So, if you remember in the last class we talked about the budget line, we talk about the consumer equilibrium and if you remember consumer equilibrium is the condition where the budget line is tangent to the indifference curve and at that point the consumer maximizes the satisfaction with the limited income constant. Then, we discussed about the law of equilibrium original utility when the consumer has to make the choices between two codes with the limited income constant how they generally take a decision and the thumb rule for this decision is that whatever the whatever the money income they are spending on each of these codes at least they will get the same level of utility. Then, we discussed about the price income and substitution effect and if you remember it has been calculated the price effect which is the summation of the substitution effect and the income effect and price effect generally comes from the decrease in the income or increase in the income which results in two other effect that is income effect and the substitution effect. Then we introduced the concept of consumer surplus and consumer surplus is nothing but the change in the or may be the difference in the what the consumer is willing to pay for it and what the consumer is actually paying for it. Suppose if you have a plan for a typical range of goods and when you are going to market and you are paying a different market price for it whatever you would wish to pay for it or willing to pay for it and what actually you are paying the difference is generally known as the consumer surplus. So, today we will take a numerical example to understand the concept of the consumer surplus. So, if the numerical example we have one demand function that is P is equal to 40 minus 2 Q and suppose this is the demand function of the petrol and initially the petrol price is 25 rupees and there is a imposition of tariff from the government and that leads to increase in the increase in the price of petrol from 25 rupees to rupees 28. Then we have one additional information the weekly income of the consumer is equal to rupees 3000. Now, we will see with the help of this information how we can find out the consumer surplus. So, we need to calculate the consumer surplus or may be we can say the loss in the consumer surplus from due to increase in the price to from 25 to 28 per litre. Now, what is the first thing we need to do?  So, the value of slope is minus 2 intercept value is 40. So, with this P is equal to 40 minus 2 Q we will see how we can draw the demand curve over here. First need to find out what is the extreme value of P and Q? P and Q of petrol because here P is the here is the good is petrol. So, we need to find out what is the extreme value of P and what is the extreme value of Q? So, putting Q is equal to 0 in the equation we get P is equal to 40 and when P is equal to 0 then Q is equal to 20. So, joining this point we will get the demand curve and substituting value of P by 25 and 28 we get the value of Q is equal to 6 and Q is equal to 75. So, initially we will put the value of P is equal to 25 we get the value of Q is equal to 6 and when we put the P value is equal to 28 we get the value Q is equal to 7.5. Then once we get the extreme value of P we get the extreme value of Q we need to when we get the put the value of P is equal to 25 and Q is equal to 28 we get the value which is Q is equal to 6 and Q is equal to 7.5. Now, the next task is that how to find out the consumer surplus because we know that there is a change in the quantity demanded that is 6 to 7.5 when there is a imposition of tax from imposition of tariff and that leads to change in the price from 25 rupees to 28 rupees. Now, let us see how we can find that in case of the demand curve. So, this is 25, this is 28, this is this is may be 6 and this may be 7.5. Now, how we will find out the consumer surplus. So, 0.5 multiplied by 40 minus 25 into 7.5 that gives us the consumer surplus when the price is equal to 25. Now, when the price increased to 28 then this is the 0.5 40 minus 28 multiplied by 6. So, this will give us 6 this will gives us 75 7.5 we get that is the that gives us the value which is equal to rupees 36. So, the first one is 56.25 and the second one gives us the value which is equal to 36. So, what is the loss in the consumer surplus loss in the consumer surplus is 56.25 minus 36 which gives us the value which is equal to 20 into 20. So, this is price is 25 quantity demanded is 7.5, price increases from 25 to 28 quantity demanded is 6. When the price was 25 this is the total consumer surplus this triangle, but when the price increases from 25 to 28 this is the consumer surplus. Now, because of increase in the price the loss in the consumer surplus is this area. So, this total area suppose this is a this is b and c initially when the consumer surplus is a b c the total consumer surplus is 56.25 and how we have got this? This is to find out the area of any triangle what is the formula formula is half into base into price. So, 0.5 multiplied by 40.25 that gives us the base gives us the price and 7.5 gives us the base. So, in this case 56.25 is the consumer surplus price increases from 25 to 28 that leads to increase in the decrease in the quantity demanded from 7.5 to 6 and also this area is the loss in the consumer surplus. So, the loss in the consumer surplus how to find out if you find out the area before change in the price what is the area of consumer surplus and what is the area of consumer surplus after changing the price. So, after changing the price a b 1 c 1 is the change in the or may be the new consumer surplus that leads to how to find out what is the value for this again the same formula to find out the value in a triangle that is 0.5 multiplied by base into price. So, 40 minus 28 is the price and 6 is the base that leads to 36 and in this case the difference between the consumer surplus is 56 minus 25 minus 36 leads to 20.25. So, as we know if you remember in the previous class this loss in the consumer surplus is two parts because the change in the consumer surplus is due to change in the price. So, the entire loss in the consumer surplus is two parts one is producer surplus and second one is the dead weight loss. Producer surplus is what the amount what goes to the producer account because of change in the price and dead weight loss generally not a part of consumer account or producer account because it neither goes to the consumer nor goes to the producer this is basically the loss in the quantity demanded due to change in the price. So, now in this case we have identified what is the consumer surplus before and after changing price and we have also identified what is the loss in the consumer surplus. So, the loss in the consumer surplus is 20.25 what we have got over here. Now, we will see this 20.25 how much goes to the dead weight loss and how much goes to the into the account of producer in the form of the producer surplus. Now, how we will find out what is how much amount goes to the producer and how much amount goes to the dead weight loss. So, producer goes to the total amount what goes to the producer is the increase in the price and the may be the what if the change in the price and whatever the change in the quantity demanded. So, we will see what is producer surplus over here this is the change in the price 28 minus 25 multiplied by 6 minus 0. So, this comes to 18 and what is dead weight loss? Dead weight loss we need to calculate again the area of the triangle. So, this is 0.5 then base into that is 7.5 minus 6. So, base into height. So, that comes to 2.25. So, 2.25 is the dead weight loss and 18 is the producer surplus. If you add 18 and 2.25 that gives us the loss in the consumer surplus that is 20.25. So, generally this consumer surplus also the application of the consumer surplus in the real world scenario when there is a imposition of tariff or when the price changes the market price changes generally whatever the consumer surplus the consumer is getting that gets reduces and the reduction in the consumer surplus partly goes to the producer account in the form of increase in the price and partly generally goes in the form of the dead weight loss because neither it is a part of the consumer account nor it is part of the producer account. Then we will come to the some new topics today new concept of theory of demand or some more concept of theory of demand like elasticity of supply this is just the counterpart of relationship between price and supply. If you remember the same thing what we discussed in the context of price and quantity demanded in case of elasticity of demand then the when there is a imposition of tax how it leads to or what kind of effect it has on the price and quantity and when the price fixed by law or when the when the government fixes of the price may be in term of ceiling price or the floor price what happens to the quantity demanded what happens to the price. So, we will start the concept elasticity of supply and elasticity of supply is nothing but the relationship between the price and quantity supply. So, as law of supply says that there is a positive relationship between the price and supply. So, whenever there is a increase in the price there is a decrease there is a increase in the quantity supply and whenever there is a decrease in the price also there is a decrease in quantity supply. It means there is a positive relationship between the price and quantity supply. But elasticity of supply will help us to identify what is the magnitude of change in the quantity supply when there is a change in the price. So, suppose a price changes by 2 percent, whether the quantity supply also changes by 2 percent or the quantity supply changes more than 2 percent or quantity supply changes less than 2 percent. What is the sensitivity of the sellers or what is the sensitivity of the supplier when there is a increase or decrease in the price that we capture through the elasticity of supply. So, if the supply is more sensitive, generally the elasticity of supply is on a higher side. If the supply is less sensitive, then the elasticity of supply is on a lower side. So, if it is higher side, then it is an elastic. If it is lower side, then it is a case of the inelastic supply. So, elasticity of supply is nothing but the measurement of sensitivity of the supplier with respect to change in the price in both the directions when there is a increase and when there is a decrease in the price of the goods. So, how to calculate this elasticity of supply? Generally, we know that when there is a change in the price that leads to change in the quantity supply. So, we will calculate the elasticity of supply using the percentage change in the quantity supply associated with the percentage change in the price. So, here quantity supply is the dependent variable and P is the independent variable whenever there is a change in the P that leads to change in the quantity supply. And elasticity of supply captures the percentage change in the quantity supply associated with the percentage change in the price. Now, what is elastic supply? A product has elastic supply when the price change causes significant change in the quantity supply. What would have to be true of a product to allow a salary, quickly increase the production if the market price goes up. So, we know that whenever there is a change in the price, if there is a significant change in the quantity supply, then this is the case of elastic supply. But here the maybe when you take this to a real world situation, here the question comes is it possible to produce the seller immediately when there is a increase in the price, whether it is possible to increase the production immediately, because there is a timeline require or there is a time period request to produce the product. So, we can integrate in a different way that whatever getting produced by the producer everything is not getting sold in the market. Part of it always there in the inventory or part of it always there in the stock and whenever there is a increase in the price that leads the supplier to supply more into the market for the consumer, but when there is a decrease in the price, there generally keep more in the inventory or in the stock. So, in this case we can say that change in the price is maybe less than the change in the quantity demanded. So, in case of elastic supply the percentage change in the Q S has to be greater than the percentage change in the P. So, if it is infinite generally it is a case of a perfectly elastic supply. Now, we will see how we graphically represent this elastic supply curve. Generally if you look at in case of highly elastic whether it is supply whether it is demand curve the slope is generally high and that leads to the flatter supply curve. So, if price changes the quantity supplied changes a lot it means any small change in the price leads to a good amount of change in the quantity supply and that is the reason the slope is on a higher side and this creates a flatter curve. So, if you look at the graph in the slide Q is the Q is represented in the x axis that is the quantity and P is represented on the y axis that is the price. Initially the price is P 1 quantity demanded is Q 1. Now, when the P price increases from P 1 to P 2 quantity demanded also increases from Q 1 to Q 2 and that leads to a greater change in the quantity demanded when there is a small change in the price. So, if you look at in the graph then Q 1 and Q 2 is greater than much much much greater than P 1 and P 2 and we can interpret here is that this is the case of elastic supply curve because any small change in the price leads to a greater change in the quantity supplied. So, in case of elastic supply curve the supply curve is always flatter and because the change in the quantity supply is more than the change in the price associated with this. Then we will see how it happens in case of an inelastic supply and inelastic supply is one where the price changes causes very little change in the quantity supply. It means the percentage change in the quantity supply is less than the percentage change in the P. It means it may happen because of two things either the time required to produce the product is significant. So, even if there is a increase in the price still the producer will not going to supply more or may be the product is the nature is something that even if the price increases the demand is not going to may be price increase is not because of increased demand. So, in this case even if they are supplying more there is no market for the product and that is the reason in case of inelastic supply the change in the quantity quantity supply is less than the change in the price. And the typical example we can take of a handicraft furniture or the diamonds they are the high value goods and even if the price increases it is not the demand is going to increase or may be the time required to produce because there is always a limited supply. So, even if the price increases the supplier immediately not matching with the change in the price and that is the reason this is known this type of goods comes under inelastic supply because it cannot be match immediately the increase in the price cannot be match immediately. Now, we will see how the slope of the inelastic supply curve. If the market price goes up but the supplier cannot increase production very much this is the scenario of inelastic supply curve and this generally creates a stripper curve. So, in this case if you look at P 1 is the initial price, Q 1 is the initial quantity demanded and there is increase in the price from P 1 to P 2 which is on a very higher side and that leads to the subsequent increase in the quantity demanded from Q 1 to Q 2 and if you look at here the Q 1 and Q 2 much less than P 1 and P 2 and that leads to the interpretation that the change in the quantity demanded is less than the change in the price and that is the reason we get the stripper curve and in case of inelastic supply curve the we always get a stripper curve. Now, we will interpret the different value of elasticity if the elasticity of supply taking value of 1 0 or infinite or less than 0 greater than 1 how we generally interpret the elasticity of supply. If elasticity of supply is equal to infinite this the case of a perfectly elastic supply it means a small change or a negligible change in the price leads to a greater change in the quantity supply. If elasticity of supply is greater than 1 it is a case of elastic supply as we discussed previously. If elasticity of supply is less than 1 this is the case of inelastic supply what we just discussed before this typical slide then if elasticity of supply is equal to 1 this is unitary elastic supply and how the changes takes place in quantity supply in case of unitary elastic supply. The percentage change in the quantity supply is exactly equal to percentage change in the price that means 2 percent change in the price leads to exactly 2 percent change in the quantity supply. Elasticity of supply is equal to 0 that is the perfectly inelastic supply. So, one extreme age when elasticity of supply takes the value which is equal to infinite it means the negligible change in the price leads to a greater change in the elasticity of supply and if it is 0 then it is a perfectly inelastic supply that is the other extreme it means even if there is a significant change in the price still there is no significant there is almost insignificant change in the quantity supply or we can say there is no change in the quantity supply. The reason being that the reason being that may be the supply cannot be immediately matched with the change in the price or may be the increase in the production cannot takes place immediately with the increase in the price and that is the reason we need we reached to another extreme of the elasticity of supply that is perfectly inelastic supply where whatever may be the change in the price the quantity supply either do not changes or if it is changes that is changes very insignificantly. Then we will say in a typical supply curve what is the range of elastic or what is the range of inelastic or even the supply curve is a straight line then what how we interpret the value. So, if the supply curve cuts the price axis that is y axis then the supply is elastic so supply curve is a straight line elasticity of supply takes the value which is greater than 1 and if the supply curve cuts the price axis y then the supply is elastic. If the supply curve is a straight line elasticity of supply takes a value which is less than 1 and if the supply curve cuts the quantity axis x then the supply curve is inelastic it means if the supply curve cuts the quantity axis this is the inelastic supply curve and if the supply curve cuts the price axis then it is the case of the elastic supply curve. If the supply curves come out of the origin then the supply is unitary elastic. So, if it is cuts the price axis then it is a case of the elastic if it cuts the quantity This is the case of inelastic. If it comes out of the origin, then the supply curve is unitary elastic. Now, if you summarize all this type of elasticity, whether it is equal to infinite, it is equal to 0, which is greater than 1, less than 1 or equal to 1. So, if you will take everything in one graph, then this is what gives us elasticity of supply is equal to 1, then this gives us elasticity of supply is equal to 0, because there is no change in the quantity supply even if the price is changing. This gives us elasticity of supply is equal to infinite, whatever may be the price change in the price or small change or the negligible change in the price leads to a greater change in the quantity supply. Then if it cuts may be the price axis, then elasticity of supply takes a value which is greater than 1 and if it takes the quantity axis, cut the quantity axis, then elasticity of supply which is equal to less than 1. So, there are 5 type of elasticity of supply. Elasticity of supply equal to infinite, equal to 0, 2 extremes. The midpoint is elasticity of supply is equal to 1 and in between these two, the range is elasticity supply is greater than 1 that is relatively elastic and elasticity of supply is less than 1, which is relatively inelastic. So, we will see in a typically supply curve which one is the elastic section, which one is the inelastic section or we can say which one is the elastic range and which one is the inelastic range. So, if you take the case of may be a elastic demand curve which is much flatter, then the bottom section is more elastic and the may be the segment in the top that is less elastic. So, in this case the elasticity of supply takes a value which is greater than 1 and that is the reason we have got a flatter supply curve and here the bottom segment is more elastic and top segment is less elastic. Similarly, if you take a inelastic supply curve, the bottom one is more elastic and the top one is less elastic. So, in a typical supply curve in the different segment, we get the different value of elasticity of supply. Now, we will see what are the factor that influences the elasticity of supply like or what are the specific factor, those influence the supply has to be elastic or supply has to be inelastic. The first factor is the availability of resources request to make the product. If the resources are may be available easily or the resources are may be immediately procure, there are in this case the product is more elastic because whenever there is a change in the price or increase in the price immediately this can be matched with the increase in the quantity supply by increase the production. Then what is the amount of time required to make the product that decides whether the supply has to be elastic or supply has to be inelastic. If the time required to make the product is high, then the supply supply is inelastic because it cannot be the change in the price immediately cannot match with the change in the quantity supply, but if the amount of time required to make the product is less, then in this case this is the case of a elastic supply because immediately it can be matched. So, the supplier can reacts to the change in the price immediately. Skill level of the worker needed to make the product, if the worker are skilled then may be the time required is less to produce the product and that is the reason the supply curve is elastic. But if the there is unskilled labor or the skill level of worker is lower or less in this case generally the supply is inelastic because a small change or may be a change in the price cannot be matched immediately because the workers they are not may be that much skilled that they immediately match the requirement from the production or the match the requirement of the increase in the supply. The final one or the fourth factor which influence elasticity of supply supply is time period for adjustment. If larger is the time period to adjust with the change in the price it is the case of more elastic and there is if there is less time for adjustment then the supply is inelastic or we can say less elastic. More is the time period for adjustment more is the elastic supply less is the time period for adjustment less is the elastic supplier we can say is the case of the inelastic supply. So, elasticity of supply generally measures the sensitivity of the supplier with respect to change in the price and it takes different value on the basis of the suppliers responsiveness or the supplier sensitivity for the change in the price and accordingly it takes different value and few factors what we discussed just now generally they contribute for influencing the supplier to the more elastic or less elastic.


Good morning everyone. This is Tairo Asan from Brightline. We are here at the Web Summit and we're having a conversation with Dean Frank Herkamp from IS Business School and we'll be talking about transformation and stakeholder and how we can help organizations transform themselves and delivering results. So before I just start let me go back to Dean and ask him basically why you are here at the Web Summit. Thank you for having me. The Web Summit is one of the biggest places where young startup companies and specifically from the tech related sectors are coming together, are working for a few days together, pitched to investors, talk to established technology companies that can give them support and where they also meet people that can maybe help them think a little bit about what the future will look like also in terms of development of these corporations and I think for us as a business school it's both a place to learn, to learn about what these companies are doing, what their issues are, what they are struggling with, also to meet alumni because many of the founders here are also alumni of the school and it's also to in turn to help them think a little bit about the growth of these companies about what is going to be important as they manage this cooperation going forward. And we just heard you on stage talking about business stakeholder management engagement and how does it help to let's say get business going. Why is it important and how do you get it right? I think this Web Summit is also interesting place because there are many entrepreneurs here, people in their startup phase and when you start your own cooperation you have a very clear sense of purpose of what you're trying to achieve, what kind of service, what kind of product you want to offer that maybe does not exist and therefore what the objective, the meaning of your existence as a corporation really is and what we have seen is that as companies grow and as they become maybe very successful and big and also age so new generations come in it is sometimes it's more difficult to maintain and there needs to be a specific reflection process about how can you maintain the purpose of the company and how can you really be relevant for the different stakeholders that you have. So being the customers and clients, employees in your company, the society is large that you are somehow interacting with in different ways and maybe also the shareholders obviously, shareholders that can be of different type and making that equation work is not a simple thing and this was something that we discussed today in the panel and I think it was inspiring to see young entrepreneurs who have a very clear sense of this and from there I think to sort of send the message to more established companies about okay think about your roots, how you started and try to make that a reality now that you're an established company. I hear you talking about the clear sense of purpose and this is very important at the same time of course when there is that clear sense of purpose sometime for organization to move they need to be that clear sense of also a sense of urgency because there's no time or because if you don't move fast enough someone who is sitting in the garage that people say will come over and disrupt your business how do you create that sense of urgency in organization so that they can move. For established companies to make an important change important move is a real challenge and in fact you can see how many companies over the past decades or two have ceased to exist or at least be leaders in their sector which shows you that this is not easy to pull off and in fact right now probably the major management challenge for established companies as they manage what we generally call the digital transformation or transformation into a technological age is precisely to make that happen at the Neville organization and the main ingredient is creating a sense of urgency because in a very natural way an organization that is large that has established procedures there is a tendency to sort of go on doing things as they were done before so far and in fact quite successfully done and creating a sense of urgency sometimes means being very blunt about what the future will look like if this change is not being done and but it also means leading by example so if change needs to take place so that the leadership team in their own actions or maybe also in the way they organize their own work sort of lead by example and show they are willing to change and maybe make important dramatic changes but it's one of the defining I think leadership issues right now in this moment in the beginning of the 21st century. This is quite interesting and of course we at Brightland we released recently what we call a Brightland Transformation Compass and the people centered Transformation Compass to help organizations transform themselves and we heard you many times talking about people and how they are central and important organizations what we see the many organizations although they say that people are important you don't see it in action when you start filling the onions you don't necessarily see people at the center how do you create a people center organization and how do you use that as a lever to deliver your transformations I think you need to take a step back and and realize in that in the end any kind of organization is some entity that's made up of people in the first place it's it's obvious but every once a while you have to repeat that obvious thing and you have to realize that these people spent most of their working hours at that place at that organization or in whichever way they work for for this kind of organization so for them it's also in a way the defining element of their own lives beyond their family structures and friends so if you think about it simply from that this this perspective it's clear that organizations are really about people and if they want to thrive one way or another they need to create an environment in which people can thrive there is no organization that's thriving in which it's people are thriving it may for a for a short time sort of seem like there's actually good things happening because maybe there are some short term financial results that are working quite well but eventually if this is not really if this organization is not driven by enthusiastic people who really like to do what they do in the at the place where they are that's not going to work and and I think that's simple insight if you take a mid to a long-term perspective for any kind of leader should should be obvious


I spent some time in here this weekend with Britt, cleaning up, organizing, and also bringing over more storage from the house, getting ready for baby, making room in the house. One day we'll have a bigger house, but for now all of our extra storage will stay in here. An old blue, how you doing? Yeah, you ready to go to work? I'm excited too. Very excited. Remember, I already went and chained down my load last week until it was all ready to go. All I got to do is just go there and make sure that everything is as I left it, which should be how it is. We'll hook up onto it and we're going to pull that into Ontario. We're actually going a little ways further into Ontario than we've been in a long while. We're going down to a town called Colburn, Ontario, which is between Toronto and Kingston. So it's in southern Ontario. It's going to be nice to go and see the sights down there again, though I do see on the forecast that I should be expecting to be driving through snow all day today. Yay me. But there's no weather warnings from Environment Canada, which means it's just going to be snowing, not storming. That's okay. That's just annoying. That's not like, I don't have to stop driving for that. I just have to be careful. So it'll be a long day today. Depending on the weather, I'm really hoping I can make it all the way to Hearst, Ontario. I'm going to take Highway 11 around, which is the northern highway. The load I'm pulling is a load of reels and you saw it. It's pretty heavy and Highway 17 usually has heavier snow sometimes. And it also has a lot more hills, which is a lot harder on old blue, your little dirty old blue. That's okay. It's winter time. It's a free pass in winter time. It's nice to have the truck clean every day in winter time, but honestly, if you're paying for a blue beacon every day to keep this truck clean, that would be like a thousand bucks a week. I would love that, but it's just not possible. And I do have the ability to wash it here in the shop. But like I said earlier, I was kind of preoccupied this weekend getting ready for the baby. I think that is a little bit more important in my opinion, but no excuses. I feel bad that it's not clean. It's going to be dirty in 10 minutes anyway, even if I had to think sparkly clean, it would be dirty. I didn't wash it recently to get the salt off of it. So most of the salt is off. It's just got a little bit of roaddry more now. Winter time. Anyways, stop talking about that. I'm sorry. Okay? Do you still love me? Oh, good. Good. Glad. We got the pickup in here and we got old blue outside, all warmed up, ready to go. I'm going to go hook on to our load of reels and we're going to drag it to Ontario. I've already passed by three today and we're only three hours into Ontario. We're going to be here a while. I know. I know. My thoughts exactly. There's only one road in this location. There's no way for us to go around this right now. One two lane road. It's embarrassing that we haven't at least made a four lane, at least through this section, right? Until we get to the 11 and then there's two different options, but I know how expensive that would be. It seems that we have money coming out of all corners of government for all kinds of useless projects that do nothing to help people. But when it actually comes to a project on infrastructure to build up our country, oh, we haven't built a new highway in what, like 50 years? All right, I'm going to hold you here and I'm going to try zooming into the accident up ahead so you can see what's going on. To the left of that yellow arrow sign there, I'm going to zoom in a little bit. You can see that the truck laying on its side and up on the road, you can see there is the tow truck and recovery team blocking the road, trying to get them out of there. And this shuts down the entire East West economy of an entire nation. That's why when this kind of stuff happens on this stretch of highway, specifically here where there's only one road going through East to West, it's a big deal. And you have to shut this highway down to recover an accident because someone wasn't paying attention or someone maybe shouldn't have been on the road. Or, you know, let's let's let's leave the possibility there of a genuine accident. Those happen. Those happen. You shouldn't judge. It's just how common it is. It's hard not to wonder like it shouldn't be this common. I've been able to get over a million miles. I've come through here thousands of times in all weather conditions. The worst weather conditions. And I managed to keep the rig on the road. So do like thousands, hundreds of thousands of other truck drivers. You watching this here, too, you're probably one of them, too.    You're going to freeze. So that's a big problem. That's your first problem. That's probably your smallest problem. Because now you're going to have to call the police. You're going to have to let them know what happened. So they're going to come out here. You're probably going to get charged or fine. And then the recovery team's got to get here. And they can take anywhere, you know, 24, 48 hours to get here, depending on how busy they are. But now the recovery team has to block the entire, the entire road too, right? And remember the entire economy for a massive G7 nation, a big nation, which makes a lot of money. Canada's doing pretty well. We could be doing better in my opinion, but we're doing pretty well. Shutting down the entire country for one truck, for one driver. Man, that's a big deal. I genuinely and honestly hope he's okay. I hope they're okay. I hope they weren't injured when your truck flips over. I mean, hopefully they were wearing their seatbelt, but a lot of drivers out here don't think that's necessary. But if you're not wearing your seatbelt, your truck flips over, you're flying right out that window into the snow. And hopefully the truck doesn't land on top of you as it's rolling. Who knows? Hopefully they're okay. But that's a big screw up. That's a big deal. That's not just, you know, oops, didn't know where the driveway was and accidentally, you know, dipped into the ditch a bit. No, it's a $20,000 recovery and shutting down the entire country for however long. Not, not any small deal. There's going to be miles of backup behind me already. Miles, nothing I can do about it. Don't get me wrong, part of the job. Yes, I am complaining a little bit about it because it's very much inconveniencing me and everybody else on the road here. And yes, accidents happen. But you also have to remember every accident is preventable. That's why it's called an accident because it wasn't supposed to happen. Every accident is preventable. So all of this, wasting my time, wasting everyone else's time. And plus all that money spent in recovery, it was preventable. And I don't care what you say, every accident is preventable. Every single one. In one way or another. All right, they've got it right side up now. It's a good sign. Guess they've now got to disconnect all their chains and cables, get all the rigs off the road that we're recovering it and open up a lane so we can get going. That actually didn't take too long. I missed it when they pulled it up. I wasn't looking at them exactly then. They must have done it pretty quickly. I was hoping to get that on camera for you, but we're pretty far away. I don't know how much you can see. I'm trying to zoom in as much as I can in my program because I'm using a GoPro Hero 7 and it doesn't have a zoom on the camera. But doing the best we can here to show you what's going on. Looks like we should be moving pretty quick pretty soon. They were, that was actually pretty impressive. They know what they're doing. We're moving. I'll give you the wide angle shot here to see if we can see what happened. Pretty quick guys. It's actually pretty impressive. So he slipped off the edge to the right there. There's the truck. Down there for a while he's all covered in snow already. That's an expensive mess up. Hey, they let our direction go first. Look at this lineup over here on this side. This is from shutting the road down for about 30 minutes. It wasn't even that long. What happened here? Why is this guy taking up two lanes like that? He's stuck? Is this the end of it? Not even too bad. I thought it'd be worse. It is a weekday though. It's not a Friday and it's not summertime. In summertime it would have been a lot worse. A lot of cottages around here. Oh, what's this now? Why are you flashing your hazards at me now? Oh, trying to warn oncoming traffic. Warm on the CV. Hey there Westbound, you've got traffic at a standstill. Right ahead of you. Traffic at a standstill, but you'll be moving soon. So heads up. Traffic is stopped ahead of drivers. I'm slowly rolling into Thunder Bay, Ontario. We're on Highway 102. Sort of like the bypass. Just about to meet back up at the 17, I believe. Any traffic errors? Turn left on. Clay Superior, Circle 2. Highway 11. Highway 11 apparently. Okay. I'm gonna stop for fuel. Just a little ways west of... Actually it's quite a ways west. Sorry, east of Thunder Bay. It's just before Nippagon. Grab some fuel there and I'm still hoping I can make it up to Hearst tonight. I don't know, that'll be quite the stretch, if I do. I'm still hoping I can make it up to Hearst tonight. Heaters, turn left on. Clay Superior, Circle 2. Highway 11. We'll see how far we get. It's gonna be a late night though. Late night. I started kinda late. I had a nice reload plan for the way back. It's a nice oversize. I think it was like 11 and a half feet wide. Some nice shiny nickels attached to it and the load fell through. I guess they aren't quite ready to load it yet cause I was supposed to pick it up day after tomorrow. But now they want it picked up next week and I can't wait until next week to pick it up so I've gotta keep busy doing something else. So the load gods are busy trying to find me something else. We'll see what they come up with. Kinda disappointing, I was looking forward to that but it would have been a nice payday. It seems like again and again the harder I try to make things work back to back then things just fall through, you know? Sometimes you just gotta let things be. Stop trying so hard, right? There's no reason to try so hard. That's what I meant to say. It's like the harder I try, the harder things get. But if I just lean back and just let things be I always seem to come out ahead and make more money. So I have been trying really hard because I'm taking some time off when the baby's born. Maybe I just need to relax a little bit and just see what comes my way. Stop trying to grasp at the big apples and just let what happens happen. You guys know what I'm talking about? All right, now which driveway is it again? It's right up here. I think there's only one driveway from this direction. Here it is. Fuel price on the sign says $1.999. So $2 a liter. Ouch. Grab us some go-go juice. Check the load, check the tires. Almost all their pumps are closed again or half of them are. This place has gone downhill a little bit on the pump side of things. Always got problems with their pumps here. That's a lot of places though. It's filled her up. I just checked on it though. Don't worry. There's no leaks, there's nothing wrong. Opened up the hood. It does this in the winter time, I've noticed. The snow and the ice sort of builds up in the radiator. I guess we're on the grill. And then when I park as the hot water moves through it, it boils it off and steam comes out my grill. So that happened on your truck too. I mean, I checked everything, it looks like everything is fine. It's getting a little intense right now.  I'll turn the fan off again, see if it comes back out. Should I be concerned? I checked, I opened the hood. I was like, what is steaming in here? I wanted to make sure I didn't have a coolant leak or something, right? Or something wrong in the engine. No, it's just the water that was evaporating off the radiator, not the grill in the front. I guess because it's so cold going down the road, it just builds up like a little bit of a layer of ice. And then when you park and you don't have that cold air, constantly hitting it. Now it's melting, boiling or evaporating off real fast. All my gauges look just fine too. That's just weird, right? Like it's late. We got here like three in the morning, local time. Two in the morning back home. Got here with 10 minutes left on my clock. Just barely made it. I have to stop you for eight hours before I can start moving again. And we have just under a thousand kilometers or 600 miles to do tomorrow. Along with me, everybody. I hope you have a good night. Don't forget to subscribe and we'll see you tomorrow. Take care.


Welcome to the John Stoltrager show. I'm Joe Wamba joined now, of course, with John Stoltrager, head coach of the men's and women's swimming teams. And coach, you guys, go up over the weekend and have a pretty good success, pretty solid finishes on the men's side with a short roster on the men's side. Yeah, we did pretty well on the men's side, obviously, with the numbers that we had. We didn't score as many points as you would like. But the time improvement that we saw on all the kids on the guy's side was great. I mean, Jack dropped six seconds in his 2 AM, which is pretty significant in a week. And both Steven and Zach dropped two seconds each and they're too free, which is all you can ask for. Right, improvement is what you're looking for. And speaking of improvement, I mean, in the 1,000 yard free on the women's side destroys the record by 25 seconds. Yeah, again, that's such an aerobic event. Both girls actually improved by 25 seconds, which again shows you that they're getting in shape. We've only been in the pool for five weeks. And I would fully anticipate both of them dropping both their times again next week. And we talked last time we've met about the records going. Breaking records almost every time we're in the pool. On Saturday, you guys had five total records go down on the women's side. What does that do for optimism in the course of the season or getting back into the workout regimen? We can do this and keep on improving. Well, the nice thing about that is it shows at least the kids that the hard work that they're putting in is paying off and they're improving. It also shows that we're a deeper team, much deeper team than we were last year to break some records this early in the season without being rested. And to be honest with you, we're not even in the best shape yet. Shows that there are good things to come ahead. And that could be a scary thing that you guys aren't in perfect shape, mid-season form as we would call it. But you guys defeat Hood and Goucher by about 40 points and just narrowly miss defeating Frostberg on Saturday by three points. I think, again, I think we have a different culture this year than last year where the kids are looking to win. They're not only looking to compete, but they want to see if they can beat other teams. Which in the past, I don't want to say it hasn't happened. But again, we're developing as a team. We're developing a different culture. And now we think we can go into a lot of meets and stand up to everybody. And it leads just to a lot of optimism, just being able to have the roster size now to be competitive with those teams that are historically and regularly really competitive teams. And now we're getting into that mode as well. Yeah, again, we won two meets this last weekend. We're going up to Wilkes this weekend coming up and expect a battle there. But again, I think the girls are going in confident. Even the boys, with our five boys, it should be a battle on the boys side where we could come out on top. That's really exciting to see in the boys, but we only have five guys. So it's hard to get those types of points when you only have such little opportunity to score in that way. Yeah, we're going to have to really swim smart. We're going to have to win almost every event on the boys side just to win the meet. But last year, that's exactly what we did. We went into Wilkes, or Wilkes came to us and we won every single individual event and won the meet. And that's what, again, what we're going to try to do. It can be done, and hopefully it does get done. And then we talked about the Wilkes event. But in two weeks, you'll host our first event at McDonough School, our own swimming event. Yeah, we'll be hosting like Comey College, which is in our conference, and also Dickinson, which, again, is definitely a historic team that has a ton of depth, which is what you're looking for. You're looking to swim fast kids and to push your kids to try to beat them. And that's what it's really all about. And Coach, I wish you the best of luck this weekend at that meet at Wilkes on both sides with the men's and women's teams. And we'll look forward to seeing you back home at McDonough on the fifth. Okay, great. Thank you very much. He's John Stoltrager. I'm Joe Wamba, and this has been the John Stoltrager Coaches Show.


And where are the farms that you've been to? Costa Rica, Peru, Bali, and Mexico. And are any of them similar in any way? No, none of them are. And are any of the farmers similar? No, absolutely not. And the process even. So the only thing that's the same is like dirt and the coffee bean. And the coffee bean. A plant. Actually, you can show me pictures and I can tell you that's that one, from that one. That's how distinctive they are from one another. What are, I guess, if you could just, I don't want, we don't need to go in too much detail, but what are some of the process differences of each farmer? Like what is it, what is something that like they all do differently? So for example, let's, the one in Peru, right? The Peruvian farmer, he has a waterfall in the back of his of his growing area. Natural waterfall. Natural waterfall. Right. So he goes and then he grabs water. Basically it looks like a wasp nest, right? It's made out of paper and then he puts dirt in it. So he ferments it under the actual waterfall so that this paper cone thing grabs all of the minerals from the water and then he injects it into like his actual like rows of coffee, right? So all of those minerals let the coffee grow. It lets it be better. It creates a better environment for the dirt and it just oxygenates and nitrogenizes everything in there, right? The farmer in Costa Rica, he doesn't use any irrigation. So instead of actually having a water facility plant, what he does is he plants banana trees, which are 90% water. He cuts those down and then once the actual like leaves become they degrade, they actually leave water and that's how he actually waters all the coffee plants. The ones in Bali, because they are in such a different climate in such a different area, like you can go from elevation to elevation and all of the coffee plants are very different. Once grow really, really hard, other ones grow really, really soft and really, really big. And so they use some of the clay from the volcano that is in there to like get everything ready. So there's a whole bunch of process and it's not even if we talk more about the tank parts than that's even we'll get there. Are any of the farmers like in my head, so I know I know one farm in Peru and it's like very much a family run establishment, right? And so the whole family is involved, kind of like farming in the United States used to be, I would say, right? Is it similar or are there now companies conglomerates? No, I think it's not a game for the wealthy. It's not. You have to be passionate and it has to be something that has been taught down from generation to generation to generation. And they're all of them that I've dealt with our family. All of them and like beer. So if we were all master brewers, we would all be making beer differently. We would all be letting things ferment differently. In some cases, you can add process like CO2 to speed up or sugar to speed up certain processes within that making. It's similar, I would imagine it's in coffee. It's the same. They all do it differently to get a note or a taste that they want. Yes. And it starts from the from the type of being that you're everything is Arabica, but within the Arabica family, there's, you know, genetic modifications that each country has done to create a better tasting coffee and everyone has something different. Everyone has something different. So you can't get just like if Nick and I were next to one another in our farms, he could have like a CR 95, a CR 97 and I can have a Madagascar, I can have a Pima de Oro and it would be completely different coffees. These are like varietals. Exactly. Like in wine, you'd have a clone 115, a clone 117. Exactly. It's a Pino grape. Right. They all are different. OK. Is there a right or wrong answer when it comes to taste? Or is it basically based on the farmers' preferences? For a personal preference. Yeah. Personal and farmers' preference, basically.


Well, the WI mission is really three-fold. One is collaborative research. We're very much interested in trying to work with a whole wide range of faculty from the various schools and colleges, college of ag and life sciences, engineering, letters and sciences, and interdisciplinary research that takes us from the very fundamental all the way to the very applied. We also want to engage the public on energy issues. We think it's very important that as people learn about issues in energy that we're able to explain things to the fullest extent. And then finally really to help educate students on campus about energy. I think it's very important every year to kind of recap the highlights of what happened in the past year. In mid late 2012, the current version of the Energy Institute came together. GLBRC was added into the Energy Institute. We were kind of administratively combined. We were able to take the bioenergy initiative and also combine it in so that we now have a very integrated collaborative group of folks. We successfully had the building that we're in open. That's important because GLBRC, its headquarters and all its activities are centered to a large extent here. We have the Center for Renewal Energy Systems in a very nice high bay area where you can do integrated energy systems work and renewables. Professor Donahue and his group have been successful in getting the renewal of the GLBRC for another five years. That occurred. We've been able to, with the base funding from the state, provide seed grants for some very interesting initiatives. We're also collaborating with industry. There's a large consortium in Milwaukee called the Midwest Energy Research Consortium, University of Wisconsin, and WI are essentially the main players in that from the UW. And that involves a consortium of something like 45 or 50 companies. So we've had a lot of really nice highlights from the past year. The WI is new, so we've been very proud of our first few years as this combined grouping, but we really have a pretty broad vision for the future. One of the things we really want to do is we feel that our activity in Wisconsin has been very successful. We've connected with the industrial base, manufacturing base in Milwaukee. We've connected with campus and trying to grow that connection with faculty and scientists on campus. But we don't want to just focus on Wisconsin. We want to go beyond. So our hope is we want to become one of the key leaders both nationally and internationally in energy issues. Not only providing solutions, but also providing ways that we explain what the issues are and try to inform the public. So we really want to be national international leaders, and I think we're well on our way.


इंगी के एक ब्ईदेता मैंगा, और प्र कुर्णानावूध इसद अहँब भईदरूत ख्छाएन च्छाएनव्द्सें ज्ुञ्चाई। ततापबाई और प्रेमीग च्छाएन प्रेमीग प्रेमीग च्छाएनवूभ्जद कोई भी आपका न लोगा। मैं आप फ़ैंटीखाते। पवंटेंगा अगर देश्टीको गरने जो जो चीवना ठादम बागा। गटीवनो कात्दे करनेटीवन है एक अगर घ़िए प्वि near देश्टीको बगी की र। मैं लेंब आपा बट्विया बई प्वि। अप अदे। अदे सीन मेखिँ वो वो लगाब तोज्सस्वॉट्वृठ्छ। बेकास वो त्राप्स, वो जजजमिनटल शोट्गत्स वो अभाँए दे सीन एआप्ट्ट्विनस को कम, । वो कर सकते हैं। और बकास ने आप प्रहांने यह दा।। it is very interesting trap because framing trap के दोरान अखसरोकात you can have an exposure के जिसके अंदर आप जे समज नहीं पाते हो के why you are deciding the way you are deciding because उस में परटिकुलर ली हम अपने प्रब्लम को फ्रेम त्रीक से नहीं करपाते हम अपने त्रीक से फ्रेम नहीं करपाते हम सिट्वोशन से फ्रेम त्रीक से प्रेम नहीं करपाते और उस फ्रेम ना करने की बजासे the issues can evolve and we will be not able to come up with effectiveness and efficiency. So remember the way a problem is framed can profoundly influence the choices you make. So now you will have to see that you elaborate something, conceptualize something, demonstrate something, how and why you are doing it. Another important thing is a frame can establish the status quo or introduce an anchor. So now we are aware that framing trap can be a source for two or further traps because if you go in the status quo situation or your anchoring effect that is taking place. Another important thing is that it can highlight sunk costs or lead you towards confirming evidence. So again framing trap is very sensitive to us because we have visualized that the status quo, the anchor effect, the confirming evidence or even the sunk cost can evolve in many such problems. So we have to be careful that how things, how people, how circumstances are framed. Now to understand that framing what can you do about it that to create such an environment in which our frames can provide truthful information and we can do effective and efficient decision making. Therefore do not automatically accept the initial frame whether it was formulated by you or by someone else because it can be that the initial frame can be an anchor for you that will make your decision making inappropriate, inaccurate. Another thing is try posing problems in a neutral, redundant way that combines gains and losses. This point is very important for us that we can neutralize problems and issues. We can neutralize gains and losses. We can neutralize our circumstances so that a situation can be created which we can do in the best way and accordingly we can incorporate our decision making. Another thing is that think hard throughout your decision making process about the framing of the problem because what are the things which are developing that problem. Where did the problem originate from? What were our expectations? What were the actual performance outcomes? All these things are very important to know for us. Last but not the least that when others recommend decisions examine the way they frame the problem and this is the main idea behind the whole story in which we understand that what are the things which are highlighted in other people's decisions and why are they highlighted? What were the problems that we were concerned about? It is possible that they have lost any of the aspects of the problem which were critical and significant for you. We have seen that the way the problem is framed that can be the reason for our judgmental shortcut and framing trap particularly can lead towards the development of other traps as well. Dear students remember during decision making we have to try not to come into traps we should not go towards judgmental shortcuts we have a merit we have defined procedures and processes we have a decision criteria according to which we make decisions. Only then will those decisions be more suitable for us. Thank you


Hello, hello, hello Virgos. Welcome back to the channel. This is Kelly from House of Virgo. I hope you all had a wonderful weekend and if so, feel free to leave a comment and tell everyone what you did over this weekend. That was so great. And yeah, we're in October. We're going to do your week ahead reading. See what the messages are. If you are new, please feel free to hit that like button and do subscribe to the channel. You can also go over to my other channel, Loom Pie Tarot, where I upload daily readings Monday through Friday. Yeah, so let's get into this. Don't forget, you can also book a reading with me for, there's a discount for October as well. You can book it with either me or Brandy. All right, let's get into your reading. Okay, so you're starting with healing heart, healing, healing from a heartbreak, okay, freedom from toxic relationship or addiction. You have engagement ring and you have cupid's arrow. Okay, so looks like you got some love showing up here to begin with. Okay, that's good. You're healing from something or someone's healing looks more like two people, perhaps healing. Someone's healing from a heartbreak and looks like there's a love offer coming in. Engagement, partnership, commitment, eternity, completion, union, having faith, love is coming, surprise invitation or a meeting coming up this week, possibly coming in from another, could be another Virgo or it could be from a Capricorn or a Taurus. Okay, now they could have that anywhere in their chart or it could be their Sun Moon Rising or Venus. This is someone who shows up more in the energy of like a business type of person.  King of Pentacles can represent someone who could be a Taurus as well, so they would have that Venus energy. So a fixed could be a fixed energy could be a mutable energy or cardinal energy. Okay, it's definitely not someone who well, it's one of the three. Okay, so let's just I feel like they're a good dresser. I feel like I want to tell you that they have a good job or they work really hard. They're all about business though, all about making money. All right, let's take a look here. Okay, so get the world. So this feels like a long distance. I'm hearing a long distance relationship for sure. And this feels like a new beginning as well. So definitely this week, something is starting and I feel like this person is this feels like someone that you might have had some kind of situation with where there might have been a few shots or punches being thrown figuratively, not literally. Yeah, some shots being thrown, some punches being thrown, some like someone who's getting who like, gosh, it kind of feels to me like a situation where two people were in the ring and they were kind of duking it out. Things were tough. Like a relationship, a relationship, a relationship was tough. And it just gives me a sense of like, okay, you know, we had a couple of battles, but it's worth working on. It's like still worth fighting for. This is what I hear. This is what I feel this message is. So I feel like you're definitely going to be connecting with someone, this somebody's coming in, you're going to be connecting with someone here. I feel like someone here doesn't want to give up. They don't want to keep fighting. That's for sure. But they don't want to give up on a relationship. Yeah, definitely coming in to try to manifest something here. Yeah, I feel like someone here is going to fight. So could also be Aquarius, Leo, Scorpio, Gemini, that energy as well. So I feel like somebody's coming in, they're going to lay everything out on the table, be completely open and honest with you, tell you everything, tell you how they feel, give you like some absolute truth and clarity. You know, all the aces showing up here wanting to invest in this relationship, try to bring forth like this new passionate energy towards the relationship, open up about their feelings. Let me take a look here at this world. So I feel like I feel like this person feels really like a lot of anxiety. I don't know if you guys separated, but I feel like there's a lot of mental stress about sleeping in the bed alone. I'm hearing. Yeah, sleeping in the bed alone. They don't know what that means. Like they don't like being able, they don't like that they roll over and you're not there, I'm hearing. So I don't know if it's a long distance or if that you guys are out of distance to each other. Yeah, so there's that going on.  There's a feeling of this absence. They want to close the gap here, try to bring some closure to this separation or this distance between the two of you. Yeah, there you go. Six of swords. Get closer. This person, it feels like they want to get closer to you. Oh, now there's the king of swords. Yeah, so Libra could be, so we pretty much have all the air signs that I've already said. So they're definitely coming in. You're going to be hearing from this person this week for sure. They're going to try to communicate with you. They want to talk to you. So I do feel like you're going to hear from them this week. Let me see here. So I'm feeling it could be on Monday or Tuesday they're saying. Yeah, so this person is like, they're by themselves, they're single. And this is your card here, Virgo, right? So this person is single. They have you on their mind. They're definitely coming in to talk to you. And I feel like you're single. You're really not, I mean, you might have other people around you, but I don't really see you being in a committed relationship, heavy duty with anybody right now. You could be. It's not, you know, some of you might be, but at least either they're hoping that you are on your own and that you don't, or at least you will be on your own when they talk to you. I feel like they want to have that opportunity to just get you alone so they can talk to you. I just feel like this person is really stressing being like without you kind of sounds sad, but that's yeah, the energy that I'm picking up with this person. Wow, those are two very opposing energies here. Seven of wands and the four of swords. I mean, I do feel like they're coming into like like disturb the peace. They want to wake you up. They're coming in to wake you up. You might get a call. They might be like calling your phone when you're asleep. So you might get some calls at night or some texts. You might wake up in the morning and get some calls or see you've had some calls or some texts by this person one day this week. Yeah, I feel like they're really going to be kind of like calling a lot. That's Cupid's arrows you have up there, which gives me that eight of wands, which is like news, lots of messages coming in fast. Yeah, there you go. Yep, yep, yep, yep, yep, six of cups in the two of one or the two of cups. So this is definitely this person is going to try to connect with you. They want to talk to you. This makes me feel like and I've never seen this before, but this makes me you remember like back, you remember back in the old days that when you were kids used to like string two cups together and pretend they were like phones. You were talking to each other. This is kind of what I feel like this person is trying to connect with you. So they will be calling you. I don't know if you will have your phone on silent here with the four of swords you might or you might even have it like not accepting private or no call, you know, no caller ID, it might go right to voicemail, or it you know, you might not get the text, that kind of thing. So you might not even know that they're trying to call. That could be if you don't get the call, why there's so many of those calls, like if it goes right to voicemail, that kind of thing, like it depends on what kind of setting you have or what kind of phone you have, but I feel like they're going to be calling you a lot. So you might even be asleep or you might have it on silent. There also might be, they might try to reach out to a friend of yours as well. Yes. This makes me feel, I know this is so very old to say, but they just gave me an old like slip in a dime and a pay phone kind of scenario. They just showed that to me like calling a friend from like, I don't know, a collect call. Like who does that? I don't know why they're showing me this. So this could be somebody who is older as well. But I feel like they'll wait a while and then try to call your friend. What is going on? Trying to call a friend of yours that maybe you both know each other. They're trying to get a hold of you. Like this person's really, I feel like stressing or try to talk to one of your siblings or a family member or a friend or someone they really want to talk to you. I mean, I just feel like this person, I do feel like this person wants to propose. Like they're coming in with this love, this new love offer, this partnership. They want to be with you. They want to marry you. Like they've been thinking about taking the sleep of faith here with you. I mean, it's pretty heavy duty for sure. Could be Pisces, Cancer. Yes, definitely. Interesting. I didn't call any, I don't think I called any fire signs. So here you've got the King of Cups. So we have a water sign showing up there too. So it could be a water sign. Yeah, you guys, I don't know, I'm not picking up some strong fire. So I don't, yeah, I'm not feeling like a fire sign. Not heavy and fire. But I do feel like, yeah, that's what I feel like the message is this week. So you might want to just, oops, be aware of that. This person coming in, trying to get a hold of you. I just, I just feel like that's what their intention is, why they're getting a hold of you. Because they're just like, they're just, they miss you so much. They want you next to them. They feel the absence. They want to be with you. All that stuff going on. Let me just get a couple of love messages here for you. Oh my God, there it is again, engagement. Your love life is ascending to a higher level of commitment. Yeah, so that's what's good. Listen, I don't know if you're going to be like actually engaged or what's going on. For some of you, they are going to offer that. For others, it's just like it's turned like their intention is to be in a committed relationship. Retreat, time to disconnect from the world. So you and this person getting together, look at these two. They're kind of like in bride and groom energy here. So you and this person spending some time together. They want to be alone with you. I said that already. I pick up my card and reconciliation. Someone from your past is returning to your life. I mean, these cards are speaking for themselves. They are speaking for themselves. Let me see if you have anything else going on besides this news here, anything else besides this love message happening here for Virgo this week. Okay, you've got family, soul family groups. Family will be very important this week for some of you spending time with family visiting family, your kids spending time at your kids. Some of you will be doing something with a home or real estate residence, a property this week, either selling or buying, fixing up, investing, repairing. It looks like anything to do with a home this week is a good. It's a good time this week. Anything to do that you're thinking about doing or doing, it's it will be favorable to you. You'll also have gifts, surprises, presents, openings, receiving or sending will be favorable. So these are all the favorable things for you this week. Connecting with family, receiving or sending gifts and anything to do with property, real estate or residences favorable to you this week. Let me see what else. Okay, gossip. I don't know if gossip is favorable to you, but some small talk with some neighbors, some grapevine stuff about a young female, youthful music and fashion. I do feel like you might hear something through the grapevine about a young female. Looks like she has red hair. So you might hear something this week pertaining to a young female handle that with delicacy. You've also got mature woman, socialite connector, high society could be something about gossip in regards to her and a young female this week handle that with care and delicacy I hear. Okay, you also have a love triangle, a crowded relationship and some choices this week. You will be confronted with and you also have control taking back power, something kinky in the bedroom. Okay, I'm not going to go too deep into that one. So there's something showing up there that week. You can go over to my OnlyFans and maybe that will show up this week. Subscribe to my channel or to my OnlyFans and we pretty much get into that kind of stuff over there. Link is below and your profession, your workplace, college, anything like that definitely favorable to you this week as well. Your profession will be significant. You'll be, could be get some recognition this week for something that you do on the job. Pay attention to that and then yeah, there's that long distance thing going up and that can have something to do with travel and some foreign themes as well. And you can also have something to do with that romantic relationship that's showing up here too. So that's just pretty much tying all this reading in. Okay, you guys, so I know it's short, but it is Sunday going in the Monday. So I'm going to leave that there for you guys and don't forget to go over and check out my MoonPie Tarot channel. That is the original channel and that will help your love readings over there from Monday through Friday. So you will always have a reading from me pretty much every day, except for Saturdays. And yeah, I will see you guys back here tomorrow. All right, take care. Bye.


The refining process removes important nutrients like fiber, iron and B vitamins. And this is done by food manufacturers for two reasons. Firstly, it's to give the end product a softer texture. And secondly, it's done to extend the shelf life of the resulting product. A heavily processed food is going to last longer on the supermarket shelf because pests, like mold for example, are less attracted to foods that are low in nutrients. A hamburger that's highly processed will spoil much more slowly than a hamburger made at home with mostly natural ingredients. But the question is, if highly processed food is so low in nutrients that the pests don't even want to eat it, how healthy can it be for us? In fact, the nutrient content of any given food is directly related to the spoil rate of that food. Foods that are very low in nutrients spoil much more slowly than foods that are rich in nutrients. One of the best predictors of a healthy diet was whether it was cooked by a human being or a large corporation. And the reason is that when we outsource our food preparation to big companies, they tend to cook in a certain way that isn't very healthy. They tend to use way too much salt, fat and sugar, all of which are problematic nutrients for our health. And they tend to use the cheapest possible raw ingredients. Their business model is to start with the cheap food and process it as much as possible, make it attractive with salt, fat and sugar. Thinking about the nutrient density of a food is another conceptual way of making sensible food decisions. The nutrient density of a food can be thought of as the amount of nutritional value, including vitamins, minerals and fiber, divided by the calories or energy content of that food. For example, a glass of soda is high in calories without providing much in the way of nutritional value. Foods that provide lots of calories with very little nutritional value are sometimes called energy dense foods, but their nutrient density is low. A bunch of fresh spinach, on the other hand, would be an example of a nutrient dense food because its nutritional value is relatively high compared to its caloric content. When people talk about fast food being cheaper than fresh food, they're often referring to the fact that the cost per calorie of highly processed food is lower than that of fresh whole food. This is often true because highly processed food is so high in calories that the cost per calorie is relatively low. But if we instead look at the cost of food per unit of nutrient density, then buying fewer calories of higher nutrient density food is a much better use of our food budget. In the midst of a serious epidemic of obesity, avoiding empty calories should be near the very top of our list of priorities. One of the reasons why highly processed food is usually higher in calories is that in order to make these products sell, significant amounts of fat, sugar, and salt are added to make the nutrient stripped foods taste good. Additives like colorants, artificial flavors, stabilizers, and other preservatives are also added to enhance packaged products and maintain the illusion that we as consumers have many choices when we walk through the supermarket aisles. The last thing we need to be aware of are highly processed foods that masquerade as healthy foods. These are products that have synthetic nutrients added back to them after they've been refined, and this is usually done to make the product seem healthy to the nutrition aware consumer. It's important to remember that the most nutritious foods like broccoli don't come in packages that tell us how healthy they are.


Hey, this is Brett and this 2017 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Tradesman is stock number 22T22A. We're here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used Ram 2500 headquarters. This 2017 Ram 2500 has the 6.4-liter V8 Hemi engine. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. Super clean all the way around. Speaking of that, we're going to go round underneath under the hood, start it up in this video. We are shooting this video in 4K today so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet, smartphone or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition and options of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you like the video on how we do things here at Summit Auto in the upper right hand part of the screen is a subscribe button to our YouTube channel, click that and then click the bell notifications. You'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day of our new and used inventory here at Summit Auto. This one comes with the steel rims with the chrome covers and it has Firestone Transforce LT27570 R18 tires. These tires look like they have probably about I'd say 70 to 80% of the tread left on them. The rim and underbody is exceptionally clean on this truck. Front fender is in excellent shape, I didn't see any dents or dings on there, headlight lenses are nice and clear and the front bumper is in excellent condition. The hood is in very nice shape as well and it comes with a nice chrome bug shield. Grille is in nice shape and the passenger side front fender is in excellent condition as well. Passenger side rim no scuffs or scrapes and it does have the clearance lights up top. Take a quick look at this bright silver, it's got a lot of metal flaking in it, one of my favorite colors on the Rams is definitely this bright silver. As you go down this side of the truck, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle you can see the truck, hear the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make that decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video was helpful and that brought sense to you. Back rims in excellent shape and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. Frame and underbody the rest of the way on this truck is in very nice shape, has the all remaining factor exhaust and it looks like new under here. New corners lower rockers look good and comes with the nice chrome step bars. Down the passenger side box, didn't see any dents or dings coming around in the back, rear bumpers in perfect condition. No dents or dings in there, it does have the bumper step, reverse parking sensors and full towing package which includes a receiver hitch, four pin and seven pin wiring, tailgates in excellent shape as well and it comes with an access soft roll up tonneau cover. Has a bullet liner, spray and bed liner, fifth wheel and gooseneck prep package and it does have the seven pin wiring back here as well and that's a really nice bed liner. Kind of liken it to a linex material and I think linex is pretty good. I'm sure this is a pretty good bed liner too. Down the driver side, the box is in excellent shape and this back rim is in excellent condition as well. Rest of the side of the truck looks really good, didn't see any dents or dings on the doors, does have the heated fold up tow mirrors, they fold up like so, fold in like that, they also have built in directional signals on there. Inside the tradesman package gives you the gray cloth interior, there are no rips or tears on the seats, they're in really nice shape, smells very clean inside this truck, don't think it's ever been smoked in, comes with weather tech floor mats, auto headlamps, power windows, power locks and power mirrors. We'll hop inside and check out the miles radio and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. You can see that this truck only has 14,962 miles, you get the digital speedometer or temperature display I should say, you get cruise controls on the right, information center controls on the left, comes with the six-speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift, this one has AM FM radio and Sirius XM radio capabilities, down here is your factory brake controller, stability control, tow haul, parking sensors you can turn those off four by four shifter on the center console there, and the passenger side floor mat and seat are in excellent condition as well, no rips or tears on that seat and the headliner is in excellent condition too. It does have the backup camera in the rearview mirror and we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then start it up and take a look under the hood. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats, no rips or tears back here, it does have the latch child safety system, fixed glass rear window and you get factory floor mats back here, also has in-floor storage with removable containers for easy cleaning, you can put ice and drinks in there, it's like you have too many coolers, wherever you go. Storage underneath the seats and child safety locks on the back doors. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video, you'll have been able to verify the quality and condition of this truck all the way around inside and out. Under the hood we have the 6.4 liter V8 Hemi engine, engine base very clean runs very smooth, once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the foods have been checked and topped off.  I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this truck from one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SCVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftons, 3 quarter tons, one tons, you name it, we got to go to that website right there, www.summitauto.com, full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at www.summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to www.youtube.com slash www.summitauto.com, remember to like, subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there, click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on the upper left, a link to more Ram 2500 truck videos like this one on the upper right, link to this vehicle on our website on the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right. Click those checks out and we're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2017 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Tradesman in bright silver metallic with a 6.4 liter Hemi. Thanks again for checking out the video and remember to like, subscribe and share