All right stretch number two is called hip flexor stretch on a chair So my hip flexors are often very One delayed onset muscle soreness is starting to dissipate. Thankfully. Thankfully because of stretching Epsom salt baths Rolling out. That's right. I'm still still unpacking from snowbird and I'm gonna go out for my second run today Just three miles pretty ease not is not nine-minute pace. I'll probably go that eight-minute pace 830 pace Basically to warm up the legs for the stretching routine that I'm about to show you because I do get questions about it now Listen, listen both Stretching is not my strong point. In fact, let's do it question of the day. Do you stretch? consistently and do you follow follow a stretching Routine or a stretching plan? I do not and I that's that there is no excuse for that I should be doing stretching now. I stretch every day, but it's not a consistent routine I basically stretch what is sore or what is hurting on my body, but that's not a in my opinion That's not a a sound strategy.  I Believe it helps you stay healthy and prevents for example my plan or fasciitis in 2018 If I would have been paying attention to my hamstrings my entire kinetic chain with stretching Early in 2018. I think I would have I would have avoided Four months of plant late four months of pain every July August September October It was actually five months. That's when my plan to released in the race and Oh my goodness. Anyway, we're gonna talk about stretching today.  Oh, yeah Holy guacamole. Sorry to just go go get I got a little excited there But I'm telling you I do get quite a few questions about PF and plant or fasciitis and it's all About that kinetic chain and I don't know I'm listen. I'm not a scientist Just putting that out there right now not a doctor not a nurse none of that but So far in 2019. I know I had the bone injury, but that's a lot different than a soft tissue injury So, oh goodness. Oh, yeah, this feels good I feel feeling better now after rolling out with this guy and I forgot to mention that today's first run was 15 miles I think that's 24 kilometers. It's on your screen right now 730 a mile or I believe about 440 per kilometer and this trigger point foam roller Four months ago. I could barely use it because it hurts so bad like it just dug it digs into your muscles so well And now it kind of feels almost too easy like my my legs have gotten used to it I think my legs are a little stronger and tougher now anyway fascinating development As you continue to do maintenance on your body You might have to like I feel like my legs are advancing in the right direction with respect to overall durability And I'm not talking about bones. I'm talking about Soft tissue so good sign for the trigger point. All right, let's go And the three mile 5k eight minute pace per mile nice and easy legs feel warmed up for the stretching I'm about to do in the gym tip of the day If I had to choose a gym with this stretching machine for my hamstrings over another gym They said like if I'm gonna buy if I'm gonna pay for a membership I'm gonna seek out a gym with this machine and who knows maybe you're part of a gym Uh, and they don't have this machine. I would just ask them Could you look into purchasing this because it has saved my hamstrings over the past 12 months. Anyway, just a tip of the day something to think about All right, a good Simple maintenance day in the gym and no lifting today The legs are not quite ready for that yet after the race But definitely need to put the sleeves back on one more point I'm noticing as I you know get a little older that my purchases for running gear Are starting to trend more in the direction of recovery Rather than let's say the actual running like all the foam rollers. I have I actually just today I decided to Purchase one of these discs you see me using right now in the gym on your screen and I decided you know You know what I love this thing so much I think it's helping the strength of my ankle so much and firing the little muscles in my feet I am going to pick one up for my own house and using it here at the house. So anyway, that's what I did It's just like I'm just trending in that direction and I'm okay with that Now as we get going here these stretches are being done in no particular order I think I'm sure the experts out there would be able to tell you do them in this order Because it helps in a different way with your kinetic chain But I'm just doing them in the order that I prefer doing them and I always like to start That's right with my calves because they're often the most sore and tired So we're going to start with your traditional calf stretch pressing against the wall you all have seen this stretch before and then if you need to stretch your Soleus which is just below your calf muscle you bend your knees So you see my right leg is bent now and that gets the soleus But I want to show you the dynamic calf stretch So you're pressing against the wall you lift your opposite leg up. So this will be my left leg goes up Good form and by the way if my form is not perfect. I do apologize I'm working on this as well But what you do is you for the dynamic stretch We're going to do three sets by 30 seconds and you start to swing your opposite leg out and over out and over out and Over and eventually work your way up to 30 seconds per set It might take you a little while in fact I can already tell like I'm not going to be able to do three sets by 30 seconds for you tonight because I'm still Recovering from the Dom's and then you switch to the other leg again pressing against the wall I always like to try and keep my eyes up and then out and in Out and in while pressing against the wall and this is called the dynamic calf stretch stretch number one All right stretch number two is called hip flexor stretch on a chair So my hip flexors are often very tight because of the mountain running and these are your hip flexors right through here And so they're very tight all the time So basically you're going to put one leg out your other leg on the chair You want to keep your leg on the chair pretty straight doesn't have to be perfectly straight But pretty straight and then your hands on your hips I'm going to put my right leg out my right foot out just a little bit more and then basically again keep that this This leg pretty straight and then you're going to dip down. Oh my goodness That's about as far as I can go right now feels amazing again three sets by 30 seconds after 30 seconds You come back up rest for a minute You might need to switch legs and that's totally fine and then come back to that leg and then again I'm gonna keep that leg straight and then dip dip down just like that. Oh My goodness and keep that back straight and then just dip as far as you can this this leg is better I must say and then hold it for 30 seconds and Then back up. I didn't in my form might not have been perfect on that one But that is the hip flexor stretch on a chair. Okay, so since we have the chair here I'll show you the tibialis interior stretch very simple stretch you sit down in a chair so it's nice and comfy and Basically, you're gonna grab with your if I if it's your right leg You're gonna grab with your left hand your foot here Hopefully you can see that on camera and you're just gonna gently pull that foot and ankle Wow toward your body and you should feel the stretching on the outside of your ankle outside of your shin Right through here and you know gosh I've only had shin splints once in my life but I wish I would have known about this stretch when I was suffering from shin splints and Hold it a once again for 30 seconds three sets each leg Whoo, so I'm gonna switch. Hopefully I am on camera here again And again, I always got to think about form but keeping my back nice and straight And then this and then grab and then stretch. Oh, I tell you what? I need to pay way more attention to this Like going over the rocks and boulders up in the mountains. I can feel a lot of aches and pains through my lowered leg right now So again three sets by 30 seconds the Oh, this feels good And again, this is called the tibialis interior stretch Whoo, I never really did this stretch in high school or college, but I tell you what it feels amazing And again for these stretches, I cannot show you all the stretches I love to do we won't we'd be here all night, but I'm just showing you some of my top five favorites So I believe this is number four the gluteal and piriformis stretch. You're basically going to sit down You're going to cross one leg under so I'm going to cross my right leg underneath me Place it pretty close to your opposite glute on your left side And then you're going to take your left leg and cross it over Not too far, especially when you're just getting going and then Basically, you're going to grab with both hands this knee and you're going to just Gently squeeze it up toward your chest And you're going to feel a stretch through that glute muscle Oh my goodness so so much and again I am suffering from the doms from the cirque race But I'm I'm glad I'm doing this because I do believe it will help me feel better tomorrow again Two to three sets to start by 30 seconds I'm just breathing breathing through it everybody Oh after 30 seconds gently let that leg down and then on the other side Okay, so now I'm going to put my left leg Tucked underneath me cross my right leg over and then again Gently with both hands on this knee Gently pull it toward my chest Yep, it's tight. It's tight again trying to keep good posture So you're not like slouching in toward the stretch, but you let the stretch come to you Oh my goodness So I'm not holding every stretch for 30 seconds because again, we'd be here all night But you want to hold it for 30 seconds and then gently Gently let it let it back down. Okay Oh my goodness. So that's how I get the glutes Okay, now this might be a little controversial this last one number five I think this will be the last one I might do one more but is My quads now. This is how I stretched my quads. Yes in college And I never and this is how we stretched our quads now I've heard some people say there's too much pressure being applied to my knees when I do this I think my knees are pretty strong at this point in my life Because of the mountain running, but you might have to be careful But this is how I like to stretch my quads You can also lay on your stomach to stretch your quads And I actually feel like it puts more pressure on my knee when I do it that way where you're laying down But so this is how I stretch my quads. I'm just going to do it And you maybe this is you how you do it Some people have said I wouldn't do it that way But I just put both feet in front of me by the bing by the boom and then Raise my knees up and then Just like that and now you're feeling it I'm you know, like you got to have strong feet strong ankles as well But I just love it.  No one ever said we shouldn't stretch like this. So but so this is how I do it Stretch number five the quads Um, oh my goodness just feels quite quite nice all right through there Ah, and then again 30 seconds Oh my goodness Oh, and then I kind of do a little a little straight stretch like that in between and then right back to it Ah, just for another 30 seconds Feels amazing everybody amazing All right, and that last stretch is going to be the cobra That's right stretching your back You just get on the ground and then just gently with both arms begin to raise your torso Up to the sky Oh, yeah, and listen, I have never had you don't need to extend your arms all the way not like that You can keep them just like that and uh, oh that gets your back and listen I have never had major back issues But I do know some runners who have struggled with back pain So this can help just get that back even a little bit into the shoulders Which I mean listen our legs work a lot. We can't forget our upper body as well Our shoulders our pectoral muscles our traps and then our back muscles. So this is called the cobra And again hold for 30 seconds three sets. Oh my goodness. Oh, man whoo That's a workout everybody. Oh and again keyword, you know is stretching and uh, so here's the deal We are going to do another vlog. I think maybe later this week But probably next week on foam rolling because some of you are asking about my foam rolling Technique and routine what I like to do. I think a couple of you have figured out already what I like to do But I'm going to explain it in a full vlog very very soon for foam rolling. Okay, there's my I think I did actually I added a bonus six stretches for you to start with I'll put them back up on the screen right now for you Just for a quick review and uh, listen, I'm excited to read your comments about your stretching routine Whether or not you stretch at all and listen at the end of the day like it comes down to time The reason I don't follow this routine every single day is honestly time but but When I have the time and it's all about priorities in life, right? If we want to stay healthy we put things in the right order of um Of decision making every single day so that we can strive to be as healthy as possible So that's what I'm trying to do. So I I realize this takes time And you're not going to always have enough time to do and I guess on that point I would say just do two sets of 15 seconds to start and just keep it there for a while until you can ease Work up to three by 30 seconds per stretch And uh, one last point is the oh, yeah, I'm going inside I'm gonna I'm going to explain what I'm doing inside just trying to make good decisions moving forward. All right Here we go. Oh, yeah, there we go. Shake it out. Shake it out. Shake it out. Come on now. Come on. Come on All right, so after the Cirque series race everyone I uh went on a little bit of an ice cream kick and I must say over the past couple days. I just have not Felt very good. Uh just kind of felt meh. You know that feeling of meh So I'm I don't know what it is, but I'm good. I'm getting back on my salads I haven't had a salad in probably four days. So just trying to do the little things every single day To stay healthy once it just like the stretching it's doing the little things So let's make this salad. Oh, it's gonna be good. Butter my bread butter my bread Let's see get these ingredients All right, there it is everyone is uh down for the night asleep And frankly I had another thought to share with all of you, but it's gone. It's escaped me So that is that and uh, okay. Thanks for being here. Thanks for watching. I'm gonna eat my salad Hopefully those stretches at least planted a seed, you know a oh my goodness There's so many stretches out there and a lot of different types of stretches for the same muscle groups Like the hip flexors. There's a lot of different ways to stretch the hip flexor. So anyway We're just planting seeds here getting the ball in the discussion going down in the comments. All right. Thanks for watching a couple blogs for you on the right and the left the one on the right is going to be about some Weightlifting in the gym that I like to do. It's a little old now. It's about six months old this blog But I think it still has some value for all of you and then on the left again Some maintenance blogs talking about how to take care of that body. All right. Thanks for being here. Thanks for watching See beauty work hard and love each other See you tomorrow


I wanted to come today because I'm very interested in teaching next year. I really wanted to meet and network with all of the principals and teachers from all over Queensland. I would say the vibe of today is fantastic. You hear laughter behind me, you see smiles on different faces. Everyone I've spoken with has come prepared to have a good conversation. They've been giving me great information on what I should be doing within my course to have the best chance of getting a job at the end of it. And they're probably thinking about where do I want to teach in the future and where those career paths could potentially be for them. The reason you should consider teaching at State Schools is we have wonderful opportunities. We have high socio-economic schools, we've got schools in challenging areas, rural areas, regional areas and some of the best schools in the state. There's opportunities everywhere. Broaden your mind, look for opportunities and greater opportunities come from that. Look, State Schools are where it's at. It's a system that will develop you across your whole career. At the moment we're about two hours in, I think we've made about six job offers. The highlight of the event for me today was being offered a tentative job for next year. I was lucky enough to get offered a job in Central Queensland. It's fantastic to see young teachers really excited about the next step in their story. I feel with great confidence that any one of these people here can walk into a State School tomorrow and make a difference. There's lots and lots of people here who've turned up wanting to make a difference, and for that next stage we're saying, yes, we'll employ you. Sign up now. Here's a new adventure. If you're coming here next year, come and talk and be prepared and open to hear about the various communities so we can steer you to the right people because there's plenty on offer today. I would definitely recommend this event. There are so many opportunities here. You know, you're getting your foot in the door and it's about networking and it's about who you know and making sure that people see that you're serious about doing what you want to do.


Hi, I'm Meg from MegdeenArt. Today I'm going to show you how to make letter keychains. I just used my phone stopwatch and I set it for three minutes while I mix pour the resin in first, start putting the flowers in, and then I'll use this stick to move that around. Some gold leaf, turn it into smaller pieces, just finish it off with a little bit of resin to fill the rest of the letter, cure for 24 hours, sand them, pre-drill, attach them to the keychain rings, and there you have it.


There's more than level five on though. They got a level six or seven eight, but man, this is This definitely gonna be a good job man. I do but in other words, we got it man We've already found almost a full box full. You can see it's got a little trailer going all the way up And so there's probably a bunch over here. I see more epi pins over here This is probably the biggest fort that I've been on but we gonna keep making it fun. Oh, he alive Yes Do you ever wonder what happens when the police leave crime scene cleaners are private companies that handle the cleanup after the police are gone Spalling decon is one of the nation's largest cleanup companies handling the aftermath of homicides suicides Decompositions hoarding and much more These are our stories. Hey, how you doing guys? We're here at a level five horde out here in what's the chapel? It's kind on the big side But as usual, we're gonna get it done got us some some fresh new faces who are ready to work It's like I said, it's gonna be a little bit tricky a little bit difficult But we got a couple of days to work with everybody seems eager enthusiastic We're gonna jump into it. We're gonna have a good time. We're gonna have some fun We're gonna get this job knocked out on the way. Let's go in have a good day. Thank you all for watching Yeah, I just want to see why We've already found almost a full box full You can see it's got a little trailer going all the way up and so there's probably a bunch over here a few more epicens over here Any of the syringes that are out of boxes means that it has been used and we are not putting back in the box Separate box that when we get back to the warehouse, he's gonna go in the trucks I get but We got to go through all the medicine and mail All the electronics obviously we got to keep and stuff like that that we need to find clothes It's a process right now. Like I said, this is probably the biggest hoard that I've been on and this one here It ain't fine, but we're gonna keep making it fun Lots of interesting stuff in here, uh a lot of stuff in here Like I don't think I've been in one this bad yet. This is the worst one. I've been I mean, I've been in one stuff so no worse, but it's not nearest trash Have you ever wanted to become a crime scene cleaner like me? Well, now you can Spalding decon has put together a variety of courses that can teach you everything you need to know about becoming a crime scene cleaner We'll explain everything on how to get crime scene cleaning jobs how to clean up biohazard and hordes Click the link and our bio and use promo code chitty for 10 off and chitty is spelled c h i t t y Walking over stuff getting stuff done. It don't look like we doing a whole lot much, but hey We doing This is some bits being up in this stuff I'm honestly man. This is my first one like this I only seen this type of stuff on tv man. Honestly.  Obviously everybody here having some fun with it So we just gonna keep having fun getting rid of this stuff that needs to get rid of and we're gonna keep rocking out more than level five on though. They got a level six or seven eight, but man, this is This definitely won't be a good job man to do but In other words, we got it man. First day with our level five four And uh, we didn't get as much as we were thinking we were going to get done Only because it is a lot worse than we thought it was going to be. There's a lot of Stuff buried, big stuff we found more Walmart bags than we can think of and lots have to do with the client used to live or Walmart and uh They managed to get the kitchen pretty much cleared out Just got to worry about this meeting front area, which is a living room dining room and then bathroom and the laundry room Which hopefully tomorrow we're going to be having a lot more help So we should get it done a lot faster just for today About to wrap it up Just doing some final touches on the kitchen making sure that's hopefully then we're going to be putting All these bags that we've got of clothes In there make it easier for the client to go through them and figure out what they want to keep if they just want to toss it That's for today.  Yeah, we saving a little buddy saving turtles in this thing man. Hey, what you're going to find in the house? About today because we're Definitely making progress over here We're going to try to get this as much as we can before we start to move over here Because a lot of this is empty box or empty Bottles and all that stuff and of course we got to make sure we get the needles taken care of medications Mail and anything that's salvageable to be saved. So let's just go ahead and finish Rock the day out and get it done. Thanks for watching guys Don't forget to like share Subscribe and ring that bell to be notified of the next episode for more information visit any of our locations


Welcome back to the Video Game Storytime Advent Calendar. It's time for another teensy tiny video as we count down the days to December 25th, which may or may not be a holiday for you, depending on your culture and religion. The Persona series is unashamedly Japanese, but games in the series often have different settings. After Persona 4 gave players a murder mystery in a small rural town, Persona 5 went big by recreating many iconic real-life landmarks and locations around Tokyo. Originally, this wasn't the plan. Persona 5 started out as a game about backpacking around the world before a real-life tragedy caused the development team to rethink their plans. Said Persona 5 director Katsura Hashino, because the past works in the series were stories centered around school and its surroundings, I had been thinking of backpacking, a game where you're flying around to various places with a theme similar to that of a journey of self-discovery. But in the midst of thinking a lot, the Great East Japan Earthquake struck, aka the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. I felt that at once my mood about Japan had changed as I rethought things. I wanted to refocus on Japan rather than direct my feelings to the outside world. From this point on, we had no intention to fly around the world and started to look at the adventurous spirit of the human mind instead. Sometimes, art can be a wonderful tool for helping people to process trauma. It's interesting to know that a game as beloved as Persona 5 grew out of such a poignant national tragedy. Come back tomorrow for another tiny advent calendar video, which we promise will not in any way feature natural disasters, but might feature a couple famous skeletons.


Devil's Tower, landmark of the Black Hills, source of legends, and the geological record of part of the history of this planet. Long before man walked the earth, the last dinosaurs wandered here in what was then probably lush forest swampland, but the climate was gradually cooling and deep within the earth changes were taking place that would dramatically alter the shape of the land. Before this upheaval came the Rocky Mountains, the Black Hills, and the uplifting of the western plains. Some of the stresses were volcanic, and in places they broke through the weakened spots in the earth's crust and their lava flowed to the surface. Devil's Tower, like little Missouri buttes four miles to the northwest, is a core of one of these ancient extinct volcanoes. The fiery liquid magma rose through the softer sedimentary rock, barely disturbing its layers. As the rock cooled, it contracted, and the contraction caused cracks to form, radiating from many points and lengthening until they met other cracks. As the cooling continued, the cracks went deeper and deeper into the rock, creating a mass of four, five, and six-sided columns. Although magma volcano reached the surface, that portion of the tower existing today was still underground, hidden by the layers of sedimentary rock. Above it flowed the ancestor of the Belfouche River that would be largely responsible for revealing Devil's Tower as we know it. For millions of years, the river, along with wind, rain, and the effects of freezing and thawing, slowly wore away the soft sedimentary rock. The much harder igneous rock remained, eventually rising higher and higher above the surrounding land. You can see that the upper third of the tower is more worn than the rest. That's because when that portion had been exposed, the river began to flow over a sedimentary layer that was harder and more resistant to erosion. Although the upper part of the tower was battered longer by the elements, while the lower part was still buried underground. After the river wore through the more resistant layer of sediment, the rest of the tower was exposed fairly quickly. The top third may also have evidenced some of the block-jointing seen in the bottom third. The tower still rises through sedimentary rock, but those layers are now covered with callus, fragments from the tower itself that protect the softer surrounding base from further erosion. Over the years, the effects of cold and heat made the rock contract and expand. When parts of the columns were weakened by this process, gravity did the rest. And the fallen rock accumulated around the base. Most of it seems to have come from the upper part. Depends of columns that range from a few inches in diameter to enormous chunks 14 feet across and 25 feet long. The lichen growing on the callus indicates there have been no large rock falls in the last few hundred years. It was only a little over a hundred years ago that Devil's Tower got its present name when a U.S. Geological Survey Party saw it during an expedition into the Black Hills in 1875. The Indians had called it Mateo Tipi, which means Bear Lodge, but the survey team misunderstood the name and called it Bad God's Tower, later shortened to Devil's Tower. In 1906, Congress passed the Antiquities Act, allowing the president to preserve historic or scientific landmarks on government land. That same year, President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devil's Tower the first national monument in the country. For eons, it has stood sentinel over these grasslands and forests. Campers, hikers, and climbers come to enjoy the peace and recreation they find in its shadow, surrounded by a wealth of trees, flowers, and wildlife. Impressive in its beauty and its permanence, Devil's Tower is, most of all, a remarkable natural record of geological history. A witness to its own epic story.


And then she gave him the kindest eyes, and she kneeled down. And this is the most unusual thing in a public space. And my son was just so calm, and I kinda looked at my kid making sure he's okay. She kneeled down and she gave me a kiss on my right cheek and my left cheek, then she whispered in my ear. And she said, stop looking for the light. You are the light.


It is now time for members' statements, the member from Rimfrew Nipissing Pembroke. Thank you, Speaker. The peace and tranquility of the Madawaska Valley was shattered yesterday with the news of a fatal shooting. I was attending the international plowing match in Finch when I was first informed. As the news developed, it got much worse. In the end, it turned out that three innocent women were the victims of a single male suspect, who was later apprehended by police. By now everyone has heard or seen the news reports of how these tragic events unfolded. It is clear that the gunman knew his victims, knew their whereabouts, and methodically went about executing his plan to murder them. I knew one of the victims, Anastasia Kuzek. She was a hard-working and well-respected real estate agent working in the area. On a number of occasions I would have spoken to her while she was working on a transaction with my white Vicki, who was also an agent. The Madawaska Valley was in a state of shock, as this is not the kind of thing we expect to hear about. But it illustrates to all of us that we are not immune to the evil and criminal acts that rural people tend to associate with larger communities. We are left with many questions as to why something like this could happen. How could someone do this? Some questions may never be answered, but as the investigation unfolds, some most certainly will be. I want to congratulate and thank the police for acting quickly, marshalling all the necessary resources, and apprehending the suspect as quickly as they did. This allowed a lot of worried people to sleep better last night. I also want to thank the staff and teachers in those schools that were in lockdown yesterday. They took care of our children during the emergency, and we're all grateful for that. Finally, I want to thank the people of the Valley for their cooperation and composure during this crisis. Most importantly, on behalf of my constituents, I want to extend my heartfelt sympathies to the family and friends of the victims. Anastacia Cusick, Natalie Warmerdam, and Carl Culliton. Our thoughts and prayers are with you. Thank you. Thank you. Further statements? The member for Windsor to come see. Thank you, Speaker. It's an honor for me to stand in the house today and remind you that this Friday is Franco-Ontarian Day. As you know, Speaker, our province officially recognized and proclaimed Franco-Ontarian Day back in 2010. Ontario is home to well over 600,000 Francophones. This is the largest population of French-speaking Canadians outside of the province of Quebec. Forty years ago, we raised the Franco-Ontario flag for the first time. This was a symbolic gesture recognizing and promoting contributions made by our French-speaking friends and neighbors in the development of Ontario's culture and in our shared history. In my part of the province, we are home to the oldest continuous French settlement in Ontario, dating way back to the early 1700s. But even before the French settlers, the Jesuit missionaries were there as early as 1640. A.T.N. Brule used to be a trader along our waterfront. Sierra de Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain de Trois. What we now know today is Detroit, just across the river from us. On Friday morning, I will join my friend Gerard Mallot, the local president of LACFO, the French-Canadian Association of Ontario, in raising the Franco-Ontarian flag at City Hall in Windsor. Like myself, Gerard is a retired journalist who worked for the CBC and, Speaker, I am so proud of his work these days in promoting French language and culture in Windsor to come see. Thank you for the member statements from Durham. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. On August 12th, I was fortunate enough to welcome members from all parties in our legislature to Durham for the Ontario Federation of Agriculture's annual Field Day. Everyone, of course, knows that the riding of Durham has a strong agricultural community. But Algoma archers and Wilmot archers in Newcastle were able to represent the many great family farms of Durham that supply Ontario with produce, and I think people may have been surprised at how the farms in our community mix technologies to ensure good agricultural products. Algoma and Wilmot, as with all the family farms in Durham, are extraordinary corporate citizens for our area. Their products travel far and wide, but they keep the focus on the local community, sponsoring many programs and initiatives that help make Durham a great place to live. Ultimately, the farmers and their hard work give Durham the amazing character that it has, and I was very glad to be able to join the OFA and so many members from our house to help showcase that. Thank you to everyone who came out and thank you to Wilmot and Algoma and the OFA. I look forward to seeing everyone at Field Day next year. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. Speaker, a group will be coming to Oxford to the legislature from the great riding of Oxford tomorrow. They should celebrate our proud heritage and ask the government to protect our future by turning down the proposed landfill site. As I've explained in this legislature previously, this proposal is to locate a landfill site at Beechville in an old quarry. There are a number of concerns about the site, such as the fact that the landfill would be located on Fractured Bedrock. My number one concern is the risk to our drinking water. This proposed landfill site is located close to the quarry lake, the Thames River, and one of the town of Ingersoll's main wells. A leak would not have to travel far to contaminate the drinking water. As the mayor of Ingersoll often says, why take the risk? I want to commend that many people have taken their time to raise their concerns through letters, petitions, and coming to Queens Park. I know how hard these volunteers have been working. They are raising money to help in these efforts, and they are taking steps to reduce the amount of waste produced in Oxford. Again, I commend them for their efforts, and I hope that tomorrow all members will join me in welcoming this group to Queens Park and to take time to listen to their concerns and try to help solve their problems. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. Thank you for the member's statements. The member from Tomiskimi Cochrane. Thank you, Speaker. Yesterday it was an honour to attend the plowing match in Finch, along with many of my colleagues from across the house. For a lot of people, it's their once-a-year taste of rural culture. Just to truly understand the plowing match, the IPM, we should be able to go a month before and a week after. Because a month before, a month ago, there was nothing on that site. There was no town, no streets, no water, no hydro. That was all built in the last month. And if we go next week, it'll all be gone. It will turn back to a farmer's field. And that's a true demonstration of rural culture. Because in Finch, as happens every year, a group of community leaders would get together four or five years ago and say, you know what, we could do the plowing match. And they'll gather a thousand or so volunteers, and over three years of hard work, it'll culminate to that week. And for that week, they'll pray they don't get rain, because if they get inches of rain, it could be a disaster. But they do this year in, year out. And that shows the strength of rural culture. They're forever optimists and forever working hard to make their communities better. I'd like to commend the people of Finch, the committee, and from all plowing match committees throughout their history for the ones in the past and the ones we're going to have in the future. Congratulations. Thank you. Member Steele, the member from Mrs. Saga-Brenton-Saul. Mr. Speaker, it's a pleasure to share with the House news of the great work that is being done in my writing of Mrs. Saga-Brenton-Saul by Community Living, Mrs. Saga. On Thursday, September 10th, I attended the grand opening of the Matheson community's base site, which is just one part of an expansion of service in my writing. The agency supports more than 2,300 people with intellectual disabilities, helping them to live with dignity and with the high quality of life where they belong in our community. Their services are tailored to their clients' needs and interests, and they are very wide reached, including lifestyle planning, residential options, respite care services, J activities, advocacy, and community engagement. The agency's work, Mr. Speaker, has made all the more important because they not only organize care for their clients, but also engage them meaningfully as contributors to society. So I would like to thank all the volunteers, staff, and donors of Community Living, Mrs. Saga for their dedicated and very worthwhile cause in support of our community. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. We'll remember statements from the member from Nipissing. Thank you, Speaker. I'm pleased to pay tribute to a business in my writing recently recognized on this year's list of Canada's fastest growing companies. Jincor Industries, based in Madawa, ranked 276th out of 500, with five-year revenue growth of 209%. Jincor's success has led to expansion across Ontario with parts and service locations in Carlton Place in Kingston and an affiliate company, Durabody Industries, located in Bondhead. Jincor is an industry leader in the custom manufacturing of specialized service vehicles. So when you're on the road and see the Jincor brand on dump trucks, snow plows, sanders, hook lifts, or roll-offs, you're looking at one of the best-built, best-backed pieces of equipment in Canada. This is not the first honour of distinction for Jincor. In 2012, President and CEO Luke Stang was named Entrepreneur of the Year at the Northern Ontario Business Awards. That same year, Jincor was named Business of the Year by the North Bay and District Chamber of Commerce. There's a long tradition of entrepreneurial success in nipissing that spans our province, our country, and indeed the globe. On behalf of the people of nipissing, I offer congratulations to Luke, his staff, and everyone in the town of Madawa. Well done, everybody. And well done to you. Thank you. Further member Sting is the member from Barrie. Thank you, Speaker. In my great riding of Barrie and many ridings across the province, there is a non-profit organization called the Society of the St. Vincent de Paul. They provide a variety of different ways of assisting my community. One manner in which they help us is providing food vouchers and grocery assistance to people who qualify. They also give financial assistance to eligible parents who need help getting their children ready for school with books, clothes, shoes, and backpacks filled with school supplies. The help that the SSVP provides varies depending on the amount of support it receives. That's why I'm proud of one of the ways my community helps support the Society of St. Vincent de Paul. Every year, for the last four years, community volunteers have run a charity golf tournament where all the funds go to the SSVP's Back to School Assistance Project. In the first year, the tournament raised $722. And Mr. Speaker, I'm proud to say that this year, the fourth year of the tournament, they raised $5,140. All of that money is going back to the school program. But the tournament would be nothing without the amazing sponsors. Sponsors like Farm is Saved, Barrie Firefighters, the Royal Canadian Legion, Barrie Hill Farms, just to name a few. I'd like to take this time to recognize all the sponsors and volunteers that help support the tournament and make it possible. They run this tournament so that children who need it can feel special, too, on that first day back to school. Thank you, Speaker. Thank you. Thank you. Further members of the committee are from Glengary, Prescott Russell. Thank you very much, best speaker. What a pleasure it is to rise here today and thank the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengary, the local mayors, the councillors and the numerous volunteers who together organize an incredibly successful event, the 2015 edition of the International Plowing Match and Rural Expo in Finch, Ontario, which is, by the way, only about 30 minutes from my home, so that was quite convenient for me. To see Ontario's agricultural community come together and showcase their important contribution to Ontario's economy is nothing short of spectacular. Speaker, agricultural practices have greatly evolved over the years since the first plowing match in 1913, and our farmers are second to none here in Ontario. They run efficient agriculture and agriculture-related businesses that contribute approximately 34 billion to the provincial economy and employ almost 800,000 Ontarians. From a political perspective, it's an opportunity for all of us members of the legislature to visit different parts of rural Ontario each year, and specifically this year how beautiful Eastern Ontario really is, what beautiful landscape that I get to enjoy every time I go and do my work in my riding of Glengary, Prescott and Russell, Speaker. So not only did the United Counties of Stormont Dundas and Glengary showcase all the great things on offer in their region, but also the United Counties of Prescott, Russell and my riding, they had wonderful tents that were full of all information about local municipalities and what they all offer to the people and visitors. Congratulations to former MPP Jim Brownell, who was chair of this year's edition of the International Plowing Match, and to his incredible team of volunteers for the years of work in ensuring this successful event and providing everyone with an enjoyable experience. Congratulations. Thank you. Great job. Thank you. Thank you. To the Government House Leader on a point of order. Speaker, I know this is not a point of order, but I just want to very quickly introduce a good friend of mine that I noticed in the gallery, Dr. Faheem Ali, who is the father of Paige Neu, and Faheem and I went to university together, it's great to see him here and see Neu in our legislature. Welcome to Queensborough. Government House Leader is correct, it's not a point of order. Welcome. I thank all members for their statements. It's now time for report.


A TLDR of Horde of the Dragon Queen, Episode 5, Construction Ahead. You've just made it north of Waterdeep, while following the Cult of the Dragon. The caravan that you took there stops at a supply depot to rest. This supply depot is known as the Carnath Roadhouse. After unloading, a misled cultist confronts you about murdering her friend.  You beat her up and proceed to investigate the compound a little more closely. With the help of Jomna, you steal a key to the strong room from a half orc Sneaking into the strong room creates a treasure identified with a mark of the Cult of the Dragon. Hidden in the corner of the room is a secret passage which you learn is how they move their treasure out of the Carnath Roadhouse. Where do they take the loot? Only following the passage will uncover that mystery.


Yes, one moment. Okay, do you see my first slide? Yes. Okay, let me just see this here. Okay, so okay, nice to be back with you.  But first, I wanted to acknowledge my main collaborators who did a lot of this work, my previous postdoc, Saipilozov, who now has a position back in Israel, and then Shishin He, who will soon be part of the faculty at Purdue University. So yes, today, I wanted to touch on assembly or the interaction of ecology and evolution, but in a system, as I said, with a lot of pieces. And I put here a second arrow coming back from the assemble system back to the diversity of the building blocks, which is a topic that I like to touch upon towards the end of the lecture. And you have seen this plot more times than you probably would like. I just wanted to remind you that for the purpose of the parasites, we will be talking about niche differences, differences in traits here that confer an advantage as a function of frequency, so an advantage to the rare disadvantage to the common. And in pathogens in general, we have the advantage, I think, relative to plant systems, because we do know which traits belong to these axes, in particular, that the traits that essentially relate to recognition by the immune system and the host gaining information, memory about the pathogen belong here, so that the distance or the overlap between pathogens in the traits in the molecules that are recognized by the immune system, the antigens or epitopes, that's what matters to this difference because of cross immunity and cross protection and access to host. Now, of course, I recognize that some of you, of course, are not so interested in pathogens. I like to ask you to make the effort to think that everything I say I think could be extrapolated. And of course, there are issues of level of organization, because I'm going to talk about variation within a species. But I like to remind people that the very interesting, and I think a very important hypothesis on diversity in rainforests, in coral reefs, the Johnson-Connell hypothesis is basically a mechanism that relies on frequency dependence, frequency dependent interactions with natural enemies. These are specialized interactions with natural enemies that act against your own offspring close to you. And I'm not going to describe this in detail just to point out that these are important mechanisms. There is a lot of recent literature on evidence for this kind of force. And I think it's a fascinating topic. Of course, we have the problem. And someone yesterday raised the issue of mutualism. This is a recent paper for these kinds of interactions in the rainforest, these Johnson-Connell mechanisms, but also bringing in mutualists. I remember someone asking about that yesterday. Of course, finding evidence of a particular mechanism doesn't mean that at the microscopic level of the whole community or the whole system, they are important in the patterns of diversity. So we also have a problem in these very diverse systems in asking, how should we determine whether those patterns matter? And of course, the purpose of neutral theory was to help in that respect. Now, I'm going to be talking about a system here, a parasite, the main parasite of malaria. And in particular, about this parasite in very high transmission regions. These are the endemic regions where there is very high prevalence. In fact, very high asymptomatic prevalence, because people gain protection against the parasite, but continue getting infected through life. So in some places in West Africa, with very high transmission, you find prevalences in, and I don't mean clinical prevalence. I mean, prevalence in the population that can be 40, 60, 70 percent of the population carrying the parasite. And of course, this is a very large reservoir for transmission. So in essence, we can think that the challenge of elimination and control in these regions is related to this very high strain diversity. So can we try, in this case, to understand diversity, not for the purposes of persistence, but for the purpose of elimination? And for those of you who do not come from within biology, most people know that malaria is a vector born transmitted. But importantly, it has a stage in the blood that's the asexual state and then a sexual state of the parasite in the mosquito. Now, this is what I like to do today. I like to show you that in this system, which is, I will show you, hyperdiverse from the perspective of antigenic variation, negative frequency dependent selection because of competition for hosts is really acting. This is based on some theory. This is computational theory based on stochastic agent-based models and network analysis of the structure of diversity that emerges from this assembly. I like to touch a little bit on consequences of this structure for resilience to perturbations, on consequences for the existence of a threshold in diversification that I think is important because below these threshold systems will possibly persist in a more fragile state. So just to start, we heard about multi-dimensional trait, trait spaces in terms of niche differences. Yesterday we also heard Daniel Fischer and we will hear more about essentially evolution in these very, very large spaces. Here is one and parasites and biology do it in a combinatorial way. For the very specific purposes here of our system, our parasite has 40 to 60 genes that encode for the same kind of protein. This is the major antigen seen by the immune system. So for our purposes, the female type of interest will be a combination of 40 or 60 genes. Now if you ask these genes that encode for this antigen, how many different genes we find in a local population in these high transmission regions of the order of tens of thousands? So you can do the combinatorics, of course, it's astronomical. And so what the immune system sees and gains information on is this very heterogeneous population of strains. Of course, this molecule, I just will say a little bit about it, it's this molecule PFEMP1. It's basically exported to the surface of the red blood cell because it has a function. It makes the red blood cell sticky. It helps the parasite in the stick to the walls of the capillaries, etc. I will not worry about function. I will just say that because it is so exposed, it needs to, it's very involved in immune evasion. And so this is what the parasite does. Once it infects a red blood cell, it expresses one of these genes, then it expresses another, then it expresses another. And believe it or not, there is a certain synchrony of the whole population inside your infection. So they are showing their cards to the host in a sequential fashion. What this achieves is a longer infection than if we were showing everything at once in about the phenotype. So our fitness here will be affected by duration of infection. Now, because if a host has gained memory, the parasite does not express it. So you have a shorter infection, shorter growth rate of the parasite, etc. So that's fitness. But if you, as I said, you could think of any other way in which the fitness is affected, doesn't matter. Here it is duration. And on top of that, the parasite plays a game of incredible diversification because different phenotypes, different repertoires can shuffle their genes during the sexual phase in the mosquito. And during the asexual one, they can produce true innovation because different genes can produce new genes. So all these variations and there is very high, of course, if there is high transmission, there is high recombination. And so you can say, well, there cannot be structured to this mess. There is this huge number of genes, new genes recombination of the combinations is their structure. So this is work in collaboration with my colleague Karen Day, who is a molecular epidemiologist, a phenomenal one working on malaria. And she basically sequenced the marker of these genes in every child in these populations from Gabon. And what you see in this matrix here in blue is basically all the genes isolated from each child in each row against the same isolates. And then you ask with this per-wise type sharing, how much overlap there is between these. All you have to see is that there is a light color. So essentially, each infection is almost unique. I mean by that each combination of these antigens that the hosts are seeing with an infection are almost unique. You can tell me, well, that's not surprising. If it were a random system, there is so much variation. We expect this. But if you randomize appropriately, keeping the frequencies here on the right on top, you see that the degree of overlap here in red, the mean overlap is lower than the one that you expect at random. So there is a force pulling these things apart. So we will ask whether this is frequency-dependent competition. And if so, how can we tell? I mean, how should I look at this data to be able to tell? Now, from my previous lecture, and a bit of art, you may expect that we should look for clusters, that the emergent niches from these kinds of interactions should be clusters of similar parasites. This is not exactly what we have. So what should we expect to see? So existing strain theory, as I showed you last time, will not encompass this very, very large empirical diversity. It also does not necessarily in some forms allow for, at least in the versions for malaria, for true innovation. What I mean by that is a system whose pool is open to new variation. And mostly, there is no explicit comparison to neutral models. By that I mean models that retain the demography of transmission, all the birth death processes, the extinction, but have no specific interaction. So we built, we extended, in fact, an individual-based formulation we had from the past in which we basically have a pool of margins from which we get immigration into the system. Sorry, we start assembling the system. We have transmission between hosts, and each gene is composed of two variants. This is needed here because we need to be able to have recombination generating new genes, but you could do it in a different way. So what we have is a system in which each host remembers all the, I'm calling, oh, sorry, this is advancing by itself. Each host remembers the types, the genes it has been seen before. I will use the word genes, but I mean their product here, really. And if they have seen something, then the parasite cannot express it. So they have shorter infections and essentially that parasite will transmit less. So we basically have the mitotic recombination, the meiotic recombination. We can do that in the computer. And we can also build neutral models. We build two models here on the right. We basically have a model in which transmission occurs, but there is no, essentially no specific memory. There is just complete neutrality of parasites coming in and infecting the host. The one in the middle is more interesting epidemiologically and it's what models typically do. They say, well, your degree of protection is not a function of whom infecting you, but how many times you have been infected. So this has a protection, but again, it's a generalized protection. And we parameterize these neutral models to match the duration of infection with age so that we are not comparing apples and oranges. What I wanted to tell you is we basically look at which properties will give away that there is a structure and that there is a structure in which this competition for host is playing a role. So for this, we decided to look at networks because with the recombination in the system, we cannot look at trees. And I think these networks are appropriate also in the microbial world. We follow the sort of movement of genes, but anyhow, here we get this network where the nodes are the repertoires. And then we have weighted links that tell us how much two repertoires overlap. And we have these bi-directional links just because we may have some repeated genes that does not matter so much. What I wanted to say is that of course, if we start with a medium gene pool in this assembly process, we will see that we get some clusters in these networks. By the way, we take the network and we threshold, I should say, because otherwise everything is connected to everything. We only keep the links of the strongest above a certain threshold to sort of have the interactions that are still the strongest. So the most similar was the structure of the most similar parasites. You can see in red, a typical just here example chosen from a model where you see some degree of clustering. And then on the blue and yellows, the corresponding neutral moles. Now, a degree distribution or anything would distinguish these networks. But when you get to systems with a very large pool of variation, then the difference between the networks is not so evident. I'm just illustrating here with the degree distribution where of course, you cannot distinguish it. If you look hard enough, you may say there are differences in this network. Can we tell them apart? So we built a network classifier based on an ensemble of network properties. For example, we can give them, we can consider three way motives in the networks and other properties. And I will not go into details. If you look here at the bottom, sorry, in the right, just to mention that we use a number of network features, not just on motifs, but distance reciprocity, transitivity, a bunch of, as I said, a bunch of features. And here on the left, you can see for high diversity, the scale going from light blue to purple shows you how many times we properly classify a simulation. If we give it blindly to the system, can we basically classify it to the right model for different parameters? And you should just see that we do and that how much the network features contribute to the classification is here on the bottom right. You see that the motifs are important, another, but also some other distance related properties. So we said, okay, we have this classifier. What happens if we apply it to real data? And this is work of course in collaboration with current day, we have a long longitudinal study now in its seven years. So that's nice here in northern Ghana in the Bongo district. So we built this classifier and then to be able to classify the empirical system, we used a method called discriminant analysis on principal components. That's what we use for the classification. And I gave the reference here at the bottom. This method is a very nice method to find groups in genetic data. It was specifically developed for this and it combines the two multivariate methods, discriminant analysis and principal components. I will not get into details. I would be glad to discuss it. But you can see here in the colors, the two principal axes that are from many, many simulations. The points are different simulations in yellow and blue, the two neutral moles. In red, all the simulations in a certain feasible parameter regime for our system, where you see the difference. And the black dot is the empirical data, which classifies with very, very high probability to this immune selection regime. So this is telling us the networks in the network we observe of this similarity between repertoires seems closer to what we expect under those conditions. Now, as I mentioned, there were no clear clusters. It's not a simple cluster structure. And the way to see it is that we are looking at limiting similarity, but in this limit of a very high dimensional space. And it looks, it doesn't look cleanly like clusters. So we did look at the structure. That was the structure in a given season, in a given time. We can look at the structure over time, where each network is built for, let's say, a different season. And we can connect them. We can connect them also to similarity, the same similarity, the same threshold as we did before. And what I'm going to do to show you very quickly in this paper is if we look as a function of time and we look at modularity of these networks with a network approach that basically relies on a random walk, basically we identify clusters and we can, well, modules. So groups of repertoires that are more similar to each other than to members of other groups. And then we track them in time. So these are modules in time with a multilayer network. And I wanted to show you that although we don't have clear clusters, if we look at the modules, there is a large number of modules on top here of the left. When we have immune selection, we see these modules persist for a while. At some point, they go extinct and others are arising in this assembly process. To the right, in B on top, you see these much less persistent cluster, well, modules in the neutral model. So there is a certain, in this very sparse, I would say, in this system where everything is so different from each other, there are, there is something you can call strengths. But it's perhaps not what we have been used to think about. So anyhow, let me just pause here and just say that of course, we don't have the simple clusters, but we have some limiting similarity structure that is affected by this cross immunity. And we seem to have it in nature. So I said this structure is both non-random and non-neutral. We have some sort of clusters that would constitute, it's the best you can find that you could call strengths, and it's very dynamic. So okay, you can say, does this matter at all? And this is largely, now I'm going to move to unpublish work. What we, I like to show you one example that this matters to a response to perturbation. So the kind of perturbation we have here is one that reduces transmission. So if you look here to the right, you see transmission is seasonal in our model and in the real system. And we parameterize this from the real system, including during an intervention that can last a certain number of years, from two to five years. We use this intervention that reduces, it's known as IRS for indoor residual spraying. We are essentially decreasing the number of vectors, the transmission rate for a while, and then we release it again. I like to show you that in the model, if we compare the response of the system, one of the neutral models, the one, the generalized immunity model where there is no specific interaction, just a generalized interaction, then what we find is some increased persistence under this negative frequency dependent selection. So increased persistence during the intervention. So if I reduce transmission, which is equivalent here to reducing the growth rate of the parasite, right? For two, five or 10 years in the plots, and I vary, for example, the initial pool size of the system, you can see that the extinction probability in blue for the generalized immunity tends to be higher than for when you have this kind of frequency dependent selection. So there is this longer persistent, this higher persistence of the parasite through the intervention. And it's not due to abundance because the prevalence as you see at the bottom is very similar between the two systems. So this, you can ask, well, why is this? And I did, oh, sorry, perhaps I did, let's see. Well, this is, sorry, I should have added here the reference, this is a paper now in reviewing frontiers in ecology. So you, sorry, I will add that. But what I wanted to show you is that if we look at this quantity I showed you before, which is a measure of overlap, the distribution of overlap. If you look under selection here at the bottom, the distribution of overlap before intervention is in yellow during intervention in purple and then after intervention. And you see that there is, there are in the population parasites with very, very little overlap because of this competition. And that is quite robust during the intervention. Of course, it changes afterwards because of the transience, but also because you have lost a lot of diversity during intervention. But this reduced overlap gives you longer duration and therefore higher fitness, which allows you to make it through the intervention. And this is not the case for generalized immunity. You cannot maintain this fraction of the population that is extremely different from each other. So in some way, this structure would, this limiting similarity would enable persistence. Now, I like to show you, and this is the part that I'm most interested in showing you at the moment. We discussed this at the end of Daniel Fisher's lecture yesterday. What about the diversification, the accumulation of innovation in this system? And this is the connection between a force, this frequency dependent selection is acting at the level of the individuals that are our phenotypes of interest. But it's also acting at the level of the genes, right, that are part of the pool of variation. So I'm going to kind of try to show you that these things are connected. And I'm going to speculate even farther and say that a system that is hyperdiverse in nature will always be built from many, many pieces, a lot of genetic variation and phenotypic variation at the lower level, what Daniel yesterday called the nano phenotype. Because the same force, you cannot have one without the other. And here is the idea. There will be a threshold. I will show you that there is a threshold. This is in a paper now in review by Shishin and I, and you see that this idea of a threshold in the diversification of the genes, right? So below the threshold, a new gene comes in, but it goes extinct. So these invading genes come in but cannot stick around a lot. Above the threshold, by the time a new gene goes out, others have come in. So you can accumulate novelty in the system. We wrote this by analogy to perhaps not a complete analogy to with R0. We wrote it as something we call Rd. And this is the sort of a reproductive number or an innovation number for new genes. They have, you have two components, genu and the new rate of gene accumulation and continue the time, the average time that one of these new genes stays around. In this paper, we derived an expression for genu. I don't have time here to show the details, but it relates on the basis of population genetics on the size of the population, size of the parasite, the rate of change, a mutation rate in the broad sense here, a recombination rate, and then this P invasion, which is the probability that something new invades. And that depends a lot on how many susceptibles you have. So that will be influenced by, again, this kind of selection. And then genu, the expression for genu, we got an approximation from some very nonlinear PDE in the supplement, but we don't have a closed form solution for genu. So computationally, I like to show you that there is a threshold, that threshold. So when this number is smaller than one, you cannot accumulate diversity. So here it is in the log, the log of our deep. So the threshold is at zero. And then what I'm plotting from my simulations in the y-axis is the percentage of new genes during a window of time. So choose a window of time and then count how many new genes have accumulated by the end of this simulation. And I should say that the points here are different simulations with very different both parameters and assumptions. And we see that below this number, there are no new genes accumulating below zero and above they do. And what is interesting is that on the right, I have plotted something similar in the y-axis, but for a quantity that measures the intensity of transmission. This is the number of infected bytes per unit of time in malaria. And this is interesting because this tells us that as we reduce transmission, we are going to push the system below this threshold. This threshold is well above our zero of one. So this is a system where transmission occurs, but you have lost the ability to accumulate essentially the building blocks of diversity. And this is illustrated here in the simulations. Each color is a new gene coming into the system and plotting the frequency. And this is over time in a simulation over the transients of the system. The gray color, we are accumulating all the genes that are very, very at very low frequency. The colors are those that have higher frequency. And you can see below threshold things are coming in, but they are not sticking to the right. This system is very happily accumulating diversity. So you can ask, does this matter for population dynamics, for what I'm going to call epidemiology? Well, we only have some preliminary results on this. And what you see on top is just over time, a system now with an intervention where at this time zero here, we are going to reduce transmission in a way that, for example, doesn't cross this threshold in the left or crosses this threshold. So we see before the genes that were there, the frequency of the genes that were there before intervention and those that now are there building up after intervention. And again, when we cross the threshold here on top in the right, you see that you cannot accumulate new genes. We did here in different colors, you see in the plot with the bars, how much we have reduced this quantity in these four different simulations. Only in the green one we have crossed this threshold. And I will focus now on the center plot here at the bottom to look at what has happened to prevalence after that intervention. And you see that in all the simulations that have not crossed, we get a reduced prevalence and then the system rebounds. Very characteristic of all the efforts to intervene in these very high transmission regions. You release intervention, the system comes back. Interestingly, in this, when we in the green simulation, that does not happen. So in practice, there is nothing in the system at the population level that is easy to measure that will tell you you have crossed this threshold. But it appears to make a difference and a difference we need to investigate further to how the system responds to these kinds of interventions. And in particular, how fast the system rebounds or whether it rebounds. So let me note here, of course, that for a while here, these systems, because we I should have said this is not a simulation where we let the system rebound. I'm sorry, we have just reduced transmission to a lower level. And this is why you see that the prevalence basically reaches a different sort of steady state after intervention. We have sort of decreased diversity. And therefore, and we have decreased transmission. So we get to lower levels. So let me sort of try to extrapolate some thoughts here that I think apply to the system, but may apply to others. These hyper diverse systems may well occur at the opposite end of neutrality. Work coexistence is a sample under interactions that are specific and frequency dependent. So interactions that will lead to this negative frequency dependent selection, which is a form of balancing selection and therefore should enable diversity. It is in these evolutionary systems along the lines of the stabilizing competition, for example, of Chesson. I think more importantly, large phenotypic diversity in this system is built from a large pool of diversity at the lower level of organization. And this is not by chance. This is not by chance because I just showed you that the ability of the system to accumulate diversity with this kind of critical threshold is going to also be influenced by these same interactions and selection. So this would set the stage for the existence of an unappreciated threshold that concerns the accumulation of genetic variation on which high biodiversity is built. So that when we lose diversity of species, for example, we may be losing much more because we may be losing the diversity of the traits that allows the system to have that coexistence in the first place. And the question that is worrisome is how do we know that we have crossed this threshold and transition to increase fragility of the system? I think that's important. There is a question in the chat by Aditya. So how do you parametrize mutations? Are mutants related to the parents at all or are they totally new types? Yes. Thank you very much. That's a very good question. I know they are related to the parents because remember, and of course, the two that each type has two elements, so this is very hierarchical, allow us to do recombination. And so there will be some similarity. And in fact, we have, we use an empirical sort of result from recombination on that, that for example, if the, I'm trying to remember the details, but not all the recombinants are viable, right? Like something very far from the parents is not going to be very viable. So we are kind of, it's not a completely new type. And then you can decide, you can sort of measure similarity at that level of the epitopes. We have some evidence that in this part of the gene, there are two epitopes, so two parts of the molecule that the system recognized. There may be more, but we recombine them and then we have some similarity to the parents as a function of that. We also have mutations, but they are not so important in this system. These, the details of that mole are described in the paper by He and collaborators in nature communications 2018. So if you like to see more details of this, that's the place to look. Aditya say thanks. Thank you. Thank you for the question. I forgot, I'm trying to give here the big picture, but and yeah, I obviously, I think some of these results will not be dependent on these specific assumptions, but I think we have to consider them in particular when trying to parametrize the system and so on. So this question of the increased fragility, of course, here at the moment, we have only preliminary results on this. I have shown you some preliminary results. We know in malaria that when we intervene, we move the system towards lower diversity of the parasite when we reduce transmission, and we know that the low transmission systems that are so, for example, the low transmission systems in continents where, for example, transmission is lower like South America or geographic locations of low transmission are systems that respond more easily to intervention than these very high transmission systems. So there's an interesting question of could we determine, how could we determine that we have crossed this kind of threshold so that then we could say the system is at a stage where we should hit it with further intervention because it is in a susceptible place. Of course, for conservation, we would like the opposite. Let me now mention that I like to end with some references to other hyperdiverse systems with this kind of selection or interaction, other eco-evolutionary systems like this for some of you who may be interested. This appeared very, very recently. In this work, we look at the strain diversification of a microbe and a virus through the CRISPR-induced immune memory of the microbes. So we know microbes can acquire memory of who infects them, of the viruses, and this is also a very piecewise system, a very combinatorial system where the microbe basically takes parts of the genomes into its genome and that constitutes memory. So we work here with bipartite because for microbes and viruses, we can look both at the host and at the viruses. We can look at bipartite networks. And if you are interested in this connection between the eco-evolutionary dynamics and how you see the network structure that arises, we looked at this here. It's a much more dynamic system with different dynamical regimes that alternate until the viruses go extinct. And that may be because this is much more of a predator system, a predator-prey system than the disease systems I was showing you before, just to end. This is another paper. It's not of mine, but it's a phenomenal paper by the group in Harvard, Mark Lipset, and colleagues. On another pathogen that is incredibly diverse, Streptococcus pneumonia, they have been looking a lot at how these systems respond to vaccination. You vaccinate with specific strains. How does the system respond? Why is this paper fascinating? And I think it is because it gets to this very important question of these niche differences or these frequency dependence. How high dimensional are these spaces? They look at the genes of these microbes that are non-core genes. So they are believed non-essential. They are not present in all the genomes. They looked at, I forget if it's 3,000 or 4,000. At that point, it doesn't matter. And they wrote a system of equations based on the replication equations, which on the basis of frequencies will predict which strains would come out from this vaccination in the empirical system in the real world. And they managed to do so. So this means that some very effective frequency dependence is being played by genes that we don't even think are so important. It must be through myriad interactions, maybe with viruses. Who knows? I can't begin to kind of think how this is happening. Very, very interesting paper, and I recommend that you look at it. So I like to end here and just recon, I don't know if I went too fast or too slow, but maybe there is time for questions. This is, I like to acknowledge, as I mentioned, Karen Day and her group for all the very interesting conceptual and empirical work. Thank you for listening. Thank you very much. So it's open for questions. So maybe I can start. I think you showed this data from Congo and where there was this very high diversity, which you could quantify. And could one use data of this type to quantify this, at least maybe not the treasure, but relative, I mean, how populations tend relative to each other. Yes, that is the case. By the way, I didn't put the slide here. I thought I had put the slide here. If you compare population, of course, if you compare systems, parasite populations in different geographical regions, right, it has been done. I showed you, I wanted to show you where we got this information on the number of genes in different places. So what Karen does is she sequences the genes, looks at counts as different genes, those that differ at a certain level of of sequence divergence. And then she counts them and she does the typical cumulative curves that we do for species, but we do, we can do them here for genes. So I wanted to show you those curves, but I didn't put them here. So they are typical cumulative curves, and you can do some extrapolation on how at what level they should saturate. If you go to South America or New Guinea, those curves saturate at much lower levels than for West Africa. Very, very clear difference. So yeah, by your geographically, we know that now, of course, we are saying that this transition is not just a continuous transition, that there is this threshold that should apply, right? So can you apply that in time to a system in a transient state where you intervene? And now the problem is you could monitor, of course, you can monitor as we are trying to do the changes in the gene diversity, but in terms of the accumulation of new genes that are coming in, right, you need to do that over a certain amount of time. So it's not a very practical way to find out whether you have crossed this threshold. There must be other ways, yeah, to determine this, but certainly the point we are trying to make is that we should be monitoring this diversity, which is not typically done because this is such a complex system that it's typically not even considered in epidemiological models of malaria, right? I mean, we, at best, deal with generalized immunity. Yeah, yeah. Sorry for a long one. Question from the chat. The question is from Pavel Lyomi. When we are below the threshold limit, is it possible for the generic system to go to extinction? Yes, of course it is. And the thing that is interesting, maybe she meant the ones with, when you say generic, perhaps you meant, maybe I'm going to answer that in two ways, for the system. No, sorry, for the genetic system. Okay, thank you. So it is possible, but this is what is interesting, right? And I think this touches on some open questions at the moment, is that that threshold, so that when you mention extinction, you are talking about demographic extinction, right? And to some degree, at least from the, from some perspectives, R0 or R would be more important there, right? So that's a demographic number. And of course, you can view, you can look at extinction in a stochastic way and so on. That's purely a demographic phenomenon, right? Here, this system, as I said, you can cross this threshold at levels where you are transmitting still very well, right? But you are doing so with much less diversity. So it is somehow of a hidden threshold from the population dynamics, but we are saying that there are, that it should be important that we have begun to look at that. It's very early work when I showed you that the system that has crossed it essentially stays at the lower level, right? And has a different response to the perturbation. So, presumably we know, I'm going to speculate here, the biogeographic regions that that steady state have very different levels of diversity, have over very long evolutionary times, and large regions in some sort of metapopulation, right? Have assembled much less diversity. So they live in, some of those may exist below this threshold, right? And we believe the ones that in West Africa that are still transmitting at very high level are on the right. I like to mention that some of the pieces of these genes that we find in humans, of the var genes, can be found in parasites of primates, so that the phylogeny of these var genes can also have very, very deep branches, because this kind of balancing selection will promote persistence, not just of the parasites, of the parasites that coexist, but once you have become part of the established genes, you can exist for a long time. And so that's why also you can accumulate diversity. And I think that, yeah, these are all open questions. Sorry, I took long enough. Are there other questions? Thanks. So there are no other other questions. So you should, you can either raise your hand and open up your microphone or write in the chat. So looks like there is no other questions. So so I have a curiosity, Mercedes, if I may. So you spoke about this, like synchronization phenomenon that occurs inside the body where this parasite expresses different epitopes at different times. So how does this, how is this synchronization achieved? Yeah, that's a fascinating question. By the way, there is a body of theory, but I cannot, I don't think there is a full answer. I mean, there isn't an understanding of that, right? There is a literature on that, there are different hypotheses. And the question, of course, one critical question is on which the different moles differ is whether the immune system is involved, right? So is it something just from the parasite or is it that falls to the immune system? Right. And so, of course, it's not completely perfect, but there are waves of parasitemia within the host that are dominated by some of these types, right? So we have, I must say, of course, you know this. No, it looks like this, I mean, this synchronization inside the host and the diversity, they are a key factor, right? Yes, yes, of course, the synchronization is very important because if you showed your 50, I'm going to say 50, if you showed your 50 faces at once, right? Then the immune system could react, you know, could protect here and could shorten the infection much, much faster, right? And in fact, I should say, but of course, this sequential, for the theory, of course, here, because the fitness is related to duration of infection, but I showed you models in which the other day in which the memory affected the risk of infection given contact. So the transmissibility and not the duration, it doesn't matter because the fitness of the parasite is the product of the two. So I strongly believe that the results I just showed you would extrapolate to other systems with different assumptions as long as you had this competition that depends on overlap and distance. Okay, thank you very much. So I think we can


general rules for computing cost variance. Now these rules will make more sense once we apply them to practice, but you'll note as we go through the practice problems, this will be kind of the questions that we often come up will get to will go to the calculations and we'll say hey, it makes sense. And then we'll get to this kind of items and we'll say I'm not sure which one to use here. And these are going to be the general rules that will then see how they apply once we go through those problems. One, when computing price variance, the difference between the actual price and the standard price what we kind of thought it should be compared to what actually happened, the quantity actual is held constant. So we're going to help hold the quantity then constant as we look at the price variance because we're trying to figure out what the difference in the price variance is and therefore we need to hold the quantities constant. Two, when computing quantity variance, so difference between the actual quantity and the standard or that what we thought should be the quantity should be the price standard is held constant. So then we got to hold the price variance because of constant because now we're focusing in on the quantity we're trying to see the difference in quantity and therefore need to hold the price constant and we'll have the standard in that situation. Three, the cost variance or total variance is the sum of the price and quantity variance. So in other words, we're considering the total difference, the total change. And that's the you can imagine again the the financial statements versus what we budgeted them to be on things like direct material and direct labor. If we take direct material, see a difference from the actual to what we budgeted should happen on the budgeted financial compared to the actual financials that then can be broke down to its components and the components parts will then add together to come to get to that total variance. So the cost variance or total variance is the sum of the price and quantity variances. Now we'll go over some alternative types of computations these could be a little bit longer but they could make more sense in some ways so it's it's useful to look at them. The price variance or PV equals the actual price AP minus the standard price SP we take all of that times the actual quantity. In other words, if we took the present the price variance equals the actual price minus the standard price multiply that times the actual quantity will work some problems in this format as well. So the quantity variance qv equals bracketed actual quantity aq minus the standard quantity sq times the standard price SP. Once again, in terms of just the letters quantity variance equals bracketed actual quantity minus standard quantity times the standard price.


Have you thought about how apprenticeships could work at your school? Apprenticeships are not just for new recruits, they also provide a cost-effective training route for existing employees. There are many relevant apprenticeships that can develop and grow the skills your school needs now and into the future. They can meet the training needs of your school from entry-level jobs through to professional occupations, supported by a degree-level qualification, and some even lead to a membership of a chartered institute. The length will vary depending on the chosen apprenticeship and the hours worked, so if you work part-time it will take longer to complete. As with any training, the apprentice will need time to put their skills into action. A quality apprenticeship means 20% of working time must be spent on learning the skills, knowledge and behaviours required. There are a variety of activities which cover this. Take Mark, who is studying a teaching assistant apprenticeship. His trainer comes into the school and delivers one-to-one training. Mark's trainer meets him once a month and we give him time whilst he's at work to put his learning into practice. The results are great, as Mark develops his understanding his confidence grows, he's becoming one of our best teaching assistants. Schools that pay the apprenticeship levy have their funds transferred to a digital account which the government tops up by 10%. This account automatically makes monthly payments to the training provider throughout the length of the course. Schools that do not pay the levy will pay 5% of the cost, and the government pays 95%. The training provider will invoice the school for their contribution. In a short space of time, our apprentices have become valued members of our team, both by our staff and pupils. I often receive positive feedback from service users. I would definitely advise schools to work with the council apprenticeship team. Talk to your apprenticeship team to find out more about school apprenticeships and to identify our approved training providers.


The Wanderer is coming off a 4-3 win over Wellington in a 7-goal thriller and they back it up against Perth on Friday nights. Beanie looking sharp. Caught in possession. Was backers by his opposite number. And Fornarolli, kept out by Margoosh. Another lesson for Keanu Backers, robbed of possession. And that's it. Pushing on. Goal into the feet of Duke. Russell back to Duke. And Abini saved the intro easy with basically an empty net. Blazed it into Rosette. On the half volley. And great movement and enthusiasm from which Duke was involved. Wilmering in space on that left hand side. And that's a, you can use him if he wants to and does. And there's numbers in the area for the delivery. And Abini on the backers. Headed off at the pass by Kilkenny. What a night Liam Reddy is having. Brilliant save. That's point blank as well. Duke not giving up here. He's on side. Takes on the strike. I want to save by Liam Reddy when he has to. When they're on side, he's keeping them out. Yeah, definitely on side this one. And that's a fingertip save. And Bitz Duke made it harder for himself, didn't he? Because he's in. He's one on one. And his first touch takes him away from the goal. Doran's little no looker for Abini. Duke trying to place it. Backers punches one. Intended for Tate Russell, you fancy. He comes, Bitz Duke. And Duke's on side here. I want to touch. He's around and it's 2-0. The wanderer's over the glory. And that long diagonal catches them out again. It's a quick counter. And the young boy got done by experience there. Wilmering first time ball out to Duke. Backers bounces it right through the middle. They're through again here. Abini has options. And the challenge came from Latchman. Now he's going to tap in. James, it goes up late. Interesting. Is it Petrozi? It must be against Abini earlier in the move. Otherwise the goal will stand. Latchman does his best. Comes off Abini, but Petrozi's behind him. So that was quite an easy one for the BAR. Castro, backers. Here by Wilson into the area. Well found by Ingham. And big chance here for Keo. And what a block it is by the man who leads the comp in block shots. That's one of his best. Ziggy Gordon. Just had to wait a little bit too long with that superb defending from Ziggy Gordon. It's decent signs here for the glory. If they can get one back, they can yet make a game of this. The wanderers remain a real threat. What a ball, Troisi. Duke is around ready. There's an empty, nearly composed finish. Just wouldn't go in to complete the hat-trick. Yes, D'Angelo got too much for him. Too difficult. Castro. First time since 2017, Western Sydney beat the Perth glory. And they have done so emphatically. Mitch Duke with a double. James Troisi with a tap in. And things are looking up for the wanderers this season. They're up to second after taking six points out of six in the space of five days. That epic against Wellington. Four-three win on Monday night. And a much more comfortable three-nil success in Friday night football.


Hello everyone, my name is Icaro Bustinho and I'm a PhD student from Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. And today I represent the research online schedule and approach for Distributed-Archive Manufacturing Systems. This research is part of the FASTIN project, flexible and autonomous manufacturing systems for customer design and products that product receiving funds for European Commission Horizon 2020. So, just to have a brief introduction on Distributed Manufacturing Systems represents a new product in the industrial context. So, in the past, nowadays, we have globalized mass production and we move the production to low-cost countries and do the production on a higher scale. And in this case, we have long delivery times along with the global supply chains. This increases the logistics and CO2 emissions. So, now the idea is to have Distributed Production in small production centers close to the final client. And we can do that to achieve manufacturing on an undermined small scale close to the final client. And this kind of system is very complex to control. So, the idea of this research is proposed and implemented in R, of course, a new conceptual model for dynamic allocation of production orders in these DM systems considering data provided by Internet of Think Technologies. And the proposed approach will be tested in a user case using real data. And the idea is to support a first-come pilot application. So, that's the proposed model. The idea is to decide where each production model will be executed and then for that, you consider four main variables, setup times, skill times, production times and transportation times. And you need to, for each PO, minimize this objective function that is the sum of these variables. So, for each PO request, we use an external application called Open Street Maps. It's an open source API. We can use this API to have a real-time transportation time between multiple plays. And then for skill time, production times and setup times, we get this information from IoT platform. For production times, we constitute the historical time series of prediction. We estimate a set of forecasted models, then do the forecasts and select the best one. And with all this information together, we can apply a search algorithm to find the best option combining these data and then minimize the objective function and do the better allocation. So, about the model implementation, this is the basic architecture. We use some of our libraries as deployed as online, ATTR, forecast and plumber. And then we build a REST API using HTTP protocol and the Swagger framework. And about the implementation and integration, this model has a graphical interface, a web graphical interface, so the user can put a PO into the optimization tool. And then use the information of this PO, we can consult this external application and then calculate the transportation time between the defined delivery place and all the production centers, get the historical data and real-time data for the IoT platform, and then run our model that is a Swagger API and then give back the information to the system, notify the users and control the production order location. So, we did a simulation-based experiment to evaluate our model and then we simulated two scenarios, each one with 90 simulation runs and for each scenario, you consider 1000 of POs. So, we have efficient gains with the reduction of 77% of the average waiting time of the system. So, as you can see in the graphs on the left, you have the allocation by distance, which means we always allocate the production in the closest place and then the allocation of our model that considers real-time data and the estimated production time using forecast models. So, you have a big difference between these two approaches. So, as conclusion, the model was able to deal with fisticastic characteristics in a dynamic environment, considering internal and external information. The model was implemented in R, that is an open-source language and can be easily applied in distributed manufacturing contests considering real-time data provided by IoT technology. In the future, the idea is to have reactive scheduling and adaptive capabilities into the model and incorporate these capabilities and evaluate this model in a more complex distributed network and then support a 4th-con pilot application. So, thanks. That's my mail. You can send me a message if you have any doubts or suggestions.


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