My name is Matt Bonds. I'm a professor at Harvard Medical School and a founder of the non-governmental organization called PIVOT. We work in Madagascar. And I was wondering if we could ask people to take my badge. If you would like to come up close to here, that'd be great. No pressure. We're a worn that would be a much more enjoyable experience for everyone if we could see you. So today we're talking about health care in Africa, blending the old with the new. We have a lovely set of panelists. We have Patrick B.T. from Redbird, Diane Kane from Medic Mobile, and Jacob Zandu from Z Valley. I was asked, I'm also a panelist. I was also asked to be a moderator. We lost our moderator on short notice. I don't know if anyone saw that Dr. Agnes Ben-Gwaho was originally on the panel. And she's one of my heroes. And I assume an attraction for a lot of people. But she had a little bit of a travel situation. So unfortunately, she's not going to be here. So it's fine. I think everything I know about global health and health in Africa, I learned from her. So I think I can try to channel some of her energy. So I was asked to frame this conversation around broadly the landscape of health in Africa, which is kind of an impossible thing to do, as you can imagine. For one, Africa isn't a single population, obviously. It's not a country. And it's quite, it's famously heterogeneous. Some of you may know that there's more genetic diversity in Africa than the rest of the world combined. There's hundreds of individual languages, huge economic diversity, as well. And so it'd be kind of crazy for us to try to overly simplify what it means to do health care in Africa. But there are common problems across the continent that those of us who work in that space see in a lot of different countries. And so I thought I would just start by framing some of them as a way for introducing the rest of our panel. So I understand this is a pretty broad audience. So I'll do my best to start at the most basic level, I guess. So most of you know that around the turn of the millennium, we established the Millennium Development Goals with pretty ambitious targets of dropping under five mortality by 50%, dropping maternal mortality by 2 thirds, and along with a lot of other health-related and development related objectives. And at that time, the world was actually starting to feel pretty optimistic, although issues like HIV, the pandemic, were looming extremely heavily. And so there was a huge burst of goodwill, international will, the development assistance for health increased by seven times. Now there's about $32 billion in development assistance for health internationally. Most of that money is actually in Africa, Africa receives more than almost all other regions in the world combined for that. And so, and we saw progress. I don't know if people are tracking that, but life expectancy's increased by about 10 years in Africa since the turn of the millennium. HIV rates have decreased by 50% in terms of mortality. And almost every indicator that any of us care about, things like under five mortality, maternal mortality, coverage rates, immunization rates, all those are enjoying some level of a meaningful systematic progress as part of general economic development and investment in health. So that's the good news. The bad news is it ain't good enough. And we're not there yet. Almost no country's actually accomplished the millennium development goals. I believe that the country of Rwanda is the only one to achieve those millennium development goals. Coverage rates, the ability for children to get access to treatments of very simple illness like fever, diarrhea, pneumonia. Those are less than half for the country. Under five mortality is about across the continent, about 8%, which is significantly greater than any other region in the world. Internal mortality is 10 times what it is in most other parts of the world. So there are huge problems. And they're thorny problems. And some of these problems are starting to not go away at all. We see some level of resurgence of malaria. We see vaccination rates not improving in many parts of the continent. And so there's like all these, so even as we're seeing progress, we're like seeing real hard challenges. And maybe to just name a few that have get a lot of headlines, the Ebola outbreak on top of normal chronic issues is obviously a no-joke situation of very infectious disease that destabilizes entire governments. I work in Madagascar. Last year we had the biggest plague epidemic in 50 years. And we actually had the case of Pneumonic Plague, so that's spreading airborne, killed people within two days. Classic story of a global threat, invading population centers. And so the question that, the way that I think about these kinds of problems, and I believe some of the panelists share this view is, what's the deal there? Like why do we have these persistent problems and new kinds of problems? Plague, many of you probably know that plague is, plague is a medieval disease, but it's actually a very wimpy disease. It's a bacterial infection that actually responds to most antibiotics. Very few are actually resistant. It's almost 100% curable for almost nothing. And so we see in places like Madagascar, 20, 30, 40,000 children under five die even more common illness for things that are just as easily treatable. So those are the kinds of problems we'd like to solve. And so today I'd like to propose these kinds of questions of how do we actually, why do these problems persist? Why couldn't we accomplish the goals that we set even as the world was rallying resources around them? What does the modern world offer for a continent like Africa where technology, we have it at our fingertips. Lots of people have smart phones. They're actually in the hands of community health workers and actually individuals. We have access to data that we've never had before. And obviously we're seeing broad based, slow, uncertain economic development. So I will hand it over to the group to start posing these questions. What's the future of healthcare and health access? In Africa, before I do that, I'll start by taking off my moderator framing hat and put it on my panelist hat. So I mentioned that I work with an organization called Pivot. I'm one of the founders. We believe that one of the major problems in all these things is that systems, health systems, geographically defined systems of hospitals, health centers, supply chains are broken. And so even the simplest of solutions, even anti-malarial drugs or antibiotics have trouble even when they work amazingly well, had trouble getting to the individuals who need them. And so we as an organization have created a model system at the level of a government district that works at hospitals, health centers and community health workers. And we build infrastructure, supply chains. At all levels of that system, we do the trainings and the human resource development. And then we in particular invest quite a lot in data so that we can understand whether we're seeing change, whether we're having impact, why that's happening and then identify programs that can scale across this country. So our problem we see as broken systems, our solution is a model system for healthcare in Madagascar. So with that, I'll hand it over to Jacob to introduce. Thank you very much. I'm Jacob Zano. I'm a race or nurse here at Kaiser Oakland. And I'm from Benin Republic, West Africa. I've been educating the system over there before I got here. And I like to start it with a phrase you just used earlier. So he's talking about health system and that's my passion because my approach of the health system growing in Benin, being in Benin every three months for the last decade also is completely different the way I say things is completely different. The World Health Organization have been saying the same thing and over and over. Health system, they are four key pillars. They are main pillars to a health system when at the country level. Number one, health infrastructures. It's basic. How do you convey that vaccine to the kids in my village, Hosi, if you don't have a small infrastructure over there? Health infrastructure, whether it's in public sector or in the private sector, you can check and see. We're talking about five beds per 10,000 population in Benin. Four beds per 10,000 population in Bukina Faso. Three beds per 10,000 population in Niger and so on and so on. So this is Soka. So I believe maybe there are some investors here. So you see there are room here to invest if you wanna put health facilities. That's number one. Human resources for health. Doctors, nurses, midwife. I've discovered something extraordinary here in the United States. They call them technician, EKG technician, cardiac echocardial technician. We don't have that in the French system. So if you want to invest and make money, why don't you put a school over there and train this because we need those. We have less than one doctor per 10,000 population. So that's the second pillar, human resources for health. Then talking about health information technology. Put some software. Electronic, we have email. Electronic healthcare record system that we can use. So whether it's in the public or a private sector, there room for investment. And then I'm telling you, Africa is the lens of opportunity. The lens of opportunity because you have the human resources that just waiting for training. If you can put right there, the schools, the institute to train them. And then you put the healthcare facilities. And then we have a system that can work because the problem that we have so far is to have a basic system that can convey basic healthcare services. We don't have that. And government, talking about government, I can speak to Benin. Five years ago, we were able to raise half a million dollars and put it to an in bed hospital in Benin. The government is changing the rules now in a way that help investors make money. So that is very attractive for investors because they are changing the rules. They are making it very, very attractive for investors to come and invest. So they are room for, you know, if you wanna make money, this is the time. This is the time because I think the investor that gonna position themselves right now will be the leaders of tomorrow, whether it's healthcare in West Africa or all over Africa. And especially French speaking Africa. It's very important because most of the funding that are going to Africa, I'm not saying that the English speaking countries don't need resources, we all as African need resources. But if you see the gap between the French speaking countries and English speaking countries, it's huge. So they are, I say, wherever there are needs, they are profit to be made. So the needs should be seen as the basket of opportunities. So whether it's in the private sector or in the public sector, I can speak to both because when you're in the private sector, you have to talk, you have to work with the government in regulation side so the government can see everything. And then there's opportunity to transfer skills that we have here that we don't have back home. So there are plenty of room over there where we can invest and make money and save lives. So that's gonna be my message as of now. Thank you. Let me just do one more follow-up question I'll go for. Just before we move on, can you just talk a little bit about the Z Valley model? So what we're trying to do technically is, I don't know how well you are aware of the Kaiser system. I work at Kaiser and I love Kaiser. I don't know, I'm passionate about Kaiser. So we put that 20 bed hospital, Kaiser step, Kaiser Oakland where I work and step in and equip that. So after five years, so what we see now, I'm like, okay, let's get this to, let's scale this up like seriously, serious investment where we have great hospital, we have a hospital. So when you have a hospital, then we will have institute to train. Kaiser also have, they train the EKG tech, they train the cardiac ecotech. So I want to build the next Kaiser system for Africa. That's what I want. And the system, it's a blend of for-profit and non-profit. I think the most, the infrastructure sides train more non-profit and then the operation side, it's mainly for-profit. So we can have a blend that will fit to kind of capture resources and put what we need to build a health system in West Africa, in all Africa starting from Benin and also more importantly, call in the government to show them the way to do things. I'll give you a simple example. In beginning next year, we're going with a team of OBGYN from Kaiser Oakland to start a diagnostic capability for women cancer. So diagnostic, basic diagnostic capability and then from there, the protocol for treatment. Then that, the structure we have right now in Benin, it's called polyclinic sentin, will be used as scent of excellence. Then we're calling the government and show them and then that can be replicated and scale at the national level. But I'm thinking bigger than that. Let's get investors together, build something nice and then have all the components since we already have the human resources here helping us at Kaiser from Kaiser Oakland. So that's what it is. So we'll go to Diane. So I'm Diana Kane. I'm the chief design officer at Medic Mobile. Medic Mobile is a nonprofit organization that builds open source software for community health systems. So we work with organizations like MATS, Pivot, as well as others that are building new models of community health delivery in the hardest to reach parts of the world. So our primary users of our software are community health workers. And if you're new to global health, a community health worker is oftentimes a volunteer, though in some models we're increasingly seeing payment and professionalization of them as a service. But they're often nominated by their communities in remote villages as oftentimes women who have demonstrated a commitment to their community and a passion for the health of their community. And they're given anywhere from two weeks to a year's worth of training depending on the infrastructure and the model that's in place. And they're delivering services door-to-door. So they're all the families and their vicinity. They're showing up at their house. They're seeing if there are any sick children. They are sometimes providing some over-the-counter medicines at the door, some basic diagnostics, again, depending on the support that's provided by the organization. An organization like Pivot is training and providing a very high level of service there. Many ministries of health also have community health worker programs again to varying degrees of service provided. Those health workers are also accompanying patients to primary care facilities and are really the linkage between the community and the health system, oftentimes the only linkage that a family ever receives. So the software that Medic Mobile designs and builds is designed to support and enhance what those community health workers are able to provide. So we have the ability for the health worker to register every family that they're caring for into an offline app that's on their phone. And so they're able to scroll through that list and see which families they visited recently and who they haven't. And they're able to receive reminders about children that need a follow-up after a clinic visit or need to be referred for their next round of immunizations. So it really keeps people from falling through the cracks and it also provides decision support and algorithms for those health workers to ensure that they're providing a consistent level of care across, again, different levels of training that's provided to them. So I've been with the organization coming up on seven years now we're about 10 years old and our staff, we're 100 people spread across the world San Francisco is by far our smallest office. We've got 40 some people in Nairobi now another 20 some in Kathmandu, other remote offices in Kampala and Dakar and then quite a large remote team of developers. So my background is in public health and sociology and anthropology and I lead the design team with a specific focus on designing with the health workers that we serve. So I bring in a lot of human-centered design principles and methodologies and I'm happy to share more about all of that too. Great, I have a quick follow-up question. So mobile technologies are extremely exciting in the world in general and in the health space in particular. There are a number of organizations that are emerging around getting community health workers mobile technologies to help support their work. Could you just say a few more words about what's different about Medic Mobile or the principles with which it operates? Yeah, sure. I think being open source is it's always been a really important core part of our mission and being nonprofit as well. So we have no user fees there's no contract fees, service agreement fees that would be a barrier to a Ministry of Health adopting these tools long-term. It's really part of our model to be working with organizations like Pivot and others to embed these tools and show that a new way of delivering care is possible and then to have governments pick that up. And so we're doing everything we can to eliminate the barriers to governments taking on a system like this and operating it long-term. I think also the commitment to designing with the user is an important differentiator for us. You know, we really, we see ourselves as walking hand in hand with users and understanding the processes that they go through on a daily basis and that drives our roadmap and our feature requests. So this isn't a kind of quick and one and done type of engagement. We're not a typical technical consulting company that will come in and design and deliver a solution. We really work with organizations for the long-term and are continuing to evolve the toolkit alongside them. Yeah, it's a tech company that's driven by social scientists and socially-minded folks. Okay, great, thanks. Patrick. Hi everyone, I am Patrick. I am one third of Redbird, which is a for-profit Ghanaian startup in digital health. At Redbird, what we do is we are a lab in a box solution for convenient healthcare via pharmacies. So we see a complete lack of convenient options for the most basic screening or monitoring information you might want to get. Right now in Ghana, where we are headquartered, we have diabetes exploding, growing at almost four times the rate it's growing in the US. And that's a very different need on a patient side. You need to therefore be monitoring your health over time. And right now your only real option if you wanna get a checkup is to go into a hospital and wait in line with everyone else and spend about half your day. Now that's not gonna happen. And so what we're trying to do is create a network of convenient places where people can get these health checkups. And we do it by leveraging existing pharmacies and providing them with a two-part solution. One is the rapid diagnostic technology to perform these tests. This is already existing approved diagnostic technology. And the other is our health monitoring software to help them track patients so patients can get their results over time and not just one-off results so they can transform into managing their health. We sometimes get asked why we focus on emerging markets because we're actually a US-incorporated company although we work mainly in Ghana. And it's two main reasons. And I think that is important for the investor side of this discussion. It's growth and opportunity. There's huge growth happening in the population that we serve. And obviously on the disease side when we look to the future, chronic disease is exploding. It is going to be the future of disease all over the world. But in addition to that, we also have the fastest growing middle class. And so we have a lot of opportunity of people that are coming into being able to pay for better healthcare, being able to pay for better education and things like this. Now, we also see huge opportunity. We have a greenfield space. And I think this is a leapfrog opportunity if you will in that disease is becoming much like the rest of the world but we're not burdened by existing infrastructure that was developed in a pre-digital age. So we can look at how can we develop a healthcare system that fully utilizes digital technology and creates something that's much better than anything we have anywhere else. And that's really what we're trying to do at Redbird is create this network of convenient health points that has digital technology as a backbone so that we can create a system that is unlike anything you see in the world, much better, much more convenient for patients but also now can do much more because we don't have all of these entrenched interests that we have to fight against. And so that's what really gets us excited. And to me, it's not a question of why would you invest in emerging market healthcare? It's why would you invest anywhere else? This is the place where you can create something unique. Thanks. Thanks. I have a couple of follow-up questions. So in case it's not abundantly clear, Medic Mobile and Pivot are non-governmental organizations. If you give us money, we're not going to give it back. We probably won't give it back. So, and we operate, our consumers are the extreme poor. And Redbird and Z Valley are going in the for-profit space and if you give them money, they're hoping to give it back to you. So we're in completely different markets but one thing that's in different kinds of problems but one thing that is conspicuously similar and given how widely different our markets are, I would say that we're all totally obsessed with data. And we see that as not the end goal but a really powerful tool and we collect data in different ways and we are constantly envisioning a future for how that data becomes our friend really fast and helps us make decisions at the individual caregiver level, on up to the systems and supply chains and strategy level. And so I just have a question for Redbird. So just to summarize what you're describing as lab in a box where you have all the diagnostic tools at a private pharmacy, those treatments tend not to be overly expensive and then you have software that help people monitor their health, make decisions and you're forming a big network of information. And I'm just like, if you were to dream a little bit but not too much, like predict aspirationally in five years, how is that data actually being used to solve these problems? A great question and something we think a lot about and I think what we focus on at Redbird with our strategy is we see this big term vision that we want to get to where all the potential that you can get from data. And this is our way, our lab in a box is one of the ways that you start creating the groundwork for that because you have to develop that network so that you're generating the data to where it gets useful. And when I look into the future and envision a place where we have been successful and we're getting a real time database of not just disease prevalence, not just how people are managing their disease on a test side, but also potentially how people are trying to improve their health, your exercise regimen, things like this, everything that's involved in health because health is actually holistic. What I see then is a potential to use all of that information in a way that informs care and starts evolving how care is done. We don't wanna go in and say we should be completely changing how care is being done now. We wanna learn through the data that we generate and start getting to a point where the data that you're generating on a daily basis is informing the health policy decisions that are being decided and how we shift how things are viewed on a safety and regulatory standpoint to where you get in a point where you're constantly, you're creating this flywheel of constant learning and evolution on how healthcare is provided, what's viewed as safe and what's viewed as best practice. And that's where I think we wanna get when we think of how can you take a seemingly small step of starting to collect data and network that between everyone and create real incredible systems change. Oh, I'd like to follow that exact question with Diana. So the medical mobile technology is it's basically decision support. It's the decision support in a sense is data driven in the sense that it's based on evidence and WHO guidelines, et cetera of how healthcare workers are supposed to respond to a particular set of diagnostic signals. And we're all still in the space of when do the data start fundamentally changing the way we do our work. And I'm curious what you think the answer is for medic in terms of how the data are gonna be used in the coming years to improve and scale and be used in real time, yeah. Yeah, for sure. So I'll start with how it's being used already right now, which is, and to make the distinction between mobile technology being used as a data collection tool and data as a byproduct of all of these other work support tools. And so that's really how we see data first and foremost, which I think is an important statement is that often people come looking to go into remote communities to just extract data. And that's a very short term type of intervention. So rather we're embedding our tools into the way health workers are working and using the data that naturally comes from that, that's naturally comes from being in service to the health workers to better understand the situations of the communities that they're serving. So already we're making use of the data that's being collected to inform supervision dashboards and Ministry of Health impact indicators that enables primary care district level managers in health systems to make faster and more informed decisions about the communities that they're serving. So this is not only about designing technology tools, it's actually redesigning entire systems who just never before had response systems in place because they've never had access to data so quickly. A paper data system, you'd be lucky if you knew about an outbreak three months after it started and we're able to do much more real time outbreak surveillance and response systems that have actually redefined even power dynamics and roles within healthcare systems. So, you know, medic has been a partner in reimagining what those systems and who needs to be in place in order to do that. It's also increasing the ability for supervisors to better manage these cadres of community health workers and nurses at primary care facilities because you're able to see who's delivering care, you know, for what diagnoses and which health workers have higher levels of burden in certain communities and how we can better resource the distribution of health workers across communities. So that's already happening now. And then we're already really hands on and deepen the process of starting to build data algorithms and predictive algorithms to better identify which children are more likely to have malaria based on, you know, various aspects around where they live, around their, the wealth quintile of their family. So we're building models in that in the very near future are going to be informing the types of suggestions we make to community health workers so that they can better manage their day and serve the communities, targeting the families that are most likely to be in need. Right. Sorry, can I piggyback on that a little bit? Just, I really like some of the stuff you said and one of the things that I heard a while ago that has always stuck with me was, and I didn't realize this, but hurricanes, we all think of them as, you know, something you see coming. That's a somewhat recent development. And the reason that we can track hurricanes and we know, you know, the strength in all this and we actually know kind of where they're forming from the very start of when they form is because we've invested a lot in weather and distributed sensors all around the world that's constantly monitoring and analyzing. And it's a very similar concept that you can start thinking about when you get into better data collection and also distributed diagnostics of why are pandemics something that surprised us. You know, we should be able to tell just like hurricanes from the very start before something even takes off and therefore be able to address it. And I think that's, you know, part of what you were talking about there, which becomes very powerful in the concept that within our lifetime, pandemics are viewed as something that should not be catching us by surprise. Maybe they still happen, but at a much different scale, really I think is an incredible potential on this side. Yeah, speaking about e-health, my approach is kind of will be a little different because, you know, forgive me when I already see things a little bit from my cultural African, you know, point of view. I see my friend's approach as more likely from like companies, you know, coming to address some health issues and gathering data and so I was like, okay, this is extraordinary. This is great what's happening because we have a huge problem in healthcare. They're tackling different aspects of the problem. How can we do it at a national level? How can, I was talking earlier about putting in place, for example, Kaiser approach, but in hospital everything is run on software.  That argument doesn't stand anymore. So how can we do, we put in plus an EMR, a national EMR and have the government in a public private partnership get on board and do something like that. That would be amazing. That would be amazing because we can factor all these small experiment that are done because it is important to have the systemic view of it so that we don't replicate a failed approach like the Haiti approach where you have the entire country run by different for-profit, non-profit organization and we all know that we're in the public health sector. So I still strongly believe in the role of government even though we need to help them, we need to accompany them as a company in the public-private relation to show them the right way to do things because everything we're doing here, data is key. Data is it all? Is it gonna come to data? And then 10, 15 years from now, it's gonna be like, okay, wait a minute, okay, whatever data you're collecting from my country, how are you monetizing that? Okay, you see? So smart investors from now that get into PPP, public-private partnership with our government can be advised enough to position themselves as the like, it's so crap, right? Bring meaning to money. So that's exactly my point of view. Like one follow-up on this theme. So one of PIVIT's core businesses is collecting and analyzing data to help us do a better job of what we do and increasingly, that those data are telling a story that we weren't aware of when we started the organization. So we work in a district health system with 200,000 people and we do the infrastructure and human resource support and supply chains stuff. We have a system where we partner with the government to actually eliminate user fees to the extreme poor, which is almost the entire population in this particular district. And even then, even then, there's a really fast drop-off of people who are able to access health centers based on geographic proximity. So folks who live within half a kilometer from a health center comes about three times per year. Folks who live five kilometers from a health center once every two years. Not good enough in a population where one out of seven children die before they're five years old from common illness. So it's kind of a, that's a mystery, right? Why do people whose children have a fatal illness take such a long time or not get care or even when it's five kilometers of a way? And then the question is what can you do about it? And the solution to that, one solution to that is taking things to the community level, community health workers. And the tradition in community health workers in the world is pretty narrowly defined, which is mostly around treating children who are under five for malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia, and some maternal health programs. That's generally the platform. There's some other programs that are done. And so the question that we can start answering now that I do not feel like we had the capability of answering very well, not that long ago, is well, how much more can the community health workers can do? Can you give them a lab in a box so that they can do good diagnostics and reasonable treatment that they're offered tools? Often they're not particularly well educated. They're literate, but they're not professional clinicians. And can modern technology give them the tools to expand the quality of services, the quality and quality of service that they can do in remote areas? So seven year olds aren't dying of malaria. And can the data through these kinds of technologies evaluate whether that's actually working, whether they're getting better care than they would have otherwise? So to me, it does seem like there's a lot of talk about these potential revolutions and in health and digital health. And I haven't seen it to my satisfaction yet, but in terms of like really showing much better care, but it does feel like for the first time that that is actually around the corner, I would say. Yeah. Yeah, and same principles you're doing. Yes, so questions. Yeah. Can you say the name of the organization company? Hi, Alice Lu with, should I stand up, with Empowering Frontline Health Workers. And I wanted to respond to actually several things. I know we, I'll try and keep it short because I want others to speak. So for Jacob's news comments, I totally agree with you. One of the things that we're, that we're approaching it is, our initiative is a private partnership with donor funds, private sector. Primarily our donor funds are from USAID, but we are working closely with the governments to try and support government ownership of the open source health worker training platform that we've implemented and empowering their partners to implement. And I think to get to your point about really looking at the issue systemically, there is a lot of work going on in the global digital health space, if anyone is not as familiar with it, in terms of developing national e-health strategies, national e-health architectures, establishing interoperability standards. So going forward when you think of blending old with the new, I think we'll have this ecosystem that's always gonna be a mix of public and private. But as long as we have these architectures and interoperability standards in place, everyone can do what they think is the right approach for them, but play together so that the data can be exchanged and ultimately at the national level, the governments will have the data they need to make policy decisions, resource allocation decisions and so forth. One other thing I wanted to add is maybe just stretch beyond where we are because I've been in this space for a long time. So I know that we're not gonna stay with paper and pen, we are definitely gonna keep marching forward with digital health, it's going to have the impact, even if maybe there's still some questions about it. I'm thinking about, have we combined this discussion with climate change? And I think of the opportunities to look at climate change data and kind of predict the pandemics or the impacts to health. If we're seeing drought in an area, there's gonna be hunger, it's gonna be malnutrition. And we see the terrible hurricanes or floods, we're gonna see disease coming out of the dirty water that's flowing through. So I'm just wondering if anyone's really kind of looking a little bit further out. I can respond to that. So we are, we're starting, I have like a couple of different trainings and one of them is as an economist but the other is as an ecologist, a disease ecologist. And so what we're doing right now with our data systems is we are, we've mapped our entire district and we know every footpath in the whole district, we've partnered with OpenStreetMap actually to identify the exact walking time it takes to get from one place to another. And so we are going big on geographic information systems so that we know who's getting care, who's not getting care, where they are. And we are right this very moment overlaying that with environmental data, satellite imagery on land use and seasonal climate change, not long-term climate change but weather patterns. And we're using those data to both model the dynamics of malaria. So that's like classic epidemiological modeling is like in some ways it's kind of straightforward to do which are obviously happening seasonally and in places like Madagascar and also model the role of those geographic phenomena, these environmental phenomena on people's access. So what happens is cyclone seasons where the rivers are going up and down. And so the reason why we're doing that is because malaria is a big problem but it's also because we've run into stock outs and we get really upset with ourselves that malaria is surprising us sometimes because it might just come a little bit earlier one year. We do see increasing like cyclone issues and weather patterns that are a little uncommon where we work in Madagascar. And so we are, we're actually going aggressively at that to use the most information that we could possibly have to get exactly when the malaria is hitting so we can anticipate what our stockets are. And so we're hoping to put that into our dashboard. We haven't done it yet but in the next like year and a half or so. That's okay. Hi, my name is Ronnie Dutt and I'd like to speak to the gentleman who was speaking about Africa and the work in collaboration with governments. I think that to strengthen the capacity at the government level is critical to scale and to genuinely improve the overall condition of healthcare in those countries. When I was at Jepago, I was capturing data from 40 different countries across 100 projects and what we don't wanna do is build parallel systems. So we need definitely public-private partnership and you definitely need governments to be willing to scale up and use the newer technologies that are available. So I would really like to hear from more people in the audience about that sort of collaboration because I think that having great pilot projects is excellent but until it scales within a country, you're not gonna see the impact. So it would be, I don't know if they're investors or funders but I think that is the way to proceed in the future. Of course, there are dangers with the government as they monitor then manage the information. So we, and so there is a critical need to have the voice of the NGO community also in the space. But... I'll comment that for what it's worth. We work exclusively with the government. So we work in the government ministry of health hospital, health centers, even the community health workers are technically part of the ministry of health and the information systems that I'm talking about right now are actually government information systems. Did you guys wanna... I can speak briefly to that as well. We have national level government strategies with both Kenya and Nepal and signed agreements with both countries and both of those healthcare systems are decentralized and so it involves us going door to door, district to district, creating relationships with those district health officials which we're doing in both countries. We're close to a dozen in Nepal and are making really good progress in Kenya including having one district who has stepped up to be the model district for the rest of the country and are taking amazing leadership and pride in being the first district to really go digital and design with us as a model building partner. And so that's really exciting. We have a few other countries that are active conversations right now and are in the works but that's definitely where we see our long-term strategy as well and the importance of that being open source and integrated with actually many of the other systems governments are using which are open source. So things like DHIS2 and OpenMRS, other types of national level monitoring systems that we're actively integrating with. Am I getting a signal that we're out of time? Is that what that signal is? Can we take one more question? Okay. My name's Livingstone, I'm from Kampale, Uganda. Let me comment about healthcare from the marketplace angle because I think we might be solving problems but if the marketplace itself is not functioning, we have a problem on our hands and this is what we've seen. We built a micro pension scheme, started on boarding by the time we crossed a thousand members, they were demanding health. So we wanted to provide them healthcare insurance but then it was impossible to provide so because they are making smaller contributions but they have to buy healthcare insurance in bits of policies for one year. And the reason that insurance companies want their money in advance, so you can't insure people that way. So what we found out is that there is quite a disconnect between the healthcare facilities and the companies providing health insurance and then the consumers themselves. So if we're going to be able to serve our clients and open up the healthcare market and collect it, we need to build connections between healthcare, consumers and the insurance company that are providing it. Thereby we can be able to kind of re-engineer, reconnect the dots in between. So we think that if people continue to pay from cash out, cash in pocket and they go to hospital, they don't buy the folder doses because they don't have cash, they never planned for that, that's a huge problem. If we depend on the governments, the government of Uganda is budgeting $2 per person per year. That is not gonna work to be able to fix the problem. So I think we need to focus a lot of our efforts if we're gonna serve healthcare on the marketplace. I think that's my comment. While we're doing the mic, I'll just say thank you for your comment and I agree. I think the exciting thing about healthcare is there are so many players and so a lot of different ways you can try to solve things. Also can become a headache sometimes, trying to figure it all out, but it's great. Hi, my name is Malia and I'm with Digital Medic, which is a group out of Stanford University. We're also trying to use human-centered design and my question is around where do you see the greatest need for real education expertise? Meaning we've created some educational materials for different types of learners in different parts of the world and on different topic areas, including maternal and child health, mostly in that area in South Africa. So where do you see the greatest need? I'll say kind of where my focus is and for me, we do think a lot about chronic disease because chronic disease is exploding, but also it's something that requires behavior change and behavior change is the only way that you can effectively manage your disease and also avoid a lot of the bad outcomes or the disease altogether if you do the behavior change early enough. And so for me, behavior change requires so many things. Where we start, of course, is with helping people manage their health, but that doesn't create it in itself. Even if you know what your blood sugar level is, you need to create these feedback loops of awareness, of understanding of what you're doing and understanding of how that's actually affecting your health because oftentimes how you feel and the actual outcome you have aren't as closely aligned as you would like. And so to me, that is an area that will just increase in importance and education around prevalence, but also how to change your lifestyle, if needed, is a key area. Okay, can I add very, very quick, thank you for what you're doing because you're tapping into my passion right now because what you're speaking to in terms of education, I often say in Africa, in most of our country, we don't have health system. That's my personal point of view. We have disease management system because speaking to health, it's basic. We're not gonna reinvent the wheel. Tell me what you're eating. I can tell you your health status in the next couple of years. Okay, so we can put in place a health system if we want to. So we've been speaking about disease management system. Everything I've been saying, system, this and that, is a disease management system. But talking about health system, why can't we just put educational materials clear in the entire educational system from the kid from pre-K before end of elementary school where the kids know what is a real healthy plate? Let's put those material in place. And then if we teach our kid like that before they finish elementary school, we can, that generation of kids, we can assure that we can reduce like most of those diseases for, I don't know, 50 or 40%. We can do something extraordinary just by teaching what are the fundamental for health. Just starting from pre-K before the kids end school. But are we doing that? No, we are heavily on vertical diseases, funding, where we fight malaria by looking at how much we spend on buying Artemisinin or buying MosquitoNet, while you go to Benin and you work around the country, you know, all the drainage, the sewage drainage for water, everything is open. Like everything, like when it rains, the drainage is completely open all over the country. Talking about Mosquito programs, we invest in billions and we don't talk about that. But we're buying MosquitoNet, okay? We're buying Artemisinin. We have disease management system. So if you're interested in putting in place in Africa, real health system, let's talk. And then I have ideas. Plant-based tall foods. That's what you're going to. I had to say that. I'll just add to that. I think Matt mentioned this earlier in terms of community health worker programs are often focused on a really basic set of maternal and child health services. And that's very quickly changing right now. So we're experimenting with HIV self-tests which are rolling out in Kenya at the moment. Seeing increasing number of family planning services, including injectables being delivered at the home. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests haven't happened for a long time at the home, but we're putting into place more tools within our tools to help diagnose that more accurately and even take snapshots of those tests so that supervisors can be double checking them later. So there's, I think, a lot of opportunity for the task shifting that's happening to the community level where we could be enhancing community health worker training and reinforcement because those consistent in-person trainings are really expensive and they're hard to coordinate. So the more reinforcement we can do over devices they're using all the time is a big win there. Well thanks. Thanks everyone for joining us.  So thanks for your questions and thanks to the panelists. Thank you.


So, if we want to know how the entropy is changing as we change the temperature of an object, solid, liquid, gas, whatever, we have expressions like this derivative that tells us how quickly the entropy changes with temperature, and if we integrate that, we obtain an expression like this one that tells us the change in the entropy. If I modify the temperature from T1 to T2, I just have to integrate heat capacity over temperature. And we have an equivalent set of equations for CV, just replace the P's with V's, and the same expressions work if we're at constant volume. This only tells us the change in entropy, the relative difference in entropy between two cases. So, if I want, if I have a system that's initially at T1 and has some initial entropy at T1, actually, let's, if I do, go ahead and write that, but over here, have a system with its initial entropy at T1, the entropy after heating it up or cooling it down to some different temperature, T2, is that initial entropy plus the change in entropy. So, that initial entropy plus this integral, integral of Cp over Tdt, if I integrate from T1 to T2. So, I could obtain the entropy at a different temperature if I knew what it was at the starting temperature, as long as I can do this integral. But, of course, in order to obtain it at the starting integral, I need to perhaps have had it at some different temperature. So, that sounds like a chicken and egg problem. How am I ever going to find the entropy at one temperature unless I already know it at some other temperature? Turns out, though, luckily, we do know the entropy at one particular temperature, and to see why that's true, let me remind you that the entropy, when we were thinking about the entropy from not from a thermodynamic point of view like we are here, but from a more statistical mechanical point of view, we often talked about the entropy, this would have been the molar entropy, but if I multiply it by n, it would be the total entropy. The entropy is the sum of these p log p's, the sum of probability times the log of probability, where these are the Boltzmann probability of being in a particular state, the ground state, the first excited state, and so on. If we imagine what that expression looks like, well, first let me just point out that that expression, that's minus k times probability in the ground state, if I let p not be the name of the ground state, there are some excited states, p1 log p1, p2 plus times log p2, and so on. So, if I just write out that sum explicitly, it's minus k times the sum of these p log p's for each of these individual states. Now, let's imagine what happens if I take the temperature colder and colder and approach the limit of zero Kelvin, if I cool the system down to zero Kelvin, then the number of molecules in the ground state is going to be all the molecules, 100% of the molecules are going to fall down to the ground state, there's going to be none of the molecules, 0% of the molecules in any of the excited states. So, at zero Kelvin, probability in the ground state is going to approach one, probability in all the other states, as long as it's not the ground state, those are going to approach zero. So, this expression would be minus k1 log 1 for the ground state, zero log zero for the first excited state, and for the second excited state, and so on. We can evaluate each of those terms, but they all evaluate to zero. Log of one is zero, so that kills this first term. Zero is of course zero, so that kills the second term, all the zeros kill all the other individual terms. So, each one of these terms is zero, so the entropy at zero Kelvin, if I cool a system down as far as I'm able to cool it down, the entropy of that system will be zero, and that makes sense. If we think back and realize entropy is disorder, then if we cool the system down until it's as cold as it can get, then it's going to be as ordered as it can ever get, so the entropy of that system is zero. The amount of disorder is zero, there's no disorder in that system. So, we know that at zero Kelvin, the entropy of the system is zero. So, what that means is, actually let me write that down. That's an important statement, important enough that we call it the third law of thermodynamics. And what that third law says is, for every substance, the entropy approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero. So, it doesn't matter whether we're talking about a gas, a copper penny, any material at all, if I cool that down to zero Kelvin, its entropy approaches zero in that limit. So, that's the third law of thermodynamics, and since we have that statement about the entropy at zero Kelvin, that means if I want to know the entropy at a particular temperature, I can think of that as the entropy at zero Kelvin, which I know is zero, plus the integral from zero Kelvin up to the temperature I'm interested in. Heat capacity over T, DT. So, turns out I can know not just the change in the entropy in changing the temperature from T1 to T2. But if I want to know the actual entropy, the absolute entropy, not the relative entropy, but the absolute entropy at a particular temperature T, I just have to integrate from zero all the way up to T. If I know what the heat capacity is at all the temperatures between zero and T, I can do that integral. And this tells me a way of calculating the actual entropy of that system. So, turns out entropy is very different in this respect from other thermodynamic properties like the internal energy, for example, or the enthalpy. I'm normally able to choose the zero of energy anywhere I want. So let's say I have an energy ladder with a bunch of different energy levels. We've had occasion before to say, maybe I want the zero of energy to be here, or maybe I want to define the zero of energy to be here. I can choose the zero to be wherever I want. That won't change the difference in energy between any pair of these states. The difference in energy doesn't depend on where I choose zero to be. And if I change where the zero of energy is, it won't change any of the physical properties of that substance. It'll change the value that I call the energy, but it won't change any of the other physical properties. That's not true for the entropy. It turns out we have a very natural reason to make the entropy exactly zero when the system is fully ordered, when all the molecules are in the ground state. So that allows us to define an absolute entropy where we can't do that for property like the energy. I can't say exactly what the energy is, or if I do, it's dependent on my choice of where zero is for that system. So entropy is rather special in that sense. So we now have a way to calculate the change in the entropy, as well as the actual absolute value, absolute entropy when I change the temperature. We can also calculate changes in the entropy when I do other things other than change their temperature. So we'll look at those next.


Deep breaths. Deep breaths. Focus. Gotta focus. Gotta stay calm. You've been trained in memetics, Harry. You can do this. You can break through. You just have to concentrate. The cell is six feet tall with a square meter of floor space and a tree in the middle. Barely enough room to stand, but not enough room to lie down comfortably, especially with the tree. I do push-ups against the wall to get myself pumped up for the big moment. Today I'm getting out of here. I have to get out of here. I hear a soft hydraulic hiss from the speakers, the telltale sound of someone entering the containment anti-chamber. The hairs on the back of my neck prickle. The mics are on. For the next few minutes, I'll be able to talk to them. I have to make it count. A panel in the walls pulled back and I see Valenti smiling at me through reinforced glass. His beard is noticeably longer than before. Deep breaths. Deep breaths. Good morning. Valenti says. Good to see you often after. I don't reply. The opening formalities are almost never transcribed. Better to save myself for the real thing. Valenti's eyes shift downward and his arms shuffle slightly. I can only see him from the chest up, but I know he's looking at a prepared interview outline, if not an outright script.  Please state your name for the record. Moment of truth. Hello. I begin. It's familiar. Universal.  My name is Dr. Hirad Sanga. I am designated SCP-2337 as you told me previously. I hold my breath. Valenti's expression hasn't changed. I feel my heart dropped to the floor. Fuck. Listen, SCP-2337.  You seem to have a prehistoric relationship with several of the more dangerous creatures in our custody. I pound my fist on the glass. Valenti has no reaction. I scream. Fuck! Yes, please elaborate on the exact nature of this relationship.   I poked it one too many soft spots in reality, and someday you will too, my friend.  We all just keep ending up on the other side of the glass. Fuck! Valenti looks confused and slightly annoyed. My hands are sore from pounding on my glass. I'm breathing heavily now. So much for calm. So much for focus. I have to get out of here. I have to get out. Please repeat that statement in the dialect used by the Foundation.  The floor rushes up to meet me. I'm on my knees sobbing, forehead pressing into the base of the tree. All the months I'd been here, I'd kept it cool.  Please discontinue yodeling. I wipe my eyes on my naked arms to clear off the tears and snot. The fluids mix with the bits of bark and grit on my face, and I begin to seriously regret my meltdown. I'm not making sense to you, am I? We need you to cooperate and explain your answer in a coherent way.  I've tried everything I can and nothing gets through. You can ask anything you want. It's pointless. I turn to face him. He's got that look of a long-suffering scientist who spent decades of his life earning degrees. A man who left every relationship he had to join a shadow organization, only to end up bored, frustrated, and confused. I had that look once. I envy it. You're not hearing me, are you? He asks me.    Crack? He says. He's looking at me the way a teenage babysitter looks at a toddler that just shat its pants. I slam the glass again. In the distance, I hear laughter.   Fuck! Fuck! Volunti heaves a big, weary sigh. He tucks his hands in at his sides and makes this shit-eating, condescending, motherfucking face. My hands shake.  Snook-e-tations, Dr. Stanko. Crack! He squeaks. You and the Thoritator explainer-rate. Time seems to stand still and move in fast forward all at once.  Volunti is alarmed. He's reacting. I beat at the glass with everything I have, barely registering the spots of blood flying off my hands. The glass cracks. It shouldn't be possible. None of this should be possible. None of this should be happening. The laughter is so loud I can hardly see. The glass breaks. Volunti covers his eyes to shield them from errant shards. The branch of my hands is different. It is my hands. Glass is growing from the end of it. Why not? I smile my first genuine smile in months. None of this should be happening to me.  He's on the floor. I reach into the anti-chamber.  The laughter fades. The world grows dark. Dude! Oh my god! Oh my god! It's just a gift that keeps on giving.


The Yankees' final stop of the season is Kansas City's Kaufman Stadium, which opened in 1973 but went through a $250 million renovation earlier in the 2000s. Fans who visit the stadium always loved the spectacular fountains in right-center field. This unique twist on a corn dog was one of the most popular additions to the ballpark's menu this year. A place honoring legendary Royals is a popular meet-up spot and a perfect place to learn about the history of the franchise which includes a pair of world championships.


Hey guys, Shamber1000 here, just wanted to show you guys a couple clips and talk to you guys about a few things for a minute if you've got the time.  Okay guys, so I've got a couple clips I want to share with you and a comment I got the other day, just some things like that. So without any further ado, let's get on to the clips and the comment and just kind of talk you a little bit about what's been going on here this year and how things are starting to look up. So enjoy the clips. Hey guys, so just sitting here watching YouTube and watching these, this is Ultimate North American Cars Driving Fails and it's from, I'll show you who it's from. Mega driving school. This was uploaded five hours ago, it's got 36,000 views. Check this out, another one of my videos. That is cool, been a great day today. Also I don't know if I mentioned this before, but I will mention it again. Now this one, the gentleman, DDSTV actually got a hold of me and asked me about this and I don't know, like I said, I don't know if I should have this one or not, but this is them, DDSTV, 37,000 views one week ago. I know you guys, a lot of you guys have probably seen this, but I'm finally getting some of my videos noticed, so that is awesome. I know you guys have seen the one where Chills featured one of my videos where the door was opening. So that's three now. I had one featured several years back. It was when I was in the Sedansville Rectory. So that's three within what a month, something like that. So just thought I'd share that with you guys. I want to mention this, when we went to the homo sasa, the springs there, when we showed you the animals and stuff, we went there on Saturday, Sunday I uploaded the video and Sunday night, was it Sunday afternoon, Sunday afternoon, I got a comment on that video from Alex Glenn, it says, hey, we saw you guys out there filming yesterday. I saw your shirt and decided to check it out, got a new subscriber. So it's been a pretty good week for me and a pretty good year. So Daniel D.A.C.A. invited me to do that podcast, I did a podcast with him. So it's been a good year and it's going to even get better next year, so I have better more and better content and we've got plans, don't we, Monk? So yeah, so feel free to share my videos guys. If you want to feature one of my clips or one of my videos in your video, you're more than welcome to, just let me know so I can watch it and support your channel as well. So anyway, there you go, just wanted to share this stuff with you and Shabar, the myth man legend gone for now, Monk, you just finished eating ice cream, yeah, very good. So like I said, she's over now, bye y'all. Monk, she's over now, bye y'all.   I love to read all your comments, I know it takes a couple days sometimes to get back to them, but I will get back to you. So anyway, again, thanks for watching, appreciate it. I'm gone for now, bye-bye guys and take care. Hey guys, check this out, Monk is doing her deposition for her first accident. This is cute. That's funny, she's got a dot on her phone, through this thing called Zoom.


My name is Cam Nichols and this is my cycling story in under three minutes. It was late 2007 and I just returned from a two-year stint living in the UK. I was chunky. Real chunky. I needed to lose some weight fast. I was on the lookout for a life partner after all. I took up triathlons. I lost some weight. I found a girlfriend. Her name was Alice. I kept doing triathlons. I didn't really like to swim nor the run. I got invited by a friend to join a bunch ride. I got dropped after five minutes. But I loved it. I dropped triathlons but kept up the cycling. I bought a new bike. I joined a cycling club. I raced e-grade crits. My girlfriend came home one day and said I'm pregnant. She got pregnant. My dad was fat. Alice and I bought a house. We had a daughter. Her name was Holly.  I kept cycling when I could. I bought a new bike. I made it to b-grade in the crits. Alice and I got married. We had another baby girl, Ruby. I grew a moustache. It was kind of creepy. I kept cycling when I could. I bought a new bike. My brother-in-law said let's create an online marketplace for bikes. We did. It was called Bike Chaser. And initially it was pretty average. But we kept working on it. I got past the sleepless nights and the relentless sicknesses of having young kids. I kept cycling when I could. I got the snip. I bought a new bike. I joined a cycling team. I raced hard. I trained hard. I podiumed at some stage races. I made it to a-grade in the crits. I crashed. But I kept riding and racing. I bought another bike. Training, racing, family, work. I was tired. I needed time away from cycling. I'm so excited. And I just can't hide it. Come on girls. I'm about to lose control and I think I like it. I got stressed. I got anxious. I tried something new. I did Wim Hof. I got back into road cycling. I did some crits. I wasn't that fit. They were hard. I quit my corporate job. I went full-time on Bike Chaser. The site was improving. I convinced my wife to turn a romantic husband and wife getaway into riding the length of New Zealand in the middle of winter. 2,400 kilometres over 13 days. It was hard. It was freezing. I got injured, but I made it. And I loved it. I got back from New Zealand mid-2017. I got more into content riding and videos with Bike Chaser. I love videos. I love storytelling. And above all else, I love cycling. So I've created this personal brand, camnickles.com, to essentially do what I love doing the most. And that's creating content from within our local cycling community that's both inspirational and entertaining. And because I love road bikes so much, some deep dive product reviews. It would mean the world to me for you to either subscribe, like and or follow, not only to keep up to date with my most recent content, but also I would love your thoughts, ideas and suggestions on future content creation right here. I'll catch you in the next video.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss a question which says that solve the following inequalities and drop the solution set on the number line.  Now before starting the solution of this question we should know some results and that is basic absolute inequalities where k is greater than 0 and in this table you can see the absolute value in equality, its equivalent inequality, its solution set and representation of its solution set on the number line. For the inequality absolute value of x is greater than k, its equivalent inequality is given as x is greater than k or x is less than minus k, its solution set is given as open interval minus infinity to minus k union, open interval k to infinity and this is the representation of its solution set on the number line. Then for the inequality absolute value of x is greater than equal to k, its equivalent inequality is given as x is greater than equal to k or x is less than equal to minus k, its solution set is given as sunny open interval minus infinity to k union, sunny closed interval k to infinity and this is the representation of its solution set on the number line. Then for the inequality absolute value of x is less than k, its equivalent inequality is given as minus k is less than x is less than k, its solution set is given as the open interval minus k to k and this is the representation of solution set. Now for the inequality absolute value of x is less than equal to k, its equivalent inequality is given as minus k is less than equal to x is less than equal to k, its solution set is given by the closed interval minus k to k and this is the representation of its solution set on the number line. Now these results will work out as a key idea for solving all the given question. Now let us start with the solution of the given question. In the first point we are given the inequality absolute value of 2x plus 1 is greater than 5. Now this inequality is of the time absolute value of x is greater than k, so its equivalent inequality is given as x is greater than k or x is less than minus k. So its equivalent inequality is given as 2x plus 1 is greater than 5 or 2x plus 1 is less than minus 5.  This implies 2x is greater than now 5 minus 1 is 4 or 2x is less than now minus 5 minus 1 is minus 6. Now this implies now here dividing both sides of this inequality by 2 we have 2x upon 2 is greater than 4 upon 2 or here also dividing both sides of this inequality by 2 we have 2x upon 2 is less than minus 6 upon 2 which implies x is greater than 2 or x is less than minus 3. So the solution set of the given inequality is the union of the solution sets of these two simple inequalities. Now the solution set of the inequality x is greater than 2 is the open interval 2 to infinity and the solution set of inequality x is less than minus 3 is given by the open interval minus infinity to minus 3. So the solution of the given inequality is union of these two solution sets that is open interval minus infinity to minus 3 union open interval 2 to infinity. Now let us plot this solution set on the number line. First of all we will draw a number line. Now for plotting this solution we will shape that portion of number line which is to the left of minus 3 that is all this portion which is to the left of minus 3 and that portion which is to the right of 2 so we will shape all this portion and we will put 2 volu circles at the point minus 3 and at the point 2 which indicate that the points minus 3 and 2 are not included in the solution set. So the shaded portion of the number line represents the solution set that is the open interval minus infinity to minus 3 union. The open interval 2 to infinity that is the solution set contains all real numbers that are less than minus 3 and greater than 2. Now let us start with the second part. In the second part we are given the inequality that is absolute value of 2x minus 3 is less than minus 1. Now we can write an equivalent inequality only when k is greater than 0 that is when k is positive. In this inequality we have minus 1 and right inside that is we have k is equal to minus 1 which is less than 0. So we do not write its equivalent inequality since absolute value of any quantity is greater than or equal to 0. So no value of x can make this absolute value less than minus 1. So solution set of the given inequality is the empty set and this is the solution of the given question. That is all for this session. Hope you all have enjoyed the session.


Hey everyone Shaber 1000 here happy new year first video of 2023 It is January 7th So we've got a couple backpack blowers here, and I'll tell you about them here in just a second stick around Okay guys, so we'll start with this one This is my friend Ryan's He bought this off me about three years ago. Anyway, it doesn't want to start now Just a it's a Poland pro So we're gonna see why that don't don't start that's gonna be in its own video But this is going under the free items thing because this is freebie he gave me this the antique one here I don't know if it's antique. You know what I mean?  He said he pulled it once and it fired, but I don't know if that's a case or not But I can tell you the throttle Trying to get out of the sun. The throttle is seized up on it Check this fuel in here. Oh, yeah Pretty pretty brown that should be like a lemonade color Or like a green I guess you can say green lemonade because that's mixed. That's two stroke Let's check his out Yeah, see that it's kind of bluish green That's what that should look like. So I'm guessing that's got a carburetor issue. I'm not sure what's wrong with this I did push a primer ball, but I didn't see it leaking if I remember right I Did a video on this one. I got it. He said he pulled the plug out And I think he said he cleaned it But he didn't tighten it. That's for sure Just yank it out while we're here. I'll look at it real quick. Maybe you put a new plug in it But we'll check out for spark and everything But yeah, there's a free item for you. So it's a quick video I'm not sure which one I want to start on first. He uses this thing a lot. He's got a dock He likes to blow the leaves off the dock. So I Think we'll start with this one See what the issue is. I see fuel in that primer bulb That doesn't look wet, I don't know All right, so anyway guys, there's your first video more free stuff. Well, that one's not free but that is and He said yeah, you've been talking about I got a backpack blur. I just want to give to you He said he's got a he's got tubes for it But he said maybe you can sell it or something I thought well if I get this running I may I May keep this one for myself But we'll just have to see how it runs It's an echo PB 300e There's the number on it. Oh, you guys can't see nothing. No, I can't say anything Zero zero one one zero five nine So I don't know what year that is. I'll try to do some research on it I'll let you know in the video When we do that video Looks like screw missing out of there. So All right, so anyway guys, there you go Totally not sure what that is looks like some kind of gasket. I don't know. We'll see We'll see what's going on with them. Anyway guys. Happy new year Hope you guys have a good night. Thanks for watching appreciate it. Shea Berry myth man legend gone for now We'll see you guys in the next one. It'll be that one. Bye. Bye and take care


Man, new Orleans, whatever, I fell off the stage. How did that happen? Y'all never asked me about... Well, well... We on Boss Talk 101, 101. Here we gonna talk... I done my show, I almost killed myself on stage one day. What? Man, new Orleans, whatever, I fell off the stage. How did that happen? Y'all never asked me about that... This is a great party. Well, well... How did that happen? 11 feet. The speakers used to step on the speaker. Right. I went to step on the speaker. I saw that. And my... My, you know, we're going forward. And the speaker moved and I went all the way down, bro. This is a great party. Well, well... And God... God, he had to be there. Bro, boy. He had to be security guard. Big ol' God. Big ol' God. I was able to land it on him. And he... Yeah. And I was able to spin around and land on the floor. Yep. Well, I could land on my head. Head, yeah. Head, yeah. He could have landed on his head. Yes, sir. That's the same thing that I don't know if it's the older entertainers who just feel that way about the speakers and stuff, because the same thing, Jennywine, did he just... Did it happen? Did it happen? Yeah. No. He jumped down. I know. He jumped down, too. Oh, he jumped down one level and he had failed on the other level. Yeah. And kept singing. And you hadn't seen him. He failed down. Uh-huh. He tried to hold on to that. The guy who was going to sign that... You know, the same thing happened to me. Same thing happened to me. Yeah. I was going... Did you go on... Great. Did you keep going with the show? Yes, sir. Jumped on himself. I feel like... The show's not going. It seems that he did. No. Oh, my God. I'm sorry. I got up. Because everybody thought I was... They thought I was gone. I mean, people loved it. And it didn't... A lot of people cared about you. When I see the video, what made me feel so good? You can hear the crowd. Oh! Is he okay? Go get him. You can hear women screaming. Oh, go get him. No, Lord. It's like they're crying. They care about you. Bro. They care about you. And when I got up, they were like, everybody would... Ah! You should read the comment board, man. I was like, whoa. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. It was like, whoa. Can't believe it. But that was after the show. I'm doing the book. I was just... But did you hurt yourself at all? No. No, ma'am. I was... He had a short night and said it all the way. I did Dallas, Texas the following day. Get a whole full show. Get a whole full show. Get a whole full show. Get a whole full show. The first thing I said, I went... Yeah, I showed it. Yeah. I went all the way. You all seen that video, right? Yeah, I seen that video.  The term is over now. Yeah. We turned that dog off and got... That was awesome.


How's it hangin' Freedom Partners? My name is Roya and welcome back to episode 4 of Freedom Flash Fridays. In the last episode we made an awesome banner, but then I asked you all what you wanted me to make in Photopee. So taking your suggestions, let's look at the true power of Photopee by making a logo. Remember if there's anything you want me to show off in Photopee, let me know in the comments down below. It can be as specific as Fortnite thumbnails, please no, or it could be as general as a profile picture, a banner, a thumbnail, whatever it may be. I can do it and give tips along the way. But enough of that, let's get on to logo making. And here we are back in our good old friend Photopee, now if this doesn't look familiar for some reason, you most likely missed out on some of the last episodes, which I would suggest you go back and watch for tips and tricks about Photopee. But today, we're working on a logo, we've covered thumbnails, we've covered banners. Now we're going to take a look at logos, and logos are interesting. Logos can be used really anywhere on your channel in advertisements in your profile picture in banners, and it can be important, for example, Freedom has its logo that you can find sprinkled everywhere. Well we are going to be remaking the Freedom Flash Fridays logo in Photopee, which I've made myself. So of course we're going to go to new project and just to make it look pretty, I'm going to choose the HD selection like we did for the thumbnail again, make that resolution 200, make the background transparent, and here we are back again in our beautiful transparent layer. You'll need a triangle and a circle. Now first, we're going to take the circle, we're going to center it, make it a little bigger, but it did center just so, just for easy measurement, and those red lines that appeared will show you that it's center in the canvas. So here you have a circle, center in the canvas. Now you have your triangle, which you're going to want, and you can shape it, you can have it either direction, but I'm doing it this way just because that's how I did it originally, and then you want to take these and line them up with the circle. Now the triangle is going to be a little long, but that is fine. And boom, you have a circle with a triangle. Now of course you might have an edge peeking out, so you don't want that, you want to hide that, and boom, you have a circle and a triangle. Well this is nice and all, but what does it even mean? Well we're going to want to take and merge all these layers, so select all these layers, not the background layer, go and merge them, and boom, this is all one piece now. You don't have an individual circle or an individual triangle, just one layer. You'll want to go to effects, go to stroke, and add a beautiful white stroke to it. Stroke a little thicker, just for funsies, and boom, you have a shape. Well it's a nice shape and all, but what's the point of this shape? Well, I'll get there. And since photopea does not have any sort of guidelines, you can add rulers and you can add whatever, but it will not automatically tell you with red lines or green lines or whatever like when you are centering it in the canvas. If this is equal, this looks about equal to me, I'm going to say it's equal, so then we're just going to go and erase that. And now you have these two shapes. Next we have the freedom logo itself. We don't want this here, so we're going to lower our size a bit, that's a little too small, make sure that it's rasterized, and then erase the F, and now we're just left with the word freedom. Now that we have the word freedom, we can start moving around our shapes a little bit. You want to go to your layer of shapes and select one side, just one side. Move it over here, and we're going to line it up so that the top lines up there, and then this line will line up with the bottom of the F. Boom, that looks about good. Now for this one, this one's a little different. We're going to take it, and instead of just resizing it, we're going to flip it. We're going to flip it this way. Make sure that it snaps so it's straight, and we have this. Now this does not look right, it's just a mirrored image upside down, isn't it? Well that's true, and that's why we're going to take this side, and drag it over here. And you'll see that it then mirrors the image. So now we have the opposite of that one. Then when you mirror it and line it up, about there looks good to me.  Now white on white isn't easy to see that freedom logo, so we're going to want to go to a stroke again and add a nice little black stroke to it. And yeah, you don't have to have anything too thick, too thin, just right. And there we have freedom inside of a circle with a triangle. But there's still more to come. We're going to go back and use our font tool, or as they call it, the type tool. We're going to go and we're going to click, and it'll load text. Now we're going to type in flash, and we're going to resize it just a bit, just so we can see it a little easier. Now this is a fine font and all, but it looks a little boring, doesn't it? It just looks kind of bland. Well we're going to go back up here, get rid of deja vu, and type in career prime for this font. And this is the font that I used in Photoshop. All the fonts are the same, just under different names usually. Now we're going to take this and resize it a bit so that it lines up with this. And as you can see on the flash, the white on white outline or even with the circles does not look that good. It's kind of hard to see how thick your outline actually is.  And now for the final step, we're going to go down and make this, say, Fridays. But that's really long! So what do we do? We're just going to go and we're going to resize it a bit. We're going to go move that about there, move this up a bit, got a fiddle with it to make sure that everything lines up perfectly as it should. And there you have it. Now you have freedom, flash, Fridays. And as you can see here, this, since there is no way unless you turn on the ruler and look perfectly, you can just go and make sure that they get lined up. And there you have it. The freedom, flash, Fridays logo. It's nothing too fancy. You don't want your logo to be too distracting from your channel art, whether it be thumbnails, banners, or whatever. If it's for your logo, that's fine because it should be the only thing in your profile picture. For example, on the freedom channel, there's just the circle with the F. That is the logo, that is their channel profile picture. And yet, that same F will appear in thumbnails and will appear in the banner, but it is not the focus, but it's still there just for branding. So there you have it. And there you go, some nice logo tips for your channel, from yours truly. Do you have any other suggestions of what you want me to make in Photopea? It can be anything from thumbnails, more banners, or even as specific. Please no Fortnite thumbnails. But thank you all for watching freedom, flash, Fridays. My name of course is Voya and I will see you all next week.


All right, this video is all about how to recruit insurance agents. You want to recruit some agents? Welcome to class with Professor Cody. I got my glasses on today and today is all about how to recruit agents. And we're going to talk specifically about different ways for you to recruit insurance agents. I'm going to start off with what I feel like is the first and best way to do it. And that's to lead by example. When you're able to put up a video on Facebook, hey, my name's Cody. I wrote $8,000 in life insurance this week. I made $8,000 this week and here's how you can too.  And when you're able to use social proof when recruiting and advertising, then you have friends and family that want to get in the business. I mean, I have friends and family that reach out every single week looking for a job with me. And so when you're doing that, it's social proof. Be transparent. Be realistic. Be honest. Be real about what you're putting up. Don't lie because people can tell. So be honest. So that's, I would say that's tip number one for recruiting an agent is social proof. Is lead by example. When you're able to do it and you say, hey, I can help others do it, then they end up wanting to listen. All right. Tip number two, I would say is, hey, don't forget about traditional media. Put some stuff up on LinkedIn. Put stuff on Craigslist. Put an ad the newspaper. There's always post on medium. Put a job. People use Facebook jobs a lot. Also indeed, I've gotten a lot of local agents by using indeed, even free ads, five bucks a day, 10 bucks a day. There's all these different ways, but I would say that that's one of the biggest things is to kind of use everything. Don't just say, Hey, here's the only avenue I'm going to use and I'm only going to do this. Think outside the box and use everything. So that's tip number two. Tip number three would be to, hey, offer some internship opportunities. One thing I've been able to do to get a lot of attention locally is we've got a university, Missouri State University, and I've been able to go and speak to the insurance fraternity on two separate occasions. Most people don't even know that. People on my team, they don't even know that I've done that. That's been helpful because they'll end up emailing me, asking questions, looking for internships, looking for part-time sales opportunities, and you can do the exact same thing. And your local college university is offer internships, maybe partner with the local university, maybe go to career fairs. There's all kinds of different ways to recruit insurance agents. You've got to be able to think outside the box and use internships, local colleges, universities, career fairs, just opportunities in general. They've got online job boards at these universities. Be on it. All right. So those are my three simple tips on recruiting insurance agents, finding valuable insurance agents. And honestly, there's a lot of agents that say, hey, I want to look for experienced people. I would rather have someone unexperienced. They don't know what to expect. They just see me putting up a video, hey, I made eight grand and you can too, and then I'm able to mold them. But once you recruit someone, build a team, provide a great culture. Think of ways to keep them engaged, to keep them happy. Go on appointments with them. Have a travel incentive. Have a contest. I used to do contest all the time with agents, with our local agency programs is, hey, here's a chance to win. Like for instance, we're doing with Star right now to where they're getting incentive travel and tickets to our upcoming event. Or here locally, I've done deals where, hey, you put up a thousand dollars in premium this week and you'll win a free dinner, you'll win a free lunch, you'll win a, or you do this corridor, you'll end up winning a trip. So think outside the box, make it team oriented. And then another idea, we gave you the three recruiting tips. Here's a couple ideas last second. And the last idea would be, hey, have a group chat. Have a group chat for you and your team where they can post their success with pictures and chats. Hey, here I just wrote this policy and it kind of starts to build momentum, positive atmosphere, a positive vibe because culture when you're building a team is huge. So you want to recruit agents? Those are three ways that you can recruit insurance agents locally and remotely to build your team.