In this video, I'll be showing you everything you need to start using CorelDRAW.  Consider subscribing if this video makes any sense to you and don't forget to turn on the bell so you get notified when I upload a new video like this one. So let's jump straight into it. So for this tutorial, I'll be using CorelDRAW 2021. So if you're using any other version apart from CorelDRAW 2021, you've got no problem because we are still on the same page. Just follow up the process and you understand everything I'm going to show you. So once you open up CorelDRAW 2021, this is what you see but then your screen may not be this dark screen but I can show you how to change your screen to a dark screen.  And once you do that, this dialog box pops up so you can choose your theme and you make it either light, medium, dark or black. So I'm using the dark theme here and that's just what it is. So this particular screen is known as the welcome screen where you see your get started, you see your workspace and you see what's new learning and get more. So this is just what you see and you see a plus icon here where you can click and create a new document and you see previous jobs you have worked on, previous templates you have worked on just on this place. And what you see next is the file tools, windows and so on but then they're not really important at this point because we want to create a new document. So the next thing you're going to do is to create a new document.   So you set it to custom and number of pages. It depends on the number of pages you want to have in your CorelDRAW workspace. And then you see your primary color mode, either CMYK or RGB. So you choose the perfect color mode you want to work with. If you're designing for a web based stuff or something that ends on screen, then you can use RGB or if you're designing for print, then you can use CMYK. Then under your dimension, you see page size. So you have to choose the size you want to work with. I'll leave it at A3. There are other sizes here you can choose where I'll leave it at A3. And then you're going to see your width and height. So you set your width and height. So you also set the units you want to work with. You can click on inches and that's just it. Then you set your orientation to either portrait or landscape. So it depends on what you want. I'll leave it at landscape just like this and your resolution to 300 dpi. Now why you should use 300 dpi is this you need to leave it there for a high resolution design. Okay. If you're designing for print, then you should be using 300 dpi. And if you're designing for a screen or something that ends on a screen, then you can use 150 dpi. But in general, I use 300 dpi for all my designs, whether for print or a web based stuff. So the next thing you see is your color settings. At this point, you just have to leave everything on default. You don't have to change anything. You just leave everything on default and hit on okay. And once you do that, it opens up this page just like what you see here. And this is all the bars how it looks like in Corel draw. And I'm going to explain them one after the other. So you want to understand Corel draw interface. So at this point, you see the very face bar, which is known as the menu bar, where you have your file, edit, view, layout, objects, effects, bitmaps, text, table, tools, windows and help. Okay. So at this point, your file is a bar where you see or new. If you want to create a new document to see new, is a new from template to see open, open recent and so on. So in general, this is where you can always save your job, export your job, import and do all sorts of things. So even your document property is here and exit also is here. And under edit, you see things like undo, redo, which I'm going to tell you the shortcuts for each of these things in our next video. Again, to learn shortcuts, important shortcuts in Corel draw in our next video. So this is just where you see the long cut for it instead of the short cut. This is where you see the long cut under edit. And where you have your view is just the way you can set your Corel draw to work on your own benefit. You see your wireframe. But in general, always leave your Corel draw at enhanced because that's just the best way to leave your view. And you also have a full screen preview that if you want to preview your full screen for your design just like this. So that's just it. And you also have other page shutter view. And this option comes only in Corel draw 2021 where you have page shutter view and multi-page view. So you can view your document in multi-page. For example, I have like three pages and you see the three pages are not showing the show just one after the other. But then if you come to view and click on multi-page view, you'll be able to see the three pages at the same time. So that's what multi-page view does. Okay, you can off that and leave it at that point. So next thing you see is the zoom and zoom out and all other stuff. You see your pages, page border, blade, printable area. You see your grid and rulers. If you want to activate your rulers and you want to deactivate your rulers also, so that's just it. This is the rulers here. So everything about the view, this is where you see even your guidelines are all in this particular page. And the next one you want to see is your layout. Okay, your layout is where you insert page, duplicate page. In general, this layout is all about editing your page. Okay, the page where you are actually designing on this is what layout does. So the object is just a particular panel you use to edit objects you are working with in CorelDraw. So for example, you want to create an object, come to create, insert and all those stuff. This is where you create and do everything you want to do with any object you want to do in CorelDraw. More about this in our subsequent videos. You're going to learn it one by one. And you see effects. This is where you add effects, 3D effects, adjust and so on. And this is where you see all the stuff in CorelDraw and it makes your workflow very easy. So anything you want to add effects to in CorelDraw, you just come to effects. In other versions of CorelDraw, it may not have this particular panel, but this effect is available in your objects when you come to objects, you see where you have effects or where you have bitmap, you also see where you have effects. This is bitmap and you know, CorelDraw works with bitmap also. So this is just what you see when we start working with CorelDraw fully, you see a lot of things about that. I don't need to explain anything about text because you know, this is your text that where you have to edit your text and do everything you want to do with your text table. The same thing as objects and tools and windows. Now I'm going to explain some things about windows. Now your windows help you to arrange everything in your CorelDraw, like what you see, the color palette, the tool bar and every other bars you see, your windows helps you to arrange those stuff. For example, you come to workspace. In your workspace, you choose the particular workspace you want to work with. Our advice is to always leave it at default in your documents. This is where you choose properties, objects, pages. For example, if I click on properties, it opens up this panel. Let me do that again.  We'll be able to edit particular objects using the property panel. So that's what that particular bar does. Okay. So you come to windows, come to dockers again, you can choose pages or whatever stuff you want to align and distribute, fit objects to path and so on. So many things to do here. So in general, if you want to set the things you want to see on your screen and if any of them disappears, this is where you can always come and make them appear again. For example, if I come to color palette, I can add color palette, I can remove a particular color palette. Just here, if you click on palette, it opens up this bar, we'll be able to set. Now I'm using CMYK, so I'm going to set my RGB. If you click on RGB, it opens up at this particular space here. So that's just what it does. With that, you can use it to set whatever you want to see on your screen.  So for now, I leave only these ones to be activated. Every other bar works when you click on the particular tool. For example, the zoom, you don't need to activate the zoom because once you click on the zoom tool, click on Z and the zoom bar appears just here. So you don't need to activate that. That's just what it is. So the next thing you're going to look at is the kinds of objects in Coral Draw. So in Coral Draw, there are three types of objects you always see. We have the shape object, we have the beat map and the text. And you know Coral Draw is a vector based program. So everything you'll be doing will be in high resolution and vectors no matter how you zoom them, they don't lose quality. So Coral Draw is a vector based program. A shape is a vector and this is a beat map which is known as raster in Photoshop but in Coral Draw, it's known as beat map and also the text object. So these are the three objects you always see in Coral Draw. It's either the object is a text or it's a vector just like this one or it's a raster or you call it beat map just like what you can see. So let's look at types of tools in Coral Draw and you see the very first two you see is the pick tool and the pick tool is just simply to click and move objects around. For example, I have this shape here. The pick tool helps you to click and move objects around and do some editings and transform objects. Okay, that's just the work of pick tool. And then we have another tool which is the shape tool. The shape tool helps you to edit objects as well. So if you click and hold, you see other tools. Any tool you see this particular angle here just like this one, this one and this one. It's just a symbol to let you know that there are other tools under this particular tool which you can use them to edit your object. Okay. And you also have the eraser tool. We have zoom tool. You just have to take your time to study these tools. But I'm going to explain the most important tools you'll be needing for your designs in Coral Draw. So you have the pick tool here which you'll be needing for your designs. And you also have the shape tool. You also have your eraser tool. You also have your zoom tool.  So all these tools helps you to work perfectly. So if you're an artist and you like to use this, you like to use the artistic media, the live sketch and smart drawing to create illustrations or to create vector graphics in Coral Draw. And you also have the free hand tool where I can help you to draw anything free handed. Just like that. It's very simple in Coral Draw. So you also have tools like the two point line to win and click to create a particular line just like that. Very easy to create a line in Coral Draw. So you click and draw and you'll be able to create a line just like that in Coral Draw. It's very, very easy.  It helps you to create custom shapes in Coral Draw and it makes your workflow very, very easy. So let me show you one thing that this tool does if you click and hold you see where you have the smear tool. Let me show you what it does.  It makes your workflow very, very easy. So that's just what this smear tool does at your spare time you can click on each of these tools to see what they do for you. And this is what the 12 tool does if you have something like a circle let me use a circle shape like that and ellipse okay just like that you click and hold and click on your 12 so you'll be able to adjust that if you click and get some points like that this is what your 12 does be able to make it okay you can increase the size of your 12 for example you have something like that. So it helps you to create things like this that's just what the 12 does just like what you can see I'm editing this stuff making it to look distorted the 12 tool does a very good job like that clicking on each of this node can adjust each of this node just like that so that's what the 12 tool does and you have other tools like this smudge and if you use each of them you see what they actually do like this smudge create stuff like this it's very easy and nice so that's what the smudge does and you can always edit any of the tools to fit what you actually want for example the size of the smudge brush can increase it here let's say we have something like 100 so you hit on enter and this is what the smudge looks like it depends on what you actually want and you also have other stuff here the angle you want it to rotate the paint tilt and so on so that's just what it does and we have the eraser to helps you to erase anything you want you can increase the size of your eraser just right here just like that you can increase the size of your eraser again so use it to erase stuff in coral draw it's very very easy and very nice and there are other tools under the eraser to like the knife tool the virtual segments delete you can use this knife to cut shapes and so on and just like that and with the artistic media it's actually a brush that once you just do that it gives you this type of media you can always select any type of media you want to use depending on what fits what you actually want in coral draw so that's just that and then I'll move away from all these tools and move to where you have the rectangle tool so these two helps you to create a rectangle just like that and it makes your workflow very easy same thing with the ellipse tool that's what it does if you click and hold on the ellipse tool you see the three point ellipse where you can create an ellipse tool just like in this pattern see here that's just what it does it makes your edits very easy and very nice okay so you have these three point edits just like that that's what it does in general that's where you can get your ellipse tool and the next one is the polygon tool if you click and hold you see your polygon you see your style you see spiral you see common shapes if you click on common shapes you see every other shape you would like to use in coral draw so there are a lot of shapes here you would like to be using the love shape and the kind of electricity stuff like that thunder strike so on so that's just it okay so you have other tools just around here like the impact tool which is just a new tool in coral draw 2021 and the graph paper so generally this is where you get different polygon shapes okay so that's just what it is and here you have your text tool where you can drag and do a lot of things about your text okay so that's what your text tool does just to type okay that's it and if you click and hold you see your table and you can create table I think this works only in coral draw 2022 2021 sorry so that's just that and if you come down here you see your parallel dimension tool you see your connector tool you see your shadow tool and you see your transparency tool so your shadow tool helps you to drop a shadow for a particular object for example I want to drop a shadow for this object create the object click on my drop shadow tool click and drop and the shadow drops down just like this and you see other options here where you can always edit your shadow to meet what you want you can set the blend mode or you set the match mode and you can always set the color of your shadow to any color you want just like that you can always set your faders and you can always set your transparency anyhow you want it to look like so that's just what the shadow tool does in coral draw and then the next one here is the transparency tool so if you want to add transparency so you can blend shapes or blend images in coral draw with the help of your transparency tool it's as simple as that okay very simple and then you click on eye drop tool color eye drop tool helps you to pick a particular color from a particular shape to another shape so for example I'm going to pick this color you click on your eye drop tool pick the blue color and fill it on this other shape so you have this just like that and then your gradient interactive field to helps you to add field to a particular shape example that shape can add two gradient field just like that and you can always edit your gradient field here with everything you see here it helps you to edit your gradient something like this and you see what it looks like so that's just what it does so you can always study that at just the time to see what it works okay so that's just for all the tools if you want to see more tool you want to add more tools to your workspace you can always click down here and check if there is any tool or if there is any problem with your toolbar you can always click on reset toolbar when you click down here on this particular stuff here you click on your reset toolbar or your customize customize how you want your tools to be arranged in corral drawer you can always do that to help you speed up your workflow so then the next thing I'll be looking at is editing objects so then the next thing I'll be looking at is editing objects in corral drawer so to edit objects in corral drawer it's very very simple all you have to do is to create a shape for example let's use this shape as an example of object we want to edit in corral drawer so once you create the shape it comes just empty with an outline just like that so what you're going to do is to fill the object with the color so you like to fill it you click on any color you like to fill it with just like that and if you want to take off this outline it's very simple you right click on this particular bar where you have this stroke here this red structures around that you right click and you click on set outline color and that is how it works in corral drawer 2021 so this is it okay and if you want to place objects to the center of your page you simply place p and it comes to the center of your page so when you press p on your keyboard it places the object at the center of your page and then you start working with it and then observe this stuff any color you use in corral drawer it will always appear just down here like what you're seeing here just in case you want to use that color again you always find it okay so that's just how it is and then you always see this panel where you'll be able to see the particular color you are using and the color code or if you are using RGB or CMYK this is where you can always do that okay so let's study more about this if you want to fill this object you click on the gradient fill I've shown you this before and you add another color so you can always edit your gradient and then if you want to enlarge you click on shift and you can always enlarge an object when you hold shift on your keyboard you can always enlarge an object evenly in corral drawer just like that and it makes your workflow very easy and then if you want to tweak an object you click again after clicking an object you see this square note and you click again you get these curves around that object then you can always tweak the object like this or you tweak it like this or you tweak it like that it depends on the angle you choose if you hold on any of these curve you'll be able to rotate the object in corral drawer so that's how it does and if you hold control you'll be able to rotate the object in such a way that you'll be able to control the rotation in a very perfect way okay that's just how it is I'm going to return this back with the help of control z okay so that's just that and if you want to curve the corners of this shape simply click on your shape tool and you're able to hold the corners and rotate curve it like this it's very simple and if you want to curve just one side you click on a particular node so it selects this particular node alone and you'll be able to curve just one side of the object like that it makes your workflow very fast and very very easy and next you want to know is how to duplicate objects so to duplicate this object I will click and drag and right click before I leave so I'm able so I'm able to duplicate this object in a very easy way but there are several ways to duplicate objects you can press control d on your keyboard to duplicate so when you press control d it duplicates the object in corral draw and then there are other ways you can duplicate objects for example lines if you have a line like this it wants to duplicate it in such a way of a node book line you hold shift on your keyboard click and drag and make sure you hold shift so the object stays on a straight line just like this and you duplicate so you hold shift on your keyboard to duplicate this stuff like that and once you do the face duplicating and you press control d the object follows that order to give you this straight line if you continue pressing control d it will duplicate to give you what you can see here so that's just that so that's how to duplicate objects and the next thing you want to know is to work with transformation how to transform objects in corral draw so if I want to trim or weld or edit objects in such a manner these are things you are going to do you click and drag and duplicate so for example I want to weld this shape let's say we have this yellow color I want to weld this shape with this select the two shapes by holding shift click on the face shape and hold shift shift and click on the order shape and then you click on weld you see these options up here so you click on weld so if you don't see this panel here you can always come to object you come to shaping and you see weld trim intersect and you see what all this stuff does so this is what all this stuff does the weld does a good job by joining the shapes together and trim does a good job by duplicating the objects like this it trims out the order shape okay so what it does is the shape on top trims the shape below okay so any shape you want to trim for example I want to trim this particular shape the shape I want to trim I will always select that last for example I want to use this shape to duplicate to trim this order shape I'll click this order shape face hold shift select that and click on trim but that's how it works it trims the order shape but if I want to use this shape to trim this shape I will click on this one first hold shift and select the order shape and click on trim so it's the opposite of that so that's how it works and to see other options like intersect intersect will bring out this particular shape at the center just like that so that's what intersect does pretty much intersect is always very good if you want to extract a particular portion of a shape or a particular portion of an object from another object so you use that intersect and with that you can always study every other part of this and know what they do so let's just move on so the next thing I'm going to show you is how to edit shapes like this for example you have your ellipse and you want to create an ellipse always hold control to get a complete and perfect circle just like this if you hold control you have this stuff in an even way like this but if you leave your control your circle will be warped and you have this overall stuff like this which has no kind of definite shape but if you hold control you have a perfect circle and if you hold shift you'll be able to create a circle that is kind of even like this and you leave and if you want to zoom out or you want to scale up the object example you can always hold the corners to scale up like this and if you hold shift you'll be able to scale it in this manner like that and it makes your workflow very very easy same thing applies to every other shape or pictures or bitmaps you bring into corral draw and then I'm going to expose you a little to the property bar in corral draw if you come to windows come to dockers and you see where you have your properties click on the properties you see all this stuff here it helps you to edit your shape for example you want to give it an outline click on outline are we able to give this shape particular outline color you want you can really see black and that you have given it the color and you choose your outline point for example any 10 point see how it works just right here and you can always choose if you want to work with points millimeters or so on just what you want and then you choose the type of outline you want if you want these dotted lines like that that's just what the property is bar does and you can always see your limits corners how you want it if you want curved corners you need to leave this to a straight line so you can see the curved corners very well let's set the limits to 20 40 okay let's set it to meter limits to 60 so you see how it curves just around here and your line curves if you want it to have a kind of line curves like that everything here helps you to edit your outline just like that so you can always sit on behind few or scale with objects over prints and so on so that's just what it is and you see another stuff here that is the few so if you click on the few you'll be able to give this shape a particular few you want it to have a fountain feel or any kind of feel you like to give it depends on what you want and you can always choose if you want it to have a uniform feel just like what you can see here it has uniform feel or you have a gradient feel like fountain feel here you want to give it a vector pattern like that you can always choose different vector patterns and you can always add your own patterns if you want to you can see what it does and there is another stuff here that is the bitmap pattern so you can always give its bitmap patterns and you can always add your own bitmap pattern so this is just how it works pretty much and there is another stuff here which is the hatch feel okay in the hatch feel you see stuff like these kind of pattern lines like that you can always change the color to match whatever you want something like that so that's what the hatch feel is all about and there are several other stuff here too color pattern feel texture feel push grip feel and so on so that's just how it is if you don't want any feel you can always click on no feel so that's what coral draw is all about coral draw is a very simple program easy for everyone to use and it's very very simple to use so your transparency here helps you to work with transparency you want the uniform transparency it gives this uniform transparency here of you want your fountain transparency you want your vector pattern transparency depending on what you want makes your workflow easy you just have to study these ones you use it once and you'll be able to use it again and again and again so that's what the transparency is all about and there are several other stuff here you like to be checking in the properties but in general properties that helps you to transform the particular object or the particular to a stuff you are walking with that's just how it is let's move to the next one which is walking with images that is walking with bitmaps so I'm going to bring in this particular image into this new page and then we are going to work with this image so in bitmap any image you bring to coral draw is known as a bitmap so then you click on this bitmap and you can always click again to tweak this stuff like that and you can always rotate it it's just the same way to transform objects so if you want to rasterize or bitmap a particular stuff maybe the file size is too much and you want to bitmap it you click click on bitmap and convert to bitmap then you choose how you want your bitmap to look like if you want it to be a kind of RGB color CMYK also on you choose your color mode then if it has a transparent background if the bitmap have places you want to make it transparent you click on transparent background hit on OK and it's you drop it just like that then if you click on bitmap again you can always edit your bitmap for example you want to strengthen your image maybe the image was not strengthened with the help of this stuff you'll be able to strengthen it to make it look like what you actually want you can always do the lens distort and set it to whatever you want it to look like and rotate the image in general it's just a way of making your objects that was not well perfect maybe it was a snapped object and it was not perfect then the help of this strengthened image will be able to strengthen the image for you more tutorials on this in our subsequent videos okay everything here will be more explained in our subsequent videos I don't want to waste time I'm just introducing this stuff to you guys so you can start working with Coral Draw as fast as possible so if you hit on bitmap again you see other stuff like edit bitmap series sample you see mode so you can change either to gray scale due to palette lap color and so on so if you want a gray scale just click on gray scale and your bitmap will change to black and white just like that so that's just what the mode does you can always give it kind of black and white stuff and it's similar to gray scale it's going to transform itself to stuff like this you can always adjust how you want your bitmap or you want your black and white to look like okay it's all based on your console that and then click on bitmap again you see stuff like inflate bitmap and you also see quick trace see sender line more about the tracing you see where you have your trace bitmap here each time you select a particular bitmap and you want to vectorize that bitmap you see this stuff that has trace bitmap so you click and either you click on quick trace if you click on quick trace it's going to trace the bitmap automatically that's just how it is so once you are done tracing this object becomes a vector just like what you can see and you can always edit that by ungrouping the object where you click on the object you see this stuff you can ungroup objects or you can ungroup all just like that you click on ungroup so you can always take off any part of the image you like to take off because this is no more a bitmap it's now a vector based stuff it's now a vector file so that's just how it is so that's how it works let's see other objects we can vectorize if you click on trace bitmap and you see center line trace technical drawing these are different ways to trace objects in Coral Draw we'll be using this feature in our subsequent designs with Coral Draw very well so you'll learn more about it if you're enjoying this video and you have learned so much from this video make sure you leave a like and comment your thoughts about this video so the very last thing we'll be looking at is working with text in Coral Draw it's very simple you click on your text tool and once you do that you can click and type anything you want to see in Coral Draw and once you do that you always see these properties where you can change the font to any font you want so you can choose any font you want to use for example I use this Featured Board that's what Coral Draw does very good work there you'll see where you have both want to change the both I want to adjust your italics or you want to make it has a line like that so that's what it does you can always see where you can adjust your size your object size but I won't advise you to change your size here you want to change your font size change it from here you have six seven point and so on you can choose any size you want if you want to rotate this is the angle maybe you want to rotate 90 degrees can rotate it like that so that's what it does but if you don't want to rotate that where you click again and you have this option where you can rotate your object like that it's a very free way to transform your text then you also have another thing there that is your alignment you can always choose the left alignment center right full justify and so on so if you centralize this anything you type down here will always be centralized just like that so it's very very easy and very very cool and very very nice so you can always break your text like that and if you press Ctrl K you'll be able to separate two texts that you have broken just like that that's what Ctrl K does to break stuff like that and then there's another thing you like to know about the text too if you want to create a text box maybe you want to type a letter or you want to type something like the body copy then you use your text box to click that and once you do that all your text will be inside this box and you can always edit your text box to match anything that you want just like that you see where you have your bullet listed your numbered list and drop cap if you want to give a drop cap like that that's what it does so that's a little like I can tell you about the text too in our subsequent videos we'll be using one of these features and we'll start making designs with Corral Draw thanks so much for checking on this channel it's actually a very new channel and a subsidiary of Dennis Jeshua either been following Dennis Jeshua on YouTube and makes graphic design tutorials and graphic design stuff like that then this is a subsidiary of that channel and then in this channel we'll be doing more of Corral Draw stuff and only Corral Draw tutorials will be found yes so to learn more about Corral Draw subscribe and turn on the bell cause all the videos you will see on this channel will be based on Corral Draw thanks so much for watching and I will see you in the next video peace


For the remainder of the week while we're scaling there will be times when we stop traffic. Anytime we have material moving that we see moving that we create moving we will stop traffic and it'll be for short periods. After we get the bench cleaning finished we're going to push the shipping containers back toward the hillside to provide enough room to open one northbound lane. It'll be the inside northbound lane to get northbound traffic moving back on the correct side of the barrier wall. And then everything in the southbound lanes will be restriped to where we have two southbound lanes. We will only have one lane closure and it'll be the slow lane in the shoulder on the northbound side.


Hey guys we're going to work on another art for therapy piece or series. I've got seven wooden boards here. I think these are yeah they're eight by eight. I've got a Sharpie. I've got my sort of temperature chart colors that are associated with emotions and I don't stick to this like religiously but I do use it as a guide because we are going to end up coloring these and making an abstract painting series out of them. So yeah let's get started. We're going to just set this aside for the minute although it's not going to be too far because I do want I mean I don't want all the emotions to be of a certain caliber where all of the boards are the same color because say they're all anger emotions. So I am going to be thinking of different things that I'm feeling and writing them down to start with. All right so I'm going to speed forward through that. I'm going to show you what I'm writing I'm not going to explain it and let's see where we go with that. Okay so the next thing I'm going to do and I know some of these are kind of harsh and shocking but anyway I'm not again no explanations. I'm not going to explain you don't need to explain it not to me or anybody else except yourself.  So like the other art therapy pieces when all is said and done you won't be able to read these but I do want some documentation of what I was feeling or where it was going what I wrote on the front on the back. All right so that's next. So I'm going to pick seven paint colors to go with each one of the canvases and we're going to paint them the whole solid color this front part and probably also the sides. So let's go get some paint shall we? I'll be right back. All seven of them are painted now we just need to let them dry and then we can move on to the next step because yes there is a next step I'll be back. Okay now I'm going to have to probably put you down here at the table at an angle like this. I'll show you how I'm doing one like right under the camera and then we'll I'll show you how I'm going to do all of them from this angle you'll never see it from the way the tripod is right now. So the journaling on the boards and the color are representing my feelings and thoughts about myself and different things and that's all that explanation you're going to get from me. I do suffer from anxiety and depression so anyway. If you are a like sufferer please get help there's no shame in that reach out to your GP or another professional and get some help that's what I'm doing and I do a lot of art as a way of helping myself with therapy. This is one of those projects. So the colors represent my thoughts, mood and feelings and so do the journaling underneath. Now there's going to be a consistent white textured stripe across the center of all of the canvases which is why they're lined up so that the line matches up. There may be some pattern and texture in the white stripe which some of which I may get from some of my stencils. Now some of the stencils are from my own design line like this one and this one. This one I think is a TCW stencil I think. Don't remember and then this is mine and then this one I think is from Mike Deacon. I have a lot of stencils so we're going to I think use some of those and then some different tools I have. I mixed some white paint with some molding paste to really thicken it up and give it texture so that when I create different movements with it it stays as it's drying. So let's see how it goes. I did do this sort of by accident on the base of another painting I was working on and as I was covering it up I thought you know I shouldn't really be covering this up. I kind of like the way it looks. If I can find it I'll put a picture here. All right now that you've seen that let's get started.  Maybe you don't like the stencil pattern or something else but we're going to just use the stencils and the brushes and the tools to make marks across all the canvases. Okay so I'm going to change the direction of the camera and I'll be right back. Left to right yet again I don't think this went where I thought it was going to go. Not that I really knew where it was going to go to begin with but yeah I like the way it turned out. It was a surprise to me I had the instinct to pull out the gold flakes and the different glitters and powders that I have because yeah that's also not something I pull a lot out of. In fact I've perched a lot of them that I've had but there you have it. Think if it is a temperature chart of my soul. I don't know what that says about me but yeah we're going to just let it dry. I have to clean up my mess now because there's glitter everywhere but that's it for today. Okay guys so here's the thing. I was thinking last night when we closed out the video that these were done but I think they need a little something else. I'm getting the feeling and impression to do a little something else to them so we're going to do that. I'm going to show you what I'm doing and I'll be right back. Okay that's better just toning the white a little bit with some ink and or fluid acrylics except for that one because that's the calm space I think. Well as calm as my mind ever is anyway. I love the way they turned out all in a row like that. What do you think? All right now we're really at the end. How are you doing art for therapy for yourself? Are you doing art for therapy? And if you're not and you need to why not? If you again need any mental health help please get it. I will include a link for what appears to be a website here in the US that can get you some help. If you have better suggestions or a suggestion for a link that people can use on the internet in the country where you live please message it to me and I will put it in the video description on all the art for therapy videos. That's it for today. Please stay safe, stay healthy, stay creative, go out and do something nice for yourself because you really do deserve it and I'll see you later. Bye guys.


Hi, my name is Monty Johnson. I teach philosophy at the University of California, San Diego And this is the first of two lectures on Aristotle's politics book seven this one on chapters one to seven Which is about the background considerations and material conditions of the perfect state to give an overall Outline of book seven and by the way, I'm using the translation of Benjamin Jowett Oxford 1921 Which is in the public domain The first three chapters are devoted to the background Considerations for the examination of the best political system in the first chapter Aristotle's concept of happiness in the second chapter how politics relates to happiness and in the third chapter how philosophy relates to both politics and happiness Then the rest of the chapters in the book are concerned with different causes of the perfect State chapters four to seven which will be the rest of this lecture with the Material causes or material conditions of the perfect state including what kind of population it must have what kind of territory It must have its markets and naval power and the climate its climate and the character of its people Then in the next four chapters eight to twelve Aristotle discusses the formal parts of the perfect state and he distinguishes Different ways that we conceive of those parts and how those parts are arranged Together for the sake of a certain end Chapters 13 to 17 then are on what those final ends and final cause of the perfect state are that is What Aristotle's final? Idea about happiness as an end of the state amounts to and here he makes a transition into his discussion of Education also discussing work and leisure marriage and procreation But the education of young children and looking forward to the full discussion of education in book eight So in the first chapter he discusses the best way of life for both Individuals and the state which he ultimately takes to be the same first one must Know what is the best kind of life in order to know what the best kind of state is? Quote he who would duly inquire about the best form of a state ought first to determine Which is the most eligible life while this remains uncertain the best form the state must also be uncertain for? In the natural order of things those may be expected to lead the best life who are governed in the best manner of Which their circumstances permit we ought therefore to ascertain first of all Which is the most generally eligible life and then whether the same life is or is not best for the state and individuals So how does Aristotle? Determine what is the generally most eligible life? Well, he refers to his popular works for a satisfactory treatment of the issues works that have been lost In fact, he seems to be making a reference specifically to his lost dialogue the protrepticus in which he argues that Happiness or prosperity eudaimonia requires three kinds of goods first Goods of the soul Virtues for example wisdom Moderation Justice courage and so forth second goods of the body for example health strength beauty and so on and finally External goods for example wealth status family and homeland Now Aristotle says here in the politics that these Distinctions between three kinds of goods are agreed upon by all Philosophers dispute however their proper rank ordering Here Aristotle is just concerned to show that those who downplay the importance of virtue and Emphasize the importance of external goods like wealth are in fact misguided External goods like wealth have a natural limit beyond which they are useless or harmful But no amount of wisdom or justice is excessive and we should always want more of it Now goods he says are also ranked relative to the things of which they are goods and since the soul is superior to the body Then the goods of the soul must be superior to the goods of the body And since the body is superior to inanimate and external things the goods of the body must be better than the external goods like wealth External goods and the goods of the body Basically exist in Aristotle's view for the sake of the virtues Virtues like wisdom and justice don't exist for the sake of health or strength But health or strength exists for the sake of wisdom and justice and similarly health and strength that don't exist for the sake of wealth and status But rather we should want wealth or status for the sake of health That this is so is clear from the fact that we characterize God as having the virtues like wisdom and justice But it would be ridiculous to characterize God is enjoying external goods like wealth or caring about reputation Again, one can obtain external goods By good luck, but one can't obtain virtues just by luck So the virtues are on all accounts more valuable and more important than external goods Now the life of virtue is the best life for both the individual and the state Aristotle asserts like the individual the happiness or prosperity of the state Depends on the flourishing of virtues both moral virtues like justice and intellectual virtues like wisdom He says that the happy state may be shown to be that which is best and which acts rightly And it cannot act rightly without doing right actions and neither an individual nor a state can do right actions without virtue and wisdom He also says Courage justice and wisdom of the state have the same form in nature as the qualities which give the individual who possesses them The name of just wise or temperate so we can predicate Exactly the same terms in the same way of both the individual agents Of the state and the their aggregation into an organizational arrangement into a state He says let us assume then that the best life both for individuals and states is the life of virtue When virtue has external goods enough for the performance of good actions So this is very important although he rank orders external goods beneath goods of the body And both of those beneath goods of the soul that doesn't mean by any means That he thinks that goods of the body or external goods are not goods or are not valuable It's just that we should have the right conception About how they are rank ordered, but we certainly would not want to deny that they are goods And in fact that they're necessary goods that we require those kinds of goods in order to Reach the goods of the soul Now in the second chapter Aristotle Inquires into whether the political or philosophical life is better So everyone agrees that the success of the individual and the state are the same as we've just said And we can show by example those who suppose that wealth is what makes a person good Suppose that what makes a state good is that it's very wealthy And those who suppose that it's virtue that makes an individual good Also suppose that virtues are what make a state good Now it's an ethical question what the best kind of life is for an individual The political question that we're concerned with is what is the best kind of constitution or form of government? Now Aristotle's answer is as follows He says it is obvious that the best political system is necessarily that arrangement By which anyone at all could act in the best way and live happily Now this is an extremely interesting sentence and especially the interpretation of anyone at all What does it mean that anyone at all could act in the best way and live happily? First of all, it seems to mean not anyone at all absolutely, but anyone among those who Can act in the best way will live happily So those who have the capability for example to act in the best way would live happily And that is one interpretation of what the passage means The question is to what extent Aristotle would allow that this includes All women all slaves menial laborers foreigners or non-citizens To what extent is the state obligated to Is the best state arranged to bring about That any of those people Could act in the best way and live happily Well, Aristotle really doesn't address that point But he returns to the ethical question of what produces happiness Now in the ethics we saw that It can't be wealth that produces happiness. It must be some kind of virtuous activity But even if we can eliminate the state devoted to wealth that is oligarchy The question still remains about what kind of virtuous activity should be promoted if it's not wealth But virtue what kind of virtue and there are many options here So some will think of military valor Others will think of just political causes within their own state Others will think of philosophical activities including philosophical speculation For its own sake Now Aristotle describes this as a dispute arising among people who agree That virtue is the key to the success of both the individual and the state They just disagree about which virtue So he says even those who agree in thinking that the life of virtue is the most eligible Raise a question whether the life of business and politics Is or is not more eligible than one which is wholly independent of external goods I mean more than a contemplative life Which is by some maintained to be the only one worthy of a philosopher Now that passage is extremely interesting because it raises the possibility that a philosopher who does not participate in politics For example, maybe because they're living as a foreigner in another State as Aristotle did when he went to school in Athens and then stayed on there And perhaps opened his own school practicing the life of a philosopher But not obligated really to participate in the business and politics Of the city and one might well think that that's a superior way of life than having to deal with business and politics So these two kinds of life He says the life of the philosopher and the life of the statesman Appeared to have been preferred by those who have been most keen in the pursuit of virtue Both in our own times and in other ages, which is the better Is a question of no small moment for the wise man like the wise state will necessarily regulate his life according to the best end So we've got to figure out what the approach to political power should be um And Aristotle distinguishes Here between three of them first we'll call the apolitical view There are some who think that while despotic rule over others is a great injustice to exercise Constitutional rule over them, even though not unjust is a great impediment to a man's individual well-being So again example of that could be foreigner philosophers who don't feel like participating In politics ruling and being ruled in turn, but they're kind of aloof from all that so that they can pursue the contemplative life Opposed to that a pro political view that says Uh that Aristotle describes as follows. He says others take an opposite view They maintain that the true life of man is the practical and the political and that every virtue admits of being practiced Quite as much by statesmen and rulers as by private individuals So an example of this would be Athenian democrats who think everybody needs to do their part and take Contribute to the political sphere And that the in that all of the virtues including wisdom can be practiced by engaging in politics This Aristotle distinguishes from another kind of pro political view the second pro political view under consideration He says others again are of the opinion that arbitrary and tyrannical Rule alone consists with happiness indeed in some states the Entire aim of both the laws and the constitution is to give men despotic power over their neighbors And the paradigm here is the Spartans whose entire constitution is organized for the sake of war and military valor now Here in the politics Aristotle does not try to justify A pro political view as over against an apolitical view Which in other works like the nicomachean ethics, especially nicomachean ethics book 10 chapter 9 Aristotle ranks as a decisively superior way of life that the contemplative life is actually better than the life devoted to political and noble activities Here he doesn't try to show why nevertheless you should participate in politics Instead he focuses on arguing that the first kind of pro political view is superior to the second kind of pro political view so the pursuit of constitutional rule is superior to this pursuit of despotic or tyrannical power And that provides a kind of justification for the pro political view It's a justifiable way of life even if it doesn't perhaps rank as the ultimate highest way of life So against this second pro political view Aristotle argues that war Conquest and in general despotic power cannot be the end of the state though the spartan and creten constitutions are given as examples of ones organized to aim at war And being aimed at war they aim to exercise tyrannical and despotic power He says although in most cities the laws may be said generally to be in a chaotic state Still if they aim at anything they aim at the maintenance of power thus in sparta and crete the system of education And the greater part of the laws are framed with the view to war and he gives several other examples schivvians persians thracians Celts Macedonians that's an interesting reference because That's Aristotle's homeland. He also mentions iberians Now despotism and tyranny cannot be the end of statesmanship. He argues Very vehemently quote to a reflecting mind It must appear very strange that the statesman should always be Considering how he can dominate and tyrannize over others whether they will or not How can that which is not even lawful be the business of the statesman or the legislator Unlawful it certainly is to rule without regard to justice for there may be might where there is no right The other arts and sciences offer no parallel a physician is not expected to persuade or coerce his patients Nor is a pilot expected to coerce or persuade the passengers in his ship So this isn't uh at all what statesmanship and politics Should be about forcing people to do things even if it's uh unjust The only justifications for domination Aristotle argues are natural slavery the theory of which he lays out in book one and cases of necessary predation in nature which is Essentially how he justifies natural slavery in book one. So here he says quote Such behavior is irrational Unless the one party is and the other is not born to serve in which case men have a right to command Not indeed all their fellows, but only those who are intended to be subjects Just as we ought not to hunt mankind Whether for food or sacrifice, but only the animals which may be hunted for food or sacrifice That is to say such wild animals as are edible or eatable So just as there's a natural fact of the matter about which animals are edible so there's a natural fact about which people are born to serve as slaves and over them alone is it just and uh, right to exercise empire and despotic Power the general pursuit of trying to enslave or tyrannize over the whole world or over a whole region is A perversion of justice a perversion of nature. It runs contrary to nature and contrary to the purposes of the state So happiness and the good life again are the end of the state not war and conquest War and conquest cannot be the end of the state because we could imagine a state To flourish without any war or conquest Aristotle says quote surely there may be a city happy in isolation Which we will assume to be well governed for it is quite possible that a city thus isolated might be well administered and have good laws But such a city would not be constituted with any view to war or the conquest of enemies All that sort of thing must be excluded Hence we see very plainly that warlike pursuits Although generally deemed to be honorable are not the supreme end of all things but only means now There are many interesting things about that, but one thing we'll need to compare that with is what Aristotle later says in Chapter six of this very book seven About the necessity of the ideal city having communication trade and warfare with foreign states Here at least he envisions the possibility that even without any trade or communication Much less warfare with external states a city could nevertheless be happy Assuming that it is well governed That theoretical possibility shows that there is another End and that the happiness of the state must reside elsewhere And Aristotle says that the good law givers should inquire how states and races of men And communities may participate in a good life and in the happiness, which is attainable by them His enactments will not always be the same and where there are neighbors He will have to see what sorts of studies should be practiced in relation to their several characters Or how the measure is appropriate in relation to each or to be adopted but In general the whole point of politics is to figure out how Given a certain state and certain constitution of its citizens how Its political system may be arranged and constituted so as to bring about the good life and happiness Now that the positive conception of what that good life or happiness is for Aristotle Is a life devoted to virtue and specifically an active life of virtue And so he next addresses people who while they agree that the life of virtue is the most eligible way of life Differ about the manner of practicing it for some renounced political power and think that the life of the freemen Is different from the life of the statesman and the best of all But others think that the life of the statesman is best So with that quotation he raises this question yet again of the apolitical way of life versus the political way of life But he says that both the life of the apolitical freeman For example a philosopher And the life of the statesman can be good and noble Certainly the life of the apolitical freeman is superior to the life of wielding despotic or tyrannical power The main focus is to show that The other way of life is also good and Is considered an active pursuit of virtue In fact those who embrace that way of life The argument that they make for the life of the statesman is that one who does nothing cannot do well And that virtuous activity is identical with happiness now uh, so if if you could describe philosophers as leading these these apolitical freemen is leading in active lives then Um, you could argue that since happiness is a kind of activity and work certainly requires activities then that life of the apolitical freeman cannot Be the best way of life Aristotle says it is equally a mistake to place inactivity above action for happiness is activity And the actions of the just and wise are the realization of much that is noble But he argues the active life can in fact be lived Without either pursuing tyrannical power or war But even in a state isolated from other states and even within a state in isolation From other individuals so here's a necessarily long quotation Not that a life of action must necessarily have relation to others as some persons think Nor are those ideas only to be regarded as practical which are pursued for the sake of practical results But much more the thoughts and contemplations which are independent and complete in themselves Since virtuous activity and therefore a certain kind of action Is an end and even in the case of external actions the directing mind is most truly said to act Neither again Is it necessary that states which are cut off from others and choose to live alone should be inactive for activity As well as other things may take place by sections There are many ways in which the sections of a state act upon one another Here he has in mind sections like the rich and the poor or the different occupations that make up the city or the different elements that correspond to each constitution But he says the same thing is equally true of every individual if this were otherwise god in the universe Which have no external relations over and above their own energies would be far enough from perfection So there's nothing outside the universe yet the universe is Perfect and so it has to be possible that you can be perfect even without being in relation to anything outside of you Same goes for god Hence it is evident that the same life is best for each individual and for states and for mankind collectively Now after that Heady discussion of what's the best way of life and the conclusion that it's an active life of virtue And that this even permits a kind of active life of philosophical contemplation Although it will certainly also include an active life devoted to the moral virtues and the social moral political activities within the state After discussing all of that he turns to discussing the material conditions of the perfect state He says in what has preceded i've discussed other forms of government In what remains the first point to be considered is what should be the conditions of the ideal or perfect state For the perfect state cannot exist without a due supply of the means of life So these chapters are very important because they specify what Aristotle considers to be Necessary conditions for his ideal state coming about these are things that he will suppose In the account and not show how they are to be provided. That is the object of some other kind of inquiry These are the things he will assume are in place a certain number as to population a certain size of territory A certain amount of communication with other cities especially by naval capabilities and access to trade and also and probably most importantly certain characteristics of the population that is ruled Certain character traits that they have and some of these are determined by the climate So first about the population very interesting topic Aristotle begins by saying that we should not confuse the amount of population with the greatness Of the state the greatness of the state in his view depends on how well it performs its function Which again is living well for the citizens. It doesn't really matter how many people it governs So long as it performs that function Further a city may include a large or even majority population that are not even citizens but are merely visitors or slaves Such people Aristotle argues should not be factored into the greatness of a city Even the quantity of citizens is not the most important thing a city that for example had many artisans But few warriors may be inferior to a city not as great as a city that has few artisans But many warriors for example Cities he argues that are too populace are impossible or difficult to govern well Here Aristotle appeals to empirical evidence and also to argument So he says a very great multitude either cannot be orderly or would require a superhuman Godlike power in order to order it All natural things he points out have natural Sizes and limits that are within certain bounds. This is true of plants animals humans so forth a state Is also a natural thing and so it must within exist within certain limits and certain bounds Even artifacts have natural limits or Boundaries or sizes so a ship for example that was smaller than a thumbnail Or larger than an entire continent would not actually be a ship because it wouldn't be able to perform the function of a ship In like manner a state when composed of too few people is not as a state ought to be self sufficient But when it's composed of too many people though self-sufficing in all mere Necessaries as a nation may be it is not a state being almost incapable of constitutional government For who could be the general of such a vast magnitude or who the herald unless you have the voice of a stent nor so One limit Aristotle points out on governing them Governing people is the limit of what can be heard. So the media of communication with the other citizens You could get a few thousand people into an amphitheater that's well designed But beyond that there is no technology for amplifying the voice to go Further now it's interesting to think about you know, what affects Something like telephones or television or the internet would have on this analysis Would Aristotle change his view because the new technologies make it possible to communicate with A much larger group of people now or would he think that still the natural size of a political System should be much smaller and that despite these technological advancements We haven't improved our politics at all. In fact, our perhaps our politics are worse And as a result of being of a scale that is just too big to be able to govern without some superhuman or godlike power So he takes a kind of pragmatic approach What should be the limit? He says will be easily ascertained by experience for both governors And the governed have duties to perform the special functions of a governor to command and to judge But if the citizens of a state are to judge and to distribute offices according to merit Then they must know each other's characters Where they do not possess this knowledge both the election to offices and the decision of lawsuits will go wrong When the population is very large, they are manifestly settled at haphazard, which clearly ought not to be So very interesting Observation you can't really for example engage in true democratic politics unless you know The other citizens you have to know them speak to them Understand what kind of characters they have That enables you to deliberate with them and reach decisions With them If we don't really know each other's character then on what basis are we electing each other to offices perhaps elections Where we don't know the people's character But are based on something else like clever advertising or focusing on on irrelevant things The same problem could happen in lawsuits You just don't know the characters of the people involved as well Whereas if the citizens all actually know each other Then it They are more capable of judging of each other's characters for the sake of both lawsuits and elections So in Aristotle's considered view the best limit of the population of a state is the largest number which suffices for the purposes of life And he basically summarizes this by it should be able to be taken in in a single view So You want a pretty big city. You want it to be a fairly great magnitude But but limited enough that it can be taken in in one view and you could really Have all of the citizens know each other and be able to communicate with each other And be able to watch out for each other's character Now the second material condition of the perfect state is Territory of a certain size the territory should afford as much self-sufficiency or autarky as possible That that is the territory should be able to support A liberal character, but also temperate lifestyles So it has to be sufficiently large To support many citizens and the possibility of them being generous With their possessions towards each other in order to exercise this very important Virtue of generosity or liberality They have to have a certain amount of wealth and so that's going to require Households of a certain size a certain number of slaves a certain amount of livestock and all of that's going to require A certain amount of territory But Aristotle argues the territory should not be so large That it would support excessive consumerism and waste and that sort of thing So as always he's looking for the kind of You know mean between an extreme and Two extremes in excess and a deficiency. You don't want it deficient so that you can't support all of the Promotion of virtues and lifestyles that you want, but you don't want it So large that it actually is able to support Vices So the exact amount of the territory will actually depend on an investigation into The ethical virtues and vices of things like liberality Versus meanness and moderation Versus over indulgence Besides that there's some practical things to be considered Of course the territory should be easily defensible Along with the countryside, but also convenient for transportation Again, Aristotle repeats the benefit of being able to take in the whole city with a single view The third material conditions of the perfect state third set that he discusses access to trade So here he acknowledges that most cities cannot in fact be entirely Autarchic or materially Self-sufficient so they will have to engage in trade For one thing they will have too much of some things and not enough of other things And so in order to get those things they don't have enough of they will trade the things that they have too much Of and then that will supply the hypothetical requisites for them to be able to Engage in virtuous activities like generosity But if they are to engage in trade then there will arise questions about the interaction between the citizens and foreigners And some people make an argument for example against having easy C communication It's argued that trading by C in general is inimical to good government because it requires a Crowd of merchants coming and going and an increase in population of slaves traders and in general foreigners Who are brought up under other laws and so they aren't habituated to the laws of the state But an argument for having easy C communication Takes into account various military and market considerations like benefits of troop resupply Exporting what you have in excess importing what you're deficient in and so on And to some extent maritime power Aristotle says is not only advantageous But is indicative or even constitutive of a great state Now a possible solution to the problem caused by Having needing a fairly large naval presence would be to place the harbor and the trading markets outside of the city Proper so that you could sort of keep all of those foreign Elements that haven't been habituated into the proper laws of the state in a different region entirely Interesting that Aristotle does not hear mention or even seem to allow the possibility which was mentioned earlier in Chapter two of this book seven He there he mentioned a city isolated from all of its neighbors, but nevertheless being a perfect city He said surely there could be a city that's happy in isolation Which we will assume to be well governed for he said it's quite possible that a city thus isolated Might be well administered and have good laws Now the fourth set of material conditions of the perfect state climate and character So Aristotle engages in a kind of anthropology here that Divides the races of human beings on on the known world into Europeans Asians and Greeks Europeans by which he has in mind roughly the people's north and west of Greece Skithians Gauls etc About them he says those who live in a cold climate and in Europe are full of spirit But wanting an intelligence and skill and therefore they retain comparative freedom But have no political organization and are incapable of ruling over others On the other hand a kind of opposite Extreme are Asians By and he has in mind people's roughly to the south and east of Greece for example persians And egyptians about them he says quote whereas the natives of asia are intelligent and inventive They're wanting in spirit and therefore they are always in a state of subjection and slavery so actually Both of those europeans and asians are described as essentially being worthy of subjection and slavery the europeans because although They are courageous and spirited.  So the suggestion is they need to be ruled over by others Uh, the asians are said to directly Uh, they're just described as being in a state of perpetual subjection and slavery as this is inevitable Because unlike the europeans, they're actually intelligent and inventive But wanting in spirit and so not courageous enough to Assert their own freedom Now fortunately the greeks lie in the kind of Sweet middle spot between these two extremes Aristotle says quote But the Hellenic race which is situated between them is likewise intermediate in character being high spirited and also intelligent hence it continues free and is the best governed of any nation And if it could be formed into one state would be able to rule the world Now that is a very unusual passage for a lot of reasons first the idea of uniting greeks into one state Is a strange, uh fantasy, but it's part of this kind of pan-Hellenic Concept that was popular around the time that Aristotle was writing But the idea that Even if you could form it into one state, it would then be able to rule the world. It seems to foreshadow the ambitions of Alexander the Great or something like that, but Aristotle says nothing more about this and Again, he said that the purpose of the state is not um empire and despotic power and Subjecting everybody to slavery. So it seems Like a strange sort of comment Now he acknowledges that greek tribes also show differences of character among themselves and some greek tribes are more intelligent some are More courageous and there's every kind of Mixture again among them The perfect state under discussion here He says we'll be assumed to those to be those who are both intelligent and courageous and so this will be You know greeks like athenians intelligent and courageous at the same time now Be able to rule the world. I think does not necessarily envision something like world government But the idea is that they could set up Colonies in any area of the world and would be able to rule in those Parts of the world and this seems to reflect an actual realistic as opposed to a science fiction fantasy a realistic idea about the context of what he's writing about because there is colonization going on in both european and asian Regions as he describes them that is greeks setting up new cities And it's this context when you're setting up a new city Where it would actually be relevant to consider things like the character of the population That you are subjecting and ruling but also the territory the Town planning the position of the harbor things like that can no longer be changed in athens or sparta So why are they part of a political theory? Well, they're part of a theory of how you would put a good state together where you to establish another one It's not just an envisioning of a utopian political arrangement, but A concrete discussion perhaps of what should happen in colonization now as a kind of Coda at the end of chapter seven Aristotle Discusses a really interesting point whether you should be less critical towards Your own country than you are towards other countries or should you be more critical towards your own country? It seems a bit tangential to the main subject of the chapter But Aristotle criticizes Plato's argument that the ruling class the guardians should quote be friendly towards those they know But fierce towards those they don't know and he's referring referring to a famous passage in book two of the republic now Aristotle says That this is wrong on both counts first Quote the spirit within us is more stirred against our friends and acquaintances than against those who are Unknown to us because this kind of passion begets Friendship and enables us to love so we should be more angered For example, if our close friend does something wrong Then if a distant acquaintance does and also if our own country or city does something wrong We should be more upset and angered and passionate about it than if a foreign country does something wrong On the other hand one should not be more fierce towards those we don't know for quote We ought not to be out of temper with anyone and a lofty spirit is not fierce by nature But only when excited against evil doers and this as I was saying before is a feeling which men Show most strongly towards their friends if they think they have received a wrong at their hands and indeed it is reasonable For besides the actual injury, they seem to be deprived of a benefit by those who owe them one Now this is applicable to the modern world So to take an example just from a few years back during the cold war It was common to have americans for example denounce human rights abuses occurring in the soviet union But not as common for them to acknowledge their own abuses And I think this is exactly parallel to a situation in which soviet intellectuals were quicker to criticize american abuses And less often critical of soviet ones According to Aristotle, this should be exactly the opposite Americans should be criticizing american abuses more than soviet ones Americans should be criticizing where they fall short in human rights It's less to the point to criticize human rights abuses going on in china or in Russia than it is in your own country first of all the passion should be Fired up just like you'd be more fired up if your close friend did something wrong than if some distant foreigner and stranger Did and also you should let people in that country worry about Opposing the injustices that occur in there. And so that's an interesting theoretical discussion that Aristotle engages in here at the end of Both a very heady and abstract discussion of the presuppositions about happiness politics and philosophy that should govern the discussion Of the perfect state, but then also a sort of brass tax discussion of Material requirements of the perfect state. Thank you


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At all everybody forced John here for 2022 flaws. Hope will hobby one box number 36 random left side serial number style Let's randomize right now get everybody a number and then get ripping Thanks, everybody three and four will go seven times names seven times one two three four five six and Seven Joel M down to Peter M and then the numbers one Two three four five six and seven Seven done 12 So the design they showed like the Evan Carter and those ones were that it was a little thinner They showed the Ellie and the border was like thick and it looks not great, but then they should it looked like a like a I don't know anyway Joel M 7 Viviana 18 Neil with 8 Mark C1 Viviana 19 Neil with 16 Ray G 25 Charlie P2 Barry G 23 Brian B 17 Barry G 9 Brad W 20 miles H4 Barry G 22 Edward E 5 Neil B 3 Dale C 21 Brian B 10 K Shim 6 Neil B 24 Daniel J 15 Viviana with 13 David M 11 at size with 14 and PRM 12 Yeah, the thinner borders look way better but I know everybody's pretty much saying like similar things that The design is geared towards chrome big time and it really is Like the cars are gonna look really freaking good with chrome parallels five to go I will call out who's it is who's here. Let's go ahead and get started everybody.  Yeah, he isn't have poker face when it comes to a shield Hobby boxes What are they like around a hundred of on something like that? I forget dude We don't do it. So we don't do a ton of hobby at least for breaks We'll have it for like we have some in the shop and ship sealed and stuff. That's some luck y'all The resports with a rookie dual patch Damian Pierce three of 15. It's going to Neil. They're probably under a hundred for a hobby Yeah, it's like around there Yeah, exactly. Yeah Series one baseball in a month from now. I'd be Valentine's Day We need to do like a Valentine's Day theme to release or something. That'd be fun Rookie patch 15 to 25 Sam Howell Daniel J with a 15 spot like Jake falls in love with the box of tops Yeah, now the image and Sean said he hates it speaking of Jake 23 to 25 bucks Star-swatch signature Chris Godwin fire the cannons Barry with a 23 spot sick Godwin Like the Godwin. Oh a rich cannon autograph four of eight 2002 MVP and then got smacked by the box in the circle miles H with the four spot It's up there moh. Oh good evening That is a rookie frame signature of Garrett Wilson one of eight one spot is mark You'll mark one spot That guy's awesome Garrett Wilson That guy's good a Drake London rookie debut signatures three of 20 now some rookie receivers in three spot Neil again And Kenneth Walker the third 19 of 20 rookie frame signatures 19 spot Diviana Just solid inner box of good rookies there like the Wilson London Walker encased hits John Dotson diamond gem four of ten four spot miles H Yeah, every every select auto would be a sticker drew at least at the past like seven eight years or so I think at least in football Josh Allen 25 of 25 four color patch Ray the 25 spot with an encased hits I like to see that every now and then Sean's not a fan of that one right now Why is he growling at it? What's going on over there? Herbie 20 of 20 another high number hits Brad W dual-patch auto 20 of 20 on the Herbie player worn pretty sick Pretty nasty fire to encase her recent. I did it and a hobby here. Oh, yeah Yeah, even the one-on-ones are like that drew unfortunately in a select prism how they do it That will do it for the break. We've got the NT mixer coming up next very much everybody