Hi, welcome to Global Connections on ThinkTech's live-streaming network series, broadcasting here in downtown Honolulu in the Pioneer Plaza. I'm Grace Cheng, your host for the show today, and I have with us today our guest, Dr. Van Le Ha, professor at the College of Education at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Dr. Liam Kelly, associate professor of history at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Today we'll be talking about the upcoming international conference on engaging with Vietnam that will be taking place at East West Center in October. And so before we move on to speak with our guests, I'd like to announce the first speaker of our presidential lecture series for the fall semester at Hawaii Pacific University. It will be Carlos Manuel Rodriguez, the vice president of conservation international on conservation policy. And prior to coming on to conservation international, minister Rodriguez was the minister of environment and energy at the Republic of Costa Rica. And he's also the founder and board member of numerous environmental NGOs in Costa Rica, as well as various research centers on tropical research in the country. So he will be speaking on the mouse that roared Costa Rica's paradigm shift on the road towards sustainable development. Next Wednesday, September 7th at 5.30 at the Aloha Tower Marketplace, multi-purpose room three. So for more information, please go to www.hpu.edu under the presidential lecture series. So I'm very happy to have you guys here today. My friends Le Ha and Liam. Yeah, good to see you. Yeah. Great to have you guys on. I've got I've known you all for a while now. Liam and I were students together going way back when in Vietnam studies at University of Hawaii. And I had the pleasure of attending the last engaging Vietnam in Vietnam. In Thailand. In Thailand. Yeah, in Thailand. 2013. 2013. Yeah. Yeah. So every year you guys put on this conference right in various sites. So we're really excited to talk about that here at Global Connections. This is your first time on Global Connections. Is that correct? Yes. Okay. It's my first time. Really great. So I mean I would love to like let you talk a little bit about yourselves like your background and you know where you're from, what your work is in and how you got into this project with Engaging Vietnam. Yeah actually we were talking about this this morning and it dawned on us that our backgrounds are in many ways are different but they converge in this conference. In that my background I come from somewhat like you from a kind of an area studies background where I grew up at a time when we didn't know anything or at least I didn't know much about Asia and I went to Taiwan after university study Chinese and then I wanted to go to graduate school but I couldn't imagine going to like the East Coast and studying about Asia in the snow. I wanted to be someplace that was more like Taiwan. I didn't know anything about Hawaii but it seemed like it must be more like Asia than the East Coast was and so I came here and studied Chinese history, Southeast Asian history and then by the by incredible luck I got a job right when I graduated and I've been here ever since. So I came here sort of in search of Asia whereas Leha's path is very different. She started in Asia and maybe you can tell. Yeah so you know my name is very confusing Phan Leha. Yeah so actually that is the origin of Vietnamese name so Phan is my family name so you're just so you know and so in case people wonder right. So I am I'm from Hanoi Vietnam and I moved to Hawaii recently from Melbourne Australia so you can see that you know just like what Liam said. I think I'm a product of a kind of post-doi mới and post-cold war and global Vietnam. Yeah so yeah so I think and engaging with Vietnam really reflects that global movement and global engagement that you know I somehow I would think experience as well as the experience is that so many people who have been joining the engaging with Vietnam conferences series including yourself and Pierre Axelin and Hike Nguyen from HPU. Yeah yeah and Doi Moi is you know what gave Vietnam the opening after 1986 and so this is you know where we see Vietnam becoming more integrated and very dynamic part of the global economy and society. Can you tell us a little bit more about Doi Moi for the audience members who might not know about it. Yeah it started in 1986 and at that at that time I was still very little so I learned about Doi Moi very much via my parents conversation and from whatever presented to us on our television so you know like black and white television those days and and so Doi Moi was a word that constantly emphasized emphasized and emphasized and repeated every day and now I'm really glad to see that Doi Moi has become an English part of the English language as well so when we talk about Doi Moi so it refers to you know reform or renovation you could say of the economy in Vietnam and started in 1986 is that right yeah right so I mean after several years of being in a sense a kind of closed off country in 86 Vietnam started to reform economically which is when we all got interested in it right I mean we're we're part of this first post more post Doi Moi foreign generation of people who became interested in Vietnam who went there who studied the language and started the research about it so not only did Vietnam open up itself and send its people out into the world but those of us who are outside of Vietnam also went to Vietnam at that time and continue to do so yeah and this is something that this engaging with Vietnam conferences is is is about right it's about like promoting Vietnam studies like in various different countries in the world like you've held this would be the eighth Vietnam engaging Vietnam conference and you've held it in Australia in various parts of the United States as well as various parts of Vietnam and and it's really interesting because yeah as Liam you were saying like we were you know Vietnam was very closed before 86 and then gradually opened after Doi Moi and I remember when I first went it was in 1991 it was still like the end of the Soviet era and there were still like you still got Soviet water right and there were still people trying to return to the former Soviet republics but Vietnam studies has evolved so much right since then at that point we really especially in western countries or or non-communist block countries didn't have a lot of contact and exchange so so can you tell us a little bit about like yeah Vietnam studies has evolved where we are today and yeah I mean so that reminds me we we had this conference in at the East West center when a few years ago in 2012 yeah so actually it's at UH this time not at the East West center but we that's fine that that was mentioned earlier because it was held at the East West center before and I remember at that time one person at the East West center saying to us why are you calling this engaging with Vietnam we've been engaging with Vietnam for years now and in actuality yeah the name you could understand in a different ways but we're not trying to engage with a place that no one has engaged in but it's just using Vietnam as a way to you know as a kind of a topic to engage in a lot of different ideas and discussions in different fields from education to the arts to political science to history because really at this point the world of Vietnamese studies has developed so much over the past 20 years and it's you know a very vibrant field that is now you know led not only whereas before maybe there was a lot of foreigners who were the main people in the field now there is people from Vietnam there's you know descendants people who emigrated from Vietnam after the war whose children have now have PhDs and are you know leading scholars in the field so it's a very diverse and developed field by this point yeah and actually you know starting 2009 when I was in Melbourne Australia I realized that I don't know much about Vietnam as soon as I had more contacts with the Vietnam study world of scholarship and then I realized that you know oh come on I can no longer take for granted that I know Vietnam because I am from Vietnam or I am Vietnamese so ignorance was really one of the very important element in why I started the Engaging Good Vietnam initiative so I must say that yeah so ignorance it plays a role yeah yeah and I like to acknowledge that yeah Le Ha is the founder of the Engaging with Vietnam conference series which has been yeah like I said it's a very unique approach to to engaging not just academics but policymakers and other professionals working in in organizations concerned with Vietnam or in Vietnam so how did you conceive of of this conference I mean typically the the the subtitle is an interdisciplinary dialogue yes yeah so you know actually yeah I've mentioned before like ignorant play a role but also I you know because I've done a lot of work with the internationalization and globalization of high education and seeing the instant movement of people particularly you know Vietnamese graduate students around the world and also and then suddenly I realized that no actually Vietnam must be approached from more or less like a global perspective rather than just as a place stuck in its own geographical kind of space so and then and I I do a lot of work with education or in the field of education but I also realized that talking about Vietnam for example from education alone doesn't seem to do justice for a lot of the knowledge and scholarship and also for for developing a more complex and sophisticated understanding of Vietnam and a scholarship on Vietnam produced by so many scholars and graduate students everywhere and at and those days when I was in Melbourne I also observed that a lot of the work produced on Vietnam actually was so different from what I had learned in Vietnam about Vietnam and so that challenged me that questioned me and then I said hey actually Vietnam is so fascinating a lot more fascinating than what I had known about it so I think maybe based on some of those things I kind of gradually developed the engagement with Vietnam bringing different disciplines together I think I think one way to look at it is you know if we put it again in this picture of Doi Moe and the changes in the 90s and the 2000s you were really kind of in the first wave or even before the first wave of Vietnamese students to start going overseas right and to get a PhD yeah and you know what happened is that I think and we still see this is a lot of like Vietnamese students will go to a program somewhere where there won't be an expert on Vietnam at that university and then their received knowledge about Vietnam is just taken for granted they're from Vietnam they must know about Vietnam but then when you know when people who say study about Vietnam read what they write they go no no you can't say these things and so I think they have became aware of this and you know said wait we can't just I can't take my knowledge for granted I have to engage with what other people have said about Vietnam and you know and work out some kind of agreement or kind of you know try to improve you know what we have going okay well very interesting we've got to take a short break right now so I'm Grace Chang here at Global Connections on the Think Tech Think Tech live streaming network series and we're talking with Professor Phan Le Ha and Professor Liam Kelly both from the University of Hawaii on the upcoming conference on Engaging with Vietnam so we'll be back in a minute so please stay tuned for more of this story welcome to ThinkCatHawaii.com this is Johnson Choi I'm the host for the weekly Thursday 11 August show creation review see you next month hi my name is Justini Spiritu this is my co-host Matthew Johnson every Thursday at 4 p.m we host the Hawaii Food and Farmers series this is the place you can come to for insight on the perspective and history and passions of Hawaii's farmers and all folks involved in Hawaii's local food system what kind of folks do we have on so we have everyone from local farmers we have foodies chefs we also have journalists researchers anyone who's actually working to help make Hawaii's local food system that much better so join us every Thursday and tweet in us and ask us some questions and leave your comments as well thank you hello welcome back to Global Connections I'm the host Grace Chang here with Professor Phan Le Ha and Professor Liam Kelly of the University of Hawaii talking about the upcoming conference on engaging with Vietnam okay please I'll take it back here with our discussion about the globalization of higher education and how Vietnamese studies has been benefiting from that has grown from that I know both of you are interested in higher education the changes in like the nature of you know how how we're exchanging and producing knowledge and especially this this conference on engaging Vietnam brings together so many different scholars as well as professionals from different fields so you want to talk a little bit more about like the impact of of internationalizing higher education on on this field yeah I think you might want yeah I mean it's just amazing how much has changed I mean as you will remember I mean if you were in Vietnam in 91 I first went in 1996 we were the only Westerners walking down the street and we were walking down the street a lot of times basically no one knew English or very few people only a small group and so basically we became a kind of bridge between the outside world and and Vietnam if you go down the street in Vietnam today tons of people know English people are sending their kids to starting elementary school overseas they're going to universities and it's just completely transformed how people see the world and I think what they see as important that they need to know I mean for us a lot of the world was a mystery that we were trying to just learn about for a kid growing up in Vietnam today the world's not very mysterious it's on their iPhone they've traveled to many countries you know by the time they're teenagers where I don't think I'd even left my home state by that point and so you know the purpose of what we grew up learning to do which was to learn about another part of the world and be the kind of experts on that it's really that's I think being called into question when you have all these people from around the world who are also engaging in producing knowledge although as we've just said they're not necessarily experts on it simply because they came from that place so it's now we've got this world where our specialized say area studies knowledge of the past doesn't really make sense anymore but it's still important because you know other people don't necessarily have that same knowledge but we have to find a way to bring these people together and and get them to exchange their ideas and learn from each other yeah and at the same time with the increasing introduction of English medium education in Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular we can see you know different ways in which so-called knowledge on Vietnam has been produced from within right from within Vietnam from within Asia and and and at the same time I've also been according to my research I've seen you know a very interesting phenomenon that is the desirability of the idea of the West has been entertained and sustained a lot in the internationalization of higher education in Asia and of course in Vietnam is not you know of course is in the picture too and and so yeah all those phenomena and you know and processes really I think work together to inform how knowledge on Vietnam has been created and so with the engaging with Vietnam conference series we try to engage with all these complex aspects you know not just Vietnamese inside Vietnam but many Vietnamese now studying in Asia let's let's say in Thailand in Singapore and Malaysia in Korea you know they also talk about Vietnam but from the very location they are located and so in what way that is different or or similar to how we for example located in Hawaii look at Vietnam from that afar so I don't know it's kind of exciting to me to to have the opportunity to observe all and actually I mean one of the great things about this concert this concert this conference is that it for some reason or other it has created this niche where it brings out attracts a lot of young majority Vietnamese but also just young people who are you know getting PhDs like at the moment but a lot of young Vietnamese were studying overseas and it brings them together with established scholars which is interesting but what's been particularly interesting is to see who these young people are and it's been kind of changing I mean at first it was what you might expect young Vietnamese studying in Australia the United States France but in the last conference for instance I remember there were like someone who had gone to an English language program in Korea and now was going to go to the United States there's others yeah and it's so it's you really see this global world where people are just are kind of finding their own paths that they're figuring out themselves it's not just oh I need to get a scholarship to go to America or it's well I can go to this one first I can go to Taiwan in this English language program and then get a PhD in Singapore or maybe I'll go to Norway or I'll go to it's all kinds of things are happening so we'll come together which but that then creates challenges for places like American universities which you know have this sort of set way of doing things we send people to Asia we bring people here from Asia well people are doing these very kind of you know following these winding paths that take them to all kinds of places and how do you then link into this you know diverse world now is an interesting question yeah so and that's quite one concept that Liam and I have been very interested in is the concept of journey of knowledge so we look at all these participants various journeys of knowledge production related to Vietnam yeah so yeah so again like yeah so maybe in the 90s or up until the 2000 you could see someone like myself as being quite typical of the first wave of international students from Vietnam you know after the new but now young Vietnamese started going overseas at a very young age or they can already start English medium education right inside Vietnam you know at the age of four or five years old and so that obviously affects and shapes how how or what they know about Vietnam yeah right so and I know you you've both written and we've talked about like knowledge production right like Liam was mentioning this like how we used to study Vietnam or Asia and then the idea that like knowledge production is very different today than when you know we were kids or starting in higher education because yeah there is so much no mobility so I think you made you had mentioned this word um in something you wrote knowledge mobility right and I think that's one of the interesting things about this engaging with Vietnam conference is that it it moves from place to place yes and all these places where we we see some significant interest in Vietnam studies and you know how does higher how does how does Asian studies or the study of different areas that we you know in in the United States like we've typically as Liam you said approached in a certain way where we feel that you know here we have the knowledge base and we bring people over and we send people Americans over there how has that changed that that's definitely been a recent shift in that well I mean I think this is the thing we're struggling with right now is that obviously things have changed and in many ways universities I think aren't really adapting well to this or haven't figured out how to adapt well with this with this conference we can see what's out there but how do you actually change institutionally to find a way to bend to not even benefit but survive with this is still I mean a huge challenge so yes it's fantastic that we can move this conference from one place to another but then how does a single university say benefit from that because obviously you know if everything is sort of in some kind of virtual space somewhere well how do how does a university survive or what is its place there and so I think there's this challenge that we have now in that in many ways knowledge production the way people interact is between institutions but institutions have to survive somehow so how do we actually do that and that's you know no yeah actually I see it a different challenge I would say maybe some I was a contradiction here so on the one hand knowledge about Vietnam on Vietnam has been very global I think so but at the same time institutional approaches to area studies seems to get stuck in the dichotomized you know understandings of so called the west and the rest of Vietnam in this case so how can you bring the two seemingly very different processes together the global approach and the dichotomized approach together so I think that is a real challenge now yeah so yeah can you tell us a bit of more about what we might see at this conference that's coming up in October I know you have you mentioned concert and there are performances beyond the speakers and the topics you'll be addressing yeah so I think it was about a year ago we were in Vietnam and some artists reached out to us who are interested in collaborating with academics and that got us thinking and then we decided to for the theme of this conference to focus on engaging with Vietnam through scholarship and the arts immediately after we sent out the proposal people wrote in and said wait but I'm not an artist can I still participate and we're like yes yes there's ways to do it and we got really scared that maybe no one would submit papers but we got this outpouring of people we had never heard of who are doing stuff in ethnomusicology and film in music but with academic sides to it and so yeah it's just really interesting so the conference this time there there is some parts of it that are still not necessarily directly related to the arts there's going to be some you know historical and stuff in education and things like that but there is going to be a focus on the connection between the arts and scholarship and scholarship and there's going to be a concert I'll let you talk about that yes and so I think we're very ambitious we try to have three sets of performances before during and after the conference and you know in which we particularly highlight a very young and talented musician from Vietnam who's currently based in the Netherlands yeah so I mean let me keep a little bit of secret about that so that we really hope that you know people from the community will come and appreciate his talent yeah we met him this summer and he played for us and it's he is amazing he's incredibly talented yeah yes so you know just just a heads up so we wouldn't have a concert you know tentatively called yeah the music Vietnamese music yeah with Ngô Hồng Quang on the 6th of October the conference will be the 6th and the 7th and the concert on the evening of the 6th yeah yeah very exciting okay well I really look forward to that and thank you both very much for coming on the show I think that if we can look forward to more of these coming up back in Hawaii someday again after this year I know it probably move around but very excited to hear from you too and talking about engaging with Vietnam Vietnam studies internationalizing higher education to hear about all of the different exchanges and also the dynamism of you know all the different young young people in Vietnam who are contributing to the study of Vietnam I think that's really exciting so thank you for joining us today I'm your host Grace Chang and you can find me here every Thursday at one o'clock on Global Connection so see you all next time hello


As you all know, normally on Wednesdays we review the lost or banned books of the Bible that were discussed the day before on David Zublik's platform, The Dark Outpost. However, this week David Zublik is on vacation, so we're going to pause our discussion on the Apocalypse of Abraham and instead focus on another story, a story that I've been paying attention to for a while now, because it's so interesting. But before we go any further, you know what to do. Please hit that subscribe button and give us a like as always. A very, very, very special thank you to all of our patrons and producers. Without you guys, this channel would absolutely not exist. If you would like to join our Patreon community, there is a link down in the description box below. Welcome to Esoteric Atlanta, my name is Bryce, and today we are going to be talking about the lost tomb of Genghis Khan. Now we don't really know Genghis Khan's actual birthday. There is an argument that spans between four years. Some historians believe that Genghis Khan was born in the year 1158, but others believe he was born in the year 1162. Most of what we know today about Genghis Khan's life comes from a book called The Secret History of the Mongols. This is one of the oldest surviving literary works in the Mongolian language, and it was written by the heirs of Genghis Khan. It was written after his death on the 18th of August 1227. It claims that Genghis Khan was born most likely, and what is now modern day North Mongolia. The Secret History of the Mongols says that Khan was born grasping a blood clot in his fist. According to local culture and folklore, this meant that Khan was destined to be a great leader. Genghis Khan was not born with the name Genghis Khan. He was born with the name Timogen, and at the time of his birth, Mongolia was a very vicious place to live.  And one of Khan's greatest achievements would be to unite all the tribes under one nation with him as their ruler. Genghis Khan or Timogen would also go on to expand the empire of Mongolia, taking down some of the strongest nations around him. Timogen was born the son of a tribal war chief. This meant that Timogen was born in the aristocracy of Mongolia. This would be considered Mongolian royal blood. Timogen's father arranged for him to be married to the daughter of a neighboring tribal war chief. Just like over in Europe, where the royal families air marry their kids to form alliances, it seems the same thing was also happening in Mongolia. The woman that Timogen was betrothed to as a very small child's name was Borte. And at the age of nine, Timogen's father brought Timogen to Borte's father in order for Timogen to live with the family to serve Borte's father until he was at the reasonable marriage age of 12. But as the story goes, the marriage at 12 years old would not happen.  But as his father was returning back to his personal tribe, he was allegedly poisoned by another warring tribe, causing him to eventually lose his life. At that point, the nine-year-old Timogen left his soon-to-be father-in-law and headed back to his home tribe in order to take the position of leadership. But soon after Timogen's father passed away, all the people in his tribe abandoned the tribe. I guess they really didn't want to be led by a nine-year-old. This left Timogen and his mother and his mother's sister wives and his brothers and sisters and half brothers and sisters in poverty. And during this time, we see the first true act of brutality coming from Timogen. One of Timogen's half brothers felt like he deserved to be the tribal leader. And in fact, he declared as a child that his father's wives, the wives that weren't actually his mother but the sister wives, were now his wives. And as he would go out and hunt, he would rarely share his food with his family. At a young age, Timogen and his other brothers decided that they had to take their brother out. And so they did. These children took another child out. Fast forward 10 years, and the 19-year-old Timogen is the leader of his tribe. His tribe is very, very small at this point. It's basically just his extended family. And having a tribe that small in the warring Mongolia meant that Timogen's tribe was like sitting ducks. Timogen knew that he had to act fast. In order to secure the safety of his personal tribe, he needed allies. And again, what better way to create allies than through marriage? So he went back to the tribe that he was betrothed to and married Borte. By this time, Borte was known for her beauty. And the honeymoon between Timogen and Borte did not last long. Something that was very common in Mongolia at this time was wife stealing. Yes, you heard me right, wife stealing. Soon after Timogen and Borte got married, a warring tribe invaded his tribe and took his wife hostage. During the madness of the invasion, Timogen escaped. But Timogen had a plan. You see, he had grown up with another boy named Jamukin. Even though these boys were not biologically related, they did consider themselves to be brothers. They were thick as thieves, BFFs if you will. So Timogen and Jamukin decided that they needed a strong ally on their side in order to then retaliate against the tribe that stole Borte. Timogen remembered that his own father had a friend, a friend like Jamukin that he considered to be a brother. And at this point, this friend of Timogen's father had himself become a Khan. A Khan is basically like an emperor or a king. And this particular Khan was governing over a couple of tribes. So Timogen and Jamukin headed that way. Timogen brought this Khan gifts and begged him to help him and Jamukin get his bride Borte back, reminding this Khan that he himself had been besties with Timogen's own father. This Khan, of course, agrees to help Timogen. After all, Timogen was the son of his best friend. So Timogen, Jamukin and this Khan all right off into the sunset, carrying their soldiers behind them to go and find Borte, Timogen's wife. I kind of had in my mind this idea of like the three musketeers, the three amigos, riding off into sunset to get what's theirs. Well, get what's theirs, they did. They invaded the tribe that sold Borte, basically slaughtering everyone in the area. It also just so happened that this tribe that sold Borte that they slaughtered was one of the strongest tribes in Mongolia. And so at this point, Khan's reputation started. He had defeated one of the most vicious tribes. Nine months later after Borte was back with Timogen, she gave birth to a son. Now nobody knows who the father of this son really was. Was it Timogen or the guy that stole her? But nonetheless, Timogen honored the boy as his own son and raised him as his own son. Now what Timogen and his best friend Jamukin are co-woolers of both their tribes. You see Jamukin was also born the son of a tribal war chief. Therefore, he too was considered to be aristocratic or royal blood. But Jamukin and Timogen had different ideas on how to rule their tribes. Jamukin really wanted to stick with the tradition of only aristocratic or royal boys taking leadership roles, where Timogen was more interested in the value of someone's character and their loyalty to the tribe, regardless of what their birth rank was. This started to cause friction between the two boys. To make matters worse, the local holy man of the tribe pointed to Timogen as being the accurate ruler. Over time, tension developed within the tribe between Jamukin and Timogen. As time went on, tension started to grow between the two tribes that were supposed to be merged together as one. The tension got so bad that it became like two rival tribes trying desperately to live with one another. Eventually Jamukin decides to split from Timogen's tribe and basically there was a divorce between the two friends. The two boys had no contact with each other for about two years. And then out of the blue, Jamukin accused Timogen's tribe of stealing their horses. With this accusation, Jamukin's tribe invaded Timogen's tribe and basically slaughtered a lot of them. They ended up taking a lot of Timogen's generals captive. And just so you get an idea of how brutal these guys were, Jamukin boiled Timogen's generals alive. Well, of course, knowing that his beloved generals had been by his pseudo best friend Jamukin really pissed Timogen off. Vengeance was his and his alone. Timogen cowboyed up. But his vengeance was very, very calculated. He started training his men in what is military combat. He reminded the military men that the Mongols had a legend, that their people descended from the wolf and that the wolf doesn't fight alone. The wolf fights in a pack. He even took the young boys of the tribe and started teaching them young how to work with bows and arrows, how to fight on horses. Again, with Timogen, we're seeing the beginnings of military training. In 1204, Timogen and his wolf pack, his men, headed west to confront Jamukin. There's a famous story that he told his men again that as a tribe, they were stronger than one man. He used the examples of arrows. One arrow by itself breaks very easily.  And that was how they were going to win this dispute by sticking together. This military combat would end up playing out throughout Timogen's life, uniting Mongolian as one people, one military. When Timogen and his men got to the outer skirts of Jamukin's tribe, Timogen had his men light five fire fires each. During the evening, this would give the appearance that Timogen had a huge army. This, my friends, is psychological warfare. Needless to say, Timogen's men won this battle with Jamukin. And Jamukin, with a couple of his generals, ended up fleeing from the battle. A few months later, the generals that Jamukin fled with decided to turn Jamukin over to Timogen. They realized that being in Timogen's favor was better for them. Unfortunately, though, because they showed lack of loyalty to their leader, by the time they got to Timogen, Timogen had both the generals executed. The story says that Timogen did not want to also execute his friend Jamukin. Timogen was willing to let Jamukin back into his life as his best friend. However, Jamukin would not hear of it, and he requested to have a noble death. This was common in Mongolia. They believed that if you were born in the aristocracy, your death could not show any bloodshed. And so, as they did with noblemen, they broke Jamukin's back. In 1206, Timogen was recognized by all the tribes as the ruler of one Mongolian. At this point, he was given the name that we all know him by, Genghis Khan. Timogen was hungry for more. He decided that he was going to tempt his luck on one of the strongest military forces to the east of them. He was going to invade China. When the Emperor of North China found out that Timogen had planned to invade, he sent Timogen a message. He said, Our empire is as vast as the sea. Yours is but a handful of sand. How can we fear you? Well, Timogen would go on to show him how they could fear him. Timogen and his military learned how to go around the Great Wall of China. They ended up making their way through all of the booby traps set up on China's border. Once they got through all of the mercenaries in the area, ended up surrendering to Timogen. And this is common throughout Timogen's life. When Timogen would invade a village or a nation, if you surrendered to Timogen, he would not hurt you. However, if you didn't surrender to Timogen, all bets were off. They had one city in mind, and that was the city of Beijing. And as they made their way to Beijing, they ransacked through all the villages.  In fact, we believe that Timogen had a very, very ambitious sex life. It is said today that one in every 200 men can trace their lineage back to Genghis Khan. It seems that Genghis Khan took the whole spreading of the seed thing very seriously. At this time, Beijing was considered the jewel of Asia. It was one of the richest and most developed cities in the East. And when they got to Beijing, they noticed that there was a wall surrounding it.  They had fortified their city. But Genghis Khan, Timogen, had a plan. He was going to starve them out. He set up camps outside the city, not allowing tradesmen to get into the city to drop off goods. The city became a virtual prison. And citizens starved to death with the survivors turning to the practice of eating human flesh, otherwise known as cannibalism. They built catapults and battling ramps. In order to try to postpone the siege, the emperor of Beijing had his daughter Mary Timogen. But that didn't actually work. The whole battle in Beijing lasted from 1211 to 1215. Of course, needless to say, Timogen and his military sacked Beijing. Timogen wasn't just after the wealth and military might of China, though. He wanted their knowledge and their riches. He brought all the money from China back to his people in Mongolia to make sure that his people were wealthy and stable. He also brought back prisoners of war, Chinese doctors, that taught Timogen and his men how to mend the sick and the injured. He continued to study the military might of China, learning things from these Chinese men that he could incorporate into his own military to make his people stronger. Now at this point, it is believed that not many of the Mongols knew how to read or write. So Timogen got one of the prisoners of war from China to write out laws. He was now going to establish law and order throughout his empire. One of these laws was the establishment of land granted per tribe. This kind of seems like states to me. That he was creating states with governors and rulers that worked together for the common whole. He also set up penalties for such things as kidnapping. He then decided that he would establish trade routes throughout his empire, roads and highways in order for the Mongolian people to do business with those outside of the empire. He created the role of ambassadors. And it was this role of the ambassador that pushed Timogen into his next battle. He sent one of his ambassadors to the empire of Persia, an empire that we will be again discussing on Friday. Persia of course is the Middle East. And in 1218, the Sultan of Persia sent Mongolia's ambassadors decapitated head back to Timogen. What a grave mistake the Sultan of Persia made because Timogen of course retaliated. He sent 200,000 men down to invade Persia. Any town again who did not surrender to the Mongolians was burnt to the ground, leaving over a million people in Persia dead. This then led to Timogen's first raid on Europe. At this point, his empire was four times the size of Alexander the Great's and two times the size of the Roman Empire. Timogen then got it in his head that his dharma, his duty in life was to conquer the whole world. And in 1222, he called the local priest, a Taoist man, and asked him how to prolong his life. The Taoist man couldn't really give much advice except for sustaining from sexual activity, which of course Timogen did not do. Four years later, Timogen decided to go back to China. During this journey, he got sick. This would result in Timogen's death. His last words were stated as saying, I have conquered for you a large empire, but my life is too short to take the whole world that I leave to you. It was Timogen's wish that his sons and their sons and their sons' sons would continue to conquer the world, making the whole world part of the Mongolian Empire. And his sons did conquer a lot of land. In fact, they ended up doubling his father's empire. But that mighty strength of that Mongolian empire would only crumble a century later. Timogen had one more request on his deathbed. He wanted his burial to be a secret place. It is even stated today that the people who buried him, who were there in attendance, ended up executed afterwards in order to keep the place a secret. We even see reference to this by the explorer Marco Polo. Now nobody really knows why Genghis Khan or Timogen wanted his burial spot to be secret. But it is believed that it became known as the Forbidden Tomb, that a curse was around his burial spots. You see, they believed that if you were to find the tomb, that the whole world would then be destroyed. Now there is a mausoleum of Genghis Khan in Mongolia today. But this is where he is venerated and worshipped, not where he is buried. Many scholars have tried to find where Timogen was buried. One of these scholars is the man Albert Eumann Lin, who is a PhD and runs a website called Hunting Down Khan. Albert Lin, like many other people, believe that Timogen's body is probably buried in the Mongol sacred mountain Burkham Caldoun. Now Burkham Caldoun translates loosely to God's mountain. According to Albert Lin, this was an area where Timogen or Genghis Khan would go a lot to pray before he went into battle. Now what's interesting about this mountain and parts of this mountain rage is that it's considered to be sacred land. No one is allowed there. Now in 2015, a French archaeologist named Pierre-Henry Giscard went to Burkham Caldoun without permission. My mother used to always tell us sometimes it's better to ask for forgiveness than permission. However, I have to hand it to little Pierre-Henry because I think I would be pretty terrified to try to walk on sacred land in Mongolia that's been blocked off from the public. I think the penalties would be pretty harsh. But most people are very grateful for what he did. He sent a drone up into the mountain where he discovered what appeared to be a man-made mound. On this mound were four signs made of stone. These signs or symbols are called tanga or tribe signs. And after further research, Pierre-Henry realized that these tribe signs were of Genghis Khan and his grandchildren. Basically kind of like their coat of arms. And it is important to note that nobody knows where his kids or grandkids are buried either. Now what I find kind of humorous is after Pierre-Henry made this discovery with his drone, some construction workers just happened to find a grave near the Onan River. I mean how suspect is that you have this French archaeologist who's sending a drone into sacred land that no one's allowed into and finds this very convincing mound with all these symbols on it and then oh it just so happens around the same time. Oh look oh my gosh look these construction workers accidentally found this other tube over here by this river and the University of Beijing and some other archaeologists were sent in and they said oh yes yes yes this this grave this grave is a 13th century royal grave and and look at all these bodies these other bodies scattered on top of this grave oh my gosh these must be the people that he killed that wouldn't tell his secret this has to be the grave of Genghis Khan.  Now my question is why the secrecy why don't they want us knowing where Genghis Khan is buried what's in that burial mound and who really was Genghis Khan they say that the truth is often stranger than fiction and I believe it and I personally hope that one day we will know what is in that mound that's being so heavily protected by the governing elite. Alright guys leave me your thoughts and your opinions down in the comment section below starting next week we will return to our regular Wednesday content with part three of the apocalypse of Abraham. Thank you so much to Josh McKay for doing our music if you would like to purchase the opening song there is a link down in the description box below and thank you to Todd Roderick for helping me get this video out to you all today I hope that you all have a wonderful day and I will talk to you soon.


3. Ways To Overcome Stressful Situations In order to understand how stressful conditions can be overcome in the classroom environment, it is better to first know what these stressful conditions are. Although the presence of these conditions is inevitable, in normal conditions, prevention is better than cure. Origin of Stressful Situations In my opinion, stressful situations in the classroom are created in two ways. First, the stresses and worries the teacher bring to class. These stresses are usually caused by normal and abnormal fears of an individual. For example, the first day of a class for a novice teacher is a bit stressful. Or, if the teacher has no lesson plan, for any reason, he may also enter the classroom with stress. Second, stresses are due to unforeseen events that occur in a classroom. For example, annoying a student by other classmates may sometimes lead to hurt one of them. The level of these stresses varies depends on the age group a teacher work with, type of school or institution, the city or country he or she teaches. Ways to Work on Stressful Situations In general, how to deal with and overcome stressful situations depends on three issues. First, it depends on the psychological conditions and the personality traits of the teacher. If a teacher, in addition to train for a variety of teaching methods and use resources, works on self-awareness, he is more likely to face stressful situations effectively and may even reduce their likelihood of occurrence. For example, if he knows what his fears are, these fears are real or just a subjective tales of unknown circumstances, what the worst possible situation is, what the plan to deal with the worst case is, or answers some questions like that, he will be able to control and manage his mind and he will be more ready to face worse situations. The second is about understanding the rules and regulations of the school or institution in which he or she is employed. If he or she knows who can help, when problems occur in the classroom, he or she feels supported. It is a bit scary if a teacher feels lonely and thinks all the class issues are related to him, her alone, and he or she is responsible only for everything inside the class. A teacher enters the class with a set of previous experiences, thoughts, and feelings. Students also come to the class with all their emotions and thoughts. Sometimes the sources of students' reactions that lead to stressful situations are in their families or events outside the classroom. These are cases in which the teacher can get the help of counselors, school administrators or other authorities. The third is the ability of a teacher for classroom management. How does he or she show students the rules of the class from the beginning of the course? How does he or she create a safe atmosphere with mutual respect? And how do they respond assertively in the necessary conditions? All of these are due to the ability of a teacher to manage the classroom which naturally leads to creating less stressful situations, or if they happen faces them more effective. Do you want to learn new teaching skills? Take a TEFL course. Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


s are at the heart of our assumptions for the next five years going forward So Adopting this resolution will contribute to efforts to establish a strong constituency of transit and transportation Providers who are in dire need of these critically needed funds. We're putting our hand up and saying We're with everybody else's in the same boat as us And let me reinforce metro public funds would not ever be used to support or pose these ballot measures So that's the end of my comments. I'll deferred alex Refer no, I think it's been covered. We've also talked about the importance of sp1 today and in prior meetings And I would encourage the board to support what we have before you Um support for proposition 69 in june an opposition to the repeal of sp1 in november Okay, uh comments from the uh board Come in comments from the public As a part of the mecobite for disabled I feel worried that the only people disabled are coming and say I agree to get it paid more see the gimme more service I'm really concerned because sometimes we pay For example, the 40 dollar each one people coverage. We don't have the whole service. So I'm also the the So statistically crazy the price We're thinking a lot of people that go in the bus go to work Come over babysitter go to the grid the garden things They don't have too much money. So we raise more the price I don't know about the ridership thing say about the discounts also. I mean I hear about some discounts So you get either the the car from discount So probably the car from discount. We'll be working for the people don't have the five dollars the six dollar We have the car discount, but I really concerned about the Getting price the price so much that people can afford to pay So anyways, no, it's a comment. It's the same generic So the last one so she raised more the price like as somebody say As they say we're as a senior. I don't think it's okay. So we pay more the three dollars Or whenever is the the fair for the for the disabled person or disabled or senior ridership So see they raise my the price I don't know if we were for everybody for the senior also because I'm representing the committee for the senior and disabled That's my my little paper right now on my little pocket. No working yet This is not about the fairs now if I'm in general condos like I hear all the comments it might concern That was the last item I think my last comment is I really really worried that the people gets really Low income or the people get senior can't pay more more the three dollars Rather she or the thirty two dollars above That was the item previous but to go. Thank you for I told the calling in general. All right. Thank you very much um Any comments from uh or a motion by the board? I'll move the Move by director chase second by director rothkin. And this is the resolution that we're passing in support of these Yeah to support It supports proposition 69 on the june ballot and well Assuming that the repeal of sp1 gets on the november ballot to be in opposition to that and we can do that in one motion Is that correct? Okay, everybody understand that clearly? Okay. All those in favor? I oppose So order unanimously Okay, we will now move to The number item number 23 the Articulated bus update and those are those new buses going to and from ucse and I don't know how articulated buses, but the accordion buses going to I'm racing the morning First of all a quick reminder three buses leased from january through the end of spring quarter. They're out there operating seven days a week All of 150 some operators have been trained to drive them And the kudos and the thank you for ucse who is paying The full boat for this So some anecdotal comments on how it's going. It's all going good The articulated buses are quite popular with students and are the subject of much social media discussion Um as a result of the introduction of these artics metro has not had to send extra morning Trippers to campus to deal with pass-by's as it is a historical problem of ours Um fairly common prior to their arrivals Student ballot measure we've been telling you from the start that's why we're doing this the students have a huge decision to make I think it's an early may to whether to increase their fee if they don't Not larry's ability to buy services from metro as well as fund services that he provides through his taps program Will be threatened So this is all part of in a way a promotion of this is what you could get and expect to have in the future And we are still working about getting the cartoon slugs in the windows So larry did you have anything else you wanted to add today? I'll just briefly note that we've been working with the student fee advisory committee the student union assembly Devon and alice momberg who you've seen here before To craft a fee measure that we hope will both Fund and sustain the program and be accepted by the students Our current proposal looks to be a five-year fee increase that totals about 82 dollars Spread over five years We believe that will be enough to sustain our program Including the extension or continuation of the articulated bus service And the services we're providing on campus So i'm going to be working in the next two weeks to take that to all of the student senates For each of the colleges Working with a variety of student groups to help promote this will begin campaigning. I believe in april I'm looking at devon if he knows the schedule primarily in april for may And the may election we hope to know by early june or late may what the outcome will be Thank you, and um director chase. Yeah, so i'm sorry larry just i think i missed it I'm taking notes because i get a ton of questions about this too. So if the Fee is passed by students. This would be able to maintain the three Articulated buses we have now i've built that cost in assuming rather than just two quarters the three Quarter academic year. Yes, but not expand it beyond that at this point as far as we can tell we will see Okay, right. I mean it may you we may find that it's more It's a more efficient way to provide certain bus services than the solutions that have been used to date Okay, thank you. Yeah thomas You know just like being involved with the student government and the students on our campus They're not exactly big fans of um paying more fees because we already we already pay a lot of money $36,000 is a lot of money for students to be paying per year They're not exactly the biggest fans of raising fees. I've talked to larry and many students on our campus. However, the articulated buses have been Not surprisingly popular. I don't know. I don't know. It is popular. I'm not surprised by that Like they're actually very helpful. There's less students waiting at the buses Less students being later classes articulated buses have been very popular on our campus And so the timing is great since the measure comes in and next to it two and a half months to vote on So I I'm hopeful for it to pass. I wanted to The students I think would be very fond that we able to keep the articulated buses on our campuses They've been such a big and tremendous help. Um, so I'm really excited about this process to go on for the next three months And you said the buses are at least until when? Uh, well, the ones we have now will go away in june at the end of spring quarter Okay, they will not be here for the summer. Okay, that's that was like I was curious about that They might be back in the fall. I hope they'll be back in the fall They'll do and we continue to look at what our summer demand is as summer school becomes a more important part of our entire year-round program We have more people who come to campus many of whom are continuing students who already expect The style and level of services they have during fall winter and spring And want to be able to get around without a car during their summer session programs as well The last thing I'll note is uh, yes, this is a fee referendum a fee measure Uh, devon reminded me that this is the first increase to the fee since 2008 And so we've managed to go 10 years We've managed to go into debt over 10 years by continuing to provide the services without Any addition to revenues but for enrollment Additional students who are paying those fees, but of course the costs are rising faster than that So uh, the scale of the increase we're looking at now in effect makes up for a decade of no increases Plus what we try to do to the future Thank you. Thank you. I just wanted to make a comment that this is a great example I want to thank ucsc for putting up the money to have us test this and uh It's uh, they've been a tremendous partner throughout our metro life And uh, I can't say enough about the appreciation I have for ucsc and what it has done for this district We would but not be surviving without ucsc Yeah, I want to say that um, there's battles going between the city and the University all the time, but this is an area of exemplary cooperation and success My students talk about these artics all the time and you know, it's not Often in class that people get all excited about some local issue. That's you know, even if it affects them But this there's actually a topic I'll come into class People be talking about the bus when like when I walk into the classroom and stuff It's kind of it's pretty exciting kind of a process going on Um, I was asked wanted to ask larry you're going to go talk to these various. Um, I'll call them structural political groups like the college Committees and so forth But have you got a plan to go talk to like environmental groups and the campus democrats and groups like that because to me A big argument at ucsc about this ever since we started this relationship back in the 70s is That the students who were not all who necessarily even ride the bus But really believe that having public transit at this level is critical to protecting the environment So I think you know a visit to the cal per group on campus and groups like that Is just as important as say stevensons college committee or something absolutely We need to go through the student government process because it's a ballot measure So I'll be seeking sponsorships for sure and we'll be going to another variety of groups from environmental Some of the cultural groups Democratic students are also engaged Well, we don't we don't have any seniors on on campus We we have a variety of other venues that we hope to pursue. We'll probably be doing pop-ups at bus stops Um, I'd love to get any of my colleagues from the board to help on this as well So, you know, you have my number call. I do me too Okay, any other comments from the board. Mr. Chair. Yes, um, mr. Clifford ever so briefly I just want to double back to a comment that barrel made about the slugs not being on the bus um, you know from a marketing perspective that big Articulated bus markets itself in some respects, but that that white paint scheme is just boring And the scheme has always been that we would have these decals these slug decals and add an element of excitement and visibility to it And to that end Larry's been a little bit challenged to come up with the money on that.  I'm just looking for a negative visceral reaction If I don't get that I'm going to proceed Under the authority that you've granted me to make an offer to share the costs of those decals I really would like to get them on the buses I've been holding back on the press pop just because I think it adds an element of excitement for that press pop, right Well deserved. Yeah I think it's an important thing to pursue people love the slug buses There's like there's one in particular that travels around The city and I think that's just a great way to get more attention to the articulated buses and get people even more Excited about them I I didn't want to be like mean or blunt. But yeah, they're really boring looking like like like they are Like like they really are But however, they're very effective, which is what's the main importance of it all I think Larry and metro can partner on this And possibly there's some of the printers that might want to partner and and donate. I mean I can think of a couple that might want to Be a part of that and get some recognition for a donation or something We'll take any help. Please send us an email Okay, any other comments, um, I guess we will um I don't know if this well, we'll we'll ask for a motion to Accept the updated report Motion to motion to chase rotkin all those in favor. I Posed he carries unanimously Now to accept mr. Emerson. Uh, this is your last report. This is the last we're going to see Nine minutes Alrighty real quickly the american public transit associations Public transportation and universities by annual conference. We are the host and it's becoming real now Um the schedule and I I would like you to all take note of this although we will be mailing you And I think the there's a little


People have come out and said, Patrick Mulhome just go. He's the greatest active right now. But I want us to remember Tom Brady's career. He still had to go up against Peyton Manning in the AFC. He did that. He wins three Super Bowls. Oh, gotta catch Montana. Montana's got four. He ended up doing that. Oh, well, Montana was four and oh in Super Bowls. Brady has two losses. So like, is he really better? And then he goes and proves, yes, unequivocally, he's better than Joe Montana. The man had five Super Bowls at one point and there are still people saying, I don't know.  He's the greatest ever. We're never gonna see anything like this again. And then Mulhome's, we're not even making him jump through any of these hoops. Not even holding him to the standard of Montana. He's not there yet. But we're automatically crowning him. Like that's what I don't like. The prisoner of the moment thing drives me absolutely crazy. It's just, it's subjective. It's subjective to who you think is the best.


Good afternoon, I am Khadija Balugrum and this is the News Brief. The leadership of the People's Democratic Party has convened an emergency meeting. Following the withdrawal of Governor Yosemite Wike of River State, Israel State counterparts Shayeem Makhendi, ex-Information Minister, Professor Jerry Ganna, and other prominent party chieftains from the party's presidential campaign council. The Wike came and announced the plan not to participate in the campaign council, which was scheduled for inauguration next Wednesday after a meeting at Wike's private residence in Port Arcott River State. They hinged their decision on the failure of the party's chairman, Iotcha Ayyu, to resign from office, insisting that the position must come to the South for balance, justice, and equity. For the national chairman, Senator Iotcha Ayyu, to go and embrace Tamboal calling him the hero of the convention, which means there was a private arrangement. And therefore, we unequivocally ask that Ayyu has to step down. To work for the party, to the extent that fairness, equity, and justice is ensured in the party. They're not different from the things that I mentioned at the Southwest, the consultative meeting. And that is exactly where we are. We hope that the powers that be will listen to the voice of reason and do the needful. Excellent governance comes back to this country. But that cannot be achieved unless we have a proper structure of the party as designed by the founding fathers. If we want to restructure Nigeria, we should have the courage to restructure our party.