Hey, it's me joe cat. So this is gonna be a very different video from what people are used to Just a word of warning. It's gonna get Really really rambly. So if you don't want to hear my sick voice for I don't know if it's gonna be 20 or 30 minutes Then you know, you can move on. Have a nice day I have not been able to make a lot of stuff because of several reasons firstly as you can probably tell I am sick and my voice sounds amazing. I know sorry that some of this is going to sound very wheezy I am trying my best Secondly, it's because I'm working on a very special video that I hope I can get out by this week and thirdly because um Well today's my birthday and as it is my birthday I want to just self-indulge a little bit because today is gonna be all about me The footage in the background is going to be a time-lapse of me drawing my first ever D&D character Victor quibbles also known as rat who is a half-elf bard I was thinking about making this whole video just about him and I almost did but it was pretty aimless and boring So perhaps another time I might but basically he's who I am currently playing as as a guest character in the Unexpectables which you can watch live at twitch.tv slash Takahara 101 on Wednesdays at 9 p.m. Central Time as well as watching the VODs on Takahara's YouTube channel But that's not what I wanted to talk about today We're gonna talk about me because I am self-absorbed and today is my day This marks the one-year anniversary of the Joe cat channel. Well, not exactly today The 27th was but I like to think of it as today because last year I created this channel as a sort of birthday gift to myself. I I remember it too. It was Spring quarter. I was in a different apartment because housing messed up my paperwork every year So I have to move every year. I didn't have a lot going on. I was recently been making personal videos on the side for fun and Projects and I was pretty good at them. So I thought hey, you know what? Why not? Let's make another YouTube channel and yeah I said another because this isn't the first time I've tried YouTube but another story for another time But the thing that really put me over the edge to finally start doing videos was when me and a buddy of mine Ian of the hijack crew did a podcast about Infinity War because he and Eric and I whenever we see movies together We always have these long discussions about them and we always wanted to do like a podcast series. So I thought you know what screw it Let's do it now right now. So we did and it was lots of fun and from there We did two more one about just general talk and one about the Han Solo movie It was at that time that I had gotten a Hand-me-down ps4 for Monster Hunter world because I had been itching to play that game for months It was at that time that I also realized that the ps4 had a built-in video capture function so I decided to make my own version of a Soviet Womble style let's play video and I called it overly edited Because that's what it was and I wanted all the videos to sort of be very literal in their titles And to my surprise they had quite the success compared to what I was used to Breaking 900 views in their first week. So that was pretty huge for me And then because Dark Souls remastered had just come out me and Eric We always like playing Dark Souls together It was only natural to want to record and make an overly edited video series about that came to so we did and They were less successful. I promoted them both both series on their respective subreddits But I guess there was way less hype surrounding Dark Souls remastered So this went on for a bit and other hijack members made a few more videos that got the odd amount of attention and then I got real bored one day. It was summertime. I was out of school I didn't have a job. So I tried something very different I wanted to make a satirical guide that was not at all helpful and very much inspired by Arby and the chief in that It would have this character that was a big asshole that would give false information and be very elitist and con condescending because there wasn't really something like that for monster hunter yet and I made it in a day and it was pretty fun It got around 400 views in its first day, which was the usual numbers that I expected So I decided hey that was pretty fun I'll go down the list and make a running joke about how sword and shield is the best weapon which it is So then I made the longsword video and the dual blades video They basically exploded they reached like multiple thousands and I had no idea what to do I'd reached a thousand subscribers more than I had ever had before so I thanked everyone in the hammer video and Then I got more from the horn video and then I got more from the lance video and then I got more views and more Subscribers I was blowing up and I got really really excited. This was great, especially considering I finally had something to do over the summer because summers for me were a slog I would have nothing to do all the jobs were taken by high schoolers or I wouldn't get a response So I'd mostly just have it wasted But now I had something to look forward to doing every day I woke up and I made the sword and shield video and it was it was one of my proudest I don't think I could replicate the hype or build up surrounding that video a second time It was awesome and a good payoff for both the audience and me and then I was in a very scary situation Now what so many of these people subscribe for the crap guides, but I wanted to make other stuff too So what do I do and then the views started to drop like a lot and people weren't watching Anything that wasn't much unrelated and that isn't anyone's fault. No one is obliged to watch my videos at the time. It was kind of stressful and It was kind of a downer because I'd never really known numbers like that before the kind of recognition and Viewership my work was getting and I was riding a high and I wanted it to keep going But I had no idea what to do and it was pretty scary So I thought okay, this is okay viewership dips for creators all the time, but on the bright side now I have an existing audience for a project that would have been otherwise thrown out to the wolves with nothing And that's when I released the clonoa video essay this video that I had conceptualized over a year Before I had started the channel a thing I've wanted to always make my magnum opus and a video I still consider one of my best work because it basically has everything I've wanted in a video it took months of Script writing and rewriting and animating Several voice reduce my computer was in danger of being non-recoverable in the middle of its production But I did it it was done. It is my best work, and I love it I consider it some of my best work, and it did horribly for months It hovered below 10k views when my crap guys would reach 10k in their first day Heck in their first hour I even hyped the video up a bunch, but it didn't do nearly as well as I was hoping But of course really it's no one's fault and I accept my own and I feel like I know why it didn't do Well, it was the first video of a new format that subscribers were not used to it didn't subscribe to me for long-form video essays They weren't interested in those kind of videos. They subscribe for the crap guys It was also an obscure game that not a lot of people played an old one at that Monster Hunter had hype of world being released on PC to help the crap guys This video had nothing it only had me and word of mouth So it was a huge punch to the gut But I kept on doing some more overly edited videos and a show about critiquing video game character creators That seemed like a fun gimmick and since there wasn't really any shows out there about that kind of stuff I thought I wanted I wanted to make something like that because it didn't really exist So I I I decided I would make it exist then December rolls along and you know what that means D and December And since I was itching to do some drawing and some more crap crappage I did crap guy to D&D which I swore to myself. I would make one video every other day Boy was that a mistake Since it was based off of a tabletop game I didn't really have anything to draw on for footage aside from be real of I don't know like critical role I guess and some stock images, but that wasn't really good enough for me. So I thought hey I'm gonna draw my own images. It's pen and paper. It makes sense, right? And it could draw in some of that popular story time animated crowd as well Even though I don't consider the crap guides series animated consider them animations because most of the time They're just a series of still images with the odd minor animation here here and there, but yeah And I guess here I am now trying to balance this YouTube thing with my daily life And although I've sort of gotten a second wind with crap guides to D&D I don't really know where I'm gonna go from here because I don't want to just purely make the crap guides They're not my natural state of being when it comes to creating things one of the reasons they take so long Aside from the drawing is because I need time to write these jokes peep sure people find them funny But I'm sure a lot of people could write better jokes in shorter amounts of time than I do Which is why I don't consider myself that funny funny people can come up with funny jokes fast That's why they're so good at it because given enough time Anyone can come up with a clever joke, but I also just want to make a variety of things And I guess that's the trade-off of finding a successful formula is that you have to sacrifice some Creative freedom if you want to continue that success Now there are a big chunk of people who will watch whatever I make no matter what it is as long as it's good and that's awesome I am grateful for those people because they're the sort of backbone of this channel them and lurkers And anytime I worry about the numbers not being great I try to think of the people who did come to watch and Try to not forget about them and that I shouldn't dismiss their support Just because I didn't get as much as my normal view my most viewed series Because that's not fair to me It's not fair to my work and it's not fair to my viewers all support should be valued and I'm Starting to realize that now. I'm sorry I didn't before and that I I should just focus on the quality of my work not how Successful it is because it wouldn't really shouldn't be about the numbers. It isn't about the numbers It never is you know sometimes in the back of my mind. I kind of wish Sometimes wish this whole YouTube thing had never happened So I'd have less to worry about because man, it's stressful sometimes. How do you top yourself? How do you live up to your own? Expectations that you've made when you make something people say is so amazing How can you be sure you can do it again? You can't but if you're a perfectionist You're gonna try anyway and that stress eats at you because you know, it's not gonna be as great or The ones you think are great might not be as well received as you thought I don't know I guess this is an excuse for me to get my thoughts out there while I talk about the history of this channel and how I feel I don't really have a good conclusion to this my strep throat makes it really hard to think straight sometimes But if you made it this far, I really really do thank you For for watching if you are watching this on April 30th when this was released I'll probably be doing a birthday stream. I don't know what I'll be doing probably playing a video game I don't know or alternatively if Do you want to give me the best birthday present ever? I I know I said the numbers don't matter But it would really mean a lot to me if maybe you watched or shared the clenoa video essay I normally wouldn't ask people to share. In fact, I think this is gonna be the only time that I ask people to share but I worked really hard on that video and Although it has gained a little bit more traction from its mention in the crap guides because I don't know I worked really hard and it's my proudest piece my proudest video So, I don't know it would really mean a lot if it got some more Recognition even if it's just a handful of views or if you don't want to that's that's okay, too Sitting through this long through this video has already is already more than enough So thank you there's gonna be another video similar to the colonel one hopefully coming up by this week and I'll get back on the crap crap guides as soon as my voice is Back to normal just a few more and we're done With the future holds who knows but I hope you'll come along with me Thank you and happy birthday to me


There was just one time I was teaching these students, and my instructor was teaching me how to teach them. And the students came up to me and said, Adam, I don't know if I like the way you teach. I'm like, what do you mean? He goes, whenever you turn up to the club to teach, you bring five girls with you. I'm like, right? And he goes, it's kind of like cheating, isn't it? And I look at the student, and my instructor's there. And my instructor reminded me, I forgot I said this. And I went, no, dude, it is cheating. He's like, why wouldn't I cheat, man? Why make it hard? I come in with five girls. I'm gonna leave one. I have you guys, I brought three girls with me today.  I'm actually welcome. Good luck. But that's my point, right? I travel with girls. That's what I do. I like having women around. I like female energy. They're prettier than dudes, and guys smell, no offense. It's true. So that's the point. That's how I work, and that's how I roll. So I'm analyzing these signs first. So, and this is the point, and I really want you guys to think about this. You go into a bar. There are probably 10 different girls you could have. Probably 10 that are all hot, right? You go into a big club, there's a lot of people. You got your choice of 10. How many of you truly want the skill set of being able to go girl number eight? Her. That's the one I want. And when any of the others, I'm gonna go straight for her.  What's wrong with the others? They're all hot. They're just as hot as her. Maybe take two of the others instead. Or get the one that's nice. You know, this is the thing I always find. Whenever you're like, that one, that's the one. You go up to her. You know what you find out? You find out she's got boyfriend. You find out it's her time in the month.  Maybe you can. Depends on the kind of person you are. And your red wings, whatever. It's a dude. I've seen that. I have seen that. I had an instructor come up to me. One of my instructors.  And I'm like, you know I said dude, right? And he's like, no, dude, that is a guy. And he goes, I thought she was hotter than my girlfriend. And I'm like, wait, A, I'm worried about you. B, no, don't do that. But that's the point. If you just pick one and you're like, yes, that one. That's the one. You run all those problems. I would much rather go into a venue, see the 10 that I want. And I'd be like, all right, I'll accept any of these 10. I don't mind. And then I'm gonna work it. And I'm gonna be like, okay, which one? Which one do I like? Which one's gonna work? And so in the past, I've always spoken about pre-opening. The way I normally do this, I go up and I'd speak to each girl and work it out. But over the last year, I've been analyzing these signs of attraction. I've been literally studying them as part of my body language, like the thesis I had to do for my graduating for it. And also, just for my own studies, I have found every single physical sign and even non-physical sign of attraction a girl will give to let you know if they're interested.  Do you have much easier that makes game? I was hanging out with one of my friends who actually lives in Austin. And when I cracked it, I cracked it about, about a year ago is when I cracked it. About six months ago, I told him about it. And he goes, what can you do? I was like, what I can do is I can go into a bar with you and I can just watch the girls and I can watch you. And I can just tell you which girl you should speak to and she'll be nice to you.    Like, first of all, I was like, why?  You don't actually want to be with her. I was like, no, a hot girl, but I'll know. I can see it. I can just add up the signs when I see them. I know that she's interested and you can approach that one. So we're sitting there. There was a group of girls walking. It was like an incredibly tall hot brunette with sort of like, you know, skimpy little skirt or whatever on, and there was two short ones. And I was like, out of those three, who would you normally approach? And he goes, I'd approach the short frumpy one. I was like, approach the hot brunette. He's like, why? I was like, because she's just giving you three signs that she's interested. And he's like, no, she hasn't. I was like, yeah, she has three of them. Go approach her. He goes straight up to her, bam, she's all over him. She's nice to him. She's receptive. She ignores her two friends. Exactly what he wanted. And he comes up to me and goes, how did you know that? I'm like, because I can see the signs, dude. Literally, I have studied them. I know them. I don't have to guess anymore. I can literally just walk up to a girl who I know is somewhat attracted and go and do it. Does that sound like something you guys would like to learn? Yes. And that's what I'm going to teach you. Hey! Cool. I like that you guys cheered with me. OK. So I said we're going to get into the psychology of a bit. And we are. We're going to start with Givens in 1978. Did a study. And in that study, he analyzed and worked out that females control the beginning part of courtship, the very first part. And I don't mean when you approach what they do next. I mean before that. The way they control it is they give signs that they want to be approached and they give signs that they don't want to be approached. And in his study, if a male approached before the girl consciously gave signs of attraction, the success rate was lower. Even if the girl did say on paper that she would be attracted to that person. If the guy approached before she was ready to give signs that she wanted to be approached, success rate dropped. So that's the first thing. So it's actually good to get these signs first. It's good to make some kind of eye contact or to work with it first. That is a good thing to do. So next up, Abby in 1982 did a study. And they looked at males analyzing signs of attraction. And you know what they worked out? Men think everything is a sign of attraction. That's what they worked out. Oh, she's eating pancakes.  That's what they think. That's it. Oh, look, she's hanging out with her friends.  That's it. I should just give it to her.   So that's the problem with men. And so here's what happens. We get this in our heads. It's like, oh, bam, man. Yeah, this girl obviously likes me, but she doesn't. And that starts to mess with us. And then it was Voyer and Ratner. This is the last study we're going to talk about in 1996. And they analyzed and they worked out the reason that men don't approach. This is a great study. Men don't approach because they're scared of getting rejected. Awesome, that study, right? I was like, man, who knew? It's genius. That was money well spent right there. You could just ask people. But they did study something very interesting about that. What they found was that if a male watches another male, not approach, why do they think that happened? They think it was rejection? No. They think the guy just wasn't interested. Now that is fascinating. For us to assume the other men aren't worried about rejection, it shows that we're pessimistic. We believe when it's to us, if it's us not approaching, we might get rejected. But when that other dude who isn't as hot as me when he doesn't approach, he's not worried about being rejected because he could easily get her. Because I can see the signs. You got it? We still see him so he just doesn't want her. And that is massive because you know what that means? That means we have learned as we aged to avoid approaching. It's not something natural in us. We've learned it. So I'll give you guys the example that I had. When I was in school, I was probably about, I have to bear with it, the age might be wrong. Say 13, 14, 15, there was this chick. And every day in school, I would look at her and I would smile and she would smile back at me. And we'd have these signs. I think you guys are all well aware. If a girl smiles at you, it means she likes you. You guys got that, at least? Unless she's pointing and laughing. Ask my friend from Toronto. So yeah, if she's smiling at you, you've got a pretty good chance that she likes you. So me and this girl were smiling and I decided I'm going to ask her out to the dance. We don't have proms in England. We have dances and dances to you guys, same thing. And so I go up to the girl and I'm like, I'm like, hey, I was wondering with my crackly voice, do you want to go to the dance? I'd love to go to the dance with you. Is that something you'd be interested in? And the girl's about to respond but she's there with her two female friends. Do you guys ever notice in high school, the hot girl always has two female bodyguards? Did you, is that a thing over here as well? Totally happened in my school. And the bodyguards have to speak. They're like the spokesperson. And she's like, why would she go to the dance with you? And she didn't really say no, but how can she say yes after that, right? So she didn't say anything. And you know what I learned? I learned something very important. I learned when a girl smiles at you, when she's nice to you and she gives you attention, you know what that means?


You guys saw I made a video last week about white oak pastures I was sent a diseased or infected testicle. I bought these from white oak pasture So as you guys could see here white oak pastures on the top of this package These are lamb testicles and the first one was fine. I chopped it up. The second one Looked a little bit weird.  I don't even know pale beige greenish Putrid smelling liquid came out. I speculated it was cancer, but what do I know? I'm not a doctor or a veterinarian nor do I think my viewers mistake me for one A lot of you in the comments said to me it probably wasn't cancer It was possibly a cyst some of you even suggested the sheep had that cyst because it was practicing No, not November. I'm not a private investigator either And I don't have surveillance footage from my fleet of drones showing white oak pastures day in day out treatment of their ruminants or any use of herbicides and pesticides for the fields or crops used for the animals and of course There may be cause for pus filled testicles other than the diet and lifestyle of the animal in short Receiving one pus filled testicle from white oak pastures is not proof in itself that white oak pastures is one of the suppliers Being deceptive in its marketing practices claiming to offer the meat of animals raised in healthy ways while really using Conventional agricultural practices to maximize their profits now I do know that I paid money to get a pus filled testicle It smells disgusting for a raw animal product. It's like putrid. I can't An appearance and smell and everything it's it's it's it's absolutely hard. Here is my invoice I had confidence in white oak pastures and had been ordering from them for a few years as I like to support What they claim to be doing on their farm I don't know if the farmer wasn't paying attention to the animals behavior or if the butcher just missed this or if They saw my name on the order form and thought it would be funny. Maybe it's naturally occurring. I have no idea I don't know what they do. I am not sure what they feed their animals. I have no idea what's going on I can't say whether the animals are happy and free roaming or confined to feedlock conditions Not sure if they are spraying their fields with anything I do know there are farms that do spray their fields with agrochemicals like Atrazine and sell grass-fed beef and it hampers the reputation of producers that advocate for more natural farming practices and Actually practice it in some way Agriculture might have stepped away from these practices But customers value having integrity in a product not just slapping a grass-fed pasture raised or free-range logo on it The laws in America allow for a deceptive marketing as long as you don't feed the cow a physical kernel of corn It's considered forage which can be called grass-fed that grass-fed cow might not be getting any grass at all There are plenty of good apples out there But there are some bad ones as well that are taking an unfortunate advantage of people wanting quality foods I would even guess that most popular companies are taking advantage of this in some capacity Instead of giving them what they want in some cases They just go halfway and then slap a grass-fed label on it There is an unfortunate amount of misleading marketing some farms claim to be using heritage breeds But then just feed the pigs corn and soy they say their chickens are free range But guess what those chickens get corn and soy as well grass-fed beef can get plenty of corn stalks soy Byproduct unnatural foods yet still be considered grass-fed Kind of funny how America doesn't understand what grass is


Hi friends, welcome back to my channel and welcome if you're new here. My name is Jen. I'm a certified weight loss and nutrition coach and I'm on the WW or the Weight Watchers Blue Plan. Happy Monday. It's a Monday. So it is meal prep day. I have three really, really good recipes for you. We need to get breakfast started because it does need to sit in the fridge for a while. But my recipes this week are so good. I cannot wait for them all week long. So if you're excited for another meal prep, give it a big thumbs up. And if you're new or you haven't yet subscribed, I'd love to have you here. Hit the subscribe button and don't forget to click the bell right next to it so you never miss a single video. We do meal preps every single Monday. Down in the description box you will find my two recipe ebooks, lunch and breakfast both contain 15 recipes. All WW plan points included as well as calories. So get your hands on those. So at the end of my four ebook recipe series, you have 60 WW friendly calorie friendly recipes at your fingertips. So definitely head on down to the description box and pick those up. Also, you'll find nutrition coaching. I have personalized to you macros and calories. Highly recommend as well as one-on-one coaching. If you want to chat with me directly, links, discounts to all my favorite things. And lastly, head on over, join us on Facebook. We'd love to have you. So let's jump into this amazing WW meal prep for breakfast this week. We are making overnight cinnamon roll French toast casserole. I've been craving French toast. I wanted to make sure that the recipe I chose was something Troy could eat while I'm out of town. So I again am so excited about this. This isn't overnight or it is a recipe that needs to sit in the fridge for a while. So we're going to get this started first thing this morning, finish the rest of our meal prep and then come back to finish the breakfast. Of course, it'll all make sense to you guys in the video, but that is my plan. So let me show you what's in our recipe.  You could use low fat milk or almond milk. I'm going to use almond milk. I have the Lakonto brown sugar, powdered sugar and granulated sugar. I will make sure I link Lakonto down below with 15% off for you, but I'm going to be using all three of those Lakonto products in this week's breakfast recipe. So the first thing that we need to do is go ahead and slice up our Texas toast. We need 12 slices total. We're going to cut them into cubes, put them into a greased nine by 13 baking dish, just layer them nicely along the bottom. Into a small bowl, I'm going to mix one quarter cup of my Lakonto monk fruit sweetener and one quarter cup of my Lakonto brown sugar and then about a tablespoon in a half of cinnamon. I'm probably going to do double that because I love cinnamon, and then we're going to mix that together until fully combined. Now we're going to take that cinnamon sugar mixture and put that right on top of the cut bread cubes. Now I'm going to crack six eggs into a medium sized bowl. I'm going to add two cups of almond milk, three tablespoons of the Lakonto monk fruit sweetener, and about one and a half teaspoons of vanilla extract, and then we're going to whisk this all together. And this is the egg portion of our French toast. Now we're going to pour the egg mixture over the bread. Make sure you get every single cube of bread soaked in the egg mixture. Don't just pour it right into the middle of the pan. This is what's going to bind everything together in the recipe as we cook it. Now I'm going to cover it tightly with saran wrap, and I'm going to put it in the fridge. Ideally, you would want this to sit in the fridge overnight. It's going to sit in the fridge for several hours before I actually put it into the oven today. But ideally, as long as you can keep it in the fridge, definitely do that. So I'm going to go ahead and pop this into my refrigerator while we put together the rest of meal prep. Five hours later. We're ready to move on with our breakfast bake. You can see that it's soaked up the majority of the liquid eggs. So I have a quarter cup of the Lakonto monk fruit. I'm going to add a little bit of cinnamon to that, stir that up, and we're just going to sprinkle this right on top. I have six tablespoons of light melted butter. I'm just going to kind of drizzle that right over the top of the casserole. We're going to bake the casserole at 350 degrees for about 30 to 45 minutes, or until the bread is baked through. It'll be nice and golden brown, and you won't see any liquid of the eggs at all. For the frosting, the cream cheese frosting on the french toast casserole, I added a cup of Lakonto powdered sugar, two ounces of room temperature softened one third less fat cream cheese. I also have three tablespoons of room temperature softened light butter. I'm going to add about a teaspoon of vanilla extract. I have some almond milk on standby. We're going to start mixing this and we'll add milk in as needed to get that frosting consistency. I'm going to go ahead and set this aside until we pull the french toast casserole out of the oven. I just pulled out the french toast casserole, you guys.  I love when my house smells like a bakery. This looks incredible. You can see that the bread is nice and brown and that there isn't any egg mixture left in the pan. That's exactly what we wanted. I'm going to let this cool for just a couple of minutes, and then we'll drizzle over that glaze. All right, and there is the completed overnight cinnamon roll casserole. My cream cheese, still a little chunky. I don't know what I do wrong. You guys, I keep it at room temperature. Mix it really well. It's okay. It doesn't bother me at all. Do you have any tips on how to not have chunky cream cheese? Let a girl know. So let's go over points and calories. This big pan makes 10 servings. So it's a pretty good size serving. It is six points on the blue and purple plan, seven on green because you do have to count for the eggs, 209 calories. Pair this with your favorite protein and you have such a good savory sweet breakfast for my lunch this week. I'm making sweet and sour chicken. I may make some rice. I'm not sure yet. I think for today's meal prep, I'm just going to make the chicken. I am again heading out of town this Wednesday. So I may just eat the chicken.  You're also going to need one egg, no sugar added ketchup, garlic powder, cornstarch, soy sauce, salt and pepper, white vinegar. And then again, I'm using the Lakonto monk fruit granulated sweetener to a medium sized bowl. I'm going to add half of a cup of cornstarch, about a quarter of a teaspoon of garlic powder and some salt and pepper. Once that is stirred together to save a step, you can actually add your egg right into that chicken and cornstarch and stir that together. Otherwise you can dip your chicken individually in the egg, but this just saves a step, saves a lot of time, saves a dish. So I'm just going to mix this together until everything is combined. I'm going to spray my skillet with some nonstick cooking spray and then add my chicken and we're going to get this cooking up on the stove top. While the chicken is cooking, we're going to homemade sweetened sour sauce, which makes me really excited that way we can control the ingredients, the points, the calories. So to a bowl here, I'm going to add one cup of my monk fruit sweetener, one third of a cup of no sugar added ketchup, half of a cup of white distilled vinegar, about a teaspoon of garlic powder and half a tablespoon of soy sauce and then stir that together. And there's our homemade sweetened sour sauce. It smells so delicious. Go ahead and set this aside while the chicken's cooking. The chicken is looking really, really good. Once it's almost all the way cooked through, I'm going to add in about half of my sweetened sour sauce, stir that together, let it kind of coat that chicken as it finishes cooking, and then we'll add in the remainder of the sweetened sour sauce. Now we're going to add in the rest of our sauce, stir to coat, and sweetened sour chicken is done. Very quick, very simple. Let's go over points and calories. Sweetened sour chicken is done. This looks and smells incredible. So it is three points on both the blue and purple plan, five points on the green plan, 244 calories. This entire dish makes only four servings. So it's quite a bit of sweetened sour chicken for the points and calories. Again, you can eat it by itself, pair it with rice, but I can't wait to dig into this all week. For a sweet treat this week, I'm making homemade chocolate chip scones. You guys know how much I love scones. I've been craving chocolate chip cookies, so I thought that this was the next best thing. So let me show you what's in our recipe. You're going to need vanilla extract, an egg, salt, light butter, cream of tartar, baking powder, baking soda, light sour cream, all purpose flour, lilies, chocolate chips, monk fruit sweetener or sweetener of your choice, and some salt. So the first thing we're going to do for our scones is put together the sour cream, vanilla and baking soda portion. So I have half of a cup of light sour cream, half of a teaspoon of a baking soda. This is a full teaspoon, and then about a teaspoon of vanilla extract, and then stir that together and set it aside. We're now ready to put together the dry ingredients. So I have two cups of full flour. I ran out of white flour, so that's a whole wheat flour. It really doesn't matter what you use. Half of a cup of Lakonto monk fruit, half of a teaspoon of salt. Again, this is one full teaspoon, so I'm doing half of it. One teaspoon of baking powder, one eighth of a teaspoon of cream of tartar, and then stir that together. You want to make sure it is mixed really, really well. We're going to add in half of a cup of the light butter. Make sure that your butter is cold, and then we're just going to cut that into the dry ingredients. You want your mixture to be somewhat of a crumbly consistency after you add in that butter. We're going to pop in one full egg and the wet ingredients that we mixed up earlier. Stir together again until you have it completely mixed and a dough has been formed. And lastly, we're stirring in 240 of the lilies chocolate chips. Mine's a mixture of a couple different brands, but 240 of the low calorie chocolate chips. To a baking sheet sprayed with nonstick cooking spray, we're going to make eight scones. So I go ahead and roll my dough into a ball first, and then you can shape it to any shape of scone that you want. You can also use a scone pan. I do not own one, but it may be something that I invest in because I love scones. And then we're going to place those onto the baking sheet. Our scones are going in a 350 degree oven for about 20 to 25 minutes or until they're cooked through and they're nice and golden brown. I just pulled the scones out of the oven. My house smells like a bakery, which makes me really happy. These turned out so beautiful. And like I said, they smell absolutely incredible. They're really, really good size. They are six points per scone on all plans. I will tell you that a Starbucks scone is over 20 points. So the, so the fact that these are only six points is amazing. They're only a hundred and 95 calories a piece versus four to 500 calories. So I again, it cannot wait for these. This is something I can actually take with me on my trip. So I, so again, chocolate chip scones for the win. Thank you for joining me for another WW a meal prep. I hope you are as excited about these three recipes as I am. I can't wait to have these all week leading up to my trip to San Diego. I am going to be giving you guys some video upload information in Wednesday's what I eat in a day. So definitely make sure that you check that out. Plus I have lots of information news, good and bad to share with you. So check that out this coming up Wednesday. If you enjoyed this meal prep, don't forget to give it a thumbs up. It really helps me out and it only takes a second. And if you're new or you haven't yet subscribed, make sure you hit the subscribe button and the bell right next to it. So you never miss a single video. Check out the description box down below again for the two recipe ebooks, nutrition coaching, links, discounts to all my favorite things and my Facebook group. Don't forget to head on over and join us there. Thank you guys again so much for watching. Happy Monday and I'll see you in the next one. Bye.


Hello. So, we continue with this chapter on Fourier transforms and this will be the last capsule in this chapter. Here we shall discuss a remarkable formula discovered by the great Indian mathematician Srinivas Ramanujan. A few words about Ramanujan. You know that the movie has been made a biopic on Ramanujan and I hope you have seen this and if you haven't seen it already, I urge you to see it. It is a very well made movie and the movie itself is based on a book written in 1991 by Robert Conigal, the man who knew infinity life and genius of Ramanujan. Well, the gamma function featured prominently in the works of Ramanujan. If you look at the notebooks of Ramanujan which has been published by Springer and we just flip through the notebooks, you will see large number of formulas the gamma function features. One of these formulas concerns the Fourier transform and that is a formula that is displayed in this slide. It is a Fourier transform or the absolute value square or the gamma function restricted to vertical lines in the right half plane. And this formula appeared in 1915 in the messenger of mathematics and this was cited by G. H. Hardy in his collected papers, volume 7 and you can look at page 98 in following. The formula of Ramanujan as Ramanujan proves it is quite tricky and we shall offer a transparent proof of this based on the principles that we have studied so far. Now, in the next few slides we will get to the proof of the Ramanujan formula. So, what is the Ramanujan formula? Look at the slide integral minus infinity to infinity mod gamma a plus i t the whole squared exponential of minus i t chi d t that is a Fourier transform. What is this Fourier transform can be obtained in closed form namely square root of pi gamma a gamma a plus half hyperbolic cos to the power minus 2 a chi by 2. A is real and a is positive. Well, it is a significant that a is positive because you look at the thing on the right hand side. The hyperbolic cosine grows exponentially fast. So, cos to the power minus 2 a decays exponentially fast and if a were negative that is no longer true. So, it is essential here that a should be positive. So, let us look at the proof of the Ramanujan formula. But before we plunge into the proof of the formula, we must make a few observations. Let us look at this function t maps to mod gamma a plus i t the whole squared as a function of the real variable t. This function decays very rapidly. So, rapidly that this function is in l 1 in fact, it is much better it decays exponentially fast and because it is in l 1, we can compute the Fourier transform using the formula for the Fourier transform. So, before you take this up, let us recall the sterling's approximation formula n factorial is approximately n to the power n into e to the power minus n into square root of 2n pi for large values of n. Now, this formula was given by James sterling way back in 1730 in his Methodist differential is almost 300 years ago. This formula is unarguably the most remarkable formulas in classical analysis. We are talking about a time when analysis has not developed the way it has developed today. Today, you know a lot of analysis, but analysis was in the very nascent stages of development. It is difficult to imagine how sterling would have hit upon this right hand side n to the power n into e to the power minus n into square root of 2 pi n. What will be the analog for the sterling's approximation formula when n is not a natural number, when n is a positive real variable? Well remember that n factorial is gamma n plus 1. So, the sterling's approximation formula reads gamma n plus 1 is n to the power n into e to the power minus n into square root of 2n pi. Simply replace n by x. What do we get? Gamma x plus 1 approximately equal to x to the power x into e to the power minus x into square root of 2 pi x where as x goes to infinity. This is an asymptotic formula and this also holds. Numerous proofs are known for this, but we will need a analog of this sterling's approximation formula not for real x, but for complex values of x. What value of x am I going to take? a plus i t minus 1, a plus i t minus 1 that is the value of x that we are going to work with. So, now let us look at this formula in the complex domain. So, in the complex domain we are going to assume that z lies in a certain sector r z less than pi minus delta. Remember capital A when I use capital A for the argument it is a principal argument the value of the argument between minus pi and pi.  So, the with the origin at the origin draw two rays going to infinity enclosing the negative real axis with opening angle 2 delta. So, the argument of z the principal argument of z varies between minus pi plus delta to pi minus delta. So, in that sector we are going to work and this delta is going to be fixed for the rest of the discussion and this sector is going to be denoted by r subscript delta r delta is this sector and the value of z is going to be very large modulus of z is going to be much bigger than 1. Now, what is z to the power z plus half? Remember there is x to the power x and root x. So, x to the power x plus half. So, we should replace it by z to the power z plus half. How do you define z to the power z plus half? It is exponential of z plus half log z where log z is ln mod z than real logarithm of a positive real variable plus i times argument of z where I take the principal argument. So, this is the way you define this piece z to the power z plus half rest is easy the exponential function is defined everywhere in the root 2 pi is an innocent constant. And so, now what we need to show is we need to show that limit as z tends to infinity while it remains in the sector r delta this limit is taken as z goes to infinity within this sector. In short as z goes to infinity z is not supposed to approach the negative real axis arbitrarily closely. The fact that z remains in this r delta forbids z from coming close to the negative real axis. So, this is the limit that we need to show this limit formula is what we need to show or in other words gamma z plus 1 behaves like z to the power z plus half e to the power minus z root 2 pi as z becomes large in this sector. The proof of this we cannot do it here I will give you a reference B. C. Carlson's special functions of applied analysis academic press 1977 pages 45 to 47 it is a very nicely written argument and you can read it.  Remember the functional equation for the gamma function gamma x plus 1 is x gamma x that is what we are used. It suffices to show that mod gamma a plus it plus 1 is in the Schwartz class as a function of t and we are ready to use the Stirling approximation formula. So, now let us look at the vertical line the vertical line a plus it. So, this vertical line will certainly lie in this region for any choice of delta and let us look at the approximation of root 2 pi gamma a plus it given by Stirling's formula. We can look at exponential of a plus it plus one half log a plus it minus a plus it. So, we need to estimate this the absolute value of this not to estimate the absolute value of this we need to look at the exponential of the real part of this piece a plus it plus half log a plus it minus a plus it this is what we need to look at ok. Remember that mod of e to the power w is e to the power real part of w all right.  So, we have got to multiply several things we have to multiply these two complex numbers and then take the real part and this it goes away when I take the real part and e to the power minus a is an innocent constant. So, all these can be ignored and when I write this out I get exactly exponential of a plus half ln of a plus it how does that behave that behaves like t to the power a times another factor which remains bounded that is very easy to see right ln of a plus it what is that ln of root a squared plus t squared and as t becomes very large that will behave like basically ln t for all practical purposes this piece behaves like exponential of a log t or t to the power a and whatever else is remains is a bounded factor. So, this piece has been taken care of let us look at the other piece exponential of minus t principal argument a plus it where does this go this converges to exponential of minus t pi by 2 times something that is bounded the second factor is bounded well why does this happen as t becomes large remember that you are in the right half plane you are in the right half plane and t is very very large t is very very large and so what is the principal argument a plus it it will converge to pi by 2 as t becomes very large. So, this this is a behavior of the exponential factor this proves that gamma a plus it decays exponentially fast and we can compute the Fourier transform of gamma a plus it squared directly using the definition. Observe that since t and a are both real gamma of a plus it squared modulus equal to gamma a plus it into gamma a minus it and now you need to use the beta gamma relation what are the beta gamma relation gamma p into gamma q equal to gamma p plus q into beta p comma q my p is a plus it and my q is a minus it and so gamma of p plus q simply gamma to a and a is constant and I am left with the beta factor beta a plus it a minus it what is the beta function by the way the beta function is given by beta p q equal to integral 0 to 1 t to the power p minus 1 1 minus t to the power q minus 1 dt for real part of p q bigger than 0.  Now remember one very important property of the beta function beta p q equal to beta q p that is very easy to see because of this integral simply replace t by 1 minus t simple change of variables will convince you that the beta function is a symmetric function of p and q. So, in this equation I can exchange the roles of p and q and I can add the two results and what am I going to get I am going to get beta p q equal to exponential of q u by 2 minus p u by 2 plus exponential of p u by 2 minus q u by 2 divided by e to the power u by 2 plus e to the power minus u by 2 the whole thing to the power p plus q the two which I am going to pick up here when you add the two has been brought over here and everywhere you see a u by 2 and so the u by 2 has been replaced by u and you get the next result exponential of q u minus p u plus exponential of p u minus q u upon e to the power u plus e to the power minus u the whole thing to the power p plus q du my p is a plus it and my q is a minus it we finally get gamma a plus it mod squared equal to gamma 2 a into integral minus infinity to infinity what happens with denominator p plus q is 2 a here you see e to the power u plus e to the power minus u the whole thing to the power 2 a and the numerator is exponential of 2 i ut plus exponential of minus 2 i ut this is a perfectly well behaved integral because a is positive and you see a denominator which is growing exponentially fast and the numerator is pretty innocent sum of 2 unit complex numbers now this integral as far as it goes is a perfectly well behaved docile object now we want to compute the Fourier transform you multiply by e to the power minus it chi and must integrate with respect to t remember that this gamma function decays exponentially fast so there is no problem in taking its Fourier transform directly using the integral so multiply by e to the power minus it chi both sides take the e to the power minus it under the integral and just combine the exponentials into one exponential and then let us write the integral so what do we get the Fourier transform is what gamma 2 a integral minus infinity to infinity dt what is the inner integral integral minus infinity to infinity the denominator you have got the exponential factor e to the power u plus e to the power minus u the whole thing to the power 2 a this grows very fast and the numerator e to the power it times 2 u minus chi plus e to the power minus it times 2 u plus chi d u it is very tempting to switch the order of integrals so let us do that and see what happens the t integral is done first and the u integral is done later and the u integral is d u by e to the power u plus e to the power minus u the whole to the power 2 a let us look at what are the t integral from minus infinity to infinity e to the power it into 2 u minus chi plus e to the power minus it into 2 u plus chi d t here we run into the same difficulty that we have encountered before namely we have to deal with an oscillatory integral this object here is definitely not in l 1 it does not even decay it remains this absolute value is 1 and so this object is not going to be Lebesgue integrable so how do you make sense out of this integral with respect to t if you go back to the proof of the Fourier inversion theorem you will see that the same situation happened there you had an oscillatory integral exactly of the same kind and how did we circumvent the problem we circumvented the problem by resorting to what we are described as e to the power minus epsilon t squared trick so that is the e to the power minus epsilon t squared tricks and you simply put in the e to the power minus epsilon t squared right here before switching the integrals and then once you put this e to the power minus epsilon t square then you are allowed to switch the integrals so that is exactly what we need to do we need to introduce this e to the power minus epsilon t squared inside do not switch the order of integration before doing so introduce this e to the power minus epsilon t squared and then switch you safely switch the order of integration the limit is outside as epsilon goes to 0 gamma 2 a and I done the switch my integral minus infinity to infinity du upon e to the power u plus e to the power minus u the whole thing to the power 2 a integral minus infinity to infinity e to the power i t into 2 u minus chi minus epsilon t squared plus e to the power minus i t into 2 u plus chi minus epsilon t squared dt here you see a sum of two integrals each of which is a Fourier transform of a Gaussian we are looking at the Fourier transform of e to the power minus epsilon t squared the Fourier transform is evaluated at 2 u minus chi what is the Fourier transform of the Gaussian you need to go back to the early parts of this chapter and you know the formula there is a root pi by root epsilon will come out as a constant factor it is another Gaussian x of minus 2 u minus chi the whole squared upon 4 epsilon in the other over obviously it is going to be x of minus 2 u plus chi squared upon 4 epsilon so that is what you are going to get and how convenient I am going to now put 2 u minus chi equal to root 4 epsilon zeta so what will happen you will just get e to the power minus zeta squared the du will become 2 root epsilon d zeta the root epsilon will cancel out okay so you perform this simple change of variables for here it is 2 u minus chi equal to root 4 epsilon zeta here it is going to be 2 u plus chi equal to root 4 epsilon zeta the root epsilon will cancel out and then you take the limit inside the integral the dominated convergence theorem will allow you to do that and you are going to get what you want namely you are going to get this e to the power chi by 2 plus e to the power minus chi by 2 raise to the power minus 2 a when you compute the remaining integral e to the power minus zeta squared d zeta is going to be root pi the root pi and the root pi combined to give you a pi but what is this object here we see the hyperbolic cosine appearing here so I have written this in terms of the hyperbolic cosine and there is a 2 to the power 2 a that will have to be adjusted and that is how we get this 2 to the power of 1 minus 2 a pi gamma 2 a hyperbolic cosine 2 to the power minus 2 a chi by 2 but you will argue that this is not the Ramanism formula that we advertised how do we get the one that we have advertised you need to write this gamma 2 a in terms of gamma a and gamma a plus half to do that we need to recall the famous duplication formula of Legendre which goes back to 1809 what is the duplication formula it is here standing at you at the bottom of the slide root pi gamma 2 a equal to 2 to the power 2 a minus 1 gamma a gamma a plus half so once you use this to get rid of the gamma 2 a and replace it by gamma a into gamma a plus half and you will get the Ramanism formula as advertised in the theorem that completes the proof of the formula of Ramanism for the Fourier transform of the absolute value of the gamma function restricted to a vertical line of the right half plane so a reference for this is the paper by G. K. Shanivasan and Debra Chakravarti on a remarkable formula of Ramanism archived their mathematic volume 99 page 125 to 135 which appeared in 2012. You can use the same ideas for a multi-dimensional setup and you can prove a variety of integrals of this form and these integrals are known as the integrals of Melon Barnes type integrals of Melon Barnes type were used by Hecke in certain problems in automorphic forms in number theory and they were used by Voronoi in analytic number theory and so I call them Melon Barnes Hecke type integrals and for a more detailed account of how to compute the integrals of Melon Barnes Hecke type you may consult my paper in which appeared in Expositions Mathematicae in 2013. Okay so now before closing let us look at the duplication formula I would like to share with you some thoughts on the duplication formula. First of all how do you prove the duplication formula? Let us start with the beta function beta pp what is it put it in the definition 0 to 1 t to the power p minus 1 1 minus t to the power p minus 1 dt well both the factors have exponent p minus 1 combine the two put t equal to sin squared theta put t equal to sin squared theta and then you are going to get a sin theta cos theta to the power 2p minus 2 immediately we must appeal to the double angle formula of course dt will give you a 2 sin theta cos theta that is how we get a 2 sin to the power 2 pi minus 1 theta cos to the power 2p minus 1 theta d theta 0 to pi by 2 use the double angle formula I need to introduce a 2 to the power 2p minus 1 so that is how I get beta pp is 2 to the power 1 minus 2p integral 0 to pi by 2 2 sin theta cos theta to the power 2p minus 1 into 2 d theta ok now we put 2 theta equal to phi so 2 d theta will become d phi and this becomes sin to the power 2p minus 1 phi d phi but now this integral is from 0 to pi remember the sin function is symmetrical about pi by 2 so the sin function takes a it starts from 0 it ascends to pi by 2 and from pi by 2 it descends to 0 and so the integral from 0 to pi by 2 and the integral from pi by 2 to pi will be exactly the same so it is twice the integral from 0 to pi by 2 sin to the power 2p minus 1 phi so now there is no cos term there is cos to the power 0 but cos to the power 0 is between 2 times half minus 1 but this is nothing but the beta function again it is 2 to the power 1 minus 2p beta p comma half so I have evaluated beta pp and I got beta pp equal to 2 to the power 1 minus 2p into beta p half now use the beta gamma relation use the beta gamma relation and write everything in terms of the gamma function and this is what you get and let us assume that p is real positive remember that when p is real positive the gamma function will be positive you are integrating a non-negative function you are going to get something which is positive and one gamma p factor can be cancelled out and we will get the duplication formula root pi gamma 2p equal to 2 to the power 2p minus 1 gamma p gamma p plus half now you appeal to the identity theorem in complex analysis we approved this identity for positive real p both sides are holomorphic in the right half plane and so you got two holomorphic functions which agree on the positive real line so they must agree on the right half plane so the identity theorem the result has been proved for complex values of p in the right half plane and some more thoughts on the duplication formula this was proved by Legendre in 1809 and generalized by Gauss in 1812 and this may appear mysterious but this will not be mysterious at all if you remember the reflection formula of Euler gamma z into gamma 1 minus z is pi by sin pi z this says that the gamma function is basically one half of the sin function in a multiplicative sense so any factorization formula for the sin is likely to have a gamma analog the function sin pi x has this factorization and the Legendre duplication formula is basically the gamma analog of this there is a corresponding thing with sub multiplicative factorization of sin there is a Gauss generalization for these matters and more you can refer to my paper with Ritesh Goenka gamma function and its functional equation which appeared in resonance volume 26 in 2021 the references there on the slide and I think this will be a very good place to stop this particular lecture thank you very much and with this this chapter gets over and we start with the next part of the course on Sturm level problems we will do that in the next capsule thank you very much


Hello everybody, my name is Parker Wernoldt and today I'm going to show you how to use the universal control. The first thing you need to know is the master sound. The master sound controls everything. There are dials with pulsating lights bouncing. Each line is different. ThinkTek was able to label each dial. Mic 1 to 4 are the ones that show individuals. Console mic is the microphone coming from the tricaster area. Select the black box on the stool. If it's Skype show, then there is also a setting for Skype. To select an aux mix, go to the button called mixes. There you can rename the mixes by clicking on each and every mix you require. Then go to the master sound on that mix. This will help you find the correct mix when needed. You can also copy and paste mixes from the main to the presets. By pressing the button that says copy mix, this will be a shortcut to get it quickly and easier. Settings on the top right is for basic modifications such as editing your work area. By selecting solo on any of the sound bars, it will eliminate all other sounds so it's just that individual sound. The meter bridge on the button will show you where you are on the mixer. The mixes are different presets. The main and mono never change no matter which mix you are in. So if you look at this picture, a compressor will detect when a signal is loud. The compressor trims down the sound. Some of the things in the compressor is the threshold. It sets the level for when the gate will open above. The attack is how fast the gate will open. Hold is how long the gate will open. Release is how quickly the gate will close. Range is it will control how much sound gets that in after the gate is closed. So now we move on to compressor threshold. It sets the threshold when it's going to start first the ratio. For example, this is a little complicated, but for example, the compressor is at one and one. That will not do anything. If you set it to four, only two TB will come out. Attack and release. Just set it to auto. Gain. Gain brings up the level and makes it smoother. Overall, it makes your sound not as sharp. The EQ. Just turn it up to the volume so it's smooth. The equalizer has an important purpose. It's to control the tremble or as many people like to call it bass. Also, if there are a lot of frequencies, the equalizer will help adjust the levels to normal. That's how you use the universal control. Thanks for watching. I'm Parker Wagonult. See you.


Hello, everyone. Today, we are going to talk about Deontological Ethics. Let me do a brief recapitulation of what we have talked about till now. We have talked about various moral theories. We have talked about consequentialism as a classification of moral theories, non-consequentialism as a classification of moral theories. We have talked about various consequentialist theories, which include utilitarianism, hedonism and altruism. Now, today, we are going to talk about something which philosophers called Deontological Ethics. Now, Deontological Ethics by itself is starkly different, in fact, contradictory to what is meant by consequential or teleological ethics. Deontological Ethics claims that moral rules are fundamental, that moral notions are fundamental and to understand the moral concept, one need not understand it in terms of non-moral concepts or non-moral consequences. Let us look at the slide. Now, can the prevailing rules and customs be the standard of morality? Well, as a beginner or as an entrant into the society, let us postulate. Well, we find that there are certain rules and customs that prevail in the society. There are certain rules and customs that prevail in the society. Now, can these be the standard? Well, perhaps most of us would answer, no, we require a change. Is this the second bullet reads that, is this a justification from the present? Things ought to be how they are and what exists is the model of existence. Now, when we are talking about moral rules, we are talking about something fundamental. How do we arrive at these moral rules is the immediate fused question with it, but for the sake of philosophical clarity, we shall distinguish between the rules, source and how do we arrive at it. So, the moral philosopher now looks for guidelines or norms for establishing a moral framework. Could it be rules or attitudes or goals or what else? What is the frame of reference of this moral framework that the philosopher seeks to establish? Well, till now we have been talking about consequentialism which has made consequences the frame of reference. Now, rules is a term we often hear in a moral discussion or let us now explore rules as a construct for morality, its basis and its justifications. Let us start with the classification of moral theories, teleological and deontological. Now, what are teleological theories? A teleological theory says that the basic or ultimate criteria or standard of what is morally right, wrong, obligatory etcetera is the non moral value that is brought into being. Teleologists may variously describe or define the non moral good, but what is essential about all these descriptions or definitions is that the good is non moral. Moral good and can only be understood teleological theories. A teleological theory says that the basic or ultimate criteria or standard of what is morally right, wrong, obligatory etcetera is the non moral value that is brought into being. Now, we have been talking about moral values and consequentialism and utilitarianism as also this is a continue to with it this talks about teleological values that any moral concept can be understood in terms of its non moral consequences. So, these claims of right, wrong, obligations and are determined only by the non moral consequences that they bring along. So, what teleology is making here a fundamental assumption is that well moral notions are not fundamental or atomic moral notions can be understood or further reduced to non moral notions and there of they can be understood. Now, coming back to the slide. Teleologists may variously describe or define the non moral good, but what is essential about all these descriptions or definitions is that the good is non moral. Moral good can only be understood in terms of the non moral good. Well for the utilitarian too the moral good can only be understood in the terms of non moral good. Moral good by itself is not fundamental. Teleologists have often although not always been hedonists identifying the good with pleasure and evil with pain, both pleasure and pain being natural concepts. Here the moral good is grounded or has its foundations on the non moral good, but let me pose this question to you. Can it be otherwise? Can the moral good be fundamental without being grounded on the non moral good? Now, before we talk about this last question that I posed with you. Let us briefly refer to the types of teleological theories. Teleologies differ on the question of whose good it is that one ought to try to promote. Ethical egoism holds that one is always to do what will promote his own greatest good. Utilitarianism holds that one is always to do what will promote the greatest good of the greatest number. Ethical altruism holds that one is always to do what will promote the good of other people. Now, notice here that while all the above theories differ in their description of their ultimate good, they stand united on the non moralness of their ultimate good. So, be it one's own self, be it the greatest number or be it others. The difference between the three theories is in the spread of the agency, but what is common is that the good. The good here, the good here and the good here are non moral goods. Now, this was a little bit about teleological theories. Now, let us look at deontological theories. Deontological theories contradict or deny what the teleological theories claim. Deontological theories of morality accord the moral property of actions as frequently or many times independent of the non moral consequence they bring along. Simply put, deontological theories hold that there are fundamental moral claims that do not gain their justification by non moral consequences. So, what is essentially the claim here is that a moral claim cannot be reduced or understood in terms of non moral goods. Now, for instance certain commitments like keeping one's commitment certain oaths or not indulging in unprovoked violence or not gambling can be examples of deontological claims when they are prescribed irrespective of the non moral consequences that they might bring along. Now, let us consider what the deontologist is trying to say. The deontologist is trying to say that well, we have assigned moral adjectives as good and bad, but on what basis do we have these classifications. We have these classifications on the basis of the result or the non moral consequence or good that comes along with an act. So, the teleologist does not find moral qualities as fundamental, but the deontologist does find it as fundamental that well, suppose someone says that I will not gamble. Now, this is an oath or this is a rule that one commits to by oneself. Even if sometimes the agent is clear that if she or he indulges in gambling, it will bring him enormous profits without any losses for sure. Yet, once he has taken an oath, it is a duty that he has chosen or she has chosen to impose on himself or herself. Now, this is what the deontologist is saying that well, that some moral notions are atomic and fundamental. We need not or we cannot find its justification from it resulting in non moral goods or consequences. Now, let us take a look at the next slide. Let us look at the differences between teleological theories and deontological theories. This differentiation and elaboration on teleological theories puts deontological theories in proper perspective. Well, as we definitionally the first point that a moral good is good only because it brings about a non moral good. Whereas, deontological theories claim that there can be moral goods that are good irrespective of the non moral consequences that they bring about. So, the key word here is irrespective that it is about the relationship between the moral good and the non moral good. Teleological theories say that there is a direct relation whereas, here is where there is a difference between the two theories. Now, second and remarkably a more subtle point of distinction is that teleological theories assume that there is only one basic or ultimate right making characteristic namely the comparative non moral value. Deontological theories assume that there may be many basic or ultimate right making characteristics. There is only one basic or ultimate right making characteristic. Now, what is the difference? Now, the crucial difference between the teleologists and the deontologists is coming out to be the number of foundations or stilts on which the moral domain stands. Now, the teleologist is simplistic, has only one highest common factor which is determinant of moral act. So, that highest common factor is given by the non moral good that comes along with an act. Whereas, now the deontologist on the other hand does not have a single moral good that way he can have various goods that there may be various right making characteristics of each of them being fundamental. So, deontologists refer to many fundamentals whereas, teleologists refer to only one basic classification. So, the teleologist is actually simplifying the moral frame of reference by bringing in the assumption that every pleasure can have a certain common factor that there can be in spite of the enormous differences in pleasures in goods moral goods. There is one common factor which is the non moral good which is common to all the moral goods and it is in terms of this non moral good that the moral goods can be understood. Now, coming back to the next slide, we need to talk about act deontological theories. Now, having means efficiently clear about what deontological theories claim. Let us say, let us explore what are the types of deontological theories. . Particular judgments are basic and any general rules are to be derived from them not the other way round. Approach to a moral problem, first we clear about the facts and then form a judgment either by intuition as intuitionist claim or by decision as the existentialist claim. Precursor to a moral sense or a moral faculty or intuition. General rules are built from these intuited decided particular cases and not the other way round. Primacy to particular judgments, particular judgments are not instances of a general moral rule. Is each situation unique that no theorization is possible. Now, let us look about in perspective what the act deontological theories say. The act deontologist is trying to put forth that well there are no particular no general rules about morality. In fact, it is with each particular situation that we come to know what is good and what is not good. That we know are moral adjectives from each particular situation and whatever rules that we have are a generalization from these particulars. It is not that the rules are primary and that the instances are inferred or arrived at from these general rule. The general rule is not given prior to the particulars. In fact, the act deontologist celebrates particulars and finds the particulars as the foundation of the generalization that takes place. So, one cannot commit or one cannot hold the general rule or any generalization as a more fundamental situation or position than explaining or understanding the particulars. Now, taking a look at back at the slide, we see that well in this case then if we agree that general rules are to be derived from the particulars and not the other way round how do we solve or how are particular problems solved. This is a natural question that comes to us. Well, this is the approach to a moral problem. The particular problem is solved first by being clear about the facts and then form a judgment either by intuition or by decision. Now, it is here that the act deontologist starts running into rough weather that perhaps he is putting the cart before the horse, because well what other deontologist would say that well what the act deontologist calls intuition or decision is nothing but a generalization that has or a general theory that has existed in the agent's psyche. Well, but if they are to be if the act deontologists are to be honored, they would hold that well intuition is something fundamental and this lays a precursor to a moral sense or a moral faculty or intuition. Now, general rules are built from these intuited decided particular cases not the other way round. The primacy to particular judgments particular judgments are not instances of a general moral rule. Now, I leave it with you to decide that is such a thing possible is each situation having so many of its particularities that no theorization is possible. Now, let us look at rule deontological theories. There is a non-teleological standard of one or more rules though these need not be the prevailing ones. What author of the referred book Ethics by William Francona is saying and as displayed on from page number 25 that there is a non-teleological standard consisting of one or more rules though these need not be the prevailing ones. So, Francona's claim is that well there is a rule governs standard, but of course we need not hold that the current rules are the epitome of rules to be made, but that there are rules are possible that there are certain rules that are to be followed no matter what the non-moral consequence of the rule following is indifferent to the moral justification of the rule. So, there is something about this rule which is to be followed no matter what and that the non-moral consequence of the rule following is indifferent far from being a justification to the moral justification of the rule. Such rules are intrinsically valued that is valued for its own sake and not for any consequence. Now, let us talk about what these rule deontologists are saying well the rule deontologists are saying that well there are rules which are fundamental and with which the moral explanation ends that seek no justification from the consequence that or the non-moral consequences or non-moral features surrounding this notion. The rule deontologists would say that the rule may not be the once it may not be the rules or the moral dictates or rules that we are talking about which are in prevalence today, but that in principle a rule is possible which is a fundamental display of the moral notion. Now, they call these rules as intrinsically valuable these rules which are valuable for themselves and are completely indifferent to what they bring about. Now, let us think of it are there some problems with these kind of rules based system. Now, please keep in mind that we are not talking about the content of any rule. We are talking about generic problems or solutions that are that occur with a general rule following tendency or a rule following attitude. Now, if rules are taken as fundamental and their justification. So, rules become the governing blocks. A classical example would be say the divine command theory as it is known that is rules are to be followed or to be obeyed as divine commands or that the divine commands are rules which are worth being followed irrespective of the consequences they bring along. Now, what about exceptions to rules? Now, rule deontology would say that there would be no exceptions to the rules that the rules are to be followed and not with the utilitarian justification. Let me make clear the difference between rule utilitarianism and rule deontology. Rule utilitarianism justify the rules from a long term benefit or a long term advantage that comes along as a consequence, but rule deontologists find justification of the rules in themselves that they are that the rules themselves are displays of foundation blocks of morality. So, there is the crucial difference between rule consequentialists or rule utilitarians and rule deontologists. Now, some of the problems that we face could be at right at the beginning level that well isn't too much of rule following going to hamper or disrespect our agency as human agents above in particular situations then it just becomes a mechanical application of rule say if there is a rule like thou shall not lie or thou shall not steal then well I just have to be clear about if I am a rule governing rule following person then I just have to be clear that well this is a lie and I shall not utter it. So, sometimes when I utter a lie for the greater good it would simply be wrong because it is a violation of rule. So, does rules or capture or moral canvas well another difficulty with rules that we find is that what if there are a conflict between rules now each of these rules are given a fundamental status. Now, what if there is a conflict between these rules now I see that well there is a philosopher called William D. Ross which we will be talking about now Ross tries to explain away this these difficulties by maintaining a hierarchy in the rules to be followed we will talk about it when we talk in detail. Now, the next theory that we talk about would be Kant's moral theory and we will also be talking about Ross ethical rules the divine command theory is also an example of rule deontology. Now, Immanuel Kant's moral theory a paradigm case of rule deontology. Now, let me introduce Immanuel Kant to you now Immanuel Kant is a profound philosopher of the modern days Kant has very significant contribution to philosophy and philosophy of morals the entire tradition of rationalism in morality owes its credit in the modern era to Immanuel Kant. Now, Kant was let me share some interesting biographic details of Kant. Now, Kant was living in a town and he spent his entire life in his town feeling never the need to leave the town as a ever also he was so regular it is said that he was so regular about his works that people in the streets could time their clocks or watches depending on the position where Kant was in this time of the day. So, Kant has been a phenomenal figure in the modern day philosophy and we have taken we will be only slightly moderately discussing Kant's moral theory because by itself it is an enormous area which perhaps took him more than decade to come up with and it still takes scholars a lot of time to comprehend Kant's theory in its totality. Now, let us come back to the slide what are Kant's objectives. Now, Kant wants to find a rational grounding for the moral domain and the moral domain constitutes one's senses of duty in different to the consequences. Now, let us look at this Kant was in a time when the hold of religion in day to day life in modern day world was quite high Kant wanted to also saw that well the prevailing rules customs and morality where some things perhaps he could not agree in totality with he wanted to make moral philosophy independent of the empirical sources evidences that come along with moral philosophy. So, Kant's great effort was to make moral philosophy grounded on rationality and reason now that seems to be alarming how can something like values something like right and wrong have anything to do with rationality or reason perhaps at the face we find that they are too contradictory or opposing or two fields which have nothing to do with each other. Now, Kant tries to well find that foundation when we are all looking for frame of references to build a moral framework Kant's find it Kant finds it in rationalism. His understanding is that by virtue of being rational beings we become moral beings and the moral call is binding and self-imposed. He does not start with the freedom of the will instead puts forth that we experience moral choice and therefore we are free. Kant discards empirical evidence practices as a ground for morality and ought or normative claim can never be logically arrived at from an is or a factual claim. Now, what is Kant saying Kant is saying that well by virtue of being a moral of being moral being that we are having the ability to make moral choices this gives us the justification that we have free will because in most of the philosophies that we would come across we would assume free will to arrive at moral choice that free will as a necessary condition to arrive at moral choice rather Kant puts it the other way around that we experience moral choice is fundamental and is an evidence of their being free will. So, Kant tries has laid such great importance on free will on and moral choice. Now, Kant looking at the slide Kant discards empirical evidences practices as a ground for morality. So, remember we are talking about Kant trying to stay away from the contamination of the unreliable empirical evidence and practices as a ground for morality. What Kant also was greatly influenced by was this philosopher called David Hume who showed that well we cannot infer we cannot logically arrive at an ought claim from an is claim. If you remember an ought claim was something we arrived at as a normative claim and is claim is a factual claim. So, well the standard way we approach morality is well that this is the way this is the way things are and so this is how it should be well philosophically there is a big divide between how things are and how things should be and it does not take too much of reflection to find out that there is no logical way perhaps of inferring what is what an ought is from an is. Look at the world around now if we have a description of affairs if there is corruption all around us does that mean that is how things ought to be definitely not. So, how things are do not give a ground for prescription or to bring about how things should be Kant takes this very seriously and therefore tries to cleanse his moral philosophy of all empirical content. So, in fact Kant's moral philosophy is empty in a nature that it gives you a format a structure it does not give you the content of the moral claim it gives you a formula it gives you a structure by which one should arrive at what is the what is morally sound. Now, with this we will start discussing the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant in detail.


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