Hi, I would like to thank my past self for that health segment. Okay, no, seriously, due to public demand because mental health is imporrant and all things leading up to it, we had to play it again. And that also sparked conversation, wacha kumzansalimi Hilary. Hilary, thanks for doing what you do best. I saw that interview, it was very, very riveting and we appreciate you. So, previously to quote Noliza Apa and these are my guests. Uli kuna chezanje ukiwam tui, e mawa nemitua pyes, sama kukakakwa nuwe. You go outside and see a bird, you think it's a butterfly. Tell me, at 254 Facebook, at 254 channel, Twitter, hashtag is why in the money. So it is about that time. Aya wanume, kuja tkuna metia ta kwen, piya wewe kuja kuja. You can just have a seat somewhere. We are going to have very, very heavy discussion today. And it is, how can you tell that you are in a situation or in a relationship with the wrong person or partner? Heavy, heavy, but we have also heavy guests. Noa jise mesasa. Good morning. Good morning. How are you? I'm good. What's your good name? My name is Bonface Mok. What do you do, Bonface? I'm a student. What do you study? Journalism and mass communication. Aha, where can we find your social media? At Mokabonface on Instagram and Twitter. Today we will put your skills to the test. Luka na Skype class? Aha, I'm not good at that one. Kweli? Ya. Kwa siwa kulala piya wu kwenyuma unendatuna jitandiki apu kitanda vaveness? Jazwa ya. Jazwa ya? So you are a good student? Mama na. Awww. Zazwa. Hmmm. Okay. Hai. Hai.  Yes. Wanakuita nani? Nani chu moses. Masha reya. Moses tabidiume guruma. Unakam kubuata saut na tokei tokei. It's okay. There we go. Moses, what do you do? I'm a student here at Nairobi. Ya. What do you study? It's a mathematical course. Let's leave it at that. Masematik? Where we name to your masematik? Abu tell me the title just so I can say I know something about masematik. Economics and statistics. Wow. Kwa kwa bifajiwa social media? On Instagram moses the dude. The dude. Ya.  Nice to meet you moses. Minim chokosi tabidiume menusoya. Sorry. Okay. In advance. Hai. He's very special. How are you? What do you mean special? You are special. Okay, he's special to Y2F4 fast as a whole team. And I think his thoughts are very mature. So I would love to hear your input on this. Sasuji sem. Okay, thank you very much. It's unwanted to hear that I'm special. But I'm not in high person. But my name is Wiklif Gori. I'm a producer. Okay, broadcasting corporation. I produce a couple of programs. The main one that made me come here is the family check that I produce. It's a relationship program focused on family issues relationship. And you name it, it's pretty much there. Yes. What do you think are the common symptoms of someone being in the wrong type of relationship? Let me just say there is nothing like a wrong relationship. Even though we've had so many people say that I'm in a wrong relationship, the problem is usually what do you want from that particular relationship that you are in. So if what you want is not there, then it looks like it's a wrong relationship. But in essence, it is just a good relationship. It's just that what you need is not there. So there are so many issues that are surrounding relationship that needs to be dealt with just before you even get into one. So that you know, I actually need this first, you need to know who you are. Because if you don't know who you are, then you will not know what you want. So that you'll end up in a very good relationship, but you still feel there is nothing here for me. That's deep. You don't know yourself. I think a couple of people who say that they are in wrong relationships, they start by making that mistake. They don't know who they are and what they want from a relationship. So people are in a relationship. My friends are in a relationship, so I need to get into one. So vision, mission, nothing. And you know, issues like relationship, you treat them like a project. When you're doing a project, you need to have a vision, mission and objective. You know, when that is clearly defined, then you will see, apa, this is where I'm going to get in. And this is where I'm going to get out, for example, if it is not working for me. I told you it's a good thing, Goriz. Ata metan, the whole conversation, now we are focused. We know what to deal with. We are not dealing with the symptoms, we are dealing with the actual disease. All right, let's go to our Facebook page, White Fife on Facebook, White Fife on Twitter. Hashtag is YNZ in mourning. And we are seeing a DVJ, Teddy Boy, after kuposts and social media, don't know who's done the same poor. Ah, yeah, okay. So what you did is oi, sasulim post WCW lafu kambi wa oi. Mta li ano wajiji kwa mba pesa ovi ovi na kudetm tu mwenye hana mwele keo. Oh wow. Ui mwenye onatia kwa utashkili ya moja tu discuss. Mose, standby. Shine Star Music says kwa vi tendo via ke. That's how you know you're in the wrong type of situation. But we've been told there's no such thing as a wrong one. Kelvin Derit says, where she asked for my bank account details. Ah, ya ni wi atataki fair, she wants bank account details. Wow. Charles Rereli wa Shama says good morning. Ken Mwenye, Eric O'Cotts says the behavior always tells a lot. Monam Ken mta biya. Ia Baltazaring Gatis says morning mimi nikiwa na dech de mkora. Ah, badad e mbili mimi waga nishamsoma ehe kitambo. Benja Minianga says hashtag when the morning. Ha, haiva hua hukai hukai proud na wewa ijimkiwa. Karibu na marifuake haizi kupiga intro kabe. I don't understand. Let's say maybe you guys are friends and then at some time you're going to introduce them. It's just this is my friend. Apareli Lazo says good morning. Good morning Apareli Lazo. Happy new week to you and all of them and the team that's putting all the hehe together. You know you are dating the wrong person when A. You have too many arguments from any little issue and end up fighting. B. There is no trust at all. Too many blame games to each other shows that no one is willing to admit they did a wrong thing. Tarnatelsavashayo it's something hard to especially with expert pretenders no doubt. Tashli Kendi says good morning good morning Tashli Kendi knowing you're dating the wrong person is so easy one. Argument kiba over better issues too. He she will never have an understanding come sunshine come rain. He she will never be proud of you will never be ready to tell his friends that this is the person I'm dating even to simple appreciation kwe kastetas. He she will never have your time excuse who are most. 5. No single day ata make effort kukuja kukuona na fiaia ke bila kukuomba. Baby who are you dating? Ish pffo pffo utatumahadi fair place ni so. Woi Twanze apa. Na nomba 2 yo mwake reika e tuapo Twanze sasa wapi. Argument kiba over better issues do you agree? Do you think that is a wrong kind of type of situation? Woi 2 jab na mtu 2 na wituzu nde letru? If the arguments are too many then there is a problem. What do you always have to make it an argument when you two people know one another before I am sure before you go in a step to date someone kwanzo na msuome. Mimi ni kia mwa kudeti mtu sita mga keshe then I decide okay I am dating this guy. I was told ni machu e nu ni machu 2 na una taka. Ni wonga? If some people are different like me I would not just actually I wonder why you can just meet someone and to call like nipati na nomba. You need to have a process like if I need this person kwanzo msuome. What does she like? How does he hang out with her friends? Some kind of things not just waking up and decided okay I am dating Sharon. You would not just wake up and but even siblings fight. If the fightings are too many get out. We are at payment. That comment was made by a person called Lazo. Let me give him my thought. When the arguments are too many then that relation is good. Explain. The reason is when you argue you get to know each other better. I might be a very bad person and I keep to myself I see something which is very bad and needs to be spoken about but I don't talk about it. So those are the guys who keep issues in them and then it will come at a time and then it will explode.  But when you argue you get mature with time. So you know this person doesn't like this this person likes this. If I do this one an argument will ens you so that you try to avoid those areas. But if you are in a relationship where there is no arguing you are completely flat you guys are all good through think twice. It is usually time to think twice. I will just say there are too many. My problem is that there are no more things actually there are very few. But if there are too many when does it happen? When does it happen? I think in a kwa tuxit when it starts to get physical that to that extent then you need to think twice if that's the direction you want to head. But if there are just arguments that leads at the end of the day you have a solution if you make a solution you resolve your issues those are normal. Even in production there are usually challenges. You will have one or two challenges. When you are producing a program you expect to have a few challenges and when you are working with people for example when you are two people in a relationship or maybe you are working in a team there are those people whose personalities are you are going to clash. Yes they clash at some point you need to expect that. I don't know that's just my tip and I think it's better. You want to talk to us Mrs. I think arguments are okay but maybe you are the problem. Like you the person who is being argued at when they are shader so for me I would say actually like them but when I say that it's not going to be too much just either you argue then you so that is okay. But if there are too many this and this it's boring whether you are facing issues. Let me say this in a relationship most relationships that works even if they were perceived to be wrong most relationships that works it's between people completely different backgrounds so that you come and realize each other as you grow in the relationship. So when you have a different background for mine then arguments are bound to be there because you are sort of trying to fix a square peg into a round circle or something like that. So it's immediately it's time to fix though it could have been dismantled circle or something like that. So those arguments in a relationship so that you become one if you are in a relationship maybe you are brought up by parents who are teachers so you confirm confirm confirm you both each other in time so that you know the relationship and say you are not bad. I would say the love is lost there is nothing that is wrong with that relationship it's just okay and you don't have arguments so that you get to know each other. Some of the things that I have encountered in a toxic relationship when the argument is no longer we are trying to fix something it's more of I'm trying to bring you down for some I don't know what she's on so instead of I don't like it when you do this okay please meet me halfway we have to compromise and I think that's toxic a bit so it's also the kind of arguments that you're having be sure that no one is bringing you down are we together you're important first you cannot love someone if you don't if you're not whole yes all right so number two he she will never have understanding come sunshine come rain what do you understand by that Moses? I would say maybe you ask someone for too much atia kuna maisha ake kule so far I've realized that you have your own life atia kuna maisha ake so when you say she's not understanding maybe what are you talking about like which aspect because you've been with her yote miote say nduna jo she's not understanding okay I would take it out of context and say maybe ni love language if everyone has their own love language there are like five there's touch there's gifts there's et cetera et cetera so maybe if we're having a situation and I am not loving you according to your love language atia u nesafil nikama sifani kitu I am loving you the best I can just not designed for you it's not your love so is that reason to argue and make up a reason to call it a bad relationship that's not a good reason from my point of view since just communicate like as we if you are like in different campuses and in different places chikua tu semu semu hi hi how you doing enjoy your day jiyoni mambe have a good night like small things that they are word counts okay this is a bit cliche at the small things are the ones that count but nukweli what happens when you find someone who their love language is gifts for example naulim pata evo and it's not like it's going to end she's not going to stop wanting it but ita fika po enteta weman say maybe mfuku eno mia ekonomi ko this other side when you are trying to and ningumu kumu elezea onana ni she will just relax too linear too linear is that now a wrong situation because usha mzoesha kwanza it's very hard to go back after that so at that point she's not understanding you aha hamili wan if u mamzoesha now that is your problem if why now now if usha mzoesha that u nampati atu ma gift ma gift ma gift they are always there so you can't blame her you are the person to blame now if u mamzoesha kilasa you're giving her gifts you are the one to blame but na kanga naila po enteta you want to prove yourself as the man like what are you trying to prove if you love her if you don't you don't na joku na mafisi inze so you have to like build a mountain such that the next guy ko climb ita kwangumu you gave me tricky you guys both of you have got a point but it all boils to the two of you now he said something very critical communication which is very critical in any relationship when you communicate things become easier so even the arguments will not end soon because for example if your girlfriend was going to be with her girlfriend and then she tells you like oh today I'm not going to be around and she actually does that at least you know but when she does that without your knowledge for example and then you realize later that that's what she was doing probably there was nothing wrong that was going on there you'll feel like I'm not part of this relationship you need to recognize the fact that I need to know probably where you are for example the idea of giving her things all men were designed differently my friend if you don't give your girlfriend gifts my friend will touch it can you please know which которые are available you'll have to be very clever Shaming on myself where she was acting just connected I'm not having an issue with gifts my point is if you talk to me you're giving her and you'll understand Bale sigo, mambu hinihata wakimu. Mika kuqu wakimu kwa na ni mwongi waka kwa na watu. Maa yubu yubu, ni wakimu, ni wakimu kwa waka kwa waka, ni wakimu. If you're not nice to your girlfriend, if you're not nice in your relationship, or even if you're a lady and you're not nice to your man, somebody will be nice to them. And that moment when it comes, uta liya kiliyoshia umwa. Mdomu kikiya chinu. And you wouldn't like it. Wow. I told you he's special. Why are you ready? I didn't think so. He she will never be proud of you and will never be ready to tell his or her friends at this person I'm dating. Even to simple apreciasong kweka status. Okay, why does this status thing? What in us war God? Is it like a sign that I have claimed you, you are mine? No, na jo, neza kwa status maniwe peke unona. Please, you know these things happen. It is just only you who is seeing now me fry on cloud 65. Tell me, what do you think about this? On kweka mti status. I don't know. Mimi? No. Why? Why, what are you trying to say? Like, if I'm dating myself, I put you on status. What if I put you, then I block out the others? Would you want to know what is it making? Bono simu eke. I think I'd like to imagine the idea. You love someone. Isn't that the point, no? Bono na mfichu. Mstana tansu fkire evo. Skiza, skiza, even do ma demo fkireya. Maybe if you've not been hit by either experience or exposure, this is how they think. Okay, aja neka status. Why? Bona ja neka status. Bona na nefichu. Why isn't he showing me? Kuna mwingine. Awa kuna mwingine, aizewa to post-see wote at the same time. Mwa mwatuwa to post-see wote. Why would you not want to put on a status? One, putting on a status does not prove I love. I can put you or I don't. If I feel like putting you there, I can consider. But myself, I'm not good in status. So, such stuff. So, kumakai naza kwa ngumu kwa. And what about you, Muses? I mean, naza kwa kwa wiki insisana. But, wote I prefer na, nafakwa mutual. Like, naza kwa kwa kuzna, takai genuinely want to put you there. Si wona nipatia, ati e lazimu niyake, wema niyu na niyake kwa statusiako. Sir, maybe I'm on a lot of people even off kireya. Sir, bestia maybe you're dating Samantha. Samantha is my friend. Samantha has been posted by her boyfriend, but Samantha has not been posted by her. So, akuje na Vita, why haven't you posted me? Mizbona na wumingi na na post. Mademwa wewa, mbonu ni post. You see, that is not what is killing our relationships. If someone is doing something, and you want to talk of a new way, he mambu yezi ka nibo. If you need to talk of a kwa kwa, let me do it. But you see, he falls like, I have to put you there. What is it making to you anyway? Kama liya kwa liya kwa. Tomba na na liya kwa. What I think is, it's the little things that we do that really matters. And it tells us a lot about if you love me or you don't. If you put me for example, if you put me for example on your WhatsApp page or whichever page as the main person there, then I'll feel loved.  It becomes very important for me. It's the little things that we do that tells you that this person loves you. Somebody might bring your car as a gift, but they don't appreciate you in the little things. Then you find most of the time that even if you are there, you are there for some other reason and not probably love you get. So for me, I think it's the little things. If you know very well that you love this lady or you love this guy, then why not? We are not rehearsing. As much as there might be other times when you have a different relationship, but when you are into a relationship, you need to be there fully 100%. When you love somebody, at least that's how I was brought up. You don't expect them to love you back 100%.  If they give you 80%, now work on the 20% that is remaining. I believe that's just how the system works. If all of us can recognize that, then we can have a 0% bad relationship like we had started the conversation again. I wanted to ask, is it really about you if she genuinely just wants her picture on your status? Then we can do that. Do you think it's about you? I mean it's just about making her happy. Do you have to want to do something for her so that you know? I want to do something for her because I want to do it like Ndani Aroh wana taga kukufanya and it will wow you also. I don't want to operate like a soldier ati piga salutu piga. Kimbia apaenda ai wana. Love is freedom. Do what you want to make it better. I won't hold you on the ground ati lazuma on your status. But you can do it well and good. But you can do it up here, don't expect me. Ati juni me kuweka? Ati juni me kuweka sa ati juni me kuweka. I don't know what to say. Do you? All right. Kuna namba 4. He, she will never have your time, the time you need him or her and your excuse who are most. I want to start with an example. Kuna Mr. Aflani kuawali fiwa. It was ati sitias for very, very close nuclear family. But it still hurt, I'm assuming, ju alikwa sad sad. Munya likuwa nona, the guy she was seeing and seeing quote-unquote, nika lemhepa. Nika ali jituwa kwa yo equation. Then later, rizoni likuwa ati oh, I knew you'd be sad, so I just wanted to give you space. But what kind of reaction is that? Hope me understand. That is completely wrong. Let me say that. When you come into a relationship, you become one. I love when you love. So when I have a funeral, you also have the funeral. So you need to be there with me through. You need to be my shoulder to lean on. So why is it that when now somebody has died, my family members died, now you chuck off.  That ain't right. So that is a sign of bad relationship. Finally. Maybe that guy is good in other things also. No. Just being there, when you go for a funeral or your girlfriend's family members passed on, you don't even need to go there and talk. You just need to be there. Just to show that I'm here for you. I'm here for you. You don't even need to be a PLO. Go and make a huge stage, a lot of jargons there. When you can't, you won't know. You just be there. That's just enough, but when you are absent. But one slight mistake does not mean now the guy is completely bad. But that's a sign of Okay. You only red flag at that time. But I wouldn't say what's him to do here. Even if I have a lady, a girlfriend and she doesn't show up when I'm mourning, it's a wrap. It's a wrap. You don't understand. Grief is different. It's all kind of vulnerabilities flying everywhere. You just want peace. You want comfort.  Now, when you step aside and you are at your quena space. Okay. You see some problems. But when you avoid interaction when you are at your quena. No. Before that. Let's take a pause. We're going to take a short break. And then we'll be back with this very interesting topic. So do not touch that time. Please.


Welcome once again to the breakfast on plus TV Africa. Our first major conversation this morning is going to be talking about the young Nigerians that might be dealing with mental health challenges UNICEF has of course stated that one in six Nigerians may be depressed It says one in six Nigerians between the ages of 15 and 24 and also says 72 percent Nigerians and more or rather two percent of Nigerian youth show more concern Than youth in other parts of the world. Let's begin this morning with a psychologist Benedict Samar. Good morning Thanks for joining us Benedict. All right. Good morning. Thank you. I'm glad to be heard I'm a clinical psychologist and And then if I could you know why I specialize in channel of the holy sense mental health services and practice then What is depression first of all like to talk about and what the question is Okay depression is Assistant Hold on. Hold on Benedict. All right Okay, so yes, let's let's let's lead, you know the conversation So so let's so first of all get you to speak on Statistics like these you're right one in six Nigerian children being depressed Would you say that it's a fact? You know, or maybe it's even worse than that Okay From our own Daily experiences as a professional refer back is I would say it's even worse Okay, that that seems to be on that seems to underestimate The number of figures or figures that we have So it's actually more than that. It's more than that. It's in selling because we have The referrals on the delivery is it's really really alarming. Um, children between the age of age and above, you know, not only saying so it's more than that And what are what are the most common? Cases that you've had to deal with because I think it's also great that we understand what exactly You know, the exact mental health challenges that you know, that we're talking about here Some people are dealing with anxiety, which of course the reporters also stated some people are dealing with depression Some people of course, I you know really just mentally, you know Challenged, you know on a level. So what is the most common? You know challenge that you've had to deal with with these young Nigerians Okay I would say I bet with substance use and substance abuse more to be sincere over the course of practice young Nigerians Most non-nigerians or most referrals that we've had have had issues to do with substance use even more than depressions but you know, but an interesting fact is that Majority of of substance abuse and substance use cases also result into depression Thank you Okay, so let's also look at the fact that I mean in the Nigerian context according to those statistics that's been put out by units of One out of six children You know is depressed now the Constitution would say that between the ages of You know one or you want to talk about at what point a child develops So we're looking at let's say one two three to about 18 the level of defendants is still very high even at 25 So what could be responsible for you know depression in children? Why are they depressed? Exactly, okay Good enough. That's what we call an early onset experience in depression or definitely or generally in mental health cases So that means as Was the minimum age Of discovery and research says three years So as earlier as three years you can begin to discover and diagnose Depressions in children you can begin to see the symptoms Even if you can't diagnose or you can see the symptoms now what what are the great factors in children? Even though they are dependent what that is what we call a family history So either is a family history of depression in the family in the lineage Okay, either by genities By from father from mother. So the child is likely to have Depression another one is you know by marital distress researchers over the years have confirmed that Children in a conflicted family in a conflicted home Okay, then they are vulnerable to depression So we can then see that most of these things is not just And what the the children actually cause it's just as a result of circumstances surrounding the children Um, are there um symptoms are there things that you know a parent may spot You know that we may be able to look at and and you know spots, you know signs of depression in a young Nigerian Exactly. Okay. Thank you. So, uh, let me just mention quickly that there is difference between depression and sadness Okay, generally, you know every child sometimes we face that Feel emotionally down However, when these symptoms i'm going to mention persist and continues for a minimum of two weeks What is symptoms of sadness when the sadness continues for a minimum of two weeks? Then you may need to to seek Professional help for depression. What are these symptoms? Okay, one of them is, you know persistent or continued loss of interest in activities Now for instance, what are the activities should show activities? The child has lost I mean has lost interest in going to school lost interest in in anything school world Lost interest in play activities that he used to enjoy before Persistence, you know, I'm feeling of guilt Crying spell low energy Should show withdrawal when a child consistently refers to be by himself. He doesn't enjoy should show Interaction again. He wants to always be by himself play with himself. He just withdraw He just enjoys isolation That is one of the symptoms of Of depression Then another one is symptoms or feelings of hopelessness the child just feels hopeless Just feels worthless, you know crying spell and the most important one Suicide ideation when a child continuously talks about Suicide Okay, or or tells you he feels like ending it. He feels like taking his life.  He has lost interest in food always eating excessively. These are Some point out that parents may need to seek professional help. Thank you All right. So but looking at The reports from UNICEF they say the findings from the survey show that young Nigerian shows 72% more concern than used from other countries in the area of finances Young Nigerian show a high level of concern with 72 I mean 74 percent of females as this is of males worried. They don't have enough money for food So it still brings me back to I mean the question of the fact that this the dependency is I I mean at age 18 at age You know One two three four 18 24 25 a lot of people are still living with their parents and the idea for shows that You know the responsibility of thinking about food clothes and shelter and what have you it's been Taking care of so why start the problem? Okay, good, you know the first thing I talked about then I talked about the fact that There are some that the parents I mean children are not responsible of actually In in the essence of their family history of depressions and their family conflict and and child abuse, however Even you know, who actually gave out another report statistic that you know people from developing nations Have vulnerable to depressions Developing nations so when it so that is it that was a general report was a general article So when they say people including children from developing nations now, what what do we experience in developing nations? You have people with low economic status Okay, low financial capability to take care of themselves And like you know when when I try to know is that oh I have two or three of my peers in class I know what they eat they eat some kind of food You know some kind of meat and they don't see that Mr. Benedict can hear us It seemed to have lost our clinical psychologist there, but it's a very important conversation And I think you know some of the you know the biggest points for me would be you know being able to spot it You know and also trying to figure out why the statistics are so high in Nigeria Why are young Nigerians under so much pressure? Is it because of you know the way the country currently is or is it really just because of the You know the Nigerian mentality of making it big and and and you know being so You know self sustainable Those are you know for me some of the big things and We don't have a big enough conversation on mental health in Nigeria You know and I will repeatedly say that a lot of people only talk about mental health when you are naked on the streets But I'm sure there's a lot of Nigerians who are in your office space today who are in the hospitals Who are in the bank or in the in the market places and everywhere that you go Who are probably even driving ubers or driving their cars on the streets that have mental health challenges that aren't talked about enough These things all come from somewhere There's a there's a girl that I that I see along Somewhere where I live in lekkie phase one and I slowly watched her you know her Mental health degenerating to you know until you go to the stage where she is now You know scantily dressed walking on the streets by 6 a.m. In the morning But I watched it play out, you know from day one when she's really just walking on the road talking to herself until you go to the stage We don't have you know a big enough conversation with mental health I also feel like Nigerian workspaces don't recognize Mental health, you know enough They don't create any conversation on mental health. They don't create any Space, you know where staff, you know and the the mental health of staff is you know talked about always taking care of There's no leverage. There's no, you know little take a couple of days off You know it's because you're not feeling you know so well There is you know none of those things come up, you know And so you know you see staff continue to work day in day out regardless of how they feel mentally I'm not just physically now People don't need to be bedridden before you know that they're challenged or they need a couple of days off and things like that And also Why is a 16-year-old Nigerian a 14-year-old Nigerian feeling under pressure to buy bends Filling under pressure to you know to build a house or feeling under pressure to Have you know millions of Nair and his account these are some of the things that I believe have created Some of these statistics one in six is really not good Yeah, it's really not good and and for me The major concern here is I mean if you look at some of the the issues that they have really mentioned in that survey You talk about issue of food, which is actually, you know, a basic thing and that's why you know for me I'm looking at the fact that Food, you know as an adult or I mean a growing child You get to that point where there are things that are just basic and to some point you have you know The support system or first of all you're talking about the family and that would be the responsibility of the family to cater for your basic needs I mean food Shelter and clothing and then of course afterwards education can actually, you know be the next thing if you look at the Abraham Maslow, you know theory of needs or that hierarchy of needs You feel that you must meet basic before you get to another point So I'm just saying could it also be that there's a failure, you know at the end of the day that families No longer have what it takes, you know to fend for this children And that's why, you know, it has become an issue He also mentioned the fact that I mean the report also mentioned the fact that there's You know need to succeed when you you compare yourself With your counterparts outside of the country So it brings us back to the fact that yes, you're talking about the 16 year old Wanting to have a bends and what have you and all of all of that but you know the issue of mental health is Like you have mentioned earlier Ron is a case where we don't pay attention to and that's for some S Then a lot of people are afraid of the stigma that it comes with and then because people really think that when you go to see You know a doctor or a psychologist to talk about they probably think you're going crazy You're going not and no one wants to you know being that space where they think that oh I'm depressed. I'm having mental health stuff and then the fact so first of all the issue of stigma Another issue is the issue of culture and religion I mean we live in a society where you talk about the fact that you're sad I'm like you need to be strong Come on be strong and nobody feels like how you're not supposed to cry toughen up and it's okay You know why you acting like you know, you're not a man. You're a grown-up adult and everybody so I feel like there are a lot of You know struggles a lot of issues that It's not really allowing us have this conversation And I'm just hoping that this would just be another report and survey that everyone would just fold your arms and And say okay here we're folding our arms and then we're hoping that oh, that's just a report It will pass and Nigerians can never get depressed because you hear that fact that Nigerians can't kill themselves Nigerians don't commit suicide and all of that We're too happy and all of that and then it's it's not possible It's crazy how every day you get to see that people are committing suicide It's crazy how we move from one time the happiest nation in the world to One in six Nigerians, you know depressed because I remember when when you know that You know when that came out a couple of years ago when it said when you know There's that report on endurance really happiest people on earth, you know a lot of people celebrated it and said Yeah, you know because of the Nigerian spirit But you don't find that Nigerian spirit anymore And in response to some of the things that you mentioned The you know perspective of you know poverty and you know parents not being able to fend for their children Yes, you know people are you know broke people are struggling and struggling really really really seriously And it doesn't just affect the parents it affects the children also that struggle that you know level of poverty Inability to feed in ability to house in ability to clothes it affects everybody not just the parents who is under pressure And so yes, you know those you know, obviously things that will affect the young Nigerians and affect the kids who wake up in the morning And the most basic amenities food shelter security. You can't even find it security In Nigeria today It's a Nigeria where you're either struggling with bandits in the north or you're in the south and you're afraid of Policeman who's supposed to protect you I mean is that the same Nigeria where there's you know what have you heard of the price of food these days in the market? Have you seen that you know what it cost for a family of three or family of four to feed themselves for a week? Those are the most basic things You know that you would expect would be readily readily available the government should have handled those those aspects Listen to a podcast a couple of days ago. And you know the um, Andrew Schultz was talking about how white people Have time to argue about some of the most unusual weirdest irrelevant things and the reason they have that time they have time to to create new things they have time to Invent new things and and almost in fact it feels like every time they are trying to kill themselves Is mostly because they have the most basic things available. And so they look for more ways to excite themselves They want to argue about the most insane things. They are talking about. Oh, you know, we want um Where did I see that, you know, it's no longer about pedophilia now.  But we do have our guest back, uh, benedict, benedict, uh, sama Thank you so much for joining us Benedict sama can hear us All right, we still might be struggling with Um, the connection to our clinical psychologists this morning. Sorry, I missed you there Okay, but you can hear us clearly now Hello, can you hear me? Yes, we can. Can you hear us? Can you hear me? Yes, we can hear you All right. Can you hear me? All right. So why we try to sort that out? Um, um, yes, therapy does exist in Nigeria, but not that many people know The reason is because it's not Mental health challenges really aren't spoken about on that level in the first place and then Because therapy is expensive Um, but not just in Nigeria.  Who's dealing with emotional stress? Who's dealing with mental stress? By the time they think of how much it will cost them to have that one session And they know that one session may not be enough. They would rather just tell themselves that's You know, Nigerians are not depressed. Nigerians are happy people Instead of you going to speak with a therapist So those are things that I think also need to be fixed If we need to actually work on mental health of Nigerians Yeah, that's also very apt. But I'm also thinking on the other hand that it's okay to have, you know The support system working functional The family is first of all and we don't really seem to pay attention these days It's okay to have kids and not pay attention to what's really going on in their lives Now for some people would feel yes, we're providing For those who can provide I mean to provide the basic things that they need the shelter The clothing I mean the food and what have you education But it goes beyond all of that. So you would also want to ask yourself For those who people who can actually Meet the basic things of a level who have the basic things of life should there be depressed? Can there be depressed will be another question that can be depressed? So my point announces You know the the support system first of all the family Needs to leave up to expectation whether or not they can cater for I mean first of all before even having a child You should begin to consider all of that right that you should be responsible for this child Open to a certain age where he or she would get to and then they are able to take care of of themselves So yes, the nuclear family extended family and then you have the church or you know the mocks and what have you These are also support systems. It goes beyond just gathering You know in church on sunday or going for the mocks and all of that People should be able to talk about how they feel I mean that kind of atmosphere should be created and what have you there are other groups as well So you have you know people who belong to a non-governmental organization all the bodies I'm saying that we need to do but as much as we're waiting that government would intervene I'm saying that let's also try and see how we can also cushion this before we start saying Okay, yes, we're going to the state or begin to seek, uh, you know professional help.  They can support their kids They can you know, you know spend, you know, whatever it is, you know to ensure that their kids are happy But the next family may not be the same thing And another thing is sadly family b and the population is not the family b's a way more than population of family a And so this struggle, um, you know, you know in every family unit, um, you know spreads across the whole country Um, there's a lot that needs to come into play to make these things easier for Easier to do basically it's a lot that needs to come into play as a Nigerian society in general people are struggling People are really really really really And I'm thinking that okay, so let's even assume that we have moved way past at the time where we say I have five kids, right? We have moved let's just say we made the mistake And so you have five kids. We've moved way past that time But right now and I'm thinking that we should be very deliberate about having children and raising families that's that's a different different angle completely from Mental health of Nigerian young Nigerians benedict. Uh, sama. Can you hear us now? I can hear you. I'm sure you can hear me too, right? Yes, Lili. All right, so I can't go ahead We're almost out of time, but let's quickly talk about solutions You know, what what are the things that you think need to come into play in order to change this very very sad statistics of Nigerian young Nigerians being depressed Okay, good So that's what we call the Reactive measures and proactive measures. So that is the preventive measures Oh, you know, because most times the issue with depression is what we call distorted thought pattern Okay distorted thought pattern. Okay, the child believes that oh all things are not going on with him Or things are wrong and so on so forth It just be able it just starts changing the orientation That it felt that you don't have a good background doesn't necessarily mean that you don't end up well Okay, the further you're not And you are not I mean, you don't have the best TV at home now You don't have playstations at home now and your friends having I mean their other houses Do not really mean that you don't end up A great person in future So it just to be able to change those are reactive measures to be able to change the I mean their orientations and the area of parenting because You know, that's what we call autocratic parenting style Children who grow up in this environment also find themselves, you know, I'm following with the depressions also So we need to also be able to to start already Teaching our parents on the best parenting style to engage I mean these children on and there's also a need for proper awareness and substance use Which is also one of the cause of depressions Then what is a reactive measure? What do you do when a child is surprised? It's to seek profession. I have therapy Okay, you you go to a clinical psychologist. The first line of action is therapy So then if it if therapy then doesn't work after some time after some sessions Then we encourage and we recommend that you get medication Alongside with the therapy Thank you Yeah, but I was asking earlier about the, you know, the cost of therapy in Nigeria It's not it's not the cheapest thing to to get access to Um, I understand that yes, there's also free therapy, you know, sessions here and there But it's not If you if you'll be honest, it's not, you know, very affordable for the average Nigerian to See a therapist every week Yeah, I totally agree. But for instance in my office We run certain certain free services on certain days of the week But that is not really, uh, it's not often. Okay, it's Occasionally, but to be sincere with you therapy is not is not cheap And then looking at how many therapy you need for a child For instance, if you're dealing with depression and you're using a CBT approach That is a minimum of 12 sessions for instance Exactly a minimum of 12 sessions and the session can cost as much as a 40 000 euro per session How much? It can be as much as a minimum of 40 000 euro So but it varies. Okay. It's various from from practitioners to practitioners Thank you So the next question would be um, is there a role government can play in all of this to help, uh, you know Reduce because we know we can't say would vanish but reduce You know the rate at which children fall into depression Exactly now one of the things I think the government can start doing which is not really being done now If you look at certain countries outside the country Right, I'm sorry. I'm outside this continent rather. They have there's now mental health curriculum even from primary school level Mental health has now been, you know, drafted, inculcated into their curriculum So children are now learning about depressions. They are learning about preventing depressions They're learning about, you know, how to manage depressions. They're learning about the symptoms And that is the the best thing that I mean one of the best things rather So that is what I think the government can help start doing Let's bring this idea Into drafting mental health different mental health topics and management Into our curriculum start from primary school level, which is now Operative in some other countries. I know certain countries in the euro That we create a lot of informations for these children and empowerment for them Thank you All right, benedict saman clinical psychologist, thank you very much for Sharing your time with us. We apologize. Of course, the network had its own challenges But we hope that the mental health conversation continues to spread across Nigeria and more people are bold enough to speak up And to you know seek help where necessary, but thanks very much for your time once again Thank you. It's a pleasure. Thanks so much. Have a good day You too All right, stay with us coming up next. We're going to be talking sports is gonna draw going to be sucked or not And if yes, of course, we're having wally scott telling us a little bit more about this after the short break


the challenge of the Yukon King the swiftest strongest of Eskimoly dogs blazes the trail through storm and snow for Sergeant Preston as he meets the challenge of the Yukon Sergeant Preston was typical of the small band of Northwest mounted police who preserved law and order in the Yukon during the gold rush of 98 that was the year that brought over 50,000 men swarming into the Klondike region and the greed for gold led to frequent violence and bloodshed but in spite of the odds against them the force preserved a splendid record in preserving the right the challenge of the north was answered and justice rule triumphant Sergeant Preston was breaking camp early one morning the icy cold of the north chilling his face suddenly as he turned from the fire he noticed King the dog seemed to be listening intently his nose in the air every muscle momentarily tense in spite of himself the Mounties stood still but the quiet of the Yukon seemed to him unbroken it was then that King a strange savage growl in his throat ran from the Mountie toward a line of pine tree and he heard something I'm sure of it but what well it's only one way to find out go after him he stopped ahead there what is it fella what's wrong I don't see so that's it it's like you chased someone out of here King yes whoever it was he's almost out of sight but why King standing over by the campfire but that man's retracing his tracks he came up to here and stopped then walked over and stood here he could see perfectly from here and he must have been watching us when King sent something wrong King old fella I don't know what I'd do without you but this is one time I well I'm stopped you got away without me hearing am I if your barks covered any noises he made I couldn't even get a look at him why would anyone come up here stand and watch us was he intending to head back for Fort Munn or did you make up his mind for him well we're heading in his direction maybe we'll just keep to those tracks returning to his campsite Sergeant Preston scattered the fire preparing to follow the mysterious traveler who had aroused King once on the trail the great dog covered distance quickly keeping to the tracks cut clearly in the snow but as they approached Fort Munn the Mountie found that other tracks obscured those made by the stranger and it was more and more difficult to separate one from another till he was forced to admit the hopelessness of pursuing the man further it's not wrong for anyone to ride so far in a trail and then change his mind certainly there's no ground for suspicion there okay all you have to do well there's one thing you're sure of in Fort Munn this cafe opens the first thing in the morning and it's the last building to be darkened at night well King we're bound to find some news in here Malibu hello there how are you glad to see you that's what I am oh no that's what I call a real welcome what what's wrong you look like you've lost your claim or something be true or if you'd say I look like I I lost my best friend their best friend Sergeant when I found Mike dead yesterday I I prayed that you come to Fort Munn Mike they shot him in the back dirty yellow skunks he didn't have a chance was snowing when I found him no tracks that I could make out he was murdered yeah if I knew who did it I the back where I come from we have a name for men that shoot from ambush where'd you find him out near those two big rocks west of here oh yes I know the place he never did anybody any harm Sergeant Oliver wait a minute let's go over this slowly are you say you found him yes yes I found him what reason would anyone have for killing Mike unless somebody could have killed him for his gold that's what everybody here in town thinks and you well I guess that must be it Fred Johnson said Mike drew out every bit of the dust he had in the bank hmm can't argue with a banker you mean you'd have an argument to give Fred about that oh it's not that but you see Mike never came to town without stopping to see me yes yes I know according to Fred Mike drew out his dust and then headed back toward his claim if I didn't know he went to the bank I'd say he was shot in this way in the town I see but I don't know I'm just glad you're here Sergeant because I want to see the man that murdered Mike hang the sooner he does the easier I'll rest I can't promise you how soon he'll be brought to justice but he will be you well you didn't find any of the dust on him not a trace of it even the polky carried with him was gone here I'm keeping you out in the cold I guess you're going into the cafe well I thought I'd find some news by going in talking to the boys but we've had enough news for a while King that's funny look at King he's watching Fred and that man with him you don't know who he is well Sergeant Preston what's that make happen for quiet King quiet boy and that's better boy how are you Fred fine hello Oliver Fred going inside why yes yes we're going in how about it Oliver I'm sure not going in to celebrate anything still feel pretty bad about Mike Oliver I don't blame you we all know excuse me a minute I see Joe Higgins over there I want to talk to you go ahead Fred I wondered if he'd introduce his friend friend maybe thought you knew him well hardly I did I have spoken to him no no I don't know him but King here does Sergeant Preston watched the two men make their way through the room his face was thoughtful as he noticed the bankers speak for a moment to Joe Higgins at the far end of the bar then the two walked to a table in the corner the man looked over his shoulder quickly as if to make sure no one was listening before he spoke that's the one I told you I saw him out he told me you were ready to drop him when that dog started for you dog I should have dropped him why didn't you guys when that much started coming at me that policeman is right behind him with a gun in his hand you could have stopped them both not the way that dog was coming I couldn't I came back here to warn you warned me listen we're in the clear yeah that Molly was talking to the friend of the prospectors what difference does that make Oliver doesn't suspect a thing you're new here you just came in from the state see just so long as you don't say where in the states you're safe here I got my fellow looking out from behind bar Johnson you better handle this ride you keep your mouth shut and don't run from every loose lead dog in the Yukon we won't have anything to worry about I ain't running from any dog but Preston's one Molly I don't aim to cross Preston's like all the rest of them if you're smart you'll stay with me and you'll clean up enough to leave this country a rich man I always wondered how bankers got their money an easier way to get gold and digging for it though he talked to Oliver sergeant Preston watched the two men at the far end of the room closely King here looks like he's waiting for something he's just given me an idea Oliver how can a dog king and I work together he's been right every time he's ever started after something well I do say a dog's got a sixth sense well I don't know whether it's a sixth sense or not that's what they call it I won't disagree where you're going I just want to talk to Fred we thought we'd join you Fred pull up a chair yeah I'll take that one sergeant you're a stranger important one aren't you yeah oh I forgot you and the sergeant don't know each other slim sergeant this is slim west slim sergeant Preston hi what do you do staying with Fred slim yes he's staying with me for a while that is until he gets staked out on his own it's mighty nice of you to help him out it isn't as if we were strangers say well you two have forget about me Fred I'm not drinking and or am I you go right north if you're sure you don't want anything too specials find Oliver told me about Mike yes that was a shame Mike was one of the well I guess you could call him one of the finest men here in Fort Mountain I understand he drew his dust out of the bank a short time before he was murdered yes sir he did and I told him it was very unwise you know how Mike was headstrong you couldn't tell him anything once he made up his mind do you think you'll catch the murderous sergeant everyone knows he was robbed killed for his gold sometimes takes quite a while to bring a killer to justice you've got a sizable job in your hands kind of the snowstorm there were no tracks you come in the drink slim yeah that's it clean do I'll take care of it slim let's see if the cafe is really empty you should be getting back the bank for it can't be way too long but you mind if I look at that poke friend it's poke yes I thought I saw some initials on it no you imagine things sergeant I've never had my initials on this I don't put it away friend I asked to see it I'm not putting it away good I was reaching for it if it's your poke let's see it it's not my pull that's what I thought you know Fred you can't have that so I'll hand it to you you notice something I overlooked I forgot about initials on that poke what's this all about it's all about how Mike was murdered Oliver what yes murdered you were right he probably didn't go to the bank he didn't get that far that's about as far as you'll get money he couldn't have drawn out dust that wasn't there go on let them hear how much you know about it you won't live to tell anyone else I don't know that about this you stay where you maybe you'd like to hear the sergeant tell his story of how I killed Mike Gallagher when he finishes I can tell you what will happen I can't believe it I'll put this gun in my pocket you'll all walk in front of me out of here and you'll be found like Mike was found it won't get away with it Fred that's what you think we'll be seen leaving here with you by the time you're found I'll be well on my way to Skagway in a boat out of here no money it's no use you're taking orders from me all right I'll put these handcuffs on you Fred just so you won't reach for a gun again I guess you'll have to carry slim and with a real sock you gave him sergeant but I never saw anything like King talk about six cents King's responsible for catching these murderers Oliver Slim must have been leaving Fort Mon this morning when he saw me breaking camp getting ready to come through he wanted to warn Fred so he came back here how King knew he was watching or what his intentions were I don't know when we met Fred and Slim outside the cafe he started growling that's right well that was when I began wondering I wondered why Slim would warn Fred a policeman was headed this way until I remembered Oliver saying he suspected Mike hadn't been to the bank it'd be simple enough for Fred to make it seem that Mike had drawn out his dust when in reality he'd been stealing it and when you saw the initials on the pope I said I thought I saw some initials on it what you mean there aren't any initials and you'll have to look to see Fred wasn't sure either he just knew he was carrying around Mike's poker gold and his conscience did the rest well I'll be doggone as King the case is closed upholding the motto of the Northwest mounted police sergeant Preston and the Great Dog King maintain the right and get their man don't miss their next thrilling adventure when they meet the challenge of the Yukon once again on Saturday at the same time challenge of the Yukon a copyrighted feature of the challenge of the Yukon Incorporated brought to you every Saturday at this time originated in the transcription studios of WXYZ Detroit the characters and events in tonight's


I couldn't adjust for about two weeks, I just was sleeping when it was time to work. Mr. President, what are you going to say to Mr. Grover job, sir, to try to convince him that you want peace? Are you going to invite Mr. Grover to come to Washington next year or the year after? Mr. General Secretary, Mr. Grover once said that you have a nice smile but iron teeth. I guess meaning you're tough. What do you have to say about that, sir? Mr. General Secretary, Mr. Grover once said that you have a nice smile but iron teeth. You know, it doesn't confirm my teeth. It hasn't yet been confirmed. As of now, I'm still using my own teeth. And if I have to answer the question, I think we have the opportunity to talk. And if I reply to the substance of your question, then I think that both the president and myself have good grounds to believe that we can have a good talk. Mr. President, what's your first impression of Mr. Grover job? Yes, sir. Well, we had a cordial reading, but I believe we both have the same idea. Thank you.  When I was talking yesterday to the Swiss British, and we touched upon a question which rose between us about the teaching. Much longer than planned. Why? Because whoever was scheduling didn't allow enough time. What did you talk about? Well, the duration of this or that function or meeting is determined primarily by the President and the General Secretary themselves. Good sign? I would think so. Mr President, you think you are going to meet again Mr Gopacic? We should meet. This long talk. Don't be in a hurry. Don't rush things and try to learn everything in advance. Lights, thank you. This way, please. Oh, sorry. Let's go, let's go. Let's go. No, this is White House. White House. That's it. That's it. Thank you. That's it. That's it. That's it. That's it. That's it.


What's going on y'all? Chris from jasseskatespricks.com doing our first of three R&Bs for 2021 two box PYT number six This group for the Niners, Bengals, Texans, Falcons, G-Men, Giants, and the almost a Garnians for the Browns First thing we're doing we're gonna give away one R&B spot to anyone who bought a spot straight up If all straight up spots here's our lit our fresh dice in our list from Matthew down to Matthew for this group We're gonna roll this first dice for the free spot. Good luck Five and five is ten ten times one two three four five six seven eight Nine and last one number ten top spot five and five is ten is gonna be Matthew Matthew will grab that first Giveaways spot in this Giants group not Giants. Yeah Giants group, but the Niners group Let's grab our full list now And let's go right Where's adding? Matthew Matthew's name at the top right here Here are are now our 10 spots here One second y'all do this twice There we go for Matthew at the top of the full shut up spot to his last spot Mojo to the spot that he just won and spot he won in the filler So Matthew rolling it up here and our numbers from one down to zero Let's roll this dice for both. Good luck everyone One dice roll for both five and one is six. So six times. Good luck one two three four Five and last one six So you guys are less from Matthew down to Carl and Then for the numbers one to zero once again six times One two three four five and last one six six times From one down to eight Six times let's go one more time right here. So right here. Let's organize So Matthew with this last spot Mojo gets spot zero so any and all Redemptions even if they are numbered on the checklist will go to Matthew He also gets spot one for any live and active one of ones. He also gets spots two and three Nicholas gets spot four Matthew gets spots five David gets spots six Matthew with spot seven and then Carl with spots eight and nine All right, so that's our first rmb able to get this is for the 49ers group After this we will do the Chicago group on jassescasebricks.com. Thanks again. Bye. Bye


The anti-cancer effects of the turmeric pigment curcumin extend well beyond its ability to block carcinogens. The anti-cancer effect of curcumin mainly result from the multitude of ways it regulates programmed cell death. It's estimated that the human body consists of 10 or so trillion cells. That's a million million. Almost all these cells get turned over within approximately 100 days. We're like a new person every three months. We reinvent ourselves physically. And since we're just made up of three things, air, water, and food, those are the only inputs. We are what we eat, literally, physically. In a sense, our body has to rebuild itself every three months with the building materials we deliver to it through our stomach. Our mouths are like the access road to the continual construction site to our body. Trucks roll in three times a day. What do we want them to deliver? Some shoddy, cheap stuff we scrounged around for, or bought at the discount outlets that's just going to fall apart? Or do we want to build our foundation solid? We are each walking around inside the greatest known architectural structures in the universe. Let's not ruin such grand blueprints by consuming junk. Anyway, we only own the biological real estate we're born with, so if we need to rebuild every three months, we also need a wrecking crew, right?  We do that primarily through a process called apoptosis, pre-programmed cell death, from the Greek ptosis, meaning falling, and apo, meaning away from. So it's ourselves falling away from our body. For example, we all used to have webbed fingers and toes, literally each one of us in the womb until about four months. Then apoptosis kicks in, and the cells in the webbing in between kill themselves off to separate our fingers.   What can we do about it? Well, one of the ways curry kills cancer cells is by reprogramming the self-destruct mechanism back into cancer cells. Let me just run through one of these pathways. You can see the complexity. FAS, the so-called death receptor, which activates the FAS-associated death domain, along with death receptor 5 and death receptor 4. FAD then activates caspase 8, which ignites the death machine and kills the cell. Does curry powder fit into all this?  It can also activate the death machine directly, as has been shown in lung cancer and colon cancer. Caspases are so-called executioner enzymes that, when activated, destroy the cancer cell from within by chopping up proteins left and right, kind of death by a thousand cuts. And that's just one pathway. Here's all the other ways curcumin can affect apoptosis. And here's all the different types of cancer cells curcumin can kill. But it tends to leave normal cells alone, for reasons that are not fully understood. Overall, this review showed that curcumin can kill a wide variety of tumor cell types through diverse mechanisms. And it's because curcumin can affect numerous mechanisms of cell death at the same time. It's possible that cancer cells may not easily develop resistance to curcumin-induced cell death, like they do to most chemotherapy. Furthermore, its ability to kill tumor cells and not normal cells makes curcumin an attractive candidate. For supper? Can't make money on some spice you can buy anywhere? An attractive candidate for drug development.


Thanks, Ashkan, and thanks, Colleen. So it's great to be back this year. For those of you who don't know me, my name is Saib Khalsa. I'm a psychiatrist and a neuroscientist at the Laureate Institute for Brain Research and the University of Tulsa in Tulsa, Oklahoma. And today I'm going to talk about floating and interception. So what is interception? I talked about it a little bit last year, but for those of you who don't remember that or who are new to this, interception is really how the brain senses the inner body. So one way, kind of easy way to think of it is sort of like an inner selfie, right? Kind of a picture of your body in the moment. But what's different about interception, unlike a selfie, is that you have this dynamic crosstalk happening between the body and the brain. And this crosstalk is different from other forms of sensation that we think of with the body. So for example, here's another term called extraception, sort of how the brain perceives the outer state of the body. Here's a more typical selfie. You may or may not have seen this. About four years ago, a photographer named David Slater left some camera equipment in Indonesia, and this is a photo that a crested macaque took of itself when it was looking at itself its reflection in the mirror, right? So it's kind of an easy way to think about extraception, visual input, auditory input. And this is different from something called proprioception, which you're also very familiar with. And here's a really good depiction of why, right? It's how your brain senses your body in space, and each of these have important characteristics. But for this talk, I'm really going to focus on interoception. So last year, I provided some preliminary results in terms of a natural history of interoception research. So my graduate student, Rachel Lapitas, and I, we surveyed the entire literature going back to 1905 when this term was actually originally coined by a Nobel laureate, Charles Sherrington. And here's what we found. So we found that since the term was coined, there was this lull for about 50 years, and there was a spike in the 50s and 60s in the number of articles published on this concept, a slow increase, and then in the last 10 years or so, it seemed like there was a rise. So for those of you who were here last year, you may remember this. We updated this, and to reflect publications in the last two years, and here's what we found. So it seems that interest in this area from the scientific community is increasing. Now one thing to appreciate is that interoception is multifaceted. So there are a lot of aspects or components to it. This is how we've chosen to break it down so you can attend to the sensation of your inner body. You can detect stimuli that occur inside your body. You need to discriminate them from other sensations. You need to encode sort of how intense is it, maybe how salient is it, how accurate are people that are actually perceiving these changes. We found that some people are rather less accurate. And then this level of self-report, so how do I experience it as a human being above and beyond a sort of quantitative measure? Another aspect to remember is that interoception has multiple channels. So in my lab, one of the main things we study is the heart-brain connection. But when you think about other channels of interoception, respiratory sensations would be one, bladder sensations would be another, genital urinary sensations, there's actually a whole host of these. And in fact, there are entire fields within medicine that are devoted to understanding and treating disorders in which different channels of interoception go awry. So with respect to cardiac interoception, last year I presented this figure describing a number of different tasks that are available to study interoception related to the heart. I'm not going to go through these in detail other than saying the two that we've tended to focus on are ones that are minimalistic. So last year Kyle Simmons talked about this visceral interoceptive attention task where you simply pay attention to your heartbeat. I'll show you some data related to that. And I talked about an approach where we used pharmacological infusions of a medication called isopraterinol, which is a very complicated word. But if you have ever felt you're adrenaline racing, that's kind of what the feeling of the drug is similar to. And one thing that I'd like to point out that's different between these two tasks is that you can see that in the interoceptive attention condition, the intensity of the body is not really changing, at least when you simply attend to your heartbeat sitting at rest as you are here in this conference room, in this theater. Whereas with isopraterinol, we're able to really enhance or increase the intensity with which the heartbeat happens, so the rate and the strength of the heartbeat. And we've shown that you can actually increase the rate at which people feel their heartbeats. So if you think about maybe a time when you were anxious or you were excited, say riding a roller coaster or whether you were exercising, I think you can all relate to that feeling and that sense of your heart racing. One of the things that I'll argue today is that floating may provide another opportunity to study how interoception is enhanced, and I'll give you a little bit of data in just a second. So the first hypothesis that we have is that really floating enhances interoceptive sensation. So if you think about your brain, so here, you've probably seen this slide before. So if you think about when people are floating, when we think about what type of information is coming into the nervous system, the central nervous system, vision seems to be attenuated, auditory information, tactile sensation, if you're not moving, you don't have as much proprioceptive input, and if you're not speaking, your speech centers are potentially relatively silent. So what does that leave? Well, it leaves aspects of your frontal lobe, and it leaves other aspects of sensory experience interoception. And the basic hypothesis that I have is that interoception is increased during floating. So I'm going to talk a little bit about the first float fMRI study. I'll present some data that you haven't seen before. I know that Justin and Pon Lin talked about the design of this study, so I'll go through this relatively quickly. But basically, we randomized healthy individuals to either floating in the pool or floating in a chair, and the chair was a comparator condition. All floats were 90 minutes, and people were scanned before and after, and we assessed what kind of sensory experiences they had, and we did a number of tasks. So Justin and Pon talked about resting state networks in the brain. Today I'm going to talk about the interoceptive tasks. Now I'll get to that in a second. I want to go through a little bit of the demographics. So 20 healthy individuals, equivalent in age, in education, and in gender, and these were healthy individuals. So we thoroughly screened them to ensure that. So these were people who did not have a history of a psychiatric condition. We verified that with a diagnostic psychiatric interview. We tested them to make sure that there was no evidence of drugs of abuse in their system, and we reviewed their medications to ensure that there were no prescription medications they were taking that could alter the cerebral responses or potentially alter their experience of the float. Importantly, this study was also approved by the Western Institutional Review Board after ethical review. So to assess whether there was interoceptive sensory enhancement with the float, we asked people after each float, during the float, how intensely did you feel various interoceptive sensations? So we asked them about the breath, we asked them about the heartbeat, and we asked them about stomach and digestive sensations. And they could rate it from zero, meaning no, I didn't feel it at all, to 100 where I felt it extremely. So when we looked at what kind of experiences people in the chair condition had across all the three floats they did, they felt it mildly and pretty equivalently across. When we looked at the float pool condition, we found these effects. So people who floated in the pool reported a significant increase in breathing sensations, heartbeat sensations, but interestingly not stomach or digestive sensations. Now I realize this is probably not news to any of you who run float centers or have floated a lot, but here is some quantitative evidence to support this experience that many people have had. So here's some evidence that maybe floating enhances interoceptive sensation. There are other ways to look at this, so you can look at the bodily representation, sort of how people perceive their sensations in the float pool. We'll talk about the heartbeat next, and that's using these cardiac body maps. I showed a little bit of this last year, but this is the updated finding. So basically what we asked people to do is, before they floated, we asked them to trace on a mannequin where in their body they noticed their heartbeat sensation. And then we asked them after they floated to do the same, and we did that with each float, with the chair condition, and also with the pool condition. And so what did we find? Well, before they floated in the chair, this is where people tended to report feeling their heartbeat sensation. So in terms of all of the trials that we collected, there was a higher density up to 32 percent of the ratings in a region that is consistent with the anatomical location of the heart. So what about in the chair condition? We found some differences. So there was still a sensation of the heartbeat in the chest, but there was also seemed to be a spread to other regions, like the abdomen and the neck, maybe even the back. So this is kind of interesting. When we looked at the pool condition, this is what we observed. So again, similar location. And here's what we found in the pool. So a spread now, again to the abdomen, again to the neck, but also the face, the shoulders, the arms, and a larger region in the back. And if you look at this all together to kind of make a visual comparison, you can see it a little bit easier. So similar rates of overlap in the pre-float conditions in both. In the post-float conditions, you can see that actually, even in the chair, there was greater overlap in the post-float versus the pre-float. And in the pool condition, there's an even higher overlap. So this was kind of interesting. So we see some similar effects with the pool as with the chair, but we also see some differences. And it caused me to think a little bit about how is it that we feel our heartbeat? What are the forces at play when you're lying down? Because people were lying supine in the chair, just like they were in the pool. And if you think about the heartbeat and how the dynamics of blood flows throughout the heart, right, your heart is part of a circulatory system. You have an arterial side, you have a venous side, and it's constantly circulating. And Colleen talked very nicely about some of the effects with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There are actually some changes that occur with blood pressure when you go from lying down to sitting or standing, or from standing to lying down.  And what that does is that it decreases blood flow to the heart, which decreases a variable called cardiac output, so the amount of blood that your heart can pump into the arterial system, which causes your arterial blood pressure to fall. Now if your arterial blood pressure dropped to zero every time you stood up, you would faint. And so your body has evolved some complex autonomic cardiovascular reflexes to adjust and prevent that from happening. So if you are healthy, your autonomic nervous system engages what's called the baroreceptor response. And so when you stand up, your vessels contract, and you can maintain blood flow throughout the organism.  Well, when you lie down, blood volume shifts towards the heart. So rather than blood flowing away from the heart, it shifts towards the heart, which increases your cardiac output, which increases the amount of blood that the heart pumps throughout the body with each beat. So if you look at these maps and you look at the circulatory system, right, you have a thoracic aorta, an abdominal aorta. You've got carotid arteries. You've got brachial arteries. You've got arteries throughout your entire body. And clearly lying down in a comfortable chair causes some of these dynamic changes. But what's also clear is that if you're lying in a pool, those changes seem to be different, seem to be larger. People seem to feel perhaps more of a spread in terms of the sensations themselves. So I think that's very interesting. That, I think, provides some additional evidence that floating may indeed increase interception during the acute float process. What about brain activity? So I'll introduce you to a task that we used called the visceral interceptive attention task. So basically what we ask people to do is simply pay attention to the feeling of inner body sensations after they floated. This task is based on something called the neural spotlight effect, wherein when you attend to a particular process, neurons in the brain that are involved in that process increase activity. So when you attend to the heart or to the stomach, neurons in those regions should increase. Whereas when you attend to something that's not internally relevant or rather it's extraceptively relevant, like the word target, you don't have activity in those areas of the brain. So we ask people to do this task after they floated in the pool and after they floated in the chair. And this is what we found. So we contrasted, first of all, the interceptive attention versus the extraceptive here. I'm only going to show you data for the heart versus target. And what we found is that a region of the brain on both sides, called the insula, shown here. This is actually the posterior insula. Here's the entire extent of it. Showed a significant increase in activation. So simply attending to the feeling of the heartbeat after the float seemed to show that there was increased activation in a region of the brain that seems to represent inner body sensations. What was interesting is that the more that subjects experienced their heartbeat during the float, the greater the amount of posterior insula activation during this attention. But it was only in the pool condition, okay? So this is a plot showing that. Here's another view of the insula right here. Here's the posterior cluster. And what you can see is these blue dots are the pool group. And these gray triangles are the chair group. And you can see that heartbeat intensity in the third float was increased for a number of them. It seemed to increase more for this group. And there was only in the pool group a significant relationship between activity in this region of the insula and the subjective experience that people had. So this got us pretty excited. And we're in the process of preparing this for publication. But what really got us excited was when we thought about other studies that we had done that allowed us to also increase inter-receptive sensations. I mentioned the adrenaline study. Well, my lab with a very talented postdoc as the first author, we just published a paper where we showed that when you increase the heartbeat and increase people's sensation of the heartbeat with a drug, you get activation in a very similar region of the insula, the posterior insula, only on the right in this case. So these data suggest that a common region of the insula may be mapping the sensation of increased cardiovascular change but across two very different conditions. So we've learned something I think about floating, but we've also learned something about inter-reception. So to summarize this first study, it seems that floating appears to enhance inter-receptive sensation. The evidence for this seems to be through these increased reports of cardiac and respiratory sensation, through the increased localization of cardiac sensations in the body, and also the preferential engagement of a body-sensitive brain region, the insular cortex. So I'm gonna move to talk about a different study. This is now a clinical study that we're doing at the Laureate Institute for Brain Research with patients with anorexia nervosa. So last year, some of you who are here, you probably heard Emily Noren's very compelling account of her personal battle with an eating disorder and the role that floating played in her recovery. So we have an eating disorders unit in our institute, actually two floors above us. I have a very active program in studying this condition. And we wanted to begin to investigate how floating might play a role in this disorder. But let me first make the case for why. So first of all, anorexia nervosa is a rare but very deadly psychiatric disorder. So it only affects about 1% of the population, 10 to one female to male. But it has one of the highest mortality rates, if not the highest mortality rate in psychiatric disorders, 20% lifetime, which has been estimated to be two to three times greater than bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. What's worse is that current treatments really only have moderate efficacy. So while they're able to oftentimes reduce the severity of symptoms, there are very high relapse rates. So up to 50% at one year. Also medications appear to play a relatively limited role in treatment. And that's primarily because across the studies that have been done, across the clinical trials and across clinical experience, medications don't seem to work too well at reducing the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. What are the symptoms? So if you look in the diagnostic and statistical manual, or you ask a clinician who treats eating disorders, they'll say that anorexia nervosa is characterized by severe food restriction causing pronounced weight loss. So a weight that's much, much lower than normal. However, despite the fact that people's weight is very low, they have an intense fear of gaining weight. And these are individuals who have a very disciplined ability to ignore hunger signals, to ignore food resulting in emaciation of the body. In addition, they have a disturbed body image perception. So the classic phenomenon you might see represented is that these are individuals, when they look in the mirror, they see somebody who is physically much larger than they actually are. Physically much larger, much fatter than the way they perceive themselves, or the way that others perceive them. In addition, there's a high degree of anxiety in terms of anxiety disorders. So people are often diagnosed with an anxiety disorder before they ever develop anorexia nervosa or they develop it afterwards. They have high amounts of obsessionality. Obsessive compulsive disorder is highly comorbid. And they're often seen as perfectionistic as a trait, lifetime trait. What's more, and this is relatively less emphasized in the current literature, although I think there's been some increasing recognition of this, is that these patients oftentimes have difficulty recognizing emotional states, sort of what emotion am I feeling right now? How am I feeling? And also inner body sensations. They often have a intense preoccupation with sensations from their stomach, even when it's not clear that there's any particular disordered process going on. These patients often complain of constipation.  So why floating? Impaired body image perception of the body from the outside, increased anxiety, and altered bodily sensation. All things that it appears that floating acts on. So we wanted to investigate this further. The basic hypothesis, it's very limited, so I won't present a lot of data today. Certainly not any immediately conclusive results that we can submit for publication, but the first thing we have to ask ourselves is, is floating safe? And the basic hypothesis that we have is that floating is safe for individuals with anorexia nervosa.  But there are a lot of possibilities where individuals could potentially run into trouble when they float. What if they get really anxious when they're in the float pool? What if their blood pressure changes? What if they stand up and all the venous return goes away from the heart and they feel dizzy and lightheaded and faint? So this is really a safety study where we're seeking to establish whether the act of participating in floating is safe. In doing so, what we wanted to do was find individuals who are relatively recovered from their condition. So what we did was we consented participants. They had a face-to-face psychiatric evaluation. They had a detailed behavioral assessment. And first, we asked them to undergo floating, but we asked them to float in a chair. And what we did was we did some very detailed measurements of their blood pressure. We measured what's called orthostatic vital signs. Patients who come into the eating disorders unit who are often very underweight, very dehydrated, it's routine for them to feel dizzy when they stand up. It's not uncommon for them to faint or fall. And so they're oftentimes very, very closely observed. Well, we didn't want that to happen. So first we measured orthostatic vital signs when people were in the chair. So they were clothed. We had a nurse, my lab manager, who's right next to them in the event that they felt that way. And after we could ensure that they didn't have any orthostatic hypotension, we asked them to then come back and float in the open pool. And we followed that by floating in the domed pool or the closed pool. And we had a very specific reason for doing this. So a number of patients who have elevated anxiety often report claustrophobia being in enclosed spaces. And we felt like this would provide a nice graded way for them to get used to the idea of floating. And finally, we had them float again. So some of the effects that people have hypothesized about floating appear to have a chronological relationship. So the more you float, the more the benefit you get. So we wanted to be able to examine this across multiple floats, but three floats. All of the floats were 90 minutes. And we assessed several autonomic parameters. So Colleen did a great job of talking about the blood pressure, the heart rate, the EEG changes. We measured a lot of these parameters during the first and second float. We wanted to give people an experience of floating which is more consistent with what happens in the community in many of your float centers. So we had a float where there were no sensors. And then we repeated the sensor measurement for the fourth and final float. So at this point, where are we in this study? We have recruited six participants thus far, all relatively young, about a little more than high school education, all female. Importantly, these are people who have a normal body mass index. So you can see the range right here. Normal is 18.5 and 24.9 is the high end of normal. And the point here is that again, we wanted to start with people who are actually clinically doing fairly well. People for whom we weren't worried of them developing orthostatic hypotension because they weren't acutely underweight. Not surprisingly, their eating disorder symptoms were on the low end of the spectrum when we used the eating disorder examination questionnaire. If you look at a more clinical population, more acute, that number would be much higher. So they were all weight restored and clinically stable, but despite that, we found some residual evidence of disturbed body image and heightened anxiety. And this is a very common phenomenon in the field of anorexia nervosa research. Some people have called this the illness scar, sort of symptoms that persist beyond acute treatment. And we found evidence of that. So I'll talk about preliminary results. Now this is an ongoing clinical trial. So it's a safety study. I'm pleased to report that first and foremost, we haven't seen any evidence of orthostatic hypotension or dizziness. So there's no adverse events. And I'll show you a little bit of data in the last few minutes about some of the findings in the first couple floats. So again, this is a small sample, but I thought you'd be interested to see this. So the first thing that we noticed is that during floating, this is the pool, sorry, this is the chair, and then here's the pool. This is only the first float. We see some significant decreases in diastolic blood pressure, even evident within the first float. It's unclear whether this will be a trend. Certainly others, including Tom Fine's pioneering research has shown that reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure occur. We see decreased diastolic at this point. When we look at the trajectory of blood pressure during the float, so what we see within individuals even, not too many changes. So this is a single individual before, sorry, a single individual during the chair float, and then here's their blood pressure value during the pool float. So this person had a decrease. This person really stayed flat. What's clear is in the diastolic condition, everybody goes down a little bit. When you look at the trajectory of blood pressure during the float, what you can see is that there seem to be some increases at the midpoint in the chair, and you see this early decrease followed again by this midpoint increase. I'm not sure what that is, but that's kind of what we're observing. Whereas with diastolic blood pressure, the pattern is different. So we see across the board sustained decreases during the very first float. How about affect? So we assess people's experience of emotion during the float using a scale called the Ponus X. So Justin has mentioned this to you before, talked about some of the different sub-scales. There are different sub-scales in this and what we did, so there's one called negative affect, positive affect, joviality, serenity and fatigue. I think Justin has presented on this. Let me just tell you about some of the terms and I'll show you what the changes actually were. So negative affect is basically how afraid were you, nervous, irritable, guilty, ashamed. And what you can see, these are change scores, so the maximum possible change is 100. You can see that floating in a chair is associated with some decreased negative affect, and it decreases a little bit in the first float. But what about positive affect? Well, positive affect terms are rating things like how active do you feel, how alert, attentive, inspired. And what we see is positive affect seems to go up in this patient population. We looked at joviality, which is how happy, joyful or energetic do you feel. It also seems to go up preferentially in the pool. Serenity is how calm, relaxed or at ease do you feel. Interestingly, the float in the chair seemed to be somewhat serenity increasing in this population, but the pool was even preferentially above that. And then in terms of fatigue, how tired, sluggish or drowsy do you feel actually went substantially down in the pool. How about some inter-receptive changes?  And what we found interestingly, so this was predicted, so breathing sensations increased in these patients, which is consistent with the data I showed you before. Heartbeat sensations also increased in the first float in the pool, but stomach sensations actually decreased. And what was interesting about this was that I thought back to Emily's presentation and how she talked about the fact that floating was an environment that seemed to allow her to tolerate the discomfort of eating. She would float after a meal. It seemed to decrease the impact that those meal-related sensations had on her feelings. Whether or not this will hold, I'm not sure, but preliminarily, it seems somewhat interesting. We talked to people afterwards and we asked them what they felt. So this is sort of straight from the participant's report. After the first pool float, we had one participant who said it went really well. I felt more relaxed and refreshed. This goes along with the ratings. After the third float, she said, I guess I didn't know I could have less anxiety or better body image. That's kind of interesting. It's anecdotal, but again, this is what she said. We had a second participant who came in and said, after the chair float, I'm feeling anxious, but that's pretty much how I usually feel, anticipating what I need to do for the rest of the day, which is not an uncommon thing to hear, somebody who's highly anxious. But after the first pool float, she said I'm feeling more relaxed than I was when I came in. Definitely, and excited about the day and upcoming things. After the third float, she said this was definitely the best one. I feel a lot more relaxed, more steady, not as emotional and a little more rational, which is unusual, because normally I don't feel that way. I feel illogical. And when we asked her if she learned anything about herself during the experience, she said I keep being surprised and startled by how unreliable my anticipation is of things. I really need to take more time to just sort of be quiet because I really do and I think a lot of people avoid that. So I thought that was really interesting. So to wrap up, floating appears so far to be safe for individuals with a history of anorexia nervosa. We don't know about individuals who are acutely in the illness state, who are on the inpatient unit, but we don't see evidence so far of orthostatic blood pressure changes. We see some increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect. We don't appear to see a worsening of body image disturbance, but I think that further study is warranted. I think that affected individuals, particularly in the more acute state, is warranted to determine whether it's safe for them and maybe at some point in the future to evaluate the potential efficacy as a clinical intervention. So I'd like to thank all of the people in my lab. I'd especially like to thank Dr. Scott Mosman, who's the director of the eating disorders program, Justin Feinstein, my colleagues Kyle Simmons and Martin Paulus. I'd especially like to thank the float conference organizers for allowing me to come and present to you. So thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.


Hello friends. Let's work out the following problem. It says integrate the following function. The given function is 1 upon x plus x into log x. Before finding the integral of this function, we first need to know the formula for the integral of 1 upon y dy. It is log y plus c. So this will be the key idea. Let us now move on to the solution. We have to find the integral of 1 upon x plus x log x dx, which is again equal to the integral of 1 upon. We take x common. So we have x into 1 plus log x dx. Now here we see that the derivative of 1 plus log x is 1 upon x. That is this. So we put y is equal to 1 plus log x. Now we differentiate this with respect to y, with respect to x. So dy by dx is equal to 1 upon x. And this implies dy is equal to 1 upon x dx. Now 1 upon x into dx is dy. And 1 plus log x is y. So we substitute all this in the integral. So the integral becomes 1 upon y dy. Now the integral of 1 upon y dy is log y plus c, where c is the constant of integration. Now we substitute the value of y in this. And y is 1 plus log x.  The integral of the given function is log 1 plus log x plus c. And this completes the question. Bye for now. Take care. Have a good day.