We're listening to the Naked Bible Podcast. To support this podcast, click at NakedBiblePodcast.com and click on the support link in the upper right-hand corner. If you're new to the podcast and Dr. Heizer's approach to the Bible, click on New Start Here at NakedBiblePodcast.com. Welcome to the Naked Bible Podcast, Episode 182, Hebrews Chapters 4, Verses 1-13. I'm Delayman, Trey Strickland, and he's the scholar, Dr. Michael Heizer. Hey, Mike, how you doing? Pretty good. Pretty good. It's been a busy week, you know, about that time of year when the normal chaos starts to veer into the vortex of why do I do all this stuff? But October, November are always like that, so we kind of expect it. Yeah, did you do some recording for Fringe Pop as well? How'd that go? Yeah, we had a week or so ago. We've recorded 13 episodes. So, you know, I think that's going to be starting probably late in the fall. Well, they'll start putting up the channel and populating that. So we had a good week. We didn't have near the glitches we had the first time. We ironed all those out, so it was pretty smooth. All right, we'll be looking forward to it. Yeah. Well, we're in Hebrews Chapter 4. Now, you know, we're only going to do the first 13 verses because whoever wrote the book of Hebrews has a, you know, I don't want to say an irritating habit of jumping between subjects and then returning to the same subject later on. But we're getting a lot of that as we head into Chapter 4 all the way really through Chapter 10. A lot of that stuff is going to be about the high priesthood of Jesus, but there's going to be other things mixed in. So we're going to try to kind of tailor the episodes to sections that are coherent, that don't, you know, really take more than one subject at a time, try to work our way through Hebrews that way. So today it's Hebrews 4, 1 through 13. And I'm just going to start by reading Chapter 4. We'll read through the whole thing at least until the point where we're going to stop. Maybe I'll just add on the last few verses because when we get to that point anyway, I'll be telegraphing with the next episode that we're jumping into. But here in Hebrews 4, verse 1, let's start out. It says, Therefore, while the promise of entering his rest still stands, let us fear, lest any of you should seem to have failed to reach it. For good news came to us just as to them, but the message they heard did not benefit them because they were not united by faith with those who listened. For we who have believed enter that rest as he has said, Quote, As I swore in my wrath, they shall not enter my rest." Although his works were finished from the foundation of the world. Verse 4, For he has somewhere spoken of the seventh day in this way, and God rested on the seventh day from all his works. And again in this passage he said, again quoting, they shall not enter my rest." Verse 6, Since therefore it remains for some to enter it, and those who formerly received the good news failed to enter because of disobedience, again he appoints a certain day. Today, saying through David, so long afterward, in the words already quoted, Today, if you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts. For if Joshua had given them rest, God would not have spoken of another day later on. So then there remains a Sabbath rest for the people of God. For whoever has entered God's rest has also rested from his works, as God did from his. Let us therefore strive to enter that rest so that no one may fall by the same sort of disobedience. For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart. And no creature is hidden from his sight, but all are naked and exposed to the eyes of him to whom we must give account. That's the end of verse 13. In chapter 4 closes with these three verses, and you can see right away how the subject matter changes, which is why we're going to be considering them in the next episode. Verse 14 says, Since then we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens. Jesus, the Son of God, let us hold fast our confession. For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but one who in every respect has been tempted as we are yet without sin. Let us then with confidence draw near to the throne of grace that we may receive mercy and find grace to help in time of need. Now for this episode, again we're going to just do the first 13 verses, and look at the way it starts. Again, if you're following the series up until this point, the beginning of this should really sound familiar. Therefore, while the promise of entering his rest still stands, let us fear, lest any of you should seem to have failed to reach it. For good news came to us just as to them, but the message they heard did not benefit them because they were not united by faith with those who listened. Therefore, we who have believed enter that rest. As he said, as I swore in my wrath, they should not enter my rest. Now that will stop there toward the end of verse 3. That material sounds a lot like some of the things in chapter 3. It really takes us back to Hebrews 3 verses 6 through 8, and I'll just read those real quickly here. But Christ is faithful over God's house as a son, and we are his house if indeed we hold fast our confidence and our boasting in our hope. Therefore, as the Holy Spirit says, today if you hear his voice do not harden your hearts as in the rebellion on the days of testing in the wilderness. So you get this theme of entering the promised land. We talked about the rest of God, that this idea of refusing to let people enter into the rest of God, enter into the land and all that sort of thing, how that started back in the book of Numbers. We talked about this in the last episode, and what kept them from going in was not a specific violation of the Torah, of the law. What kept them from going in was a lack of faith. In other words, unbelief. Here in Hebrews 4, 1 through 3, we get the same thought. The promise of entering his rest still stands. Now think about that. One of the questions we raised in the last episode, after we were talking about the relationship of belief to all of this language, how disobedience in chapter 3 was defined as unbelief, again, not some specific violation of Torah. We got into the whole subject of quote, unquote, losing your salvation. I made a couple of statements here. That which cannot be obtained by moral perfection, cannot be lost by moral imperfection. You are eternally secure if you believe. If you don't, you're not. This is really what Hebrews is oriented around. This idea of maintaining your faith, holding fast to your confession, staying in belief. You have to believe. This is the lone requirement, the lone thing that God is interested in. Again, the breader of Hebrews uses the analogy of this episode way back in Numbers. It's not the only time we're going to see some, he's in chapter 4, he's hearkening back to some other things as well. But this whole theme begins with this failure of faith, this giving way to unbelief. Another way to say that is, they didn't believe in the promises. They just didn't believe them. God punished them with 40 years of wandering in the wilderness. He said, whoever didn't believe, they're just not going into the land. They're just not going to do this. And again, the land was where the temple was. The temple was where God would rest. God would place his name. For those of you who have read, like John Walton's book about Genesis 1, this is the basis of the Sabbath. Genesis 1 is describing the creation of the heavens and earth in the same mode as the building that is rectifying of a temple. Well, that's what God's temple is. It's on earth. It's in Eden. This is where the creation episode ends because God has now taken up his residence on earth in his temple, which is Eden. Again, the cosmic mount and the dwelling place, the divine council, Yahweh's abode. These are familiar themes to anybody who listens to this podcast. And that became sort of the template, idea for rest, for temple, for God's dwelling, God runs his affairs. It's tied into creation and it's tied into this establishment of the temple, the re-establishment of the place where God will come to earth and dwell with man. So this ought to be familiar theology. And you need to, as the people of God, the ones that he wants in his family, that he has promised family membership to. He has promised eternal family membership to. What he wants from you is not moral perfection because you're not going to give him that. You can't by definition. You can't even do mostly perfect as though mostly holy is good enough. Now you have to be made fit for dwelling in the presence of God. And the way that you do that in New Testament theology anyway is you are united to Christ. You are based. You are made members of his body. He became incarnate. Hebrews 1, Hebrews 2. So that, again, he could effect redemption, not for angels, not for anybody else, but the children of Abraham. Again, children of Abraham, you go back to Paul's language in Galatians 3. The children of Abraham are all who believe, whether they're Jew or Gentile. All of these themes in biblical theology are intertwined. They are not separate parts that do operate independently of the other ones. They are all intertwined. And so when we take all that to Hebrews 4, Hebrews 3, Hebrews 4, and we're going to hit it again later on, the issue is if you want to be in the family of God, if you want to have an eternal life there, you want to enter into his rest and his rest occurs where his house is, his temple is, his dwelling place, his abode. You must believe. That is the only requirement. You must believe. You can't forsake your belief. You can't turn your loyalty to another God or no God at all. And so this is why the people, the wilderness account, the people of Israel are used as a template to illustrate the idea. So here in Hebrews 4, I mean, look at the language he uses. The good news came to us just as it did to them. Again, the good news, I don't know what God's promises were, but the message they heard did not benefit them because they were not united by faith with those who listened. Look at the division. There are people who didn't listen and people who did. And listening isn't just, oh, well, that's interesting. No, listening implies they heard it and they embraced it, they believed it. Those are the ones who got to enter the rest. You go back to the wilderness wanderings, who gets to go into the land? Well, not a whole lot of people. I mean, from the first generation, Aaron has died, Moses is going to die before he gets into the land. So first generation, not many, very, very few. I mean, there are others besides Joshua and Caleb and we don't need to go back in the book of Joshua and read all that. But most of them are second generation, those who did not commit the sin of unbelief. That is the issue. Unbelief versus unbelief. And look at verse 3 here in chapter 4. For we who have believed enter that rest. It doesn't say we who have been mostly morally perfect.  It doesn't say that. This is not about behavioral perfection, even behavior at all. Your status as a member of the family of God is based upon your belief. Your belief in the gospel. In the Old Testament, again, if you've read Unseen Realm, we talked about the relationship of salvation that's consistent across the Testaments. How was an Israelite saved? He believed that God, Yahweh was the God of gods and that for some reason this God of gods had entered into a covenant relationship with the children of Abraham. We have to believe that. And if we believe that, then what we do in life will reflect the fact that we believe that. And it will show that we're grateful for God condescending when he had no reason in particular to do this, Deuteronomy 7, 7 and 8. The Lord loved you because he loved you. It doesn't say he loved you because of anything you did. Again, it's very consistent. Salvation in Israel was loyalty. Believing loyalty to the God of Israel. And again, loyalty is not about performance. Believing loyalty is about you don't change teams. You don't shift your faith to another God or no God at all. It's very consistent in the New Testament. The object of our faith is Christ who is the God of Israel incarnate and who died on the cross for our sins. Believing loyalty to him means this is the exclusive object of faith. This is the lone means of salvation. There is no other. We believe that and we cling to that. We keep believing in that or we don't. So the theology of Hebrews is very consistent. Again, with the need, again, this being the only litmus test, the need for belief. So you're eternally secure if you believe and if you don't believe, you're not. And it's very consistent across the board. Now, we get down into, again, these verses here we've got hearkening back to Hebrews 3, 6 and 8, 15 and 19, which I read. Again, I didn't tack on verses 15 through 19. Let's just go back to chapter 3 real quickly. Again, the same themes. As it is said today, if you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts as in the rebellion. In other words, don't fall into unbelief. You get down to verse 18. To whom did he swear that they would not enter his rest, but to those who were disobedient? Well, what's disobedience? Is that a violation of the Torah? No. So we see that they were verse 19, chapter 3. So we see that they were unable to enter because of unbelief. And the disobedience here in Hebrews 3, Hebrews 4 is another way of referring to unbelief. It is not a specific Torah violation. Now, if you remember the last episode, we got into all this. We just repeated this little bit here from chapter 3. And we asked questions like, well, what about doubt? Well, again, questions are not unbelief. Wondering what God is doing isn't unbelief. Wondering why God did or didn't do something isn't unbelief. You know, unbelief is refusing to believe God's promise of eternal life. Okay, that's what unbelief is. Rejecting the gospel in favor of some other God or nothing at all.  That's one of the questions. Well, what if somebody lapses into unbelief? Is it over for them? Can they come back? Are they just completely undone? And I said, no. Because I use the analogy of Israel. Those who had that happen to them, God still offered them through the prophets the chance to repent, the chance to believe again, the chance to come back. Look at how Hebrews 4 opens. First line. Therefore, while the promise of entering His rest still stands. It still stands. Let us fear lest any of you should seem to have failed to reach it. Again, we have an offer that's extended. It has not been withdrawn. And it raises the question of what does it mean by lest any of you should seem to have failed to reach it? I'm going to read a little section from Guthrie here to get us into this issue. Guthrie in his little Hebrews commentary writes, Although the men of the wilderness, think back to the Old Testament context, failed to obtain the rest, the promise of it still remained for their children. Indeed, the assumption is made that the promise is timeless and is available still to the writer and his readers, hence the further exhortation. It is important to note that the first words according to the Greek text are, let us fear therefore. The position of the verb gives it special emphasis. It would be salutary for Christians seriously to consider the failure of the Israelites. And they're incurring the displeasure of God. And to fear lest a similar calamity should befall members of the new community, the spiritual Israel, in other words, the church. The writer accepts without question that the promise of entering his rest remains, presumably because his doctrine of God is such that no word of his can be conceived to fail. Now, this whole idea of lest any of you should seem to have failed to, let me get the wording right, should seem to have failed to reach it. The writer of Hebrews is saying, look, don't let this happen to you. Don't let this, don't slip off into unbelief. Don't let that happen to you. Now that the word translated seem in ESV is doka'o in Greek. It can mean to seem or like to appear. Or it means to think.  And if you translate it the way the ESV has it, it's sort of directed at those among his readership, the writer's readership, that his readers might presume to not be true believers. So, again, let me restate that in a way that I think might be better. If you go with the ESV translation, which is what I read, therefore while the promise of entering his rest still stands, let us fear lest any of you should seem to have failed to reach it. If you're someone listening to that or reading it in the original community, you might think, well, that comment's directed at maybe some of the people that we wonder if they're true believers. There's uncertainty about whether this or that person that we know believes. Other translations though opt for think. And then the wording changes a little bit and I think that the nuance changes as well. Lest any of you think you have failed to reach the rest of God or to reach salvation. If you look at it that way, then the focus here would be readers who are considering themselves. They're sort of thinking about themselves when they hear this, including themselves in the group. Perhaps they're wondering about some sin or some doubt. They have some failure that has made them question their own salvation. Perhaps they've fallen into unbelief and are now wondering if they're cut off from salvation because their faith lapsed. Well, if that's the case and that's just as good of an interpretation as the other, what the ESV has, then if you look at Hebrews 4.1 they can come back. The promise of entering his rest still stands. And I think that's really the way we need to look at this because he's writing to an audience that's still living. He's not writing to an audience that's dead back in the days of Joshua. He uses Joshua and the Israelites for his point of analogy. But he's writing to people in a current time and basically when he writes to them, they might be thinking about somebody in their community that might seem to not really be a believer or they wonder about or they might be wondering about themselves for whatever reason. And then the statement of verse 1 really becomes important. The promise of entering his rest still stands. You who are reading this letter, you who are hearing this read to you in the first century who are under persecution and you maybe you know somebody that lapsed in their faith or maybe you lapsed in your faith. Well, I got news for you. Don't let that happen to you. Don't go off and then not believe and then suffer the consequences of it. We want you to know the writer wants you to know that the promise of entering his rest still stands. It's still there. It's still good. You can still partake of it.   I mean, very clearly rejecting the hand of God, the words of God, the promises of God through Moses. If you remember in the last episode part of that episode in the book of Numbers, they picked up stones and they were ready to stone Moses. Their decision, they had cast their lot with unbelief. They had made their decision and God punished them for it. Now, in this case we don't have quite the same scenario. We have a warning that if you if this happens to you there's going to be consequences but even if you're wondering, even if you're thinking like, oh, am I there? Is my buddy over there? Is my sister, my wife, my husband out there? Look he wants you to know in verse 1 even if you think that somebody might be here, even if it seems like someone has sort of gone down this trail. The promise of entering his rest still stands. It's serious. You don't want this to be the case. You don't want yourself or anybody else to turn their backs on the gospel to reject the gospel because as we'll see in chapter 6, there is no other plan for salvation. There is no other means for salvation. There is nothing else God can do to save. This is the only way of salvation. So this needs to be something that's embraced and not surrendered. So he's warning them, don't make that final out. Don't reach that final point of rejection. But if it seems like this is the case, again, he wants you to know the promise of entering his rest still stands. So I think it's kind of important to note the wording there and again the context. If you go back to verse 3 in chapter 4, as we're working our way through the chapter, he has, for we who have believed enter that rest, as he has said, I swore in my wrath, they shall not enter my rest, although his works were finished from the foundation of the world. This is a reference to the creation week and the author is going to elaborate on the rest language in verse 4. For he has, you know, God has, Moses has, you know, however we want to take that, has somewhere spoken of the seventh day in this way. God rested on the seventh day from all his works. And again in this passage, he said, they shall not enter my rest. Now again to take a look at that Guthrie a little bit, Guthrie has again some comments here that I think are worth pointing out. He writes, what believers can now enter is none other than the same kind of rest which the creator enjoyed when he had completed his works. Again, there's this reference back to the creation week, back to Guthrie. He says again that we have the kind of rest which the creator enjoyed when he had completed his works, which means that the rest the rest idea is an idea of completion and not of inactivity. It's important to note that the rest is not something new which has not been known and experienced until Christ came. It has been available throughout the whole of man's history. This reference back to the creation places the idea on the broadest possible basis and would seem to suggest that it was part of God's intention for man. Rest is a quality which has eluded man's quest and in fact cannot be attained except through Christ. Jesus himself invited men to come to him to find rest. That's Matthew 28 or Matthew 11, 28 to 30. Come to me all who labor and are heavy laid and I will give you rest. The idea of rest there in both Jesus term and here in Hebrews 4, harkens back to this notion of God resting from creation, his work where does he rest? At home. He's in his house. Where's his house? Well back then it was in Eden. We come back to the Edenic theme. The home of God, the abode of God. This is also the cosmic mountain where the divine council is. These are our brothers. We're going to be grafted in as family members with God's divine family in Hebrews chapter 2. There will come a point when Jesus introduces us to God and God to us in the quote congregation in the council in Hebrews chapter 2. So all of those ideas are connected to this idea. This idea of rest and the point to retain is that this is about eternal life with God. Eden is the culmination of the creation week. Being, you know, God's done now. He's at home. He wants his family to be at home. He's going to be there to enjoy his family. This is something prepared by God for humanity. It is not the result of our efforts. It's the result of his acts of power, his efforts, not ours. So again, we need to think about what we're looking at theologically. It's very consistent. None of this is about us getting a certain level of perfection through our own efforts or merit. It's just not in the picture at all. Back to Hebrews 4-6, since therefore it remains for some to enter it. Again, this whole idea, this salvation, the promise of salvation is still open. It's still out there. And those who formerly received the good news failed to enter because of disobedience. Again, this unbelief problem that we're drawing in from chapter 3. Again, he appoints a certain day. So even though you've had people lapse, verse 7, again, he appoints a certain day today saying through David so long afterward in the words already quoted today, if you hear his voice do not harden your hearts. Again, even if there's been a lapse do not stay in the status of unbelief. You can still believe today if you hear his voice do not harden your hearts. Again, back to Hebrews 4-1, there might seem to be some among you that are going down this path that the Israelites went or you might think it's yourself. This might be an introspective. It doesn't matter regardless if you're thinking about somebody else or thinking about yourself today. Today, if you hear his voice do not harden your hearts. Why? Because verse 6, therefore, it remains for some to enter it. Verse 1, the promise of entering his rest still stands. Again, take it seriously because you can go off in unbelief and again, you can if you do that it's your choice to stay there and some people do but you should know it's not a, you know, what's the friend, fate a complete. It's not like a done deal. It's not the law the means of the persons. Today if you hear his voice, don't harden your hearts. Verse 8, for if Joshua had given them rest, God would not have spoken of another day later on. So then there remains a Sabbath rest for the people of God. For whoever has entered God's rest, again when you look at rest, think of I'm coming home. I'm entering the home of God where there is eternal life with him and the rest of his family. It's where I belong if I'm united with Christ because Christ is my brother Hebrews chapter 2. All these thoughts are interconnected so then back to verse 9, there remains a Sabbath rest for the people of God. For whoever has entered God's rest has also rested from his as God did from his. So the theme of not entering into my rest this is Hagner now. Hagner has a nice thought here. The theme of not entering into my rest is brought up again. Hagner points out here in these few verses here, 8, 9 and 10. This time their reference is one of the songs. As we saw in the last episode this is me talking now. The first time this idea is introduced launching the wilderness wandering for 40 years, that was Numbers 14. The theme of not entering into the land, the place where the presence of God would abide and God's people would abide with that presence again because of unbelief. Turning from God to one's own efforts or the aid of another God. This is a repeated theme. It's not just Numbers 14 where we have it in other places. It's a repeated theme. The cyclone theme begins in Numbers 14 but occurs elsewhere. Here in Hebrews 4, again Hagner has alerted to us that we're dealing with a Psalm here. The writer specifically jumps into Psalm 95 verses 7b, the second half of verse 7 and verse 8. Back to Hagner here, he writes, again our author continues his Midrash. Midrash is just a term for interpretation. His Midrash on the Psalm, applying the words, quote, entering his rest, unquote, to the reality offered to the church, again to every believer. Following the pattern of Exodus typology, the promised rest in the land of Canaan becomes a figure or foreshadowing of the spiritual rest available to the Christian. The reason why the author speaks of this rest as continuing to be available is not given until verses 7 through 9 to interpret this rest in terms of a national political restoration. Again, think about some eschatological schemes that you're familiar with. Again, this is me interjecting here. Hagner writes, to take these verses and think of a national political restoration is to miss the author's dramatic shift away from earlier limited perspectives toward an understanding of crisis, the fulfillment of the promises and the inauguration of eschatology. Basically, that's the end of the quote. Hagner is saying, look, it's just bigger than that. It's bigger than that. It's not about some eschatological focus. It's much wider. Now, what Hagner means by, again, eschatology here is the fact that Christ's ascension which, of course, is the inauguration of the Kingdom of God at his ascension in the coming of the Spirit. In other words, the presence of God back to earth in a new temple, which new temple are believers in 1 Corinthians 3 16, 1 Corinthians 6, 19, 2 Corinthians 6. I mean, way back in our Ezekiel series in the second episode of Ezekiel 40-48. I don't know what episode number it was, but we talked about the fact that believers are the new temple. This is what they're called. Jesus' body is the temple. We are the body of Christ. I mean, this is familiar New Testament theology, or at least it ought to be. But, you know, all of that is legit in terms of you know, we can think of the rest of the people of God in some sense, in terms of eschatology, because if we think of it in terms of the Kingdom in a spiritual sense, the Kingdom that was begun in the first century, again, because of the work of Christ and the coming of the Spirit and all that. Well, that makes sense, but Hagner's point is that, look, if you're thinking of this as all in the future, it's only future. It's this millennium, it's this new temple, you know, kind of, if you're thinking of that, of the rest of the people of God, only today, you're really kind of missing the impact. It's really referring to now, okay, this whole rest idea, which is associated with where God lives, which is associated with the temple, and all these themes intertwine together. That's not just something out there in the remote future. It's something that's a present reality is his point. You know, frankly, our family communities, our faith communities, our churches, are or should be kind of a foreshadowing of the rest, the family time we will have when the family of God is reunited in his presence in a global temple, a global abode of God. And notice, again, since I brought up the global Eden, the global abode of God, when that gets described at the end of Revelation, Revelation 21-22, there is no temple. The Earth is the temple. Again, all of these things, these themes are consistent. When you think of rest here in Hebrews 4, think of being at home with God, think of salvation, think of the family of God, the church, the assembly of believers, whatever terminology helps you here. That's what the rest is about. It's not just like inactivity. It's not just, had a rough day, I can kind of sit here now. No, it's life with God and the family of God, again, the original Edenic plan, the original Edenic template. You're part of God's family and there's stuff to do because, again, if you've read Unseen Realm, you're familiar with the content here, familiar with the Divine Council worldview, we are put over the nations. There's lots of things to do to maintain the global Eden, the creation that God originally planned. The whole Earth is now Eden. Again, we have relationships with each other. There's hierarchy. There's stuff to do. There's the creation to enjoy. It is what should have been, had the fall never happened. Again, it's not just sort of we're kind of in a stupor. We don't have anything to do. We sit around the throne of God and just sing just as I am for the 10 millionth time. That is not what the picture is here. It's family life. It's community. It's relationships. It's enjoying, again, the fullness of the Earth made like Eden. It's carrying out the Edenic mandate, again, to maintain the creation, to be steward kings of it and over it. We're not given details of what that means, honestly. To an ancient culture, they would have conceived of those ideas in a particular way. We might conceive them differently. Again, we don't have specific ideas because the people who wrote this thing gave it a certain wording, had a certain perspective. But no matter that, again, Revelation 2, Revelation 3, again, familiar unseen realm content to him that overcomes, I will put him over the nations. He will rule the nations with a rod of iron. Jesus quoting a messianic psalm about you, about us. Revelation 3, I will let him that overcomes sit with me on my throne. Whatever the rulership entails, that's what we're going to be doing.  It's life in Eden. With all that that entails both in terms of its enjoyment and, again, any tasks that we would have to do to maintain that. Again, the implications here, just think about the wording. We go back into Hebrews 4, this whole thing about how all of that, all that that was described, verses 7 through 9, all of that was I'll just read verse 10, whoever has entered God's rest has also rested from his works as God did from his. Again, it's not the idea that we have now a totally passive existence. Again, there will be plenty of things to do, but the notion that God worked and rested, and he extends the opportunity through belief, through faith to be part of that rest, to be part of his family. That idea is linked here to the cessation from our own works, which I think is kind of interesting. Implication is our rest that we have now. Again, if we believe, we in some sense have it now because the kingdom, the rest of God has been inaugurated because the rest is connected to the kingdom. It is connected to the family of God and the home of God, all that. Our rest that we have now, if we believe, and that we will have eventually in its fullness, again, if we believe, if we continue in our faith, if we hold fast our confession, again to use some of these phrases that the writer of Hebrews does, all that is eternal life with God as a part of his family and it's made possible by Christ, not our own efforts. Second implication, if Christ, the work of Christ is connected to us. In other words, this is how we get into the family of God. This is how we get into the kingdom. This is how we enter God's rest. That means that Christ is our Sabbath. Christ is our rest because we are joined to his body. His body is the temple. We are united to him through the incarnation and our belief in his work, Hebrews 2. We are members of his family. He is not ashamed to call us brothers and sisters. That means that Jesus is our Sabbath. Which by definition means other stuff. Even the Old Testament Sabbath is not our Sabbath. Jesus is our real Sabbath. Now, this rest, third implication is because of God's work and activity, not ours. Eden was God's answer to questions like what is the destiny of humankind? Where should humankind live forever? It was a decision of finality. God rested in the temple house, Earth Eden, that he had built for himself and his family. There wouldn't be any additions to it. There's no revamping of it. It never gets remodeled. This is why the plan never changed after the fall. Our residence is going to be Earth made like Eden. It's just taken a while after the fall. The destination doesn't change. God doesn't wipe out humanity. He made a way of redemption started with that a long time ago. He began the long effort to bring humanity back into his family and renew Eden. It takes a long time because he's committed to doing all that with the participation of fallible human beings who can act freely because God made them like himself.  No, it takes a while to restore what was lost because God is committed to doing it with people as he made them. And that's just why. Fourth, if Christ and the salvation he brings is our Sabbath again back to that earlier point then we don't need Sabbath observance as though that would contribute to God loving us as his children more or to maintain God's loving disposition toward us. Sabbath keeping was not about merit in the Old Testament and it certainly isn't about merit now. Sabbath observance contributes. Now I'm picking the words here deliberately. Sabbath observance doesn't contribute anything to our standing before God if you want to observe Sabbath do so. If you want to remember the Edenic Rest and the new Edenic Rest brought about by Christ do so. But Sabbath observance or any act of Torah keeping at all period, anything else, saying that Sabbath observance defines our relationship to God as his children fails to recognize that Christ is our Sabbath and it was Jesus who said, take my yoke upon you and I will give you rest. There's no additional rest or a supplement to the rest. We don't add Torah stuff to enter into the rest. That is law keeping. That is works salvation. It is merit based thinking. If you want to do some of those things and I have many friends who do they do particular things or don't do particular things on the Sabbath they observe like Jewish calendar. You know, wonderful do it. It's going to be fun. Enjoy it.  But if you think all of that contributes something to the way God looks at you or the way God defines your salvation, your status, your membership in his family, you're wrong. This is why I said for the extreme Hebrew roots movers, I don't know what you do with the book of Hebrews other than just dislike it because this just steps on that thinking in very overt ways. Now, the writer's reference to Joshua in Hebrews 4, I don't know if you caught that in verse 8 for if Joshua had given them rest. This is kind of interesting. The writer of Hebrews makes reference to Joshua and if we pay attention to that name, it sort of makes the whole point. You know, if Joshua had given them rest, of course Old Testament Joshua couldn't and didn't give them all rest because he couldn't do that. Some of them rebelled. Some of them, you know, didn't do what they were supposed to do. They went off and they worshiped other gods. You know, the earthly Joshua in the Old Testament couldn't do what the new Joshua did. Here's what Haggner notes. In the Septuagint, the Hebrew name Yahushua Joshua was translated in Greek as Jesus, Jesus. While Joshua, the Jesus of the Old Testament was unable to bring the Israelites fully into the realization of the promises made by God, the Jesus of the New Testament did accomplish this. The analogy must have occurred to the minds of the Hellenistic Jewish Christians as they read their Septuagint. Our author must consciously be thinking of this analogy when he goes out of his way to refer to Joshua an otherwise unnecessary reference. Again, that's the end of the quote, but I think he makes a good point. Incidentally, this is yet another reason why saying Jesus, Jesus in Greek, why saying that that's a pagan name, like Zeus. It's really another variant of the name Zeus. It's total nonsense. Was the writer really trying to say that Old Testament Joshua was Zeus? The translator, the Septuagint, is that what they were saying? Old Testament Joshua, Old Testament Yahushua was Zeus? It's utterly absurd. It's just, again, the kind of madness that needs to stop. There's no linguistic relationship between Yahushua and Zeus. Might sound like it to our ear, but they're actually completely, the Zeta of Zeus is not the Sigma of Yahushua. They're actually completely different letters. So, again, this is just nonsense. Let's go back to Hebrews 4's the chapter here. We'll finish our section. Verse 11, the writer writes, let us therefore strive to enter that rest so that no one may fall by the same sort of disobedience. Again, the disobedience here, as we've said many times, the last episode is about unbelief. That's what the disobedience is here. Failure to believe. It's not work salvation. It's not doing good things or abstaining from what we shouldn't be doing. The striving to enter rest, back to Hebrews 3.6, the holding fast of our confidence means tenaciously believing in God's promises, believing in His promised rest, not our own merits to earn our rest. How do we know? Again, because he says here in verse 11, by the same sort of disobedience, again, he's hearkening back to this episode in the Old Testament, which we talked about last time and, of course, some this time, that they didn't enter the land, they didn't enter the rest because of unbelief. Then you get to verse 12, for the word of God is living and active, sharper than a two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and spirit of joints and marrow and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart. And no creature is hidden from his sight, but all are naked and exposed to the eyes of him to whom we must give account. Now, Hagner, again, writes here, like what he says here, these verses are closely related to the material immediately proceeding, and that's clear from the strong logical connective four. So you get into verse 12, for the word of God. In other words, he's drawing a conclusion now. Based on what's preceded, he's drawing a conclusion back to Hagner. These verses provide the reason or grounds for the exhortation in verse 11, thereby strengthened it. The word of God in the verse is the convicting word of God that God speaks to individuals. Our author has been calling the readers to heed the voice of God through his exposition of Scripture. It is that living and active voice that he has in mind rather than the written word as such. Although of course, the voice is often heard through Scripture. The reference here to the, quote, division of soul and spirit is sort of a sidebar back to Hagner here. The reference here to the division of soul and spirit should not be taken as teaching about separate components of the human being leading to, for example, a trichotomistic view of human beings. The author's not teaching about that subject, but is using analogies to point to the penetrating character of God's word. The word of God in this sense pierces the inner being of a person down to the very thoughts and intentions of the heart. It thereby calls for authentic response. Now, that's the end of the quote. If you want to get into that subject, I have a whole series on my website that I blogged about. Again, the biblical anthropology is sort of the label for it. What's the nature of humanity? You can get into it there. We're not going to spend any time on it here because it's there on the website. So, what in terms of these two verses, what does the living word help us discern? Whether we're good enough to have eternal life? Again, is that what Hebrews 4 is about? You know, Hebrews 4, all this stuff we've been talking about, entering into the rest, and the rest is still available, and don't be like the Old Testament people who didn't enter the rest, and they failed because of disobedience, and they didn't believe in it. All that talk, everything we've been talking about, we get to verses 12 and 13 for the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword. Everybody knows this verse. What is that verse in context supposed to teach us? It's not teaching us that we need to look at the word of God or hear the voice of God in our minds to discern whether we're good enough to have eternal life. It's not about discerning whether we're keeping Torah enough. It's not about discerning whether we've sinned one too many times to have eternal life. It's not what it's about at all. It's about discerning whether we believe or not. It reminds us of what we need to believe and encourages us to believe. And it provokes us, the word of God provokes us to trust the gospel, to really honestly to say anything else, to say otherwise is to divorce these verses from the context. And that's just not what we do here.   Again, if you're thinking that you've missed not only the point of today's episode, but lots of points and other episodes here in the book of Hebrews. None of it, none of it, the failure to enter into the rest, none of it was about a precise particular violation, moral violation of Torah. They didn't enter the rest because of their unbelief. And you got to keep this in mind consistently in Hebrews and we're going to stop here with verse 13, verses 14, 15 and 16 are going to start, they're going to shift into this whole subject of Christ's priesthood and so we'll cover that in the next episode and frankly the priesthood of Christ is a theme from Hebrews 5 all the way into Hebrews 10 and it's going to look at it from different angles, it's going to go back and forth with other subjects, so we're going to try to navigate that in future episodes, but for here at this point, again everything that has been leading up to this point is about do you believe or not and you say well what should we believe? Well we believe in the incarnation, the salvation provided through Christ who is our great high priest, he is our representative, he is our mediator, all these things, again so it's very understandable, again since he's talking about belief that he's going to lead to this notion that the one who not only provides this for us, but the one who sort of runs interference for us with God is the same person, it's Christ so we have Christ incarnate Savior, you know the radiance of God, all this stuff we talked about Hebrews 1 and 2 and then all of this extends from it and now we're going to get to Christ as the great high priest and so next time on the podcast we'll jump into that material, get it started, but we're going to come back to this stuff, he's going to keep going back and forth between this look at what Jesus has done, look at how much better this is than Torah but you have to believe it you just have to believe it Okay Mike, we'll be looking forward to next week where we wrap up chapter 4 and begin chapter 5 and if you haven't done so please go rate us, review us on iTunes wherever you consider podcasts let us know how we're doing and that Mike, I just want to thank everybody for listening to the Naked Bible Podcast by the way Thanks for listening to the Naked Bible Podcast To support this podcast visit www.nakedbibleblog.com To learn more about Dr. Heizer's other websites and blogs go to www.ermsh.com


Hi guys and welcome back to my channel. It's Aki. Today's video is concealer arc. If it's your first time here, welcome. If you're a subscriber, thank you so much for tuning in. If you love to see this video, then keep on watching while we go right into this video. First up guys, I'll be cleansing with the micella cleansing water. Probably you all know my skin prep routine by now. These days, I prefer to do my skin before my brows, but I just chose to do my brows today before every other thing. I don't know why, but if you've not seen my brow routine, I'll be leaving a card somewhere here so you check that out. Excuse me, I wasn't supposed to clean my lid because I already had something on board. I did that. So next thing I do is to spray my face with some rose water. This rose water, I just turn it into this container and I'm going to let this dry down. Before I go in with my moisturizer, this is from Omari Coat and Brega. I love this moisturizer so much. I love the consistency. This is almost finished guys. I need to get a new one. I only do not use it under my makeup. I use it even when I don't have makeup on just to give my skin that glow. You want your skin to stay hydrated under your makeup so we've not seen a video on skin prep that I did. I'll be leaving a card here so you see that. And yes, guys, if you've not subscribed yet to my channel, please subscribe, leave a comment, share with friends and give this video a huge thumbs up if you like it. And also let me know what videos you'd like to be seeing on this channel. I do makeup videos. I do skincare.  Remember that this video is a concealer hack so I'm going to show you the new way how I apply my concealer. If you've not used this moisturizer before and you're, you know, confused on what to use, don't be confused anymore. Go ahead and try this moisturizer. You will love it. It can also double up as a primer because it leaves your skin feeling tacky. So I'm using the Remel's Thematte primer for my skin. This is another drugstore primer that you love. It helps your makeup to stay in place for at least for some time. But if I want my makeup to stay for a very long time, I do apply some other thing. So next I'm going to be using their Pore Professional. This is an eye-end brand. If you don't have this, trust me, the Remel's Thematte is enough for you to use. It serves for purposes, which is it controls shine, minimizes pores, hydrates the skin and also smoothing out the skin. At this point, my skin is very smooth. I'm not even going to lie. This one is just extrasensory. So I just took a very little amount and used it in this area because I want to feel in my pores. Before I don't have pores, my skin was all smooth. As you're growing things are changing your body system and all of that. And yes, this is it guys. I'll be using these two foundations. This is Maybelline's Pasta in 330 Tuffy Caramel and this is Noban Beauty in My Skin Foundation in QRDRW7. So I'll be mixing both. I'll drop like one drop of this because this is a little darker than my skin and then this is in between my skin. So I'm going to add like two and a half pump. I'll use my brush tip to mix both of it together. So I feel mixing foundation for me gives me a better shade and I find my undertone when I mix two foundations together other than just using one foundation. The reason why I went in with Maybelline Foundation and the Noban Beauty is because Maybelline Foundation is more under fuller coverage while Maybelline is a very light weight foundation. So I just want a kind of both like yes I wanted to cover my skin but I need some glow within and yeah. In case you haven't watched how I apply foundation I'm also going to be leaving a card at the top left hand by my left hand which is your right so that you will see how I apply my foundation.  This is to give me a flawless blend. I feel when I use a beauty sponge I get that flawless blend. So I try as much as possible also to avoid applying foundation underneath my eyes because I feel putting foundation in that area and also using a concealer will make it look too much and most times it gets cakey especially for people that have very oily skin so I feel concealer would do the job. Most concealers are full coverage so there's no point taking your foundation to that area for me. It's a personal preference though. That is the blend yet from using a beauty sponge. It's something that I cannot do without even if I use my brushes to blend out my foundation. I still feel there's need for me to go in using my brush using my beauty sponge but if your brushes does the job perfectly for you I don't see any reason for you to go in with this. For me I don't feel there's any rules to make up do what works for you guys. I'll be using these two concealer. This is Ele Girl Pro concealer in the shade Warm Honey and then this is Ferrero Roci concealer. So I'm going to do the new technique how I apply my concealer these days and on this other side I'm going to show you how I used to apply my concealer before so that you compare both of it or both of them and see the one you prefer. It's a sieve that wants to drop and then I go into this area with this and on this area I'm just going to apply it just the same way. I usually apply my concealer previously. I'm just going to concentrate this arc underneath my eye so that you see exactly what I'm doing now on this other eye and then what I usually do before on this other side. So I'll be taking this shade and putting it right in this area because I want this area to you know pop. What I do now instead of me using a beauty sponge like this to blend this area I use my brush and this is from Vicabelle NK5 to blend so I always love my blending to start from my chin my forehead but you can blend whichever you want but this is my preference and how to blend my concealer. Now I'm so used to doing my skin before my brows so I'm kind of being too careful with the concealer on my forehead so I won't go overboard and clean my brows. Since I started doing this arc I really really saw or see tremendous change in my look which you are going to see. I don't want to tell you like I want you to you know see yourself and then you George and pick the side that you will actually prefer but for me I don't see anything wrong with any of it though but you're gonna be the judge. Okay so the next thing I do I take my beauty sponge and blend the edges of my concealer so there will be no demarcation from what I blend with my foundation so I just blend this side and I also turn over to the clean side and tap on on that concealer. Falling the exact shape of what I did.  This is the old way that I usually or previously apply my concealer. I don't know if you can see any difference like if there's any difference with the way this side is looking with the way this side is looking. If you ask me I still love the way this other side looks but you know in a way this eyes is more kind of more lifted than this other side. I'm going to go do my contour I will come back. I use the Maybelline Superstay Foundation in 360 Mocha Mocha for my contour so I'm just going to blend underneath my eyes one more time to prevent creasing. So guys I'm setting using the S-porn. I'm using the same brush I use in blending underneath my eyes to set. This brush also gives you control over where you you have to set. I always tap off excess excess powder because you don't want that to you know come on your face too much because I'm actually setting up baking take a lid too and just work that on the areas where you have to set. So let me blend underneath that area because I'm seeing some creasing. Remember that whatever you set if you set a crease on the eyes that's what you're going to have.  If not you're not going to like the outcome.  If you ask me I really see no difference. No there's a difference yeah but I still love both. I said you guys are going to be the judge in this video today so please don't forget to leave a comment down the comment section. Let me know which of the eyes you would rather do. So I'm going to go in with that brush again because I need to blend like make the edges look good.  I just follow exactly where I've set already with the powder and just push that into my skin. I'm not going to be baking today I'm just going to set and go. So guys because of the arc I use in applying my concealer you can see how this other side of my eyes is way lifted than this other side. This is the way I normally apply my concealer or this is the way I was applying my concealer previously. When I got to know about this arc and I tried it and I really really love the way my eyes is lifted. It just carved my face out so if I'm to choose I'll choose this other side but this side is also beautiful. I feel this side look way more snatched than this other side. I feel also because the concealer the way I applied the concealer it also helped me in lifting my contour.  Thank you so much for watching. If you love this video please don't forget to give it a huge thumbs up leave a comment below and also don't forget to subscribe right here. I ring the bell beside it so you don't miss new videos. Thank you so much for watching.  Bye guys


Hello, everyone. I am happy to invite you to this series of lectures on first level engineering thermodynamics course. The second level course is usually an applied thermodynamics course. This is the first level thermodynamics course. And the primary learning objectives in this course are to learn the first and the second laws of thermodynamics and their application to equipment and devices relevant to mechanical engineering. So, basically we are talking about equipments like compressor, turbine, pump, heat exchanger and so on. So, we will learn how to apply the first law to such devices, carry out an analysis and also use concepts from second law to evaluate certain things. So, at the end of the course, you should actually be able to carry out an analysis of any device. So, given any device, you should be able to carry out an analysis of the device, thermodynamic analysis of the device in terms of energy changes relating the heat interaction of the device with the work interaction of the device and also calculate entropy changes of the working substance inside the device and also calculate entropy changes or entropy generation in the universe as a result of the operation of the device that is the learning outcome from this course. I have actually assumed very little in terms of prior knowledge except to to assume that all of you would have probably had an introduction to thermodynamics perhaps in your 12th grade in your physics course and are familiar with the terms like you know pressure, temperature, volume, ideal gas and so on and so forth. We will anyway explore some of these things in greater detail as we go along. So, the outline of the course is as follows, we start with an introduction and we discussed two important concepts in the in this module which are the macroscopic approach and the continuum hypothesis. Thermodynamics can be learned or understood in using two different approaches. One is the so called microscopic approach which involves the kinetic area of gases and the second one is the macroscopic approach and that is the approach that we are going to follow in engineering thermodynamics. So, we will sort of try to bring out what we mean by macroscopic approach and when it is applicable. Now continuum hypothesis actually underlies the macroscopic approach. So, for the macroscopic approach to be valid continuum must exist and we will discuss what the continuum hypothesis is and under what conditions can we use the macroscopic approach and when we should abandon it and move on to a microscopic approach. In the second module we discuss certain basic concepts such as system control volume property and state of a system process undergone by a system and we close the module with the discussion on temperature and its measurement. Now these concepts system control volume property and state may probably familiar to you and they may seem somewhat simplistic. But what we will try to highlight during this course is that there are many subtle aspects involved with these concepts and we will try to illustrate this subtleties through many examples. You may be familiar with them but you are probably familiar with them in a somewhat superficial manner and we will try to bring out subtle aspects of all these concepts through different examples. In particular temperature and its measurement we have note that we have sort of mentioned only temperature among the more familiar properties. You know we have pressure, we have temperature, we have volume, we have many other properties. But we have chosen to highlight temperature because temperature although it seems familiar and is used quite widely in everyday use, it is an extremely subtle concept in thermodynamics and we need to take a closer look at it. And we also look at the measurement of temperature. There are some fundamental issues related to measurement of temperature which we will highlight and discuss temperature in that context. So that is why we have identified the temperature alone as a property to be discussed further and not pressure, volume and so on. Now in the third module we discuss work and heat. So we first start with thermodynamic definition of work. You are probably familiar with the definition of work in mechanics. It is basically force times distance moved by a particle in the direction of the applied force. In thermodynamics this definition of work is not at all sufficient. It needs to be much broader than this. So we will discuss the notion of work in thermodynamics. And we will also look at different forms of work and how to calculate different forms of work in practical applications. Then we move on to heat interaction or heat interaction of a system with surrounding. So we may be supplying heat to the system or we supply heat to an engine or we may be removing heat from a system like what we do in a refrigerator. So in so far as heat is concerned we do not really take a closer look at anything connected to it except to say that either we supply or remove so much heat from the system to the system or from the system. So basically in a given problem you would either be given the amount of heat that is supplied to a system or the amount of heat that is removed from the system or you may be asked given other quantities you may be asked to calculate the heat interaction of the system with the surroundings. We do not really look at heat in any more detail than that in contrast to work. Work we are you know we look at work in a much more detailed manner but not so much for heat. Then in the next module we move on to first of thermodynamics for a system where we connect the work and the heat to the change in property of a system. And this discussion will bring out the fact that a new property may be identified for a system namely total energy of a system just like pressure, temperature, volume and so on. The total energy of a system is also a property. So that is what will come out of this module. In the next module we look at a framework named pure substances. Basically this module we have related the work interaction of a system, heat interaction of a system with the changes in properties of the system. So we need to have a framework by which we can calculate changes in properties of a system. So that is discussed in the fifth module. So the type of working substances that we have in engineering thermodynamics, in particular mechanical engineering thermodynamics or of two kinds. One is ideal gases. Note that a mixture of ideal gases may itself be treated as an ideal gas after taking care of the fact that it is composed of different components. So we have ideal gases and we have two phase mixtures in mechanical engineering. Under the category of two phase mixture, we encounter the water steam working substance which is used in many applications in mechanical engineering like for instance a thermal power plant. And we also have two phase mixtures of refrigerant in refrigeration application. So liquid refrigerant plus vapor mixture is also encountered as a working substance in refrigeration applications. So these three substances cover almost all the working substances that you are likely to encounter in mechanical engineering namely ideal gases and two phase mixtures of water and water vapor and two phase mixture of liquid refrigerant and its vapor. So now that we know how to calculate changes in property of a system, so we move on to first law analysis of systems where we have for many different applications we actually calculate work interaction given other changes in properties of the system and heat interaction or any two of the three quantities being given we try to calculate that the third quantity. The two quantities being work, heat and changes in properties of a system. So we look at many examples in this module and try to apply first law to these examples and carry out an analysis. In the next module we actually derive a form of thermodynamics for a control volume. This is actually not a different law from what we have already derived for a system. It is the same law but applied to specific applications. So the sort of applications that we have in mind are those where there is continuous inflow and outflow of mass or inflow of mass but not outflow of mass and so on. For instance let us say that we have a compressor which takes in air atmospheric air, compresses it to a certain pressure and then sends it out to a let us say a receiver or a tank. So if we isolate the compressor it is receiving certain amount of air and absorbing a certain amount of power and sending out the same amount of air at a higher pressure. It may be running hard so it also exchanges heat with the surroundings. So for this type of a situation we can actually simplify the form of first law that we derived for a system and directly apply it to this device. So it is a very specialized form of the first law for a system. So we identify a control volume which is usually the device itself as we will see later and apply first law directly to this so that given the power input and perhaps the heat loss to the surroundings we can calculate the pressure with which the air will come out or the pressure rise that can be accomplished by the compressor. So such devices are called steady flow devices because it operates at a steady state say 1 kg per second of air comes in, 1 kg of per second of air goes out, the device is warmed up its temperature is no longer changing it is operating at a constant temperature. So such a device is called a steady flow device and we will use a control volume for analyzing this device. Now unsteady analysis is required when there is no steady inflow and outflow of mass. For instance even in this example we said that the compressor compresses the air and then sends it to a reservoir. So if I want to analyze the reservoir, carry out a thermodynamic analysis of the reservoir note that the reservoir continuously receives air but nothing leaves so it is operating in an unsteady state. So we may want to know what the final pressure of the air will be after some time in the reservoir. So this means that the pressure of the air in the reservoir keeps changing with time and we want to determine what this pressure is. So that calls for unsteady analysis again we will use the first law that we derived earlier but apply it to a control volume which is there is a reservoir itself and carry out the analysis and obtain the quantities that are of interest. So that would be an unsteady analysis. In the next module we look at second law of thermodynamics. The first thing is we need to motivate why we need another law what is what is deficient or what is missing or what is it that we cannot do with the first law is the first question that arises in our minds why do we need another law. So that is discussed in the first in the initial part in this module then we define formally what heat engines are both direct engines as well as reverse engines. Direct engines are one produce power, reverse engines are ones that absorb power but do something useful for you like for instance a domestic refrigerator or an air conditioner and so on. And we define appropriate performance metrics for these devices the direct ones and the reverse ones. Then we look at a couple of different statements of second law namely the Kelvin Planck statement and the Clausius statement and this naturally leads to the notion of reversible processes and the Corno engine. As you probably know already the Corno engine is a power producing device which is composed entirely of reversible processes. So we are naturally led to the notion of reversible process and the Corno engine and we then tie this up with the thermodynamic scale of temperature where we look at or revisit some of the issues that we raised earlier with the temperature and its measurement and then tie it up with the Corno engine and then define a scale which is independent of the working substance. We will deal with this in greater detail. The next module discusses entropy. So just like the development of the first law led to the identification of a new property of a system namely the total energy the discussion of second law naturally leads to definition of a new property of the system which is entropy. So we discuss Clausius inequality first and this allows us to define entropy as a property of the system. Then we look at how to calculate entropy change of a system. Unlike microscopic thermodynamics in microscopic thermodynamics we never actually evaluate entropy of a system. We only evaluate entropy changes of a system it is very important to keep that in mind. In engineering thermodynamics entropy itself is never calculated only entropy changes are calculated and we will there are couple of different ways in which entropy change of a system may be evaluated. We will look at both those either using tedious relations or given the heat interaction of a system we can calculate entropy changes entropy change of a system. The last topic of this module is the principle of increase of entropy which is extremely important universal principle. Most of you are probably familiar with it already the principle of increase of entropy states that the entropy of the universe remains a constant as a result of any thermodynamic process or increases with time. So it remains a constant at best and usually increases with time any human endeavor generally results in this type of a change in the universe. The best endeavor leaves the entropy of the universe and changed but most endeavors increase the entropy of the universe. So that is called the principle of increase of entropy. We will explore this in greater detail. So you may recall that this was one of the things that that was mentioned as a learning objective and also in the learning outcome. So when you do thermodynamic analysis of a device not only do you evaluate its work input or power output or change in property of the working substance or the efficiency you are also expected to comment on how much the entropy of the universe changes as a result of operation of this device that is a very important thing to calculate and also understand so that you can try to minimize the entropy increase that the device contributes to the to the universe. The last module in the course deals with a special set of processes namely cyclic processes. Here we look at two power producing cycles namely Rankine cycle which is the nothing but the steam power plant and the Brayton cycle which is nothing but a gas turbine power plant. So the Rankine cycle uses water as the working substance water plus water vapor and the Brayton cycle uses air as the working substance. Both of these both of these are power producing cycles. The last topic is on vapor compression refrigeration cycle as you know the domestic refrigerator takes in electric power and maintains the refrigerator compartment at a low temperature. So we discuss the vapor compression refrigeration cycle in detail in this last topic we calculate the performance metric coefficient of performance of the device and we also look at any changes in entropy in the universe as a result of operation of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. So this is the broad outline of the topics that we will discuss in this course. I will be teaching primarily out of my textbook which is Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. The second edition of the textbook is what I will be using this is published by A&E Books India. But you are free to read from any textbook that you are comfortable with it is not necessary that you should read only from this book the material and the lectures are self-contained. So it would help you read any textbook or understand from any textbook of your liking. But the work examples are all taken work examples illustrations and everything is taken from this particular textbook of mine.