It's really a delight to be here. I will try to actually get through with it in less than 25 minutes, perhaps so we can have more discussion. I wanted to thank both Gil and Carol for the invitation and also Connie and Mamie for all their incredible work in preparation. I also want to say that the best news I've taken so far myself is that any problems I might have being overweight is a result I've learned that I'm a good dad. And I want to thank you for that one. I can't wait to try that idea out on my wife, but anyway. As people may know, sales of testosterone supplements, about $2 billion in 2012, they're expected to hit about $5 billion in 2017. This is in the United States. I've been fascinated to listen to a lot of the discussion here about testosterone from people who study it biologically. What I do in part is study it socially in the sense of who uses the word testosterone, in what context, what do they mean by it and how do they explain and excuse male violence and sexuality, for instance. So what I'm going to be speaking to are some of the naturalistic remedies to social challenges like male violence, which we just heard so eloquently about. And how and why are people swayed by this? And if in fact today in the world, in certain societies for various reasons, people may be more swayed, more persuaded that biology is at the root of various social problems. And what that might say, not simply about the biology or their understanding about the biology, but more about a social climate overall. And so I'll try to speak briefly to some of these ideas. And I should add that clearly there are a lot of policy implications because to the extent that these things are innate, to that extent you can control, but you can't change, you can't transform. So I think it's quite fundamental, again, both to understand the biology, but perhaps from my perspective even more to understand people's understanding of biology because if they think it can't be changed, that's going to have an impact on what happens. This is part of a larger project, this is sort of an indication of the larger project, which is called Men Are Animals. And there's sort of a punchline that goes with it, and so are women, and then so what? So the question is not that they're not animals, we are animals, but the question is what does that actually mean? And I've learned a great deal from people here today talking about that. I want to just throw two things up here. Nine out of ten people who murder in the United States, and this figure is actually remarkably similar in several other countries, are men. And this is a fundamentally important point. We cannot overestimate the importance of this. This is also an important point. Can people see the red dot at the top? Okay, can you see it on the women? I can't, so that's an important point. But it seems to me that if we're going to explain the nine out of ten, we also need to explain what happens to the rest of these men. And why are they not murdering? I mean maybe one out of, you know, maybe there's some percentage of men in here who were murderers, and we can ask them later to explicate some of this. But what I'm looking at now is the folk biology. How people use terms like genes, hormones, testosterone, heredity, evolution. How they use this in casual everyday conversations in various parts of the world to explain what's going on. And so there are really two points that I'd like to get at. And both I'm going to try to exemplify from some ethnographic work I've done in two cities that may seem very different, but I will argue have some similarities that are important here. One is Mexico City, where I've lived and worked on and off for 25 years, and the other is Shanghai in China, where I've worked for about six years. So one of my questions is why now? Why are people doing this? So for instance, if people talk about hormones, they talk about testosterone, you can ask, did your parents talk about testosterone in the same way? Did your grandparents talk about testosterone in the same way? And one obvious answer to explain why they may not have is simply there are new discoveries scientifically. And maybe that's why everybody's talking about these things in that way. It's simply science is developing and people are learning about that science. And so one of the arguments I have is that in both Shanghai and Mexico City in contrast to the rest of their countries, kids are getting educated through high school, they're studying biology, they're studying basic genetics in high school. So they're just being exposed to these terms, they're being exposed to more ideas, and they're coming into more popular vocabulary. In addition, in both countries, as in the United States, a lot of folks who didn't even finish secondary school perhaps watched the Discovery Channel. And I can't tell you how many discussions I've had where people will say, well, I know what it's like for people because I've seen what the baboons are like and they extrapolate straight from the Discovery Channel to their own experience of what they think are the common things. And so it's very tricky to figure out what can be learned and what can't, but it's also, to me, fundamental to just acknowledge that people are picking up a lot of folk wisdom and it is having an impact on their social relationships, on what they think can and cannot be done. So this is part of an effort that Margaret Locke, the medical anthropologist, talks about in relationship to her work on epigenetics and Alzheimer's. When she says a new recognition of a molecularized social body situated in time and space, the shift moves beyond genetics and genomics and explicitly demotes a reductive agency of genes. Anthropologists, she says, are now challenged to consider the social ramifications of the shift, and so I see my work in that regard. Not to put too fine a point on it, but I also think that there are analogies to religion here and not simply that people have moved from God to DNA as an explanatory model or an explanatory framework, although I think that that has occurred in various societies in various ways. But more, I think that if, this is the second time Mark's got invoked, is getting invoked today, which I didn't expect, but Mark's in a very famous quip that people don't know the whole of, talked about religion being the opiate of the masses and all that. But if you read the fuller quote, he's actually, he's sounding very sympathetic to religion. He says religious distress is at the same time the expression of real distress and also the protest against real distress. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of the heartless world, just as it is the spirit of spiritless conditions, it's the opium of the people. And I think that in some ways there's an analogous biological distress going on. People are trying to explain the world around them and biology or what they understand of biology is a really powerful explanatory tool they feel. Many years ago, famous French philosopher we've all heard of, Simone de Beauvoir talked about women's bodies being very important, but not governing their destiny. And so one of the questions here is, to what extent do we feel that men's bodies govern their destiny? In 1975, a seminal book was published, Sociobiology, which I think was a breakthrough and important in many ways, not the least of which was the time in which it appeared, at the end of a period of massive social movements in the United States. And if anybody thinks I'm making a link here that doesn't deserve to be made, Wilson explicitly, in his introduction, reproaches social struggle, socialism, Marxism, and members of the New Left. So he too saw this as a response to people who overestimated the extent to which you can change the world around them. So I want to shift now to one of my fun sites, and this is the Shanghai People's Park Marriage Market. On Saturdays and Sundays, rainy weather, cold weather, hot weather, this is in winter, they're all wearing coats here, thousands and thousands of parents and dozens of matchmakers appear and they put up flyers, describing their daughter or son, height, educational level, occupation. Those are the things that are common to both sons and daughters. If you start to look into the flyers more carefully, I'll give you an idea of some of the extent of these things. There are real differences in how women and men are portrayed. Women, the emphasis comes on much more looks. Men, much more do they own an apartment. Do they own a house? And I would argue that this is part of a process that's quite modern. And if you talk to the matchmakers and you say, oh, this is a long tradition in China, they'll say on the contrary, we are a product, we're here because of migration to the cities, because these kids are working 10, 12 hours a day in the offices and they can't find the time to socialize. So we're just simply introducing people and getting the ball rolling. But they're getting the ball rolling in very distinctly gendered ways. And I think that this too is part and parcel. One of the phenomena today in terms of a point of discussion, both at the marriage market more generally, is something called leftover women. In 2007, the Women's Federation of China, this is the federal level Women's Federation that was instrumental in the 1950s and getting rid of footbinding, seeing the divorce could actually happen, having women being able to own property and whatnot. The Women's Federation in 2007 announced that any woman over 27 who was not married was hereby declared a leftover woman. And it's a very contradictory phenomenon that today there's a quip that there are three genders in China, men women and women with PhDs. And so that on the one hand you have women actually achieving that, but on the other hand you see tremendous kinds of pressures on women to conform to rather conservative standards of what a woman should be if she's not married she is hereby declared a leftover woman. And this is widespread. I had a 24-year-old Chinese student in my office three days ago and we were talking about this phenomenon and I said, jokingly, is this an issue for your parents? You're 24. She said it absolutely is. This is a Brown student, you know, she's planning to get a PhD and she said, I'm having to cope with this back and forth because you have no idea the kinds of pressures that are now being implemented around these issues and in particular there's talk of it's fine for women to get PhDs but they need to leave that behind, but these women are absolutely critical for the future and the term gene pool is coming into vogue as well, that these women represent the best of the gene pool and so this is an invocation popularly and at the government level that I think is worth noting. I was talking with a one Shanghai man, his neighbors call him Teacher Li and I asked him whether there was something that you could call men's nature or women's nature and he told me and that's all I said.  And he said, I said, well, where do you get this idea? And he actually told me that he got it from the Discovery Channel. What's interesting to me is I asked him about Galtong which is testosterone, he didn't know what I was talking about so I figured, well, okay, he didn't go to high school and I've asked high school students about the same question and I've asked college students the same question. They all know hormone, hormone is a generic category that's used to explain both male behavior but also female, it's linked in popular expressions to when women have their periods, their behavior changes because of their hormones and that's a very common way of describing it. I can guarantee you their grandparents and probably their parents never talked about hormones having that kind of link, much less a gene pool. I also asked him, oh, I'm sorry, but I asked about testosterone in these groups and people say, well, I've heard of it but I don't know what it is and so I have a theory that we can test and that is within five, maybe a few more years if you go to China and you ask about testosterone it will be widely assumed that, well, of course we know about testosterone, this is what it does and we've always believed that, we've always known that testosterone behaved this way and that way but I fundamentally think that what you will see in the United States and I'll talk about it in a second in Mexico where the term testosterone is tossed around very casually and very widely doesn't exist today in China, I would bet that it does in a few years. I also asked him a little more teacherly about the relationship between women and men and he described something which caught my attention which is that women and men are very similar to the egg and the sperm. Again, I hadn't asked him about these kinds of things, he raised egg and sperm. He said the egg essentially has to protect the sperm just like the woman has to protect the man. So these were the kinds of images that he had that he found important. These are a few more flyers. Here's teacher Lee actually. I'm going to skip over this but he gave me a lesson on, this is him showing equality between men and women. This is a guy who also likes to quote Sherman Mao a lot so he's obviously a little retrograde. All right, let me move here to a different setting but also one in which people are studying biology, they're watching the Discovery Channel and this is Mexico City and for those who read Spanish, you understand for those who don't, it says only women and kids under 10 years old. And in Mexico City, as in several other parts of the world, in fact I was talking to Marcia, you were saying you benefited from the one in Cairo and I think actually Carol, I can't remember where you were, New Delhi, yeah. So you have and you've had for 30 years separate cars at least certain times of the day for women. They in Mexico City now they're actually buses too that have sections, they don't have different cars but they have sections. And so the reason I'm interested in this is again it's not so much the policy, although I've been struck by the fact that I can't find policy on this. I've talked to all sorts of government people and they say well we just started doing it because we thought it was a good idea but we don't have any documents on the question. But more interesting to me is the fact that feminists in many parts of the world including Brazil and Mexico are dead set against this policy. Why? Mainly because they think it's capitulation. It's basically saying what are you going to do? That's just what men are going to touch women in ways that women don't want to be touched. They're just acting like men. What you can do is separate the men and the women. That's all you can do is hope to limit men's nature. And so I think that fundamentally some of the debate that goes on and I shouldn't exaggerate the debate. Mainly people are much more in favor of this than not. Mainly women are in these situations. But there is debate on the question and I think it gets down to beliefs, fundamental beliefs about men's nature sexually and in terms of violence in various ways. Before closing, I want to mention some examples.  I've known him since he was born in Mexico City. His name is Dani. And he said he wanted to study genetics and he was very interested in the relationship of culture and genes.  And he said, look it, she's a single mom and you could think that's just cultural. You know, that would make sense. He said, but here's the thing. Her mother was a single mom. Her grandmother was a single mom. Five generations, single mom. He said, at that point, you know it's genetic. Which is funny except when it's not. This is a kid who grew up in poverty. He's seen poverty firsthand and this is a way that he explains the world around him. This is an easy catch-all. There must be a gene for single motherhood and that the evidence for him was overwhelming. But I don't want to leave the impression that this is simply a question of ignorance. I think even here we've seen some different approaches by scientists, by biologists, to the question of testosterone, to the substance and the implications. And I think that there are certainly debates in the sciences to University of Connecticut. Do you remember who this guy was? Everybody? No? He killed 20 kids and I think seven adults in Newtown Connecticut. So University of Connecticut geneticists asked to get Adam Lance's brain because they wanted to look at it and they said that they were going to discover the biological clues for the violence that had taken place. I think this is a big policy issue. If we hear on the news that somebody has shot a bunch of people, what are we going to assume in the United States? Young, male, white, mental health, we'll hear about too, but we'll hear about these things. So you could even say, well, maybe certain things happen with men, some things happen with the youth, but white? And why more now than 20 years ago? There's not more guns per se. There's not so many more guns. It seems to me you have to look at social conditions and not be quite so comfortable looking at brain dissection as the clues to what is a major social issue out there. Another example, this one a little closer to home. Some students at an unnamed university were concerned about a biology class they were taking and they sent me some slides which I'm going to share and this was one of them, this was another, and this was the third, the back two. Essentially this was the punchline that we are pretty much of a piece and that the males in the room pretty much go through life saying yes, yes, yes, yes, maybe yes, yes, yes, and the women, no, no, no, no, no, maybe yes, no, no, no, no, no, etc. And again, I'm not trying to deny the biology here whatsoever, but I think the casual parallels between these groups is problematic just as I think that references to baboon harems, hummingbird prostitutes, I talked about that in a class of mine and a student came in and said, well actually I just learned today about gangbanging bacteria and this was not a joke, they were being taught and I can say Brown University, they were being taught about gangbanging bacteria. Now I'm sure that's a catchphrase that will stick in people's heads and you can kind of get the hit about what it's saying, but I would argue that is dangerous talk that implies certain things. It implies a whole lot of things and it's a problem. So what I'm trying to understand is why these things may be emerging today, these casual references to biology in different ways in Shanghai and Mexico City and Los Angeles and when casual talk about things being innate or instinctual actually lead people to certain kinds of behavior and certain kinds of expectations and certain kinds of lack of expectations about what can happen. Social Darwinism as people who studied the United States has had a very powerful history at various times. Richard Hofstadter who studied it, one of the things he noticed was that in the early 20th century he wrote about so authoritative, did their biological data seem and that this helped give rise. So I guess this is a call on biologists here to be even more sensitive to the language we use in describing things and the impact that it can have socially. This is from my mother-in-law who says men are pigs. 40 years ago an anthropologist near and dear to many of you here now at UCLA, Sherri Orkner, talked about cross-culturally and through history she thought that men were often associated more with culture and women with nature. She wasn't supporting this, she just said this is a phenomenon all over the place. She came out with a paper later saying this wasn't actually intentional, this happened by accident because of divisions of labor as they arose. But nonetheless she believed that to be true. I guess what I'm doing in some ways is flipping that and asking whether in certain respects, popularly speaking, men are not considered closer to nature and almost they need to be controlled by others. And if this is not a certain kind of fatalism that is dangerous for all of us because if we're talking about war, if we're talking about shootings, if we're talking about rape and we can talk about the debates on the natural, what people argue is natural about rape, whether it's good or bad. These are major debates and important debates to be having and a lot of them do rest on what some regard as innate characteristics. And if they're innate, they're much more difficult to transform and change. And it seems to me that these are some important things to do, just quoting another well-known anthropologist, Marshall Solans, who wrote also almost 40 years ago. Since the 17th century we seem to have been caught up in this vicious cycle, alternately applying the model of capitalist society to the animal kingdom, then reapplying this bourgeoisified animal kingdom to the interpretation of human society. I think the expression in English, boys will be boys in Spanish, we would say, I see some, what are you going to do about it? That's just the way they are. China has been a little more varied. You have zealous red guards at one point, you have the search for the ideal man at another point, and now you have the wily capitalist entrepreneur. But a lot of these are rooted in certain beliefs about naturalizations about men. I think that some of this can really fuel the backlash against feminism and gender equity and that if we don't speak specifically to some of the problems of some of the uses that we're going to be contributing to the perpetuation of some of these problems. Tom Laker, the historian, and I'll close here, has described a situation that he says is a novel construal of nature that comes to serve as the foundation of otherwise indefensible social practices. Thank you.


Hi to everyone. It is a pleasure to have all of you with us for the fourth year that we organized this taking stock conference as it was set at the opening. It is a conference organized by the European Observatory on Memories together with the House of European History and the German House, both from the European Parliament and with a cooperation and collaboration of the European Commission and the EACEA agency, which is the organization managing, as you know, this new SERP program, where the remembrance policies are placed. So unfortunately this year it's only an online event and we are happy also to have a new partner this year, which is the Institute of Federalist Studies, Altieri Spinelli from Italy. Buongiorno, Mario. It's a pleasure to have you among us this year. And this special collaboration with the Instituto Spinelli this year has a special meaning. Since from Europe we have a network of partners, 53 partners so far, with which we develop different activities from research and analysis to debate such as this online conference where we give the floor to all attendees to put questions and to share thoughts and comments. To citizens participation we have a special focus on youth participation. Every year we organize at least two or three activities with youngsters from different European countries. And also, and this is the point where I wanted to go, is dissemination strategies to reach and to involve citizens in terms of memory. So giving EU citizens the possibility to think and to participate in memory activities. With this aim, since two years ago we developed a new series of publications devoted to remember those main pillars of the current European Union, the main historical pillars of the current Union. And last year we published for the first issue of this series, which was devoted to the Schumann Declaration, the 17th anniversary of the Schumann Declaration, which is considered, as you know, one of the founding documents or initiatives of the nowadays Union. And this year we are commemorating the 18th anniversary of so-called Bentotenne Manifesto. This is also one of the initial ideas that finally led to what we understand today as the European Union. And together with our colleagues, which are the real experts on this matter, we promoted this second publication. Just let me show you very briefly how this publication looks like online, but today, precisely today, we will have in our hands the hard copy edition, the printed edition of this booklet devoted to remember the Manifesto promoted by Altiero Spinelli and his colleagues in the prison of Bentotenne. I hope, can you see this? This is how the online edition looks like. You can have all the summary with the different articles that our Italian and French colleagues contributed with. And once inside, you have the chance to either read the articles and also to see the selection of images that was conducted by the Italian colleagues together with all of us. So just this short presentation for you to know. And now I give the floor to Philippe Leghen, our colleague from the Jambonnet House and to Mario Leone, director of the Spinelli Institute in Italy. So stop sharing. Okay, so the floor is your, Philippe. Thank you. Thank you very much, Oriole. Hello, everyone. I hope you had already the opportunity maybe to visit virtually the Jambonnet House. I am there today. It's a pity that we cannot meet physically, but we hope that in the course of next year and for the next taking stock event of next year, it will be at least possible to meet now. And for those of you who never came to visit the Jambonnet House, we are sitting here in, we are very lucky actually, we are sitting here in the very place where Jambonnet first conceived the first community, the European community of coal and steel in the 1950. And it's of course a memory place. And every day we have the opportunity maybe to reflect on sitting just upstairs of where everything was conceived. I often have this opportunity to reflect about the great project that was invented here. But of course, as Oriole mentioned, it's important and we also work a lot with citizens, with young people, but with the general public and even with our colleagues from the institutions, the civil servants from the institutions or from the member states. So it's important with them to evoke, as Oriole mentioned, memory, the memory, the collective memory of our Europe, which is first of all not known, most of the time not taught at school. And we had already the opportunity to mention this earlier this morning how important it is to teach history of Europe at school. And of course, we need also some affect some important events, milestones, pillars, as Oriole just mentioned, where to have this magical idea transform into reality. So in fact, we consider that the Ventotene manifesto that was written by Spinelli and his friends when during their time in this remote prison of this island of Ventotene is an important first milestone of the European integration history. And of course our colleague Mario from the Instituto Spinelli will explain why, but for us it was very important to put an emphasis on this for the 80th anniversary of this document, which was drafted in 1942. And you see that if I'm not mistaken, I mean, in a period where everybody was at war, and there were some visionaries, we would already imagine the world and imagine Europe after the war, after the collapse of the Nazi regime and all the fascist regimes, because they were confident that it will happen. And what in Germany and Spinelli, where they didn't know each other at the time, but they were on the on both sides of the Mediterranean, they were working on the same project more or less, because in 1942 and 1943 as well, Germany was in Algiers, working for the General de Gaulle, after the liberation of North Africa of the French territories of North Africa by the Allies. And he was working also on this project that will eventually become the project of the first European community of coal and steel. And he drafted already a map with everything on it about the coal fields and so on, and already a text which was the embryo, so to speak, of the future community. So and you see that Spinelli and his friends, they were right across the Mediterranean on this island and they were also having the same kind of project. So we can see that these men at the time, they were a visionary. And it's important to remember that because most of the time when you teach Europe at school, the teachers, they begin with the treaties, you know, 1957 treaties of Rome and so on, but it could be very difficult for the students to learn about this legislation and so on, what is all about these treaties. But it's important not to forget where it comes from. And it comes from these ideas of these people who were suffering from the war, who had their own, and in the case of Spinelli even more, they were in prison for their ideas. And they were already confident in the future and they were reflecting about peace and about democracy and about freedom. So it's very important. I think it was the main purpose of all this was to talk and to remember this. And it may be in France, Spinelli is not very well known. So thanks to the Instituto, it will be now more. And it's important not to forget about this because Europe was already in the mines before the treaties. So last time, last year, we celebrated the anniversary of the Schuman Declaration, which is the first, of course, text that was used for launching the project. There were other initiatives like the Council of Europe and so on, which, of course, had their lives on their own, which didn't lead to the community. They were important. But for us, Ventote and Manifesto is one important milestone as well. So I would like to leave the floor now to Mario Leone from the Instituto. Spinelli, we will talk more about this. And I hope that we will have soon, and you, everybody will have soon the opportunity to read online first, the different texts that were gathered in this publication, which is quite innovative. And I hope to have it now soon. And I see that Oriol is expecting the hard copies for today. So we're quite happy to have it soon as well. And it will be in good place on our shelves in our library at the Jean Monnet House. Thank you very much. And Mario, please, the floor is yours. Thank you very much. And thank you to Oriol too. And I'm very happy to be here. And I want to thank you my personal experience about the Manifesto and about Ventotene. And like me, so many people have adept with the Ventotene Island with the woman and the man when I made the deposition to fascism and nazism and wanted to produce that project for a free and united Europe known as the Ventotene Manifesto. I believe that each of us owns adept to those women that deeply. We've led the Arturo Spinelli Institute since its establishment on July 4th in 1987, an experience of passion and maintenance. The training seminar, which is its fourth national edition, organized by the Institute of the Legislative Region and the Ventotene Municipality and also with the Ventotene Citizens. Arturo Spinelli and Ventotene. I think it is an unsurparable pain. The author of Manifesto with Ernesto Rossi and the collaboration of Eugenio Colorni and many others, starting with Ursula Hirschman and Adarozzi, with exclusive data, interestingly, in forcing the isolation, is always present on the island. Spinelli, who died in Rome on May 23, 1986, wants to to rest on the island. Deworn, with his ashes, is in the small cemetery, brought to Ventotene on June 7th by his wife Ursula and daughter Barbara, by the companions of action by Pier Virgilio D'Astoli, Luciano Bolli, Gabriele Benigni, representing the Ratio region, and by the representative of the European Federalist movement and welcomed up on the island in Ventotene by Benimino Verdi. The straight of Spinelli action was such as a contribute to making this island famous. Spinelli records in his memories, if Ventotene has left an indelible mark on me, I have also marked it myself. The Ventotene Manifesto has made the name of the island previously obscure, known throughout Europe among those who will carry out or study the movement towards unity. A plaque at the entrance to the town hall reminds us that our first appeal to action for the European Federation started there. He made his first trip to Ventotene Spinelli on July 13, 1939, after being sentenced by the fastest special court and after having served 10 years in prison and a two-year confinement in Ponza. When I approach Federalist history, I was overwhelmed by the power of fate to always feel ready to show the way. The two masters of Al Tiero, of the mind Ernesto Rossi and of the soul Eugenio Volorni, looking for a solution to exasperate the nationalism, to the discovery of a system that would guarantee international peace in Quentanean Territories. It is an explosion of freedom. The one of those forces to the Confino did not have and Spinelli's consideration returned. The conclusion that I cannot escape is that if for nothing in the world I would want to renounce my freedom, if I defend it in myself against the walls on stones and against those of ideas which surround me, if I agreed to destroy so much of myself for it, I must also want it for my neighbor. The manifesto was the meeting point between two complementary visions of Al Tiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi. Al Tiero Spinelli is the interesting freedom of the individual and the society but also for the idea that this triangle could not stop at borders where socialism was being built.  The conversion to democracy has led Al Tiero Spinelli to understand that political action should have as its objective to the use of power in the service of freedom and that the national state with the enemy of freedom. Al Tiero Spinelli was perfectly aware to the fact that the further this culture was alien to the political culture existing in European countries that were emerged from the world trying to restore national democracies despite the universalist origin of the Christian moments, internationalist of the socialist and communist parties and cosmopolitan of the forces of liberal inspiration. He knew that these same parties were by no accounts to man by custom and tradition to pose all the problems starting from the desert assumption of the existence of the national state and to consider the problems of the international order as a matter of foreign policy and to be resolved so diplomatic and agreement between various governments. However, it is a confidence that the idea of the European Federation related to war federation were present itself at the end of the war as an achievable goal almost at the end and that forces from all social classes would be interested in it. To the diplomatic part Al Tiero Spinelli what has been called into the manifesto the revolutionary part of popular agitation provoking action states that have no longer been possible to go back. It is the first time that Al Tiero Spinelli presented the manifesto in 1944 that the problem of the European Federation arise on the carpet of a political struggle not a distant idea but as an urgent tragic necessary so that the path that came by the new democracies born on the Second World War was not the demolition of national sovereignities but the reconstruction of national states and back within the limit and within the framework of the process of community integration started in the little Europe of six according to the affectionate model conceived by Shaman Ney who to the goal of creating a federal state had replaced the the whole new one of sovereign nationality. Finally there is a stand-down of Al Tiero Spinelli on three reasons for the relevance of the manifesto which were so in the 1980s on the eve of the Great Upward Chaos therefore by the fall of the Soviet Empire and still today the thought to lay the foundation on the continental European Federation belongs to the current generation and not to a definite generation distant in time. The action to carry the author requires a vast mobilitation on public opinion but above all moment organized according to a revolutionary logic and a divinely aligned between political culture no longer passes between right and left between conservation and progress but between those who will defend the apparent national sovereign and those we are ready to fight for a superior European sovereign that is between immobilizers and innovators. Al Tiero Spinelli and Ursula Gershman's companions in life and federalist commitment left the Venturetta and separated after the adventure of manifesto and she left at the end of 1941 and he left in August 1943 after the fall of Mussolini with the aim of fighting his federalist thinking with the Supernational Policy Action for the United States of Europe. Al Tiero and Ursula returned to the other event Totene for the first time since in 1973 to celebrate the 30 years of the foundation of the Italian-European Federalist movement in Milan and then in October 1981 to commemorate the 40 years of the manifesto and launch the idea of transforming the island in the federalist school to teach girls and boys from all over the planet to become citizens of the world. And Mondo Polini was a journalist and friend of Spinelli. He handed his diaries for the Italian edition in Molino. Polini helped organize at the request of Spinelli an event in Ventotene which motivated by the celebration of the 14th anniversary of the Ventotene manifesto actually wanted to be a moment of a union between the European Federalist movement and the constituent action that Spinelli was carrying out to the European Parliament with the crocodile plant. I would like to remember the pages of diaries edited by Paulini and written by Spinelli on 10 and 11 October 1981 because in my opinion they are among the many death rate on a deep bond that was born in Ventotene during the conference. We hugged Ursula when we arrived while going up from the port to the church square where 42 years ago we met for the first time and we went to lunch together with Renata born from Hirschmann's marriage with Colorni in the apartment that was the canteen of which I was director and I was there. Ursula came and we said goodbye thinking that it could be forever and that we had never told each other anything we want to tell each other. In Ventotene, Arturo Spinelli proposed on 10 October 1980 want to transform the island into a permanent political school for young federalist militants just as it happened in the party school. After the death of Arturo Spinelli, the Italian organization on federalist inspiration, Italian federalist movement, European movement with the support of the Lazio region and the Ventotene municipality and the province of Latina created the institute named after him which is in the same center for reflection, training, awareness and dissemination of federalist thought. The Arturo Spinelli institute has become in Italy the essential part of the work table and coordination of European achievies activities on the island which have been arranged with cultural events and have facilitated the involvement of all the people of Ventotene and in Europe in the framework of the networks of the 60 I think so much now houses of the great Europeans which has been coordinated for many years by the European Parliament under Maison Chamonni. I want to thank the Maison for the great work he is doing to support the ideal of a free and united Europe, the ideal of a Ventotene manifesto. Allow me to close this report with some words of Colorni which we always combine accompanying me and which contain all the sensation of the time and I am lucky enough to live even today during the Ventotene seminar. Love has the most serious and important thing called life as that which brings us closer to another being forgetting about ourselves and wishing that it lives in its essence that is profoundly different from us. I don't want to be Maison or Maison public, publicly at all. I'm only fond of the thought of continuing to mingle for some time with my friend's conversation. So those conversations that have perhaps constituted the purest joy of my life. These are the words used by Colorni and will draw up on May 2, 1943. Colorni was wanted by a group of fascists and in agony on May 30, 1944. Thank you all. Thank you. Thank you Mario for this overview on the all the process that led to the manifesto made or started in Ventotene which as said by Philippa and myself it was one of the pillars of the nowadays federalist union. Okay so thank you. It's always a pleasure to to to work with a partner from different countries. Philippe I don't know if you want to add something before giving the floor to our colleagues for the last panel. Yes just something that I forgot of course to mention that we also organize webinars this year a cycle of three webinars which are available on the internet if you want to to access them we can provide the the addresses and they were a cycle with focus on the treaty of Paris of 1951 which was the first European treaty which created the first community of Coen steel and during this cycle we talked about of course the commemoration of the treaty but also of the current policy in Europe on the subject of energy and we also mentioned the future with the Green Deal and we try to analyze whether the method of the small step could be maybe renewed and adapted now for going further into our common policies and especially what concerns environment and energy. So this is something of course it's in French but if you want to access it it's available on the way. Thank you very much again for the organization. Thank you Ariel. So thank you and we give the floor to Deborah Rigetti, Marcos Proust and Aurora Linkai for the last table. Thank you all.


From around the globe, it's theCUBE with digital coverage of PagerDuty Summit 2020, brought to you by PagerDuty. Welcome to this CUBE conversation. I'm Lisa Martin, today talking with Tammy Bryant, who's a CUBE alumna, the principal site reliability engineer at Gremlin and the co-founder and CTO of the Girl Beak Academy. Tammy, it's great to have you on the program again. Hi, Lisa, thanks so much for having me again. It's great to be here. So one of the things I saw in your background, 10 plus years of technical expertise in SRE and chaos engineering. And I thought chaos engineering, I feel like I'm living in chaos right now. What is chaos engineering and why do you break things on purpose? Yep, so the idea of chaos engineering is that we're breaking systems, but in a thoughtful control way to identify weaknesses in systems. So that's really what it's all about. The idea there is, when you're doing really complicated work with technical systems, so like for example, distributed systems, and say for example, you're working at a bank, it's tough to be able to pinpoint the exact value mode that could cause a really large outage for your customers. And that's what chaos engineering is all about. You inject the failure proactively to identify the issues and then you fix them before they actually cause really big problems for customers. You do it during the middle of the day, when you're feeling great, instead of being paged in the middle of the night for an incident that's actually causing your customers pain and making you lose a lot of money. So that's what chaos engineering really is. Are you seeing in the last six months since the world is so different, are you seeing an increase in customers now with, for example, brick and mortar is shut down and everything having to convert to digital if it wasn't already. Is there an increase in demand for chaos engineering services? Definitely. So a lot of people are asking what is chaos engineering? How can I use it? Will it help me reduce my incidents? And definitely because there are a lot of new services that have been rolled out recently, say for example, curbside pickup. That's a whole new thing that had to be created really recently to be able to handle a large amount of load. And you know, people show up, they wanna get their product really fast because they wanna be able to just get back home quickly. And that's something that we've been working on with our customers is to make sure that curbside pickup experience is really great. The other interesting thing that we've been working on because of the pandemic is making sure that banks are really reliable and that customers are able to get access to their money when they need it and able to see that information too. And you can imagine that matters when you're in lockdown and you only can leave your house for maybe an hour a day, you need to be able to quickly get access to your money to buy food. And we've seen some big incidents recently where that hasn't been the case. Yeah. I can imagine, I mean, just thinking of what happened with everything six months ago and how people were, we had this demanding, consumers were demanding, we expect to get whatever we want, whether it's something I'm gonna buy on Amazon, something that we stream on Netflix or whatnot, we have this expectation that we can almost get it in real time. But there was a delay a few months ago and there still is to some degree, but companies like Amazon and Netflix, I can imagine really must have a big focus on chaos engineering to test these things regularly and now have proved, I would imagine to some degree that with chaos engineering that they have built, they're built to withstand that. Yes, exactly. So our founders at Gremlin came from Netflix and Amazon. Our CEO had worked at both where he'd done chaos engineering and that's actually why he decided to create Gremlin. It's the first company in the world to offer chaos engineering as a service. And obviously when you're working somewhere like Netflix, the whole products, you have to be able to get access to that movie, that TV show right in that moment. And also customers expect to be able to see that on, for example, their PlayStation in their living room and it should work. And they're paying for a subscription. So to be able to keep them on that subscription, you need to offer a great service. Same thing with Amazon, Amazon.com, they've done a lot of chaos engineering work over many years now to be able to make sure that everything is available. And it's not just that the entire Amazon.com is up and running. It's also for example that when you go and look at a page that the recommendation service works too and they're able to show you, hey, here are some other things that you might like to get to buy at this time. And I like to know as a consumer, I love that because it helps me save time and effort and even money as well because it's giving you some good advice. So that's the type of stuff that we do. Exactly. So when you're working with customers, I'd love to understand just a little bit from the conversational standpoint. Is this now, is chaos engineering now at kind of the C level or is it still sort of in within the engineering folks? Because looking at this as a make or break, knowing that for example, Netflix, there's Hulu, there's Disney Plus, there's Apple TV Plus, if we don't get something that we're looking for right away, there's Prime, we're going to go to another streaming service. So are you starting to see like an increase in demand from companies that know we have competition right behind us? We've got to be able to set up the infrastructure and ensure that it is reliable now more than ever. Yeah, exactly. That's really, really important. I'm seeing a lot of executives. I mean, I've seen that since the beginning really. Since I first started working at Gremlin, I would often be invited by executives to come and give talks actually within their company to help their teams learn about chaos engineering. And I love doing that. That's really great. So I'd be invited by C levels or VP's from different departments. And I often get people adding me on LinkedIn from all over the world who are in leadership roles because really like, you know, they're responsible for making sure that their companies can hit those critical metrics and make sure that they're able to achieve their really, you know, demanding business goals. And then they're trying to help their teams be able to achieve that too. So I'm actually been so pleased to see that as well. Like it is really cool to have an executive reach out and say, hey, I'm thinking of helping my team. I'd like to get them introduced to you. Can you come and just teach them about this topic? And I love being able to do that. It's really positive and it's a great way to improve. It is I think nowadays with reliability being more important than ever. You know, we talked to leaders from industry, from every industry. And there are certain things right now that are going to be shaping the winners and the losers of tomorrow. And it sounds to me like chaos engineering is one of those things that's going to be fundamental to any type of business, to not just survive these times, but to thrive going forward. Yes, I definitely think so. I mean, obviously people can easily just go to a different URL and try and use a different service. And, you know, we're seeing now failure across so many different industries. We didn't see that before, but for example, you know, I'm sure you've seen in the news I heard from friends and family about schools now being completely online and then kids can't actually access their calls, their resources, what they need to learn every day. So that really just shows you how much it's impacting us as a society. We really know that the internet is critical. It's amazing that we have the internet, like how, you know, lucky we are to have this, but it needs to work for us to actually be able to get value out of it. And that's what chaos engineering is all about. You know, we're able to make sure that everything is reliable, so it's up and running. And we do that by looking at things like redundancy. So we'll do failover work where we completely shut down an application or a service and make sure it gracefully fails over. We also do a lot of dependency failure work where you're actually looking to say, this is the critical path of this service. And a lot of people don't think about this, but the critical path really starts at sign-in. So you need to make sure that login and sign-in works really well. It's not just about the experience once you've signed in. That has to work well all the way through. So actually, if you have a good understanding of user experience, it helps you create a much better pathway and understand those critical pieces that the customer needs to be able to do to have a great experience. And I care a lot about that. Like, whenever I go and work somewhere, I always read customer tickets. I always try and understand what are the customer pain points. And I love listening to customers and then just solving their problems. The last thing I want them to do is be complaining or be really annoyed on Twitter because something just isn't working when they need it to be working. And it is really critical these days. The internet's a really serious part of our day-to-day life. Oh, it's a lifeline.  Is through the internet. So when things aren't, I had a friend whose son's first day of college a couple of weeks ago, freshman year, first class, couldn't get into Zoom. And that's a stressful situation. But I imagine too, though, that, and I know you're going to be speaking at the PagerDuty Summit that more folks need to understand what this is. And I can tell that you have a real authentic passion for it. Talk to us though about what you're going to be talking about at the PagerDuty Summit. Sure thing. I'm excited to be speaking at PagerDuty Summit very soon. My talk is called Building and Scaling SRE Teams. So Site Reliability Engineering Teams. And this is something that I've done previously. I built out the SRE teams at Dropbox for both databases as well as storage. So block storage. And then I also led the code workflows team. And that's for over 500 million users, people accessing their critical data that they store in Dropbox all the time. You know, the way that folks use Dropbox is in so many different ways. Maybe it's like really famous musicians who are trying to create an amazing new album. That happens. Or maybe it's a lawyer preparing for a court case and they need to be able to access their documents. So those are a lot of customer stories that would come up over time. And prior to that, I worked at the National Australia Bank as well, leading teams too. And obviously like people care about their money if they can't access their money, if there are incorrect transactions, if there are missing transactions, you know, duplicate transactions, maybe people don't mind so much about it. You get like a double deposit, but it's still not good from the bank's perspective. So there's all types of different chaos that can happen. And I found it to be really interesting to be able to dive into that and make sure that you can make improvements. And I love that it makes customers happier. And also it helps you improve your company as a whole. So it's a really good thing to be able to do.  You know, why would we need that? Now, everybody has a security team. Everyone has a chief security officer as well. But why don't we focus on reliability? Like we know that we see incidents out in the news all the time. But for some reason we don't have the chief reliability officer. I think that's definitely going to be something that will appear in the future just like the chief security officer role appeared. But that's what I'm gonna talk about there, how you can find site reliability engineers. I'll share a few of my secrets. I won't give any spoilers out, but there's actually quite a few places that you can find amazing people. There's even a school that you can hire them from, which I've done in the past. And then I'll talk to you about how you can interview them to make sure that you get the best people on your team. There are a number of things that I think are very important to interview for. And then once you've got those folks on your team, I'll talk to you about how you can make sure that they're successful, how to set them up for success and make sure that they're aligned to not only your business goals, but also your core values as a company, which is really important too. Yeah. That's fantastic, it's very well-rounded. I'm curious, what are some of the characteristics that you think are really critical for someone to become a successful SRE? Yeah, so there's a few key things that I look for. One thing is that somebody who is really good at troubleshooting, so they need to be able to be comfortable with complexity, ambiguity and open-ended challenges and problems and also thrive in those types of environments, because often you're seeing something that you've never seen happen before and also you're working with really complicated systems. So you just need to be able to feel good in that moment and you can test for that during an interview question on troubleshooting and debugging. So that's something that I'll go into in more detail, but that's definitely the first characteristic. The other thing of course is you want to have someone who is good at being able to build solutions. So they can code, they understand automation, they can figure out how can I take this pain point, this problem and how can I automate it and then scale this out and make it available for everyone across my organization. So somebody who has that mindset of building tools for others and often they are internal tools because maybe you're building a tool that helps everybody know who is on call for every single critical service at the company and also non-critical service and they can identify that in a minute or less, like maybe even just in a few seconds and then they can quickly get that person involved if they need to escalate to them. For example, a tool like Pager Duty, that's really what you want. You want them to be able to think how can I just make this efficient? How can I make sure that we can get really great results? And yeah, I think they also just need to be really personable to and work well in a really complicated organizational structure because usually they have to work with the engineering team, the finance team to understand the revenue impact. They need to be able to work with the PR team and the social media team if there are incidents and then they need to provide information about when this incident is going to be resolved and how they can update VIP customers. They need to talk to the sales team because what happens if you're giving a demonstration and then somehow there's an issue, a failure that happens, an incident and then in the middle of your very important sales demo you're not able to actually deliver it. That can happen a lot too. So there are a lot of very important key skills. Sounds like it's a really cross-functional role, pivotal to an organization that needs to understand how these different functions not only operate but also operate together. Is that somebody that you think has certain types of previous work experience? Is this something that you talk to the Girl Geek Academy girls about how did they get into? I'm curious like what the career path is. Yeah, it's interesting. Like I find a lot of SREs often come from either a few different backgrounds. One is they came through the world of Linux and understanding systems and just being really interested in that, like deep diving into the kernel, understanding how to improve performance of systems. The other side is maybe they came from a coding background where they were actually building applications and features. I started off actually on that side but I also had a passion for Linux and then I sort of spread over into the other side and was able to learn both. And then often someone who's comfortable with being on call and handling incidents but it is a lot of skills. Like that's actually something that I often talk to folks about and they ask me, how can I become a great SRE? There's so many things I need to learn. And I just say, take it slow, try and gradually increase your number of skills. People often say that there's like this curve for SREs where you have the operation side on one side and then the coding side on the other and often like the best person sits right in the middle where they have both ops and engineering skills but it's really hard to find those people. It's okay if you have someone that's like really deep, has amazing knowledge of Linux and scaling systems and incident management and then you can pair them up with a really amazing programmer who's great at software engineering and software architecture. That's okay too. We've been hearing for a long time about the sort of negative unemployment with respect to cybersecurity professionals. Is that, are you guys falling into that same category as well with SRE or is it somehow different or you just know this is exactly what we're looking for. We want to go out there and even in the girl geek academy maybe help girls learn how to be able to find what I imagine are a lot of opportunities. Yeah, there are so many opportunities for this. So it's definitely an opportunity because what I see is there's not enough SREs. So tons of companies all over the world will actually ping me and say, hey Tammy, how do I hire SREs? That's why I decided to give this talk because I wanted to package that up and just share that information as to how you can do it. And also maybe you can't find the SREs because they don't exist but you can help retrain your team. So you can have an engineer learn the skills that are required to be an SRE. That's totally possible too. Maybe move them over to become an SRE. With Girl Geek Academy one of the things that I've done is run hackathons and workshops and just online training sessions to help girls learn these new skills. So that's exactly what our mission is is to teach one million girls technical skills by 2025. And I love to do mentoring at scale which is why it's been really cool to be able to do it online and through these workshops and remote hackathons. And I definitely love to do something where I'll say work with some of our customers actually and run an event. I did one a while back, it was really cool. We were able to have all of the girls come in and be at the customer's office and actually learn skills with the customer which was really fun and it helps them actually think, hey, I could work here one day. That would be really amazing. And I'm gonna do that again in November. And it's kind of fun too. We can do things like have like, dad and mom and then daughter day where you actually bring your daughter to work and help her learn technical skills. And it's really fun because they get to see what you do and they understand it more and see how cool chaos engineering really is.  It's great. I love it. That's fantastic. Well, it sounds like like I said before your passion for it is really there. And what I think is really interesting is how you're talking about chaos engineering and just the word in and of itself chaos but you painted in such a positive lights critical business critical, but also all the opportunities there that businesses have to learn and fine tune. So such an interesting conversation. Tammy, I'm sorry. Yeah, Tammy, we'll have to have you back on the program but I thank you so much for joining me today. And for those folks lucky enough that are attending the PagerDuty Summit they're gonna get to learn a lot from you. Thank you. Thanks so much for having me, Lisa. For Tammy Bryant, I'm Lisa Martin. You're watching this CUBE conversation.


Hey guys, it's Nate, aka The Photo Account, and welcome back to the channel. We have seen the pack code, and we know that it's coming soon. A brand new icon pack that we have very much so needed in FIFA 23 could come to this game as early as today. And we need to get preparing and start talking about how this icon pack might affect this game because it's new one we've never seen before. And it includes some of those brand new trophy Titans icons. We'll look at that today because that pack could be today. But of course, there's a lot to talk about with Bundesliga team of the season with EA dropping an insane set of players impacts yesterday and an insane SBC. It's making the market go crazy, a lot of coins being made. But also at the same time, a lot of coins being lost because some people are transitioning from prem topped cards their team to Bundesliga. So there's a lot to talk about today. If you're excited for it, if you're excited for an icon pack that we can finally do as an SBC, hit the thumbs up and of course subscribe if you are new. Now, let's do a quick overview of yesterday's content. First of all, we're going to start in the SBCs. It was a crazy Friday yesterday. If we're being completely honest with the players that were released in packs they had insanely juiced stats, but it all came down to the hype of the SBC player, Marco Royce. Now, I would show you the SBC, but I've completed him. He went boom straight into my team because the value in this SBC is immense and this card is incredible. I mean, look at this card. If I was to tell you that this card as an SBC is only coming in at around a price of 290,000 coins, you would be like, no way. But yes, way it's happening because this Royce card is only three different squads to complete five star week foot boost. He is a really, really good card. Ignore some of the matches in here. I gifted some wins and he was in the squad for that. But he can play striker left wing and left mid. He has really, really great stats. I've chosen to finish your chemistry style and him to make him explosive in his accelerate type. And man, this SBC got a lot of people excited just because a it's Marco Royce B the price here is fantastic. I mean, think about how much this would be on the market. I would assume there was some of the other players we have with this team if this card was on the market, he would probably be about four to five hundred thousand coins just for this very card because it is a really crack card with really cracked stats. And I mean, it's pretty easy to craft as well with all the high ratings that we're getting team the season cards. Yesterday, he dropped an SBC as well called the Flash SBC that was available for the end of Premier League Tots and the beginning of Bundesliga team in the season. And that gave some people higher rated cards and maybe some team of season pack polls to go out and help them craft this SBC. We'll talk about that SBC again in regards to fodder here in a little bit. But W SBC for a W player, I mean, there's not much else to say, except it's an absolute W for this Royce card. And he's already in so many people's teams. And it's always an incredible thing when a brand new player SBC is dropped on a promo Friday and it just helps you want to try out new cards in the promo team and makes half the cards in the promo team so much more linkable because Royce is from Dortmund and is German. So really W SBC there. Make sure you get that one done during this next week. You could craft it very easily with upgrade packs as well. It's a W SBC for sure. We also had two player the months that was expected. We had Erling Holland and we had Rafael Leal. Rafael Leal is a W value. It's basically the foot phenoms card without five star skills, even a little bit better stats for like 70,000 coins. A W price there for that card. And then Erling Holland, it's the first Holland SBC of the year technically, which is crazy. This is his first player of the month with the year that he has had, but deserved nonetheless. And if you want to get a Holland SBC that's there, I wouldn't say it's really that cracked. I mean, look at the Royce card. Royce is cheaper than Holland. And in my opinion, a better card overall, especially when you have Todd Terry Kane, who basically finishes everything in the game, regardless as a prem striker. So it was a busy day in SBCs yesterday. Like I mentioned, that flash challenge was out as well. And that was making some fodder go up in price. But in objectives is also where there's a lot going on. We have a Turram Group Reward Bundesliga year in review. And it's kind of one of those like teasers things where you have to figure out what the riddles mean and you have to solve the riddles to complete the objective. Now, good news is that a lot of people on Twitter have come together to kind of figure out what all of these different descriptions are trying to say. And we've basically solved the riddle. Shout out to Nepenthes and his Kimmily. He is the one who has tweeted this and I'll leave a link to this tweet down below in the description. But this is what you have to do to get it done. It's not that crazy hard. The hardest one looks like it is eight games with four Dortmund players and play 10 games with two players from Bayern, Dortmund, Union, Freiburg or Leipzig in the starting 11 of your team. And you can get this done in the foot champions, right? Squad battles, some at pro or higher rivals and in foot champs. So it is a very nice grind, especially for the rewards that you get in here, right? You get the eight Bundesliga players pack. This is the most popular one in 81 times 11 Bundesliga pack right there. You've got more XP and icon Gerd Mohler in a team of the season. I don't know how to say this guy's name. So I'm calling him Dukie. We're calling this guy Dukie, but he's got 90 defense, 95 physical, a three star week from the card is not that amazing. But for a free center back with a 99 strength, not that terrible of a card whatsoever. Also Dutch, some nice Dutch links recently like with Chong and all that sort of stuff. So two cards available via this objective once again, kind of a fun way for EA to do it, right?  I mean, it does take a little bit of figuring out what this is, but this is such a cool idea from EA. They've done this before and it's kind of fun to like work together and see the community, figure out how to get it done. But then also as a part of it, there's some nice packs and it's really not that hard to do. So that is a W objective there in my opinion. We also got the cup and that of course can't be glossed over because you've got some decent packs in here as well. The Bundesliga Tots guaranteed is in there. You've got an 85 plus. It's basically the same cup every single week. And I do believe you have to use Bundesliga players once again, like last week you had to use Prem. So it's kind of interesting to see the quality of squads changing from last week in the Bundesliga Cup, this week in the Bundesliga Cup to last week for the Prem Cup. The Bundesliga just doesn't have as many special cards this year. Of course, there have been plenty, but I think that's affected some prices on the market as well. And you've seen some other cards go up in value a lot more on the low tier and the Bundesliga end with the links to Royce and that cup being there. Now let's talk about the team that is in packs because this is what really brought some of the excitement yesterday. Who would want to do a cup for packs if the cards in packs were not that good, but they are. EA juice the heck out of this team. I mean, and Kuku is 97, 97, 5 star, 5 star. Absolutely incredible. Jude Bellingham, club 90. He's not even the only club 90 card in this team. 7.4 million coin, he was extinct. Very, very expensive. That is kind of how this team to me is how I think of it. A very expensive team right now because A, they're pretty rare. And B, they are very high rated and very juice. Like look at all the 97 and 96 cards. Musiala, Bellingham, Delict, Kimmich. We've got a 95 and Kuku. And then we have a 95, Mane and Goretzka. Like very high rated cards, very big juices and nice skill move, weak foot upgrades on somebody's card. Also some nice work rate changes as well. Kimmich, who was extinct at 750K, is now 500,000 coins. He is high, high work rates, four star, four star. He can play right back, CDM in center mid. Absolutely incredible card there. You look through this list and another thing I love about it is there's great cards that are absolutely expensive and juice like this Delict who looks to rival one of the best center backs in the game with these sort of stats. He's 1.5 million coins. But you can also try out a brand new 100,000 coin cold Omani for a four star, four star, 95 paced 94 dribble card there with France links as well as if you have the Diabi SBC an easy link there from Pong, right?  Now these cards started off very expensive and we expected that right. Why was that the case? Because there was not as many saved up packs today. Remember if you guys saw the prices like in the first couple of hours, Alfonso Davies was like 600,000 coins and I remember saying on stream like guys, this guy is very overpriced. He's gonna drop down, he's only 92 rated and that means he's gonna continue to get packed and of course at the same time, a lot of people were trying out these cards. So again, it was as expected, these cards did not start out cheap. They started out very expensive and they've continued to fall off into the nighttime and they're probably borrow some fluctuations today on Saturday, they're probably gonna continue to drop off during the day today. There could be a couple of fluctuations as people wake up today, wanna go out and try out some of these brand new cards like Kimmich at 500K, that's really, really low. I'm very interested in this Kimmich card because he was extinct at 750 with the nice work rate change and just with the absolute insane card that he is, I'm very tempted to pick a couple of these up and see if he rebounds into the morning time today on Saturday. I think that's gonna happen on a handful of these cards, especially with the Royce SBC being as cracked as it is. I really think there's potential here for, especially some of the cheaper cards, like I think about Sanne, I think about Schlotterbeck, there we go, picked up a Kimmich for 505,000 coins. I think about some of these cheaper cards, like if you would have told me that a four star, four star, Leroy Sanne was gonna be 100,000 coins on this game. What is he right now? Flippen says 104, but they're lying, he's 114. But like this card for 100K with the finesse shot trait Flair and four star, four star upgrade, and especially with the links to Royce, all those alternate positions that are there, like that's a really cracked card, or maybe Le Coix, right? Le Coix with his 91 pace and 91 defense and 90 physical, the first, or not the first, but one of the most recent Le Coix cards we've had in the recent past in this game, like that's a pretty cracked out card as well for only 144,000 coins. So I like this team because EA gave out some incredible boosts, but there's also prices all the way from the top to the bottom that give you really, really, really insane cards. So I'm a huge fan of this team and I can't wait to try to pack some of them later on this week. So just be careful with the prices today. Once again, as expected, they're probably gonna get some low prices here in the early Saturday hours. They're gonna rise up a bit, but then I also would expect prices to drop back down again during the day today into the nighttime on Saturday as they just get supplied from people opening their week only rewards and more lightning round packs and stuff like that is dropped on this game. So that's a lot about bonus tots. And like Nate, we're gonna talk about the content in this icon pack that we're supposed to be getting excited for. Let's talk about it. So we have had this ADA plus trophy Titans hero pick, which I didn't even do yesterday. I said, I'm not doing this because I'm gonna do the Royce SBC instead. And I'm glad that I put my fodder into that instead of this because you get a guaranteed Royce card instead of gambling on one of these. But for this icon pack, we've seen it added to the code. And the reason I wanna talk about it today is because this is a huge icon pack. People have been wanting an icon pack now since we haven't had one for a couple of weeks. And this is one that adds in the most recent icons, the trophy Titans. And it's again, a 90 plus icon pack, prime team of the year, foot birthday or trophy Titans icon. Now, when is this SBC going to drop? It could drop as early as today. That's one of the reasons I wanted to cover it extensively in today's video is because this could be an SBC that we get today. There's been a couple of times where EA have dropped icon SBCs on Saturdays. Sundays is the most common day, but depending on what they wanna do, depending on what they're trying to schedule and try to make content and prices, whatever, whatever their plans are, today could be a day that we get it. It also could very well be tomorrow. So that being said, let's prepare it today. We've seen the 90 plus icon pack with the team of the year, foot birthday and prime variant of this be released already twice in this game. It was 410K the first time, 305,000 coins the second time. And I don't know about you guys, but I remember doing a couple of these and the prime weight was very heavy because just like in these player picks here, or these packs here, this pack is still including prime icons, which means the prime icon weight on this pack is gonna be pretty heavy as well. I think there's something like 93 prime icons that are technically packable from this, but you also add in those trophy Titan icons that are the most recent versions. So instead of packing prime Viera, you could also pack the trophy Titans version of Viera. That's where some of the hype is. Now also with the trophy Titans versions, if you kind of dig into the context here, there will actually be an opportunity to pack some little bro Titan icons, but only two of them because it is Javi. And I forget who the other one is, Javi and Lom. Javi and Lom are the only little bro icons, as we call them, the lower tier versions that are 90 rated or above. So you could sell like 92 Lom and 90 Javi would be in this pack. LPR, Frenel Torres, those guys are not gonna be in this upgrade pack as we see, but you could of course get the big bro versions of these cards because they are of course above 90 rated as well. So that's where the hype is with this pack.  As we saw, the other 90 plus icon upgrades were about four to three to 400,000 coins. Now with fodder being as cheap as it is, how much would it cost this time? I think it would almost have to be around that same range, maybe even a little bit cheaper unless EA specifically go out of their way to be higher rated squads and to make it a little more expensive feeling because fodder prices are so low. And you almost got that vibe with the Royce SBC that we had yesterday because there were three squads inside of it and still now seeing this at three squads in 86, 87, and 88 with the price tag only being 290 or 300K is pretty crazy, right? So this SBC might seem like it's gonna be pretty expensive because fodder is just so cheap they can put out a higher rated squad requirement and it's just not gonna be that much more expensive to do because fodder is so attainable right now. So if you were to invest in any fodder for this, what would you potentially invest in? Well, seeing as a lot of people have team of the season cards in their clubs, yes, there could be some high rated requirements inside of this, yes, there could be price movements on the 91s, the 92s, those cards could, I mean 26K for a 91, like that is crazy, right? It really is ridiculous how cheap some of these cards are. Your cheapest TOTS cards in the game are some of these like 90 rated team of the seasons. This kind of doubles as like a good fodder TOTS investment and also an investment for a potential high rated, like Hoffman is one of the cheapest 90 rated cards for now as a team of the season card. He's like 21 or 22,000 coins, which I guess is a little bit of an undercut on footprint, but like 22 or 21K for a 90 rated TOTS card like that doesn't seem too bad to me. And if you get any of those higher rated team of the seasons that are 91 rated, I mean, Gertruida at what is he, 25,000 coins, 24K, like that seems pretty decent to me as well. I think 91s, if you're gonna go for a higher rating, 91s could be a good rating. And I would focus on the gold cards, guys. I know we're talking about TOTS, pick one or two of those up, but focus on the gold cards because those always rise more. So if you wanna invest in high tier fodder, you can look there. Now, for the lower tier part of the fodder market, which I would feel more comfortable investing in because again, everybody has high tier fodder. You've got the 88s and above. You're packing TOTS cards. You're getting the guaranteed TOTS packs multiple times per week from multiple different locations in the game. You've got high rated cards in your club. So what do you need to buy? The lower rated, I think there's more potential for a rise here on the 84 to 87 side of things, but the prices here aren't necessarily that low. 86 is at 8.7. These are pretty low. I mean, last week they were about 8.3 on Tuesday. So they have been lower, right? They are pretty low in nature. But of course, at the same time, as you see this spike that we had yesterday on Friday, fodder prices were very high yesterday because of that 84 rated squad requirement that was in the Flash SBC. And a ton of people were doing that Flash SBC. As you can see for that four hour period where the SBC was out, 85s went from six and a half K all the way to seven and a half. Now they're back down to the low to mid six K range. If we don't get the eye compact today, this stuff is going to go lower. So that's kind of the gamble that you have to think about. If you want to invest in fodder, I like the lower tier, but also right now the lower tier is up a bit because it was in demand yesterday. It could come down like we're saying, could come down later on into today if the icon pack is not dropped today. If I had to guess, I would assume the icon pack would be tomorrow. Well, I wanted to talk about it today because, again, maybe you just start with a club stock. Maybe you put a couple of these cards in your club so that you're ready just in case it comes, but then you go fuller in on a fodder investment, maybe Saturday night, maybe into tomorrow and Sunday morning. If you see lower prices on fodder and the SBC is not out yet. So I like the 85s, 86s and the 87s the best because again, like I said, if you're needing 88 and 89 rated squads, you have the 90s and the 91s and T for the seasons that will go up a little bit, but a lot of people already have those. They're going to be buying the lower tier fodder to finish out that squad. And then you could see a bit of panic selling on some of the icons. Every time we see an icon pack like this, you do see a little bit of selling on kind of the icons that are already in the game that people are expecting they're going to pack, but in reality, they're probably not going to pack those guys very often. So that will be another thing to watch out for. I don't expect icons would drop that much, but maybe some of the icons that are around like 200 to 400K since that's the price of the SBC and since EA drained a lot of fodder out of people's clubs yesterday because of that 86 plus double the flash SBC, you could see some of those cards drop as people need to sell some cards to go and complete that SBC because there's going to be a lot of hype for it, of course. Now that SBC could be today, but also what we could see today, a little bit of other content. Let's talk about Saturday on this game a little bit more. We only have one leak at the moment and it's really not a concrete leak either, but it is Surge Nabri. As a Bundesliga Tats objective or SBC, of course, now that we have Tehran as an objective you would think this is going to be an upcoming SBC. Now, the only thing that would contradict this coming pretty soon is Saturdays have been flashback SBC days, right? Last time we had Havertz in the week before that we had the SBC for Dele Feu and community team this season. So, you know, I'm a little unsure if we're going to get Surge Nabri today. Very interested to see if that is going to be something that does drop in this game. How much is Kimmich right now? Fopen just refreshed and says he's 530. Is that true? It is absolutely true. Wow, what a rise on Kimmich in that short. In the video, we just watched Kimmich go up 30,000 coins. I'm glad I was able to pick one up right there. It looks like he's rebounding at price and I'm going to keep an eye on some of these other cards. But anyways, today's content on Saturday, along with the player SBC potential, we also have an objective that is going to come true today with the Bundesliga Tats season swaps challenge five. So, this, of course, kind of, I don't know, the Saturday SBC for these started to be famous in my mind because of the Dutch pack that dropped. I don't think there's like a German pack that's in the code that would like crash all the German team in the season cards if they dropped it as a tradable SBC pack. So, it might just be like the eight player Bundesliga pack today for this. But watch out for this SBC. That could move some lower tier fodder prices as everybody's trying to get that done. Of course, progress in the season XP realm. But like a Saturday normally isn't this game. It's all about Weekend League. It is all about the grinding games to try to get the red picks for these cards in Weekend League. And of course, trying out the brand new players. Again, like I said, if I were gonna flip any Tots cards today, I would maybe focus on, you know, Schlotterbeck kind of interests me because this is a link to Royce. And a lot of your links to Marco Royce and a lot of your out of pack specials from the Bundesliga are absolutely flying in price. Schlotterbeck is actually not 68K like Flippin says. Schlotterbeck is 73,000 coins. So, maybe picking up a couple here at 68K could be a decent buy. We'll see if he goes up a bit this morning.  I sold the Jude Bellingham foot Phenoms yesterday for a really inflated price. But this Emery Chan is 165K. He was 80,000 coins yesterday before the content drop. The Jude Phenoms card that I was mentioning as well. Since there's no affordable version of Jude beside his inform and this version on the game, this card was 220 yesterday. Now he's 320, 330,000 coins. So a big rise there all because of the links to that Marco Royce SBC. Now really quickly, I'm losing a lot of coins right now as well. You might be asking Nate, well, how did you get some of your coins back? Did you take some losses? I did. I took losses yesterday. I also took some Ws, right? We traded with some German icons. I bought these Loms at 200 to 220. I bought three sockets yesterday or two sockets at 540, maybe three of them. Yeah, three sockets at 540. Sold those at 588 to 600. But a lot of my investments for Premier League team this season did not end up very good. I still have a Salah at the moment that I bought for 2.6 mil. Oh my gosh, he is two.  I've been kind of waiting for a bounce back on that card but he just keeps dropping. I should have sold earlier today when he was like two, three, two, four but I've just mistakenly held on and he keeps going lower. A lot of these Premier League tats yesterday got really low and then they came, oh my gosh, sockets 520. Wow, so this market guys is just all over the place because everybody is in the middle right now between trying out Bundesliga tats cards. We're using the Prem tats cards from last week. There was a big sell off at content on the tats cards from the Prem. Some of them bounced back, like this is where I bought soccer and sold them right here but now he's back down again. He could bounce back up later today but man, with the great content that was dropped yesterday, still with the craziness of the level 20 player pick that is in the season progress with so many people opening that and getting guys like Rodrigo getting Hyunmin's son. I think that really just threw the market so much for a loop and again, with the good content with the Royce that we had yesterday, I think people are actually switching over to Bundesliga teams and selling some of their Prem cards because that content is so good. And again, I hate to lose coins but also at the same time, as I'll always say, you know, I will lose coins a lot more gladly when the content is very, very good. So wow, Salah is literally 2.07 and that's crazy. So I know a lot of you guys may have lost coins as well, this did not go as we expected at all but how often does do things go as expected on FIFA? It's always changing. It's always a question. We always try to do our best to make some coins and to invest and to do all this sort of stuff. But a lot of times it doesn't pan out. Not a lot of times. Sometimes it doesn't pan out just because EA are in control and what they wanted to do was drop good content and when they drop good content that really affects prices on this market. So I'm gonna watch some Bundesliga cards. I've got some coins to make back. I'm trying to trade on the weekends so that we can fund the upgrade packs that we do during the week. And we're gonna do a lot more of those this week as well on this game.  But drop a thumbs up on it if you did enjoy it. Comment down below if you have any questions and of course subscribe if you knew. Good luck in Champs and I'll see you guys in a video tomorrow. It's been Native Foot Accounts. See you guys there. Peace.


The community here is absolutely amazing. Mount Holy truly equips you with that courage, with that confidence that you need in the world today and in society today. It's a really incredible experience to be learning around so many driven and intelligent women. And being able to be a part of that community and the learning and growth that comes with that is something that you can only get here. Being on this campus every day I have felt empowered to become a better student and to try different things, try new things. And I think that's really the benefit of going to a liberal arts college. Our professors and our students really teach you how to think and how to absorb new ideas and how to explore new topics and interests. The classroom experience here at Mount Holyoke is very supportive. It's very collaborative. I think that it's a support for the application of what makes you passionate and what's going to get you further. You're here to learn how you interact with academia and how you grow. You don't have to go abroad to experience the world here at Mount Holyoke. When you come to a classroom, there are international students, first generation students. You'll see people from pretty much everywhere here and they all bring their own experiences. They all bring their own talents and abilities. Everybody's really striving towards the common goal of education and learning how to change the world around them for the better. I'm definitely becoming a better version of myself every single day. You have all those resources that really give you the chance to think for yourself and really think about what you want to do. Mount Holyoke has taught me that it is far more important to speak up for oneself and to speak up for others than it is to follow the status quo. It's pushing people to think about themselves in a new way. It's also showing people that not only can they do amazing things, but that they can have an amazing community around them that will help them achieve those things. That's kind of the biggest difference that Mount Holyoke has made for me.


Good morning friends. I am Purva and today we will discuss the following question. In figure one we have DE is parallel to AB and FE is parallel to DB and we have to prove that DC square is equal to CF into AC. Let us begin with the solution now. Now we are given triangle ABC in which DE is parallel to AB and FE is parallel to DB and we have to prove that DC square is equal to CF into AC. Now first we consider triangle CAB. So in triangle CAB we have DE is parallel to AB. This is given to us. Therefore by basic proportionality theorem which states that if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle the other two sides are divided in the same ratio. We have DC upon AC is equal to CE upon BC. We mark this as equation 1. Similarly in triangle CDB we are given that FE is parallel to DB. Therefore again by basic proportionality theorem we have CF upon DC is equal to CE upon BC. We mark this as equation 2. So from 1 and 2 we get right hand side of both the equations 1 and 2 are same. So we get DC upon AC is equal to CF upon DC. Or we can write this as DC into DC is equal to CF into AC. Or DC square is equal to CF into AC. Thus we have proved that DC square is equal to CF into AC. This is our answer. Hope you have understood the solution. Bye and take care.