I think I will leave, there are lots of examples which you can actually read from the Zaboslu but I will leave these to go to the next topic which we are discussing with the size-gun systems. In fact, we just said in the last class that if I have H4 dimer, octraphox separates correctly because when I do VCI it does not, ok. So, a better level of calculation apparently worsens the quality of the level, right. So, I will try to come to that. So, let me first do H2 molecule, can you write the correlation level to expression plus H2? So, what is the matrix for the correlation level, you can be right quickly, 0, ok. Let us also take, simplify the problem, H2 molecule in two basis, this is a question that I have asked, ok.  So, what is my Hartree-Phoff? My Hartree-Phoff is when these two electrons are in the orbital one, right. And what is double C i? I just put this here, ok. So, your web function phi, let us say exact web function is 1, 1 bar, let me write it explicitly, plus C 2 2 bar, you agree. And both of them are actually spin adapted singlet, ok. If I take a single excited determinant, then of course, I have to make sure that they are singlet. So, this is doubly excited singlet. So, if I want only that, this is almost like a full C, exact web function. So, it does not matter, I am positive of d C i now. So, this is my phi d C, I hope the nomenclature is clear. So, first one is 1, 1 bar, then second one is 2. So, 1 and 2 are spatial orbitals. When I am writing 1 in the determinant, it automatically makes 1 alpha, 1 bar is 1 d, because determinant cannot be written in terms of spatial orbitals, please remember. So, when I am writing 1 inside determinant for a web function, this cannot be a spatial orbitals. So, the default notation is the spin is attached to this spatial orbital and that spin is alpha. If I write bar, it is d. I hope you will remember, this is a standard notation that is used. So, my C i web function becomes 1, 1 bar and 2, 2. So, I have this as the Hartree-Caw and then doubly excited configuration is this. So, this is my 2 bar, this is my 2 bar and of course, there is a coefficient. So, now let me write down the C i equation. So, the first term is h minus e Hartree-Caw. So, the first term by definition is 0, right, we have psi Hartree-Caw, h psi Hartree-Caw minus e Hartree-Caw that is 0. The second term is psi Hartree-Caw with psi w x n, there is only one term. So, that means I need to find out the determinant 1, 1 bar h 2, 2 bar. What is the result of this determinant? It is a better rule, you can anti-symmetrize 1, 1 bar, 2, 2 bar. So, you expand this in terms of spin orbitals and then show that only one term survives. So, that is 1, 1, 2, 2, right because when I do the spin integration, now these are all in special orbitals. When I do the spin integration, it is survived. So, what is this term? This is called the electron 1 here, electron 1 here, electron 2 here, electron 2 here. So, this is actually an exchange integral. This is not a Coulomb integral. It looks like 1, 1, 2, 2, but in Dirac notation. In Mullikan notation, it will be 1, 2, 1, 2. So, this is actually an exchange integral between the two special orbitals. What would be the Coulomb integral? 1, 2, 1, 2. But this is 1, 1, 2, 2 and the exchange term of this becomes 0 because of spin integration. I hope all of you can see that because it will become 1, 1 bar, 2, 2 bar that will give this 1, 1 bar, 2 bar, 2 minus 1, 1 bar, 2 bar, 2 will give you 0 because the spins are about it. So, I have only one integral and that is an exchange integral between two special orbitals. I call it k12. So, this value is k12. And then you have a determinant. You have a matrix element between 2, 2 bar, h minus e r, 3 bar, 2, 2 bar. I hope all of you again can use letter root. Yes. Which one? This one? Why it is called exchange integral? What is 1, 1, 2, 2? Let us see 1, 1, 2. It is phi 1 star. Let us say 1 is phi 1. Phi 1 star 1, phi 1 star 2, 1 by r12, phi 2 star, phi 2 of 1, phi 2 of beta 1, beta 2. So, is it not exchange integral? What is the coulomb integral? When there is a charge density, one electron is sitting on one orbital, another electron is sitting on another orbital and interacting. Here you see the electron 1, here is sitting on phi 1 star 1, phi 1 star, here it is on phi 2. So, that is the density. After that I get it. Exchange term is 0. Special orbital exchange means that that coulomb, what is a coulomb density? If an electron is sitting on phi i, one electron 2 is sitting on phi j, then there interaction to the density is called coulomb. Here it is exactly opposite. So, electron 1 is sitting in phi i star 1. Here it is phi 2. So, please do not confuse with that exchange. That is an exchange for this integral in terms of spin orbit. After spin integration, I get an integral only in terms of space orbital. This by definition is an exchange integral. The coulomb integral means electron 1 has to sit on orbital 1, electron 2 has to sit on orbital 2. But if you look at here, electron 1 is sitting, not on orbital 1. This side on 1, this side on 2. That is exactly what is the coulomb integral is, exchange integral is. So, if you I just want to again tell you what is exchange integral is. In the Hartley Pog itself, we have done it. So, what is coulomb integral between two special orbitals, j, a, b. Let us say a, b is the two orbitals. So, this will be phi a star 1, phi b star 2, 1 by r 1. And then this should be again phi a 1, phi b 2. This is the definition of coulomb integral. How I will write the notation is comes later. The coulomb integrals means the density of one electron is in phi a, phi a star phi a interacting with phi b star phi a. Correct? You agree, Richard? Now, question is how do I write it? That is a later part. So, when I write it, this becomes a, b, a, b. So, that is coulomb. When I write the exchange, then the same integral will become phi a star 1, phi b star 2, 1 by r 1 2 and this will interchange. So, this will now become phi a, phi b 1, phi a, beta 1. This will become exchange. Now, if I use Dirac notation, this is a, b, b, a. So, then you have the, you have the notation that this is. So, here it is like this, that you have one integral or one, one, another, you know two. So, this is why it is called exchange integral and I am calling it k, k, a, b. So, that, by the notation itself, if you wanted to have a coulomb integral, this should be 1, 2, 1, 2. Remember, 1, 2, 2, 1 is same as 1, 1, 2, 2. I hope you are not confused. See, this 1, 1, 2, 2 can again be written as 1, 2, 1, 2 provided their real special argument, which is the case for our, so that is exchange integral. Now, you can see it is an exchange integral. 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1 star, that is your same integral, a, b, b, a. So, I wrote that as a, b, b, a and you can see that is a, b. It is identical. So, I have just written as 1, 1, 2, 2. So, please see the, please expand this and see physically what it is. So, this is k, 1, 2. So, anyway right now it is just a number. In fact, why am I calling k is what I am trying to justify, otherwise it is a number. This quantity, the 2, 2 bar, this quantity which will come here is let me call this 2 delta. I can expand this by a letter rule, which actually I gave one problem in the quiz and I defined this as 2 delta. So, this becomes 2 delta. Then you have 1 c equal to e correlation once, very simple problem, but this is something that I gave in the quiz lecture. You can set up the equation for the H2 in a very simple two basis problem. In two basis problem, there is only 1 w x are written. So, GCI can be very easily solved and this can be actually solved. Absolutely it can be solved. So, write down e correlation as k 1, 2 times c. So, e correlation becomes k 1, 2 times c. That is your correlation energy and then the next is k 1, 2 plus 2 delta c equal to e correlation c. This is something that we have done it already because very similar expression we are doing. So, then you write, so k 1, 2 into 1 plus 2 delta n to c equal to e correlation c, put the c on both sides. So, solve for c and substitute it. So, you have e correlation minus 2 delta c equal to k 1. So, then you substitute for c, very simple algebra, substitute for c equal to e correlation minus 2 delta inverse, 1 by this. Actually it is a number, all these cases is simply a number. And then substitute here, say e correlation is k 1, 2 times c which is k 1, 2 square divided by e correlation minus 2, right. I hope all of you can see this. So, it is a k 1, 2 c, c already has a k 1, 2. So, it is k 1, 2 square divided by this. And now you can see, I told you what initially that we have to use iterative method. So, you can see for DCI, you use iterative method. Remember? So, you first put e correlation equal to 0, get a new value of e correlation, put it back here and keep doing. That is the Davidson's kind of routine. So, we have the correlation energy in terms of correlation. So, of course, you can solve it iteratively. I could have completely diagonalized this matrix and got Jacobi householder, but I did not want to do it. I wanted to show you iteratively. So, this is your correlation energy. You can get a root from here. This is very trivial because you can just write a quadratic equation. Only one number, e correlation into e correlation minus 2 delta equal to k 1, 2 square and you solve it. So, quadratic equation, take the lowest root. I hope all of you will be able to solve this. Give me the actual correlation energy for the lowest root. Again, I have a two problem, two basis problem. So, I will get two roots. One ground state, another first excitation. And because it is a linear variation, each of these roots will be an upper bound. Remember, again, McDonald's theorem. I am of course interested in the lowest root. See, if I ask you to find the lowest root, you should be able to find for here. Now, let me switch to the next problem, which is dimer of H2. H2 dimer. So, the problem is the following. I have two hydrogen molecules which are separated infinitely apart. That is my problem. So, what are my orbitals to start with? Each of the hydrogen molecules is sitting on one.  So, I have two special orbitals. One hydrogen A, hydrogen B to start with. So, what is the Hartree-Pock of this? Two electrons here, two electrons here. Remember, these are the monomer orbitals. But when I have separated it, the orbitals remain the same because there is no interaction between these two hydrogen. And I told you that the Hartree-Pock energy is also some of these two energies. So, Hartree-Pock separates completely. Then I have two A and two B. Again, they are same as the monomer one and two. I have to write A and B separately because their coordinates are different. The two hydrogen molecules are far apart. So, now I have to construct the DCI waveform. So, for two things. One is DCI for H2. Another is DCI for H2 dimer. Let me explain the problem because I cannot finish it today. DCI for H2 dimer. Then I will have to show that the EDCI for H2 dimer is not the summation of EDCI of hydrogen. Two times. What I will try to show in the next class is that the double CI for hydrogen dimer will not be the double CI, two times double CI for hydrogen. Even when they are far apart. So, this is infinitely apart. The distance is 2 H2 molecules. So, these are basically non-interacting H2 molecules. So, two hydrogen molecules H2 dimer non-interacting. And remember the interaction, the channel in which I am breaking is H2 plus H2. So, normally what I would expect? I would expect the energy to be some of the two hydrogen molecules. But what I will show is that if I do a DCI now on this system, my energy will not be the same. What is also important is that the DCI wave function of H2 dimer of H4 will also not be a product of the DCI wave function of the hydrogen times the hydrogen. Of course, there will be anti-semit based product. But either way, this will not be a product. Because you know the non-interacting theorem that for a non-interacting case, the energy should be some, the wave function should be product. So, what I will show is that if I do a DCI for the H4, it breaks into H2 plus H2. That means two H2s are far apart. Neither the wave function will be product, nor the energy will be something. Whereas, if you do Hartree-Fock alone, the energy was some, the wave function was product. So, this particular aspect of correct separation of wave function and energy at a non-interacting regime is called size consistency. So, what is size consistency? So, size consistency essentially means that if a super system, I call it a super system, system of two H2 molecules, and I call generally super system AB fragments into A plus AB at a non-interacting. That is when whatever you call it, RAB tends to infinity. The distance between the two fragments goes to infinity. Then, the energy of AB should be some E A plus AB, and the wave function AB should be an anti-semitrize product of A. This is called the anti-semitrize product. Because the anti-semitrize product, because overall wave function must be anti-semitrize. This capital A is just an anti-semitrizer operator. So, do not worry about it. But essentially, everything has to be anti-semitrized, not simple product. It is an anti-semitrize product. So, this property is called size consistency. If this happens, size consistency, often it is called also size separation. Clearly, by this discussion, if I can show this, it would mean that the DCI is not size consistency. So, all theories which satisfy this are called size consistent theories. This is the property of size consistency. The theories which satisfy this are called size consistent theories. So, clearly, I will propose that DCI is not a size consistency. Once I am able to show this, I just want to tell you the final result. And we will see. Remember the monomer of DCI we have already done today. So, I can easily show. So, I have got the DCI for H2. Please remember this. This is the result. Of course, you can take the quadratic equation and solve it. I mean, I just give the result. I will directly go to DCI for H2 type. And similarly, I will calculate correlation energy at this distance. When R between H2 and H2 is infinity, there will be a lot of simplifications. And then I will see that the correlation energy that I get will not be twice the correlation energy. So, that is mathematically I will first show. Then I will argue physically why it happens. I mean, that is more important. Why is DCI not size consistency? What is wrong? And that is important to understand physically because then only you will be able to correct. But the next level of theory we should be able to correct this. And I will also show that the perturbation theory that we did, MP2 is actually size consistency. So, DCI is not but MP2 was good. Except that MP2 does not recover all of good amount of energy but it is good and DCI is not good. However, you remember an approximation of DCI was MP2. But then that is an approximation. So, that approximation, the 2-3 approximation that we did would be size consistency but not the actual doubles. Okay? All right. So, tomorrow I will start from here. And please follow these because unless I am sorry that some of you did not take the quiz. Actually, this was one of the problems that I asked in the quiz. I just set up the problem and asked them to solve. One of the reason is that I am going to come to this. And this is also in the line with the iterative method that we did. In a very simple 2-by-2 problem. Double CI where there is only one W-x at a time. The problem can be very easily solved mathematically. Okay? And of course, this is exactly solved. I do not have to solve iteratively. What I am trying to show you here is the exact solution because it is a quadratic equation. So, I can exactly solve it. I am not going to do iteratively but you can do iteratively taking E correlation equal to 0 then next E correlation is this minus 2 delta then put it here, keep doing it. But in this case, you do not need to do it because this is only one number. I can solve it by quadratic equation. Analytically, I can solve it. That is what I am going to use. I could have also solved same thing by actual diagonalization of 2-by-2. That is same as this. So, if you diagonalize, what do you do? You do minus lambda, minus lambda. You get a quadratic equation. Do you remember diagonalization method? Simple diagonalization method, not even Jacobi householder like Cramer's rule, you get a lambda square and that is exactly this. That is exactly this quadratic equation that you are hitting. So, anyway, either way, it would have been the same result. So, we will come back to this problem, very instructive problem and this is where much of the physics of the quantum chemistry method is actually large. Then we will go back to NP2 and then at the end we will go to couple cluster but in between I want to do little bit of second quantization and diagram. Let us see how much I can do. At least the rules, just the rules of diagram which will be simple read. All right.


Welcome to ITU Telecom World 2019 from Budapest Hungary where I'm pleased to be joining the ITU studio today by Salim Avann who is the Director of Policy, Strategy and Governance Division at the UN Office of Information and Communication Technologies. Salim, welcome to the studio. Thank you so much. Now I'd like to start off by talking about this year's theme for Telecom World is Innovating Together Connectivity That Matters. What makes connectivity meaningful in your opinion? Why is it so important? Well, I think that connectivity is fundamental to who we are as people. I think that what's happening in the world is that growth and technology connectivity is unstoppable. I think that the evolution on the way that we communicate with each other, the way we connect with each other is also changing the world. Not necessarily always for the good, but it's certainly something that is a force that's shaping. Not just our lives in the workplace, our lives at home, but also the geopolitical landscape. If you look at the fastest growth in social media and connectivity in that particular arena, that's happening in Africa. We have half of the world's population now connected and that connection is it's very kind of simple to say that we are connected. There's many, many layers and nuances to that kind of connection and we need to think about those. I think that if we are to work together, particularly since we're talking about SDGs, about development, about peace and security, about human rights, those sorts of areas where we work in the UN, we have to not only take account of that, but we have to really engage and be relevant in that kind of increasingly connected world. Okay, and let's talk a little bit about the SDGs as Sustainable Development Goals. What role can technology play in the Sustainable Development Goals in your opinion? So, I'm not saying anything at all out of turn here. I don't think that we're going to achieve the SDGs without really engaging on technology, innovation and data. It simply won't happen. I think that when you look at the SDGs, they span everything. And actually the pillars of the UN are kind of embodied in the SDGs as well. Technology and innovation is going to be a fundamental force in how we achieve those goals. I think also I mentioned data and the reason I think data is important is as we evolve, as we work to implement the SDGs, we have to make sure that what we do with technology is mirrored with policy, with advocacy, with changes in the way data-driven decision making and for that the kind of whole data landscape is going to be critical. And technology in this case, I'll also mention it isn't just the kind of traditional concept of technology that we grew up with, you know, the kind of software hardware, but technology and innovation will span everything, you know, whether it be blockchain, IoT, artificial intelligence, I think is fundamental to everything. And of course cyber security in the context of technology is going to be important too. Okay, let's talk about cyber security. We're always looking at opportunities that technology can offer. What about the threats? I think the threats are significant. They're going to impact us in all sorts of ways. In fact, to be fair, they're already impacting us in all sorts of ways. We see some of them and others we don't. The Secretary General recently said that he doesn't expect a conventional war in the future not to be preceded by some sort of cyber attack. We are seeing that happening all kinds of levels. It's happening for all kinds of reasons. Attribution is extremely difficult. The activities on the dark web are extremely, by its very nature, intended to be difficult to track. You have a lot of human trafficking. You have a lot of activities that would affect peace and security, human rights, et cetera. And those are fundamentally shaping the way that we're using technology. So I think the threats are real. I mentioned earlier the whole idea of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is absolutely not solely a force of good. It depends very much on how it's being used. And it could have a significant impact in destabilizing and affecting the geopolitical landscape and changing the way people think, react, and engage with each other. Now, the Human Office for Information and Communication Technology recently launched an initiative. Perhaps you could tell us a little bit more about it. Yeah, we have really been trying to push this area of technology innovation. There's two or three kind of areas that we've been focusing on. One was this idea of trying to reach out and crowdsource. And that's really kind of predicated on the notion that we don't believe that we, the United Nations, are going to be the ones that solve all of the world's problems, that we have to work with governments, private sector, public sector, and of course individuals. The other one that is important is we started this kind of ecosystem of United Nations Technology Innovation Labs. And the idea really is there is an idea that we would build these labs, build solutions, implement them, scale them, and therefore help in the achievement of the SDGs. But as much as that, I think what's really important is the labs create this gravity to which we can build connections and partnerships with member states, private sector, public sector. And together we believe that we can work on the kind of areas where we really need to advance. What we have is, at the moment, we have four or five labs. We have Finland, Malaysia, India, and Egypt. Each has its own thematic area and interest. For example, Finland is very kind of focused on health, education, circular economy, and peace and security. Egypt is very focused on disabilities and agriculture and so on. We're just working on a partnership with the Economic Commission for Asia. And we're building a lab in Jordan as well. So that's a very important kind of initiative. As part of that, we're very kind of cognizant that we have to find an off ramp for these sorts of innovations. So we're working with the United Nations Office for Least Developed Countries and the tech bank in Turkey to find a way to take these innovations and actually implement them in real life scenarios. You've got obviously a lot of different options for your schedule and your timetable on a yearly basis. You've chosen to come here to IT or telecom. What's the value of attending events such as this for you? This kind of event is critical. It brings like-minded people together at a senior level who really want to engage. You don't have to start with this kind of polarized disparate set of ideas and views. You start very much on the same page and from there you can actually build those relationships and turn them into activities and projects. So from our perspective it's crucial. I also think that the important aspect of IT or telecom world is it isn't just one segment of the ecosystem. The governments are represented, the private sector is here, NGOs, international organizations. So you've got this whole collection of entities. So we're very glad to not just attend here but we're also working to build deeper relationships and partnerships with ITU. We're very glad that you're here too. So thank you very much for joining us in the studio and hopefully we'll catch up with you again in the very near future. Great, thank you so much. Thank you very much.


Okay 1121, I guess we can get started Awesome. Well, hello everyone. Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening wherever you are in the world Thank you for joining our talk today My name is Andrew Weiss. I'm the lead architect working with the University of Maryland Baltimore County in partnership with software And I want to introduce you to Bruno as well Hi, everyone. I'm Bruno Avalam research scientist at Intel Labs So thanks Bruno So today, of course, we want to talk about how we're bringing trust and privacy preserving smart contracts to clinical trials in health care We'll just jump right into it. Bruno if you want to go to the next slide So clinical trials today really are the six are critical to the success of new treatments For novel vaccines drugs medical devices and many more Many of you may be familiar with Clinical trials as they pertain to discovery of new vaccines related to COVID-19 over the pandemic in the last year I'm really they're designed to facilitate research and grab and gather crucial information For answering questions around efficacy safety and so forth trials can be sponsored by various organizations from chemical companies and other health care entities But they can really only be initiated after they've been approved by an applicable authority or committee such as that Institutional review board And if you've participated in clinical trial, maybe as a patient You'll be aware of the fact that you have to give consent to actually participate in that trial or inform consent And that's for the disclosure of your data or agreeing to the trial parameters from a safety perspective and when you Release consent for the clinical trial. You're then you're going to be working with Clinicians and researchers working alongside those clinicians and other experimenters that are going to be collecting data From that clinical trial to conduct research and experiments And typically those researchers are going to come from different hospital networks or networks of universities and so forth What if you want to go next slide? So to dig into this a little bit more detail I mentioned earlier you have this notion of an institutional review board or IRB These IRBs can be local to the participating institutions or entities that are facilitating the clinical trial the IRB ultimately defines illegal parameters For the trial itself and ultimately scrutinizes the trial for safety And within the trial you're going to have investigators In different types of investigators that are responsible for conducting the studies according to the study protocol and Conveying to the potential participants the risk and potential benefits of actually participating in the trial And what's super important in this as I mentioned earlier is that any researchers or individuals collecting information from these patients Must obtain the full and informed consent of these individuals in order for their data to be disclosed and the experiments to take place Ultimately here, of course regulatory bodies and regulations and processes to take the flow of these clinical trials and Regulatory bodies such as here in the US the US Food and Drug Administration Ultimately set the standards to which these trials have to be compliant in any point in time these trials can be automated And furthermore you're going to potentially have multiple Institutions that are involved in the trial Maybe you have multiple universities or multiple entities that are interested in gathering the information from the trial And collecting information from their participating subjects So trials have very in-depth parameters assigned to them are time-consuming potentially costly And ultimately have to abide by a number of controls Within each organization in institution So ultimately at the end of the day really safety is key and paramount to clinical trials And it's really a shared responsibility between the sponsoring entity the investigators the institutional reports and in many cases the regulatory authorities such as the FDA for which These drugs devices and other components are being sold you go to the next slide Bruno But of course related to clinical trials. There really are a number of challenges that we discovered In working with the University of Maryland Baltimore County in that many clinical trials succumb to considerable time and cost and these costs on average in the US at least range from 1.5 million to face one clinical trials separate of 60 million in phase three clinical trials and Oftentimes these trials span multiple years in terms of data collection And so forth And when it comes to costs a lot of these costs are spent on antiquated IT And antiquated technologies that are associated with centralized systems And these are all managed by the entities individually and separate from one another Furthermore data collection of course is key but being able to share that data and manage that data securely in a privacy-preserving fashion without compromising these assets or Is very difficult in a multi-site clinical trial With the centralized systems, you know, unless you give these other institutions access to those systems And there's parameters that get that access. It's very difficult to share that data and then of course compliance makes this even more challenging in terms of adhering to the critical security controls that are enforced within these systems today You go to the next slide other challenges Related to the actual conform consenting process for patients themselves While patients are signing a document Allowing for their data to be shared in the clinical trial These documents are merely point-in-time documents whether they're paper-based or electronic-based And oftentimes the document text is very high-level and doesn't allow for the granularity that you could potentially allow for Such as being able to control which data fields and which elements and patient information is being shared in that trial There's also a limited audit capability within a multi-site trial So it's difficult for multiple parties to audit consents And like I said earlier the systems very centralized on the consensors stored in the electronical medical records That are managed by those local systems And there's a lot of incumbent technologies that have around for quite some times such as the research electronic data capture or red cap system and others and Then related to cyber security, of course, which is top of mind for everyone. There's limited traceability in terms of the document signature chain The next library So here at UMBC We've done a lot of research into this space and we've developed blockchain technology on top of the hyperledger ecosystem And like I said, this is based on extensive research into clinical trials and medical data exchange And in partnership with the university founded startup software, which is founded owned and operated by university faculty software licenses technology from the university and patents from the university To develop innovative blockchain based solutions in the realm of health care the next slide And so based on all of this research and working jointly with IBM Intel We've come up with a proposal for addressing the challenges highlighted in clinical trials that I mentioned earlier And this approach is really rooted in a transparent trust network built on the hyperledger fabric and fabric private chain code technologies And collectively they facilitate the flow of the informed consent process and the analysis of collected data without compromising patient privacy and data integrity This approach really gives subjects more control over the consenting process and the granularity to which they're willing to share Their information and enables ultimately more secure multi-party information sharing All powered by the intrinsic properties of distributed ledger technology and the blockchain At its core you go the next slide Bruno So the sequence flow is as such at a high level Let's you have let's say you have Tom who's with a sponsoring entity that's looking to start a new study Tom is going to put together the requisite study materials and consent proposal templates All of that is committed on the blockchain as separate transactions Tom will send that to approval Or for approval to the IRB The institutional review review board will review that Approve that and of course that approval is then committed to the blockchain I and all of the participating Organizations or sites that are participants on this network will be notified of this And thus they can verify the approval documents under their own processes While still working in an automated in an agile fashion The participating subjects or patients can then receive digital consenting forms which are backed and tied to The blockchain itself and instead of being pointed time documents It's effectively an overlay on top of a consent document that provides information from the underlying blockchain Such as the time at which they're signing and what exactly they're sharing which gives patients more control over Whether they want to allow or revoke consent at a given time and that information can be shared to all of the Institutions participating in the network, but in a privacy preserving way, which Bruno will talk about here shortly and Of course using the intrinsic properties of the blockchain behind the scenes thus making it easier for patients to participate in the clinical trial And bringing them into the 21st century in terms of e-consents in healthcare clinical trial processes The next slide Okay, so want to turn over to Bruno to talk a little bit more about the underlying technology That we've been working through Yeah, so thanks Andrew So summarizing what Andrew said these clinical trials have a set of requirements for example Whatever framework solution you you come up with It should support The cooperation of multiple institutions It should support regulatory compliance in the several forms of data access control and protection Now we acknowledge that With the hyperledger fabric you can achieve basically all of them since hyperledger fabric or similar frameworks would provide Trust decentralization for letting multiple institutions cooperate. It still allows to audit operations that are performed on the on the blockchain and it has several it has some means for identity management and data protection now a Question that comes up is By using a framework like this. Do we make any progress on on privacy? for the subjects that are involved now to answer this question it's useful to look at the scenario before and after using this framework now before the subjects used to give consent to the to the IRB or to the institutions managing the trial and then they would provide the data to Experimenters and investigators therefore they would have to completely trust that these investigators would do the right thing and always follow the Protocol approved for the trial now Using a framework like fabric. Well, we cannot make the Consent form gathering and the approval of trials, but still the data would be sent directly to investigators and and experimenters so the subjects would have to Fully trust them that they follow the broad the protocols so Many things have changed we have several means for auditing data but in the end the problem was transformed to a digital problem for the subject now we have a solution to This privacy issues and that involves the use of Fabric per a chain code now we introduced FPC last year at the Appalachic global forum So we'll just give a brief overview of of this framework. It essentially extends hyperledger fabric by providing confidentiality for For chain codes. So what happens is that FPC wraps the fabric chain code or smart contract Inside an an Intel SGX enclave that takes care of protecting the confidentiality and integrity of the code and data That constitute the chain code now the Intel SGX enclave is Essentially a set of instructions available on the processor that allows you to create a trusted execution environment and the processor will take care of Encrypting any data that belongs to this process in memory Thereby completely isolating that from any other application running on the platform for example the operating system the app advisor and Even any administrator of the platform itself so with this mechanism, we're able to Isolate the chain code from the peer component and the organization that owns this peer component in fabric and the chain code is able to preserve some Keep some secrets also among the secrets. We can have some cryptographic keys which we use for example to Encrypt key value pairs or data that is stored on the ledger and that you would be public therefore FPC still works as fabric does but any data that you will see on the ledger will be stored in encrypted form now another question that comes up is that okay, how can the clients Communicate with this chain code making sure that they can preserve The confidentiality of their data right when they send it to the chain code Well, the answer is pretty simple and it's by using hardware-based attestation These is essentially digital signature computed by the hardware itself Which will describe what is running inside them inside an enclave in this case that the right chain code is running in a genuine enclave and The client will be able to verify together with the hardware manufacturer that that indeed a legitimate signature and The chain code is running in a legitimate enclave. So by using this we're able to protect the subject data from peers organization and clients and Additionally, we're able to program enclaves so that the data can be released according to pre-established policies and these policies could be implemented for example by the institutions that run the trial so by Plugging this FPC chain code inside them inside the Solution involving blockchain. This is how the trust the relationships are or would change Now I've already introduced the parties involved and here you can see the trial approval a chain code that supposed to be the regular chain code on the hyperlager fabric that Andrew described before before any solution and that's where The blockchain it will take care of gathering and recording the consent from users as well as any approved trials now with the FPC chain code in the middle then The the subjects would not provide the data directly to investigators and experimenters But rather to the FPC chain code itself because it's able to Preserve the confidentiality of the subject data at the same time Before we had that the IRB of the institution would delegate Would give full trust to the investigator to conduct the study and investigator would be responsible in this case well The investigator will keep the responsibility to run the study, but there be could Basically delegate part of the compliance To the FPC chain code to make sure that the subject data is Handled according to the policies approved in the study so what would happen in this case is that the Investigator would not be able to delegate directly the experimenter to do something because experimenter now or the investigator They don't have access to the subject data instead. They all have to go through the FPC chain code in order to Perform the required approvals and get the data for the experiments So the investigator would delegate any tasks Through the FPC chain code the FPC chain code could check that the trial is approved that that the investigator gave approvals for specific specific experiment and If the experimenter belongs to the right institution and is using the right tools for example here We have an experiment application inside another SGX enclave then the FPC chain code would Approve the release of this data just for the execution of that experiment without ever releasing the data to the experimenter and Only allowing the experimenter to see the final result of the of the experiment itself Okay so we produce the demo to showcase this new This new architecture and this excuse me Bruno. I'm sorry to interrupt The is everyone seeing the same slide or are you advancing slides? I? Am now in the demo slide okay is Yep, so I can see the correct side. Yep. Okay, okay I'm not sure if there was a challenge with some people seeing the same slide, but okay I'm sorry for interrupting go ahead Okay, so I was saying we we prepared this demo and That has this architecture again, you know the part is involved here and in the fabric network essentially there are Two chain codes the regular one that takes care of consent and trial approval and the FPC chain code which will take care of managing the policies related to Data protection and released for for that trial Now to be clear the part related to Consent trial approval and so the regular chain code that belongs to the solution previously described by Andrew so we build on that, but this would not be part of of this demo Now we implemented all the rest and particularly these Data registration experiment approval in provisioning phases now it's worth noting that Some tricks that we used for particularly on the subject side is is that We don't Send entire data to the experiment approval chain code simply goes The data might be Large and it wouldn't be a good idea to Share that on the ledger although in encrypted form simple because there could be several parties participating and Maintaining the ledger so we would have a high degree of replication for Large amount of data so instead what we do here is we Let the subject Encrypt the data and upload that to an external storage service So we always preserve the confidentiality of the data and instead we register the Decryption key for that data To the experimental approval chain code After that the experimenter will take care of Of Submitting new experiments for for approval these experiments will be Reviewed and possibly approved by the investigator and only at that point When the right approvals have been Gathered in all the checks in the experiment approval chain code pass then that fpc chain code will take care of provisioning the external experimentation service Always through an encrypted channel to preserve the confidentiality of the subject data In that will allow the experimenter to To finally run the experiment of course, there is a one more step in this case in the sense that the data thing The experiment provisioning phase only involves decryption keys. So the experimentation service will Grab the encrypted data from the storage service Decrypt that and finally really run the experiment that would give the final result to the experimenter So an interesting thing compared to previous approaches here is that Is that the subject in the RB? They don't have to trust investigator and experimenters to To do the right thing and necessarily do audits Possibly to detect violations post facto, but rather we have real-time checks In the experimental approval service that makes sure that only the right actions are performed in order to maintain the confidentiality so Back to the demo so this is a joint work with several people again at UMBC and soft thread IBM and Intel was quite a bit undertake and Here we have a Short video of the demo the reason for the video the reason for the video and not the live demos because as you can see there are several parties involved in the orchestrating a demo with three or four parties and Eight to ten Web services would be quite difficult So here we have our effort demo the different parties Sorry about that Okay data provider experimenter investigator the data provider in this case is our Subject that has to provide the data for the experiment we have Some PDFs those are the patient data forms we will see those in detail to understand what kind of Sensitive data the patient is sending for the experiment we have Diagnose Python function This will be our data analytics that the experimenter wants to run over the subject data I don't sorry again, okay And one last thing on the right We have our console just to Log the actions of our Services out as they make progress, okay, so now looking in Okay, sorry again the play and stop doesn't work as expected unfortunately, okay So the patient data Is a normal PDF where the user would have to to fill this form with his own Data like the name birthday and so on and particularly would have to Answer some questions and these questions will be the sensitive data that will be used in the In the experiment, so it is crucial to preserve the confidentiality of that so going to the data provider or playing the As the data provider at this point we want to upload the field form patient one We select all the right field to say How we want to share that and we will upload it now the upload as I mentioned before will work in three steps the Subject will take care of encrypting the data first then it will register the decryption keys with the FPC chain code and Finally, it will upload the encrypted data to the external storage service at this point the data is ready and The experimenter now wants to run experiment on that data now It's worth noticing here that the experiment application is already available to the experiment It can already run that however the experimenter that does not have access to the subject data It's not authorized to have that so what it's doing here is to is submitting a new experiment for approval and here The experimenter says, okay. I want to use this Diagnose Python function. This is the implementation it uses a pie torch in this case and It will basically run machine learning classifier over the subject data to To get the probability for the patient to have the disease stated in the form, okay, so the experiment gets submitted to the FPC chain code and at this point the experimenter just has to wait for approval from the investigators in this case three investigators who are notified of the new experiment and They can go ahead and review that in reviewing that they can see is an experiment about presumptive diagnosis of nephritis of renal pearl v's origin and the additionally they can see all the description of the experiment including the Code that the experimenter wants to run after they Review that and they see that everything is fine particularly that it's not arbitrary code that that would Break the confidentiality of the subject data. They can go ahead verify approve and Finally send the approval to the FPC chain code Which will record that on the blockchain at this point one of three investigators has approved the experiment and For the policies that have been implemented. This is this is enough. So this experimenter is notified can see that the Experiment has been approved and now it's ready to First launch the instance of the experiment. So this is Again an application running in a in an sgx enclave so it can be verified by means of a At the station hardware based at the station by the fbc chain code and in particular it will have Public encryption key so that the fbc chain code can send the data or the decryption key in this case of the data in encrypted form Directly to the experiment application We're not starting to rub but we're almost out of time here. So I think want to open it up for maybe one question top See almost done sure really few seconds the sense that the experimenter carry on the experiment and Grab the final decision, which is the probability of the subject of having the disease so this concludes the demo and Yeah, we can take some questions at this point I don't know if you can load it Bruno that question is how do you deal with side channel attacks? Intel ancient sgx enclave have been shown to be vulnerable to those attacks Yes, correct So for now those those attacks are orthogonal so we We assume that there are Other defenses possible on the platform to deal with those in the case Enclaves are compromised. I just want to mention that these enclaves are registered on the blockchain so People parties involved can always verify the enclaves that are available and particularly the latest security TCB the trust computing base That they that they used so in the end they have to make a trust decision whether to trust that or not or whether to Ask for an upgrade awesome Well, thank you so much Bruno. Thank you so much to all of you that participated in today's session Really appreciate you taking the time out and hopefully this was valuable content Yeah, thank you everyone


Hey everybody today's recipe. We're making black bean burgers now These are vegan and gluten-free, and I think they're super delicious And I'm gonna show you how to make them so that they're not too soft and mushy I'm rockin robin, and I'm gonna show you how to do it right after this All right, so let's go over our ingredients first up. We have our canned black beans So what you want to do there is just drain them out rinse them give them a nice rinse And then we're gonna pour them onto a foil lined baking sheet because we want to dry them out That's what's going to keep this from being too wet of a recipe So go ahead and spread them out into a single layer so they can dry out in the oven All right, let's move on to our garbanzo beans We're gonna do the same thing with those as well And so you want to drain them and save but you want to save the liquid in the canned garbanzo bean That's aquafaba which can be a substitute for egg whites, so you don't want to throw that away It's very useful and at the end of this video I'm gonna show you a recipe that you can use that for when you're making this So we'll place our beans into a 325 degree Fahrenheit oven for about 15 minutes or so so they can dry out So here's our beans after 10 minutes in the oven and you can see that they're quite dried out Now this is an important step that you don't want to skip next up is our lentils These are just dried lentils that I cooked up according to the package directions So go ahead and do that drain them And then I actually put mine in the refrigerator to kind of dry them out as well I've got a yellow onion here and some mushrooms that I Did the super fine dice with because I want it to be really small and just mix in really well We'll also do the same with some diced up Bell peppers here. I'm using an orange one just because that's what I had in the fridge Next up is some beets now I took some fresh beets and I rinse them and then peel them and then I use a grater and I graded them into small pieces Then you'll want to place that into a saucepan and cover it with some water and Then place it on the stove and bring it to a boil and then simmer it for about 10 minutes or so until You can taste it and see that they're soft and cooked a little bit Once the beets have cooled off then you're going to want to drain them as well To get all the liquid out of them and then take a spoon and press the beets You know into the into the strainer so that you can drain out even more of the of the liquid We'll need some arrowroot that's going to help to kind of thicken things up and hold it together And I have some nutritional yeast here, which is going to add a nice little cheesy kind of flavor to your burger for spices I've got some garlic powder some smoked paprika. We'll have some salt and pepper We're going to use some red chili flakes in this. That's just optional if you want a little bit of heat We'll need some olive oil and some fresh herbs. I've got some fresh Italian parsley here and some basil and by the way, this is a great way to keep your fresh herbs fresh longer as I just trim them up a little bit and then place them into a little mason jar with some water and then Place a zip lock bag or any kind of plastic bag over the top and just set it in your refrigerator and it keeps for quite a long time The only other prep work that we need to do for this recipe is to cook the onion mushrooms and the bell pepper just for a little bit Maybe five to 10 minutes tops in a little bit of olive oil on the stove So we'll get a nice big large frying pan put about a teaspoon of Olive oil in there get it hot and then add the onions and the mushrooms and the bell peppers and just saute them for like I said 10 minutes You want to let your onion mixture cool a bit before we start putting everything together? So we're ready to do that now. So I'm going to take All my beans that I dried out in the oven the black beans and the garbanzo beans and I'm going to place them in my food processor The spoil comes in handy. It makes a nice little way to carry them over here and it keeps the pan clean So clean up is great. All right, we'll put that in there I'm going to put in the lentils And things start getting pretty full. So I don't want to overdo this Because what we're going to do is just mix this much here together and then we're going to put the rest of it in a bowl And we're going to mix it up by hand and you want to pulse Place everything at this point in the bowl because the food processor really isn't Blending things up is too great. Now. It's pretty pretty full. So we're going to do it by hand And I'm going to mix in the beets And I think just doing it by hand really works well Okay, now we want to get these spices in there and I want to kind of sprinkle them around to just You know just to spread them around Better put a little bit in Mix it up And then do it again All right. I'm going to sprinkle in the arrow root a little bit at a time and you can do that with the Nutritional yeast as well And just work it in Now you can taste this at any point in time because Everything's cooked. It's not like you're you know, it's like Hamburger meat where you you can't taste it. You can taste this at any point I'm going to dump in the parsley And use the fresh stuff. Don't try and use You know dried parsley or dried basil. It will not taste nearly as good And I want to put just a pinch of salt in there All right, put some pepper in there And some red pepper flakes This is optional. I like that just a hint of heat is nice Look at that that red color almost looks like Ground beef almost Okay, so that's all my ingredients and at this point now We're just going to adjust them if we need to like add a little more salt if we need to more pepper flakes Pepper whatever you want. All right, let's make some patties Remember these aren't going to shrink up like a regular hamburger would and these aren't really, you know hamburgers. I mean, they're different So don't expect them to be like wow. This tastes like a hamburger I mean, it's going to taste good, but it may not taste like a hamburger to you Now you can serve these up.  You can serve it on regular bread.  I've got mine over a medium low heat kind of and I'm going to put in Probably about two to three teaspoons of oil in the pan Give that oil a swirl And you can I can tell that the oil is hot. So I'm going to place my burger in there Then got it over medium heat What we want to do is get a little crust going on this thing a little browning You'll see when we turn it over we're going to cook this for probably just a two couple minutes two or three minutes Depending on how high that that temperature is I mentioned earlier that I have a recipe for you to try using the garbanzo bean liquid that we used in this recipe While it's my matcha latte delgano recipe. It is absolutely delicious It's nice and creamy and just it's iced and it just is perfect for this time of year It's starting to get hot. You're going to love it. So check it out All right, I think it's time to flip them over All right, they're done.   Let me cut it in half for you Just so you can see what it looks like on the inside Check that out Time for a bite. Don't you think I think so That is super delicious I think I like it better this way on bread with some butter and grilled as a patty melt Then as a hamburger This is much more interesting for me Or you can even eat it just plain and add some veggies to it and have a great meal If you enjoyed this recipe, I've got two more recipes for you to try that are vegan and gluten-free as well The first one down here is roasted vegetables with a homemade pesto sauce and a balsamic reduction This is to die for I hope you guys try that click that button and go check that out If you don't like that one Well, I've got another one over here for you right over here That one is the lemon creamy lemon cauliflower gnocchi Again, the flavors are so delicious. Check them out guys. We'll see you next time Thank you so much for watching and leave me a comment. Take care


This meta-analysis summarizes the current state of knowledge about the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. It finds that mRNA vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, and subunit vaccines are effective but also associated with local adverse events and systemic events when compared with inactivated vaccines. This article was authored by Jules-Lidouzi-Jesus-Abique, Winnie Lu, Winnie Lu, and others.


Hello, I am Ganesh B. Aglai working as an assistant professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walsh University of Technology, Sulakpur. So in the session second of a psychrometry, we will study psychrometry chart. The outcomes are learning outcomes are at the end of the session, students will be able to draw psychrometric chart, locate psychrometry property lines, obtain psychrometric properties from chart. In the first session, we have studied psychrometric properties such as drywall temperature, wetwall temperature, dew point temperature, specific humidity, relative humidity, specific volume. Now these properties we can either locate or obtain from the psychrometric chart. I am going to refer carriers psychrometry chart. Remember psychrometry chart is to be used for standard atmospheric pressure of the moisture. So this chart is plotted for the atmospheric pressure 1.0123 bar for standard atmospheric pressure only and for other pressures we have to refer the steam table and the psychrometry relations. Now I will enlarge this psychrometry chart. Here along the x axis, drywall temperature scale is taken. The temperature for this carrier chart starts from minus 10 degree Celsius to plus 55 degree Celsius. Then this curve is WBT curve, wetwall temperature curve. So for DBT lines, I have to take vertical projection, parallel lines to the y axis. So these lines will be constant DBT lines. For example, this is 25 degree Celsius line. This is 20 degree Celsius line. This is 30 degree Celsius line. So we can measure the DBT temperature by using simple thermometer of moisture and those temperatures we can locate along these DBT lines. Now psychrometer will give you second property known as WBT, wetwall temperature. So on this outermost curve named as saturation curve, the WBT temperatures are located. This is 15 degree Celsius, this is 20 degree Celsius. So these temperatures are WBT temperatures. And the lines, these inclined lines passing from these temperatures are known as constant WBT lines. So as we know, easily we can obtain DBT and WBT temperatures of surrounding air. Then taking the example of DBT as 25 degree Celsius and 15 degree of WBT. So this is the 25 degree Celsius and this is the 15 degree Celsius. So the intersection of these two temperatures is this point. So this point is nothing but the state of the surrounding air or the moisture, accurately moisture. So other properties easily we can obtain by using this psychrometric chart. So third property is relative humidity. This saturation curve has 100 percent RH. Then other RH lines such as 90 percent, 80 percent, 70 percent. So all these RH lines are these curves, along these curves the RH remains constant. So that previous point was somewhere here. So we can obtain easily the RH relative humidity of that moisture. Now next property is the specific humidity. So this right hand side scale is of specific humidity in the carriers is expressed in gram per kg of dry air. Keep in mind all psychrometric properties are evaluated per kg of dry air basis. So suppose this point is the state of the surrounding air moisture, then we have to draw horizontal line parallel to the dbt scale x axis whenever it will intersect to the specific humidity will be the value of that moisture specific humidity. Then next property is the specific volume. So these inclined lines, these inclined lines are specific volume lines. So the line, this specific volume line is having 0.85 meter cube of volume per kg of dry air. If it lies in between these two constant specific volume lines by using the compass, you have to divide this distance into equal parts and proportionate value will be getting from the psychrometric chart because this is the graphical method. Now these curves are enthalpy deviation. For usual level neglecting the error in the wbt and enthalpy lines means we have to assume that if we will extend this line the error will be neglected and we can consider this line is also isenthalpic line. So for wbt and enthalpy the same line we can refer isenthalpic line of suppose 52 kilo joule per kilogram of dry air and corresponding wbt is 21 degree Celsius. So this line will be of isenthalpic and wbt line. For air washer we have to refer this line. And on this psychrometric chart on right hand side there is SHF scale. This is the sensible heat factor scale. It will start from 1 to 0.75. To draw this, to draw this scale there must be some reference point and on the carrier psychrometric chart this circle is the reference circle means we have to align the set square to this reference circle and the obtained SHF value. Then we can draw the sensible heat factor of that particular room load because room load will have sensible heat and latent heat. So any inclined line will have some value of SHF as it consists of sensible heat and latent heat. Then if we want we can get PV also PV stands for partial pressure of water vapor. In few charts the PV scale is visually given on left hand side of this one this psychrometric chart where the values will be also given. So we have to extend that line up to given PV scale we will obtain partial pressure of water vapor also. So this psychrometric chart is very important to calculate sensible heat factor, room sensible heat factor, effective sensible heat factor lines and also we can locate the process lines. Third temperature is the dew point temperature as we know the saturated air is having driable temperature equal to wearable temperature equal to dew point temperature. Now the dew point temperature lines are these horizontal lines remember horizontal line is of dew point temperature and is of specific humidity also. So the saturated air will have the 25 degree Celsius for example WBT which is also equal to 25 degree Celsius of DBT driable temperature and same is the value of dew point temperature this is the saturated curve. So this saturated psychrometric chart is the basis or the useful chart for locating actual psychrometric processes and in next sessions we will study the we will take the help of the psychrometric chart for calculating cooling and heating load calculation.


Welcome to Monet Café. I'm artist Susan Jenkins. I think you're gonna really like this lesson And if you haven't already please subscribe to this channel for a lot of fun and art is definitely better with friends In this lesson, I'll be sharing the benefits of using an alcohol wash with soft pastel I've had a request for doing another alcohol wash video tutorial and also this particular painting Had a lot of people really waiting for this tutorial, so it should be a lot of fun I'm first just using a piece of vine charcoal also called willow charcoal I like to get in a really loose and painterly sketch I'm working on a piece of you art sanded paper This little sketch part is sped up But I am gonna have a lot of real time in this especially when I do the alcohol wash This was actually a preliminary painting for a much larger commissioned piece. I'm doing I usually like to do a preliminary work before Committing to a larger painting project. Also, I apologize for not having a reference image here But I did a lot of this out of imagination. I had some reference images I kind of looked at for guidance, but I was working with the Client for some concepts So once again a lot of it was kind of out of imagination and now I've just got a piece of this was a terry Ludwig I believe a nice purple and I'm just getting in some of the values of the tree lines I talk about the basics of this a lot where vertical things are typically darker in value and Horizontal things like grasses fields are typically lighter in value now I'm still using even though I know the rules of value that things get lighter in the distance I'm still using this terry Ludwig pastel because we can get our darks down first And I can add lighter values on top of that tree line now I'm going ahead and incorporating this purple as a little Trail that sort of kind of leads the eye in all of this pretty much gets covered up But the value is still there usually showing underneath and kind of pulls the eye in and at this point I am going to apply some of the alcohol for this alcohol wash And in this particular painting I did it in stages. You'll see what I mean So I'm I'm using my alcohol. This is just regular alcohol you would get at the Drugstore I'm using a paper towel and just a brush. I like to try to use a wider brush if possible I find that it lends more towards a painterly look than using a small bristle brush and I typically put enough alcohol on my brush so that it is Pretty wet. I don't want it so wet that it's just Totally saturating the paper, but I do kind of like it being a little runny This application right here was a little bit drier than I like and now I added a little more alcohol And you'll see I actually do a stroke kind of from beneath and you see kind of that liquid and how it's even kind of Dripping and I'm fine with that as long as just not pouring off the paper or anything So don't be afraid to have a bit more alcohol than you might think and and don't freak out if it starts to drip or run You can use that to your favor as you'll see me do in a minute, and I'm literally once I get my basic Elements in with the alcohol. I actually start using it like paint I'm I've got a paint brush and what happens with pastel when you add alcohol or water is it becomes paint It's the same medium that's In acrylic paint or oil paint all paints are kind of similar except for the binders That hold them together and so pastels really become like paint when you add liquid to them so now you can see how I am I it's still very wet and I'm adding or reducing the amount of alcohol Based on how dark or light I want something to be and when I have like just then I kind of used some of that darker in the trail and brought it back up into that middle ground grasses and So once again, you're kind of using the the pastels that are on the paper like your paint palette and The more you do this the better you get I remember when I was first starting with pastel. I used to be just amazed at the confidence of artists I'm like, oh my gosh, I would really overthink that and have to slow down and But start with like little practice pieces before you jump into something serious now You can see again how I'm grabbing some of that Color or value from the areas that are darker and I'm using it to kind of get a value study in there That's really all this is at this point It's just a value study and notice how gestural it feels that part was a little bit too drippy So I'm I'm kind of you know reinforcing the darks there and so Really, that's all it is is you get a loose sketch in get you some value down and Then just play around with the alcohol and use it like your painting And here you'll see how I am doing the alcohol wash in stages So I first got down my value study my sketch and my value study and now I'm gonna work on what's typically called a complementary underpainting meaning if you've got a lot of Greens and blues and things in your landscape Then you can use the complement or actually the color that's just Opposite of the greens and blues on the color world, which is warm tones So I'm using a combination of oranges yellows and reds Basically as another value study now I also knew that I wanted a little hint of warmth in the sky for the final result I do end up cooling it off a lot more before it's done But it still has that little somewhat of a glow behind it So these yellows and oranges are gonna help with that also to notice how I'm putting some oranges down I'm kind of carving into the tree line just a little bit. I'm later gonna do this Even more as I establish the painting, but now I'm just going to Get some alcohol to an alcohol wash on this now I'm using a smaller brush here and I guess I could have used my larger brush But I was trying to be a bit more careful about it not just dripping so much down into the tree line And also to a common question I get is why do you do an underpainting if you cover it all up? Well, first of all, I typically don't cover it all up and Some of it does kind of peek through now. I have seen times I think I've probably done it before that I pretty much did cover it all up But also usually it does it influences a couple of things it influences our mood and It also influences the color that we put on top of it It really does make a difference Rather than just working on the color of the paper in this case just that light creamy surface so I have found over the years that I love doing an underpainting and It you feel more like an artist, I think and you just playing with color and having fun and to me art is about painting is about light and color and So why not have fun with it, you know now notice here I am using the red that I'm using in the foreground typically Color temperature gets warmer in the foreground and cooler in the background But in this case, I was imagining the background field getting illuminated a little bit by the sky and Even though I cool it off later and some of the foreground is like a hill That's curving down to the viewer. So it's a little bit in shadow. So that's why I put a little bit of the cooler reds into The foreground and also, you know, they're going to be cooler if they're down deeper into the grasses so I'm still doing this alcohol underpainting in stages and I've done this before but I don't think I've I've actually made a video where I Section things off the way I'm doing now as with the underpainting and I like working this way because I feel like I have more control I often like to share that some of these initial underpainting stages when you're getting loose The point is to stay loose, but you can sort of lose confidence in yourself because you're like Oh, this just looks like a mess and a lot of artists call this the teenager or the adolescent stage and It's actually a good thing. It's loose. It's impressionistic. It's what you're building upon So we have to resist the urge to get too tight and too detailed too soon This is like the good foundation of a house, you know, you have to have If you want it to have a loose painterly feel you got to have that as the beginning now I am going to speed this up a little bit at this point or soon But I wanted to share I've got two darker pastels this one. It's it looks like it's black It's not I think it's either a really dark purple or dark green But I am re-establishing my darks notice how everything you may have noticed earlier It looked really dark when I applied the alcohol, but that's because it was wet now. It's dried You see the purple, you know, it's the color that of the pastel But I'm getting these the foreground trees are gonna have the darkest darks and then the trees are gonna Gradually lightening value. That's why I'm using that little bit of a lighter value green still dark because it's a vertical object And I'm putting a little bit of that green to create harmony in the darker value trees Now I'm doing the same thing in this visual trail. I'm re-establishing kind of that dark Underground roots and trail for some of these flowers. They're gonna be on top of it I often like to try to think of things in painting as working from the ground up I think that's a really good way to think about things because often we have a tendency to focus too much on the things That are on the surface before building those values in the underground foundation So once again using some of the same colors there with the dark and the green in that trail it establishes harmony I always say if I have a pastel in my hand, I try to incorporate it It's kind of like practical. You've already got it in your hand. Why not use it in other places? But it also creates a connectivity and a harmony throughout your painting now. I'm using a little purple I know that there's gonna be some cooler areas once again that Hill kind of rolls towards us. So it's a little cooler. It's further away from the Sun and Now that is one of the blues that I am gonna be using for these flowers They have this electric blue feel. I got a lot of great responses and Feedback I guess you could say from when I shared the painting and I think it had to do with the way I use this blue and I'll talk a little bit more about that. So this is still I think this is real time here still But I know that field back there It's gonna have some of the blue flowers Going back into the distance and I did once again want to cool it off a little bit It was a little warm with that underpainting. I do add some greens on top of it And I'm still playing with the values and the trees, but just so you know in that back field I'm gonna have a stream carving through it my client wanted a She shared with me a lot of my previous paintings that she loved and one of the things she loved was one painting that I had with these bright purplish blue flowers in the foreground and she also Likes paintings that have little streams carving through them So I was a little bit in the quandary because you don't want to have too many focal points in your painting But I thought you know what? I think I can very subtly create a stream in the background that won't compete with the flowers in the foreground So that was my goal now. I'm using a piece of pipe foam insulation if you've watched my videos much I use this a lot. I got this technique. I don't know if this is where she got it but the first time I heard it was from artist Karen Margulis and it's really one of the best little tools you can use for Blending and I don't always use it But when you want to create some mood or soften things up a little bit more of an impressionistic feel It's a good strategy. Now. You notice. I'm using it like I do You know how I mentioned with the paintbrush using it when I was doing the alcohol under wash or under painting I use it almost like a paintbrush here. I'm using directional strokes Notice how I turn it and sometimes I use it right right here I use it more energetically and then as I get to the background I use it a bit more precisely and now I have my under painting ready and I will start applying the color that I Imagine for the final painting. This is the stage where I mentioned I would cool off the sky and The neat thing about pastels is that they start to blend themselves. That's one of the things I remember early on is that I had a propensity to blend things too quickly or want to make them look finished too quickly and With pastels and I think with many other mediums we Learn as we paint and get more experience that the stages embrace these stages Just let them happen naturally. Don't force them Don't try to finish too soon or get too much detail too soon and often I mentioned this quite a bit when I'm painting I have the advantage of looking back while I'm Video taping these and I get to see how much I liked things when they were a bit unfinished so so don't get stressed if Things look a little Unfinished at first and just let it be and just gradually work the whole painting. That's another Recommendation I have is work the overall painting. Don't get too crazy in one area That's definitely something that I've gotten better at over time now. I'm using the pipe foam insulation again Notice how the sky is starting to cool off Notice how it's not so intense with that orange and that yellow But it's still got a little bit of that glow beneath it or behind it And it's going to start to feel like it's a you know, the Sun is setting but there's still a coolness to the sky and Also, too I brought a little bit of that color over as sky holes behind the trees But keep in mind that things get darker with sky holes in the background You don't want to keep them too light or they look artificial now I am lightening some of these background trees Remember how I said you can put down some darker values at first and you can lighten them The beauty of pastels is we can layer things so now I'm giving the illusion that things are further away with Lighter values, but I'm making sure my greens that I'm using aren't too warm Temperatures get cooler in the distance now. I'm going ahead and since I have that cooler green in my hand I know the grasses behind these trees that are in the foreground They're going to be cooler. They're in the shadow. They're further away from the Sun And so I wouldn't want to put a really warm yellowy green there. And so I'm just Gradually working this painting Keep in keeping in mind all of the rules I've learned over the years that if you're a novice or brand new at this That you'll learn if you keep at it Sadly, there's no shortcut to this. Okay, and I found that you've just got to keep practicing The biggest gift you can have is determination and a will to persevere and if you do you will Gradually just get better as an artist, but I always encourage you have fun during the journey. I I probably was way more frustrated early on than I should have been So I always try to encourage people just enjoy it, you know It's not going to look perfect at first and here's where I'm adding that Concept of a stream. So I'm using a little bit of a teal I've got some of those teals in the sky and I know I'm going to have some reflections in that water But notice I didn't get crazy about having to get the water in just so now I'm going to keep this real time for a bit notice I'm not speeding this part up, but towards the end. I will speed it up a bit and the painting actually didn't take much more than a maybe an hour and a half and I've really enjoyed this process I do have a bit of my classical music playing in the background So I hope YouTube doesn't have a problem with that, but I'm going to add a little bit of Music on top of it right here. I don't think it'll make a problem But that way you'll be able to still hear a little bit of the scratchy sounds of the pastel on top of the u-art paper I love those sounds. So enjoy the rest of this. I'll be back at the end stay tuned Make sure if you haven't subscribed you subscribe to this channel. You like this video you comment and We have a lot of fun here If you haven't become a patron of mine and you'd like to it supports this channel it really helps me to keep these free videos coming and There's a lot of people who really rely on free resources that are all over the world They don't have any other option So I love to be able to offer these things to people all over the world So it's five dollars a month to become a patron you also get extra instruction You become part of a great community of some awesome artists of all levels lots of beginners That are my patrons. So all right guys enjoy the music and I'll be back for some commentary on the blue Flowers the electric blue flowers that I know everybody loved in this painting. So hang in there. I'll be back soon Here's where I begin adding the concept of these flowers. Now, I'm not sure of the name of these flowers They're just the ones that have these tall Buds that kind of stretch out long and they're usually very vibrant blue and purple And I love the lyrical feel that they had Like I said, I did Mostly this from a concept in my mind, but I did use some blue flowers as a reference and Notice how I'm adding a darker version of the same Mark making, you know, and I'm not Taking every flower and reproducing it like I see it. I'm using the suggestion of the flower You know, I'm real estate. They say location location location with painting. It's Suggestion suggestion suggestion. That's just something I've come up with myself to remember that I don't have to spell everything out I can suggest things and learn the rules of how nature has a beautiful spontaneity and I think we can learn a lot from just observing nature and seeing how there is an order to things But there's a spontaneous beauty as well I often think of just how the wind blows things in a disarray But beautiful perfection at the same time and now I'm going to show you a little close-up now Notice how vibrant this blue looks. This is just a Sennelier blue pastel I wish I remembered the number of it, but it looks so vibrant I think because here's where I did miss some footage here. I apologize But I think it looks so vibrant because I purposely didn't let it be overwork Notice how the rest of the painting has sort of a soft feel. It's very Blended by its own Layering, you know, I haven't done towards the end a lot of blending other than the initial stages of the pipe foam Insulation I'm letting now the pastels blend themselves the sky. I wanted very soft. I didn't want it to compete with the flowers I definitely wanted those flowers to be the attention grabber, but that stream I felt just pulled the eye back and that warmth in the sky. Can you see now how there is? Still a bit of that under painting showing through so now I'll add the music back again But watch as I work and I'm just Suggesting these flowers Some of them are a bit more blue some are a bit more purple I typically like to put the dark values down first not always as in the the bright blue ones to the right there but now I'm incorporating some of those teals and other colors in the background to give some interest and Color harmony so now I'm going to start working some of the greens more of the flowers and at this point I'm having fun. This is probably my favorite stage of a painting Especially when I'm feeling good about where it's headed Also noticed to you see some of that warmth underneath the foreground flowers You see that under painting still showing through so it definitely does influence the overall work If I had done this painting without any under painting It would have been too cool in my opinion and by the way, I will be recreating this painting in a larger format I'll probably film the process. I have to apologize When I get to painting crazy and having fun sometimes I forget my hair is getting in the way I don't have it tied back very well. So again, enjoy this process. I'll be back at the end and Pay attention to how I'm carving out things with the grasses and the flowers. All right, I'll be back And here is the final normally I say this painting is available in my Etsy shop, but it already sold So I do have prints and other products available of it. So thanks for being with me I enjoyed this moment with you and happy painting You


Hey everyone today we're making some mint chip ice cream with cottage cheese as its base. All right you probably have seen this on the internet and maybe you haven't. But anyway this has more protein because of the cottage cheese and I'm using a little bit of half and half to kind of give it a little more creaminess. Now the other thing I'm doing which I try to avoid is I'm using some white sugar. Not too much but I am using it. I tried it with honey and I tried it with maple syrup and it just didn't turn out as good in flavor. So since mint chip is my favorite flavor it's got to be good. This is very quick to make. You just pop everything pretty much in the blender. I got one little thing I'm going to show you but it's very fast to make and you'll enjoy it. I'm rocking Robin and I'm going to show you how to make it right after my chef joke. What flavor of ice cream is always on the go? Mango! So the first thing we're going to do here is gather up some mint leaves. Now I bought a plant here it was you know inexpensive and so you want to grab a good handful of leaves. I'm not sure how much here. I tried to weigh this out and it didn't weigh a thing but just a good handful. You want to place your leaves into a strainer and then that makes it easy for you to place them into a pot of boiling water and we're going to leave them in that water for just 30 seconds. So use a spoon to submerge them under the water and it's done in no time. Now the reason for the 30 second blanche is to retain the green color that's going to help color our ice cream without using artificial colors. So the 30 seconds is up then you're going to place this into a bowl of ice like I have here and that will cool it down right away and stop the cooking process. And then we'll place the leaves into some half and half. Now remember you can get the written recipe below the video in the description area. If you like healthy and delicious recipes subscribe to my channel as we put out new content every week. Now I'm going to add the white sugar and give it a good stir so that it dissolves. Now we're going to start placing my ingredients into a blender starting with the cottage cheese. Now I'm using Good Culture which is a really good brand. Check out those clean ingredients. Next I'm going to add a frozen banana but if it's not frozen that's okay too. Next we're adding some vanilla extract. Now we want to use some peppermint extract. Try not to use mint the peppermint is better in flavor. Now I'm going to add that mint infused half and half. Okay let's blend it up until it's creamy and smooth. I recommend at this point to taste the mixture to see if it's sweet enough for you. I like to start at half a cup and then work my way up to three quarters a cup of sugar if needed. Now to add our chocolate chip part to this recipe I'm using guitar milk chocolate chips. Those are my favorite but feel free to use what your favorite is. It's a pretty good idea to chop these chips up since they're so large that you know you want to get some nice shavings. That way you don't have big solid chunks of frozen chocolate. Now pour your mint ice cream into a dish. I used a loaf pan here. Look at how nice and creamy that is. Doesn't it look delicious? Then I'm going to scoop those chocolate chips up and sprinkle it on top of the ice cream and then we'll stir that in.  So if it gets rock solid which it will especially over time you're going to want to take it out 15 to 20 minutes before you want to serve it so that it can soften up and you can scoop it out. What happens when I watch a scary movie with my favorite frozen dessert? Ice cream! Speaking of ice cream here's our ice cream after being in the freezer for about three hours. It's still soft enough to scoop as you can see here. This is how I like it. This ice cream has a wonderfully minty flavor which you're going to love with the chocolate chips and I tell you it's nice and creamy and it's got a fair amount of protein. Now if you'd like to try another flavor of ice cream how about my creamy lemon ice cream? Click the link on the screen it'll take you right to the recipe. Thanks for joining me today if you enjoyed today's video let me know by smashing the old like button and leave me a comment. Maybe you have a recipe request let me know down there in the comment section. Alright we'll see you back here next week for another delicious and healthy recipe. Cheers!