Okay, welcome back everyone to our second lecture today on BC 308 Revelation and Daniel. We are going to start with Daniel chapter 8 Is any question or any questions about the previous chapter Daniel chapter 7? before we move forward into Daniel chapter 8 any questions on Daniel 7 I hope It is clear things were clear One of the things that is useful to do is as we are reading Daniel It is good to map it with other other scripture texts primarily book of Revelation You know, then you can see okay, what was said here in Daniel 7 is given, you know, it corresponds to what God Unveiled to John and more details are given there. We can match the two it makes things so much clear All right, let's now Go into chapter 8 Daniel chapter 8 So what we saw in Daniel 7 is four beasts four kingdoms from the fourth kingdom From there arrives 10 leaders 10 horns and there's a little horn that is speaking on things about God then God himself intervenes he removes the little horn and And then there's the kingdom of God set up and the kingdom is given to the saints of the most high Now, Daniel chapter 8. Let's read it first. I will do the same thing quickly We will read, you know, three maybe three verses to three verses each and then we will again look into the meaning of what we read Let's start Daniel 8 verse 1 on verse In the third year of the reign of King Belshazzar a vision appeared to me To me Daniel after the one that appeared to me the first time I saw the vision and it is so happened while I was looking that I was in Shushan the the Kitadel which Which is in the province of Alam and I saw in a vision that I was by the river alive then I lifted my eyes and I saw there Standing besides the river was around which had two horns and the two horns were high But one was higher than the other and the higher one was The higher one came up last amen I Saw the rain pushing westward northward and southward So that no animal could withstand him nor was there any Could deliver from his hand, but he did according to his soon and became great and As I was considering Suddenly a male goat came from the west across the surface of the whole earth Without touching the ground and the God had a multiple or horn Between his eyes then he came to the ramp that had two horns Which I had been standing beside the river and ran at him with precious power What's having on with someone and I saw him confronting the ram He was moved with rage against him Attacked the ram and broke his two horns There was no power in the ram to withstand him But he cast him down to the ground and trampled him and there was no one that could deliver the ramp from his hand Therefore the male goat grew very When he became strong the large horn was broken and in place of it for notable ones came up toward the four winds of heaven What's nine? It became great Even a great art place of the ocean and the regular bond offering was taken away from him And the place of his sanctuary was overthrowing and a rose which was given over to it together with the regular bond Offering the cause of migration and we drove through to the ground at the heart and first part Where's the team? Then I heard a holy one speaking and another holy one said to that certain one who was speaking How long will the vision be concerning the daily sacrifices and the transgression of Desolation the giving of both the sanctuary and the host to be trampled on the foot and He said to me for two thousand three hundred days Then the sanctuary shall be cleansed Then it happened when I Daniel had seen the vision and was speaking the meaning that Suddenly there stood before me one having the appearance of a man I heard a man's voice between the banks of Ulai who called and said Gabriel make this man understand the vision So he came here where I stood and when he came I was afraid and fell on my face But he said to me understand some of man that the vision refers to the time of the end Now as he was speaking with me I was in a deep sleep with my face to the ground But he touched me and stood me up right and he said look I'm making mode to you Watch it happen in the later time of the indication for the appointed time the end shall be 20 There I'm which you saw having the two phones They are the kids of media and pressure and the male God is the kingdom of Greece The large home that is between each eye is the first king as The broken home and of and the fall that stood up in his place for kingdom shall arise out of that nation But look with its power Question in three and in the later time of the their kingdom When the transgressors had reached their fullness a king shall arise having fierce features Who understand sinister schemes? His power shall be mighty, but not by his own power He shall destroy fearfully and shall prosper and thrive and shall destroy the mighty and also the holy people Amen Question in five, three, two, three, seven Verse 25 to 27 Through his cunning he shall decide to prosper under his rule and he shall exalt himself in his heart He shall destroy many in their prosperity, he shall even rise against the prince of princes But he shall be broken without human means And the wishful of the evenings and mornings which were stole is true Therefore seal up the vision for it refers to many days in the future And I Daniel fated and was sick for days Afterward I rose and went about the king's business. I was astonished by the vision, but no one understood it Right So Here we are Daniel chapter eight Again God is Revealing to Daniel Things that what we call as near term that means some of this happened right then And some of this is in the latter time Which is long to fire Right so both are there right things that happened near term and some in the latter time God's revealing So he's seeing two Animals first is a ram It is moving west So it's rising from the east It's moving west And this ram has two horns, but The second horn is bigger than the small one And he explains to us within this chapter what the ram represents It says in verse 20 The ram which you saw having the tones they are the kings of media and Persia Okay Kings of media and so now we are going to map everything right in chapter two. We saw the image Four parts First one we know Nebuchadnezzar Second he told meets and versions chapter five. He's already told us Okay, then chapter seven We saw the lion than the bear bear mapping to meets and versions Now we're coming to chapter eight. We're seeing the ram And the ram is also needs and perspective. So it's all in length The chest Of chapter two The bear of chapter seven And the ram of chapter eight all representing the kingdoms of the means and the He's giving us more details in chapter eight. He says there'll be two horns The little horn and the second one is bigger. So that actually historically happens The means were the little horn So they were they they came into power But for a short while But when the Persians they are overlapping because they come in from the same region The Persians are more powerful So Persia Is the bible term for what we refer to modern day times it is a country of Iran So meets in the Persians People from that region Iran The empires came from there They moved powerfully and they were extending themselves toward moving west Right So they came they were moving west from Iran and moving west towards The the Mediterranean the conquered Turkey parts of that region. They were moving that side So that's the rap meets and Persians history tells us that and We also know that the first Persian king King Cyrus was the one Who sent the Jews back to go rebuild their City and the temple and all of that. So that's the role they played it. God used it this Persian king Cyrus And after the meets Persians God used him To carry out a purpose that he wanted which is to send the Jews back and rebuild the city and the temple And as I had mentioned as a proper answer it called by name King Cyrus, which is a Persian king So Daniel is seeing the ram Moving west Representing meets and Persians Now as they are the moving they're moving strong suddenly something happens on goat covers And he says here in verse 21 Daniel 8 21 The male goat is the kingdom of Greece Okay, so Daniel is so amazing. I mean see the amazing prophecy because now there are Daniel is prophecy, but for kingdom The Babylonians meets Persians now Greece So the goat He says this goat comes The Greece kingdom of Greece. So you're talking about they're coming up from in and around the Greek Greece the Greeks And he says this goat Has one on home very powerful And the goat is moving east so from Greece The empire is now extending eastward. So conquering the eastern part of Europe Crossing over the mid training crossing over into turkey Moving all the way all the way to Iran and we know that So he said the the this goat had a very big horn and the horn Is its first king verse 21 the male goat is the kingdom of Greece the large horn That is between his eyes is the first king the large horn Is the first king was the first king alexander the great Okay, how do we know looking back at history? So Daniel 821 Daniel actually prophesied about alexander the great. He didn't call him by name But he's mentioned here He is the first first king of the kingdom of Greece the goat And we know literally alexander the great Was the first king from the of the Greek empire He moved very fast So he's saying this goat is like he's moving in such a such speed is not even touching the ground He's moving and literally expanded his kingdom so forcefully so fast all the way He to India So can you imagine from Greece Is moving east he's extending all his kingdom all the way Across you know conquering Iran Iraq all the way to lindia But something happens Daniel said that uh, this is in was 8 Daniel chapter 8 was 8 The male grow goat grew very great But when he became strong The large horn was broken and in place of it four notable ones came Up towards the four winds of heaven So what's happening? He's becoming great. So I mean see literally expanded his kingdom very fast, but he suddenly died And this is history alexander the great Suddenly died at a very young age But in his early 30s something like that So very great king The goat moving east extended its kingdom The first king Was moving very fast, but he suddenly died And then what happened Four of his generals his generals began to To control over four portions of his kingdom again. This is history historical But Daniel already said Was a daniel 8 was a and in place of it four notable ones came up Uh, daniel 8 Verse 22 as for the broken horn and the four that stood up in its place four kingdom shall arise Out of that nation but not with its power That means out of the greek empire after alexander the great guy. What happened No immediate leader his four generals Took four portions of his empire and they ruled but they did not have The same power that he had that is daniel 8 22 fulfilled history historically now The four portions of his empire broadly generally speak covered The regions of greece and eastern europe covered turkey covered Which modern modern-day turkey covered modern-day syria and the regions in that area that's all along israel and Along syria lebanon jordan that area And another part in northern africa egypt and so on Broadly speaking so four regions four generals were ruling or covering Four portions of the greek empire Very broadly speaking, but why is this important? because daniel said verse nine Out of one of them came a little horn similarly verse 23 so The four kingdoms will happen So that is the near-term history verse 23 And in the latter time of their kingdom That means now he is moving he's going to the latter time the end of the end times in the latter time verse 23 And the transgressors have reached that from that the sin is abounding A king shall arise So that's the little horn So daniel chapter eight is telling us In broad terms where the little horn Or whom we know as the antichrist is going to come from He's going to come From one of these four regions That belonged to the greek empire which was ruled by The four notable ones that means the four generals who belonged to alexander the graves So one of these four areas the little horn or a king shall arise in the latter times So that's why we Of course, we don't know the exact country because these are regions and these countries didn't exist during that time so We are looking very broadly at Eastern europe greek and the other Small small countries around there because that was one portion We're looking at turkey Which is another which was another portion turkey for it has a big land land space Then we're looking at another third region, which is syria lebanon jordan iran iraq all that region And then we're also looking at another portion, which is northern africa egypt and so on because daniel said West night and late west night out of one of them, but one of the four regions The little horn came The antichrist the king who speaks Or who does all these evil things or speaks against the most time the antichrist comes from that region is what daniel said So we're not specifically saying it will be from greece Or turkey or syria egypt. They're just saying these from modern times. These are the regions But remember that there are more countries in these regions Which were governed by the four generals of alexander the great And then he tells us What this little horn He give me is giving us now more details About what this little horn will do now in chapter seven.  That means he's going to It call is going to let this antichrist this antichrist. It's really torment or attack The saints god's going to let that happen right that was chapter seven now in chapter eight He's telling us more of what this little horn will do right worse than It says here was it was nine story out of them that is out of these four one of those four regions came a little horn That's the antichrist He grew exceedingly great Toward the south Toward the east and Toward the glorious land that means he's going to exert influence So this little horn is coming up His influence is going to extend over the south southern part from where every whichever country is coming in the south towards the east more of europe And toward the glorious land that means over history. I mean this little horn God's going to let this happen He's going to exert influence over this region South east and the glorious land That's worse nine And He will even grow to the host of heaven and cast some of the person 10 then late 10 Some of the stars to the god and and trample them that means He's going to as I explained later. He's going to speak against God against Things of god He's going to have so much influence on on the stars Now when we talk about stars Stars represent We will see in revelation 12 Represents the nations of israel. I mean the the 12 stars relation 12 So stars you're reading about stars to the ground revelation 12 the woman The sun the moon the 12 stars 12 tribes It could also represent His influence is empowering from the spiritual realm. He's demonically empowered by The dragon this man So he's exerting influence. He's speaking things against the host of heaven God and angelic thing angelic beings He's going to he's supernaturally empowered By the beast and demonic powers He's attacking people of Israel Verse 10 verse 11, sorry down late 11 He even exalted himself as high as the prince of the host That is against, you know, we see later on He's talking about the prince of princes But that's in verse 25. He is exalting himself against the lord jesus christ The prince of the host the prince of all angelic hosts are the prince of princes. He's exalting himself against the lord jesus And then verse 11 is going to do something more and by him The daily sacrifices were taken away and the place of a sanctuary was cast down now that brings giving us more insight Which was not given in chapter seven this antichrist Is going to do something The daily sacrifices and the sanctuary now We do not know Sorry Right now The temple in Jerusalem is not there. So on the temple mount There are two Muslim structures You know, there is the al-Aqsa mosque And that there is the dome of the rock belonging to the muslims sacred to them But it's built on the temple mount That is where the temples stood And today the jews can only come to the western wall pray there and go But here in daniel Chapter eight verse 11. He's saying The daily sacrifices and the place of a sanctuary the sanctuary place of a sanctuary doesn't exist right now the temple doesn't exist So this is why we say that The temple has to be rebuilt For these prophecies to take place because right now they're not able to do the daily sacrifices So as we will see we will go as we progress in chapter nine And so on what what will the plan that that unfolds is this little one Is to the help of by him influencing three of the 10 leaders who are part of this european union He's going to come into power. In fact, he's going to be supported by 10 leaders. We will see that later in revelation 18 It's going to support about all 10 of these leaders, but he's coming in his influence by taking control of three of them It's going to come to power He's going to come as a man of peace because he will sign a covenant of peace for seven years. He'll establish this peace treaty uh So it's very likely that as part of his covenant of peace This sanctuary will be rebuilt And the daily sacrifices reinstituted There on the temple It's not very likely it should happen because The temple being in place And the daily sacrifices happening Is part of what is going to you know, it's photo so today that temple mound and of course the relation between israel and the Arab nations a very very Say Very big conflict big problem And nobody and people trying to find a solution right that's okay two state solution palestinians should have their own land and so But somehow this man of peace Seems and according to what we're seeing in scripture and daniel revelation He seems to be able to broke a peace for seven years a seven-year peace treaty and This is what brings him into papa Is able to come because nobody else is able to do it and a lot of people in the past have tried a lot of residents have tried That's right. Let's make peace nobody's able to do it But this man of peace will come i mean this man will come he will be able to broke a peace and the temple is Come back into its place daily sacrifices are reinstituted and then the same In the middle of the seven years, he's going to break his covenant. He's going to change So he's establishing a covenant of peace But in the middle of the seven years, he himself is going to change times and loss. We read about that in daniel seven 25 he will change times and loss. He put it all in place Seven years You'll have peace middle of the seven years three and a half years he will change it And it says in verse 11 daniel 8 11 By him the daily sacrifices will be taken away and the sanctuary Will be cast out and he will desecrate the temple We will see more details coming up chapter nine and also in the book of revelation more details and also in second thessalonians chapter two right But that's what he loved and because so the verse 12 Because of the transgression and he's going to do very evil things It says an army was given to him To oppose the daily sacrifices. He will cast truth to the ground. He did all the same process He an army will be done is there are going to be people Nations eyes kings will support him So that he'll have this military power To do this nobody can stop The army will be given to him To oppose the daily sacrifice and do this nobody's going to stop him. We'll see who'll stop him Because he'll have this right, so Daniel then asks the question this is uh was 13 You know, hey, can you tell me About the time How long will this be and then how long is the daily sacrifice going to be stopped and The transcription of desolation going to you know, make this sanctuary desolate and And the giving of both the sanctuary and the and to the and the host to be trampled and if When is this going to happen when all this will be desecrated? So How long that's was 13 Then he says was 14 For 2300 days Then the sanctuary shall be cleansed now 2300 days Want us to understand it as He explains in verse 26 As evenings and mornings Okay a day as evenings and mornings and so 2300 evenings and mornings Uh divide by two is 1150 1150 days Which is about three and a half years you do divide by 365 It'll come 3.15 now It's a slight. I mean, it's not exactly three and a half It comes with something in that range three points some days Just keep in mind that there is a difference between our Gregorian calendar and the Jewish calendar In how many days are in a year? The number of days are slightly different but Verse 14 must be understood in verse 26 because he says the vision of the evenings and mornings So it's an evening and a morning. So this 2300 Evenings and mornings and you will find a footnote Of verse 14 you'll find he's actually talking about 2300 evenings Evening mornings So you divide by two so that you that's the number of days And the number of days is about three and a half years calendar here slight difference between Gregorian and Jewish calendar so Approximately so what he's saying is But three and a half years, which is the second half of the tribulation The daily sacrifices will be stopped And the temple will be desecrated. That means the first three and a half years The sacrifices are happening. The temple is there. The sanctuary is there Then second half of three and a second half second three and a half years Daily sacrifices will stop temple is desecrated and after that 2300 mornings and evenings which is 1150 days or three and a half years Then the temple will be cleansed. That is the millennial temple, which is the antichrist We've taken out of the way everything we cleaned out And there'll be a cleansed clean temple consecrated temple in place So We are seeing more details about what this little one will do He's going to speak blasphemies things and so on And we pick up here again. They're seeing a repetition of this from verse 23 to verse 26 He says This is going to happen in the latter time And so this is after The means versions in Greek all that has happened Then there's a time gap Then in the latter time This king will arise. So remember see there's a time gap between the ram and the goat happening and the You know the four notable ones ruling all that That's happening. That's the near term prophecy being fulfilled, which historically has happened Then there's a time gap We'll see the time gap being explained to us in Daniel chapter nine And then verse 23 Daniel 823 in the latter time of their kingdom. So this is going to the end of time this king will arise verse 24 He will do all kinds of evil things and he will prosper Verse 25 is very cunning very deceitful He'll exalt himself. He'll destroy many people He will rise against the prince of peace princess. I mean against the lord But he's going to be destroyed not with human means when god is going to destroy Verse 26 the vision of the evenings in the mornings, which is what we were talking about He says it is true And it refers to many days in the future. It's talking about things way out into the future This is Daniel chapter it's Is it clear So we're adding little by little, you know to what we started in chapter two chapter five chapter seven Chapter eight Information is being added more details are being given and that is continued in chapter nine. We'll see more more details Any questions, please Go ahead Thank you pastor Here I just Wanted to know like the roman empire is not at all mentioned in this particular vision right and in the first Nebuchadnezzar's dream um It was said that it is a revised roman empire the iron the feet of iron And clay So but here It's not mentioned, but it's jumping from the greece Grecian empire and saying that there will be four notable Kings that arise out and in the latter terms there'll be a little horn. So I'm just confused between Does greece in Rome where they're geographically ruling over the Uh, like grecian empire and roman empire. They were geographically ruling over the same Areas is that's what meant here or Or is it like the the the system will come or the person will come out of This empire or yeah, I was just trying to understand Yeah, you're right in the sense that um Here the focus is on The So the focus here is on The means the versions and the greek empire and There this little horn is where you come from um So that's the focus. So obviously the legs of iron or the fourth beast That kingdom is You know, it's it's not mentioned here uh, so there is a He explains to us about the means the persons the greek And that this little horn that we read but remember the little horn is actually coming from after The fourth kingdom is fourth kingdom happens Is coming from the loosely held I remember the ten horns are actually coming from the the feet The loosely held territory of iron and clay than the tent toes or from what belongs to The fourth beast fourth kingdom from there the ten horns come and then Comes this little horn alongside so in timing This little horn Is actually in timing it is all along with the ten horns than the little horn comes so in timing it's there but He's pointing to the territory from which this little horn is going to come This little horn is going to come from one of those four regions That belongs to the greek empire which was then which was ruled by The four notable ones from who came after alexander the great So that's the the main highlight here There this little horn is coming So As we understand chapter eight We keep the framework and we keep the outline which is you know, there are these four kingdoms mentioned and then the Loose the elder what we call as a revived the revived roman empire We keep all that in mind And also remember the little horn is coming along the same time as the same time as the ten horns So in time that's when it is but the focus in chapter eight is where is this little horn coming From the greek empire To answer your question There are fourth empire the roman empire was much bigger In the greek so the greek empire started out from greece and moved eastward all the way to india The roman empire extended from spain all the way to I didn't it didn't go all the way to india, but all the way to We would say, you know, just around iraq iran covered all of that that iraq part covered there and then extended south to The northern part of africa should covered most of europe across the mediterranean and into the Northern part of africa, let me see if there's this map that included it. Yeah, I'll just show it to you here Very quickly it's in that pdf I'll just share it Yeah, so here we here we can see that the colored part the colored part Is the roman empire at its greatest extent? So you see this is, you know, spain it goes in covers all of The part of europe it didn't cover all of europe, but the major part of europe italy And then cover coming over here this part And then extending over to What would be modern day turkey? Coming over here. So here's syria In coming over here, but here's where iran iraq would be there And this is where you know right now there's a lot of conflict going on Israel, syria, lebanon, jorgen Egypt coming up here. So this is where the roman empire At its greatest The greek empire was more from greek on towards east Towards here Yeah, thank you. I had just like one more question the in this vision Is Are ram the goat all these representing the empires? But then when it comes to the little horn It goes down. Does it go down to a you know a system or world system? or Does it go down to a person because in Even in the vision, uh, we see that the personal pronouns are used even for ram goat And even for the little horn. So I'm trying to understand Whether it is a system of like a world system or is it a person the little horn Yeah, so in these in both the prophecies and you know Daniel two seven and eight The the beasts the midges The animals they are representing king dummies, right? So he tells us here You know, for example, if you look in Daniel seven he says here Daniel seven 17 those great beasts which are four are four kings or kingdoms Which arise again? He says here Daniel seven 23 the fourth we shall be a fourth kingdom So the beasts represent kingdoms the horns represent kings We see this in verse Daniel seven 24 the ten horns are ten kings Right. So prophetic imagery Beasts representing kingdoms Horns representing kings which would be individuals. So that's how we are interpreting this So the little horn is actually a little king an individual who is speaking The animals the beasts and the goats and the ram are representing kingdom or Yeah, empires Sure pastor and One more question like in verse eight when it says four winds of heaven. Does it have any particular meaning or it's just four directions south the uh, like not southeast west just like that or does it have any meaning yeah, so Here we will talk we will say okay. He came into uh influence it's almost like So when we talk about the winds winds of heaven, it's like God is moving God is oppositing this is causing these things to take place but also in terms of you know He's he's going so God is the four winds meaning God is moving on the earth Causing these things to take place because we've been consistent with what we said there in chapter seven was Two the four winds of heaven Were studying on the great sea meaning it's this is the moon, you know, like God is orchestrating A lot of these things similarly here these four notable ones are being God has orchestrated God has put them in their places And causing this thing so like the four winds generally would say it's like God moving on the nations on the seas. We understand it from that perspective Sure, sure. Thank you. Thank you master I'll just answer quickly one question here in the chat Uh rosalind can you give a scripture reference for the seven years peace treaty which will be signed so daniel chapter nine uh verse 27 Daniel 927 He shall confirm a covenant with many for one week Right, so I will explain in our next class A covenant is a peace treaty One week represents seven years. We will look at it in next class daniel 927 Which is then also we will see in revelation We'll also see this in revelation how uh, there is this understanding of Two portions of three and a half years which it may come seven years We will look that look look it up in revelation seven. So this we will you know this peace treaty Seven years we look at it in chapter nine Okay So let's pause for you today I'd encourage you to just recluse chapter seven eight and try to understand it And any questions we'll pick it up next week and then move forward Chapter nine ten and so on Thank you. I want something to close in prayer Dear heavenly father, we come to you under the name of Jesus. We thank you for this day where we learned So many things Jesus God, I pray that you will help us to understand the things go back to the rise and help us to know the truth We thank you for Pastor ashes who's teaching us all this and I thank you for every single person over here Jesus As we are drawing near to the end times God you equip us in a way Maybe we will stand bold for your kingdom Jesus. We give you all the glory and honor and Jesus name and Amen man Thank you everyone Enjoy the rest of the day and we'll see you again


So nice to see you guys again today. I'm going to give the next session in tracker data creation and upload. Um, so if we come back to this picture that we have already seen during this workshop. What we have done so far is to initialize the D2 so as the SDK, we did the login. So we are able to interact with the local database and the server. We sink the metadata we sink the data. And now we are going to focus in this other part, which is how to do the work, how to do the offline work and then how to how we do how do we upload the data. So our focus today is going to be tracker data and aggregate data will also be covered in workshop shoe. It's the same principle principles. You can refer to the docs but if you want to explore by yourself it's pretty similar but yeah today we are going to focus only in tracker data. Okay, so how do we add the data in our local database. The second point is the repositories. And once we use the repositories, the data is stored persistently in the database and mark does not sink. And then we have an upload method that you have we have to call explicitly to upload the data to the server. It's very important to understand that once we save some data, we're just saving that in the local database in the device but unless we specifically called upload we are not yet uploading it to the server. Okay, so I'm going to recap a little bit in the repositories. Since they are the entry point for great decoration and the vision of the data, and we have a different strategy for identifiable and not non identifiable objects. So we have two different types of repositories we have the collection repositories which are the repositories that we can access directly using the D2 and their structure in each model. So we have the object repositories. The first one the collection repositories represent the collection of objects. The second one represent a single object. These ones are different for identifiable objects, which are the ones that have a new ID. And for identifiable objects. And so the way to get them for identifiable objects is to use the UID methods in the collection repository. But for the ones that are not identifiable, the way to get them is to call the value, the value methods, and then pass the properties that make this value for this object unique. So this is the way to get the object repositories that we are going to need to edit the data. So first I'm going to explain how do we create data in identifiable object collections. And that's, we have an add method in the collection repository. So we have to first find the module and the collection repository using D2 from the collection that we want to where we want to add a new object to. And then we call the app method. And then we have to pass to this app method we pass the projection, which is an object which contains only the mandatory fields for this type. So we are not going to pass in all the fields that we can configure, or we can set in a track and track the instances for instance for example, we are only passing the mandatory object so it's really easy to create an object and then afterwards we can edit the once we call this app method and insert the projection, the object is stored in the database, and we get the UID. So with this UID we can continue editing and operating with this object. So here in a more detailed way we can see that this projection for tracking distances. The only thing that we are passing in the beginning is the organization unit and the tracking inside, and we will add more things like the attributes and more stuff afterwards. Okay, so we, once we have created this, this object, or if the object was really existing in the database, we can access their, their object repository and set or edit all their properties. And these that I'm showing now is the five different repositories that we have for tracker data. So, in the track entity module we have the track to the instances repository. You use the UID method to get the object repository. In the enrollment module we have the enrollments, sorry enrollment module enrollments repository. That's the nodes and finally the file resources. Okay, so once we have this object repository, how can we edit the property. We have different write methods in this repository for each property that we can, we can modify, we have a set whatever property. For example, set coordinates and we pass the coordinates or set dates, we set the dates so we have one for each different property that we have in the in this object. And then we have methods to delete or delete if exist, for example. And apart from the right methods that we can use to modify this properties, we also have some of the read methods if we want to check what it's, what do we have in the database. Okay, so I already explained how do we create and modify objects, which are identifiable. I'm going to explain now what happens with the ones that are not identifiable. So, for non identifiable objects we don't need to first create and then modify since it's solely a value, we can just put the value and it doesn't matter if it was already present or not. So what we do that is, we call in the repository, we call the value, we pass the attributes that identify this value, and then we can call the different methods that I'm going to present now. So we have different repositories or collections that we have for tracker data are to track entity attribute values and they track the data values. And what are the methods that we can that we can use. In this case we only have set value, so we don't have different properties we just have the value so we have a set value, where we pass the value as a string. And then we also have the delete or delete if exists. As in the indiviable we also have some read only methods like get or exists. Okay, so so far with this that we have done. We have updated the local database, but we haven't uploaded anything to the server. Like we said, we have to have in our minds that there are two different processes, editing the data and uploading it to the server. If we upload it, we have to call the upload method. In case of tracker data what we have as a method in the track entity instance repository. And if we don't specify anything. The SDK will upload to the server all the All the objects that are in state to post or to update it this is a state this state is something that is internal in the SDK to post are all the objects that are created locally. We don't have we haven't send them yet to the to the server and to updates means objects that are already in the server but we have some we have done some we have done some modifications. And if we do this, we are going to upload all this, all the files, sorry, all the all the objects. We can also restrict it. This is what we call granular sync. And we can use filters the same way that we just filters, for example, to get information from the repositories. We can use this filters to restrict the amount of data that we are uploading. So we've, for example, we say here, okay, attracting the distance by uid and we specify the uid and call the upload method. We're only going to upload this file and not the others. And we can also use any other filters we could say okay by name, and we just upload the tracking the distances by name or by any other property that you can that you can think of. Okay, so we are going to do one exercise. This is going to be a bit more complex that the ones that we have done so far. It will be guided by your instructor so I hope you will manage to solve it. I'm going to open the the skeleton up to show you what we are going to do. Just a second. All right. So we are going to use the code executor activity that you can find here in the lateral menu here on the bottom. You have got executor. And this is an activity that we have where we can run completely custom code. So basically we have a button here below. And we are going to implement something that is going to run when we click this button. And what we're going to implement is the creation of attract the distance. We're going to create the target in distance and probably to a program and add some attributes for it. Okay, so what we are going to do in the in the exercise is just a creation. It will be starting the database. So once we do it, if we're right, we should come here to the tracking distances page. And we should be able to see the day that we have created in the exercise. Since it's not uploaded yet, you will see that there will be an same method here. So we are going to click here after we have, we have finished it we are going to click on the same method, and we are going to go to the website and look for this look for this day. So we can verify that everything was created and synchronized up with the server. Okay. So more into the details of the of the exercise. We are going to create a track in the instance. We have some tips there that you can follow that we will also be in the in the code of the of the exercise. We are going to enroll you to a program. And we're going to set its program that entity instance attribute values. All right. So the brands that we are starting from is Academy online exercise for. I think it's actually exercise for data creation or something like that. Let me verify it. It's exercise for tracker data creation. And I think we can just go now to the breakout rooms and continue on our own with the facilitators.


and welcome to the 2 p.m. Update with me David White here at TFNN so what do we have well market tried to pop today last I look we were at the and around the lows of the day that's a 4051 on the S&P cash were at 4052 I think we saw that 4051 right after the open so we're still up six or so points on the S&P cash the question is did we get anything of note in volume in this bounce today and the answer is no so we have kind of gone back up to the previous highs if volume continues to crack track the way it has pretty much throughout the day well we're doing about six point two billion on the CBOE consolidated tape if anybody wants to mesh with my volume quotes you can email me at path at TFNN.com I'll be glad to send you a link to the CBOE volume but it's torn apart nine ways to Sunday so you can see how the NASDAQ and others the NYSE and where the volume is coming from but they've got you got a pretty good bead on where it's coming from where it's at but as I said for the most part you know you just a hair higher out here we had a pop probably the big news that we're going to go through over the next day or two and some of the stuff I'm going to talk today about is people saying bye bye bye this morning it doesn't matter how expensive it is better by that was on Apple this morning Walmart is closing some stores across the country we'll talk about that why Iran may have found the second largest lithium deposit in the world so maybe they'll be back in that of course Fed is going to be Powell is going to be in front of Congress for the next two days and AM radio may be kaput we'll talk about that more in a few minutes the reality is that navigating financial markets can be risky markets can be chaotic and difficult to understand having the latest


And we're live. Hi, I'm Taza Greenwood coming to you from Cambridge, Massachusetts. And this is the big week when we teach the MIT Computational Law Workshop course. This is the fourth annual offering of the course and the second year when we've been so very privileged to have a friend and colleague, Michelle Git, let's join us. And Michelle's a partner and the co-chair of the Blockchain and Digital Currencies Working Group at Blank Rome. And frankly, one of the few genuine experts in the area of smart contracts and the law. And I want to thank you for taking time to provide this flipped classroom lecture that people can see in advance of your live session on Thursday when we'll get into some nice discussion during the breakout group stay. So welcome, Michelle. And where are you checking in from today? It looks very nice. Thank you so much. I'm actually in the middle of the Red Rock Mountains in Sedona, Arizona. Fantastic. OK, well. The power of technology. And where do you ordinarily practice from? You're an East Coaster, I think. Yes, I practice out of New York City, although I travel extensively and I'm very fortunate that my clients are all over the country and all over the world. Here, here. OK, great. So I guess without further ado, I'd like to hand the baton virtually over to you to learn us something about smart contracts and the law. Thank you. Thank you. So I'm going to screen share now so that you can see my materials. I'd like to welcome everybody. And thank you so much for including me. I co-chair the blockchain and digital currencies working group at Blank Room, where I help clients bring blockchain applications to market, including applications that involve smart contracts. Today, we're going to speak about the legal paradigm surrounding smart contracts. And I understand a lot of you are also interested in music and smart contracts. So we'll touch a little bit on that as well. So thank you so much for having me. My contact information is on the first slide. And please do not hesitate to reach out to me talking about blockchain and cryptocurrencies. And smart contracts is my favorite thing to do aside from hanging out with my kids. So please don't hesitate. Excellent. OK, are we screen sharing? Yep, we've got some screen sharing. It looks like a split screen. Oh, here we go. Yep, it looks great. Great. So we'll just take a few minutes to go over the agenda. We're going to talk a little bit about what is blockchain, what is a smart contract, the use of smart contracts, the enforceability of smart contracts, and what we're seeing is the future of smart contracts. Just by way of level setting, blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology, DLT. Blockchain is not Bitcoin. It is a shared list of transactions that everybody who is participating in the blockchain ecosystem can see. Every new transaction is a timestamp block. And every block is linked to a previous transaction creating a chain of transactions. Blockchain is a software that is on the internet. It is connected by a network of computers. And all of the entries on the blockchain are cryptographically sealed, and they are immutable. And we'll talk about why that's important and why it may be somewhat of a detriment in connection with smart contracts. So just some benefits of blockchain, which can also undoubtedly be benefits of using blockchain technology for smart contracts is we have greater transparency, enhanced security, and improved ability to trace transactions, greater efficiency, speedier transactions, and hopefully we're reducing costs. Blockchain is what I'd like to call a technological revolution. Business today you can see on the left. And everybody who participates in a business transaction, each has their own computer with their own version of the truth of the transaction. It requires all these people to interface, all these constituents in the transaction to interface, and to reconcile what's happened with one another, which is time consuming. But when you have blockchain, all of those constituents are plugged into the same blockchain transaction. And they're all connected. And they're all nodes on the blockchain. And they can see the same ledger that's being updated so that the only reason why an entry is actually on the blockchain is because all the people who participated in the transaction agreed that that transaction did happen and happens in the manner in which it's reported on the blockchain. So lots of people ask whether blockchains are secure. We know on a public blockchain that anyone can read the ledger. And we know in a permissioned blockchain, data can be made private. Cryptography is used to keep the data safe. And we believe that smart contracts and contracts in general would be more secure because they would be recorded on the blockchain. In real life, contracts can be lost. They can be amended inappropriately. And we think that on blockchain, we could solve some of these inefficiencies. On slide 7, I give you some basic definitions just for level setting. I'm not going to go over them today. But they're there for your use. And let's just get into the need of it. So what really is a smart contract? It's a digital representation of an agreement and a mutual agreement, meaning all the parties to the contract agree on the terms in the same way as a traditional contract is agreed to. But that contract is coded and it's stored on a distributive ledger instead of being recorded on paper or on a computer in an electronic form. This smart contract is basically an unstoppable computer program, meaning it can't be modified without everybody's permission to modify it. And I like to say that a smart contract is somewhat like an if-then statement. If a condition is met, then the contract self-executes. And there's no reason for there to be an intermediary who's monitoring the contract and its terms because the computer is doing that. So how do smart contracts really work? Just like traditional contracts, the parties identify the terms and conditions. The different parties agree as to what the desired outcome would be. And for example, you can have a real estate contract that's coded on a blockchain. And we know what the price of the house is. The parties have to agree what the property is, when the closing will occur, how the funds will be transferred. And then once all those inputs are placed into the ledger, into the smart contract, the contract will self-execute once all the requirements are met. Some smart contracts require access to data sources outside of the blockchain. And we're going to talk about this with oracles a little bit. But the smart contract can have a feed of data from another location, meaning the rate of LIBOR can be fed into the mortgagery for the smart contract or the price of what gold is trading at could be fed into a contract if the parties are exchanging gold. The price of a stock, for example, could be fed in. And so even though that's a separate and distinct data point, that data point can be fed into the technology. So in essence, though, we always need the computer program and we need the code to be input onto the blockchain. And one thing that we're seeing in actual practice is we're having developers and coders who are taking our contracts and they have to translate them into the code. And the average lawyer is in a coder. So we have a little bit of tension arising because how does the lawyer who's not a coder ensure that the coder or developer is inputting the right code? And those are some issues that we deal with. But I think the future that we're going to see eventually is that more lawyers are going to become facile with coding. And again, there's self-execution. So once the defined terms and conditions are met, the computer program self-executes. So and the outcome is recorded on blockchain. So smart contracts, a basic example. This is what you see on slide 10. And again, I'm not going to go over the buying and selling in the house example again, but you can see how we map it out here. We match the buyer and the seller. There's an exchange of assets, the house for the currency. There's the ownership of the house has to be undisputed. And we can digitize the land deed so that eventually, and hopefully, we're not going to need things like title insurance because we're going to know that there's a truthful source and verified source of title that's recorded on blockchain. And so there would be no need for something like title insurance. I mentioned earlier that there's the possibility of having a third data point come from the outside and feed into the blockchain and the smart contracts. And we talk about that as incorporating oracles. So an oracle is a trusted third party source. It could be an individual or a program. And it transmits data from the outside world into the blockchain, allowing the smart contract to react to external events. Again, as I mentioned, it could be a data feed conveying LIBOR. It could be a data feed conveying a stock price, where the price of an asset such as gold or silver. And the oracle is the party that is faithfully providing that element of information that the contract needs to self-execute. So if you need to understand what a mortgage payment would be if it's a floating rate, then you need the data feed if that mortgage rate is based on LIBOR. And so if a mortgage agreement was input on blockchain as a smart contract, you'd always need that oracle of LIBOR to feed in to be able to calculate what a monthly cost would be for that mortgage. Another example of the use of an oracle would be with a sports bet. If John and Amy are betting on a game, John could, for example, bet $50. That Toronto is going to win a certain basketball game or baseball game. Amy could bet $50, but instead Philadelphia is going to win that game. And the winner would receive the $100, the collected $50 from John and $50 from Amy. But how do we get the results fed into the blockchain into the smart contract so that we know who the winner is and how the $100 should be automatically transmitted to the winner? Well, we have something called a game feed that would put the scores into the blockchain or the smart contract. So for example, maybe ESPN is monitoring the game. And there is ESPN acts as the oracle and feeds the results into the smart contract. And we know that if the Toronto Maple Leafs win that game, the feed will pull from ESPN. It will pull from that oracle into the code. And it will automatically transmit that John, who bet on Toronto, actually won the bet. And the smart contract will then execute $100 to John as the winner. We can also think about the case of using an oracle for flight insurance. So for example, if you're worried about your flight being lead or delayed, you could buy insurance that would protect you against any loss that you might receive if you didn't make your connection or if you didn't make your meeting. There has to be some feed into the smart contract for the flight insurance that you purchased and the contract that was coded on the blockchain so that the smart contract knows whether or not your flight was delayed. So the contract's coded on the blockchain, you have the smart contract and then the smart contract consults with the oracle, the flight information that's tied to public flight records and then you would be automatically compensated for the delay. And you can see that information on slide 13. I'm not gonna go into detail about slide 14, but we know that you can also do complex financial transactions using oracles. And so for example, if party A and party B are dealing with a futures contract based on the price of gold, we can use an oracle, the London gold fix for example to feed into and report the price of gold so that the smart contract can self-execute. Now, I happen to have a client who's using smart contracts to pay royalties and to audit royalties in the music industry. And the reason why this is important is because generally when auditors audit license agreements and music contracts, there are so many of them for any particular company that they can only really do a sampling to figure out if the right amount of royalties are paid. However, in using smart contracts and artificial intelligence, they would be able to actually audit 100% of the transactions that occurred because they would be able to better verify and more quickly verify because those contracts were executed on the blockchain. So that's actually a real world example of how industry in particular auditors are using our auditing smart contracts that pay the licensing amounts to the artists or authors or other constituents who license their intellectual property. On slide 15, we have sort of models for smart contracts and I call this a spectrum. External is the code is not the agreement but it automates the performance of contract terms. So the code on the blockchain isn't the actual agreement but it effectuates the terms of the contract. You also have a hybrid smart contract where the code could form an integral part of a legally binding contract but not the entire contract and it would supersede other clauses that are written in a paper contract. And then you have an internal smart contract where the code is the agreement and it supersedes any clauses that are written outside of the blockchain. I think I am hopefully coming off somewhat clear that I'm very bullish on smart contracts and I think that they can create a lot of efficiencies but there are some pain points. A smart contract once it is recorded on blockchain, we know that blockchain is immutable. So you can't change that contract which could be difficult because a lot of contracts have amendments. Now are there ways to get around this? Of course we could execute a new smart contract on the blockchain but fundamentally it is unchangeable and that old contract will always be recorded on the blockchain. Another concept is that the execution of smart contracts on blockchain is not purely automated. It doesn't entirely remove the need for trust amongst the parties. It just merely automates a narrow set of payment obligations. And of course there could be some security vulnerabilities. There could be loopholes that are unintended like security bugs that would invalidate the contract or the smart contract could operate unexpectedly and perhaps a digital currency that's stored within the contract gets transferred to the wrong place. But again, these are also things that can happen with regular contracts. We know that unanticipated consequences occur when banks transfer money and they're not supposed to or escrow agents transfer money when they're not supposed to. So it's not that the drawbacks and limitations are necessarily things that we don't see without smart contracts but they aren't quite a perfect solution. So some people ask me is a smart contract really a legal contract? Well, a smart contract is only legally enforceable if it has the required elements of a contract meaning there's an offer. The quote on the ledger allows the participants to interact with each other and give one another an offer. There has to be acceptance meaning the offeree signs the transaction with their private key effectuating the legal acceptance and then there needs to be consideration. Both parties agree to the exchange of something of value which is the legal consideration. What about the statute of frauds in the uniform commercial code? They require that certain contracts be remoralized and signed in writings. Smart contracts will likely satisfy the statute of frauds and the UCC if the contract coded on the blockchain outlines the material terms of the arrangement and if it's signed using the private key. However, there's exceptions depending on the specific facts and circumstances and we know that there are states here in the US that are more receptive to the smart contracts than other states. And again, this is oftentimes a pain point because some states like New York and Delaware recognize from an evidentiary standpoint that blockchain is sufficient for evidence purposes and other states just simply haven't recognized it. So whether those other states will recognize a smart contract is somewhat up in the air. We have something called the UETA and ESIGN which requires certain elements from electronic signature. And we think that under these circumstances an electronic record could be validated as a legitimate contract. So there is an argument that even in states where blockchain records aren't sufficiently recognized for evidentiary purposes, perhaps the UETA or the ESIGN legislation could help us with enforceability of those smart contracts. Again, just a few pain points and hurdles with the UETA and ESIGN. There may be a need for an express agreement showing the parties intent to be bound by the smart contract. The smart contract system may also be required to present consumer rights and receive consumer consent to those rights. And lastly, there are three states who do not use the UETA and there may be additional issues in those states for using smart contracts. Also, there may be issues in enforcing smart contracts. For example, jurisdiction, whenever you sue a company or an individual or a party, there has to be personal jurisdiction over that entity or individual. And with smart contracts, figuring out where that personal jurisdiction would be could be complicated. Is it the place where the person signed the smart contract? Is it the place where the person lives? Is it the place where the person actually transacted business? There's also questions of choice of law and international issues requiring a determination of whether U.S. and a particular state's law govern or whether international law governs. Immutability, courts cannot reverse a transaction or stop the smart contract from executing. So can you actually get a temporary restraining order that tells the parties that they can't actually effectuate the terms of the contract? Probably not. So what's the remedy? The remedy may be having to actually reverse the transaction after it effectuates, which causes a whole slew of issues if you're not actually able to undo the metrics that occurred from the smart contracts effectuation. And also finally, obtaining damages. Is there an ability to obtain funds awarded without the other party's private key? Some additional issues, enforcing smart contracts. We talked about that a little bit, whether a particular state or international jurisdiction is going to recognize the enforceability of the contract ambiguity. Smart contracts can't, they can't always account for what happens in real life and whether something is vague. For example, sometimes there are terms in a smart contract or terms sorry in a regular contract to use best efforts. Well, how does a blockchain that's self executing a smart contract really judge or how do you define and code what best efforts are? And again, there's always amendments and renegotiation in real life. Contracts do provide for amendments. So we have to really struggle and figure out how to do that on blockchain. What's the future of smart contracts? I think that you're gonna see a lot of them. Again, in the music royalty arena and supply chain in prediction markets where smart contracts can be coded so that events that happen in the future like sports betting that we talked about and the transference of digital currency of a certain result occurs will cause the contract to automatically pay a person the winning. And we know the jam says launch to smart contracts practice to train arbitrators in the area and to develop special rules that govern these disputes. In some, I think that there's a lot of desire in the market to see if we can use smart contracts to create efficiencies and to help contracts more efficiently and effectively be administered. I think there's probably some pain points again about the enforcement of smart contracts using our current legal system, which is obviously federal on one portion of it, but also state specific, particularly with contract law and that different states may take different positions with respect to these new types of contracts. And also the issue that not every lawyer really understands what smart contracts are and how they're coded and making sure that the terms that the parties agree upon are actually the terms that get coded into the blockchain. So I really appreciate our time together today. And I hope that I can visit with you again in the future. And I appreciate your time. You're here. Thank you, Michelle. We appreciate you and your time very much. That was exactly what the doctor ordered when we were asking you to provide an overview of smart contracts and the law. And you kind of, that was a good survey and I think it really scratched the itch. A couple of things that we were sort of back-channeling about as you were talking, we think that the two slides you had when you started to identify some of the key issues is like slide 20 and 21 in there, 21 and 22. When the time comes on Thursday for the breakout group of the students and others who would want to engage in this topic with you, I guess we nominate some of the issues on that slide as a good jumping off point. There's probably, I don't know, 18 months worth of discussion on the end of the bullets. And then one other little thing was, are there any, I guess I'd say, are there any questions or, I guess, questions or ideas that you would encourage students as they're prepping for your session once they've seen the slides to be thinking about in order to be able to jump in and kind of hit the ground running when they meet with you on Thursday? I think a good thing to either look into or think about are just this idea of the Oracle, the trusted third party source, how that's really gonna manifest itself. And I think the second thing to think about is amendment of the contract and how that really jives with this immutability concept and what will that really look like in the future and how will parties, we know that simple smart contracts can be effectuated on blockchain, but how do more complex contracts involving multiple entities and multiple, if this happens, then that happens. And the idea of the ambiguity, the best efforts, the acting and good faith, I think it would be really interesting to have a discussion on what people think that will look like from a legal enforcement standpoint. Yes, okay, very good. I know that was one of the things I was wondering about when you got to the Oracles is, some of the smart contracts I've seen so far in practice include Oracles as mundane as the notifications and alerts that you would get from FedEx or another delivery service Amazon to know like did a package come and at that point is maybe like the risk of loss shifted or are you now like a qualified buyer or does it signify that something's occurred? You're now on notice maybe and then there's our legal ramifications to that. Some of these services I think like the LIBOR and others like the New York Stock Exchange, they understand their tickers and their APIs have meaning and that people will rely upon them potentially to their detriment and that they fear some responsibility for the consequences of what they're putting out there. In other cases, information sources that could be logical for an Oracle may not be up to the task or they may think it's or they may even have disclaimers that say this is advisory only and we reserve the right to change it later or they may not be putting that much effort into making it correct and the consequences of relying on those types of services as an Oracle could be significant if you can't easily unwind or be flexible in the contractual mechanism to adjust for those kinds of things. And so there's a whole question of what would be the information security and I guess reliability and availability of service kind of sorts of requirements that would be proportional for an Oracle for a given contract is a new range of questions that we'd have when we work. When we want that external source of data to be integral to and well, quite literally integrated with in terms of integration clauses and being within the scope of the four corners of the contract, it becomes very much an element of the contract and so I think there's a whole rich discussion there about what it means to lawyer in that environment and to be a business person and the kinds of questions we're due diligence to ask and how to structure the transaction from a business legal and technology perspective. So that Oracle one's quite good. And then on the second point that you mentioned in terms of amendments, I was thinking during your talk a lot about the difficulty with the way blockchains operate for the purpose of having finality and immutability and making it having a single source of truth. That's not a great fit for let's go back and fiddle with it later and send an email but it may be an opportunity to use other tools in the legal toolbox such as having clauses that indicate in the event of the need for a charge back or reversal or an adjustment, the process is we don't change this thing but we now activate another thing to even a balance or to do a partial refund. So you're getting maybe sequences or linked or connected contract legal instruments that can take care of the overall life cycle of a relationship between parties or there may be other ways but basically we're talking about how to be a good lawyer to clients that are using technology and to make sure the right tools are orchestrated in a way so it supports and reflects the deal and you're protecting the interests of your clients and now we've got a new playing field with this technology so everyone has to become familiar with it and then do our jobs and practice law but do so in a way with your eyes open and being intelligent and informed about the set of capabilities that the technology provides but I think the question is about amendments. We're very poignant.  We wouldn't go back and change those things in the systems that we used but we would when we had parties that had longer term relationships that were like multi-transaction there were opportunities to then go and trigger other things like charge backs and adjustments and reconciliation and settlement so that the incomplete, we very much wanted to keep a complete record of what happened so that we could justify to our auditors and other people why we paid this sum of money. Oh, it's because transaction 173B6 on this date was an overcharge by this amount due to some error so being able to have immutability is not bad but it does raise the need to think about flexible ways to make adjustments in the future. So I thought that was a very rich point there as well. All your points were terrific, Frank. Thank you. I think you raised a lot of interesting issues and I also think that we're still, it's still so early on that we haven't solved all the potential issues. You know, 20 years ago we wouldn't have thought that you could amend a contract just over email, right? And sometimes those amendments don't always make it into the paper contract. They don't even always make it into the file but they're enforceable. So I think what you're talking about with chargebacks is really interesting and doesn't mean that a smart contract can't be used effectively. It just means that there may be some, we could even for lack of a better word, say off chain transactions that occur that supplement what's on chain. Just so and just, I mean, as you announced I think quite properly you're at an advocate of smart contracts. So just putting our like smart contracts happen for a moment and going further there can also be additional smart contracts. Like why can't we have a smart contract that does a thing called refund? And why can't we have another smart contract that does a thing called chargeback? And why can't we have another smart contract that does a thing called we're version two of the contract at this address on the chain? So I think as you say, and actually just one last thing I don't wanna keep gushing about your slides but we're kind of back-channeling about your spectrum slide on kind of the basically on the relationship between traditional legal contracts and these smart contracts and when they're totally separate and when they're somewhat hybridized and so forth. I think it very much raises the question of how to structure the legal understanding such that it can reference a number of different smart contract mechanisms based on the different transactional needs of maybe multiple services and multiple states in a life cycle of a relationship between transacting parties. So I think the idea of understanding where the legal contracts and the smart contracts fit within how you're structuring transactions and relationships for clients is tantamount to the practice of law and the digital age and just feel like again we could just land on that slide for days and not run out of important new things to say. For sure. Well, thank you so much for having me. Thank you, Michelle. And we look forward to following up with everybody on Thursday with you. So until then, enjoy the West. Thank you.


Analog records, popularly called vinyl, have experienced a tremendous comeback both in the mainstream music industry but also in various independent niches. This happened exactly at the time when digitalization of culture became an obvious fact in everybody's consciousness. But then all of a sudden something quite paradoxical happens and exactly when digitalization is all around us we observe the comeback, the resurrection, the rebirth of the cool of the analog record. The question simply is why? Why would that happen? As a cultural sociologist the way I approach social and cultural phenomena is to look at different kinds of data. Part of it is discursive data, discursive analysis, the analysis of what people say. Part of it is generated by myself through interviews. In this particular case those who produce and those who buy and consume music on vinyl. On the other hand it's a discursive analysis of various media texts. That is narratives that are being produced by different people. What is also important is what anthropologists and sociologists call participant observation. Taking part in different events, observing people as they do what they do and trying to figure out what kind of meanings are attached to particular practices. The role of a researcher is to try to reconstruct a bigger picture that somehow could approximate a certain kind of synthesis of all those views that brings us closer to the understanding of a cultural phenomenon such as the comeback of the analog medium in the digital time. I realized that there are certain recurrent themes and tropes that belong to four different categories or four different dimensions. First is sound, the audio dimension and that's of course obviously we're talking about the musical medium music format. Analog sound is different, many people narrate that kind of audio experience as a warm sound, a richer sound as opposed to a more clinical digital sound. Digital sound is pure signal, it includes no noise. For some people this is an advantage. For other people however the exclusion of noise means that something is missing. A lot of people emphasize the haptics of the medium. The fact that it's a tangible medium, a concrete object that you can handle. This also means that it's an eminently collectible medium. This is something that can be given and received as a gift, something that represents the actual real value. Another important aspect is visuality and that of course comes with vinyl record being an actual object and with the fact that records have cover art included. They come with particularly designed sleeves. If we can think of music as the most abstract of arts then records give tangible visual form to music. This is materialized music whereas digitality further immaterializes already abstract artistic form. Finally what is important is the actual buying experience. Unless you shop online, which is of course right now possible, analog records are very much associated with physical record stores. You go to particular places, dedicated stores and shops that have their own culture around them. These are social spaces when you interact with other people. What is very important in contradistinction to digital buying practices is that in stores you open yourself to serendipity. There's a degree of randomness when it comes to discovering new music. Whereas in the digital world, algorithms already decide for us they already know probably better than we do what we want, what we need. So the degree of randomness is quite different. When we put all these things together we realize that analog records create a certain kind of culture around them that is equivalent to slow food. While fast food may be very convenient and sometimes necessary and important for us it definitely doesn't exhaust the possibilities of cooling our experiences and it's similar with music. Records are conducive to ritualistic use. They may not be the most convenient, sometimes they are downright cumbersome but they create opportunities for musical rituals, for ritualistic engagement with music and therefore listening to music can become an experience. Technological progress, technological change doesn't necessarily mean improvement. Of course, digitality means portability and this means convenience and this is something that we want but our lives are not just about convenience and our engagement with music is not just about portability. It's also about other kinds of experiences, audible, haptic, visual experiences and for this reason digitality is not all there is. It doesn't exhaust all the possibilities of good pleasurable experiences. This is something that the assumption of inevitable improving linear progress doesn't take into account and sociologically we have to be aware of the fact that behind every progress, behind every technological change there are organizational agents, there are institutions that have their own interests political or economic interests and from this point of view this, of course, is not inevitable rather it is socially constructed. As human beings who still feel and hear in the analog way we have a variety of desires, we have different needs that cannot be satisfied just with one particular thing and are not reducible to the question of standardized convenience just like music is not reducible to data or portability or it shouldn't be or cannot be reduced to the question of greater profitability and supposedly linear progress. This unlikely story of the return of the analog in the digital age tells us something about the potential of critique and potential of experiencing difference and this variability of our needs and experiences and as anthropologist Claude Lavish Strauss would say this unlikely story is simply good to think with.


Basic Modals in English This video is brought to you by the following websites. Basic Modals in English This video deals with what we call modals. It is a general overview of the basic ones. In our other videos, we go into more detail on the meanings of these words and how to use them. This is only the beginning. There is more to come. Basic Modals Modals are common words that go together with main verbs to slightly change the tone or to express such things as possibility, necessity, permission, or seriousness. For example, I do it every day. This is a simple statement of fact. I can do it now. That means there's a possibility or I have the ability to do it right now. One Word Modals Let's start with the most common, one word modals in English. They are can, may, might, must, could, should, will, and would. Notice the usage of modals in the following sentences. He will finish his work later. This indicates the future time. He has an intention of finishing it later. He can finish his work later. This means he has an ability or perhaps permission to do it later. He might finish his work later. This indicates possibility. Maybe he'll do it later. He should finish his work later. This indicates obligation. He must finish his work later. This indicates a very strong obligation on his part. Using Modals Correctly We'll talk about the various meanings of modals in another video. For now, let's talk about how to use them correctly. Modals are always followed by the base form of the verb, nothing else. Modal plus base form only. For example, she will go home at 9 o'clock, or she will be home at 9 o'clock. Common Mistakes with Modals The most common mistakes in using modals are following them with something other than the base form of the verb. Incorrect. I can too run. Correct. I can run. She could eat. Correct. She could eat. Incorrect. He should going. Correct. He should go. Another problem is using modals in the wrong position in questions. Modals come in the auxiliary position before the subject in questions. For example, incorrect. How I can help you? Correct. How can I help you? Incorrect. Where we should eat? Correct. Where should we eat? Incorrect. You will be there? Correct. Will you be there? Multiword Modals In addition, there are some modals that consist of more than one word. The grammar for their usage is the same. Follow them with the base form only. Some examples are had better, be going to, have to, have got to. For example, I have to go now. Note that to is part of the modal expression. I had better go now. To is not a part of this expression. We do not say I had better to go now. Correct. The modals in the following sentences. You can pause the video if you need more time. Here are the answers. Number 1. Ray could hear the music well. Number 2. He should come home on time. 3. Where can I find the subway station? 4. I have to go now. 5. Jason might leave soon. 6. Grace will help you later. 7. I must get my driver's license. 8. Dan had better write his essay. 9. I may work next Wednesday. We can also say I may be working next Wednesday. For more information about modals, try some of our other videos and web pages. See the links in the description below. Model Modals, Common Model Usage, Modals Chart, Past Modals. Thanks for watching. You can learn more from the following websites.