Hello, good afternoon everyone. My name is Rae Krulome Krishan, a president and pursuing a Bachelor of Arts in taking up education as my own paper. This afternoon, I will be the moderator for this webinar. Firstly, I, on behalf of the Education Department at the College, would like to warmly welcome each one of you to this afternoon webinar session organized by the Department of Education. Before we begin with the session, let me introduce to you the topic for today's webinar. That is, Rare Classroom Teaching Learning versus Online Teaching Learning. As you all know, because of this coronavirus pandemic, many changes have been taken to us in various fields in the world. Education is one of the most affected fields as all educational institutions have to be closed down due to the post-COVID-19 pandemic. In such situations, more the learners and the teacher have to adopt the online method of teaching, which is a new system of teaching and learning for many. As a result of which, the learners and the teacher have to face lots of difficulties and challenges. Therefore, to have a better understanding of the issues and challenges in the fields of education, the president today here will share on the part and inside on the various aspects of real and online teaching learning. And most importantly, how to tackle it with the various difficulties and challenges of teaching learning during this crisis. Before we proceed any further, I would like to introduce the presenters for today's webinar session. First up, we have Bokehvi Achumi of BF6 semester. Again, we have Kukulohi of BF6 semester suggesting Achasi of BF4 semester, Pindikali Achumi of BF4 semester, Anujasing of BF2 semester, Bendangmila of BF2 semester. Now, she'll give time to Bokehvi Achumi of BF6 semester. You may take your time. Good afternoon, everybody. Respected teachers and all my dear fellow friends. My name is Bokehvi Achumi, and I am presenting the sixth semester. I am so blessed and honored to be a part of this presentation. So the COVID-19 outbreak has led to a global pandemic. Which is affecting every aspect of human day-to-day existence. And out of all aspects, one of the most important factors that concerns the society at the present moment is education for the students. And since our Nagas were confined with a traditional or a real classroom learning system of education, we are compelled to stop schooling in order to prevent ourselves from this COVID outbreak. And hoped for the other system of learning that is online or e-learning system of education. Which I feel is a challenging task for the school authorities, teachers, and students. This afternoon, my presentation will be best mostly on my point of view about how I feel and in fact the experiences I'm going through at the moment. I actually interviewed a couple of people which includes the students, the teachers, and also the parents about how they feel. And all of them had different opinions about it. And out of all the people I interviewed, 90% of them, they were the opinion that they preferred real classroom learning, rather than that of online learning, due to many, many reasons which we'll be discussing as we go on. So, what is real classroom learning? It is a learning system where students get to learn at a specific time and place. Students interact with the instructor. And furthermore, it offers opportunities for face-to-face interaction in and out of the classroom. And what is online class learning? Online learning refers to instructional environment supported by the internet. It is done through the use of computer, laptops, phones, and other gadgets, and provides access to instructional materials, as well as facilitated interaction among teachers and students. The similarities between the online and real classroom are, both requires a great amount of work. Number two, giving and receiving feedback is important in both environments. Number three, both requires that students manage their time wisely. Number four, assignments are a huge part of the learning experience in both real classroom and online classroom. There are lots of negative and positive outcomes of both real classroom and online teaching systems. So the first thing, let's go on with online learning system, the positive outcome of online learning system. So online learning is an innovative way to collaborate socially. Number two, video conferencing and social platforms allow students to communicate with others and share information like never before. Number three, online learning keeps the students abreast of our technology. Number four, it provides new experiences. I have interviewed one of the teachers and she said that this online learning has given her a new experience to explore. And she said it is really benefiting and she's really enjoying it about it. The negative impact of online is the network problem right now. In the urban areas, that's actually not the problem, but in rural areas like I'm in village right now, we're facing a lot of problems, network problems, not only the network problems where like the diversity of electricity, irregular of electricity and there are a lot of problems which we face in the rural areas. So yeah, that's number one. Number two, lack of resources. Out here, I'm in village and I see lots of like disadvantages because like there are a lot of poor families who cannot provide enough materials like resources like laptops. I forget about laptops and computers, they can't even provide phones and like to recharge the phone, even to recharge the phone, so that's not possible for them because of poverty line. So I guess it's a big negative point of your end. Number three, time management. Time management, my mom is a government teacher and you know, I've seen her, it's really difficult to manage the time because like there are family problems, there are like social problems, personal problems and like it's really hard to manage as you all know like it's not really easy to manage the time in online classes. Number four, not well trained teachers, like I've interviewed a teacher and she said that the best of knowledge and wisdom cannot be given to the students because of lack of training, they were not trained properly, how to deal, how to tackle these kind of situations, so it's a negative point and the last point I have are the uneducated parents. The online classes, the teachers cannot provide in detail information about the lessons in the online classes, so like for the educated parents that's somehow okay because they know how to, they can understand, they know how to read and write but for the uneducated parents it's really hard for them and I am like I'm in village right now and I can see lots of these things kind of things happening because the uneducated students, uneducated parents cannot provide the students up to their expectations so like it's that's a negative point and let's go on with the real classroom learning positivity, positive of real classroom learning, so number one, co-curricular activities like as we all know in a real classroom learning we get lots of opportunities to explore the opportunities we get to develop ourselves you know and we get to be smart enough you know to go on with the social norms and number two like teachers in the real classroom learning teachers knows the students personally they know like since it's a face-to-face interaction the teachers knows the students personally they know the strength their weaknesses and helps them accordingly to their needs and wants. Number three, socializing ourselves like the real classroom learning it helps us to socialize ourselves because we get to interact with people we make friends we participate in different activities whereas in online learning like that's not possible because it's just us sitting in a confined room and you know having classes so if that's a positive mark for the real classroom learning and number four is that as a student like when we have doubts and problems we can approach our teachers we can approach our mentors personally face-to-face whereas in online classes that's really not possible and the last point like disciplines the students in real classroom learning like I feel like disciplines ask so much because there's a punctuality it teaches us time management the respect and one of the things I like is about it is so practical because for example if we are late in the class we are the gates are closed or maybe the attendance are not granted for the day like for example so like it helps us it motivates the students to be smarter or yeah something like that so that's the positive one and the negative impact is that one of the teacher told me that there are some students who don't ask questions but those who don't ask questions because of fear because of maybe they are shy of their friends the teachers but in online classes those students who does not ask questions they are asking like true type when the explanation is going on they type the questions when they don't understand and they raise questions a lot in online classes so that's the negative point of real classroom learning and some of the parents were telling that there's an extra expense teacher has been met in the real classroom learning because why extra expenditure because for the transportation for the transportation they have to pay extra money or like extra fees instead of they can the parents who opt for online classes they say that in online classes they didn't have to pay much money whereas in real classroom learning they have to pay lots of money in order to educate their children and they also say that we're at a stage of time because we're at a stage of time because the students the parents they have to drop them during the classes and they have to go back to take them which takes away lots of time of the parents and they say that you know online classes they like when it's time for classes they can just browse the phone open the phone the laptops the computers and they can just go on with the classes but whereas in real classroom learning such a stage of time so it's a negative point it's what they see and number four lack of resources and materials one of the teacher I interviewed and she said that she's a science teacher and she said that sometimes lack of like resources materials like lack of laboratory products like when teaching the students like it lose their interest that's what demotivates the teachers that's what they say and I guess it demotivates the teachers as well as the students so like I guess that that's really true and yeah that's a negative point there is a huge differences between the online classes as well as the real classroom learning that during this pandemic during this period of pandemic you know there is no other option rather than that of online or e-learning stream of education and so both the teachers and students should cooperate with each other they should stop complaining and accept the reality and face the challenges with enthusiasm learn and move forward as we all know that this makes a man perfect and so if we carry on this online classes no matter what the problems the situations and challenges we might be facing there will always be a solution because there is no problem without solutions let us be strong be brave be positive and hope for the best I wish all the very best for all the teachers and the students let's stand together let's move together and make this online learning productive and a perfect one thank you okay can you switch to the next presenter I think must be facing some connectivity problem she's not in the pro okay next okay so next up we'll have Tedesino Chasse of BA 4th semester may take your time good afternoon I am Tedesino Chasse from BA 4th semester in today's webinar the discussion is on real classroom teaching learning versus online teaching learning which one you and I think is better we may have different opinions let's come to that later we all know how much importance education holds imparting knowledge to the students isn't easy at all our teachers will know better using different methods teaching techniques and ways to make students learn is a tough job real classroom teaching requires a lot of energy preparation and confidence real classroom teaching helps a student to learn being physically present in a classroom whereas online classes helps us learn through virtual methods they are different but they have the same goal that is to impart knowledge during this pandemic online classes have benefited us quite well we have had multiple online classes which I feel was a pretty good experience here are some pictures I've added from our online classes and real classroom teaching elements and factors real classroom teaching involves infrastructure as in the building the desk bench and so on it involves teachers students a relationship choice of study lesson and cooperation for me cooperation is one of the most important element without cooperation teaching and learning is almost impossible unlike online classes it is face-to-face whereas online classes or teaching requires a stable network a teacher or an instructor and learners in online classes there are limited choices as a teacher cannot cover a lot of areas in a limited time like real classroom teaching it also requires cooperation of the teachers and the learners one good thing about online classes is that it is flexible let's look at the advantages of real classroom teaching it improves our social skills as teachers and students because we are around people real classroom teaching can be understood better since it has a face-to-face encounter the voice is clearer and we can also do practicals real classroom teaching also gets more attention of the students unlike online classes where there are distractions group projects and call collaborations can be done only in real classroom teaching organization here means the punctuality the time management the traveling from home to schools and colleges it improves our organization skills here are some pictures from our college now let's look at the disadvantages of real classroom teaching traveling plus installment and fees everything costs it consumes our money real classroom teaching is a problem for introverts the shyness block them from interacting which comes in the way of learning coming to the advantages of online classes number one it is flexible we can conduct an online class anywhere and at any time it hardly costs us we just need to pay for our internet and we need a phone a laptop or a computer it is a bonus for the introverts i've seen shy students commenting their doubts and pointing out their issues in online classes which means they are more comfortable in online classes these are some examples of online classes coming to the disadvantages of online classes network problems one of the major problems faced by almost every student there is no face-to-face interaction no group activities we get more work and assignments to submit since there are no classworks it requires self-discipline and self-direction since there are no teachers to direct us loneliness there is only you and your gadget no classmates and no teachers surrounding you which means it makes which makes it boring and lonely online classes comes with limited teaching methods since there are no classwork no practicals just the teacher lecturing and sending materials in the google classroom this is an example of slow network why i think real classroom teaching is better i personally feel real classroom teaching is better let's find out why in real classroom teaching we have more activities doubts are more specifically cleared it builds relationship among the students and the teachers among teachers and their colleagues and staff we understand the lessons better and most importantly we have more teaching methods to improve online to improve real classroom teaching these are some points get along respect offer your ideas and thoughts use a plan and stay focused to improve online classes i suggest for the students stay focused on your task get a good space with good network and for the teachers don't make the lecture lengthy work on a particular topic rather than three four topics at a time thank you thank you teacher sina chasi now next up we have vinikali at you me obf for samasa you may take your time hello hello wakulao excuse me wakulao yeah so if vinikali is having problem arranging her slides can you please move on to the next presenter wakulao can you hear me hello yeah wakulao you please move on to the next presenter okay since vinikali is having problem yeah thank you okay all so next up we have kuku lohe kuku you may take your time uh hello hello am i audible enough yes yes yes kuku yes good afternoon good afternoon everyone i'm i'm kuku lohe of b6 semester and i'll be presenting on the given topic that is real classroom teaching learning versus online teaching learning uh before i start with the topic uh i'd like to see why this topic is important um in this in this present situation due to this pandemic the students are not being able to attend are not being able to attend the real uh classroom teaching teaching learning in which online teaching learning is made is made mandatory we remain students as well teachers are facing problems so it is important to discuss this topic and find out what can be done uh moving on to the presentation let's wait up real classroom teaching learning real classroom teaching learning it is real and tangible where there is teacher to student interaction along with student to teacher and student to student interactions it is all a part of learning experience the principal elements includes teachers the learner and a conducive environment and for online teaching learning online teaching learning is an is an education that takes place over internet and it is often referred as e-learning the elements of online teaching learning are learning centered learner centeredness interactivity collaborative learning and social presence next slide a competitive study on real classroom teaching learning and online teaching learning um okay the fact remains unchanged that many still prefer real classroom teaching learning to a virtual one however we cannot deny that online teaching learning is becoming a growing trend in our present age and time with technology technological advancement learners now want quality programs they can access from anywhere and anytime in in addition to flexibility and access multiple factors includes program choice and time efficiency uh online and real classroom teaching teaching learning education share many qualities students are still required to attend class learn the material submit assignments and complete group projects while teachers still have to design curriculums maximize instructional quality answer class questions motivate students to learn and grade assignments next point we have in teacher center that is uh traditional learning uh traditional teaching learning the teacher usually controls classroom dynamic dynamics the teacher lecture and and comments while students listen take note and ask questions in students centered that is online teaching learning the students usually determine classroom dynamics as they have independently analyze the information construct questions and ask the teachers for clarification in education as far as online and traditional teaching learning is concerned the opinions are divided questions still remain on the effectiveness of computer assisted teaching learning virtual teaching learning many factors come in account like cost benefits students experience and students performance some favorite real classroom teaching learning as online teaching learning can like feedback students tends to quick more easily as such students retention satisfaction and performance can be compromised now we have the advantages and disadvantages of real classroom teaching learning the advantages we can we are always free to ask questions provided we do not disturb the teachers in between the lecture next one can discuss issues with fellow students anywhere and anytime they want to third there is ample opportunity for social interaction and support which builds up our confidence for we have access to on campus student facility okay our guest is going on the network issues we should go up to the next one addressing obvious second a very good afternoon to you all my name is Anujar Singh and I'm representing BSEC and semester and I'm taking education as my honest paper today the topic which I'm going to present is real classroom teaching learning versus online teaching learning before I start my presentation I'd like to give a brief introduction on real teaching learning versus online teaching learning real teaching learning involves real interaction in real time along efficiency of real learning online learning can be termed as a network enabled transfer of skill and knowledge and delivery of education is made to a large number of presidents at the same or different time elements of online teaching learning online learning is flexible when we enroll for online class we will be able to study and review our course during our own time it is the asynchronous activity such as presentation online discussion with extra asynchronous meaning asynchronous is the opposite of synchronous which means happening at the same time asynchronous learning is a learning that does not necessarily happen at the same time for the instructor and the learner this is no real time interpreter the content is created and made available for the conceptation on later example of asynchronous is social media group and email extra live learning includes engagement by aging human element it is especially beneficial for the learner who are not so self-sufficient or who use traditional teacher and class-based model of education advantage of real classroom teaching learning enhance critical thinking skill it enhance student critical thinking skill teaching a classroom give a student the opportunity to engage in the lab discussion in which they are forced to use their critical thinking skill to formulate opinion or arguments in classroom improve social skill inside a classroom a student experience social interaction and established reports with the teacher have children develop socially is an important step within the realm of their academic education develop important personality and career building skill classroom teaching incalculate conflict resolving skill presentation skill when it's come to presenting their own ideas confidently in front of other and develop team spirit and teaches them to get along with those from different culture backgrounds disadvantage of real classroom teaching learning travel of time and cost in real classroom we spend our most of the time and money in traveling one place to another attendance time can be restrictive or inconvenient size then may have trouble to approach the instructor with question in size then hide behind their anxiety and fear of talking allowed in the classroom they never feel free to ask question in front of other student advantages of online teaching learning online learning is more effective because it is accompanied by various teaching apps it saves the time of teacher and student in online learning we save our loss of time which we can utilize for other productive activity online learning has no geographical values in online learning we doesn't require any proper place we can use anywhere and anytime online learning is not expensive as compared to real teaching learning online learning is cheaper in online learning there is no required of any proper uniform or compulsory textbook disadvantage of online teaching learning there is no close relationship between public and teacher in online learning there is no close relationship among teacher and student you didn't have to study along slow interaction speed is the biggest failure of online learning in online learning there is no place to face interaction among teacher and student and slow network is also one of the biggest study in which we face during our online study especially in remote area internet package nowadays are too costly nowadays internet package is too costly we hardly get 2 GB per day with which we can study only two or three classes in a day which cannot be afforded by everyone in online learning we require a smartphone or laptop which is not possible for everyone to afford way to deals with the difficulties and challenges of teaching learning avoid false and negative information we so we should always try to avoid default and negative information because it disrupts our mind mentally and emotionally stay positive and optimistic we should always try to stay positive because it will make us feel better we can stay positive by by spending most of the time with families friends and relatives seek help from counselor if anyone is going through fair depression anxiety extra if anyone is going through depression we should always try to connect the counselor because they can help us in better way to come out from our problem stay connected with friends and loved one in this pandemic situation we should always try to connect with our loved ones and family so that we always be happy and nothing positive connect with mentors teacher often for guidance and help we should always try to connect with our teacher and mentor because they can help us in many way in finding our solution or problem keep oneself busy by engaging in productive activities we should always try to keep ourselves busy in doing some productive activities whichever we like to care the way I like to cook for our dancing in my free time in conclusion I'd like to say that the effort cooperation and education of both learner and educator is necessary to overcome the difficulties and challenge of teaching learning during the present crisis thank you I'm going to speak is online teaching learning before I go on with my presentation I would like to give a brief intro on what is real classroom teaching learning and what is online teaching learning in real classroom teaching learning there is immediate assessment and feedback can be given by the teachers and everyone clearly understand the rules and regulation officers in online teaching learning a student can learn from distance and can learn from the all space and pace of learning advantages and disadvantages real classroom teaching learning advantages assess to campus facilities in direction better platform to develop individual personality the benefit of real classroom teaching is learning is that what the teacher and the student can assess to campus facilities like by police and science laboratories which are in their teaching learning process there is a interaction between both two individuals which make the real classroom teaching learning more interesting and also gives a better platform to develop individual personality by conducting presentation and many other institution activities disadvantages of real classroom teaching learning are travel time and cost physical presence strict rules and guidelines in real classroom teaching learning present is very important and in order to be physically present we have to travel which leads to less of time and money and we also have to follow the strict rules and guidelines by the institutions advantages of online teaching learning safe time effort and money comfortable use of innovative method with the help of technology online education is a very comfortable process of teaching learning one can be in its comfort zone and learn or teach without spending money effort and time and one can also use an innovative method of technology like audio and video clips etc disadvantages of online teaching learning are technological difficulties, lack of conversation, debate and discussion, lack of attention and regret the process of online teaching learning is regret because one has to face with the difficulties of the technological problem there is also a lack of conversation debate and discussion with on person also leads to lack of attention and regret as we all know that due to the pandemic of COVID-19 all over the world has affected education process and many learners are impacted due to the national school closures worldwide and these statistics we can see that around 1.38 billion learners have been impacted by the COVID-19 first to deal with the difficulties of teaching learning at present crisis stay connected with classmates friends and family members take good care of one's mental emotional and physical health sharing course metros and online lectures use of every possible technology for each person purpose be responsible in these places we shall deal with the difficulties by staying connected with our classmates friends and families and take good care of one's mental emotional and physical health learners and teachers to share their metropolis and other online lecture with their peers and students and make use of every possible technology for each tradition purpose one should be very responsible of taking care of themselves and by following the preparation in conclusion we can say that for some individuals where class from teaching learning is convenient and appropriate while for some online teaching learning is preferred hence the will to teach and the willpower to learn is what makes teaching and learning successful thank you thank you thank you thank you thank you thank you thank you thank you yeah Venika Lee can you hear us you may take your time if the network is okay okay where can you give time to Kuku for a presentation Kuku you might take your time I'm sorry my network went off so I'm having a problem so I'll be using PowerPoint but I'll just continue from where I left am I audible enough yes yeah yes you are Kuku okay now go to advantages and disadvantages of real classroom teaching learning advantages we are always free to ask questions provided we do not disturb other lectures in between two one can discuss issues with fellow students anywhere at any time if possible three there is ample opportunity for social interaction and support four we have access to on-campus on-campus student facilities the disadvantages one time travel and course for the students who live in rural areas two we are required to buy compulsory textbooks three attendance time can be restrictive and inconvenient now I like to move on to advantages and disadvantages of online teaching learning advantages there is no need to travel saving both time and money one can speed up videos doing easy parts doing easy parts and slow them down to understand the difficult concepts online teaching usually includes pre-recorded videos so you can post pause the videos while writing notes or rewatch them as often as necessary to learn them better and as for disadvantages there is no face-to-face contact with fellow students or core staffs no student facilities such as laboratories or libraries three it can be hard to find answers to questions or reserve difficulties especially when discussion forum participation is low four you need self-motivation and effectiveness three or five there's difficulties in concentration now I'd like to go to the end there is ways and means to deal with problems and challenges of teaching learning during this pandemic well a good a good communication strategy with each other there is teacher with student and students among students by keeping in contact with each other the students can be a students can be can be proactive by reaching out to the friends if teachers unable to like if they receive necessary informations or lessons from the teachers also teacher can make lessons in video format and forward to students to make learning more vivid and serial um three it is important that students remain proactive to learn it and keep an open mind by using social medias and other sources however possible to continue learning for use of all kinds of delivery modes since in Nagaland there is a big issue of network problem and connectivity in some areas like we are facing right now five the education department ought to work with the telecommunication sector and apply zero rate policies to facilitate learning material to be downloaded on smartphones which students are likely to have next use of social networks whatsapp or sms for effective learning communication providing guidelines instructions and structure to the learning process using content delivery by radio or tv in conclusion we can all work together during these difficult times and cooperate among ourselves to make this online teaching learning productive we are all aware of the shortcomings and inability to connect and keep in guns then contact with each other but we need to stay positive towards the whole situation and help our teachers and help ourselves thank you thank you cuckoo ready now you may take your time yes you are again our respected lecturers for giving me such an opportunity to share my opinion on real classroom teaching learning first in online teaching learning before going deeper into the topic that has caused more the determination of real classroom teaching learning and online teaching learning as you can see there real classroom teaching learning a classroom is a real tangible touchable place to learn and teach and it's a pleasure to learn in a classroom students are encouraged to engage themselves in very physical activity and also found their ideas and thoughts raised by their fellow classmates it is a place where one can learn to build their confidence and appear to be a better leader of tomorrow in a real classroom teaching learning we personally keep our presence to learn and guide knowledge also gain knowledge through personal experiences which makes our information reliable it also builds our personality to be confident and to set any solution now online teaching learning in online teaching learning or virtual classroom or key learning refers to courses that are delivered completely through online or internet it is accessible through smart phones like laptop laptop etc making it easier for people to access their respective virtual classrooms with online teaching learning students can learn from the comfort of their home in an online teaching learning we learn through virtual experience it saves up a lot of time and money to having access to many learning through internet and key difference the key difference has related real teaching learning classroom and online teaching learning and real teaching learning classroom platform and classroom setting we can say in classroom setting live and classroom setting we can imagine of a school building comprising of comprising of classrooms like changes chairs whiteboard several and online teaching learning like laptop computer test on a second point in real teaching learning classroom individual attention interaction with professor on online teaching learning personality style in real teaching verbal non verbal communication online teaching learning extended time to respond or process the convention without going much into detail as we can all see because if we can all see going down to the next there is a advantage and disadvantage of real teaching learning classroom in advantage of real teaching learning classroom there are the points that is promote collaboration learning improve social skills enhance critical thinking build self confidence on on the other side is advantage time travel and thought which is very common attendance can be just keep it and or inconvenient single mistake can be a huge distraction from both the instructor and the student advantage of online teaching learning and disadvantage of online teaching learning the advantage is students can easily have a education no need to travel spending both time and money to save time of the learner there is no age limit of the learner online learning is not extensive social and disadvantage classroom interaction is missing low internet speed is the biggest failure of online learning online learning requires electronic devices such as smartphones laptop desktop which cannot be afforded by everyone we need effective self-motivation as i have written in a very simple way so i hope you try some understanding even though i don't go into deep explanation now going on to the end of my presentation my calculation advancement in technology has revolutionized mankind standard of living and internet is also an integral part of this for internet people all over the world get the privilege to assist with different types of learning online teaching learning is one of them online teaching learning plays a big role for those who wish to learn in an isolated place with no crowd and kids of mine is this especially good for a timid person who's very shy but it can also be a disadvantage for those people who wish to acquire knowledge to active participation in real classroom i like to take an example of myself participation in real teaching learning classrooms have both the students and the instructor to build themselves up as we learn and experience many things we realize the war of things around us whatever we do it depends on us on how we to sleep people make precise on something but it's slowly and not solely on us on how we try to utilize the resources given to us it may be a cause of destruction or it may lead to a good game so i would like to encourage you all to make the best use of the resources available around you and maybe someday you may be able to produce something good which will help mankind move towards a great and better future thank you all thank you vinikali now we should have a Q&A session as miss someone has already mentioned in the chat box if any of the attendees have a question or queries for a presenter one can do so by using the chat box time is given all right yeah so um let me ask the first question uh i would like to ask this question to uh bandang menla so uh bandang menla in your presentation you have mentioned that uh under the disadvantages of online learning you have mentioned that uh the students they lack interest and attention during the class class teaching learning so why do you think the students they do they cannot pay attention and they are not interested in the you know online uh teaching learning can you tell me yeah uh so bandang menla uh did you get my question bandang uh bandang menla yeah bandang menla please can you please respond uh once yeah i can uh did you did you get my question i mean my network is off okay so okay all right so let me repeat the question again okay yeah so uh in your presentation you said that um under the disadvantages of online learning you said that the students okay one of the point which you have mentioned you said that uh the students they lack uh attention and interest during uh online teaching right so why do you think the students they are not interested and they they do not pay they cannot pay attention during the online teaching learning yeah can you please yeah give your views yeah yeah hello yeah i hope you got my question right yes all right yeah yeah you go ahead with the answer because they are very comfortable in the environment at the same time or while they are at home they are like there are many distractions from the environment from the siblings and families we don't get proper environment to just like focus on one uh on the teachers because of the because of the environment which we are taking classes not fine for us when we are at home we feel very free and like there are so many distractions all right thank you so much for the answer yeah regarding um uh miss question i would like to also uh supplement my opinion uh me it is a very different it is a different thing when we are in class we are compelled to pay attention to the teachers because the teacher is present in the class and we are and we behave better because in online class it is not so uh so like we don't uh really care that's it thank you yeah presenters uh this teacher here has a question and i'm the presenter can i answer our question is can we only move also to skill during the class are can it not be improved family and neighbors after online classes so should it really be taken as a difficult advantage not the presenters yeah any of the presenters may answer the question hello am i audible yes yes you are okay i just want to tell i just want to tell you to all the presenters presenters please feel free to share your opinion nobody is judging you and nobody is gonna um make opinions like whether it is wrong or right please feel free to share your ideas and opinions and in case you think you cannot answer this question then please think about it by yourself by reflect reflecting upon what you have presented still i really expect an answer from anybody thank you hello miss i'd like to give your answer according to me we can develop our social skill in real classroom more better because uh in real classroom we meet different people from different background and culture so we can develop our idea and skill properly there we can develop in our home and never nearby never also but in our near place all our close people we know them very well but in our classroom the people's are from different background and different culture so we can give the answer we can develop our skill uh confidently if we can learn our we can learn the personality to develop in front of other people confidently miss are you satisfied with my answer thank you anusha thank you for the answer and yes since it's your opinion i respect that thank you thank you miss okay uh supplementing to that uh in my opinion like uh it is both at home and and at class we can improve our social skills it depends on the person entirely i think um like see uh we have uh we learn both good habits and basic speaking or like communication skills any more questions for the presenters and in the class uh hello am i audible enough let's cook who we can hear you okay uh supplementing to the answer which i'm the champion regarding uh miss questions okay from in my opinion like both at home and at at class we can improve our social skills it depends on the person entirely i think like we can learn both good habits basics basic speaking or communication skills at home and uh as was in the class um like anusha said we learned uh from different people uh different personalities which helps us in developing our social skills that's it i would also like to give my opinion on miss nisha's question i think in my opinion we can improve our social skills even in classroom even in online classroom and even in other social online platforms it's not that even only in real classroom teaching we can improve our social skills it depends on us how we socialize with people how we socialize people on social medias and even in real life i think real classroom teaching is better than online classes because in real classroom teaching we can develop our social skills we can understand better we can pay attention to the teachers better and it improves our collective greatest learning and we realize our organization skills hello my audible floor yes okay so here we uh if there's any more question we can do one more if not look end of session here is there any more question is there any more question yes we don't uh so we here we come to the end of our webinar session attend each one of you this presenter as well as the attendants for joining in the webinar session organized by the department of education that's a college i wish all a great evening and thank you


Hey Kevin here, welcome to Invisible Hands, a series that makes economics easy and helps you see the beauty of trade and cooperation. With me, Fiona! We're going to cover a lot of ground in these videos, but before we can get to some of the more difficult ideas in economics, it's super important to start with the fundamentals. You with me? Yep, where do we begin? Okay, what do you think economics is all about? The stock market. No. Money in business. Sort of. The study of animals that may or may not exist. That's cryptozoology. Okay, but what if you hire a bigfoot? Take a picture of him that isn't blurry, but we are getting closer. Aw, I give up. What's it about? It's about people! Yeah, uh, were you just hiding under the table this whole time? Uh, well, yes. Fiona, economics is actually the study of human behavior. Whenever people make choices, that can be about money and business, sure, but it's also about so much more. Exciting. It is. Just because it's a huge subject doesn't mean economics can't be easy to grasp. And to help you figure all this out, there are six fundamental concepts you need to understand first. Yeah? What are they? Individual action, scarcity, choice, trade-offs, subjective value, and incentives. Got it.   Alright. The first thing to understand about economics is only individual people act. And as individuals, the reason we act is in order to satisfy our own unique desires and values. So action is purposeful behavior. That's right. We can imagine a better future, and we believe that our actions will make this future come true. Oh, okay. Like, when I'm doing my homework and I get hungry, it means I'm not content with my situation anymore. Go on. Then I start imagining a better future, one where I'm not hungry anymore. And an astronaut. And so if I can think of some way to get food. What do you do? Order a pickle and pineapple pizza. Well, why not? Speaking of pickle and pineapple pizzas, the fact that action is purposeful doesn't mean that everybody always makes great decisions and never makes any mistakes. But before you can understand economics, you have to understand the why of human action. And puppet action. And you have to understand that the fundamental unit of analysis always comes back to the individual. Even though statistics and averages can help us understand the world around us better, groups don't make choices. Individuals do. The next thing you have to know is that one completely inescapable fact of reality is SCAR CITY, the city of scars. Wait, Sean, I think there's a typo in the teleprompter. It's supposed to be scarcity, not scarcity, but okay, yep, that's better. He means two things. One, resources are limited and have many alternative uses. And two, people have virtually unlimited wants and needs. So how often do people have to deal with scarcity? All the time. The challenge with scarcity is why individuals have to be careful with how we use the resources at our disposal. Economics is about gaining a better understanding of the various ways that deal with scarcity. Like production, consumption, exchange. Exactly. If there was no scarcity, then there wouldn't be any economic problems and nothing for us economists to study. Can you imagine? Buh. Pretty much all human action involves coping with scarcity. That brings us to choice. The unavoidable fact of scarcity forces individuals to make choices. You can't do your homework and go get a pizza at the exact same time. Unless your homework is to pick up a pizza. In which case, what class are you taking? The best class ever. Otherwise, you've got to decide which is more important to you. I never thought about it that way before. Every choice you make comes at the expense of not being able to do something else. Yeah, in economics, these are called trade-offs. Every decision we make in life is about balancing various trade-offs. Choices are scarce. So whenever you choose one course of action, you're giving up the opportunity to do something else. And this isn't just about money or material wealth. It's also about my time. So the point is, there are always going to be limits on what you can do with resources you have and competing opportunities to choose from. Economics can help you understand how to make better choices. And by the way, no two people are ever going to make the same choices about the same resources. Right. So that brings us to subjective value. Is your voice echoing? Yeah, that always happens for some reason when I say subjective value. Been happening since I was a kid. My mom says it's genetic. You know, my uncle at one point... The hem! Oh, right. Subjective value is the recognition that everybody has different desires, wants and needs. The importance we place on them changes over time. From moment to moment, in some cases, the things you value and how much you value those things depends on your goals, priorities and personal preferences. Oh, like how I might want to pickle on pineapple pizza when I'm hungry, but somebody else might want a peanut butter sandwich. Yeah, me. But it also means that just because you might value eating a pizza more than doing your homework right now, that doesn't mean you won't value doing something else once you're not hungry anymore.  The point is, everyone's preferences are constantly changing, and value is a ranking of preferences. Not just a number you can quantify. It's also not just about material stuff. People value all kinds of abstract things as well. Right. Love, friendship, social status, good grades. And economics deals with all that stuff too. Absolutely. It's also really important to understand that the value of a good is not just determined by the amount of effort, time or material it took to make it. Really? Why not? Because it doesn't matter how much work went into making a pickle and pineapple pizza, I don't want to eat it. Who would? In general, the way we quantify how much people value something is by observing how much they're willing to give up in order to get it. And remember, this isn't just about money either. We're talking about time again. Totally.  Oh, they might be saving money, but they're giving up their time instead. Why do people do that? Because they value the deal they think they're going to get more than they value the time they're spending waiting in line, you see? Value is subjective. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, I guess. Got it. That takes us all the way to our final fundamental concept, incentives.  But one constant fact of human nature is that we all respond to incentives. An incentive is something that motivates people to action, and that can either be positive or negative. So just like I might get two pizzas if they're half off, or how the prospect of getting a good tip motivates the delivery driver to get to me quickly, the fear of me failing my classes encourages me to do my homework. Exactly. We'll talk a lot more about how incentives affect people's behavior in some of the other videos in this series. But all you need to know for right now is that incentives matter. A lot. Man, that was a lot to cover. But let me see if I understand everything. Go for it. Okay. So resources are limited. We will never have enough time, money, or stuff to do everything we want to do at the same time. We're all doomed to be miserable. Yeah, well, scarcity is a fact of nature, and it does mean we have to make some tough choices. But the beauty of the market is that it makes us way better off than we would ever be otherwise. That's true. Okay. We're not totally doomed, but people still have to make choices. And to understand why people do what they do, we have to look at individuals. Yes. All the individual people make decisions and act on them. And they do that whenever they feel motivated to change their current situation. Of course, it can be valuable to study group behavior, but in the end, every group is just a bunch of individual people working together. Economics is about individual action. And incentives motivate our actions and behavior in pretty predictable ways. Right. Okay. So as far as economics is concerned, action is about individual people deciding to do things on purpose in order to get something they value. Yup. And those values are? Subjective. Exactly. I think I get it. Thank you. You're welcome. Now I think I'm going to order some pizza. Who wants some? Yeah, I'll have some pizza, but no pickle and pineapples on mine. What jelly and anchovies for me? Well, taste is certainly subjective. So what about you? Did this help you understand the fundamentals of economics? If you have any questions and just want to know more, leave a comment on this video and check out courses.feed.org for tons of additional information. See you next time. Hold on.   What do you mean puppets?


Tryna go natural. Hi, everyone. Welcome to my channel Do you love you do you guys dripping wet day coming on to do a wash and go coming on to do a fun visual and kind of Challenge and review all in one for you guys these are two products that I've heard from my subbies I just the best thing ever and I decided why not just pair them and see for myself So it's my first time trying both of these appearing them I'm gonna let you know and let myself know if these are really the best natural hair products ever One is the curls blueberry bliss leave in conditioner, which I know we've all heard about from like day one from the beginning It's the best thing ever and the other is this meal honey and ginger styling gel This got rear reviews when it first came out. Of course. I'm late. I'm late on both of these But this is the point. Let me catch myself up and they catch you up and let's see how good they really are But it's flat but not Completely way down. So it's looking good so far. Let's apply To this side and see how it goes. So this is before the product Let me get going before it dries anymore because you all know I do my wash and goes Usually I'm soaking wet here. I haven't tried the dry wash and go yet. I Don't think maybe desperation sometime with not on video. Yeah, let's get started So the first thing to note about this cause leave in is that it's really thick The first thing is not about this cause leave in is that it's really thick It's like rolling down my hand. So it's definitely the team rich and creamy which I think a lot of the earlier products were I'm not generally on team rich and creamy, but this leave in definitely is there and I Can say from the time from doing the rest of my hair that I'm like so far The slip is just okay, but definitely not bad So meaning that I personally wouldn't be time with it, but I'm already the time here You can see that it'll get you there. You can apply easily So I like that. That's a nice mild scent. So I like that as well Like my hair almost wants to panic about how thick it is But it actually is penetrating decently on my low porosity here And I like that my hair is feeling kind of juicy and moisturized right now So let's let's apply the gel. Oh, but before we apply the gel I'm gonna add some oil because the gel has carbon mon I'm really not trying to be played this week So the oil is gonna help prevent my hair from getting dry from the carbon mon And also help prevent any kind of flakes and interaction between the leave in and the gel This is my little oil mix I do want to do a video on oilgate because I know this oil has a bad rep these days But it works for me. It helps me out. So this is my oil Not a whole lot. Just kind of grease him up arm And then getting it That's it for my oil application This week in that in now prevent dryness in the case where something in the product dries out your hair You want to maybe put some oil under it also crunch like I don't know this is gonna have crunch But just in case the gel has crunch, they don't like crunch or it helps to cut crunch prevent flakes This is with the oil and now let's add the gel and see what we get So one thing I will say about this gel first of all, let me count the ways I like this gel That's not a super strong scent like the first batch of male products I just had super strong sense. This has a nice mild I guess honey ginger scent, but the key word is mild so I can I can get with it Her first self was the central really strong I'm not even somebody who cares about strong sense whether it was too strong for me Second it's like super thick, which is interesting. This is like the thickest gel I mean, it's not cabb on me cabb on me, which is third meaning that it's not like completely synthetic feeling It still feels kind of soft and that's super slimy, but still soft doesn't feel like Eco-styler, but it's like super thick. This is the first gel of tried where I can put it in my hand I'm getting into my hair without worrying about it Like this is staying on my hands no drip. No first no mass And I would say a little goes a long way as well. So those are all great points about this show I'm just getting at me at every cement and I don't do small super small sections if you subscribe to my channel You know that Trying to get it on and done step one. I kind of just smooth it down to help stretch the hair and Minimize any tangles I guess so when I do my work true of ripping and you can see I don't know if you can see but I can tell from feeling it that The size of the fluff has gone down, which means that there is some clump in action That's good if you're using a gel. That's kind of what you want My hair doesn't feel way down and it doesn't give me that kind of a thing where it's sucking the water out of my hair I can still feel the water in my hair. So stage two is where I just rake And I do optionally add some more water just to help it spread better, but So far so good A bit more water. So now you see the rake and it's going way smoother So the slip on this is good the clamping definition is good. It feels moisturized. It smells great So as long as it doesn't get me any flakes, I guess we'll be winning So far this gel really could be a thing. It's pretty well distributed I'm gonna do a little bit more smoothing like to end with a smoothing. I don't know why I just do My smooths gonna look like this and I'm gonna shake and get some more volume. I guess that's it Let me do my shake. You can see that it looks pretty defined My bathroom is always a disaster like Shaked onto the wall and all that But anyways, best products ever. It's possible still possible, but we can be silent to the joys, can we? So see you in a bit And this is my results So I definitely like it. I did touch it. I don't know why I just did that but I like it So I like the definition Plus, of course, I like the shape. This is not max shrinkage for me Believe it or not. Even though it is a lot of shrinkage, but um So if you're worried about shrinkage isn't like it does kind of probably elongate a little bit. I don't know But I like the shape. I like how soft it is, you know, I hear crunch Definitely be enjoying my week, so I'm happy with it Necessarily repurchase to leave in it didn't wow me. I prefer my current issue I think still is sometimes because first words I prefer that just because the slip wasn't that great And the thickness was just a bit on the scary side for my low porosity hair Like I said, I portrayed it, but my hair was a little bit like what are we doing? I was like become is working become so yeah, I don't think I'll put myself through that again So the ingredients on this are actually pretty good Especially for curls. I've noticed sometimes curls can kind of be hit or miss with the ingredients But the ingredients on this one no complaints. So it has an even lighter slightly sweet candy-ish type scent Nice scent nice moisture The definition was okay as well not flying the most defined ever from a leave-in, but the definition was okay as well So I definitely won't knock this and I can see what I feel like Let me know if you love this because I've definitely heard lots of subbies say this is the best thing ever Gotta get it gotta try it. It's gonna rock my will and all that I do like my result overall, but I wanted to say the style of the show probably was this gel I did like this So this actually does have some carbama in it. Like I said, but this is how we block carbama Because when I was putting into when I wasn't getting that carbama feeling And I definitely don't have that carbama feeling in my hair right now You know, if I had to call it compared to something with carbama It might be like the eco style of gold or something meaning like still so thief even though it has carbama So I don't normally like shit, but there's too too much in my products But I can see it might be good for counteracting potentially the carbama Um, definitely glycerin heavy because it's like water glycerin that honey then aloe vera juice So it has the acrylase copolymer as well as carbama and copolymer So kind of all the typical kind of cheap gel gel ingredients But then it also has like the pectin and the xantum gum around it I'm not really too sure about the benzene and colour at the very bottom But if it being like a cheaper price point then like the funky and the camellos And with it like a little going along with like I said, and it being moisturizing and so on I'm willing to give it another try even though it has those other ingredients Because it does have some good stuff as well. I don't have any crunch Nice volume, nice lightness, um Nice definition and I'm gonna be enjoying my week Best products ever, no Great product, yes Nice product, yes And I'm looking forward to using this again a little a few more times Just explored a bit more I want to come on and put together something kind of like a response video to some of my Comments for my subbies in terms of like the products that they really love So if you have other products that you really love and I have to try Let me know in the comments down below and it might be in a future video, you know Not my best natural products ever But definitely worth a shot and I like my results So see you in the next one guys. Thanks for watching. Bye


Greetings from the National Archives Flagship Building in Washington, D.C., which sits on the ancestral lands of the Nacotchtank peoples. I'm David Ferriero, archivist of the United States, and it's my pleasure to welcome you to this conversation with Mark Uptegrove. Mark Uptegrove is the president and CEO of the LBJ Foundation in Austin, Texas, where he previously served as the director of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, an important part of the presidential library system of the National Archives. In that role, he curated and hosted two important summits, one on civil rights with four presidents and one on the Vietnam War with John Kerry and Henry Kissinger. Mark thinks big and delivers. He's a renowned interviewer, having sat with seven presidents, five First Ladies, two vice presidents, and three Supreme Court justices, just to name a few. Incomparable Grace is Mark's fifth book, following indomitable will, LBJ and the presidency, baptism by fire, eight presidents who took office during times of crisis, second acts, presidential lives and legacies after the White House, the last republicans inside the extraordinary relationship between George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush. It's great to have you here, back in Washington, Mark. Thanks, David. So let's talk about your new book, since we're sitting here in the National Archives, where people from all walks of life come to do research. Tell me about the research that went into creating this book. Well, with my first book, Second Acts, which you mentioned, I had occasion to work with all of the different presidential libraries under the National Archives system, and it was an extraordinary experience. These are national treasures, which is why I wanted to be the director of a presidential library. I know what they offered, a scholarship into history, into our national landscape. But, you know, having sitting in the LBJ library was a great advantage, because there's so much you can derive about Kennedy through Lyndon Johnson as vice president. But I worked with the extraordinary staff at the archives of the JFK Library, which you know so well. And I was able to access, among other things, in addition to the primary source materials, the extraordinary collection of oral histories that they have there. And while there are very few people from the Kennedy administration left, there are these wonderful oral histories, and there are so many that some are largely untapped. So that was an enormously helpful resource. You also did a lot of interviews, and it's clear that people were pretty open with you in terms of their comments. Was that difficult? Was there reluctance? Were there areas that people, without getting specific, of course, were there areas that people didn't want to talk about? You know, there's a Camelot myth, and I think that people are reluctant to say negative things about John F. Kennedy. He's one of our martyred presidents, and there's a hallowed space in history for those presidents who were cut down by assassins bullets of Abraham Lincoln being another notable president in that regard. But I will say that the farther we get from the Camelot era, the more unvarnished people's take on Kennedy become. Among others, I talked to Andrew Young about John F. Kennedy, and he was very frank about John F. Kennedy, his possibility where he thought he was not delivering on civil rights. Those were pretty illuminating conversations, and through the course of my career, I've been able to interview other folks, if not for this book, just generally, and those interviews came to bear in the book ultimately as well. Surprises in the research? Things that you weren't prepared for? One of the things that surprised me, David, is how Kennedy finally rallies around the cause of civil rights and elevates it to a moral issue, which is really a turning point in the crisis of civil rights in this country. Kennedy, in the first couple of years of his administration, is really reacting to the civil rights movement in large measure. He's trying to protect the demonstrators, but he's not doing anything proactively to further the cause of civil rights. I wondered why. Why in 1963 is he compelled to give a speech that's largely extemporaneous on national television? He very suddenly says, I'm going to address the American people when George Wallace is standing in the door of an administration building at the University of Alabama to prevent the integration of that institution. He decides that night to go on television. I wondered why. The reason is Bobby Kennedy. Bobby Kennedy was John F. Kennedy's closest advisor and his conscience in many areas as well. Bobby Kennedy hadn't embraced the cause of civil rights until he goes to New York to a gathering of black artists and intellectuals co-hosted by James Baldwin. He asked James Baldwin to round up some folks. These folks talk very directly to Bobby Kennedy about the civil rights struggle. Bobby Kennedy is put on the defensive immediately. He's almost hit between the eyes by how unvarnished and frank these comments are. He tries to defend his brother and says, I'm from an Irish family and the Irish were persecuted too. They say, hold on now. Our family has came here long before years and we are still on society's lowest rung. It's on and on and on and he's inundated for two hours. He comes back and he is very bitter at first. Then he realizes, wait a minute, if I were in their shoes I'd be saying the exact same thing. I think this has an effect on his brother too. Finally, the brothers rally around the cause. Then John F. Kennedy makes that very memorable speech, which I was surprised David is also, as I mentioned before, largely extemporaneous. Ted Sorenson, Kennedy's speech writer, is tasked with writing this speech. He has about four or five hours to do it. He can't do it. Tells the president he can't do it. Bobby tells Jack, just go out there and speak from your heart and that's what he does. So it's a really interesting moment that I hadn't realized before. So the book is divided into four periods where you tell the story of his tenure in the White House with interesting section titles, The Torch, The Fire, The Brink and The Peek. So why those words? Well The Torch is obvious for anyone who knows Kennedy's famous inauguration speech. The Torch was passed from Dwight Eisenhower to John F. Kennedy. And while it was a transition of power that's the hallmark of our system, it was also very symbolic because you had the oldest outgoing president in history of that time handing the presidency over to the youngest president-elect that we had ever had. So there was a symbolism to it. And that speech captured the imagination of the American people in the world. It's difficult to realize now that John F. Kennedy won the election in 1960 in a squeaker. He won by two-tenths of a percentage point. But for a few votes in Illinois and Texas, he would have lost the election to Vice President Richard Nixon. But he wins the election and in between when he was president-elect, the American people are sort of captivated by not only John F. Kennedy, but his very vivacious family. But is that speech that he makes that really gets the American people rallied around him? So much so that in five days afterwards when he gives his first press conference, relatively banal in nature, a third of the American people tune in. But it's just stunning. 65 million Americans tune in. So that's the torch, this very auspicious beginning for this young and vigorous and ambitious president. The torch had been passed but the fire was to come and very soon into Kennedy's presidency, he sees the fire of the presidency, the Bay of Pigs in particular, the quagmire, the military quagmire where we backed the incursion of Cuban nationals to take back their country from Fidel Castro who had overthrown the Batista government two years earlier in 1959. It goes awry and it's a huge black eye for John F. Kennedy. He goes on to a summit with Nikita Khrushchev and that's not a whole lot better. Kennedy confesses that he was savaged by Khrushchev and it emboldens Khrushchev to be very ambitious, leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. That comes the next year and that's the brink. We come to the brink of nuclear holocaust as the Russian people ship, under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, missiles, nuclear missiles to Cuba, 90 miles from American shores. And we stare down Khrushchev at that moment. Kennedy stares down Khrushchev and ultimately they back off. But we come perilously close in those 13 harrowing days to a nuclear exchange between the Soviet Union and the United States. And then finally there's the peak. Once that's resolved peacefully, John F. Kennedy stands unparalleled on the world stage. He is the esteemed world leader and of course in November of 1963 he is cut down in his prime. You mentioned the squeaker election and I was surprised to be reminded of how close that was. And comparing it to contemporary elections, I was also surprised to learn Richard Nixon's posture. He could very well have challenged the election. And if you look at today, is there any doubt that he would have challenged the election? And I think he had a pretty good case. In fact, even Dwight Eisenhower said he could find the money to make a legal challenge. And Richard Nixon to his credit says, look, we are at the height of the Cold War right now. And our system would look weak if we were to challenge it.  It's a very noble moment for Nixon. There's a funny story in there, David. Nixon leaves the inauguration on January 20, 1961 having ceded the vice presidency to Lyndon Johnson. And he actually drives his own car from the Capitol home. But on the way to his car he sees Ted Sorenson who helped to write the speech. And he says to Sorenson, I wish I had said some of those things. Sorenson says, what do you wish you had said? Thinking it would have been something like, ask not. And he says, the part that begins with I do solemnly swear. Wow. So, Mark, you've been steeped in LBJ history, culture, behavior for a while now. So you're in a good position to talk about the relationship between LBJ and JFK. A lot's been written about that. A lot of speculation on both sides. What do you think? You know, we tend to think of the relationship between the Kennedys and Lyndon Johnson being sort of fractious. But it depends on which Kennedy you look at. Jack Kennedy, I think, had enormous respect for Lyndon Johnson. When he was a largely unproductive senator from your home state of Massachusetts, if he needed to get anything done, he had to go through Lyndon Johnson. He was the all-powerful minority leader and then majority leader. Perhaps the most powerful majority leader we've had in the history of the country. Lyndon Johnson had an instinctive sense of the legislative process and of power in general. And Kennedy knows this. And the reason I think he chooses him in 1960 is for two reasons. Number one, he needed Southern balance on the ticket. There was no question that Kennedy, given that very narrow victory, that he probably wouldn't have won if he had had someone else on the ticket who did not have a presence in the South. And Lyndon Johnson gave him that, that Boston-Austin ticket that they had between Kennedy and Johnson. But moreover, Kennedy chose Johnson, I think, because he knew he would be able to fulfill the duties of president if something were to happen to him. In fact, there's this amazing moment two months before Kennedy dies. Almost like he has a premonition that he's going to die. And he's on the Nantucket Sound in his sailboat where I think he was always most at peace. And he asks one of his friends, out of the blue, how do you think Lyndon would do if I were killed? But I think that the reason that he chose him is because he knew that Lyndon Johnson understood Washington, he understood power, he had been around the presidency, and he would be able to fulfill those duties. Where the Kennedy-Johnson thing really comes into play as a fractious relationship is with Bobby Kennedy. Bobby Kennedy despised Lyndon Johnson. And that contempt was more than returned in kind by Lyndon Johnson. So service over self was the watchword of that administration. Where did that come from? What in JFK's background led him to be so passionate about that? I think it was his family, David. Obviously, the Kennedy family grew up extraordinarily privileged. Joe Kennedy largely self-made. He came from a pretty middle-class Irish Catholic background in Massachusetts. His wife, Rose Kennedy, was the daughter of the very famous Honey Fitz, who was the mayor of Boston and before that a congressman from his district. So they grew up relatively privileged themselves from the Irish. But Joe Kennedy becomes one of the richest men in the world through his various business enterprises. But they instill in their kids a sense of service that I think resounds with the Kennedy family. No matter their privilege, they understand that it's important to put country first. So, for instance, even though Joe is a staunch isolationist in World War II when he's the American ambassador to Great Britain, which ruins his political prospects, his children go to World War II. And that's where Joe Kennedy loses his first son in namesake, Joe Kennedy Jr., for whom he had aspirations to be president. And those aspirations are turned to John F. Kennedy, who pursued them not because it suited his father, but because it suited himself. But he had spent a great deal of his life serving his country, Jack Kennedy. In World War II, where he nearly was killed and emerges a hero, he wants instinctively to get into politics, has the money to do so, becomes a congressman from his district in Massachusetts and then a senator quickly in 1950 emerges to the presidency. You're pretty honest, I think, in this portrait on the character issues. Can you talk a little bit about the private versus public character of JFK? You know, JFK becomes this public hero. And so much of it is because of what you're suggesting, David, this notion of service over self. He personified the ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country, ideal, which is an eternal expression of American ideals to a certain extent. We are, I think, our greatest aspiration as a people is to reach beyond ourselves and to help our nation. And he really embodies that in so many respects. But the private, John F. Kennedy, you can't ignore the fact that he is deeply flawed. And his womanizing in particular, I think you have to, this was the mad men era and we look at it through a me to lens because there have been generational shifts and I think very positive in our culture. And so some of it was part of the culture of Washington. People just womanized. That was what you did. Jerry Ford, I remember talking to me about this, and he was saying that most of his colleagues had dalliances. It was just, again, it was part of the culture. But Jack Kennedy's womanizing is a little reckless, more than a little reckless. And I think the revelations from Bob Dalek, a fellow historian, in his book The Unfinished Presidency of Kennedy having an affair with a 19-year-old intern, Mimi Beardsley, they're particularly disturbing. She is certainly objectified. And for the President of the United States to abuse somebody like that, that's hard to forgive. So there are certainly marked blemishes on his character. But they don't affect his duties to discharge the responsibilities of the presidency from what I can see.  And surprises there for you? One of the things that surprised me, David, is how much time she spent away from the White House. She was gone more than a third of the time, I believe, traveling abroad for months at a time and going to the house they rented in Middleburg, Virginia, or up to Cape Cod during the summers. So she wasn't around a lot. Despite the outsized mark that she makes on the White House and American culture writ large, she's not in Washington a whole lot. She lived in Washington as a young girl. So this was home for her in a lot of ways. But the fishbowl of the White House didn't suit her. She understood her value on the world stage. It's interesting. You know, Jacqueline Kennedy was not your basic politician's wife. And nor was Jack Kennedy the back slapping, baby kissing, name-knowing politician. And she believed that she was a political liability to her husband when he was in the Senate. And she may have been right in terms of her unwillingness to contrive sort of this man of the people's wife's personality. But she also realized that she was a tremendous asset for him as First Lady. And she was pleased that her husband could be proud of her contributions. And indeed, she did make a major mark, including, of course, establishing the White House Historical Association to preserve the people's house. So... Legacy? You know, I thought a great deal about that, David. And rather than shoot from the hip, I'll read you what I wrote in the last chapter of the book, The Epilogue, which I think captured it as well as I could possibly do. And I wrote throughout the course of his restless abridged reign in the White House, he dealt with the pressures of the office, standing on feet of clay at times, showing flashes of greatness at others, but all he did indelibly, honor and grace, edging out recklessness and abandon, calling forth the best in all of us. And I think that's why Kennedy still stands so tall in our memory. He was martyred. That's part of it. He was cut down in his prime when, as we talked about, he was at the peak of his power and influence as president. He casts this alluring glow from history just as he did in his time. He's beguiling. He's attractive. He's eloquent. Those words last. I think there's a quote in the book from Clement Attlee, who was the successor to Winston Churchill, who talks of Churchill's great gift for oratory during the Second World War. And he says, words at great moments can be deeds. Jack Kennedy didn't accomplish a lot legislatively, but his words at crucial moments in his presidency became deeds. I talked about the elevation of civil rights to a moral issue, which is profoundly important in the advancement of civil rights, but also his wanting to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon and he talks to the American people about why and they rally around this cause. So these words, again, going back to the inaugural address, ask not that 63% of Americans could think of something more that they could be doing for their country after he made that speech. So those are an important contribution that he makes and those words have wings. They last through history. They certainly impacted me. As a kid growing up in Massachusetts, I was certainly impacted by those words. It led to me volunteering for the military and it certainly influenced me in deciding to take this job. Well, you know, one of the reasons you were kind enough to agree to do this interview and one of the reasons I wanted you to do it because you have such a connection to JFK coming from Massachusetts. I know you were inspired by him and I'll ask you about that in a moment, but before I do, I just want to congratulate you on 13 enormously fruitful years as archivists in the United States where you elevated this institution and contributed so much to this country. But there's a wonderful story, David, that goes back to the beginning of your tenure as archivist of the United States that has to do with John F. Kennedy. Would you mind relating that story? So when I met with the directors of the presidential libraries for the first time, you among them, we were, I think we were at the Carter Library and as you went around the room to introduce yourselves, Tom Putnam, the director of the Kennedy handed me a copy of a letter that a kid wrote to the president asking for information about the proposed Peace Corps and it's a letter from me. But you taught that when I visited the LBJ and you handed me a copy of a letter that I wrote to LBJ, congratulating him for signing Kennedy's Civil Rights Act. Well, you say I taught that but I remember what you told me.  Thank you for joining me today, Mark. And congratulations on this new book. David, thanks very much.