YouTube team keep it clean browns fans. I've been seeing some browns fans in the comment section like hey Why are you not talking about us every browns move? You just skip over like it didn't even happen. What's going on? and I told us a Right place right time and this jadevian clowny news is Just that but before we get into this let's go over what the Browns have done thus far Their first move, which was their biggest move was signing safety from the Rams John Johnson Now I thought that was a really good move by Cleveland because that gives somebody you know Grant Delpit He missed the entire season last year that puts less pressure on Grant Delpit for him coming back for his return And John Johnson is somebody that they can move around a little bit. He's a versatile safety So that was a good move next move to cars McKinley one-year deal defensive end That's that one's okay. It ain't nothing special. It's not a sexy signing To me it seems as if it's more of a depth signing and adjusting case signing or going into the draft signing He's something he's an okay defensive end up, but one thing that I'm thinking about right now Now that I say it out loud He got a guy kind of on the other side who's pretty good So usually when you got somebody on the other side, that's really really good. It can help you be even better anyway Next up they had all they brought back there Hollywood, you know Ravens We got all Hollywood and Browns. They got their Hollywood Hollywood Higgins So that's always a smart move Hollywood our Shaw Higgins an underrated guy underrated wide receiver And he loves it there and Cleveland and Cleveland loves him being there. So that's that's a match made in Cleveland Joe Joe Knotson, I'm not sure who that is Troy Hill now who used to play for the Rams, too He is somebody that's a solid move as well and Browns they they know that and just like the Ravens And we know that secondary injuries they can happen like that and when you have a depleted secondary It's tough things get ugly really fast like quick fast and in a heartbeat man things get ugly quick So that's a small move four years 24 million. What's that six mil per? Yeah, that's six mil per so not bad And then their most recent move the most recent bigger move was bringing in Malik Jackson Who there was all this talk that the Eagles were gonna cut him? We were waiting on it to happen. There was talk that the Eagles were gonna cut Alshon Jeffrey as well And then the Browns were looking they were like, oh, okay Malik come on and Alshon Jeffrey He packed his bag to get on that plane of Cleveland too, but they said You stay We don't need that But Malik Jackson as long as he's healthy. He's somebody that can provide that interior pressure So you could possibly have Miles Garrett Malik Jackson and Jadavian Clowney on the field all at the same time and that leads us into today's topic The Browns are hosting Jadavian Clowney on a visit now today Last season was so much fun, man I mean every season is so much fun But last season with the Jadavian Clowney Because it was this team then it was that team then it was that team then it was this team It was so many teams that were interested in Jadavian Clowney so many teams that were trying with Jadavian Clowney So many teams or a couple of them gave them big offers. I believe they said Cleveland's offer last year It was the biggest it was Romans about the dolphins at first, but they They verify like Cleveland's offer was the biggest one that Jadavian got all last off season And he didn't take it So this is almost like it's like and we use this analogy earlier, but it also applies to this It's like when you go out on a date with a girl you go out on a date and She's interested in you She's really interested in you and you like No, I'm straight She could be nice shit. She could be an underrated girl. She could be an up-and-coming girl, but you like No I'm straight. I'm gonna date other people so you start dating other people and They just they're like, yeah, we not that into you and that girl just back there. She's just waiting She's still interested in you, but she just waiting but then she ends up finally moving on and Then that for a while There's nobody else that likes you. There's no other girls that like you But then there's one girl from Tennessee. She comes along and says hey, you're kind of cute and then boom Y'all together for a year, but then while y'all are together She breaks your heart and y'all are together for a little over a month until she breaks your heart, but then After that that ends the relationship. It's over That's what happened to Jadavian Clowney Jadavian Clowney, he again flirted with the Browns talked to them. They were interested in him No, I'm straight Talked to all these other teams had interest from all these other teams within that interest stopped Then the Titans signed up to the deal What happened Jadavian Clowney? He got hurt Out for the season and that was it So now the Browns are bringing him in for a visit and they're gonna get to see exactly how healthy this Jadavian Clowney is and See exactly what Jadavian Clowney could bring to the Cleveland Browns Now that would be a good pickup now I think it would be a very cheap pickup shout out to my guy Quincy Kerry who I know you all know Appreciate Quincy love Quincy. He's he's he is that dude when it comes to the Browns Quincy is that dude But he made a very a very good comment when it comes to the Browns signings He said the Browns haven't spent the most money. He said they haven't spent the most money But they spent the smart money Nothing, I love that because it's true. It's true They haven't been out just breaking and breaking everybody off, but they've been breaking people off wisely They haven't been going crazy with anything haven't been going wild or anything like that They haven't been making these splash signings like, you know, the Browns love to make But they've been chilling relaxing taking it easy And they've been making smart moves because when you make the smart moves This allows you to go into the draft for less pressure. You won't have to draft for need You can draft for you can draft for BPA best player available Well, you can still even draft for me, but it's just less pressure Let's pressure and during the draft is the best Because you can go in there be relaxed. You can look at your board and be like, okay I like him That's it and it makes the process that much smoother But your Davion Clowney the the biggest concerns with him is it's gonna be the same thing and He's been around when did he get drafted? He seemed like he'd been around for a little minute, but It's the same story the health concerns That's the biggest thing health concerns health concerns health concerns and I think last year He signed either it was a one year 12 mil one year 14 mil with the Titans one of those two But then he played a couple games end up getting hurt They put him on in reserve boom seasons over and so is his relationship with the Tennessee Titans So if you're the Browns you must feel like especially with the way that the market is right now for past rushes Nobody's biting on him like nobody so you must really feel like with your Davion Clowney You can get this guy for cheap Especially because you can give him a nice little petty business like reminder of what happened last year. You could have been here last year You could have been a part of this last year.  What why would you want to come back? That could help and Would your Davion Clowney apparently right now the market is very quiet on him and I mean you can understand why? Because again the beginning of the last season he looked good I remember that first game with the Titans I think they play the Broncos on money night football like late night money night football. He looked good But again, like I say he got hurt So that's always gonna be in the back of your mind when you sign them before you sign them after you sign them during the season Oh, man, I hope this guy doesn't get hurt. I hope your Davion Clowney can stay healthy You always gonna be thinking about that. Unfortunately He can be a really good player really good player But the health concerns are something serious But the Brown that's why I feel like if the Browns get them they could sign them to You can sign up to like a one-year deal for like Maybe like six seven meal. He might not want to take that at first though But I think I think it'd be like a four meal base like three with incentives Because that would be and it's one of those just in case deals just in case you get hurt You could give them playtime incentives Those would probably be the best ones to get give them because if he's earning those incentives, it's like, okay Great that means he's playing You can give him sack incentives.  There's this I feel like it's no way Especially in this market, but again never say never Because with your Davion Clowney's market, it's like he got some crazy kind of market that I just I don't understand how the how the process is for your Davion Clowney but Browns will soon find out so we'll see how things go and hey, you never know maybe uh tomorrow or friday at the latest We may be making a video title the brown sign your Davion Clowney So we'll see how it all works out. I love y'all team. Keep it clean. I appreciate y'all Make sure you check out the latest episode of the team keep it clean podcast on the podcast channel It's down below in the description. I appreciate you. I love you and I'm out


Yes, history is here to help. And yes, we need help. This is ThinkDekuay, I'm Jay Fidel. It's the 12 o'clock clock. I'm joined by my co-host and contributor, Peter Hoffenberg, history professor at UH. And we're talking today about affirmative action because there's a case coming up in the Supreme Court. They agreed to take it. And they could have said no, but they agreed to take it. And it involves what? Harvard and the University of South Carolina, all about affirmative action in those schools. But it goes far beyond that. And today we'll talk about the history of affirmative action, what it means, where it fits in the context of the American experiment, and where it goes. Peter Hoffenberg, welcome to the show to your show, Peter. Good to see you. What questions do you have to start us off? Well, OK, first question, because I don't know if everybody fully understands what it is. What is affirmative action? Well, affirmative action has two definitions and two goals. Sometimes they're not consistent. Sometimes they are consistent. One goal is affirmative action is to redress, particularly historical disabilities. And those include employment and education. And so it's an affirmation for usually a group which has not had the same advantages. So you could see that the discussion, and I think we should probably keep our discussion reasonable and not ill-tempered, if I say that's what affirmative action is, then, of course, one side says it's racism. The other side says it's structural racism, et cetera. So let's, for us today, think about it as trying to redress. Like, how can we redress where, as you said, the great experiment has failed? Can I add a nuance to that, Peter? Yeah, let me give you the second one, and then let me add the nuance. The second one, because a nuance may also address what you say. The second one, and one that is equally commonly expressed, but was not the original intent of affirmative action, is that the goal of American institutions is to reflect the face of America and diversity in and of itself is a goal. And what we've seen in the conversation today is both, but particularly African-American historians and journalists remind us that initially, this was not about the goodness of diversity. Initially, it was about redressing historical imbalance. So those are the two threats, right? Redressing historical imbalances, trying to make a fair playing field. And so we see equity, not equality. And perhaps one of the byproducts is seemingly something we always talk about, which is the significance of diversity. And sociologists and psychologists say, all institutions are much healthier, make healthier decisions when there's dissent, when there's variety, when there's diversity. So I would introduce that as the two thrusts and arcs. Now, let me add one. My point of digression related to the first one, and I would add to that this notion that over time, the way the country has worked is that certain racial groups have not had the same opportunities that you might have expected. And so this is catch up ball. This is let's give them the opportunities on an expert. Let's help them, incentivize them, create a pathway for them to catch up. And to have the opportunities retrospectively, they might have otherwise had. And when I say that, I'm thinking about my own experience in the United States Coast Guard. When I got into the Coast Guard, which was October 1st, 1965, it was really an organization of white men. And it was largely based in the South, perhaps even more than the Navy was. And it involved families that had been involved, that had been members of the Coast Guard for generations from the same cities and towns, same families over time. And one day, I guess it was under Lyndon Johnson, the word came down from Washington that they were gonna directly commission a certain number of African-American officers. There weren't a lot of African-American officers in the United States Coast Guard at that time. And it was an addictive, that's the way it's gonna be. Gentlemen, here are your colleagues and they directly commissioned a whole bunch of them and spread them around the Coast Guard. And really the interesting aspect there was, these guys did not come from the same place as the rest of the officer corps in the Coast Guard. And the Coast Guard is very, it's a very altruistic organization, a very patriotic organization. And at first the worry was that they wouldn't accept these guys as their colleagues, as their fellow officers. But soon enough, it was clear they would accept them because it was in the national interest to do so. And so the whole thing worked pretty well. But I thought from my point of view to watch it happen and I was there watching it happen, I thought, this is a catch-up ball. They didn't have the numbers, the diversity they wanted. So let's create diversity right now in one day. And they did and it worked and it has worked since. That's my footnote to your comment. Okay, important footnote. And I know you well, so I know your strong ethical background and your strong moral base. But you see how the description about catching up when it becomes a political slogan, the next sentence is giving somebody an opportunity they may not deserve otherwise. And that's an incorrect, that's not your point of view, but you could see how what you just expressed. No, they were prevented. They were prevented by the institution, whether they were qualified or not. It was not a question of qualification, it was just didn't have the opportunity. Right, and that's the conversation we need to have. So with affirmative action, the attack on Harvard is the understanding and the individual who's bankrolling this and leading it, this is his second attempt, his previous legal attempt to attack affirmative action failed. And what he politically did, which was quite canny of him is make it a question of Asian applicants, particularly East Asian applicants. So we're not talking about Filipino's or Burmese or probably Laotians. He understood that there was a movement in the United States, particularly among upwardly mobile East Asian immigrants and their families, who felt that their position was being taken by an African-American. The implication being that the African-American only is taking that position because he or she or they are African-American. Are you saying that he really isn't talking about Asians at all? He's really talking about African-Americans. This is an indirect way of attaching. This is a Trojan horse. Yes. He himself, and I don't want to speak from him and certainly the Sarah Palin attack on the New York Times, I don't want to be charged with libel or slander. But I would say that he himself and the architects had shown no interest in the Asian-American community until recently went for his own effort. So this is not to deny what could be the gravitas of the effort, but we all know that cases arrive at the Supreme Court, whether we like it or not, with the vapors of politics. There's a political trail behind them. The case is more than behind them. It's all around them. It's all around them. They are politicized. I don't think you'll disagree with me. And as Sotomayor would say, it has a stench. The politics has a stench. Yes. And the stench is a couple of things that Harvard was chosen to try to stoke the populist anti-elitist sentiment. Harvard's hardly the only university that includes race. Hardly the only one. They're all around the country. We all do it one way or another. So we have to look at why Harvard, why Asian students, and those all suggest to us about how affirmative action, in this case, is really being used politically. For I think we have to admit some rather unsavory, generally white, generally Christian, but not entirely, because there are Jews who have joined the anti-affirmative launch as well. So for your audience, that's the case that the Supreme Court has agreed to take up. And the nuts and bolts, as Toby Siegler said, don't look too closely at a sausage. But the nuts and bolts for your audience are that in surveying applicants, the plaintiffs argue that personal characteristics, which allegedly Asian immigrant, Asian American immigrants scored low on, were being used disproportionately to keep them from getting to Harvard. So their argument is essentially the notion of personal characteristics or social skills is really a racial category. And so what they've done, of course, is they've called for the various surveys and emails, et cetera, about how students are ranked. But if your listeners are listening, that's kind of the nuts and bolts. You apply to Harvard, there's what we'd call an algorithm these days, right? There is a column, and the column isn't just your test scores and your recommendation, the column includes some kind of social interpretation. And the argument of the attorney and the plaintiffs is that social argumentation is biased and is biased against, in this case, not necessarily white students, it's specifically biased against Asian American students. Now I'm using Asian American, a lot of Harvard students are Asian from Asia. So I don't know actually the numbers, right? There are plenty of Harvard applicants from Malaysia and Japan and China. So I don't know, I haven't looked at the brief to see whether there's a difference between Asian American and Asian, but the racial category I presume would include both for the plaintiff. That's probably more than you wanted to know, but I think it's good. No, but it's really flipping things on its head. Cause let me throw a proposition at you and see if you agree or disagree given your starting comments here.  No, I don't think they're, I don't not think they're racist. What I think they are is what we might call racialists, which is that race is one of the components. They would be racist if, for example, they took an African American who scored poorly on everything else just because he was an African American, only for that. Now that could be construed as racism, but racialists is a, and I think I would be- I understand the distinction you're making, but when I ask you what I propose to you, these guys are racist. I mean, the people who are mounting this lawsuit, the people who are taking this case against Harvard and South Carolina are racist. They want to keep African Americans out of those schools and any school. They want to deprive them of affirmative action. They want to make it harder for them to achieve opportunity. And it's not just African Americans. I don't know what the accepted term is, maybe Latinx right now, but also we want to remember that attacks on African Americans, while that gets the press, are also attacks on Native Americans who might be applying to Harvard and also Latino Americans. So this is racist in the sense that it is anti those groups. And if so, facto then, unless those groups of course, and look, this is the real world, right? Not every African American applicant is poor. So they also include income and education, et cetera. But in general, you're right. If we look at this as a group issue, I don't think there's any doubt because their documents even say African Americans, for example, are allowed admission because Asian Americans or Asians have scored poorly on this. No, I don't think there's any doubt. Now, whether Harvard's racist or not, I think requires a lot more of a nuanced discussion. And that's why I use it to your racial list in that, yeah, race is a category. It's a factor. I mean, it's a factor for a reason. And it's a factor, I think, for both reasons, so. It's a factor because there are groups that have historically been obstructed from what the economists send would call the full liberation of their capabilities. The second reason is, like we're talking about President Biden's appointment to the Supreme Court, maybe our institutions should begin to look like America and maybe looking like America, not just your national interest, but social inclusion. And as Cass Sustin and others have argued, any organization, any organization that is interested in growth or interested in sincere discussion, any organization needs diversity. And there are people in this country that oppose diversity in any shape or form and they have emerged. But I wanna go back to the history of it because I think the history is very instructive. Now, my recollection, whatever shallow it may be, is that just this whole notion of affirmative action did not exist prior to the 60s. And it came up in the 60s. It came up, as I mentioned, in my experience with the military. And I don't think it existed before that. And then it sort of took, it took root around the country, around the educational institutions in the country. And within, I'm guessing here, 10 years or so, it was pretty much institutionalized. And a lot of schools had adopted affirmative action policies. The military certainly did, but a lot of companies, a lot of institutions in the country had adopted it. And there was no great resistance. Everybody felt this was the right thing to do, the fair thing to do. For the reasons you articulated, but the first reason you articulated, I think was the stronger one. That is redress. And that was my footnote about giving them an opportunity to catch up. So the question, I really, I put this question to you is, how could that have happened? What were the forces in play that made affirmative action the issue of the day that made affirmative action, get through the system and become the law? What was happening there? It's a wonderful point question. Let me just quickly address a couple of what you said and then talk a little bit more in general. First of all, there was resistance. You could look at Nixon's white Southern strategy as a resistance to affirmative action. So it's resistance and culture is resistance and local. So you had the advantage out of the goodness of your heart and being in an open institution. But there was a lot of resistance and much of that resistance we're seeing today. The second point is, I think you're absolutely right that affirmative action as we know of it was involved in the notions of the great society, the civil rights movements and institutionalized in an office that Nixon finally executed, the office of economic opportunity where affirmative action was in the White House and the White House oversaw it. Okay. Now as a historian, I think you're absolutely right. And we all know everything has some kind of precedent. So to me, a key precedent for American life is when Eleanor Roosevelt convinced Truman to integrate the army. And that could be looked at and there was resistance, right? There was resistance, but that could be looked at as the test case, particularly coming out of the Second World War, the quote unquote good war. And I don't mean that in a negative way, but we call it the good war and that's another discussion for us. If you win the war, it's usually a good war. Well, that, I agree with you. It's also a good war if clearly your opponent was so evil. So, you know, it's an interesting discussion and I would love to have it with you and your audience about, you know, what makes for a good war, but I'm not criticizing. I'm just saying that coming out of World War II, right? There was much more confidence in America's mission. We talked about this before, not that there was dissent, but America could be seen marching through the streets of Rome. A significant number of soldiers who didn't make it home were African-American. Truman, as historians remind us, Truman was reluctant, but there was nobody with the force of nature in American history like Eleanor Roosevelt. Maybe John Lewis, maybe Frederick Douglass. So I think the answer to your question is, yes, the 60s, but when Johnson and the Great Society sat down, they had a very powerful precedent. Now, what happened in the 60s? I think legitimate historians will be wary of pointing to any particular atom in the molecule. So let me give you a sense of the molecule, right? Let's put ourselves back, probably after Kennedy's assassination. Johnson from a dirt-poor background. There's all this discussion today about politicians making money. Yeah, he made money off of politics, but he also knew what it meant to be poor. And so his idea for further action also included Appalachian kids, Appalachian families, white Appalachians who had migrated to Chicago. So from the get-go, right? This was not only a black or white or Latino thing. This really was, you could almost say, a class issue. And there really, there was not a significance. Black middle-class professionals, those grew, certainly grew, but a lot of the pressure came from the realization that there was a large chunk of our society that as Johnson said, had been left behind. Then of course, let's not forget the direct action, right? People talk about disorder now. You and I are old enough to remember when Watts and Detroit and Trenton were all up in flames, right? Let's not forget the impulse of direct action towards this. And I think in this case, this was pre-Nixon's white strategy. The face of white supremacy was Barry Goldwater. That was not a captivating face. You could just even compare Trump's call to what Goldwater thought about. I remember Goldwater was a highly educated, snobbish Jewish senator from Arizona. He was a John Bircher and clearly was out of step. But Nixon understood that parts of what Goldwater said were not out of step. Okay, that's a long way to answer, but I think- It's another show, it's another discussion, but at that point, you had to have to say the Republican party was not the party of equality at all. The Republican party was looking to divide and looking to make a class society and a racist society. Yeah, I think there were plenty of Democrats as well though. You know, the Dixie Crats. So Johnson's brilliance was using the bully pulpit. And combining that as a historian, I probably am too self-congratulatory. The important publication of Michael Harrington's The Other America. You know, historians always look at key books, right? It's hard to understand Mao without his little red book. It's really hard to understand the French Revolution without him. So I don't think any historian would take an exacto knife and remove this book. This book was reviewed, commented upon, read by people at the White House. And sometimes, right, it takes that synergy. With, let's remember though, a society who's willing to go beyond the 15 seconds social media prompt. You open this book and still so much resonates. But it was not a particularly black or white book. It said the poor are being left behind. So Nixon's strategy was the old Confederate strategy.  And that helps crush LBJ's really rather, look, let's be honest. I mean, LBJ would not have let his daughter marry a black man. We know that, okay. But that doesn't mean that he did not see both the moral and political advantages. What he did say though, remember is when he signed the Voting Rights Act, he turned the pen to Martin Luther King, Jr. and said, I just signed over the South to the Republicans. So what we're seeing today is really, we see that in the seeds of the early resistance to the great society. Okay. So I make a comparison between affirmative action and maybe if you will, and I'm making an assumption about what our politicized the Supreme Court's gonna do in that case. But Roe v. Wade, it meant resistance. The resistance grew over the past how many years, decades and then resistance was so well organized and ultimately now it's at the point where they will destroy Roe v. Wade. And I make a parallel. See if you agree, affirmative action. The resistance was there, it grew. And now we're gonna have this case from the Supreme Court and they're gonna do away with affirmative action in the same way the country's turning right on both of those issues. And it's the same process, isn't it? I think you're absolutely right. And I think in this case, you can take a GPS view and you could see the 30 year effort of the Federalist Society. The Federalist Society vets, judges throughout the federal system and the Federalist Society has a particular ideological view connected to their particular constitutional view. And I think in their minds, affirmative action probably violates the 14th Amendment in the sense that for them, affirmative action does not give equal legal opportunity and equal legal protection. I think you're right. I think it's gonna be very difficult for Roberts clearly has no interest in the Voting Rights Act. He's been at the lead of destroying the Voting Rights Act. I'm not sure where he leans as far as the precedent which says, right, you can use race. I mean, Bakke said you can use race, it just can't be the only thing. He has a slightly different view about precedent, but I think with the 6-3, it doesn't really matter, right? Because it's 5-4. We've seen that, that Roberts can hide himself and take a position which is with Sotomayor, Kagan, and I think you're, I'm sorry. Well, not prior, not prior anymore though, but right. Right, right. Right, so no, I think you're absolutely right. And I think that again, it's a consideration of some major aspects of the great society and doesn't just include women's rights, which are part of that, it's gonna include unleashing the freedom of religion. So anything that's seen to violate freedom of religion, including masks will be thrown out. It's gonna destroy entirely the Voting Rights Act. I think we can see from the decision yesterday or two days ago. And these are all parts, right, these are parts of great society. LWJ was no great feminist, but let's remember the feminist movement began in the late 60s and 70s as saying, look, the great society needs also to include us as then the gay and lesbian community did. And the other issue I think in here, we really got to look at Amy Cohn and Bear and Alito. They have a religious interpretation. It's not just an original position. It's a religious interpretation. And I think the founding fathers and mothers would be quite concerned when religion is interpreted by the highest court, freed up by the constitution, you're really beginning to at least challenge the Second Amendment. You're beginning to say, right, that religion is of the ultimate importance and it's never really individual religion, right? It's not my right to be pagan. I would gladly build Stonehenge outside my house, but that's not what's gonna be defended. I doubt that Islamic practices or Muslim practices, we're really talking about a Christian view of America, but a Christian view, a Christian view which is not just part of society as in 50 churches up and down Nuanu, exactly what the founding fathers did not want, which is religion integrated into the structure of government and into the state. But that's where we're going. We are going? It's a faith-based nation according to W. Bush and it's been going that way for a long time, but back to affirmative action, right? I wanted to know from you, let's assume for this discussion, it's a reasonable assumption that the Supreme Court knocks off affirmative action or modifies, pulls the wings out of it in some way, I think you make it sound like it's somewhere in the middle, but in fact, if you attack it, everybody runs away from it. And that's my question. What will happen? What will happen on the college campuses?  And the rules had to change because the Supreme Court pulled the wings out of affirmative action. Are you going to wind up giving this individual special consideration, even though that's not the law anymore, simply on your view of finding a diversity in the campus, finding a diversity in the country? Because you know, if an African-American in numbers, right, in a sort of a demographic way, gets to go to good schools, gets to go to school in general, then the next generation is gonna be better off and better off and better off. And that's what's happened. I believe affirmative action has had a huge effect on the country. It has been successful in many ways to raise up, racial groups that wouldn't have had those opportunities. So my question is, how does it differ if I pull the wings out of that, if the Supreme Court just trounces it, or somehow neutralizes it? What's it gonna be like for an administrator? What's it gonna be like for the schools? What's it gonna be like for the country? As far as college level, I think we need to differentiate between elite private colleges. And I don't mean elite in a pejorative way. I mean elite that selects versus public universities. So this is, as I said, deliberately aimed at Harvard. Okay, but I think the University of Chicago and the Stanford and the Harvard and the Yale and the Princeton admissions committees are gonna select the same people. They're gonna find other categories which in one way or another don't butt heads with the decision coming up about Harvard and they will find ways. I worry more about the other universities and in America, really unlike any other society, getting good or bad, we do encourage people to go to college. Most societies have a track, right?  That's pretty much the world. So what we're really talking about is how is it gonna affect a majority of African-Americans and a majority of Asian Americans don't go to Harvard. They go to UCLA, they go to Chicago State.  We see in school boards getting attacked. Are we gonna find parents screaming outside of college admissions offices? I don't think so, but I think probably those of the vast middle, which serve an incredibly important, I mean, UH is in the vast middle, but we serve an important purpose here, right? I mean, where else are you going to go to go to a university in the state with graduate students to get a PhD? So I assume we're not gonna pay very much attention because we have a public obligation in the state of Hawaii to include everybody who is worthy of going to this. Well, we're special on diversity, right? Unique, there's no state that is quite as diverse as we are. But I think there are other states that are in the same position where they're not the elite university, but they're the state where the parents might not have gone to college and suddenly the kids get an opportunity. And I think those are gonna be put in a difficult political position if their legislators give them the money and if their legislators have taken this the way that they've taken the book boycott. So I can't really predict. Milner could probably predict better than I can politically, but the quick answer to you is the elite of the elites are going to find other ways to make sure that affirmative action reaches out to people who have been historically disadvantaged and reaches out in a way which says that this graduating class or this graduate cohort looks a lot better like America than it did 25 years ago. Well, yeah, but then you're gonna have people who will attack that, who will come and say that de facto they're still doing affirmative action even though the Supreme Court knocked it off and they'll sue those schools where they can find improvement. Number four, you know, we'll be in court again. That'll be very intimidating to the schools. Harvard won't be intimidated, but again, a public university might not have the resources to go to court. You're absolutely right. Public university in a Republican state, how about that? Right, although yeah, either that or even, you know, the UH is taking some big hits from the legislature. I'm not even sure we can go to court to defend UH, but I think one of the issues looking down the road is while respecting the position of the African-American community, the largest number that this is gonna affect are Latino Americans. That's a growing population. And if this is a white slash Asian attempt, then as I said at the start, it's not just African-Americans, but really a very growing part of our community, which are as a Latin America, not really including Filipinos here, but from what we know below the Rio Grande. What do you do about Mexicans and Costa Derecans who come to America, become citizens or their kids? This is gonna affect them as well. So it's not just, you know, it's like, Ruby Goldberg tried to make everything a black-white issue. It's not just a black-white issue. This is that we are maybe next to, you know, India or Brazil, really the most diverse society. And being diverse, how do we take that diversity not as a way to, you know, exclude people, but to include people? And if you're gonna say to everybody, well, going to college is important for inclusion, then you're gonna have to make college open, right? It's easier in an elite society. If you're in an elite society, it says college is just for the elite. This is not an issue. But if you believe in democracy and you believe in education as a democratic, right, an opportunity, yeah, this is very much an issue. Well, you anticipate my next question, you know, that is assuming that there is pressure on a number of schools and you talk about, you know, the demographics. So Harvard only has a certain number of students and they have the ability to resist, you know, an attempt to cram down the lack of affirmative action. Other schools won't have that ability and they will abide by the withdrawal of affirmative action, but the Supreme Court. And then when you take, you know, the numbers in general, the student body in general around the country over time, this will have an effect on the country because there won't be as much diversity in the colleges, period, there won't be. And then when you take it on top of, you know, Biden's effort to make free tuition, you know, that's probably gonna fail. Republicans are not gonna pass that. So what you have is a kind of an effort by the Republicans and the supremacists, conservatives and all that, to separate black and brown students from higher education. I mean, it's quite a part of their unwritten agenda. Maybe it's more than unwritten. And over time, over time, as a historian, you would have to have a reaction to that. That is going to change the country. How is it gonna change the country? Is it gonna put people in the street with direct action? Is it going to change the politics? I know Neil Miller could answer that, but so can you. Is it going to change the way we function as a democracy? I think it already is in some ways. But this seems to be a very important issue. So it's not only what the Supreme Court does in other things, it's this one had cast a long shadow. What will that shadow be? Yeah, I'm not sure how much time we have. One of the shadows is most statistical studies suggests that if you complete a college degree, you will make more lifetime income, which means the possibility of purchasing a home. So direct answer to you is restricting college admissions can be directly tracked to racial and ethnic economic inequality. And I don't really think anybody disagrees with that. The number of African-American homeowners is generally connected to their educational level. And you can begin to say the same things about Latino. So one quick answer is, it's gonna make economic inequality worse. It's political implications. I would say there will be student movements. There are student movements. I can't tell you, and again, Miller can tell you much better how that will be translated. I think it's connected to answer your question with the increasingly restrictive voting laws. If you have a large number of non-white, non-Asian-American, although Asian-Americans, believe me are not fully behind this lawsuit. So the plaintiffs would like to think that they're representing all of Asian-America, but they're not. There are plenty of Asian-Americans and important Asian-American figures who still abide by affirmative action. So this is really a white thing. It's a white movement, trying to use the trojan horse of Asian-Americans. But the question would be, all right, you're angry.  All right, now, as Miller and everybody knows, it's not so simple, but you can't really do anything unless you get people into office. So if you take the attack on affirmative action and the attack on voting, you can see how they're happily married, right? The people who are going to be most hurt by ending affirmative action, ah, interesting enough, we're making it more difficult for them to vote. Right? It doesn't take a nuclear scientist to see that. I think they're all connected. They are connected. And they lead to a significantly different country than we would have if we didn't have the initiatives of undermining voting and undermining black and brown education. Absolutely, absolutely. And those are two pillars of at least the ideas of American democracy. I mean, I think we all appreciate the experiment, but the idea is one person, one vote to be protected. That's being undermined. And at least since the, well, I would say probably again, interesting enough, the GI Bill, we talked about the integration of the army. The GI Bill also helped say to America, right? That you should have the opportunity for an education. So I know that was reserved to GIs, but the idea, and we know that GI Bill was actually not distributed equally. African-American GIs got far less. But once you put it out there, it does have a life of its own. Yeah. And so as I said, integrating the army was important for civil rights. And for an election, the GI Bill was also a claim that, you know what? You're here in America. It's your democratic right to have an education. And then- Connects up with what you were talking before about marching through Italy. It connects up with the moral vision that the United States had after the war. It lasted for a while. It lasted until Vietnam kind of eroded it. But in my view, but all I can say is you haven't made me feel better today, Peter. I wish you had. I always looked for that. I don't feel very good either, Gail. I'm feeling better. I'm not sleeping at all. And we haven't even gotten to this, the third aspect of the unholy trinity, that the court is also gonna make it easier to have guns. So put all these together, right? Yeah. Less education, less voting, more anger, a white community in some places thinking it's besieged and it's right to defend itself. And now everybody gets to carry guns.  Think about that. They should be losing their sleep, those judges, but they're not. You know, they're not. And that's a conversation I'd be happy to have again with Abbie who knows more about the Supreme Court. They're really not in part because they aren't doing what judges really are supposed to do. You're supposed to weigh, right? You're supposed to weigh. And you're supposed to find some kind of working compromise. Well, the end law must follow morality. If you lose your moral compass, you know, it's not a good result. We gotta go now. No, we have to go to continue as always. Yeah. Wonderful. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. My pleasure. All right, Aloha. Aloha.


Welcome to the Waldoch Way. I'm Jessica. I'm Emily. I'm Kevin. In today's video is going to be about our Smoky Mountain National Park vacation. So we've been here for almost a week now and this is what I think is our fifth year here in the Smokies. Yep, fifth year. And we normally come Thanksgiving week, the week of Thanksgiving. It's just been the easiest time for us to come because of Kevin's work schedule and it's beautiful. I mean we love the Smokies obviously at any time. But this year, since he was working for the Waldoch Way and we had a little bit more freedom, we decided to come up earlier and be able to enjoy the colors changing because we're from Florida. And while Kevin has seen it before, me and Emily have never seen a real fall because we don't get fall in Florida, right? Yes. What does fall like in Florida? Dead leaves. That's pretty much it. So what's our favorite things to do when we are in the park, Emily? We like to drive and hike. Yeah, we like to enjoy the actual park. So that's what we did this trip. Favorite thing about this trip was all of the history. The Smoky Mountains has so much history to it and I love being able to see like all of the historical buildings. Some of our favorite places to see those are the Okna Lefte Visitor Center, the Cades Cove Drive. There are so, there's just so much history in that Cove. What did they call that? Water buddy? No. What did we call it back in the day? An outhouse. An outhouse. So gross. What was your favorite part of the trip, babe? Gotta be the auto tours. I know I drive all the time. I've driven all the time and here I am driving again. But these are different. It's a totally different atmosphere. You get to go slow. I think the max speed is like 45-35 average.  You get to see the scenery even behind the wheel. It's just, it's wonderful. And to get up here and see the changing of the colors and take your time and take the road tours and go in the back countries and see all the different curves and the water coming down the mountain and it's just, it's amazing. It's beautiful. What was your favorite part of our trip? My favorite part was seeing animals. What is something that you learned on our trip, Emily? A lot about, you need to know a lot to be a ranger. I, Emily, as a junior ranger. As a junior ranger. We'll do all I can to learn about and protect the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. National Park. Good. And the plants, animals, and the rangers that live here. I really recommend to go to the Great Smoky Mountains because there are beautiful sites there.


Hello and welcome to this session in which we would look at finance lease from a less seized perspective. In the prior session, we looked at the difference between finance leases and operating leases. And I showed you when is a lease considered a finance lease, when it's not a finance lease, which is not, it's an operating lease. Now the best way to illustrate the concept of a finance lease is to actually look at an example. So I'm gonna go over the rules again for a finance lease. Also I'm gonna go over the actual journal entries and what you need to know for a finance lease from a less seized perspective. So to work this example, we're gonna assume we're dealing with Boeing Capital Corporation, a subsidiaries of Boeing and Delta Airline. They signed a lease agreement dated January 1st, X1 that calls for Boeing to lease a mobile airplane ladder to Delta beginning January 1st, X1. And this is what we are looking at this mobile airplane ladder, which we're gonna call it a ladder. Now let's take a look at the details of the agreement. Well, the term of the lease is five years. It's non-cancelable, which is important because we need that requirement, requiring equal rental payments of 20,000. So the deal says, well, we're gonna give you this ladder. However, you're gonna have to make five payment at the beginning of each year, starting the day that you signed the lease. So starting today. So we're dealing with an annuity due. Why is this important? Because when you go to the tables, you have to know that this is an annuity due, not ordinary annuity. If you don't know, if you're not familiar with this annuity due, ordinary annuity, you may wanna go to Farhad Lectures and look at the time value of money concepts. That's one. The fair value of the ladder is 95,000. This is the fair value if you want to buy it today. And the economic life of the asset is five years. Well, that's the economic life and that's the lease life. We're gonna come back and talk about those in a moment. The expected residual value is greater than 5,000, which is greater than the guaranteed amount. Therefore, we will ignore the residual value for the sake of this exercise. All what I want you to do now, or know at this point is, once the ladder is back to Boeing, the value of the ladder should be more than 5,000. This is the guaranteed residual value. Once that's the case, from the less C, from the less C, from Delta Airlines, we don't have to worry about this 5,000. I'm gonna have a separate session explaining guaranteed and unguaranteed residual value, but for now, I made it easy where we don't have to worry about it, but we'll revisit this topic later on. There's no renewal options for this lease. The ladder, again, would revert back to Boeing, a determination of the lease, and Boeing can do something with it. Basically, they can sell it to a third-world country airline where they can get some cash for it. Delta incremental borrowing rate is 5% per year, which we know. Delta depreciate on a straight line basis similar equipment that it owns. And Boeing sets the annual rental rate to earn a rate of return of 4%, and Delta is aware of this. Well, of course, we know how much do we earn, how much we would need to earn 5%. Now, we also know how much Delta will charge us. Delta is charging us 4%. Since we know it's 4%, we're gonna be using this rate, because we know the rate. If we don't know the rate, then we would use our incremental rate, which is the rate that if we needed to borrow the money. So for the present value computation, we're gonna be using 4% because we know the rate, and that's the rate that Boeing sets. The first thing we want to know is we want to establish whether this lease is a finance, or if it's not a finance, it's operating. You already know it's a finance lease, but let's see under what condition we met the finance lease conditions. And those are the five tests, or the five conditions that I talked about in the prior session. The first test, is there a transfer of ownership in this deal? I don't see it. There is no transfer of ownership. Therefore, it's not a finance lease yet. Is there a purchase option? I did not see a purchase option. I did not see that, for example, Delta can buy this ladder for $100. Specifically, the purchase option has to be a bargain, enticing the less see to buy it. I did not see that in the deal. The lease term, is it equal to 75% or more of the economic lease life of the asset? And the answer is yes. Actually, it's equal to 100%. So we're saying this ladder will have a five year life and Delta is having the lease for five years. So it's consuming all the life of the asset. At this point, we have a finance lease. That's it. We know we have a finance lease. How about the present value test, since we're going through all the tests? Well, is the present value greater than 90%? Well, we did not compute the present value yet. We're gonna compute it shortly, but the fair value is 95. As long as the present value come up to 90% of the fair value, we should be in good shape. And let's see, just kind of get an idea. What's 90% of 95,000? Just kind of prepare ourselves, times 0.9. So as long as the present value are greater than 85,500, the present value of the payments, then it will meet a finance lease. Not that we need it, because we already know it's a finance lease. Alternative use test? No, yes. No, in a sense that it doesn't meet that test because Boeing can resell or release this asset to a third party. So alternative use test is yes. So it doesn't, yes means we don't meet that test. We don't have to, because we already met the finance lease test. Now, what we're gonna do now, we're gonna go over the journal entries for this example. Before we go over the journal entries, most likely you are an accounting student or a CPA candidate. And I'm glad either or you're at the right place. You have arrived. What I suggest you do is to go to my website, farhatlectures.com, and subscribe to my resources, lectures, multiple choice, through false exercises that's gonna help you understand better this topic. I don't replace your CPA review course. I help you along your accounting courses. Give it a try. You are watching because you need help. Connect with me on LinkedIn if you haven't done so. Like this recording, share it with other. If you're watching, it's helping you. It might help others. Connect with me on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit. So first, let's compute the present value of the liability because we have a liability, okay? And let's see from the liability we can find out what should be our asset. Because remember, once we have the least asset, we have to debit an asset and credit a liability. So what is the asset and what's the liability? Well, we're gonna find out what's the present value. We're gonna take $20,000 multiplied by the present value factor 4.62990. Remember, this was an annuity due. And the present value is 92,598. Remember, what we talked about, as long as we are above 85,500, we are more than 90% of the fair value of the asset. So also, we need the finance lease under the fair value test, but we don't have to worry about this. Now we know this is the asset, 92,598, and this is the liability. And we use 4% because that's the implicit rate. We know the rate that the Boeing charging us is 4%. Now we debit right-of-use asset, credit, lease liability. Again, we put an asset on the books and we put a liability on the books. And this is the day that we signed the lease. We have an asset and we have a liability. Also, on that same day, if you remember, we made a payment. Immediately we made a payment of 20,000. Immediately we're gonna reduce our liability by 20,000 because there's no interest involved and we are going to credit cash by 20,000. Remember, this payment is due immediately the same day that we signed the lease, the same day that we put the asset on the books. Now what would the company do next? Well, what they would do next is they will prepare an amortization schedule for the lease because they want to know how much of their payment goes toward the lease, how much of their payment goes toward the interest, so on and so forth. Starting with January 1st, 20X1, we have a lease liability of 92,000, 598, and a lease asset but this is an amortization schedule for the liability. Also on January 1st, immediately we made a payment, 20,000. As a result, this payment reduce our liability by 20,000. Our liability became 72,598. Then a year from now, we're gonna be making another payment. Lease payments are always the same, 20,000. How do we compute the interest component? How do we compute the principal component or the reduction in the liability? We're gonna take the balance times 4%. The balance times 4% will give us $2,903.92 for the interest component and whatever's left from the 20,000 of the 20,000, this much is interest and the remaining is principal, which is 0.08, eight pennies missing. Again, what's gonna happen after this, our liability will go down to 55,507 because we're gonna reduce our liability by 17,096, which will bring us down to 55,502. Then the process repeats itself of the $20,000 payment. We're gonna take 55,502 multiplied by 4%. It's gonna give us an interest component of $2,220. Notice the interest component is lower than the prior period and hopefully this makes sense because the liability went down, which means the interest expense should go down and the remaining goes toward the principal. Again, we reduce the principal by 17,780. The principal now is 37,722, all the lease liability is that much. We multiply it by 4%, we repeat the process and by the time we make our last payment, guess what? We have a zero liability because we made the payment. Our total interest expense on the liability, our total interest expense is this much and we reduced the liability. Remember, the liability was $92,598. We reduced it down to zero by the time we are done and we made payments in cash of 100,000. Now let's take a look at the journal entry. So this is the table. You need to understand how to read the table. It's very important because you might be asked actually as a simulation to prepare simply this table and this will be worth one whole simulation and worth a lot. So let's take a look at December 31st, 2021. So by the end of the first year, remember you don't make the payment on January 1st, but by the end of the first year, you have to debit interest expense $2,903.92. This is December 31st. The following day we'll make the payment and credit a liability called lease liability $2,903.92. Now remember, we have an asset. What do we do with assets? We have a long-term assets. We amortize, we depreciate the asset. Therefore, we're gonna debit amortization expense $18,519.60 which is taking the asset itself divided by five years, which is the lease term and it's gonna give us amortization of $18,519. So we make those two journal entries December 31st, 20x1 by the end of the first year. Okay, now what would our balance sheet looks like and what would our income statement looks like as of December 31st, 20x1? On the balance sheet, we are going to have a non-current asset of $74,078.40.  It's the asset, original value of the asset minus the amortization expense, minus the amortization expense. This number here gives us a non-current, a long-term asset of $74,078. Now they might ask you, the question could be, what is your asset book value at the end of year one? Well, that's the asset book value. They may tell you, what's the book value at the end of year two? Well, you're gonna deduct an additional $18,519.60. So be aware, this is point, not comma, 0.60. So be aware of what you are being asked. You could be asked many things. Also, on the balance sheet, you're gonna have to show your current liabilities. What are your current liabilities? What are you expected to pay in liabilities? Well, here we go. We already booked, we accrued interest liability of $2,903.92. And you're gonna have to make a payment, reducing the liability in the next year, which is the following day of $17,096.00. Now this is 0.08 rounding. Simply put, you have current liabilities of 20,000. Part of it is interest, part of it is principal. They're both a liability. They will go under current liabilities. That's your current. So remember, you have a short term. They might ask you about the short term. They might be asking you about the long term. Make sure you know the difference between the two. What goes on the income statement? On the income statement, you are going to have the interest on the liability, which is $2,903.92.  So those will be two expenses. Remember for finance leases, you're gonna have two expenses. When we look at the operating lease, we're gonna have one expense. Don't worry, we'll talk about that later, but the point is to remember you have two expenses. And this is what goes on the income statement. Now what's gonna happen the following day? You're gonna make the payment. You're gonna cut the check because the check is paid on January 1st. On January 1st, you're gonna debit lease liability 20,000. You're gonna credit cash 20,000 because you already recorded the expense. So that's so you don't have to differentiate between two. You already recorded the expense. Therefore, all what you're doing is you're reducing your liability. Let's assume that Delta purchases the ladder from Boeing for 5,000 at the termination of the lease. They will debit the equipment, the ladder and they will credit cash for 5,000. What should you do now? What you should do now is go to farhatlectures.com, subscribe, work multiple choice through false exercises. That's gonna help you reinforce the concept of leases. A very important concept, whether you are an accounting student or a CPA candidate. Don't shortchange yourself. Accounting is important. Accounting is critical. Good luck, study hard and of course, stay safe.


Hello, Myself Pravindra Chauhan, Assistant Professor at Department of Electronics Engineering, Vulturest of Technology, Solapur. So in this session we will discuss how internal ADC of peak 16F877 can be used for different applications. Learning outcome, at the end of this session student can demonstrate the operation of ADC in peak 16F877 microcontroller. Also student can able to implement the peak ADC in different applications. Outline of this session, first special function registers associated with the ADC operation, then working of ADC and the setup for ADC implementation. Now ADC in peak 16F877 is having 8 analog channels, means through these 8 analog channels, one can apply the analog input to the peak ADC. And these 8 analog channels are defined on pin RA02 RA5 and RE02 RE2, means port A and port E pins are associating with the ADC operation. The A to D conversion of the analog input signal results in a corresponding 10 bit digital number, means the output of this ADC is of 10 bit. The 4 registers are associating with the ADC in peak controller and these registers are ADRESH, ADRESL, ADCON0 and ADCON1. Now ADRESH and ADRESL these 2 are called the result registers. The 10 bit digital output of the ADC that is the result of this ADC will get stored in ADRESL and ADRESH register. The 2 control registers are provided ADCON0 and ADCON1 to control the operation of the ADC. ADCCON0 register is shown here. The bit defined for this ADCON0 register are ADCS0, ADCS1, 3 channel select bits, then go slash done bar bit and LSB ADON bit. So when this ADCS1 and ADCS0 these 2 bits are called the conversion clock select bits. So ADC can operate on external clock as well as the internal clock. If ADCS1 and ADCS0 both are 0 then the ADC will operate on the clock which is equal to the oscillator frequency divided by 2. For 01 it will operate on oscillator frequency divided by 8 so on and if both the bits are 11 the ADC will operate on internal clock. The 3 channel select bits are provided that is CHS2 to CHS0. So 3 bits are provided because the ADC is having 8 analog inputs. So when these 3 channel select bits are 000 then the first channel that is the channel 0 which is called AN0 which is multiplexed with the pin RA0 that will be gate selected. In whatever the analog input applied on RA0 pin will gates converted into the digital and so on. To select the channel 1 that is AN1 makes CHS01 and other 2 bits 00 and so on. When all the 3 bits are set then the channel 7 which is multiplexed with the pin RA2 will be gate selected. Then GO slash done bar is called the A to D conversion status bit. Now this bit is having the meaning if ADON bit is 1. So if ADON is 1 and if we set the bit GO slash done bar then the ADC will start. Means when this bit is 1 one can know that the conversion is in progress. And when GO slash done bar reset it means that A to D conversion is not in a progress and this bit is automatically cleared by the hardware when A to D conversion is completed. ADON bit is used to enable or disable the ADC if 1 A to D converter module is operating if 0 A to D converter module is shut off. Means whenever you are going to use the ADC this must bit must be set. Then the second register ADCON1 register the bit format shown here. Now the MSB bit which is defined as ADFM which is called A to D result format select bit. If this is 1 the result will be write justified means 6 most significant bits of ADRSH are read as 0 and if this bit is reset then the result is less justified 6 least significant bits of ADRSL are read as 0. Then the port configuration control bits that is PCFG 3 to PCFG 0. Now as an example if all these bits are 0 0 all channels configured as a analog pins. If 0 0 0 1 then RA 3 can be used as V reference plus. If all these bits are 1 1 1 then RA 0 will be configured as analog pin RA 3 as a V reference plus RA 4 as a V reference minus and all others will be used as a digital pins. Now steps for A to D conversion first configure the ADC module. Now you think how to configure the ADC module in peak 16 of 877. Now to configure the A to D module first configure the analog pins slash voltage references and digital input output pin by making the use of ADCON 1 resistor. Then select the appropriate input channel select the clock for ADC conversion and turn on the ADC module. Now configure the ADC interrupt if required then wait the required acquisition time or call delay then start the conversion by using the bit go slash done bar then wait for A to D conversion to complete by either pulling for go slash done bit to be cleared or waiting for the ADC interrupt. Wait the result resistor pair that is ADRESH and ADRESL for further processing and clear the interrupt flag bit if required. References used for this the peak 16 of 877 datasheet and microcontrollers by Ajay Deshmukh. Thank you.


team, committees across the country are doing a very commendable job. I think we should give them a pat on the back. There are so many defections which are taking place, which are not covered by you, the media. But I can tell you that the things are happening out there. Over the years things are happening. Now then, even in some problems, fortunately this time, we have people that are defecting, but quietly. And that will only be seen when August 12th comes, when the results are being counted. But I think we are doing very well, as you have seen, in fact, most especially in those areas where some of us took UPND. I think we have started, you know, backtracking. We have realized that I think the Edgar Chagolungu government is a government to be with. Because they have seen there's been a lot of tremendous development in this country. Not only that, most countries, I'll tell you, they are going through a lot of economic hardships. Just to mention a few of our neighbors. If you go to Kimbabu, go to Malawi, go even to South Africa, which is, as far as Africa is concerned, is a superpower. But it has challenges. Most South Africans have lost their jobs. Coming back to the other question that we are asked to say, is Dr. Edgar Chagolungu going to become victorious? I think that is not debatable. If you look at 2011, 2013, when we actually phoned up, so 2011, 2011, you can see that there was what we call the wind of change. You could see it coming. But have you seen any form of wind of change in this country, including Lusaka, including the southern province itself? There hasn't been that view for people to change the Edgar Chagolungu government. There hasn't been. Because why? They have seen what he has actually done. It's incredible, incredible. I think we should take my part on the back and give the vice president the entire cabinet, the entire system. They are doing the command of the floor. So to me, as far as I'm concerned, I think August 12th will be white-wash this time. I want to tell my brother, I think to go into retirement, he should start preparing my brother, to prepare to go into retirement. Because even this time around, even the little votes that he got in certain areas, because of our influence, do not get that. It will be impossible. Who are campaigning for him? It's us who are campaigning for him. We are not there to campaign for him. Is Nalumango going to campaign for him? She has no political clout. Everyone knows that. Even in her own constituency, she has no support. In Nicariputa, she has no support. So I don't think you can do it. She would even think of forming government, come August 12th. It's far from it, far from that fact. We are on course at BF. We have delivered, President Nalumango has delivered. Most people are happy. Look at Lusaka, the way it looks today. If you went to job again, came into Lusaka, it won't seem different. What else do we want to see? Of course we understand that the economic hardship, which has not only hit, not only hit Zambia, it has hit the entire globe. America today is giving out three money, $3,600 to each citizen because they have the money.  If we had that kind of money, I am pretty sure that President Nalumango would have done the same because he's a wise man. And the other thing is, I think we saw something on the paper where Mr Achilema is confident that he's going to win the elections because President Nalumango has failed. In which way? How has he failed? President Nalumango, in fact, has gained credibility. In fact, I will not mention other presidents, previous presidents. He has gained more credibility than even some previous presidents. He has done a lot for this country. In his humbleness, we have seen he has done a lot. I think we should give him a pat on the back. And most Samyans are saying that we are on the ground. We are on the ground. We are seeing what people are saying. People are saying that they still want President Nalumango. The country still needs beyond for President Nalumango because of what he has done or what he has continued doing. And I'm happy that he hasn't stopped his developmental program. He has continued despite the opposition opposing even good things because today the opposition will even oppose that why have they put a fly over bridge? They don't realize that traffic is growing every day here in Lusaka, including other small towns. So the government, that's their duty to ensure that they decongest that congestion which is any city in the country but they don't look at it that way. I think they should just learn to accept that President Nalumango is the best president for this country for now. Okay. I also want to... How do you make over this type of reason? To me it's a genuine apology. I did, I went, I came back. We are the owners of fear. We came back. We apologize to President Edgar Lungo because President Edgar Lungo knows GBM well, knows he can be very well, knows he can have a very well. That's why he can afford to accept that apology. I'm sure even President Edgar Lungo has accepted that apology wholeheartedly. And Ramburi's apology, it's not by fluke. Ramburi means he knows that his home is in PF. It's not in UPND. UPND used me, they got what they wanted, almost getting to power. But thank God because they all might knew that if he got into power this country would be going to flame. He never allowed that. He bypassed it. But what I'm trying to say is that Camburi I think has done the right thing to apologize to President. That's how people should live. We all make mistakes. I've made mistakes, all of you have made mistakes. But if you don't apologize, then that means you're not admitting your mistake. But Camburi has accepted this mistake. So why shouldn't it be welcome? In as far as I'm concerned, I think it's a genuine, sincere apology that he has rendered to the President, including our brother, Finley. And are you seeing him coming back today? He's more than welcome. We've said that. Me, I personally have said that time and again, but we need him. He's one of us. We started PF with him. So I think it would be a good idea for my brother to come back. Because there is nothing that is doing with that alliance. I'm glad that there are those confusions which I personally predicted. I knew that HH cannot keep Camburi. Moreover, you see, HH thinks that he should use people. So I knew that he was coming back. But what I want to say is that our brother and all the people that he went with, they are more than welcome back into PF. My brother is here. I think he's ready to welcome them. He has no problems with anyone. He's a good guy. He's a good lad that I can tell you. Maybe the other thing, we have seen you as a mobilization team, concentrating especially in the northern part of the country and seem to neglect Lusaka and the Kupapilot where these voters also went. I know the areas where I actually built UPND. So I need, first of all, to dismantle those areas. Because in northern province I can see even on social media some are saying these are the areas where I made UPND go. No, it's not debatable. Even President Dhaka in the dilemma knows that. I made that thing grow, that party grow. So what I've done is that I've concentrated in those areas and I have made it sure that most of the people have defected back into PF, not into any other party. That's what we are doing. But I think without wasting much of your time I want to tell you that quietly we are doing it here. Just before you came already we are talking about perceiving defectors. Some defectors don't want to go public. Some defectors want to do it quietly and we are doing it as the way they wish it should be done. So I think we are home and dry. We know that we have received more defectors than what UPND has received. UPND they are faking at PF defecting to UPND. That's a total lie. If they are there, there may be three or four. There may be three or four. But large numbers are coming to us because they have seen the wise and good leadership and able leadership of Dr. Hissier.