In this fourth module on monolayers, we today look into condensed and liquid expanded monolayers and move forward on the phase transformations or phase transitions that I had commented upon earlier. But before we go any further, let us have a quick recapitulation of the pressures, surface pressures. In absence of any repulsive pressure, the total pressure will be this pi k plus pi s and pi k will be given by k t by a minus a 0, pi s is given by minus 400 m by 8 to the power 3 by 2, where the area is supposed to exceed about 100 angstrom square. And we could for cohesive films, write the equation of state of this kind pi plus 400 m by 8 to the power 3 by 2 into a minus a 0 equal to k t. And one could obtain the pi s by considering the total pressure at air liquid against oil liquid interfaces, where the cohesion will be omitted. The last topic we had seen was charged films for which the Davis equation gives you the repulse energy from this expression on the right hand side of equation 7. Pi r is now 6.1 c i to the power half cos hyperbolic sin hyperbolic inverse of 134 by a c i to the power 1 by 2 minus 1, which I had asked you to simplify under conditions where a c i to the power half becomes less than 38. That would give you this approximation. So, when you combine this approximation 8 for 7 with equation 2, we would obtain the surface equation of state for charged films as follows pi a minus a 0, which is basically pi k plus pi s plus pi r times a minus a 0 equal to 3 k t minus 400 m by a to the power 3 by 2 into a minus a 0 minus 6.1 c i to the power 1 by 2 a minus a 0 minus 2 k 2 2 k t a 0 by a. At oil water interface, because the oil can get in between the chains which have cohesion acting amongst them, spacing them apart that would lead to dropping of the second term altogether at oil water interface. And this equation has been tested for a number of surfactants both on electrolytes as well as in absence of any electrolyte like salt. So, we now move on to the discussion on the liquid expanded films and condensed films. Let us understand that if the hydrocarbon chains have a strong cohesion and this would usually be true if there is no electrical repulsion and the number of CH 2 groups is in excess of about 10, then the pi versus a curve will be similar to what we get for oleic acid. And these liquid expanded films have cohesion which is nearly constant for a range of areas ok. This will become clearer as we go further. So, suffices it to say here that when you think of liquid expanded films, you could first presume strong cohesion, reasonably strong cohesion, absence of electrical repulsion and nearly constant cohesion over a considerable range of areas. And the equation of state would follow from these three equations 10, 11 and 12, pi k is pi minus pi s no repulsion, pi k times a minus a 0 is k t. So, when you substitute for pi k from equation 10, we get pi minus pi s into a minus a 0 equal to k t. So, the liquid expanded films are represented by this surface equation of state pi minus pi s a minus a 0 equal to k t. We could take some examples of hydrocarbon chains. If we have hydrocarbon chains of let us say C 10, then pi s will be about minus 10 dynes per centimeter. This is easy to remember C 22, hydrocarbon chain has pi s equal to minus 22 dynes per centimeter. With these number of carbon atoms, cohesion is sufficiently strong to give you liquid expanded nature on the force area curve. However, if there is unsaturation in the chain, then we understand that there would be a certain amount of repulsion present which will not permit the chains to pack too closely, which means pi s value the cohesive pressure will be somewhat reduced. Now, you can think of the next scenario. If we look at much greater areas and higher temperatures, then the films become gaseous. There will be a gradual variation, more gradual variation of pi versus a. Condensed films on the other hand would be represented by an example like steric acid. If we have materials like steric acid, the films form with very strong cohesion. The cohesive pressure pi s now may be of the order of minus 50 dynes per centimeter to minus 100 dynes per centimeter. That is a large magnitude of the cohesive pressure. With such high cohesive pressures, if we expand the film such that each individual molecule has an area at the interface, phase greater than the limiting area is 0, then it leads to that breakup of the film into islands. We had mentioned this earlier also and cohesion dominates in these islands. But what happens if you look at the areas less than a 0? You could visualize a surface film which is condensed and on top of which you have sprinkled fine ignited talc particles for visualization. And now, you try to move the barriers closer together such that the area per molecule is less than a 0. If you try to pack in this film to areas per molecule less than a 0, the surface pressure climbs up very steeply. That is behavior like a solid. So, condensed films are like solid monolayers with a very steep pi versus a curve for areas less than a 0. Now, it is here that I want you to look at some numbers. On that steep pi versus a curve, if we think of a gentle pressure of 20 dynes per centimeter, surface pressure of 20 dynes per centimeter acting on the molecules which are about 20 angstroms. The film is about 20 angstroms thick and if you apply a pressure of 20 dynes per centimeter, it would translate into an equivalent of 10 to the power 8 dynes per centimeter square and that you know is about 100 atmospheres. So, you see here, one of the confirmations of what I said earlier, the small looking values in the context of surface actually translate into rather large numbers. Here it is an open system. Think of conducting a reaction which requires about 100 atmospheres. So, material of construction, your fabrication will have to take care of those high pressures. Here, apparently very gentle changes in surface pressures allow you to obtain equivalents of those high bulk values. We will see more of this later. So, one possibility is that you might be able to obtain conditions in the surfaces or interfaces which are equivalent to rather severe conditions in bulk terms, but from operational point of view, there is a great deal of ease. It is an open system. We next look at values of A0. Some typical values of the limiting area for single molecules, we will see for a range of them. Some simple molecules will correspond to limiting area equal to about the cross sectional area. If it is just a molecule anchored vertically at the interface or surface, the cross sectional area itself will be the limiting area. But with more complex molecules like for example, diastres, the diastres will be anchored onto the surface in a flat position because of the polar groups. And if we take even more complex molecules like some of the proteins, then the situation is even more different. So, let us look at some magnitudes of these limiting areas. For straight chain acids on water, A0 is about 20.5 angstrom square as expected. Consider similar molecules, but on dilute HCl, A0 is now 25.1 angstrom square. We have these straight chain acids on an electrolyte now, which will mean there is an electrical energy associated with the monolayer which creates that repulsion. So, it is harder now to bring these charged acid groups closer together when they are placed on electrolyte. So, the pi versus A curve will become steeper at larger areas. For saturated acids esters, the value is about 22 angstrom squares. For primary alcohols, 21.6 long chain phenols, about 24.0. A biological relevance for cholesterol is probably reflected in the limiting area which is much larger, 40.8 angstrom square. For lecithins, about 50 angstrom square. And for di-loryl oxalate, di-dacyl adipate, di-octylsubacate and di-butyl thapsate, the values are in the range 90 to 190 angstrom square. And for all proteins, we change the units. It is more convenient to talk in terms of milligram of protein and the limiting areas of the order of about a meter square per milligram. A naught is that limiting area which you cannot reduce any further because you have already reduced from those exteriors like Rayleigh's exteriors. You have already compressed the surface molecules to a very close packed state. Now, the areas cannot diminish below whatever is minimum. It is the area per chain in the surface. You remember the excluded volume equivalent I talked about? You take a gas and you compress it. If you compress it, the gas molecules will come together in close packed state. You cannot decrease the volume further. So, that is the correction which the Van der Waals equation makes for the excluded volume. Similarly, you cannot decrease the area. According to that equation pi equal to kT, if you keep on increasing pi, A will keep decreasing, but does not happen in practice. In practice, you cannot decrease the area below some minimum area. And therefore, we have to write that as pi A minus A 0 equal to kT. And any attempt to compress it below A 0 will make pressure climb very steeply. So, that is the limiting area we are talking of. You cannot get these molecules closer together. For simple molecules like these state chain acids, it will be cross sectional area itself of molecule. But if the same molecules are placed on an acidic solution, then because of the interaction of the electrolyte and the charge head groups, you will find that it is now not possible to bring them even as close as the geometrical area. The repulsion becomes very large and so on. So, with other molecules, the areas we see are larger like diesters we talked of. They will have much larger areas here, because it is not now a chain which is vertically oriented. It will be two polar groups which are attaching the molecule now flat. Obviously, the areas now you can get as minimum areas will be much larger. And for a different reason for complex molecules like proteins, we do not talk of per molecule now. We talk of how much area per milligram, because the molecular weight itself at times might not be known. We will see later that it is possible to infer molecular weight from measurements of the force area curve or the surface equation of state. I think I agree with Richard Feynman here with Gibbons thought that the power instruction is seldom of much efficacy except in those rare dispositions where it is superfluous. We return to the equilibrium in films. So, with insoluble films at air-water surface, we may have systems which will be so coherent that on expansion of the available area, we have these discrete islands left on water surface. And how do these islands behave? They could be solid like or they could be liquid expanded in nature. But what is in between those islands? That is the question that we raise next. You start with the monolayer, close packed and then expand the area. If you provide too large an area, you find that this breaks up into islands. Each island will have depending on the cohesion either condensed behavior or liquid expanded behavior, solid like and liquid like behavior. But is there nothing in between the islands or do we have another kind of surface state for matter which might be existing in the area between the islands? It turns out that between the islands, there is this two dimensional gases film. So, when the monolayer has been expanded, it has split up into either condensed or liquid expanded islands. And the space in between the islands is occupied by matter, surface phase which exhibits the gaseous film behavior. Now, this is the pivotal point for a discussion. We have either solid islands in equilibrium with each other through a gaseous surface film or liquid expanded islands with a two dimensional gaseous monolayer in between. Is this just a visualization or can we quantify properties associated with the two dimensional gaseous film? We look into this. Upon raising the temperature, the coherent films undergo expansion. First noted by Labrust. If we have a solid coherent film, condensed film, on raising the temperature, it melts into liquid expanded film. As you raise the temperature, we have equivalent of melting. And in condensed films of aliphatic materials, the arrangement of chains is roughly parallel as in solid acids. On raising the temperature, these parallel chains in the condensed films would transform into liquid expanded state which will be more like chains are coiled and interlocked, not exactly parallel like in solid acids. So, this is one thing you should visualize. Upon raising the temperature, we go from the parallel films parallel molecules to the interlocked coiled molecules. And they form a kind of hydrocarbon layer and below that there are the polar head groups immersed in water. So, in a sense in liquid expanded films, you see this structure of two layers. The top hydrocarbon layer where the chains are interlocked and the polar head groups which are anchored in aqueous phase below. This is what laid Langmuir to call such liquid expanded films as duplex films. The equation of state for such films we have seen already is pi minus pi s times a minus a 0 equal to kt. Liquid expanded films have this surface equation of state. What about the gaseous film? When you provide sufficient expansions, then both condensed as well as liquid expanded films which are unable to cover the entire surface remain in equilibrium with a 2D vapor film. Do we have numbers to characterize this two dimensional gaseous or vapor film? People have made measurements and we could term the surface pressures corresponding to the vapor film or the gaseous film in between islands as surface equilibrium vapor pressures. Evidently, they look small. We have some data here for tri desilic acid. The surface vapor pressure at 14 and half degree centigrade is about 0.3 dynes per centimeter. Miristic acid 0.19 dynes per centimeter. Penta desilic acid 0.11 dynes per centimeter. Pharmatic acid much lower 0.04 dynes per centimeter. All of these are a tenth or hundredth of dynes per centimeter and may appear small, but once again I remind you that properties associated with surface, phase may have small magnitudes in the 2D terms, but in translated 3D terms those become large. So, these small looking vapor pressures for the surface phase when expressed in dynes per centimeters will easily translate into several atmospheres for bulk phase. Interestingly, these bulk equivalents are not much smaller than the critical pressures of the liquid. So, we continue with this argument that we might have much gentler systems to handle in the 2 dimensional terms allowing almost similar conditions as in bulk phase terms. So, these vapor pressures are only slightly lower than the critical pressures of bulk liquids. Next we talk about this transition a little further. When we look at this transition of a monolayer from one state to another, it would depend among other things on temperature. So, temperature will of course, lead to this transition. Other factors should be the 2 dimensional pressure, the surface pressure and the third which may be less obvious to you at this point would be the extent of interaction among the polar head groups with the substrate. If we have let us say acid groups on aqueous solution, then it may be important that the pH is a relevant parameter. Depending on pH, the interaction between the polar head groups and the substrate will be a factor governing the transition of monolayer from one state to another. You may also relate this to the magnitude of A0 that we had seen in this table when we have a long chain fatty acid, stray chain fatty acid on water. A0 was lower on HCl solution that was higher. That is the result of the interaction between the polar head group and the substrate underneath. You could think of more clever things here. It is possible to think of products which might change their properties depending on the pH of the solution underneath. What might be insoluble monolayer under acidic pH could be made a soluble monolayer under alkaline pH. So, those kind of product designs are possible where the properties of the system change depending on the altered interaction between the polar head groups and the properties of the substrate underneath. So, if you look at the force area curves from experiments, the data suggests that we have separate states of matter in monolayers and these have to be regarded as separate phases which can come to equilibrium with another one another. And if that is the case then one would suspect that some kind of phase rule should be applicable. Wherever we have this phase transitions between different phases, we should have a associated phase rule. Now, there is a certain phase rule deduced by Chris which shows that if you have single component system and you have a phase transition, then there must be an invariant point similar to melting point or freezing point or boiling point. The melting point will accompany phase transition between a solid and liquid. A boiling point is the invariant point between the transition between the liquid and paper or liquid and gas. Similarly, here in a single component system, the simplest phase transition follows Chris' phase rule and there is a predicted invariant point for two surface phases when they are present in equilibrium. We call such phase transitions first kind of phase transitions, vapor to liquid or vapor to solid transitions. These are the first kind transitions. But like in bulk phases, we might have other more complex phase transitions. We will just dwell upon a couple of them. At times against area when you plot the surface pressures, you find discontinuities. And discontinuities in the pi A curves show existence of other kinds of phase transitions. Second order phase transitions now do not correspond to an invariant point, but these occur over a range of temperatures. And even higher order phase transitions are possible. These have been detected from data which show discontinuities in several things, surface incompressibilities, surface potentials or surface viscosities. And what is the reason for these higher order phase transitions? That is the next question. Is the increase in the degrees of freedom which are permitted to the hydrocarbon chains? It is a progressive increase in the degrees of freedom which leads to these higher order phase transitions over range of temperatures. But the question may crop up again. Is this only an argument or can we have a quantitative substantiation? To that end, I would present the following facts to you. The thermodynamic quantities which are associated with phase changes could be actually calculated. One could use an equation similar to Clapeyron Clausius equation which is d ln p by dt equal to delta Hv by RT square. And using this kind of relation it should be possible to calculate the heat of surface evaporation when you have a liquid expanded monolayer transforming into the 2D vapor. So, if you take the 3 acids that we talked of here earlier, tri-dacillic, meristic and pentadacillic, the surface vapor pressures are 0.3, 0.19 and 0.11 dynes per centimeter. The external data show from use of Clausius-Clapeyron kind of relation, the heat of surface evaporation to be about 2000 calories per mole, 3200 calories per mole and 9500 calories per mole. These are values which characterize the transition from liquid to vapor. So, it is possible to carry out that analogy quantitatively for phase transitions inside the surface phase. When we talked about without it like higher order system there only exists for more than one component. Those are possibilities, but you might have complex molecules which have a gradual, because of their structure they allow for gradual increase in the degrees of freedom. One component for simple system, first one first order transition and the higher order transitions could be more components and single component, but complex systems. So, these numbers are real you can have the heats of surface evaporation predicted from or deduced from experimental data on surface pressure changes. We could take this analysis to a different level. We could think of latent heat of spreading, think of let us say solid-pometic acid when it spreads on water. So, latent heat of spreading can be calculated from the temperature cohesion of spreading pressure. Just as here we have the first derivative of pressure with temperature that is the temperature cohesion. Similarly, for the surface or spreading pressures we can have the temperature cohesion and based on that we could calculate this latent heat of spreading. It turns out to be 8 kilo calories per mole for the solid-pometic acid, solid-pometic acid to the monolayer. Whereas, if you start with a liquid lens of ametic acid the latent heat of spreading is minus 4.9 kilo calories per mole. Think of these numbers solid to the monolayer 8 kilo calories per mole, the liquid lens to monolayer minus 4.9 kilo calories per mole. Difference between these values is a measure of heat of fusion of palmitic acid or we take it to another level where we look at the entropy changes. So, the corresponding entropy changes are from solid to the vapor 28.9 entropy units from liquid lens to the vapor 2D vapor minus 9.5 entropy units. What does this suggest? It suggests what is written over there. The monolayer is definitely disoriented relative to the solid, but more oriented compared to the bulk liquid. This is yet another example where a surface phase or interfacial state of matter due to a certain degree of orientation gives you properties in between the solid and the liquid. So, the monolayer of palmitic acid will be intermediate between a solid-pometic acid crystal and the liquid lens. The entropy changes also suggest that for spreading of acids the films behave as if they are immobile. The entropy of the film is accounted for by not the two-dimensional translation, but by rotation of these molecules about their long axis. That is what is the reason behind entropies which are observed. Next, go into the films of polymers. I had mentioned in passing while talking about the limiting areas for proteins or complex polymers. We talk of the limiting area in terms of meter square per milligram and I just mentioned that with some polymers we may not even know the molecular weight. The question is can we use the force area curve data for inferring molecular weight. Let me just prompt your thinking here. Both for natural as well as synthetic polymers we often observe spreading rapidly at surfaces and these films generally show cohesion. It could be intermolecular cohesion among different molecules or intramolecular cohesion that is within the molecule itself sometimes both intermolecular and intramolecular cohesion. Now if we measure the surface pressures at different areas given areas we expect it would be greater at the oil water surface compared to air water surface. Is the reason clear? Would you anticipate surface pressures to be greater at oil water interface as against air water interface? Why? May be just draw a sketch in your notebooks for a monolayer at air water and oil water surface and try to think of the force area curve. Make a rough sketch of force area curve keeping the equations in mind and therefore, within this lecture itself I referred to this point pi s right. So, when we looked at the total pressure pi s pi k plus pi s plus pi r we argued that at oil water interface pi s will be 0. Cohesion now is eliminated right and pi s is a negative part. So, it is clear that the surface pressure measured would be higher at the oil water interface for any given area clear. So, we could actually look at the data force area curves for example, hemoglobin monolayer spread on 10th of a normal aqueous HCl at an interface with air and with cyclohexane. The pi values depend on one thing the molecular weight and intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces all these will matter right. If we think of such molecules if the molecular weight is higher then it will be harder to get them out of the interface into the bulk. So, it will be more difficult to dissolve the larger molecular weight film molecules right. For many hydrocarbon residues which are oriented away from water the total energy of desorption can be very high, but is it impossible to achieve their desorption. We had seen the third factor the interaction among the film molecules and the substrate. So, even if otherwise these molecules are difficult to dissolve either on account of their molecular weight or their hydrophobic character overall hydrophobic character. It might be possible to tune the interaction with the substrate such that that desorption becomes possible. It is indeed possible to think of molecules like polyacrylic acid which are adsorbed at the surface of water. It is possible to think of desorbing them by altering the pH. If you make the water underneath alkaline then there is a lot greater electrical interaction between the head groups of polyacrylic acid and the electrolyte underneath and you can have these polymer molecules becoming soluble. In fact, this was one particular idea which we had investigated for making a new class of inks which could be made soluble by altering the interaction energy between the adsorbed molecules and the substrate underneath. We actually have equivalent of a polyacrylic acid mimicking the role of a resin in an ink giving you an ink system which could become washable using instead of water that is used in printing in offset printing. You could use alkaline dilute alkaline solutions and the inks which are otherwise hydrophobic could be rendered hydrophilic because the polyacrylic acid then reacts with hydroxide produces a salt that changes the interfacial tension in such a manner that it is possible for these surface molecules to become desorbable. Therefore, they become soluble. It is here that I would like to leave you with the last thought and we will pick up from here question of molecular weight. How do we use the data on pi versus A for monolayers which are made of polymers and we have only this pi versus A data. We do not know the molecular weight. Your task is to figure out how you could use the pi versus A data to find out what is the molecular weight of the polymer. I would like you to do this before the class on Wednesday and anyway we will resume from here. Suffice it to say here that measurements of force area occurs or surface equation of state for such monolayers can be a useful way of determining the molecular weight. You know number of ways in which molecular weights of polymers could be determined. You could use the intrinsic viscosities and so on, but here we are talking of a surface phenomenon, measurements of surface pressure versus area and the picture which is known to you how the molecules are anchored at the surface. So, treat the system to be simple vertically oriented molecules forming the monolayer and your job is to find out the molecular weight. We will take up from here next time. Thank you.


The following is a presentation of TFNN The Trader's Edge with Steve Rhodes All now toll free at 1-877-MAC-27-6648 or internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER> The Trader's Edge Now Steve Rhodes Good afternoon folks welcome to the October 7th the terrific Thursday edition of today's Trader's Edge show I'm your host Stevie Perseverance Rhodes who absolutely knows that each of us should always be pioneers of our future Versus prisoners of our past Hope everyone out there is having a great day. Hey, let's make sure we have an extraordinary one in the easiest way to do that It's always remember that life is happening for us not to us That's right when you now make that one little two-by-four shift Well means we can find the gift in every set of circumstance that life is going to toss at us Now today you and I we're going to go check on the circumstance of these markets We're going to go figure out or try to figure out what those bulls and bears what those buyers and sellers are communicating To you and I just pass one o'clock in the afternoon. I want you to i'm absolutely grateful for your presence here The more important than that and that's this during this next 60 minutes. I'm here to serve you So feel free to pick up that phone. You can dial in eight seven seven nine two seven six six four eight If you can't dial in we've got you covered go ahead send me an email send it to steve at tfnn.com Inside that subject heading if you would be kind enough to radio show question and then our tigers den any ping will do So let's go ahead and get this show started on terrific Thursday. Of course. This is tiger financial news network I'm steve roads. Welcome to lust show right now I've got all the usnc's trading to the upside thousand four ninety s and p 58 nasdaq 215 russles up 46 That's two percent. Some eyes are up over two percent as well. They're up 66 points Traddy's up just slightly 27 points to the upside. You've got that spot volatility next hovering right around a very critical level 1946 I believe is the number you've got to trade at 1939 the price does close under 1946 that would suggest that the rally that we see continues on We'll take a look as many charts as we can So let's begin. I don't by the way leading the charge dollar wise the upside you got amazon of 55 google 49 Shopify 39 restoration hardware 23 boston beer up 25 bucks to the downside Nothing gigantic turning point therapeutics is off 10 bucks at 17 percent. I guess it's gigantic for them Prelude therapeutics. Oh, it's gigantic too nine almost 10 bucks down 33 percent So I take that back joint corp is down 9 percent or eight bucks or pharmaceuticals is down five Pentecost capital group is off five as well. So let's begin the day Where do you want to begin the day? Let's begin the day really kind of like what we did yesterday Let's just look at the short term time frame chart So give me a moment to get those queued up here in my short term time frame I'm really referring to the 30 minute chart. So let's change screens here As steve tries to navigate and we should see our 30 minute time frame charts for the es Upper left upper right is going to be the nq lower left is going to be the dow And the upper lower right is going to be the russell 2000. So as we look for Patterns out here look for top or bottoming patterns. Let me just update this chart. Make sure the russell 2000. There we go That's updated. I'm just gonna Make sure everything is properly updated here So yeah, looks like it is okay. Perfect. So as we take a look at this The only actual signal we have on a 30 minute basis is coming from the nq right now And that just uh generated a uh a rosement to indicator top But price is going to need to close below 14 9 29 To suggest anything because that would just be a pullback to support And then the real level of this breakout level of support is down at 14 7 90 So that's an area to watch no reason to look at 14 7 90 just yet because price is still Really, it's right above the top of its uh, no, it's it's in between its profiles out there And so it's really the 14 9 29 level to be watching So from a 30 minute basis only the russell that we'll take a look at and so what we'll do We've got a caller on the line We'll go to our caller because we have call ahead seating here And then we will go over and probably take a look at each of our eight panel charts for the es nq So we can see what's going on for all the time frames, but in the meantime Let's go out to brent in martinez california brent. Thanks for calling. Thanks for holding. How are you? I'm doing great. Steve. How are you today? Very very good. Thanks for asking and You want to take a look at cgc? I believe and uh cgc. Is that the uh, what is that? Can it be growth? Yeah, can it be great? It is one of the one of the pot stock Yep. Yep. Okay. Perfect. So i've got it up on the screen. Uh, tell me what you're doing and how I can best help you Oh Yeah, i'm here. I'm here. I just locked my level headset on that Hey, no problem. No problem. It's kind of it's kind of took a poop on me there We're good. All is good. All is good. So you got the canopy growth training at 1368 below daily weekly and monthly profiles out there Have you spotted some type of bottom? I bought in this morning. Just I mean, I know there's nothing really necessarily specific. I think it is in bar eight on the td count I've just been watching these for a while just for a balance really more than anything Okay, all right So so Brent if it's just for a bounce then Where the bounce should run out of steam would be at about 1508 So the bottom of it's and the reason that we say that Is that when you when price closed below the bottom of a bullish structured profile and here on the daily you can see It's a bullish structured profile the top line is where sellers are the bottom line Is where buyers are and that center is where both buyers and sellers believe there's fair value So we've got more buyers lined up between 1479 and 1508 versus sellers And that's why we call that a bullish structured profile now countertrend rallies Typically will make its way up to the center of that box just as it did in canopy growth on the trading session of September 28 now it only got up to a high of 1498 and 1508 is that is that level So 1479 is probably the counter trend to move if you were going to put a advanced sell order in I probably used that 1479 area. So before we switch over to the white charts any questions about our black background charts and their profiles No, that's great. Thanks, Steve Okay, perfect. So let's pull over cgc We'll take a quick peek at the daily weekly in a 30 minute time frame out here It's on a daily basis about two trading sessions ago Brent. This generated the bottom signal That was the rogement to indicator bottoming pattern out there So that then says that now you've got the valid bottom prices above its oscillator and change lines And so it does look like 1479 to 1508 becomes a target now price could close above 1508 And then it says you're moving up to the 16 21 or 17 34 level. That's the daily time frame chart Let's see if there's any kind of bottoming signal on the weekly and the answer is there's not Other than price coming back to a breakout level and that can be an area where a stock would bottom that was at 1295 there's two real breakout levels on a weekly chart 14 10 and 12 95 The actual low this week is 12 86. So that's perfect. You've got a test and rejection of that area It just curious on a 30 minute chart. What do we have out here? So as price was bottoming a couple days ago on the daily chart So too was it on the 30 minute time frame chart? I don't really have It appears right now Brent because I don't have any kind of a topping pattern or anything out here For a 30 minute chart and it looks like price had probably had it to 11 34. I'm sorry 14 34 But we might see a pullback. We should see a pullback really to about the 13 57 about 10 cents lower And if price can bounce off of that line, that would be the bullish test you're looking for in a 30 minute basis So on the daily I can see the pattern. You've got the confirmed bottom. So I like that move this morning. Congrats on on that Anything else on these charts that you've got questions about or anything that I can help you with No, I think that's it. I was going to ask you and I can even listen off line, but Sure, just if you could go over the whole seasonality aspect, I know that there's some things you're looking at I kind of got the hint of that when you know at the top of the hour break and That's update there that that uh There's some things that you watching like the vixen other things like that It just seems like when you're laying out the scenario of certain things that could happen That I got a break coming up. So we do we do just stay stay on we'll come back to you for a quick few minutes Steve Rhodes started his trading career as a student almost 20 years ago And the student has now become the master Steve won the prestigious timer of the year award in 2018 And barely missed that mark again in 2019 finishing at number two for the year an amazing accomplishment Steve Rhodes is committed to sharing his techniques and knowledge with anyone who wants to learn And he shares his vast amount of trading knowledge every day in his mastering probability newsletter Steve's award-winning newsletter Mastering probability is delivered every trading day with updates throughout the afternoon Sign up for steve's market newsletter Mastering probability and you'll receive access to seven of steve's educational webinars Absolutely free at tfnn all our newsletters come with a 30 day money back guarantee So you have absolutely nothing to worry about visit tfnn.com and try mastering probability 30 days risk-free today tfnn educating investors What's separating you from the most successful men and women on wall street? That's right Information having all the information gives us the perspective we need to place the right trades at the right time The task profile scanner is the premier market profile based scanner Powered by its acclaimed task proprietary algorithms. 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I'll lay that out for everybody. You're welcome to either stay on the line or Listen in whichever is preferable to you So you just be on the line. Okay, perfect. Okay. Thank you So and if you've got the question so does it so does pretty much everybody else out there And so we will first begin with the seasonal cycle So folks, this is an 86 year seasonal cycle of the dow Don't pay as much attention to the dates that I've got out there Just really for a general reference category. And so what we know Is on average that the dow typically forms a bottom around the middle of october Sometimes it's right on the date, but most times it's not so that's the first thing So what we like to do is how do we determine whether or not that seasonal bottom has come in? Well, one way that we can do that is to look for patterns And so if we take a look at patterns, I'm going to put up this chart here This is our daily equity futures chart for the es many the nq the dow and the russell 2000 So just for the sake of time right now What I want to share with you is we were the the es and the es ym and russell 2000 Already had their bottoms in place. They're identified with those key levels of support. Those were Gartley buy patterns And so what we were waiting for as a confirmation that the bottom would be in is some type of bottom signal from the russell Well, yesterday was a bullish hammer candle. So it also now has a buy the d-point or a gartley buy pattern So the seasonal cycle basically should have begun to kick in yesterday Now What other elements do we need to take a look at? Well, first would be the market profiles And that's why I've got this chart up on our screen. There are new profiles informed. Yes So those are the blue dash lines right now You can see the es many is well above the top of its profile 43 87 I've drawn in small consolidation patterns because I'm trying to answer this question myself here is Is this in fact the bottom Or do we just have some large consolidation patterns out here now? We've always had this one for the russell 2000 on the right And so the question i'm posing to myself really which is why I drew these in there And now I guess I throw that out to you is the market just trading within these consolidation patterns these rectangles out here And I would say if price closes above that Then the answer is no that wasn't the case in fact price is then going to go ahead and continue to run higher And we've got that seasonal cycle bottom. So that's one element to consider Another thing to really take a look at with regard to the es many I said yes the es many is trading well above the top of its profile And you'll see that here on this chart as well The problem is where does that spot volatility index trade or close today? And I don't know the answer to that question I do know that if price is below the 50 day exponential moving average was 1946 And the es many is above the top of its profile 43 87 at a minimum That suggests making it run to the top of its potential consolidation And that's about the 44 72 level But other than the consolidation if I hadn't drawn that in here brent We would I would say you've gotten the absolute bottoming signal with the last piece of that puzzle being the spotball utility index So any questions about that so far? I guess another question I think we've talked about this before if we were to have On it being more than a 10 percent Change in the VIX and have that be below the 50 day and what which is more important to you being below the 50 day? I think it's right answer 50 it is that that's that's the more important thing As far as I'm concerned and folks the reason why I answer it that way is all you have to do is just take a look at This chart here. You can go and do this work yourself You will see that in these boxes here represent Periods where the spot follow takes is either above or below the 50 day expansion moving average green is where it's below Yellow is where it is above And so and I don't have the current pattern here drawn in but it really you know It really works as an additional confirmation tool You know, you like to have those one day rates of change below 10 percent that give in initiation signal But if you're asking me, which is that which of the two is more important? It is where price closes in relationship to that 50 day exponential moving average And I mean, I'd be guessing right now if I said it's definitely going to close below it I don't know that to be a fact at all. In fact, that's why we really need to go kind of take a look at the Short term or the just all the charts are eight panel charts for the es as an example To get a pretty decent feel now. There was one other thing. I think that you mentioned so in addition to Uh, the seasonal bottom taking place typically in october sometimes it's late september And in fact, I do believe we had late september for the es for the ym and for the russell 2000 But let's the other thing to really take a look at and consider is what are the markets doing right now? I mentioned those small consolidations But we'll really have out here as best I can tell is we have large consolidations. So right now It's almost more like 2015 Than it is like anything else. And so the question is does the being of the favorable seasonal cycle Is it going to be able to bust out of this consolidation? Now if it does the nice thing would be we would have a measured move equal to or greater than So that's another thing to consider But the other element and it's easier to see on this chart here I believe this is the chart that we can take a look at all four equity future contracts on a weekly time frame And make a determination whether or not there's been a change in trend So we'll take a look at the es many since that's more related That is related really to the spot volatility index out here And what we'll see as we open this chart out here Is that we're really looking for is changes in trend will occur when price closes below and certainly for two consecutive sessions But at least one below the bottom of those weekly profiles otherwise in the es many The bottom of the weekly profiles have been the buy the blank and dip area And that's what we've seen for really the past three weeks inside the es many So no change in trend here the only place where we might have had a change in trend Would have been the nq and as we opened up the nq chart out here We pulled this back We'll see that price closed just slightly below the bottom last week last week's closed was 14761 And the bottom of that was 14802 Well remember the two bar rule that steve you like to have out here We're seeing price regain that level and if tomorrow price closed above 14802 There is no change in trend and price came back and tested those key levels of support Where the buy the dips have occurred and now we've got the daily confirmation So brent help me interpret what I just said. What did you hear that I just said? that sounds uh basically what I you know What you've talked about this that's what would make sense to me and we'll have things to watch I mean, it's all going to play out, you know in the coming days and We'll just watch all those different things that I'm assuming we want to see if we happen to get that closed Below the 50 day on the you know on the deck you want to see a second day in a third day in a It's a continuation of that I'm assuming well, you know, yes, you'd like to uh, I think we would be so There's I would say there's there's really one more level that price needs to overcome That would then suggest that we're getting back to the top of the profiles No, look if you're if you're trying to figure out where would that best trade be It almost have to say it might be in the nq right now with regard to the price difference between where it's traded right now and the top of its profile out there, but um Yeah, would we like to have two days? Sure But in essence, that's what we're looking at to go back. I think right now We're dealing with these smaller consolidation patterns, you know in the es you're about 44 74 about 15 340 in the nq About 34906 in the dial and hey brent. I'm gonna we're gonna get cut off here by heartbreak as well So I hope that answers your questions And always good to speak. Thank you so much. I really appreciate it. Have yourself a wonderful day You too. We'll be right back post Are you having fun trading the markets? 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So my just a good my last thought uh with regard to the conversation We were just having with the Brent out there is that with so many geopolitical things going on across the world not just here in the u.s That i'm i'm inclined to believe that more likely than not we're in this consolidation period Um and not until the top of that gets uh, so that's likely where price is headed to Um, so, you know, are we going to go make new highs? Maybe we are maybe just slightly by punching through the top of the consolidation But you know, we don't really I don't I try to I try not to factor in those geopolitical events where we're just The hour with you because we're really looking at technicals and just because I can't go back on my charts And take a look at other patterns that were in play and remember exactly what was going on geopolitically You know, so does it influence? Of course it does out there But the bigger geopolitical influence is where's the global capital flowing to and really right now as we take a look at It's still here in the usa you've got the dow rate of change in us dollars You can see it also priced in euros yen and pounds out there and euros for example Yen you're up 25 percent for the year in us dollars. You're up 15 percent for the year But we're starting to pull ahead Starting to pull ahead you can compare how the u.s. Is performing to the niké which is basically flat on the year The hang saying is down 10 percent. Australia is up about 10 percent. Okay, so that's another positive in australia Kind of keeping neck and neck with the dachs out there My and the footsie is up about about the same I would prefer to see a real breakaway inside the us to really suggest to us that capital has Flown here and says we don't have that it's not that we're not the leader out here, but it's not like it's an overwhelming Uh percentage like we would expect to see or we will see if a global capital really decides to park It's that took us right here in the u.s. So this chart here says well, okay Maybe that consolidation is more likely the pattern that we're in out there and that still says plenty of inter-day opportunities So let's do this we've got a few questions that have come in and want to make sure we get to those The first one's coming in from larry and this is from yesterday actually was able to Hey larry next time if you could put radio show questions So I overlooked it yesterday and my apology for that, but I did catch it earlier this morning And what larry wants to take a look at is a r k g which is the etf Did joe mick the genomic revolution etf out here and what we can see is your question is is this a buying opportunity? That was yesterday out there So first with regard to profiles If this is only a countertrend rally larry price will find resistance at the bottom of that I'm sorry at the center of that bullish structured daily profile 74 88 If price can close above 74 80, and I'm not talking 74 89 I don't know what i'm talking about meaning I don't know what i'm talking about It's just got to be well above that 74 88 level So price can close above that then you should at least see a rally up to 78 31 not necessarily a change in trend The weekly chart shows how price pulled back to support and is held so far So it closed tomorrow above 74 16 nothing broken and really just a consolidation here too. You can see the consolidation It's it's well defined. Let's go ahead and put this in here You can see it really goes back quite a ways out here But here's that consolidation pattern right there And so you've got your battles on a weekly basis at 78 34 80 253 That's if price can clear that 74 88 Level so let's pull over the white background charts and see what signals we have the question yesterday That's when the email was sent was this a buying opportunity What we would have shared with you is that you do have a valid td9 count pattern Even yesterday's close was still above the low of bar number nine the low of the pattern which was 71 66 So you've got a valid pattern You can see there's another level of resistance that this is going to need to close above Larry which is going to be 74 35 that's its oscillator and change line So 74 35 to 74 88 is where a countertrend move would end And that's what you'd really want to be looking for So it hasn't really do you have the valid bottom? Absolutely It typically when you get a valid bottoming signal price is going to make its way up to that oscillator and change line The answer to whether it's a real bottom or not is how does price deal with that level? And in this case here because we also have that bullet structure profile We have to take that into consideration as well on the weekly time frame chart other than holding support I don't have any kind of a bottom out there and if price did fail in this area 66 96 might be the next buying opportunity on a monthly time frame I don't have any kind of a bottom signal. So just quickly on the short term What we have is a td9 count pattern this formed here at 12 30 And was at the high let me see 74 13 prior bar 74 13 and you're trading at 74 14 right now So a close Above 74 13 did it do it on last bar? No, but was right at 74 13 So larry a close above 74 13 on a 30 minute bar. This next part is not complete till 2 It's going to suggest a strong upward momentum move up into the 76 19 area And that is its td9 breakdown level. So your question was Is this a buying opportunity just depends on who you're looking for your intermediate term long term short term If it's short term right now, I'd wait for the daily to prove itself to you You know, you're talking about the difference between 74 15 and somewhere above 74 88 It's worth it to have this prove itself. So larry. I hope that helps you out with regard to a r k g Thanks for writing in and we'll look forward to your next question This next question coming in from uh david in tom ball, texas and david wants to say says well Let me see what he wants to look at scco. So we'll get that populated on the screen out here I believe that's what he wants to look at and let me read the question I'd like to ask your help and identify in a buy point for scco. Now that would set southern copper I like the price action today, but the volume appears to be light I'm concerned with the gap that was created today being filled before the stock moves higher How can that how concerned should you be with today's gap when looking to buy? So I need to get scco going on my other charts out here and here's what we know about scco And you're asking about today's gap. Would you worry about today's gap? Um Let's see It's moving into a swing point that had volume on the trading day of september 27 did 978 thousand or 650 So you're really moving into that swing point with volume. Would I be concerned that price is going to rotate back? Uh to fill that gap right now No, I wouldn't you're moving into that swing point and that really suggests david that price should make its way up To resistance, which is the top of that daily profile and that's at 60 30 At 60 93. It's the bottom of the weekly profile. So that would be your resistance zone 60 30 to 60 93 Whether or not that's worth a trade for you or not. I don't know Um, but let's go see if southern copper has any kind of a bottoming signal out here for us and as we look at it I would be hard-pressed on a daily basis to find a bottom signal out here Doesn't mean it hasn't bottom. It just means I don't have one of my bottoming patterns. I uh Just trying to see if I could I suppose there may be an a to b equal cd pattern out here So it would look like this It's a junior one But nonetheless junior or not and so that would be the a to b point I'm just going to take this and move it over here for the c to d point and so in that instance We do have so today's gap in essence, uh, david would be another confirmation of a by the d point So what that really does suggest to us is that we should see price get up to that resistance zone on the daily time frame On a weekly basis. Do we have any kind of signal out here? We don't you'll generate bar number eight today But that's not the uh, not a valid td 9 bottom just yet You would need to spike below 54 92 in order for that to occur It doesn't have to happen this week. It could happen next week or the week after out there on a monthly time frame Um, I don't have anything for you there short term on a 30 minute basis Nothing there either, uh, I mean a positive thing Which is that price did clear the resistance? It's td 9 breakdown resistance at 57 55 right now It's dealing with the next resistance level and that's at 58 86 So that's the next battleground for you But if you're asking me did in fact this, uh, bottom the answer is yes See roads with tfnn. We'll be right back Are you in the market for buying or selling real estate in the bay area? Including the surrounding st. 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That's tfnn.com and hit watch tiger tv Back folks. I uh, I just started something on on my system try to pull up some charts And it's kind of tied up right now with everything that's going on So I probably shouldn't have done that but uh, let's try to let's go to a couple questions That are in the tiger's den and we've got one more by email that's in out here And uh, the first question coming in from george and tampon george wants to take a look at uh, dkng That is draft kinks out here So we take a look at the draft kinks and hopefully my other charts here get updated quickly Here's what we can see george price right now is trying to regain the bottom of its daily profile That's at 50 06. So if price can close above that it suggests a move to 5133, which is almost where it got up to today Uh got up to a high of 5107 and then above that your next resistance level would be 52 59 So we're gaining the daily profile and and I I could You know, there's an a to b equal cd pattern out here. So there's a valid bottom Let's draw that in for you the a point out here looks like that began on september 8th The b point was the uh low on september 15th And the c point was the high end september 17th So this makes a one to two a to b equal cd the reason why we say that it makes that is Folks just look at the one to one level. Would you buy that? Of course not yet a wide-ranging bar coming through the one to one Area gets the one to one point two seven two How do you know when to buy it? You know for years I used to just buy or sell the one to one level And then when you get, you know, you're took us handed to you enough times you say, okay I've got to figure something else out and so the figuring it out was trying to was was was integrating Those patterns with bullish and bearish reversal candles and I would suggest you do the same with regard to the patterns that you use I think it will improve your trading out here. So you got that bullish reversal signal on the trading day of october the First out here. So you've got a valid bottom holding the bottom of its weekly Support is helpful. Okay. Good. Now. I can get back to my other chart. So that's good So that was that did you like that little, um, you know delay tactic out there? It was the best db could do so now let's go take a look at draft kings on the white background chart See what other signals we might have out here. So with regard to draft. Well, here we go So I'm glad we opened this up So, uh, george if you're asking where resistance is even though I gave you those profiles You can see that the oscillator and change line had changed colors And when that happens that tells us over the coming sessions We don't know how many just over the coming sessions We should see that line and price catch up to each other Well, that's already taken place today And what you don't want to see is a close below that red line Currently printed at about 5102. It's uh, I put it maybe 5133 if price continues to move up So right now even though you've got to confirm bottom resistance hasn't failed The first level of resistance that you certainly want to fail is a red oscillator and change line So when I take the long position now, I wouldn't but I mean if you're risky Trader then go ahead and step right in based upon that daily pattern on a weekly basis out here No pattern to speak of other than holding the bottom of that profile on a monthly basis No pattern really take a look at short term wise. Let's see what pops up on our screen if anything You know price struggled at the td9 breakdown level on the 30 minutes So 50 76 is another key level now on a 30 minute basis prices pulling back and testing that oscillator and change line If the test and rejects this level, you know, that would be a bullish signal But you'd still want to see a close two closes above 50 76 to suggest that drop kings wants to try to make run for the 5325 level So george, I hope that helps you out with regard to draft kings. Thanks so much for the request The second request came in from ruby and the tiger stand and ruby wanted to take a look at the russell 2000 So let's do this here. Let's uh go to this set of charts here for the russell 2000 And ruby just and I don't know what your time frame is that you're looking for But with regard to daily weekly monthly quarterly, this gives us a pretty good feel So the the russell 2000 has really been in a sideways consolidation You can see the trend lines here are also in essence showing you that sideways is consolidation Even though that would be more of a rectangle than these lines out here If you're asking me, where's russell 2000 likely going to find resistance Well, it's either going to be at the top of the daily profile ruby That's a 22 66 or look at all the trend line resistance just above that the highest level being about 22 94 23 17 if price can get through that then it gets up to the next trend line Which is probably in line with the top of the weekly profile at 23 17 23 57 is the monthly profile. So Really just consolidated and about to take on some resistance zones now What I'll do for you ruby is I'll go switch over And we'll go to my other sets of charts here for the russell 2000 just to take a quick peek And see if there's any other signals that maybe we're overlooking and this is our eight panel chart Our multi time frame chart. And so as we get this Populated on your screen the upper left is going to be the monthly time frame, which this month has held Tested and held this green oscillator and change line It's bullish. We see a td9 count top. So on a monthly base of the russell 2000 is neutral kind of neutral Really take a look at the daily base because if the consolidation out here the weekly you see the sideways consolidation So that's evident The 30 minute chart here ruby is going to or appears that it will form a td9 count Now in order for that to happen during by two o'clock you need to see price close above 22 58 You're 22 60 right now if price goes below 22 58 You will not have a td9 count bottom that would be the the short term top that would then suggest price might pull back to 22 55 or maybe 22 49 out there That is the only I take it back the 60 minute chart is in bar number eight So the russell 2000 may be getting ready to take a little bit of a breakout here A ruby remember on the td9 count the high can take place on bars eight nine or the bar following nine So the 30 minute chart could really be lined up with the 60 minute chart out there And suggest that that top might not come until about two o'clock. So maybe between one Two o'clock I take that back not two o'clock three o'clock So I'd be looking between two 30 and three out there and watching those patterns So I hope that helps you out with regard to the russell 2000 good to see in the tiger's den Thanks for the request the next request out of the tiger's den comes from john And this is really almost a follow-up to southern copper So this will be good for david who was taking a look at that southern copper position And we're going to put up our eight panel charts here for southern copper So what do we know the question was actually the question was what level this is well, let me read the question here And long copper from about october the sixth What resistance levels do you see that must be exceeded for this bounce to prove itself to you? So great question out there Let's um, I wanted to do I actually not that this eight panel chart is is not the right thing to look at We we will it's just that You see if this is it Yeah, I want to put up this this chart as well. So I kind of did things in reverse I don't want to do things in reverse. I want to do things the right way So john here is the daily weekly monthly and quarterly and of course i'm using my synthetic symbols here But that provides us with more profile information, which for steve. That's really what it's all about So the next resistance level john you'll draw this on your chart or those two little touch points the high of september 27 or maybe you won't in the high of october 1st Your price can clear that that's really the next resistance level But then you have resistance above that as well The real battle takes place between 433 and 442 that's because this is a bearish structured profile out there So, uh, that's what I see as the real zones Now i'm just looking at my other eight panel charts to see there's anything Additional here to pay attention to the only thing would be the 60 minute chart So let's switch over real quickly take a look at that before we go to the break and on the 60 minute chart Now expand this chart out What you're going to see is a td9 cone that should form on this bar right here Now this is the beauty price right up at resistance whatever the high is This bar john if you see price close above it right now that high is 426 That tells us about a strong momentum to move to the upside and that would say price should go ahead and target the 430 level Steve roge with tfnn will be right back. We've got a caller in the line. It's jeff and we're going to take a look at paypal Sharpening your skills as an investor is like getting better at playing a musical instrument You have to practice sure, but you also need excellent instruction from experts at tfnn You'll get advice and guidance from the authority and technical market analysis And it's not just dry tedious text either tfnn airs live financial content streamed live on tfnn.com and tfnn's youtube channel with tiger tv Live every market day from 8 30 a.m. To 4 p.m. Eastern for free Each host is an experienced trader and gives their take on the market while taking calls and questions live from around the world From the moment the market opens until the closing bell sounds Tiger tv has eight different shows with expert hosts to help you make the right moves with your money Watch online at tfnn.com or on tfnn's youtube channel and become the investor. 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You can call<PHONE_NUMBER> That's<PHONE_NUMBER> Don't forget you can listen to tfnn live on your mobile device 24 hours per day Go to tfnn.com and hit watch tiger tv That's tfnn.com and hit watch tiger tv Back let's go out to jeff jeff. Thanks for calling. Thanks for holding. How are you today? We have jeff. Yeah Hey jeff. How are you today? Oh, sorry. Hi steve. I'm doing well. How are you? Excellent. Thanks for asking. So we just got about a little bit less than two minutes You want to take a look at PayPal? Let me know what you're doing and how I can help you Right. So I know there's not much time. So, um, I'm looking at PayPal on the daily I see a beautiful Gartley pattern that's just getting started. I bought options I already got a 40 gain in the options But I think it's got a lot further to go and my question is like tomorrow morning Is the payroll report and I'm conflicted between cash and out taking the 40 percent gain or You know holding it through the jobs report Okay, I like taking the 40 percent gain But let me tell you the reason why I answered that so we take a look at PayPal It does have an a to b equal cd to the downside for steve In order for that pattern to complete it needs a bullish reversal candle And that's missing from this pattern out here What we do see is that yesterday price did close back above the center of its bullish structured profile in a daily chart And what price has done today? It's got right up to resistance to 268 42 If price were able to close above that on a daily basis, then I would say that your prognosis is correct It still may be correct the price hit resistance And you threw out a the jobs report maybe the market's going to respond poorly to it And that's a possibility and you've got a nice gain knowing that price hit that resistance of 268 42 And that was the reason I said hey go ahead and take that 40 percent If I look at my other charts out here just looking for anything that might suggest otherwise I just don't have a bottoming signal for the weekly nothing for the monthly Nothing for the monthly chart out here. In fact the monthly says be cautious Um Yeah, so so that's what I would do and that was that's the reason why does that make sense Uh, yes, definitely. Uh, thank you very much. Hey, you bet and a best of luck to you. Thanks for calling in Folks stay tuned. We've got two more great hours lined up for your favorite polar bear david white with the power trading hour He's up next. Tom will brine. He'll take it on home. Please join me tomorrow morning live between eight and nine We'll be recording the trader's edge. So I'll make it as pertinent as I can for the one to two show But please join us live. We'll look forward to seeing you then have a terrific day And uh, hopefully we'll see you tomorrow