Hello and welcome back to Mass-Cliché Andromeda. Last time I played through the Nexus, which is the Citadel-like base of operations for our little initiative. Unfortunately, what happened is that my sound recording software decided to go bonkers and stop recording one-third of the way through. Oh god. Fine, I will. This console reports on the malicious current Strike Team missions pathfinder. Please speak with Tyrion Candros for authorization to participate. Alright. Let's speak with Tyrion Candros. Liam. Byzel Kiosk. Whatever is this? Well obviously it allows me to buy it itself. What the what? I've got an ultra rare shotgun. Oh no. No I don't. The shop does so. It looks sweet. It's an N7 shotgun so naturally.  So this is the tempest, my personal ship. And now I'm going to the bridge for the first time. It is exciting indeed. Oh those lips. It's a very different bridge from my old ships. Well, not mine. Hey my pilots. Indeed. A pleasure to be met. It is. I'll keep this out of trouble. I'm still learning ropes. Let's motivate the crew not bum them out. Your work? You? Ah. It does nice command deck. The time system calculates everything. Very efficient. It was optimized for a pathfinder. Everything secure if you're ready. I suppose I'm ready for something this big. Well, crossing galaxies was big too, big guy. We signed on for the big stuff when we came to Andromeda. Alright. Excuse me. Excuse me. Command access is transferring successfully. Science and monitoring stations look fine. Lexi's reporting in. Helm is green. Gil reports the drive-court is online. This is it Ryder. The tempest is yours. Unless you've got something to say for the log. Well, let's see. We got this. Keep dreaming of a home with Lexi's best home. I'm gonna go ahead and be kind of silly. Things seem bad, but we've already beaten the odds. And we'll beat them again. Aw. You know it. I know it. So let's show them what we've got. So positive. Nexus control. This is the tempest. Ident 2-5-2-7. Prepping to depart.  Departure vector verified tempest. Godspeed pathfinder. Basically, what you missed in the Nexus is that a lot of people... do not... Nice map. Anyway, Nexus people don't like each other. Not at all. There have been some pretty big trouble. Humans have been exiled from the Nexus. And it's not nice. Not even a little bit. Go to Eos in the piteous system. That is my purpose. Ericsson, named for Stephen Ericsson, the writer of the Malazan books of the fallen. Of course, probably. Probably not, but that's precisely the point. Now, I think that we shall have to go straight where we are told. Oh, gosh. Is this going to be an animation? Alright, if you recommend it, I will do it. It's not like I've got the time to lollygag. Activating scanners. Let's hope this is not as awful as last time. Well, it does not look much better than the scanning in Mass Effect 2. There is to disembark the tempest. Of course I do. I would want to have a ship if one doesn't disembark it constantly. The loadout screen allows you to choose your equipment and squad mates before embarking on a mission. Charger. Let's see, assault rifles. I want my assault rifle with me. So this is the assault rifle. The Avenger. Charger. Let's go with the Predator. Now, as for mods, whatever can I put? Pistol Receiver 1. Plus 40% pistol penetration. Damage in one pistol armor penetration distance. Seems to work. Yeah, obviously. Wonder if I have anything for my assault rifle. I seem to have plenty. Plus 11% assault rifle damage. Let's put this on. Let's see. I'm going to go ahead and take a bigger cliff. Clip size. Pardon, not a cliff. What would I do with a cliff anyway? Combat Fitness 3 extra holster. Alright, so I need to unlock those. Let's see. I don't have any bonuses. Seems to have something new. Or not. Consumables. Shield capacitors. Incendiary ammo. Excellent, so nothing... I can change, eh? Liam and Coro. Confirm loadouts. Not like I've got plenty of choice right now. Indeed, new shirt. Alright. Integrating search area from Sam. Now he pulled that mystery signal through the storms. I have no idea. Multisensory noodle collision. Amazing. Factory fresh across the port. Rating up the compensators. You're already tuning the displays. We'll get a better read on this past than the Nexus had in months. Much better. Amazing. A flaming open space. They said a lot of people had their hopes pinned on us. They gave up on Eos. Is that actual character development? They expected a golden world instead. They saw their friends die. Oh, no. It's just a more cliched writing. Sorry. You okay? Well, the uncertainty ends with us. I'm cold-blooded and badass. Of course I'm okay. We've come millions of light years to die in a different place. I'm not letting the initiative down. And neither are you, soldier. The tempest checks out. We're good. Amazing. Could have dunked it.  Take us down. You have no idea how long I've wanted a pathfanger to see that. The part I'm the most upset about that you guys didn't see is actually that. You didn't get to see the interaction between me and Sam. And the progression system around the artificial intelligence. And you didn't get to understand more about our connection. Which I'm sure you'll have to find out in some way. I'm sure I will be able to oblige if I decide to make a full playthrough of this game. Which I am not at all certain that I want to do. Oh look. It's alien space trees. How do I know that? It's because they have blue things. And having blue things on something is automatically it makes it alien. Amazing. Oh more deadly storms. Whoops. New. Days ago new. Who else was here? Must have known these wouldn't last in these conditions. They didn't have a pathfinder. They do now. We'll make EOS a home. The door's getting emergency power but it's code locked. Site one issued individual security codes. Each outpost self-organizes and sets its own protocol. No such excitement. I'm looking for codes. We can't open it without codes. Yeah. What is that? I suppose so. Nope. Nothing here. Let's take the codes and go. Oh I can activate the terminal. Play audio lock. Storm came out of nowhere. Lockly tried to cover our crops. Lost his footing. His wife is still in cryo. Maybe by the time they wake her up I'll know what to say. Or you will be dead as well. This making is impossible for you to say. Editing. Let's see then. What shall we find here? Information perhaps? Someone living? I doubt it but it is possible I suppose. Everything in this whole galaxy is new. Main door had power but not the interior doors? Full functionality would require an active power relay station. That means the antenna is out of power too. The logs might tell us what's up with the power relay. Let's see. People are talking here saying that EOS isn't viable. That things aren't going like they expected. I think you should come back. What are you going to say? I didn't sign up for the initiative to stay trapped in a floating tin can. And I promise you can have your adventure. Later when they've had more time to plan for your safety. Mum told me to make sure you don't get in over your head. And that's what I'm doing. At least think about it for me. And check in more often. I've started to adopt mum's worry. I'll rendit you through the nail of my pinky finger. It's up to you whether I keep the rest of my nails intact. Love you. Yeah, if you want to read any of those you can pause in them. I'm just going to scan quickly through them. Because time is... Of the essence. Ooh. The slight horror themes in the music. Interesting. Got a partial lock but I can't turn on the antenna. Something's blocking the power. A remote lock is active. The interference originates from a nearby power relay tower. It would be really nice if I could just loot items while the conversations happen. We're not the only ones interested in what happened here. Let's check out this relay tower. Sandstorms, radiation.  Eos might have looked great back in the Milky Way. Ooh. Interesting. I believe I can build weapons with this. Hey, but up close. Things fall. Ooh, there's more. And I'm going to bet that he did. Happens to the best of us. This does. Wait a second. Did I see something? Hmm. Nope. I read this already. Silly of me. Let's see. Yay for ridiculous collectibles lying on the ground. That's what I loved about Dragon Age Origins. Oh, no, wait, I hated it. Pathfinder, that door is locked. Until power is restored, there is no way to unlock it. Or gain entry to these buildings. Oh, that warms my heart. So I suppose I should look for another way in. Will this do? Oh, there's a console. Perhaps we can do something fancy with it. I guess that ship wasn't kept then. There are people here. We thought everyone left was gone. Of course you did.  I'm here to help, of course. No, identify yourself. Hey, exactly. Leave the cat to me. I will slaughter them all. Here it is. Alright, thank you. Amazing. Where? Alright, so I am not exactly useful to reach everything with my jetpack. But I might as well try. Okay, you've got jet boots, I think. Where? That's where. Totally the wrong thing to do. Come on, lads.  I should wait for my shields to recharge. Reload. And then get going. Okay, I haven't recharged my shields yet. See, now we're doing it. Ah, yes, flamethrowers. Oh, it's a good idea. Oi, you killed my lot. Amazing. That felt really nice. Excellent. But where? Up there? Again? Alright. I should probably remove my weapon. Don't want to seem like I'm intruding in this here lot. Hey, lot. Of course I did. Word of advice, though. If that signal of yours is out past the perimeter, you'll need a ride. Is that so? Are you offering? Shuttles aren't fun in these winds. You need wheels. I think they kept a little something in storage. And who didn't take it? Didn't get around to salvaging it yet? I tried. It ain't that simple. Might be easier for a pathfinder, though. We're heading to our shuttle. Keep this up. Maybe next time we'll find more than just salvage around here. Do you buy and sell? Get to a safe location. Don't suppose you've got anything we can use. Oh, lovely. Let's see. One, I suppose I can sell lots of this junk. Please tell me there's a better way. Yeah, sell salvage. Confirm trade. Really? I have to go through this every single time. This I will keep. Any other salvage? Or was that all? I probably sold it all. Yeah. Thinking that's what I did. Crazy blue. Is that how you call me now? Is that my nickname? Indian name? Power restored. We should have access to everything in site one now. Right, Sam? Correct. Plus, I've located the source of the signal we detected in orbit. It's coming from the large alien structure just beyond site one. The structure appears almost identical to the one your father used to adjust the atmosphere on the previous planet. It's worth investigation. Maybe this time we should carry additional helmets just to be safe. It always feels like a lead. Damn right, that's worth investigating. Here, here. A warning. Radiation levels beyond the perimeter are well above acceptable limits. You cannot proceed without additional protection. All the more reason to see if that alien structure can make a difference to this planet. What is it on the alien structures all over the place? The power is restored. Underometer is liable. Visibility increases by 5%. Pistol scope. Yes, I like that. Oh, and matoc. Let's see. What kind of weapon is it? All right. Let us not equip it then. I made a slight mistake of just... All right. Wonder if I can... No. Oh, yes. Funny. I would make a joy walking on my own ship. Whoops. Wrong buttons. Special requisition. All terrain scout rover. Anomad. Six wheel drive. Jump jets. Just what you need. I might be drooling a little bit. How do I... This must be what cleans you up. The crate requires an access code from a forward state. Forward stations. Actors emergency. Resupply checkpoints. Several are currently in orbit. I can go on down. Let's find a good spot. Go down a forward station. How do I do that? I suppose I will find out soon enough. I use this blue tee. No, it's a... Four stations are all to deploy from... Yeah. It's like the forward station supplies are intact. Yeah, I can change my loadouts and loads. Let's see. All right. So I... First of all, I really want to change. Yep. Done. Second of all, let us see what this is better at. Common assault rifle. Uncommon assault rifle. 62 plus 26 damage. Slow rate of fire. Smaller clip size. And less maximum ammo. But the accuracy is greater. Sure, let's try it out. I mean, what's the point of doing stuff if we don't try them out all the time? Let's see if I can... Oh, I can actually remove mods from one item and put them in another. That is useful. Actually, I think that some extra clip size is going to be doing wonders for me. So let's go ahead and... Forward station protocol initiated. There's not much initiative. As always, you can pause and read all this if you care. And here as well. Let's see now how the vehicle controls will pan out to be. Looks like a sweet ride. Very bulky. I don't mind. Vertical thrust upgrade. Blueprint. Improved suspension. Blueprint. By the way, I'm sure there are plenty of things I could have gone ahead and checked out. I do not care. I see. So all I have to do is press the right middle mouse button. Quick. All right. That's useful to know. I may have not mentioned this. But I really hate driving sections in games like this one. Oh, this seems like something I could mine. Nothing? Nothing at all? Huh. All right.  Interesting. What's that? Yeah, I can see it as well, but I want to know what it is, not where it is. It seems interesting. This is one of the first... All right. I could interface fully with the console. Hopefully start up whatever helps the atmosphere. I could provide analysis via the scanner pathfinder. All right. Go ahead and do that.  I suppose that's the way. Yep. Whoops. Excellent. Actually, the view is really, really nice. Especially this here. Looks good. Whoops. I know that I probably won't get any falling damage, but it feels weird not to at least slow down my fall. That proved extremely hazardous. I'll give it a shot. Hello, PB. Both, or I will push you down. Easy. You've come this far. Just let it ride. Let what ride? I've been studying this tech for months. I don't know how you activated those glyphs, but you have to let them cycle through their channels. It's going to be all right. Trust me, okay? I know. Who am I?  I saw the ship swoop in.  I was beginning to think the initiative just made you guys up, so the rest of us wouldn't lose hope, but you're for real, huh? All right. Her face animations right now are actually really, really nice, and her skin just popped into the foreground, and it looks good. You think? That's amusing. Are we flirting now? Oh my God, my smile was horrifyingly sexual. Predatory even. Uh-oh. What? Where are the rest? Stabby, stabby. I just really want to shock them. All right. This weapon I really like. Oops. Long button. Nice. That felt really good. Yeah, I know. Tell us more. Well, and so you named them The Remnant. Good to meet you. You're charmingly naive, aren't you? All Remnant tech is connected. You interfaced with this monolith somehow, and now it's pinging the others. If you wake them up too, they must lead to whatever master switch might fix the radiation. Yeah, radiation is easy to fix like that. Interface with the monoliths, follow the connection to the source. Easy enough. Sure.  Here, take my nav points. I'll be... You're not coming? I actually expected you to come along. Anyway. Nice meeting you. No, already scum. Maybe this will give me another point or two. Oh, a little sandstorm dune thing. I'm a jingie.  Interesting signs in there. That almost makes me curious. What was that? Yeah, control, it goes. I should probably check to see how it works. Just to know to use it. Alright. So, not this way probably. What? A quest? I should probably go get it. Yeah, let's go. Might as well. Right then.  That's some nice acceleration, by the way. Nice. I like the controls. Feels good and meaty and serious. You wish to speak with me. Oh, no. You just want to sell meetings. Items, stuff. Let's see, where is this quest? I'm still so new to this. I'm according to my own seemingly awful abilities to find stuff in a very wrong direction. Actually. Never mind. How about now? Oh, blue blinking thing that should have given me an eye. What the? Alright. Let's open this door and see what's inside. Sorry for the little cut. Research was always key to the initiative. We'll need it here too. Alright. This is vital. This tech is how we survive in Andromeda. Ingenuity on the ground. Research, technology. These are the things I soon know about. Especially when they're on right. I wonder if this will be the case. Element 0. I remember that. From previous games. Activate. Power relay. The research station is back online. I've provided a list of weapons we can build by gathering the required components. Alright. So I just built... here, correct? Can I... remove the waypoint? Oh. There is no waypoint.  Okay, so it's activated. Question is... What exactly do I do to weapon building? Maybe here. Just... Ugh. My better thing to notice things is ridiculous research. Select research to unlock new blueprints and augments by spending research data. So that's... milky way research data. I've got 90 of that. Spend research data. Earned from scanning to unlock new weapon and armor blueprints. Also gain access to powerful augmentations. Let's see what augmentations would those be. Aerial lubricant. This is a special augmentation. You may apply one such augmentation to an item during the development process. When hovering, plus 35 rate of fire. Nice. Interesting. I like this. Quite a lot. Let's take a look at the weapons. There are many of them. A Cyclone. A Soul Trifle. Interesting. How about armor? Let's craft some armor. N7 Arms. Chest. Helmet. Oh, that looks badass. Let's... Let's make this. Level 5 and... Alright, let's start off with... It gives me 2% max shields and 3% biotic power damage. And it requires a lot of things that I do not have. But hey, I can research it. I see. So there are all kinds of different research types available. Interesting. So I've got the most hideous research data which is understandable. It's like a blueprint or augmentation. It has space to research it. Alright. So I can basically research this chest without having the requirements to build it. It's an ultra rare blueprint. So let's go ahead and do it. I'll show you how to research this project. The blueprint will be added to the development branch of the Research and Development Terminal. You can launch the development once you have gathered all of the required resources. Researching weapons or armor prints to the development screen where they can be crafted which requires plenty of resources. Oh and I've got remnant research there as well. Deck. Pardon. Let's go for weapons. Sweeper. Oh, these weapons look sweet. The particle accelerates the weapon. Mm-hmm. Continuously manage particle beam with incredible accuracy. Interesting. I don't have nearly enough though. That's alright, that's alright. Shotgun. I would love to make one. But... not enough. I have to admit, I really, really like what I'm seeing with the crafting system. Seems to have plenty of options to which you can tailor your own tests. For example, if I want laser based weapons I will obviously go the remnant way. If I want typical human-like weapons that I'm used with from past games I am obviously going to go the Milky Way Research and I've got to research the helmet. Hey! That's better. And now I can go to the development part which actually lets me build the weapons themselves. Press X to learn more about the materials required to craft each blueprint. Alright, so I've got plenty of explanation. That's alright. Interesting. So I suppose I will have to look for a lot of items if I want to find them. For example, where can I find remnant calls? Let's see if this will tell me. Acquisition these calls may be acquired by defeating remnant architects for a while and interfacing with them or by discovering them inside vaults. That... That seems like a lot of work but it does not surprise me. It is an ultra rare piece of equipment, after all. I'll just probably check out any weapons I can find on this pistol. I think I've got that one. And three. Actually, do I? I don't! And it's better than mine, I think. Let's craft it. Yeah, sounds great. Let's see if I can equip it. Somehow. Oh, and I need a lot of copper to upgrade my Nomad. That's alright. Cool. I think I even got some more items. That's nice. I even got some experience out of this whole thing. Awesome. I really like this. I like that they have dabbled down on the whole RPG mechanics around customization of your armor, weapons, consumables and so on and so forth. This makes me happy. Really, really happy. We will get back to the main quest next time. Thank you guys for watching and as always this has been surprisingly fun. Maybe. Thank you for watching. If you enjoyed my video, please like, share and subscribe. If you'd like to see more, click on one of the boxes that just appeared or that have been there all along. I don't know how this stuff works. What am I, a prophet?


Okay, it's not very often that you come across a good video game based movie. Ooh, that's a hot mug, guys! Hey guys, this is my review for Free Guy, the film starring Ryan Reynolds based on an artificial character in a video game space that becomes self-aware and starts to do good things because he wants to. This actually is a very good video game movie, and not in terms of being based off of anything. And the first thing I've got to credit this film with is that it's written by people who actually know video games and have at least played some, not a Hollywood executive who thinks he knows what video games are. Are some of the things that they grab at kind of low-hanging fruit when it comes to the streamers and whatnot that they feature in this movie? Yeah, there's streamers in this movie. I thought that was a little bit interesting. I know that some of the kids behind me got all excited when some of them appeared, especially the Irish looking one. But that's kind of the idea behind this movie is that it's loyal to what it's based on, and the tropes and the fanbases and everything that comes along with it. But it doesn't rely off of those things, and it's probably one of the reasons why I like this movie more than Ready Player One. Now for those of you who haven't seen that film or read the book, both of them heavily rely off of nostalgia and elements from many other pieces of media. And I found that without those, the story would have been bland. This one does have a bland story, and it does have video game elements in it, but it doesn't rely off of those references. And it's because it doesn't rely off of those things that the times that they are featured, these pretty clear as day references to other pieces of media, they hit well because you haven't been spoon fed them in droves throughout the entire film. And when I say the story's bland, it's something you've kind of really seen before. It's the idea of these people who want to get back at this big bag corporation for essentially sidelining them, stealing their code and kind of just sipping them. All the while they're actually being helped by an AI entity within the game they are playing that actually becomes self aware and wants to do the right thing.   Oh, I didn't see you there. Oh, wait, I'm sorry. That's exactly the script that I was talking to you about that. That's what this movie is. It's essentially it's Tron. You've never seen the classic Tron film. It's not that great. It hasn't aged well. But in terms of the tech that it had when it came out, it was pretty groundbreaking. And this movie had a pretty cool premise to it. And admittedly, Free Guy does take a lot from it. But it does have that very, very welcome cup of Ryan Reynolds. The guy is the star of this movie.  This is one of them. Is he playing a variation of his Deadpool character? I just kind of think that he's playing a variation of himself, to be honest. And I'm all for it. I love his quips. I love his interactions with the characters in this film. I love his purpose to the story. And funnily enough, too, I actually really like the side characters in this film, even though some of them are kind of just a few steps above. Stereotypes are just one-note characters. I still really enjoy them. And I even really enjoy Taika Wahidi as the villain in this film. He's the big corrupt kind of EA looking dude. I really wish now, thinking about it, that they had done some sort of Andrew Wilson joke. He's pretty enjoyable, even though he's a swarmy douchebag in the movie. You enjoy his presence in this film. And that's kind of another key of this movie, is that everything is wholesomely enjoyable. I enjoyed the laughs. I enjoyed the action scenes. I enjoyed the cameos. I enjoyed everything. I had a fairly good time throughout. While the story doesn't have exactly any strong points, it's still going on a line that is enjoyable enough that you will have a fun time watching it. The visuals are really, really cool. The fact that this movie finally came out. This movie took forever to come out. And the fact that Ryan Reynolds constantly kept joking about the fact that it was never coming out, but it was constantly being delayed by COVID was pretty funny. And it helped kind of build the awareness for this film. Either way, I was laughing throughout the entire movie. My friends had a good time. I had a good time. This movie will give you a good time. So in the end, I'm gonna give Free Guy a five out of seven. I very much enjoyed it. It was a surprise to me because I thought it was gonna be something barely above passable. But in the end, it was actually a pre-standdown movie. It's definitely one that should be seen for 2021. In the end, guys, I hope you enjoyed the review. If you did, leave a like. And if you're interested in more, subscribe. Otherwise, see you guys next time. Thanks for watching the video. My name is Nitz. And you might remember me from the animated cult classic TV show, Undergrads. It's been a while, but I'm happy to say the click is finally getting back together in an all new movie, thanks to a successful Kickstarter campaign. But we are still asking for your support. To see any and all updates about the upcoming Undergrads movie, be sure to check out and like the Bring Back Undergrads Facebook page. And with any luck, we'll see you guys soon.


On October 28, 1861, the Cherokee Nation formally issued their Declaration of Causes, the full title being Declaration by the People of the Cherokee Nation of the Causes which have impelled them to unite their fortunes with those of the Confederate States of America. The Declaration begins with a relatively honest assessment of the Cherokee situation at the time. It begins by detailing the southern roots of the Cherokee, explaining that the Cherokee Nation shares common interests with the Confederate States. Among these is the fact that the Cherokee people did legally recognize the institution of slavery and many Cherokee and other Native Americans own slaves. But as we will see, this was not the prevailing reason why the tribes allied with the Confederacy. The Declaration also mentions that following their treaties with the United States, they upheld their end of the agreement and acted as friends toward the U.S. government. Though it did not say it in the Declaration, the Cherokee Nation was surrendering claims to sizable debts owed to them by the U.S. government according to the previous treaties. But in late October, it was not clear if the United States was going to follow through with their obligations anyway. This, as we will see, was a much more significant factor in the Cherokee decision. They also acknowledged that the Cherokee people were greatly outnumbered and this put them in a vulnerable position to be overrun by either side. But neutrality was simply not an option for them. This is another point that carried a lot of weight with the tribe's decision and it also gives us more insight into the diplomacy of the Confederacy and the Union which is part of the reason why these episodes follow so naturally from the previous two episodes on British diplomacy. In many ways, the Indian nations were similar to border states. This is an oversimplification so don't put too much weight into that statement but the parallels are important. As many of Americans did own slaves, this was not the predominant reason for their joining the Confederacy. It was a factor, to be sure, but it was not the primary factor. Ford Sumter and Lincoln's call for troops didn't matter as much to the Cherokee as it did to the border states though either. But this does not mean that the Cherokee people were unaware of or unconcerned by the Union actions. In one part of the declaration, they state, quote, In the Northern states, the Cherokee people saw with alarm a violated constitution all civil liberty put in peril and all the rules of civilized warfare and the dictates of common humanity and decency unhesitatingly disregarded. In states which still adhered to the Union, a military despotism has displaced the civil power and the laws became silent amid arms. Free speech and almost free thought became a crime. The right to the writ of habeas corpus guaranteed by the Constitution disappeared at the nod of a secretary of state or a general of the lowest grade. The mandate of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was set at naught by the military power and this outrage on common right approved by a president sworn to support the Constitution. War on the largest scale was waged and the immense bodies of troops called into the field in the absence of any law warranting it under the pretense of suppressing unlawful combination of men. The humanities of war, which even barbarians respect were no longer thought worthy to be observed. Foreign mercenaries in the scum of cities and the inmates of prisons were enlisted and organized into regiments and brigades and sent into southern states to aid in subjugating a people struggling for freedom to burn, to plunder, and to commit the basest of outrages on women while the hills of an armed tyranny trot upon the necks of Maryland and Missouri and men of the highest character and position were incarcerated upon suspicion and without process of law and jails and forts and in prison ships and even women were imprisoned by the arbitrary order of a president and cabinet ministers. While the press ceased to be free the publication of newspapers was suspended and their issues seized and destroyed. The officers and men taken prisoner in battle were allowed to remain in captivity by the refusal of their government to consent to an exchange of prisoners as they had left their dead on more than one field of battle that had witnessed their defeat to be buried and their wounded to be cared for by southern hands. End quote. If you're a regular listener to this podcast you are familiar with these stories that the Cherokee Nation's Declaration of Cause is list. Some of it, no doubt, is the product of misinformation the rumors and hyperbole that spread quickly in conditions of war. But much of it was accurate. The suspension of habeas corpus was controversial even in unquestionably loyal union states. The press had been suppressed with editors imprisoned and property seized or destroyed. Some of what they cite as union crimes I have not talked about. The accusation that the union army was taking prisoners and refusing prisoner exchanges is most likely a reference to a standoff between Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis that was just starting to take place as the declaration was being signed. Only days before the declaration was signed the captured crew of a Confederate privateership were charged as pirates which means they would be treated as criminals to be executed rather than prisoners of war to be exchanged. I did briefly mention some of this controversy in the previous two episodes but not in any great detail though I will be telling that story in just a couple of episodes when I talk about the union blockade. The line accusing the union of leaving their dead and injured troops behind to be cared for by southerners was also true but somewhat disingenuous. The union army did this because they lost the battles and therefore the territory being contested. So this is all to say that the Cherokee Nation's list of grievances against the union vary in their accuracy but it still gives us a glimpse into the Cherokee Nation's view of the union's wartime actions. In the declaration they also claim that these reasons held for the other four of the so-called civilized tribes. The creeks are Muscogee, the Seminoles, the Choctaws and the Chickasaws in addition to the Cherokee themselves. The end of the declaration of causes falsely claims that the decision to ally with the Confederacy was unanimously agreed upon. If you read the declaration without any other historical context it seems simple enough but as we will find out today just as is the case with any other significant historical event the reality was far more complicated. I'm Chris Calton and this is the Mises Institute for the most historical controversies. In the previous episode we took a big step back in the chronology so that I could provide some long background on the five civilized nations. The process by which Americans came to see them as civilized which is to say anglicized and then the process of Indian removal. We will pick up the story there with a focus today on the Cherokee Nation specifically as it was the largest of the five nations and the last to join the Confederacy and this story will bring us back into the early months of the Civil War. We will also see that the decision for the Cherokee Nation to ally with the Confederacy was not as simple as their declaration makes it seem or as simple as the isolated pieces of trivia most people get about the Cherokee in the Civil War if they know about this at all. We left off in the previous episode with the removal of the Indians from their ancestral lands in the southeastern region of the United States to west of the Mississippi River. This was done by offering treaties between the Indian nations or even factions within those nations and the treaties were superficially voluntary but in reality the tribal chiefs who agreed to sign them only did so because they knew if they didn't they would be forced off their land anyway. The controversy over these treaties divided the nations between the pragmatists who believed that if they signed the treaty there was at least the possibility that the US government would uphold its end to the bargain and the Indians who refused to give up the land of their ancestors for the pragmatists of course they weren't naive enough to have any real faith in the US government after all they already had previous treaties that guaranteed them the land they were now being removed from so this really was a case of low probability compared to no chance at all. Also, and this is where the pragmatists who signed the treaties most immediately were vindicated if they did not resist they would be able to take the time to gather their belongings and supplies that would help them survive the trip and settle when it was completed. When the holdouts were finally forced off their land the removal process would claim many lives as they would be forced out of their homes with little more than the shirts on their backs. Even those who were lucky enough to survive the forced migration faced the hardship of settling unclear to lands with no supplies as the US government had promised to provide them supplies to help them settle but unsurprisingly failed to keep that promise. Although this was all done in the 1830s the tribal divisions it would create and the hostility toward the US government it would foster would play a role in the decisions the civilized nations would make in the civil war. In both the case of the factional divisions and the hardship of removal the Cherokee experience is the most famous. Just as with the other Indian nations the Cherokee nation had treaties in place that guaranteed the security of their territories from encroachment by white settlers and just like the other nations as the population of the United States grew more US citizens started moving into their territories. In 1829 when gold was discovered and part of the Cherokee land in Georgia the move into their territory rapidly increased. Only the year before this the state of Georgia which had been urging the forced removal of the Cherokee from Georgia for most of the decade already passed a series of laws that redefined much of the Cherokee territory in Georgia as being part of various counties. This basically meant that the state of Georgia was defining the territorial boundaries of the federal treaty. The law basically rejected the sovereignty of the Cherokee nation in these territories so they couldn't pass and enforce their own laws. The case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia went to the Supreme Court where Chief Justice John Marshall issued an opinion that the court did not have jurisdiction to come to a decision but it did stipulate that the Cherokee nation was a domestic dependent nation rather than a sovereign foreign power. So here we had an interesting dilemma that can be somewhat confusing if you only have the bullet point details. Georgia wanted the Cherokee out of their state but the Cherokee Nation had a treaty with the U.S. federal government guaranteeing their sovereignty in stipulated territories. The state of Georgia passed a laws that essentially assumed legal jurisdiction over the Cherokee territory in Georgia and then they passed a laws that protected the Cherokee nation from unlicensed white settlement on these lands. This last point on the surface might look like the state of Georgia was actually upholding the terms of the treaty. The problem, of course, was that the state of Georgia claimed the authority to decide who could and could not legally live in Cherokee territory rather than this being decided by the Cherokee's own government. So a missionary, Samuel Warchester, who was actually a defender of Cherokee sovereignty was convicted of illegally living in Cherokee territory and sentenced to hard labor but he was working with Cherokee leaders and even helped set up their first Native American newspaper. So it's easy to look at this and think that the state of Georgia was actually trying to honor the Cherokee agreement with the United States but the overarching issue of territorial boundaries was being combated on the grounds of legal jurisdiction and Cherokee sovereignty. Warchester took his case to the Supreme Court which ruled in Warchester's favor and in the case of Warchester v. Georgia John Marshall actually issued an opinion that overturned his own previous opinion in the case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. This time he ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a sovereign foreign power and therefore any laws passed in relation to it were the exclusive jurisdiction of the National Congress. Thus the law that required licenses to permit settlement on Cherokee land was overturned. Andrew Jackson who was president at the time of this ruling was not pleased with it as he was a champion of Indian removal and the Indian Removal Act of 1830. In a private letter he complained that the Supreme Court could not quote coerce Georgia to yield to its mandate end quote. This is actually the source of the well-known fake quote by Andrew Jackson where he supposedly said Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it. Although he never actually said this famous line it does seem to be implied in his private letter commenting on the case. So the victory of Georgia amounted to nothing since the federal government was determined to see the Cherokee removed from the southeastern territory anyway. The Georgia laws that started this series of disputes came the same year that the Scottish Cherokee John Ross became principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. Ross was actually only one eighth Cherokee but he was highly patriotic toward his Cherokee heritage and he led the resistance to removal. He delayed the negotiations with the federal government by demanding $20 million for the lands which he knew was more than the government could pay at this time. It's hard to imagine a time when $20 million wasn't just a minor accounting error for a single bureaucracy of the federal government but in the 1830s we actually had a government that couldn't drop $20 million that easily. So John Ross led the faction of Cherokee resistance but just as with the other nations a faction of pragmatists emerged arguing that it was safer to just move west to avoid being abruptly forced out. This faction, called the Treaty Party, was led by Major Ridge and his son John Ridge, Elias Boudinot, who was the primary person working with Samuel Warchester to start the Cherokee newspaper and fight the Georgia licensing laws, and Boudinot's brother, Stan Wadey. They wanted to reunite with their members who had long before moved to what is now Oklahoma. Because the Treaty Party was more open to agreement the federal government started ignoring John Ross altogether and conducted negotiations with the Treaty Party leaders. They came up with the Treaty of New Achota in 1835 in which the government paid $5 million in exchange for the Cherokee lands in the east as well as covering the cost of migration and resettlement. Over the next two years the Treaty Party members moved west. But John Ross and his followers stood firm. They refused to accept the Treaty of New Achota as legitimate. The people who signed the treaty were self-appointed leaders and they had the lands of the entire Cherokee nation. But the federal government didn't care. They had their treaty and this was enough of a pretext to force the rest of the Cherokee off their land. The forced westward migration was known among the Cherokee as the trail where they cried. Or, more common in modern parlance, the trail of tears. One soldier who was sent to round up the Cherokee holdouts left an account of what he witnessed. I saw helpless Cherokee arrested and dragged from their homes and driven by bayonet into the stockades. And in the chill of a drizzling rain on an October morning I saw them loaded like cattle or sheep into 645 wagons and started toward the west. End quote. The army private who left this account, Private John Burnett was more sympathetic toward the Cherokee than some of his comrades in arms who participated in the looting of Cherokee homes. In Little Rock, Arkansas during one stop on the journey, Burnett stayed with John Ross's wife as she died of pneumonia and helped to bury her the next day. Like the other thousands of Cherokee who died during the move, she was hastily buried in a shallow grave. Out of the 18,000 Cherokees who were forced west, as many as 4,000 died along the way. In 1838, when those who survived the trail of tears started to settle on their new land, bitterness over the Treaty of New Achota was running high. The Treaty Party had already settled near the old settlers, as the Cherokee who had moved west years earlier were called. And when the John Ross faction finally showed up, the old settlers welcomed their brethren to the new territory. But John Ross immediately assumed his position as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. This was offensive to the old settlers who actually already had their own independent government and did not believe they were subject to Ross's authority. Additionally, most of the original posts were his followers who blamed the Treaty Party leaders, the Ridges, Boudinot, and Standwaiti, for everything they suffered on the trail of tears. And retribution for selling out their people as the Ross faction saw it, some of Ross's people tried to assassinate the Treaty Party leaders. On June 22nd, 1839, Major Ridge and his son John, along with Elias Boudinot, were assassinated for the crime of violating the Cherokee law against the sale of tribal lands. Nobody knows who the assassins were or if they were working independently or under deliberate instruction, but the targeted victims make it clear that this was a factional dispute. Standwaiti was also targeted, but the attack on his brother came first, giving him a warning. After taking a look at Boudinot's mutilated corpse, Waiti took off and was able to escape assassination, leaving him the sole leader of the Treaty Party faction and the primary political rival to John Ross. With this, the Cherokee nation was more divided than ever before, and over the course of the next few years, at least 34 retaliatory killings took place until the two factions finally reached a peace agreement in 1846. John Ross maintained his position as principal chief, but although this put a stop to the violence, loyalty was still divided between those who sided with Ross and those who sided with Standwaiti, and animosity would simmer over the next decade and a half where it would be given a new outlet in the onset of the Civil War. Over the course of the 1850s, the Indian nations recovered after the difficult resettlement, and although they were somewhat removed from the sectional divisions that were erupting in the decade prior to the Civil War, they weren't all completely unaware of it. The wealthier slave owning Native Americans were more likely to stay apprised of the conflicts, not just because they had a vested interest in slavery themselves, but because upsets in the East could hurt their businesses were part of trade networks with the rest of the country. But just like with the rest of the country, the issue of slavery in the Indian nations was more complicated than we'd like to see it. On the one hand, there were definitely other factors that motivated decisions regarding the sectional conflict in slavery, but slavery was still an important element as well. John Ross was himself a slave owner, but during the 1850s, he was trying to keep the Cherokee Nation neutral in the hostilities. Some other slave Cherokees thought they should immediately align with the southern states whose political leaders were defending the institution, but most of these pro-southern slave holding Cherokee were also part of the treaty party faction that hadn't been a big fan of John Ross for more than a decade now. As anti-slavery sentiment grew in the East, missionaries to the Indian territories also became increasingly anti-slavery. This wasn't universal of course, there were religious defenses of slavery offered to the religious defenses of abolition, and it wasn't uncommon for missionaries in the Indian territory to hire rental slaves to work for them while they were there, but in the 1850s the presence of anti-slavery missionaries increased. The southern Baptist convention decided in 1855 to respond to this by sending pro-slavery missionaries to the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Muscogee nations. This increased the tension in the Indian territories as the anti-slavery and pro-slavery Christian missionaries were bringing with them the sectional hostilities of the states. An abolitionist missionary in the Cherokee nation, Evan Jones, worked predominantly with John Ross and his followers. Even though Ross himself owned slaves, most of his followers moved from a position of neutrality on slavery to opposition to both the institution and the pro-southern Cherokees. Most of Ross's followers were full-blooded Cherokee and weren't fond of having leadership positions granted to mixed blood Cherokees. So John Ross is now finding himself in an uncomfortable position as the formal leader of the Cherokee nation, where he is a slave owner of mixed ancestry whose supporters are predominantly full-blooded anti-slavery Cherokees. Evan Jones and the full-blooded started the Ketuwa Society which was focused on preserving traditional Cherokee society. Additionally, one of the members of the Ketuwa was a Cherokee named Casca New, a name I'm probably butchering, who controlled the Cherokee light horse. The light horsemen were kind of like the vigilance committees of California. They were formed to protect people and property, predominantly from horse raids by the so-called wild Indians who stole horses and cattle from the civilized nations. So this was essentially a private police force and it was headed by a Ketuwa. But along with the missionaries, another group found their way into the Cherokee territory, the Knights of the Golden Circle. As regular listeners will know from previous episodes, the Knights of the Golden Circle were pro-slavery Southern expansionists who, after Lincoln's election, would energetically agitate for secession. In the Cherokee nation, they found allies among the pro-Southern slave-holding Cherokee who largely supported Stand Waiti. And many of these Waiti supporters joined the Knights specifically for the purpose of countering the power of Casca New and his light horsemen. With this new outlet for the long-standing factional division of the Cherokee people, the Ketuwa started to more openly embrace the pro-Northern anti-slavery position. Ketuwa society members started to wear cross-shaped pins under the lapels of their coats so they could easily identify each other. They began to be referred to as the Pin Indians. They outnumbered the Cherokees in the Knights of the Golden Circle and by the 1860s, they dominated both houses of the Cherokee legislature. Even though they were generally hostile to slavery and mixed blood of political leaders, they supported John Ross because of his position on neutrality towards the sectional crisis. But this is essentially how the sectional problems in the rest of the United States reawakened the divisions in the Cherokee nation, which had always been simmering below the surface anyway and set the stage for inter-tribal violence even before the Civil War. It also shows that shortly before the war itself, the people in positions of power in the Cherokee nation desired neutrality, but were clearly leaning in favor of the North. Adding fuel to the fire in the increasingly tense Cherokee nation was Kansas. Part of the territory that was granted to the Cherokee people in the Treaty of New Achota overlapped with the southeastern corner of Kansas, which meant it also shared a border with Missouri. This means that the Kansas-Missouri border war was taking place in areas in which white settlers were not supposed to legally be able to move in the first place, though as with Georgia, this legal guarantee amounted to very little. This meant that Cherokee territories were subject to raids by both pro-Slavery Bushwhackers and the anti-Slavery Jayhawkers, and this meant that the pro and anti-Slavery factions of Cherokee grew further divided. With 1860 election, Cherokee leaders had bigger concerns than the slavery question, though. Even though the Treaty of New Achota guaranteed them their new lands permanently, they were not naive enough to believe that a change in administration could not have been a reneg on agreements made by previous administrations. There were already federal officials who were writing official reports about the plentiful resources in the Indian lands and advocating that the federal government step in not to confiscate the land, but to divide it up between individual Indian citizens, which would be the basis for later Indian treaties in which the government allotted a specific acreage of Indian territory to individual families, but in a way that the United States claimed as its own, so it was a roundabout means of seizing desirable Indian land. This would not take place until after the war, but the idea was already floating around prior to the election of 1860, and Cherokee leaders were reasonably concerned about it. But the issue of Native American land was not really a matter of stark party differences. The proponents of these earlier ideas to take the western Indian lands were predominantly pro-slavery Southerners, but the Republican party wasn't exactly much different on the matter. During the election, William Seward gave a speech in Chicago that was blunter than most about the desire for the Indian territories. He said, quote, the Indian territory south of Kansas must be vacated by the Indians, end quote. Apparently motivated by this speech, squatters in the Cherokee Kansas territory started to more openly direct their violence against the Cherokee there, but it also meant that once Lincoln was elected and Seward was named Secretary of State, the Cherokee leaders had plenty of reason not to trust the Lincoln administration. Even as most of the Cherokees in power tended to favor the North in the sectional dispute. After all, the same Cherokees who tended to be more pro-Northern and anti-slavery were also generally the same who made up the anti-removal faction in the 1830s, and therefore actually suffered through the Trail of Tears an experience they did not want to repeat. This clearly was a far bigger issue for the Cherokee people than slavery. When the war finally erupted in April the five nations were paying close attention to the goings on in the east knowing that the outcome of the conflict would undoubtedly affect them greatly. Both the Confederacy and the Union had reason to recruit the Indians as their allies. They had livestock that translated into food, leather, and horses that both militaries would need in great supply. Parts of the Indian territories had supplies of lead that would be in high demand for ammunition, as well as salt to preserve meat. But the Indians were also capable in battle. Because the civilized nations had to fend off raids from other Indian tribes, they already had organized and experienced combat units. Factions of Seminoles had held out against attempts at removal until as late as 1859, and their fighting there had led to stories about the legendary fighting abilities of the Native Americans. In Arkansas, estimates of the combat capable Indians in the west were as high as 25,000. So if one side gained the Indian nation their allies, it could very well be the difference in the war, especially when you consider this in the context of the summer of 1861 when nobody was able to conceive how long and how expansive the war would actually prove to be. As soon as the war began, people from government envoys to Christian missionaries were trying to secure the loyalty of the Indians for one side or the other. But the Indian nations themselves weren't sure the best course to take. At the beginning of 1861, on January 5th, the Chickasaw Government proposed a union of the five nations in order to protect their shared interests. But the differences between the five nations seemed to have outweighed their shared interests, particularly in regards to slavery. The Choctaw and Muskogee Nation actually passed harsh black codes in their territories that stipulated that the free blacks living there, often former slaves who had purchased their freedom from their Indian owners, had to get rid of everything they owned and claim a master by March 10th, 1861. If any free black person failed to do this, they would be arrested and sold into slavery. So the law basically stipulated that blacks in these territories could either pick their new owner or an owner would be imposed on them. But there would be no such thing as free black citizens and the Choctaw or Muskogee Nation. Even the most extreme southern states never passed a policy this harsh. Most of the Indian territory shared closer proximity to southern states and the Indians there had more roots in southern culture since this is where they came from prior to moving west. With this and the slavery issue, there was a lot of reason to side with the Confederacy. However counteracting this were the treaties with the Union government that entitled the nations to annual funds which the United States had been honoring. Joining the Confederacy meant releasing the United States from that obligation and if the Confederacy lost the war they'd probably end up losing a great deal more than this money. But between the two sides, the Confederacy was willing to make themselves attractive to the five nations than the Union. When the war started troops were called out from the various forts in the west that served to protect the five nations from other tribes of Indians who raided their settlements and stole their livestock. The decision to move the troops from these forts was reasonable from the perspective of the Union. These forts were in Confederate territories and they were not well defended enough to hold off the secessionists who immediately took to seizing federal properties. The Union was trying to mobilize troops to protect Washington D.C. and they needed every man they could get. But the Indian nations the removal of troops from the forts left them vulnerable and was seen as a violation of their treaties regardless of the extenuating circumstances. If the treaties were violated in this way there was no reason to believe that it could not extend to the failure to pay the yearly entitlements as well. So the reasons to stay with the Union were falling apart pretty quickly. With Confederates from Arkansas and Texas making their way to Indian territory, the decision to join the Confederacy was also seen as a matter of self-preservation. The Indian nations certainly did not have the strength and numbers to defend against the Confederacy so neutrality was a bigger risk than siding with the South. The Chickasaws were the first to declare independence from the United States doing so on May 25th. They cited the withdrawal of federal troops from the forts as their justification for doing so. The Choctaw Nation followed suit on June 10th. Their justification echoed the sentiments of the Declaration of Independence but in 1865 one of the pro-union political leaders of the time said that the decision was really motivated by the inability to defend themselves against Confederates if they were attacked. Essentially then the Choctaw Nation was motivated by the same forces as the Chickasaws. The Muscogee were not much different except that when they separated from the U.S. they also cited the lack of any statement from Washington about the policy toward the Indian nations and their annuities for 1860 they had not yet been paid with the justification that they were worried the annuities would be taken by the Confederacy. This was the only major factor that kept Indian interests attached to the union. However many Muscogee leaders including many who owned slaves believed that neutrality would be the best policy rather than an alliance with the Confederacy. But the Confederacy sent two officers, Albert Pike who has recently appointed the Confederate Commissioner to the Indian Territory Nations and Brigadier General Ben McCulloch to negotiate an alliance. You may remember McCulloch and Pike from the episodes on the operations to control Missouri as they played a role there in assisting the secessionists. But here McCulloch seemed like an odd pick to send to deal with the Indians as he had previously been a key figure in defeating the Comanches in Texas. Although the five nations would not see themselves as being the same people as the Comanches McCulloch, like many people at the time saw Indians as all basically one group of people. In his famous diary Mary Chestnut even commented on a visit from McCulloch saying quote, how he hated the Indians. But regardless the pair were successful in negotiating new Confederate treaties with the Indians. The new treaties promised Confederate annexation of the Indian Territories guaranteed protection of slavery, the construction of military posts, roads, railroads, telegraph lines and a postal service. They agreed to take over the payments of annuities promised by the US government and they also promised to allow the Indians to have congressional representation in the Confederate national government. In exchange the Indian nations would raise and equip troops for the Confederate army. These treaties were drafted for all five nations even though not all of them were immediately ready to sign them. After the Chickasaws, Choctaws and Muscogee joined the Confederacy the Seminole nation came next. I mentioned in the last episode that the Seminole were an offshoot of the Muscogee but they tended to be more anti-slavery of the five nations. Many of them now spoke against a Confederate alliance but other Seminoles were compelled by the same motivations that led the other three nations to join the Confederacy. The result here was factionalism in which one group of Seminoles joined the Confederates and the other decided to try and uphold the treaty with the United States while maintaining neutrality in the war. But with four nations now secured for the Confederacy, not counting the faction of Seminoles that made up a pretty small percentage of the total population of the five nations, the Cherokee Nation, the largest of the five, was the only one still taking a position of neutrality. The factions from the 1830s were still the basis for division in 1861 with John Ross advocating neutrality and Stan Weidy leading the push for a Confederate alliance. By June, the Weidy faction seemed determined to ally with the Confederacy with or without the John Ross faction. Pike and McCulloch met with John Ross in July and tried to convince him to join them. Ross still refused to abandon neutrality and because the government was dominated by the Kituwa who generally held more opposition to the South and slavery, the Weidy faction was not powerful enough to speak for the Cherokee Nation the way it did when it signed the Treaty of New Achota in 1835. Still, Weidy accepted an officer's commission in the Confederate army and agreed to lead 300 Cherokee volunteers for the Confederate military, something that brought the Cherokee factions to the brink of violence. With factional violence looming within his tribe, John Ross wanted to make sure that tribal unity took priority over everything else. This meant that at this point he was likely willing to ally with any side if it meant keeping the tribe unified. Kind of how with the outset of the war Abraham Lincoln said that he was willing to enslavery, guarantee slavery, or ended in some places while keeping it in others as long as the given policy kept the union from dissolving, John Ross would have been happy to ally with the Confederacy, the Union, or maintain neutrality for the unity of his nation. But just as Abraham Lincoln found out there was no position that would satisfy all sides. But as July moved into August, the Cherokee Nation learned about the terrible union defeats at Bull Run in Wilson's Creek. This changed the question of who to ally with, if anybody. After these two significant defeats, the Confederacy looked to be winning a war that everybody had been certain would be very quick. If you are confident about who is going to win the war, it is in your self-interest to side with the apparent victor in order to stay in their good graces after the war is over. This was the logic that John Ross was toying with by mid-August. Apparently he wasn't alone in this line of thinking as Standwaiti was gaining even more volunteers for Cherokee Confederates. This meant that rather than a Cherokee victory putting a neutral Cherokee Nation in bad standing with the victorious government, a Confederate victory that was aided by the Standwaiti faction of Cherokees might mean Confederate help in deposing John Ross as principal chief. To be perfectly clear, we don't know exactly what was going through John Ross's head at this moment, but these are factors that historians have pointed to and attempts to explain John Ross's decision based on incentive structures, since we don't exactly have records of his private thoughts. But whether his intentions were motivated by a patriotic concern for his nation, a selfish concern for his political position, a combination of two or something different entirely, John Ross called a public council meeting on August 20 and gave a speech that apparently was ambiguous enough that half the attendees thought they were going to join the Confederacy while the other half thought he was planning to maintain neutrality. But Ross's aim was indeed to ally with the Confederacy. The next day on August 21, the council met again and Ross gave another speech calling for the Cherokee people to unite around their government. Unity was, at least in this speech, John Ross's greatest concern. He appealed to his Kituwa supporters who valued Cherokee traditions on the grounds that Tribal Unity was one of the core traditional values of the Cherokee people. Even with this meeting, many of the Ross factions still seemed uncertain about what Ross was calling for, which was a Confederate alliance. The stand, weighty factions seemed less confused, but even though Ross was giving into their policy preferences, some of them were upset that this would help protect Ross from being replaced by weighty. Two of weighty's followers sent him a letter about Ross's meeting, complaining that the public council quote, in reality tied up our hands and shut our mouths and put the destiny and everything connected with the nation and the hands of the executive. The pins, the Kituwa, already have more power than we can bear, end quote. So tribal politics were still very much a concern, and at least in the eyes of Ross's opposition, Ross had simply convinced the legislature to put more power into the hands of the executive. But on August 21st, 1861, the same day that Ross gave his second speech calling for unity, the Cherokee nation issued its declaration of causes that I opened the episode with. With this, the Cherokee nation became the last of the five civilized tribes to join the Confederacy, but the decision was not an easy one and it was not without controversy. For the civilized nations, we are probably best viewing them as similar to the states, like Tennessee or Virginia or Missouri, where loyalty was divided in the actions of the official government was not enough to convince many citizens to fall in line. And the fact that even with all five nations officially joining the Confederacy, there were still many Indians who were loyal to the Union, so that the early battles fought in the Indian territory were waged between pro-Union Indians and pro-Confederate Indians. This short campaign is known as the Trail of Blood on Ice and it will be the topic of the next episode. Historical Controversies is a production of the Ludwig von Mises Institute. If you would like to support the show, please subscribe on iTunes, Google Play or Stitcher and leave a positive review. You can also support the show financially by donating at Mises.org slash SupportHC. If you would like to explore the rest of our content, please visit Mises.org. That's M-I-S-E-S dot O-R-G.


Fellow St. Lucian's, blessings of the Holy Spirit upon you and your family during this time of joy and reflection. Our government continues to reach out to all sectors of our society to encourage personal, family and community responsibility to slow the spread of COVID-19. We encourage all to be even more vigilant this Christmas season with the threat of the new Omicron variant. We also recognize that during this difficult time, some long-held traditions will have to be curtailed or greatly reduced. This will continue to cause dislocation of families and the community in general. There have been many calls, however, by members of the community, businesses, workers and worshipers at our various churches to allow some more time for worship and gatherings within the specific established protocols. The Prime Minister, members of the COVID-19 Management Center and other officials of government have met with representatives of many of these organizations and the concerns of the health officials, community leaders and also leaders of these various community organizations have been expressed. The Cabinet took all factors into consideration and decided to adjust the times within the protocols to allow more time for the approved gatherings and religious services. The following changes have been made. On Saturday 25th at 1am, Christmas Day at 10pm, Sunday 26th December at 6pm, Monday 27th December at 6pm, Tuesday 28th December, Wednesday 29th December and Thursday 30th December at 10pm, all these times are adjusted in the protocols so that Saint Lucians can be at home at these times to avoid the spread of COVID-19. On Saturday 1st January 1am and the evening of New Year's Day at 10pm, Sunday 2nd January at 6pm and Monday the 3rd of January at 6pm, Tuesday 4th of January at 10pm, Sunday 9th of January 5pm, Monday the 10th of January to Friday the 14th of January at 10pm to 4am, all of these announced times are adjusted in the protocols so that Saint Lucians can be at home and remaining with family to avoid the spread of COVID-19. We intend to continue to work with you to keep our country safe. This is a very difficult time for all of us. All of us would love to be with our friends and our relatives at all times of the evening but we encourage you to continue to make this little sacrifice so that in January, February and the other months in 2022, we can say that we have kept COVID-19 at bay. I wish you well. Thanks to all who continue to be in the battle to keep COVID-19 out of our homes and our communities. Thanks to you for your sacrifices and thanks to all of the people of Saint Lucia. We can do this. Let us do it together and with the adjusted protocols, let us be responsible and let us use the adjusted time for the purposes which they were requested for. Thanks very much. Have a peaceful Christmas and a wonderful 2022. I thank you.


Overdose deaths in BC are now the leading cause of death among young people. More than suicide, motor vehicle accidents, and homicide combined. There are three to four people dying every day. Most of these deaths could have been prevented with just a few simple steps. First, if you know someone who uses drugs, let them know there are naloxone kits, like this one. They can help reverse the effects of an overdose. These kits save lives in BC every day. Next, make sure you know how to respond. Learn the save me steps. Stimulate someone who's passed out or unresponsive. Wake them up. If you can't, call 911 right away. Open their airway so they can breathe. Ventilate them by giving them rescue breaths every five seconds. Evaluate what's going on. Are they getting better or worse? Give them an injection of naloxone into a large muscle like their thigh. But again, are they recovering? Do they need another injection? Finally, and most importantly, be there for them afterwards, without judgment, shame, or blame. Support them in finding a pathway to hope and healing when they are ready. We can all be a part of the solution.


Hey everybody, Dr. O. In this video I actually want to talk about coronary circulation but I more want to talk about what happens when it gets disrupted and we'll look at what are called myocardial infarctions or heart attacks. So here you see the coronary blood supply, don't make a big deal out of memorizing the individual blood vessel names here. You can see that your two coronary arteries there, they're the first branch off the aorta. So as the heart pumps blood, the first thing it does is it takes some for itself. And the coronary arteries are going to then, they're going to bathe the entire heart with oxygen rich blood so that the heart muscle cells continue to work, right? That it takes tons of energy to contract 3.2 billion times in your lifetime. And then once the blood has been used, it's going to be the cardiac veins that are going to carry the blood back and that blood will drain into the coronary sinus and then it's going to drain back into the right atrium so that you see the heart has its own circulatory system. But what I really want to talk about is what happens when this system breaks down. So here we see a couple of blockages in some of the arteries of the heart. That can lead to a myocardial infarction, which people call heart attacks. So a heart attack is going to be when you have a lack of blood flow, which is called ischemia or a lack of oxygen, hypoxia, usually both, right? Because the blood is carrying oxygen. And then if you don't get this dealt with quick enough, this lack of oxygen is going to lead to tissue death. The sections of the heart will die because of this lack of blood flow. So the two main causes of a myocardial infarction would be just a narrowed and then blocked artery because of a buildup of a atherosclerotic plaque. Plaque is going to be like, it's going to have lipids in it, cholesterol in it, like macrophages, some other white blood cells in it, these types of things. So you can have a narrowing of the artery that can slowly become blocked or, and I think this happens more often, it can be when a piece of plaque, actually let me go ahead and show you one. So here we have a plaque that's forming in an artery. Now that can slowly narrow and narrow to the point where it can become completely blocked. That can absolutely happen. But I think what happens more often is unstable plaques are going to break free and then they will lodge in an artery in your heart causing a myocardial infarction or heart attack, or they can lodge in the brain and cause a stroke. We're not talking about that here, but this is what a plaque looked like. So, so all of us have plaque forming in our blood vessels, but the stability of the plaque is what matters. And that's a topic that we cover in other classes like nutrition. But so those are the plaques. So this slow narrowing can lead to a myocardial infarction or an abrupt incident can occur when one of these plaques breaks free. So what do we do? Let's go back and look at some of these blockages so they can go in and do angioplasty. They snake up through one of your blood vessels and use a balloon to kind of smash the plaque up against the blood vessel walls. And then they usually put a stent in there, some of the stents even going to have drugs in them. It's pretty cool. You know, if you, if you are having a myocardial infarction, it's very important, but it doesn't seem to help anybody actually live any longer, you know, lowering your cholesterol and dietary changes. These are the kind of things that hopefully will, will extend life. If an angioplasty isn't the right way to go, they can do a coronary bypass where they will actually, they'll replace, they'll take a replacement vessel and graft it in to try to form a new highway around these blockages. So almost, almost a detour, so that's something that can happen as well. All right. So I just wanted to talk about, I don't really, I don't care about the individual names of the coronary arteries, but I just wanted to talk about why they're important because if they stop working, that leads to a myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction. Last thing here, you know, myocardial infarction can trigger a cardiac arrest where the heart stops beating, but it doesn't actually have to. It does a lot though. Okay. Is that just some interesting facts there about, about myocardial infarction? Actually, let's talk about one more thing. Let's talk about some of the symptoms some of them would be having if they were, if they were having a heart attack. So the reason I want to talk about this is because there's lots of symptoms and there's a couple reasons that this is important. Number one, symptoms are not always the same in men and women. So when you think of, when you think about heart attack, usually think about pressure in the chest, maybe pain behind the sternum, some of this pain radiating down the left arm, but that doesn't really happen as much in women. So prior to our understanding that there were differences between men and women when it came to heart attack symptoms, a lot of women were sent home with indigestion or something and that was a terrible idea. Another reason it's important to understand the symptoms of heart attack is because they're very similar to anxiety attacks, some indigestion, right? There are lots of other things that can be misconstrued for heart attack and vice-versa. So that's why it's so important that you use other tests and do what's called the differential diagnosis to figure out, is this indigestion? Is this an anxiety attack or something? Or is this a heart attack?  That's, I'll save that for your more clinical courses. And then the sad reality is a pretty large percentage of myocardial infarctions don't have any symptoms, so you don't actually know what's going on and sadly the first symptom could be death. All right, so you can look at the rest of these here, some of these are going to sound pretty familiar to you, but remember that one key difference that females often don't have that pain radiating down the left arm that we consider very typical of heart attacks. Okay, I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.


Let's go over a little bit of information about using the USGS Earthquake website that my online lab students are going to be using. In particular, I want to give you an introduction to the default screen and then how you can change to different views. So when you first open up the link that I have on Blackboard, it should take you to something that looks like this. It should show the entire US and it should have the one day magnitude 2.5 plus US.  Then it tells us the magnitude range which is either all magnitudes or magnitudes over 2.5 which is what the 2.5 plus means or some other information over here. And then it shows us what the span we're looking at and right now we're looking at just the US. The line underneath that tells us how many earthquakes total and how many are in view on the screen. So right now there's 40 earthquakes total but only 17 of them are being shown on the screen. The rest of the information here on this left column deals with individual earthquakes. If you click on a particular earthquake and I'm just picking the top one here, it will bring up a little bit more information in a pop-up box down here and it will also highlight it on the map in blue so you can see which earthquake it's dealing with. Now the first piece of information here is the magnitude which is 4.0. Down here it has M4.0 to let you know that that's a magnitude 4.0 earthquake. It then gives our location. Typically they don't happen in a town so it will always tell you how far it is from the closest town. In this case it's 35 kilometers west of Mentone, Texas. Underneath that it's got information about when the earthquake happened which is also over here. It gives the date with the year, month, and day and then it gives the time in UTC time system which is what we studied in last week's lab. It also gives us the depth of the earthquake which you can see here next to the information or here on the bottom. So that's how far down underground the earthquake was. The pop-up box will also give you the more precise latitude and longitude coordinates instead of just the distance from the closest town. And you can do that for any one of the earthquakes and you can scroll down to see the entire list of earthquakes that are listed here. Now you can also zoom in and out to see more clearly. So if I wanted to zoom in you can either use your little scroll bar or you can use these little plus and minuses. So there was two particular earthquakes here and because I've scrolled in there's only two of the 40 earthquakes being shown on the map. But if I want to actually see the whole U.S. I want to go back to zoom the whole U.S. in order to see all of them that were in the U.S. If I needed to zoom out to see the entire world now it shows me that I've got pretty much all the earthquakes on the map. Now be aware that this is a real time information system so you'll see pop-ups about earthquakes updated and you may actually have a new earthquake pop up on the top of your list because the top here is the most recent earthquake and the bottom is going to be the oldest earthquake. So if you do this over an extended period of time the information may actually change as you're working through the lab. So try and do this part of the lab in one sitting. Now you'll also notice over here that the dots are different sizes. If I have a very small dot it's a lower magnitude one. As I get into the larger dots they're going to be the larger magnitude earthquakes. So the stronger the earthquake is the larger the size of the dots shown on the map is. Now when I ask you about clusters in some areas you may end up having multiple. So for example on this particular day it'll be different on the day you do it. There happens to be a cluster here right off of Puerto Rico when there was a lot of earthquakes that happened all in the same area. So that's a cluster of earthquakes for that particular day. Now besides zooming in and out there are some other controls that we can use. If you come up here there's a settings and that's right above where the zoom is. And it looks like a little gear or some students say it looks like a flower but it's a gear. It brings up the settings and here you can actually change it so that you can look at all magnitudes not just the ones above 2.5 or you can change the date range. So in your lab you're going to actually be using several one of these and answering questions about the differences. So one all magnitudes or seven days 2.5 plus or the most significant largest earthquakes over the last month etc. If you want to close this off to get a better view you just click this again and if you click the settings it opens it and closes that so you can see what's happening here on the earthquakes. And again you can zoom out to see the entire world or zoom in just to see a particular area of the country. If you have any questions about the controls please feel free to use the blackboard forum or send messages to your instructors.


Hey, this is Brett, and this 2020 Dodge Challenger RT Scat Pack Plus package is stock number 13166ZA. I'm here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Dodge Challenger and sports car headquarters. This 2020 Dodge Challenger RT Scat Pack has the 6.4-liter V8 Hemi engine, puts up 485 horsepower, 475 foot-pounds of torque. It has the six-speed manual transmission. This car has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop for the state of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped up, and this car is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around inside, start it up, take a look under the hood in this video. Frostbite metallic is the color. I shoot all my videos in four caves, so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, I highly recommend turning those capabilities on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, and options of the vehicle before seeing it in person. As you go down this side of the car, just take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. And if you like the video, you can subscribe to my YouTube channel, which is youtube.com slash Summit Auto, and click the bell notifications, you'll get updated every time I do these videos here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with the 20-inch painted black alloy rims. It has the Brembo brakes on here, Pirelli P0 27540 ZR20 tires, and these tires I would say have right around half the tread left on them, maybe just a little bit less. The front fender is in excellent condition, I didn't see any dents or dings on that. Frostbite metallic, you do not see this color a lot. We actually just got a brand new one in, and that video is in the upper right-hand part of the screen, but we just got a brand new one of these in, but this is only the second one I've ever seen of this color, so pretty rare color, I'm guessing. Has the Coal induction hood with the heat extractors, I didn't see any dents or dings on there. Passenger side front fender looks really good as well, and the passenger side rim, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. Frostbite metallic does have just a little bit of metal flake to it, you can see just how sparkly that paint is. As you go down this side of this 2020 Dodge Challenger RT Scat Pack Plus package, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective, and mirror like that paint is. Take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by, just can't make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the car, you can see the car here, the car, and have confidence in the vehicle you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises, and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at, and if this video helps you make that decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that Brett sent you. And if you like the video, you can subscribe to the YouTube channel on the upper right hand part of the screen and check out all the videos I do each and every day. Very clean underneath, looks really good. Didn't see any scuffs or scrapes in that back rim. And coming around to the back of the vehicle, rear bumper is in very nice shape, does have the backup parking sensors, the chrome tipped dual rear exhaust, we'll listen to that exhaust in just a minute, has the LED tail lamps, get the scat pack logo there. Trunk area is very nice and clean, and this one does come with the tire inflator kit, and that's where your battery is located.  Coming around to the driver side, just as clean as the passenger side, once again, and for full disclosure, this back rim is in excellent shape as well. Did you get heated power mirrors, blind spot mirrors on there, or indicators as well. Inside you get the black leather and Alcantara suede interior, you get the scat pack logo stitched down to the back rest. And this one has the, what I'm probably guessing is a rare option, the rear seat delete. It was actually a $1 option to get that, so this one doesn't have any back seats, kind of neat. Little rips or tears on those seats, power driver seat, has weather tech floor mats and a set of factory carpets, alpine sound, power windows, power locks, and power mirrors. So headlamps, we'll hop inside, check out the miles, the radio, and everything that this car has to offer on the interior. See that this one has 13,107 miles on it. And instrument cluster is very nice and clean, the 7-inch LCD display with the digital spinometer. It comes with the heated leather wrap steering wheel, cruise controls on the right, Bluetooth and information center controls on the left. This one has the 8.4 4C radio, you get AMFM and Sirius XM radio capabilities. Heated and cooled seats, heated steering wheel as well, you have all your different apps, has projection manager, you can project your cell phones to the screen, via Android Auto or Apple CarPlay, and we actually did a demo on Android Auto on an 8.4 if you want to check that out, get your SRT dashboard, your performance pages, those do take a while, a second to load.  Dash, it's a nice shape, you get a 392 scat pack logo on the dash, passenger side, helmet and seat are in excellent condition, and the headliner is in very nice shape as well. You do get map lights, home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems, assist and SOS buttons in the rear view mirror, there are those performance pages, you have timers, you have gauges, you have your g-force, engine and dyno. So we'll start it up, take a listen to that exhaust, take a look under the hood, starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that, love those taillights, sounds really good. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today, and hopefully from this HD video you have been able to verify the quality and condition of this car all the way around inside and out, and the options, there's the HID headlamps, LED running lights, projector lamp, fog lamps, you get the Rambai or Dodge logo inserts there, they're pretty cool. Under the hood we have the 6.4 liter V8 Hemi engine, 485 horsepower, 475 foot pounds of torque, engine base very clean, runs very smooth, once again this car has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this car is 100% ready to go, and I would highly recommend this car from a quality and condition standpoint, really good looking, and see more pictures of this car, one of the other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, Challengers, Chargers, Mustangs, GT500s, Camaros, Corvette Z name it, we got to go to that website right there, summitauto.com, full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com, and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto, number two like, subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there, click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Automotive, in fact in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel, the upper left link to more Challenger videos I've done, and the upper right link to this vehicle on our website, and the lower left link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right, click those, check us out, and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2020 Dodge Challenger RT Scat Pack Plus in Frostbite Metallic, thanks again for checking out the video, remember to like, subscribe, and share on my YouTube channel, I really appreciate it, thanks again.


Pa na sema kuna mtu ame kuja na e, kabugi ame leto na mama. Kabugi wu kwa jupata wa? Nkupo ame nkupo. Umea mua jem uwa mama tena? Ame nambet kama ut, nilkwa nime kata, aka nambet ane acha nkambet kuja. Susa kabula twende tongena mama, what are you expecting to see on washwash 40? Une terens maze. Extreme, extreme maze, everything. Nxpect wona kila kitu. Twende uno nyeshemu mama. Twende. Twende. Nimesu kia kabugi ame kuja na mama. Hi guys, let's meet, you know kabugi's mama. Hi. Hello. Please introduce yourself. Ya, mi it is kabugi's mama. Tuna uchapana gara kini sasa bono mwabi okwere. Bono mwabi okwere. Sasa suge wu bachatu. Siu na jwa gai na kwa gachini ama. Siu na jwa uko tuna. Ya.ения idek wa. who va. She is 40 so tell him. She is 40 so don't tell him. Omu na rahiha t MDT. Lilam, so uncle died in J 28, so uncle died in J 29, and he never washed in any official protest. Kア никакихa 베in umbehind kwa. Nam characterized by a credentials to demode and desuhise the physical description.  Thank you, Nimeni kwenf бытьi shiar. Please introduce yourself. So my wife is wasn't afraid to remove my parents was probably very pretended to be her parent. She was too sure, she arrived very slowly. She will go and find out whether it'sVictory at the time of the loss. She will find whon she was facing.вал��, compositions were all in it, but he didn't agree with his color. What are you expecting to see on today's readings? What we now expect is so much fun, mad fun, extreme fun BREAK Niki kwa niki goja, unu junimi wachu one, two, and three. Tosa indi oni na goja ni hadi amenda do ba'i. What are you saying darling? Please tell Terence something. Terence, wuna juni na kulo. Suna juni na kulo. Let me tell you darling, you're doing something that everybody, every content creator wants to do. And that's where we are here to support you. We love you. Congratulations, this guy is not the limit. My limits darling! Thank you so much and enjoy your evening


This study proposes a new algorithm for producing land cover maps in Southern California based on remote-sensed images, which improves the accuracy of the baseline map by discarding potential bad pixels and dividing each land cover type into subclasses. The algorithm uses time series Landsat images to detect changed and unchanged areas between the baseline year and target year, and classifies each pixel accordingly. The results show that the land cover temporal pattern captures the observed successional stages of the ecosystem well, with overall classification accuracies ranging from 81% to 86% and overall kappa coefficients ranging from 0.79 to 0.83. This article was authored by Xingli Huang, Carlos Ramirez, Carmar Kennedy, and others.


I'm a big believer that everyone needs a coach, and you say, Cody, why would I need a coach? The best and most talented people in the world, they have a coach. Denzel Washington had a acting coach, right? Derek Jeter had a coach, strength coach, baseball coach, et cetera, right? NBA players, they have workout coaches, right? The best business people in the world had mentors and coaches. To take them from point A to point B to where they are capable of doing more, they need a coach. I have coaches. I have mentors. I learn from people. And you need one, too. And that's what I want to be for you because a good coach will challenge you, get you thinking bigger, give you creative ideas that you didn't think were possible, and motivate you in ways and get you to the next level by being honest, by motivating, by being positive, by letting you know when you're not doing as much as you could, and by getting you to the next level by giving you ideas constantly. So I want to be that coach for insurance agents. I know it's valuable. I know it's one of the most important things for your success. And that's why we created Success Society. Success Society is a way for us to sprint to success together. If you want more information, go to kodiaskins.com, weekly accountability calls, monthly coaching with a co-host, quarterly marketing sessions. If it doesn't change your life in the 12 months that we work together, I'll give you your money back because it's impossible.