All right. Welcome. We have a few folks still coming in, but it's time to get started. Thank you. I've got some fans up here in the front, so come join them if you'd like. So today we hope to connect a few dots for you. Things that you've already heard about this morning in the main keynote session. Hopefully give you some new information on connecting containers and VMs. Some of this was just mentioned even in the last session in here, so maybe you're already aware of some of that work. So we're going to discuss that. But first let me give a quick introduction myself and Mohamed. So we both work for IBM. We work in different divisions. I'm in the IBM open cloud technologies area. And my current role is that I'm actually a maintainer in the upstream Docker community. We have a handful of people at IBM involved in Docker. And prior to that I had 10 plus years involved in Linux and open source software, so open source is not new to me. And I've been in that world and enjoyed that world for a good long time. And I'm definitely enjoying my time working in the Docker community. Mohamed Barakazami, who from now on I think we'll just say Mohamed B to keep it simple. But he is a research staff member at IBM Research. He is a contributor to both Neutron and LibNetwork, which we'll get into in a few minutes. He's an SDN cloud expert in the field. Many in the Neutron community know Mohamed well and does research obviously in those areas of cloud and networking. So we're going to take you through a few things. For us it's the middle of the night on the East Coast. So hopefully we're going to stay awake. Hopefully we'll be able to keep you awake for at least the next 30, 40 minutes. And hopefully it'll be of interest to you as well. Now one of the first things we want to talk about is that hopefully we're not just putting, connecting some things together because we can. A lot of times as technologists it's fun to hack around on the code and make things work. But we actually believe, and interestingly enough, although this picture is slightly different, you saw a picture very similar to this. Jonathan Brice showed this morning that in this OpenStack ecosystem we have people running containers. We have people running VMs. We have people interested in bare metal and various combinations of those. And the reason we drew our picture this way is to show that today in some cases, obviously these network virtualization layers are disparate. They're using different technologies. And the question we want to answer is, you know, is there a way to unify those and bring those together so that these various compute technologies can work together in a combined network model? And hopefully we can answer that today, show a demonstration, and we'll go from there. So I'm going to hand it over to Mohamed to talk through Neutron, that's his area of expertise and look at the basic concepts there. All right. So if you guys attended the session that Kyle Mystery and Mark McLean had this morning, you heard about Neutron to finally becoming what it was supposed to be, the API server with the database backend. And that's what we have been witnessing during the past couple of cycles. We are going towards that model that Neutron Core becomes the API server, where the realization of that API and also several services around it are built in the ecosystem around Neutron, but not necessarily as part of the core Neutron. So Neutron has a very simple and straightforward API. More importantly, it has a pluggable architecture and allows different backend implementation. The abstractions that it uses are close to the physical resources. So for better or worse, that's something that people who are familiar with networking are very familiar with. And it has turned out that people are using the same kind of basic API in different areas as well for network virtualization. So what are the basic concepts in Neutron? Networks, essentially isolated layer 2 broadcast domain. They can be private or shared. In addition to networks, subnets are defined as IP address blocks, and they are associated with networks. And they can have other services associated with them, DNS, DHCP, can have gate phase. In addition to subnets and network, ports are one of the core components of Neutron. They are essentially virtual switch ports that allows compute entities to get connected to networks. They have MAC address and IP properties. And even though routers are not part of the official API, core API, they are practically widely used such that you can call them one of the more basic concepts in Neutron. And they provide connectivity between networks to external networks, performing network address translations and providing capabilities such as floating IPs. So these are the basic concepts in Neutron. And now Phil will talk about LibNetwork. Alright, so we've looked at the concepts in API around Neutron. Who's heard of LibNetwork? It's not a good, roughly almost a half of you have heard of LibNetwork. It's a somewhat recent project as far as when it was actually merged. Actually the LibNetwork guys and myself have become better friends given that when they were merged it blocked a PR of mine from getting merged because there was a clash and so we had to spend a few months working all that out. So we've gotten to know each other fairly well, but LibNetwork is basically pulling the network model out of the Docker engine into a separated module. And so that project began, I want to say, early summer, late spring, and was merged into Docker in the Docker 1.7 timeframe. One of the important things about making it separate from the engine was that now it is a pluggable framework that allows other implementations and so that's going to be key here for what we're discussing. And the LibNetwork implementation contains something called the container network model and we'll look in a minute at its concepts and how they map to Neutron after that. But as I said it was merged in 1.7, but in that original implementation all it did was take the Docker engine's current bridge networking and move it into LibNetwork. What you will hopefully hear about this week if you follow the Docker community is that Docker 1.9 will be released which is currently in release candidate form and the full capabilities that were promised in the original announcement will be their plugins, overlay networking, and so on. So again, we just looked at the basic concepts that Neutron has. LibNetwork has sort of three key concepts that are shown here, a network which is basically a collection of endpoints that all communicate with one another, an endpoint which connects a network to a sandbox, and a sandbox is actually this has the configuration of an actual network stack and so on Linux you can think of that as a network namespace that's abstracted such that other operating systems can have their sandbox implementation. So with these concepts you then have an API, again using the same network endpoint sandbox, a very simplified, mostly around create, delete, join, leave. And then obviously there's some housekeeping that has to be done now that you're allowing for plugability and so there's a handshake interaction that happens with someone who wants to implement this API as a remote plugin. So today, and I guess I should say very soon, not exactly today unless you've downloaded the Docker 1.9 release candidate, you have a set of options when you use LibNetwork as far as the driver for what will actually implement the address management, etc. And today so you have the null driver, obviously no networking at all, provided host networking, sharing your network stack with the host, and again that's something that's been available already. The bridge which is the traditional Docker networking that's already been there and then overlay which is the new multi-host networking which you can take Docker's implementation which uses specific technologies but this is where you can also plug in a remote driver which will then provide that capability. And so although remote driver is shown separately, it really is a network driver but it uses the network plugin feature to implement that with your own custom backend. And so here's what a basic remote driver would look like. There'll be a JSON RPC transport between you and the proxy driver. You'll be called with requests and you'll respond with a JSON payload. Obviously we're not going to dive real deep into what that looks like but the documentation is already there in GitHub and you can take a look at what it looks like to implement a remote driver today in LibNetwork. Again when Docker 1.9 is available, you'll find that there's a new sub-command within Docker that allows you to now create containers to a created network, obviously disconnect, remove, inspect, and list the networks that are available and we'll actually demonstrate that in a few moments. A little bit deeper on the create command is that this is where you can now specify a driver such as an external network plugin that will provide the network capabilities when you create a container connected to that network. And with that you can specify an IP address management driver or take the default one that's provided for you and also specify a subnet again mapping to the same neutron concept that Mohammed just mentioned. So at this point I will turn it back over to Mohammed so we've looked at Neutron, we've looked at LibNetwork and now Mohammed will show us a way that we can combine these technologies. Thank you. So now that Docker provides a separate module for networking, namely LibNetwork and that module is pluggable and extendable. It's a good time that we look at what we have for networking for our virtual machines and bare metals and see if we could utilize it directly for interconnecting our containers as well. With that idea in mind we started looking at Neutron as that unifying networking layer and it turns out that other people have been thinking along the same line and we joined efforts with the project career which is aiming to provide that Docker network plugin that provides networking functionality to Docker through Neutron and as part of that project we essentially are going to demonstrate how Neutron can be utilized for interconnecting containers and VMs and it is in our plans to provide containerized images of Neutron network plugins as well something that we are hopefully going to get into very soon and as you can see from the tweet that we have quoted here from Kyle it is coming together everything with Neutron kind of becoming the API server other open source projects such as often providing the network functionality and career bridging the gap between all these technologies. So career is an open stack project so it is part of the ecosystem that uses what is available in open stack keystone for authentication, Neutron client for accessing and utilizing Neutron and other libraries and projects that are available such as Oslo config or other libraries that we will end up using. So I wanted to emphasize that and get to how the mapping is done in project career or the Docker network plugin career. It turns out that the mapping is kind of straightforward as LibNetwork also provides similar kind of abstractions. Networks in LibNetwork are similar to Neutron networks endpoints are similar to Neutron ports. Just before the latest RC had released 1.9 RC1 IPAM was not something that was included in LibNetwork but in 1.9 LibNetwork will provide IP address management as well. Regardless of that the notion of subnets is something that we have been using for creating our ports on a specific network with certain IP addresses. And the other important concept in LibNetwork is join and leave a way of connecting a container to a network which is pretty much similar to what happens either in Neutron itself for some of the services or NOVA and MVM gets created the port or the virtual interface get plugged into a network or unplugged from a network. And that again similar to what we have today in NOVA or Neutron requires a special code for different types of network that are using OVS or Linux bridge or more specialized kind of interfaces. So the mapping is also rather simple just to show how career works. I'm going to try to demonstrate a small setup that is described here where I have two nodes that are set up with DevStack. One is the full DevStack with all OpenStack services. The other one is essentially a compute node and has also L2 agent. I am using the default Neutron which uses ML2 plugin with OVS mechanism driver with VXLAN. And in these two nodes I have Docker running with LibNetwork and career also. And I'm going to try and start containers and using the driver career for connecting them together. I just want to mention before getting to the demo that LibNetwork uses a key value store for communicating some data among multiple hosts. That's what you see here as console. I believe you could use other key value stores as well. So with that let me try to get to the demo I have two nodes. The one you see here in yellow is one of them and this is the second node. So I'm going to use a couple of simple commands. As I said you can use the network command in Docker now. And what you get here is the list of networks that are created. And these are the networks that get created by default. And as you can see each network has also a driver associated with it. So we have one for null, one for host and one for breach. These are created by default. Alternatively if I look at Neutron here this is a DevStack setup default. By default I get the two networks that DevStack sets up. That's what we have. So I'm going to go and create a network with Docker and specify the driver. If you don't specify the driver by default the bridge driver will be used and pick a name. So a new network got created. If we look at the networks now you can see there is a network here. And as you can see the driver is career. Alternatively again if we look at Neutron networks. Neutron network list.  So a network got created. So the version of Docker is being used here is the one just before Docker 1.9. So it doesn't have the IPAM in it. And by default we use a subnet pool that is created and new networks get a subnet out of that subnet pool. When the first endpoint gets created for that particular network. So now that we have a network let me just go and check and see if that network is showing up on the other node as well. Here is net one on career. So let's go and create a virtual container. And I think somewhere here I have a command. This is a standard Docker run. As you can see now you can specify the network you want your container to be connected to. So container one is already there. Let's try something else. Let's do something easier. Oh, so if you guys could just look that way. I will. So as you can see during the past couple of weeks we have been going through a lot of churns because live network was going through a lot of churns. So our configurations is not as great as they should be. So let me see if I can get this thing working. My token got expired. And even though we can use this looks good. I think I can do the same here. This is our career here. So you think this will work? All right. So we created a network, a container. Let's do the same on the other node. Let's use a different name. So if you notice the other one was 1010.0.2. This guy is 1010.0.4. If you have used Neutron before you can guess what happened to the other addresses. And the ping works. Phil wanted to have a real application. And I told him that if it is a networking demo we just do the ping. Ping works. We declare victory and say goodbye. But the ping works. So let's see if we can continue along this line. So what happened? Neutron now we have maybe some other some stuff that we may not need. But let me see. Neutron netlist grep410.10. This is the network that got created for our container. This is net1. I want to boot a VM using the same network to do that. Let me do this. And since I don't remember as simple as this is. Okay. Let me try to remember. So we say nova boot. We specify the image. This is the image. We say flavor. Say one. We say net. We specify the network ID now. Oh, it is Nick. I see. Here. Yeah. This one? Yeah. I think so. You are right. Thank you. And this is the network ID. Oh, yes. VM. Exactly. So the VM is booting. And this is where I use Horizon to show you what is happening on the Horizon dashboard. But considering that I am running all of these out of a VM sitting in Yorktown, I am going to switch to a recorded demo, which is exactly the same thing. But we won't need to wait for the Horizon to come up. So let's see. Do you guys see that? This is exactly the same thing. Actually, what you were seeing was the recorded demo. No, just kidding. So here I am just booting a VM, but then I just go switch to Horizon and show you a couple of other things that we have. So here the demo is, I think I can view this thing in full screen. Do you guys see it properly? Okay, I think this is reasonable enough. So you can see the instances. We don't show containers. This is something that in Korea we are discussing how to show containers, whether we need a new tab or where to show them. But this is the VM that just got created. And I go to the console and I feel a lot more confident now that I am using the recorded demo. Logging to the VM. And I am going to do what we do in networking demos. This guy got 1010.05 as the IP address. And I am going to just ping one of the containers and see if it works. There we go. So another ping now is between the VM and the container. And just to show you how these things are kind of getting pulled together, I am going to show another ping this time from one of the containers to the VM. Let's see. So this is the address for the VM. And if you have worked again with Neutron, one way ping is working, the other is not working, you immediately say security groups. So by default there is no security group associated with the networks we are using here for our containers. That can change. I will briefly discuss about that in future work. But if that's the case, if I set the security group properly for my container, I should be able to ping. So I am going to go find the port that is connected to the VM to find its security group. I get the security group and that's the default security group that allows outbound traffic but no inbound traffic. And I am going to try and apply it to the port that was used for the container. I get the port ID of the container that we have running on the top part of the screen, still trying to ping. I am going to set the security group. So you specify the security group and the port ID and yet another ping. So this is essentially the simple demo that we have. So now practically you saw how ... What's that? I think it's ... No, not here? Yeah. So we showed Neutron could be used for just ... We knew that Neutron is utilized for bare metals through Ironic, for VMs, but also now for containers. So what are the future directions, some of the gaps and mismatches? One of the main issues that we need to address in both communities is the issue, the fact that OpenStack is a multi-tenant project and Docker is not at the moment. So that is something that we need to figure out how to provide these services for different tenants. And it looks like that the foundations for supporting multi-tenancy may be coming in Docker. We need to figure out how security groups can be applied in the context of Docker networking. But the port mapping is really important or not. Now that every container gets its own IP is another mismatches that I have listed here. And there are a lot of things. The project got started just a few months ago. It has several contributors that you will hear from tomorrow as well. But we have a significant amount of work ahead of us, and we are hoping that Mitaka will be the cycle where we will achieve a lot of these goals. Docker labels are there, and that's obviously the first thing that comes to mind for adding functionality that is not there. Integration with Docker Swarm is important if you are providing multi-host networking. Shouldn't be using multi-host orchestration system such as Swarm. Another item that is significant for us and we are going to address it in the coming cycle is integration with Magnum. We are engaged with the Magnum community and we have participation from them as well. The most important thing is one of the things that we showed on the pictures, having containers in VMs and having efficient networking for such containers. And it looks like that we need some enhancement in Neutron itself. VMs turns out to be the solution. A lot of people are interested in the work. The work has been going on for some time, but I think now with the interest from many, many communities, that work will speed up. And as I mentioned early on, we are going to have integration with Kola and provide containerized solutions as well. With that, we are ready for questions. Yeah, sure. So basically if I understand correctly, this driver cannot work in a situation where they have container running inside the VM, right? Right. Yeah, it doesn't provide any networking in those situations. And I think we are going to work on that and there are solutions that are already been planned out. That's one of the major things that we are going to address. The question was how you deal with nested architectures where you have containers running in VMs and whether you could do something better than what is being done now, like having overlays on top of overlays or whether you could utilize the carrier in that situation. And the answer was not right now, but that's something that is in our plans. And we will have a session tomorrow. Tony and Gal who started the career project will be presenting career. What time is it? So everybody knows. Sometime tomorrow. It's tomorrow. Just tomorrow. Yeah. Yeah. So that's essentially the plan. Integration with Magnum. Now the networking in Magnum is evolved such that it's going to allow different networking back ends. And we are going to take advantage of changes that are being made in Neutron to provide efficient connectivity between containers that are running in VM. Right now that integration is not there. Stickers are like really important. I don't know if you saw on one of these slides, but there were some stickers off to the left side. But these stickers actually exist. And we have the sticker designer here with us today. He's famous for stickers. But seriously, Magnum, Keystone, if you want stickers, come up and give them afterwards. This is the place to be. Yeah. That uses Neutron itself, right? So, correct. Right, none of that has happened. Yeah, we are just at the beginning of this journey. Yeah, we just started. Thank you very much. Yeah, thank you.


Welcome, everyone, at the outset, I, on behalf of the KKHSU Constitution Day Celebration Committee, 2023, would like to extend a warm and hearty welcome to all present here with us for today's online talk on the Constitution of India and Rationalism, which is being organized by Ujjakumar Bhia School of Social Sciences, KKHSU, to mark the occasion of Constitution Day 2023. As you are all aware, Constitution Day is observed and celebrated annually across the length and breadth of the nation to commemorate the adoption of the fundamental governing document of our country, namely the Constitution of India on 26th November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly. I'm happy to inform you that as in the previous years, this year too, the KKH State Open University proudly joins the nation in celebrating Constitution Day at the university, though this time around, the occasion is being observed belatedly since 26th and 27th November 2023 happened to be weekly and national holidays respectively, with 28th November that is today being the next working day. In this context, I take immense pleasure in stating that today we have in our midst noted educationist and political scientist, former registrar of KKHSU and presently Professor in Public Administration and Assam Donboski University, Professor Orup Jyoti Sodorisar, who shall be delivering today's talk on the theme, the Constitution of India and Rationalism. I take this opportunity to welcome you sir to our university and I also wish to sincerely thank you for being with us today to enlighten us on such an important topic. Welcome to you sir. Thank you. May I now request the chairperson of the KKHSU Constitution Celebration Committee and Director, Pujya Kumar Muiya School of Social Sciences, KKHSU, Professor Jyoti Bhorwasaar to kindly deliver the welcome address. Over to you sir. Can you hear? Yes sir, we can hear you sir. Okay, thank you very much. I take the honour and privilege of welcoming everyone to this online talk on Constitution of India and Rationalism by Professor Orup Jyoti Sodorisar, who is now Professor in Public Administration at Assam Donboski University, who also been registered of this university, who recently retired from university. He is an eminent scholar and also a very silent speaker and I believe that this is going to be a treat for all of us. Now, it is needless to stress on the fact that Constitution of India is one of the most foundational things of our democracy and we are living through different periods of crisis. And this, the values which are essentially integrated through the Constitution are guiding all of us out of those crisis in the past and we hope that this is going to be the case in the future as well. I also welcome all our online participants, our teachers, our students and other interested audience who are here to listen to Professor Sodoris lecture and I believe that this is going to be one of the most illuminating talks we will be probably witnessing and hearing. I do not want to take much of time. I once again welcome our Sodorisar to deliver the talk and I hand over the mic to Omidit to take this program forward. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you for your kind words. We would now actually like to play a short video on the adoption of the Constitution of India by the Constituent Assembly courtesy of Rajasabha TV. Meet you morning. Please play the video. A Constitution for India should be and can be framed only by Indians. The resolution that I am placing before you defines our aims and describes the outlines and points to the way which we are going to track. On the 26th of January 1950, India would be a democratic nation in the sense that India from that day would have a government of the people by the people and for the people. May I now request our esteemed speaker, Professor Karupjati Sodorisar to kindly deliver his talk. Over to you, sir. Thank you. Very, very good morning to all of you. Professor Jayadipurva, director of the chairperson of the organizing committee. Doctor of visit. Organizing the event needs and directors, esteemed faculty and the students for me. It's a kind of homecoming, although digital in nature. It's a kind of digital homecoming. Since my term was over on 26th of August, this is the first kind of homecoming on my part. I'm very happy that way. And I'm grateful to the organizing committee for giving me this opportunity to be here in the midst of my family members. Today, I propose to share a few thoughts of mine, which my family members regarding the Constitution of India. I would like to relate constitutionalism to that of rationalism as such. Frankly speaking. When we put this idea together. There are many many eyebrows raised as to what is the apparent connection between the two. One is a purely political legal concept of Constitution and constitutionalism. The other is the psychological domain of rationalism. Anyway, I would like to proceed with first a small reference to Constitution, then a reference to constitutionalism. And then I would like to relate the whole idea of constitutional constitutionalism. To that of rationalism as such. And what is the rationalism in this particular context. Now you see when we say a constitution. We all know it is a fundamental document of governance. By which a country is governed. Almost every country in the world. Except I suppose great between it does not have a constitution. So, very briefly speaking, a constitution is a document. Fundamentally nature in terms of governance of a country. And almost all countries in the world. Have experienced the functioning of a constitutional today. We all know we have a constitution here in India in US in France. In our neighboring countries in Indian subcontinent everywhere there is a constitution. Now the second aspect is simply because of the fact that you have a constitution. That does not mean that constitutionalism prevails in that country. There are many countries in the world past and present. Where constitution prevailed. But to the absence of constitutionalism. We may refer to Hitler's Nazi Germany. We may refer to Mussolini's Italy. Coming forward we may also refer to Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Or Marmar Gaddafi's Libya. Or for that matter not Korea. These are countries where a strict constitution prevails.  There were constitutions. But constitutionalism as such while we understand. From the prevailing practices in the democratic countries were not present. Constitutionalism requires. Apart from the constitution. Certain other components. On the basis of which only we can call it constitutionalism. For example to me limited government is one of the essence of constitutionalism. When we talk about the dictators, authoritarian rulers, one party systems of governance. There you do not know what would be the next step of the ruler. What would be the next step tomorrow morning. It could be anything. It depends on the winds and the arrogance of the ruler. That is not a dimension of what we call it as limited government. That is a phenomenon of unlimited government to say. Where governance has no limits. Government can touch each and every aspect of your life. All things we consider as private would be public. And all those things we consider as public would be converted into private domain in an authoritarian or totalitarian system. So to me. Constitutionalism demands. That there must be. A limited form of government the government. Whose boundaries are well defined. The government which does not cross the limit. And maintains the Lakshman Rekha of administration and politics. Now apart from limited government. You must have access to. Fundamental rights. You may not have a fundamental right charter. Great Britain does not have a charter of fundamental rights. But there is a system as we all know we call it rule of law. By which the country is governed. It is particularly because of the presence of the doctrine of rule of law. That it amounts to the presence of a charter of fundamental rights. Rule of law means. Rule of law that you are being governed by law only. And that is another prerequisite of constitutional. Moreover you see. In constitutionalism. We also prefer decentralization of power. And allocation of power to that particular parent structures of the governance. Which will exercise it. It's not that if a match of everything it's not that I do everything in the system. My job is to be confined to a particular dimension. And at the same time I will have a cooperation between the two or amongst the all. So I will do my responsibility. Maintaining the overall constitutional cooperation with the rest of the other structures in the system. Therefore you see in all kinds of components. That I just referred to. As limited government fundamental rights rule of law. Freedom of judiciary et cetera et cetera. Including that of decentralization of power. Complete the full process of constitutionalism. Now we come to that of rationalism as such. My argument is that the constitution of India when it was placed before us. It was not only a legal political document. But at the same time it was also a rational document to say why it is rational. It was rational because. The framers of the constitution presented before us a constitutional. Which in spite of various schools of criticism. Addressed some of the fundamental issues of the quality in India. I will become. One particular consideration that I will call rational. And that is democracy. Indian constitutional is rational because the framers decided to put democracy. As one of the basics of the whole constitutional system. Now the question is why democracy is considered to be rational. Democracy is considered to be rational because. Only when democracy prevails. The constitution survives in the long run. You can just see the scenario in the Indian subcontinent. You can think about Pakistan. You can think about Afghanistan. You can think about Nepal, Sri Lanka, whatever it is in the Indian subcontinent. You will find that in no country in Indian subcontinent except India. Constitution survived in its original format. Because at one point of time or other. Those documents and the spirit of those documents were hijacked by various political forces. Which did not promote democracy. Coming to that of Indian constitution. Which provided the basics of democracy. Democracy has continued. There are hundreds of amendments to the constitutional document. But the spirit remains the same. So my argument is. Rational the constitution of India in the sense. That it incorporated the spirit and the provisions of democracy. Simply because the framework of the constitution incorporated the term democracy. Can we call it a democracy? Such kind of preferences are there in many constitutions in the world. Particularly in the authoritarian and totalitarian constitutions. We find so many references. But do those provisions actually survive in the body politic? No. These are mere cosmetic arrangements. And we do not find the substance of it. In the actuality of the functioning of the political system. That is why. Absence of rationalism. In the governing document. Leads towards a situation of political collapse. Ideological bankruptcy. And the overall. Paralysis of the entire administrative system. You refer to the authoritarian and the totalitarian system. At one point of time you will feel it is a day for everything. It is a day for authoritarianism. For totalitarianism. Think about Hitler at one point of time. It was as if. He was the state of Germany. It was as if the entire population of Germany was behind him. Was it really so? Same thing happened in Mussolini's Italy. Or in Saddam Hussein's Iraq. So my point is. In spite of their constitutional commitment. Which was purely cosmetic in nature. To that of rule of law. To that of fundamental rights. To the race and leisure of the people. Practically everything was based on the whims and the arrogance of the ruler. So none of these systems survived. But when it is a case of democracy. You think about Great Britain. Think about US. Think about France. Think about India. Problems are there. Both in terms of structure. In ideology. In actual practices. Many problems are there even in those systems. But. The system has remained in broad form in the same. The people have the right to alter governmental system through adult franchise. So it is real.  On their own. With a full charter of fundamental rights. For the protection of which. You have an independent judiciary. Therefore. Your mandate is clear. You are an independent citizen of the country. You can live your life on your own. Without violating the rights of others in the system. And these are not mere declaration that you have long list of rights. But there is a protection machinery in the form of the Supreme Court of India. Judicial machinery is there or judicial mechanism is there. Apart from that. You have extra ordinary judicial remedies in the form of. Rits. Happiest corpus. Randomness. Go one into a certain right. Prohibition. These are extraordinary judicial remedies. In normal course. You cannot straight away go to the Supreme Court. But. But. If your rights are violated. Rights are very sacred in this system. If your rights are violated. You can straight away go to the Supreme Court under the 32 of the Constitution. Picking up and use corpus or any other rates relevant to your case. Therefore. When you have a broad parameter here. Which ensure your access to the democratic system. The framework of the Constitution decided. In right direction. In right time. There were many criticisms against the decision of the framers of the Constitution of India. What were the criticisms as such. One of the fundamental criticism against the decision of the framers to go for a parliamentary democratic system was bad. We were under a colonial rule under compulsion. And once freedom is secured. We have adopted the same system of governance for us. Is it fine with the framers. Have they done the right thing. For the people of India. But finally what we see. The spirit of democracy that have been incorporated in the Constitution of India. Certain fundamental modifications have been made even with the British system. Which is the original model that has been taken up here. In Great Britain you have a hereditary model. But here in India. The head of the state the president of India is not a hereditary model. It's a rational decision on the part of the framers of the Constitution. To have an elected to have an elected representative for the same. So it is in this context. My argument is. That the Constitution of India. That was framed by the framers through the avenue of the Constitutional Assembly. Was a rational document. And it is mainly because of the rationalism incorporated in it. That the Constitution is surviving even today. Now the thing is. This rational presence of certain components. In the constitutional document. In course of time. Have been subjected to challenges from many France. Challenges are there. I remember in 1976. The then government proclaimed emergency. Emergency was a constitutional measure no doubt. Under article 352 of the Constitution. National emergency was proclaimed. But once the national emergency was proclaimed. The very nature of the entire constitutional structure was sought to be converted into an authoritarian system by the then government. That was a major challenge. The people had lost faith in the democratic system. That the judiciary was not in a position to protect the rights and liberty of the people. Because under presidential proclamation, the judiciary was deprived of the basic privilege to protect the rights and liberty of the people. It was a serious kind of situation. But at the same time, you know. In democracy, the rulers are not eternal rulers. I just a few minutes before I referred to adult franchise. The people have the right to change the government. So finally when in 1977 there was an election. The people for the first time voted for a non-congress party. From 1951 for general election to 1977. Continuously the Congress was in power at the center. There was no unified challenge against the Congress rule. There were so many opposing parties. They could not unite against the Congress. Congress survived in power for a long time. But when the party in power created the situation whereby the fundamental character of the constitution was sought to be converted. The people did not tolerate it. The people exercised their body and accordingly for the first time. The non-congress party, the Janata party, that was formed overnight. Overnight to say was elected to power. So my second argument. Anyone challenging the rational premise of the constitution would not be tolerated by the people of India. It is true peaceful method itself. That right answer was given to those forces at the right time. The system revealed. We will remember a very dark chapter in the constitution of India in the form of 42nd amendment. Prior to that there were the 39 amendments, 39th amendment. In some of these amendments, some such provisions were sought to be incorporated. That the positions like Prime Minister, if anything is done during the time of their tenure in office would be beyond the jurisdiction of judiciary. Outside the purview of judiciary. The people did not tolerate it. Finally these provisions were completely removed from the constitution of India. So anything irrational, that is anything undemocratly, which is a challenge to the constitutional system for the long run, would not be accepted by the people. The people will go against it through peaceful method. What is needed in the hour is a scientific approach towards the whole provisions of the constitution of India. I call it the need for hour is a scientific approach because one thing we think is very much missing in the constitutional document in India is the right of the marginal people to participate in the system. Participation is all that they can do it through vote. But mere political participation is not enough. What we need is a meaningful sort of participation through empowerment. We in terms of theory call it multiculturalism. Multiculturalism does not mean we have 50 cultural components, cultural streams in India. 1, 2, 3, 50 say suppose 50 is multi, so multicultural, no. Simply because many cultures exist, it is not multiculturalism. Multiculturalism indicates an ambience in the polity, whereby these marginal people have the empowered situation to participate and to take decisions. Grassroot is an important component. Mere political participation through consires or urban local bodies is not sufficient. You have an ambience, a structural position outside those formal structures of consires and urban local bodies. And that is the spirit of the people in the grassroot level. How do they participate in the system? How do they empower themselves? How do they survive? So these sections of the people, their rights, their access to an empowered situation is the need of the hour. Because my argument is this, that the overall stability of the political and the constitutional system has been ensured by the people themselves. But if there is a challenge to the very existence of the people, how will they maintain the constitutional balance? How will they safeguard when they themselves are in peril? And for that, multicultural rights in the real sense is highly needed. So my broad argument is this, that whatever provisions in terms of democracy were incorporated by the framers, they were mostly democratic and rational in nature. Second, any attempt on the part of the authority, the government, the regime to disturb the democratic balance or to say the rational balance of the constitutional document has been reverted back by the people of the country. The people have thrown out those provisions and they have restored the original beauty of the party. And third, I plead for a scientific approach to be adopted to provide multicultural rights in the real sense of the term to the people in the grassroots. Simply because there are many cultures, it is not multiculturalism. Multiculturalism relates to an ambience in which the people in the grassroots are in a position to take decisions and those decisions will be part of the overall structure of this. So with this, I think I have shared my views on it and grateful to the organizers once again for giving me this opportunity to be here with my family. So thank you, thank you very much. Thank you very much sir for such a stimulating and thought provoking lecture. We all stand, we surely all stand greatly benefited from listening to your lecture, which indeed has covered so many dimensions and so many facets of the polity in India, steeped as it is in a strong and vibrant democratic culture and ethos. You have rightly mentioned, or you have rightly pointed out how constitutionalism is actually independent of the existence of constitutions. The existence of constitutions does not necessarily mean that there would be constitutionalism. So and you also talked about how the Indian constitution is rational in the sense that it gives center stage to democracy or the spirit of democracy. And you've also talked about how constitutionalism incorporates certain important components such as limited government and more importantly, rule of law. And we have also stated that any attempt to disturb the democratic foundation of the Indian constitution and the Indian polity for that matter is does not actually go down well with the people. So, and so what is of paramount importance is to protect and consolidate and strengthen the democratic foundation of the Indian polity, which actually again is determined by the spirit of constitutionalism in India. Thank you very much sir for your wonderful lecture. Now, may I now request Professor N.N. Sir to kindly deliver the presidential address. So over to you. Thank you, Dr. Abhijit. Thank you for a wonderful lecture. And I was keenly listening to your various dispositions, most specifically the articulations, the arguments, and your second argument about the 19th of the democratic balance in the context of 1977 elections, because we witnessed that period. And your argument has given a new insight to look at the rational power of our Indian constitution. We experienced that phase and when emergency was proclaimed, as you have pointed out, at that time the judiciary's role was limited and everything got disrupted and people were helpless. But within a period of about say three months after the withdrawal of the emergency, a new government took over and that was that broke a tradition of about 25 years. And the constitution of India gave the power to the citizens of the country. And that's something which I did not think of it from that perspective. We were thinking of it that emergency was declared and there was a massive campaign and there was unrest and ultimately people decided about that. But I did not think it from the perspective of the framing of the constitutions, how rational they were at that time in the late 1940s, and the way the constitution was framed, the way the entire structure was framed. And you have rightly mentioned about the rational principles that adopted the framers of our constitution. Amal has made it at that point of time. So we are indeed highly benefited from your these three arguments. And most especially you have also given a life about the future prospects in terms of imbibing the spirit of multiculturalism. And I think our constitution of India has enough provisions. And most especially we need some pragmatic practices, how to include the grassroots level citizens into the entire process. We are indeed thankful to Suresh for this wonderful lecture. At the same time, we are also thankful to Guru Jagumar Bia School of Social Sciences. Every year they have been organizing this constitution. This year also has been no exceptions and I look forward to similar kind of discourses in future also. Thank you very much. Thank you sir for your enlightening and enriching words. Sir, actually I didn't know Kharmasar was presiding over the program. Okay sir. Last video I did not address him actually. Okay Mr. Kharmasar. Last video he asked me to do it as you know. Oh thank you sir. Sir, so we have almost come to the end of today's program. May I now request Ms. Keshanki Saikya to kindly deliver the quote of thanks. Over to you Keshanki. Very good afternoon to all. I would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our respected Vice Chancellor Sir, Professor Rajendra Prasad as for allowing us to conduct this talk and inviting us every step of the week. Also, our heartfelt thanks to Professor Anil Sharma Sir for delivering the presidential address. On behalf of the Kujapumar Bihar School of Social Sciences and the discipline of political science, Krishna Kanta Handi State Open University. I express my heartfelt thanks to Professor Oruvjati Choudhury sir for gracing us with his presence and illuminating our minds with relevant knowledge on the relationship between constitutionalism and rationalism. On this auspicious occasion, the importance of understanding the stability of the constitutional system in a democratic country like ours and the rational value of the Constitution of India is indeed pertinent. We are grateful to you sir for enlightening us to this talk and we hope that it was a wonderful homecoming for you as well sir. I would also like to thank respected faculty members, officials and staff for being patient audience of this event. Technical members of the electronic media production center and the IT cell of KKHSU are highly appreciated for rendering all the necessary help. We hope we can continue to strive to conduct such intriguing events in the near future as well. Thank you one and all. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much sir. Thank you. We then conclude the meeting now. Thank you.


What's up guys and welcome to trending updates upon SPM buzz now to the trending news today is a Sarah Kabul of bonfire adventures was come out to review that she lost the twins that she was expecting in January and guys that this has been a sad story for her to announce. Aliyeza kwa ndi kapalikwa Instagram na kwa weka piya akua hospitali kwa kitanda and she looks like she was ailing for sure. Now we all remember sometimes back Simon Kabul reviewed the news of them expecting another child. It was on a Sunday and Sarah Kabul alikwono nikana kule nyuma kauliza buwanayake.  Now you know that was the video that showed that they were expecting another child. But we didn't know they were twins and it is unfortunate that they have lost the twins or rather they lost the twins in January as Sarah Kabul was indicated on that postambaya. I'm going to read the post itself in Asema. It is of course addressed to team Sarah Kabul in Asema. This is hard to type but sometimes back I lost my twins due in January. I'm trusting God for another miracle one day my friends prayers work. I'm telling you nikana it's a sad story kwa sababu. There's a time alikwua piya. When they did the pregnancy announcement muna kumbuka a few months before the couple had spilled some drama online. Now a canounce break up lakini there was also a quick make up and by happened you know a few days just after the drama was spilled online through a YouTube channel. And by Sarah Kabul alikwua meza kufanya an interview. And you know they came out to say that marriage is not the easiest but you know when two people are willing to work together. We all know they have two children a boy and a girl and they were expecting twins but unfortunately you know that didn't come to happen. Lakini Sarah Kabul piya ama eza kusema kwa elia kapshonia ke kusang keboania ke kabusemon na kumuambia. Thank you for standing with me during the difficult times. Iani na onikana at least you know Sarah Kabul was there for her when they were going through that hard time. Now all we want to do right now is wish them all the very best in this period. It looks like it's still a painful moment for them but we wish them all the very best. Na piya tu na kumpuka leo brown fire adventures o moeza kusayina deal with the Brita insurance. And it looks it you know it's a good thing for the company and for the couple as well. We want to take this opportunity to wish them all the very best from SPM Buzz. But in case of any more updates we are going to keep you informed. Stay tuned on SPM Buzz. This is trendy updates.


You've never played an RPG quite like this before. In Metopia, the Dark Lord has stolen the town's people's faces, and only you can restore them. Cast me characters of your friends and your favorite people in roles across the kingdom by customizing their personalities, phrases, and jobs. As you journey across the land, your allies will bond, or even fight, so manage their room assignments and watch the hilarity unfold. Together, you'll battle enemies, hunt treasure, and open up new areas of the map. The turn-based battles are straight out of a JRPG, except with a twist. Your allies have a mind of their own. The relationships you build affect their performance and battle. As their bonds deepen, they'll learn new abilities. And with a high friendship status, they may even team up for attacks. Defeat an enemy and you'll earn XP, which can be used to unlock more abilities. Imagine casting one of your best friends as a gritty warrior, or seeing your boss as a pop star. In Amitopia, you'll have that power, and many, many more, when the game launches later this year.


Everybody forced here ripping 21 22 and T basketball hobby four box full case number 17 pick your team style Got bogey of B nets Darren Y jazz David and Spurs Gretchen with the Rockets And the Warriors Hank K T Wolves Harper Hornets Mabs Grizzlies Hilton has the nuggets and thunder Joe Y Lakers Jose M. Pistons Joshua E calves koon Paul with the Pacers Cohey has the heat Chris L sixers Kyle R Celtics Lursak Clippers Mark W Raptors Noah B. King's Orin W Blazers Paul O Bucks P. J. P with the Bulls Ray With the Hawks Shelly Sons Tommy L wizards Wayne S. Nicks Wayne has the magic and when soon has the pelicans Good luck everybody. Thanks for joining Blake are you sore from breaking yesterday is your arm sore? Just curious, man Blake was here for like nine hours. I should be you guys. I think overall Blake was probably here longer than anybody Maybe not Sam, but outside of Sam. Yeah, he didn't show up today though. So yeah, I think he's fired Probably rehire him later I'll put in a good word for Blake Yeah, Ruby Foil Nicola Yoke it's to 75 Nuggets Nuggets printing plate is Jamal Murray from iMac Warriors rookie triple jersey Jonathan Kaminga. That is 97 out of 99 Hands are tattoo.  It's got to be the number I would think right Can't think of what else would be gotta be number redemption pelicans pure the Sigs Zion Williamson Heck yeah pelicans you want to talk about someone's gonna have a big year Zion's gonna have a big year Helicans are gonna have a big year man They're like a shoe in for the playoffs Hornets true RPA Kai Jones to 99 nice one Hornets God rookie Jersey Hawks Jalen Johnson to 99 Kings colossal rookie Jersey Davion Mitchell to 99 Blazers validating marks auto is a CJ McCall in the 49 and another player on a different team now Pacers Jersey auto clutch factor It's Malcolm Brogdon to 99 that is from last year's NT. I feel you should theoretically make the playoffs. I Don't know without a Harper. I guess it's not a given. I think the Red Sox can still make a pretty decent run It's got to get right I guess Red Sox next 11 games are gonna be like this season 11 game homestay three against the J is for against the Guardians three against the Brewers all winning teams So that's that's pretty much it and plus we're right near the trade in line. It's like now We're never I think Hawks tray young to 75 Shwerver keeps it like he's hidden Don't make the playoffs no matter what printing play Blazers Clyde Drexler Eagles and Sixers Eagles should be really fun to watch this year. I think Blazers Jersey Cardini and Lillard to 99 Nuggets patch card Aaron Gordon 25 nice double a OG Dual Jersey rookie auto pelicans Trey Murphy the third 1099 pelicans having a nice break Yeah, it really was Lane when's the deadline the third So it's like the few days after the national. It's gonna be crazy again, man redemption Warriors rookie patch auto NBA 75th anniversary Jonathan Kaminga boom Let me number to 75 congrats nugs or sorry not nugs warriors dubs dubs nugs, you know warriors that scratching congrats scratching Card we don't like red to 75. We'll get that redemption mag for you Grizzlies on the Archives ink Brandon Clark to 49 bowls lasting legacies Jersey auto Kirk Heinrich to 49 Yeah, like all the Cubs got traded while we were there Lane. It was nuts We saw like Bayez Rizzo and Bryant play or not. We didn't see Bayez play. He was sitting and they all got traded Al Harrington Jersey card for the next to 99 and Jersey car Lakers Lamar Odom to 99 box three who wants the Cavs in the next break guys who wants them there on sale Lane you think the Rangers do anything in the deadline? Miles British cards. I don't know. I would assume he's literally looking at like jail time, right? I would assume this cards are going down Maxi to 99 for the Sixers I Forget some domestic thing Yeah, not good. You would I would assume I haven't looked Kyle Larry printing plates logo man printing play your Raptors Jersey card Nets carry your ring to 99 I'll play talking about also don't know the whole story. So I'm not gonna Say someone's innocent or guilty or whatever. I don't want to talk about someone's personal stuff Got one out of one Philadelphia 76ers patch card Elton Brands very nice Get that mag for a Philly Definitiving Pelicans, Nikhil Alexander Walker to 99 dude. I love the pink RPAs this year Joshua Primo to 25 spurs That's awesome. Is that part of the logo, right? Like the word says spurs Get that one mag for your spurs beautiful card colossal Jersey Jazz Bojan Bogdanovitch to 99 Colossal Jersey Pistons Isaiah Stewart two of five treasured signatures Marquise Johnson for the Bucks nice Those are like the ugliest Bucks unis of all time right there, right? What's the odd colored stripes on the side? Nice hit for the Bucks We got auto for the Nets Joe Harris the 25, but I think KD and Kyrie will go I I don't know it's looking like They're gonna start the season on the Nets. I guess if I had to say now, I would say Katie's not getting traded Kyrie probably But I think the longer time goes on the less likely it is at least before the season starts, you know Like I might end up being like a deadline thing. Oh No, man Kyrie is an interesting guy I wouldn't be surprised if he totally changes mine is all in on the Nets now. No idea dude Kyrie is the one guy I would In the League I would just not want on the magic He'll just open like I need to take a vacation in the middle of the season Got Sadiq beta 75 pistons Some reports saying Kyrie requests the trade to get Kyrie traded Good on KD, man Got based Daniel House Jr. Rockets Because in the 2020-2021 playoffs, he had to carry that entire team. They almost beat the Bucks. His shoe was too big They almost beat the Bucks On his own Jersey for the Grizzlies Jaren Jackson jr. 99 Come in Kyrie play together for like 40 games. I feel like saying man Jumbo patch thunder rookie Jeremiah Robinson Earl to 25. I'm gonna say KD stays I think Kyrie gets traded. I don't know where though I'll say I'll probably say the Lakers. I think if he does it'll be the Lakers Lakers auto magic Johnson to 49 Think we'll brawl push hard to make that happen if it's within reach, but it's like a reality ice Magic triple Jersey rookie auto Jalen sucks to 49 Go magic Get that mag for you Jersey cards Celtic Robert Parrish to 99 It is kind of crazy Vaughn that they only played 16 games together if Kyrie was fully healthy and like Two of those players had better attitudes. They're like unbeatable When they played that stretch together completely healthy, like they were blowing teams out with ease and they weren't even playing the full game Bucks Jersey card drew holiday to 99 It's like one of it's gonna be the one of the biggest what ifs and NBA in the past like 20 25 years Nuggets a National Archives, Inc. Jalen Rose to 10 Nuggets Jalen Rose and a Hawks Jersey auto Mike baby to 49 on the back Recap, let me see if we still got the Cavs left on the next one Cavs sold nice or sold out on that next break cool, cool So just tiered Random styles for NT tonight guys case 20 is sold out case 21 has nine to go Pretty good case overall here's some really nice rookie hits relics drew holiday Robert Parrish Jeremiah Robinson Earl Jaren Jackson jr. Isaiah Stewart Bosch on Bogdanovich Kyrie Irving Lamar Odom Al Harrington with the Knicks Aaron Gordon Damien Lillard Jalen Johnson Davion Mitchell Jalen Suggs and Jonathan Kaminga Heck of Grats Paul. It's a sweet card man. My baby Jalen Rose magic Johnson Joe Harris Marquise Johnson to a two of five Nikhil Alexander Walker Kirk Heinrich Brandon Clark Shreya Murphy the third CJ McCollum as a blazer Malcolm Brogdon as a pacer and Mag, here we had triple Jersey rookie auto Jalen Suggs magic to 49 pink RPA Spurs Joshua Premo to 25 one-of-one patch card Sixers Elton Brands RPA Hornets Kai Jones to 99 warriors RPA NBA 75th Jonathan Kaminga big one there and Pierless six Zion Williamson Pelicans redemption that'll do it case number 19 is up next right Sorry case 18 is up next 18