Hello, everyone. Let's talk about politics and governance. We'll explore how various organizations, various actors, respond to armed conflicts in Africa with a focus on the European Union today. Our guest, Malta Brozik, is from the University of Wheatwatersrand in South Africa. He will explain how institutions can effectively collaborate in complex conflict situations. Malta, in his study, he identifies four conditions for managing this complexity. And we'll provide some insights into the EU's role in the Sahelian security regime complex, as an example. Malta, welcome to our episode. Yeah, thank you for having me. Malta, before we jump into your research itself, can you explain to us, to our listeners, this concept of regime complexity? Yeah, regime complexity is around for some time now, but especially I think in the last 10 to 15 years, it got more and more prominent. So the basic idea is that it refers originally to regimes. So that means treaties, international law, for example. But these days, we focus much more also on the overlap of international organizations, like the European Union with the United Nations or with the African Union here. It basically describes, first of all, a situation of institutional overlap. And that is important because we have seen, especially in the security, but also in other fields, that institutions are overlapping more and more, either by membership or by action. You can imagine that out of this overlap, a lot of questions actually emerge and how cooperation is actually organized. So it is also a little bit problematic. I think it was a good kickoff bit to help us frame where we're going now. So what's the importance of studying, as you did, is regime complexity in conflict situations in Africa? So tell us about the importance of this. Well, first of all, I should mention that the article that we are referring to is also a co-authored article. So it was not just myself, but really Planck as well as Ibrakes have also contributed to it. And the importance is that once you have like a proliferation of actors and a situation that's independent of if it's security or economics or something else, of course, the immediate question that comes up is how do we coordinate all of this? And does it make sense? Are we actually making our lives more complicated here? Because more actors means more coordination, more costs of coordination maybe? Or can we organize in a way to create more synergies? So pooling of resources. And in the end, very often we actually see both. But this is, I think, the biggest question, the elephant in the room. Of course, it seems when I read your article that you and your co-author wanted to, so in terms of expectations of your research, you wanted to identify effective governance strategies within regime complexity and to understand how actors can fulfill specific roles within this complex conflict response system. Is this correct? Exactly.  So the big challenge for the EU but also for other actors is to make sense of the existing complexity here. And as the EU is still one of the largest, most capable actors in the security field in the Sahel, the question emerges then, so what can the EU do to remain an important actor and work with not against the existing regime complexity? And in this regard, we're coming up with four arguments and we try to test them against reality, so to speak. And one argument is that for regime complexity, the best way of having or maintaining influence would be, for instance, to be a resource hub. And this is where the EU can actually score, I think, the highest points. The EU is one of the largest donors here, but it's not just about just giving money out or running projects. Obviously, much more needs to be done here. Then the second argument would then be that you need to, in order for the system to work, a regime complex can be understood as a system in its own right. So it's best if the different partners are complementary to one another, so if they can really create synergies. So resources spent, we're being a resource hub, but resources also spend for creating complementarity. This is where the EU is strong in the anti-article somehow concludes, but that is even not enough. So we do one more step. We don't just look at, let's say, the top level of interaction between the big international institutions here in the Sahel. So EU, AU, UN, regional economic communities in Africa. So it's an awful lot of them to exist in addition to individual state actors and groups and so on. But we also go at the local level, the implementation side. And this is something that the literature has not done so far. So in that regard, we try to add a bit of innovation and we combine also two theoretical frameworks. One is the literature on regime complexity that we already talked about. And the other one is complexity theory. And then we develop two more arguments here that we try to test in the field. And this is the argument that comes up from regime complexity that the systems work best if they can self-organize themselves. Now, this is a challenge for the EU. Because as you can imagine, you don't want to just, usually the programs are designed in a way that they support your own goals more or less as an institution. Right, so you want to have control over your own resources and how they are spent. We now say, okay, the best way would actually to focus more on system self-organization. That implies that your partners have to have a high degree of independence. And that is a bit problematic, I think, from the EU's perspective. But we would argue that is extremely helpful for the system as such to work. And then the last argument of the four would be adaptive peace builder. So we are focusing on the Sahel. By the way, this is an enormously large field here so we can only take a little piece of it and explore it. The argument of adaptive peace building is also important because it first links back to complexity theory. And basically says that there is not, let's say, the magic bullet that you can fire at the conflict and then it's over. But you have to, for each conflict, find out what instruments and tools are working best. So it's an iterative learning process. So the programs should not be designed in a top-down manner like we know what's best and then we implement it. But it has to be a trial and error thing. And there again, I think the article comes to the conclusion that these are the rather weaker points. So the EU is not really in that position to accept that trial and error situation there. But there's an emerging literature on adaptive peace building that we referred to and it clearly shows that, well, this is actually the way forward. The final word here. If we look at how conflict and the Sahel across different countries and communities evolves, I mean, it's not a success story from the perspective of international intervenance here. So we critically have to rethink our approach there. Okay. That's very good. This is a, well, complex discussion about this. I'm curious to hear about potential policy implications of this research or implications already being put in place. Can you tell us about that? Yeah. Of course, we as academics always use high-flying terms here, but I think there are also very practical messages in it. On the one hand, I mean, keep the good things that are working. I mean, the EU as a resource is really like a model that works and keeps you in the game. That's one message. On the other hand, I think it is really that we need more shift in the mindset of how programs are designed and operated. I know this is hard because institutional cultures change extremely slowly and never quickly, but the adaptive side of designing peace-building programs, I think, is like the biggest message, I think, in the article. And we are still very far from it. So what we have in terms of knowledge is we know an awful lot of instruments on how to build peace, but we don't know the exact recipe for each individual conflict. This requires us to again and again learn and start a little bit from zero and then build up knowledge step by step. So that would be, I think, our maybe practical message here. Okay. And I'm assuming from other the findings that you had and now there's policy implications that there's still a lot to find. So let's look ahead at the future. Future research on this topic. Should be looking at what? More actors, more conflicts? Where should we be looking at? I think, and I start from the perspective of the current events, very recent events, with, for example, France opting out the peacekeeping operation of the UN also drawing down at the one side. On the other side, levels of conflict are still high. So you could look at the indicators of battle death, etc. My worry is that we are opting out and leaving a situation behind that might even get worse in the future. And I think one, no, this is the time then also for what lessons should be learned here. And I think one element, not over-claiming here, but one element is that one really has to endorse and better understand existing complexities. And this means non-liliarity, lots of actors at different levels actually. And we have to understand that you cannot come with a one-size-fits-all approach here. And this again requires more adjustment and adaptation and learning from the site of the big international intervenes here. There is no guarantee for success in situations of active conflict here. So it's always like you are intervening in an extremely difficult situation, which doesn't really give you any guarantees for success here. That's clear, but there's no reason to give up. I think we still haven't really exhausted the potential of really working with not against complexity. So complexity should not be used as an excuse for doing nothing here, but it's better to actively engage it. That's good. Looking at a positive way of looking at complexity itself and it's not a problem per se. It's actually useful for us. This is how the world is. Exactly. Can you provide some additional resources about the topic? I would just like to refer the few ways to the special issue in which the article was actually published. So there are, I'm not sure, maybe 10 or 12, quite a lot of articles in it. And they focus on different aspects of the EU within regime complexity across different policy areas. So I think that provides everyone with a good up-to-date overview of the literature and discussions. Of course. We thank you for the promotion. So this thematic issue is available in the Politics and Governance website. Right. If you are watching us on the, let's talk about Politics and Governance website for what listeners on your right. There will be a link to the article and then to the thematic issue. Malta, this is a complex conversation in every sense. So let's narrow it down. Let's go to the punchline. If there is anything you want our audience to remember about this talk, what would it be? Yeah, complexity, complexity, complexity. No, it's not complexity is not the opponent. It's not the enemy. There's no reason to give up. But complexity challenges our thinking. And I think most of us are grown up in an environment where we got taught to look for cause effect relationships and complexity turns it upside down. So that mind shift. So we should be courageous enough to endorse it and engage it. Malta, it was a pleasure. For our listeners that are watching us on YouTube, you can find the resources and so the article and the issue mentioned on this conversation. On the let's talk about Politics and Governance websites. You can also listen to this episode wherever you get your podcast. You can subscribe if you scroll down on the websites and you can also follow us on Twitter at Kojitatiu LTA.


So the reason you clicked on this video is because you want to know whether a liberal arts major or a liberal arts degree is worth it. Is it going to be worth going $40,000 in student loan debt and spending four years of your time in university? Well, you came to the right place. That's exactly what we're going to be talking about in this video. And right after you gently tap the like button, we're going to get into exactly what a liberal arts degree is all about. Well, liberal arts is a broad category that's going to cover natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. But that doesn't really help us understand what exactly liberal arts is. So let's go ahead and go to Google and type in liberal arts degree definition. All right. So we've got one here SNHU.edu. A liberal arts degree includes the study of history, literature, writing, philosophy, sociology, psychology, creative arts, and more students who earn a liberal arts degree learn to formulate effective arguments to communicate well and solve problems. Okay, so they form effective arguments, they communicate well and they solve problems. But there's a lot of different degrees that are going to teach you how to do that as well. I'm still trying to figure out exactly what liberal arts is. Best Value Schools has the definition as a liberal arts degree is an academic program that provides a comprehensive overview of humanities related classes. This general degree provides a strong background for the student to work in a variety of fields. Keep reading to learn why a liberal arts degree is one of the best academic programs. Okay, so I mentioned the word general there and it said it'll teach you skills that you can use in order to work in a variety of different fields. But at the same time, I still don't fully understand what a liberal arts degree is. Internationalstudent.com says that a bachelor's degree in liberal arts means that the courses you take will be in general areas of study such as philosophy, mathematics, literature, art history, etc. Okay, so you're basically just generally studying a bunch of different things in a bunch of different courses. So I think you guys get my point here. The definition of liberal arts is pretty difficult to define. It's almost just like you're studying a little bit of everything.  So for instance, liberal arts as a general degree type, there's around 43,000 people who graduate with these degrees every year here in the United States of America. And that's what a bachelor's degree specifically. And if you look at the specific degree of liberal arts, you'll see that 23,000 people graduate every year. Now, when I was looking up what career paths you might go down with these degrees, it varied greatly. I mean, you could pretty much go down any career path technically. Now, usually BLS is really good about telling you what career paths you tend to go down with which degrees, but this one was just all over the place. So they said that you can become a graphic designer, sales manager, accountant, teacher, reporter, paralegal, or a social worker. So all over the place. Now, sometimes this is a good thing when there's a lot of different career paths you can potentially go down, but it can also be an issue if the degree you get is so general that you don't learn specialized skills that are going to help a hiring manager or a business owner see how you can contribute to the business. So when it comes to salary or earning potential with this degree, you can expect to make around $42,000 a year starting out and $73,000 in mid-career pay. You can compare that to a high and low paying degree and you'll see that it is on the lower side. Now, like I mentioned before, there are so many different career paths that you could potentially go down with this degree because it's extremely general. However, when I was doing research, there were a few that popped up several times and one of them was graphic designer and they make around $52,000 a year or $25 an hour. You could also become a high school teacher and they make around $61,000 a year or you could become a reporter, correspondent or broadcast news analyst and they make around $46,000 a year or $22 an hour. Now, overall liberal arts degrees compared to all the other college majors are some of the lowest paying. You make around $2.1 million over a lifetime compared to 2.4 million for all other degrees and all other career paths. And a lot of the time you will end up working in a field that doesn't necessarily have anything to do with liberal arts. So for those reasons, I'm going to give this one a five out of 10. Next, we're going to be talking about satisfaction and we go over two main things here because this is extremely subjective. So there's really only two things that you can sort of quantify a little bit and that is meaning and job satisfaction. So when it comes to meaning, you see that a liberal arts degree is going to score 53% and you can compare that to a really good one and a really bad one and you'll see that it is on the lower side.  Now, let's say you became a graphic designer, for instance, the meaning score there is 34% and again, you can compare that to a good one and a bad one and you'll see that it is on the lower side. However, your job satisfaction would be 64%, which again, if you compare it, you would see that it's average or even above average. But like I said before, there are so many different career paths you can go down. So it's pretty difficult to choose a specific one and say that people are really going to enjoy that.  So for instance, social science degrees are the fourth most regretted type. And the main reason is because they're too general and practical, hard to find a job without further studies. And that seems to be true for liberal arts degrees in general in many cases. Now, one thing I would like to mention here, and I guess this ties into some of the other areas on this list as well, is that a lot of the time people who get these liberal arts degrees end up having to go back to college to get a master's or a doctorate. Now, when you get a master's or a doctorate, of course, you're going to make more money. So it's kind of like comparing apples to oranges. But the downside is you're going to have to go into further student loan debt, and it takes quite a bit of time. So for instance, if you look at a degree like engineering, not that many people end up getting masters or doctorates. And that's because they can easily get a job with just a four years bachelor level degree. Those that do end up going back to school and achieving further degrees are probably doing it because they want to, and not because they have to. Whereas if you look at a degree like philosophy, for instance, around 57% of people who graduate with a philosophy degree end up going back to school to get a master's or a doctorate. That is insane. And on top of that, if you're going for a PhD, for instance, the time that it takes you to get that degree is going to be a lot longer if you're in a field or if you're going for a major that's saturated when it comes to masters and PhDs, which many of these liberal arts, humanities, social science degrees are. So for instance, if you get a PhD in engineering around 57% of people complete it within seven years, whereas only 29% of humanities majors complete it within seven years. That is a huge discrepancy. So not only is it more difficult for you to get a job at the bachelor's level, but on top of that, it's going to take longer cost more for you to go for a master's or a PhD in many cases. Now, of course, there can be some exceptions. A lot of the time you can get your PhD paid for if you get a stipend or you apply for different scholarships, which is great, but it's still going to take a lot of time and that's opportunity cost that you could have been working in the workforce. But with that being said, let's say you want to become a professor and you get your PhD, you get that tenured position, it is a pretty sweet gig. And if you are able to work in a lot of these different fields, chances are you're going to enjoy your job just because they're very interesting. I personally find a lot of these liberal arts degrees to be very interesting and I studied them on the side.  So I'm going to give this one an eight out of 10 when it comes to satisfaction. Next, we're going to be talking about demand. And this is basically how badly your skills are needed by hiring managers and business owners on the job market. So let's say you became a high school teacher, there's around a million jobs available and it's growing at 4%, which is average, meaning over the next 10 years, there's going to be 40,000 new jobs that are created. If you became a reporter, broadcaster or correspondent, there's around 52,000 jobs available. Unfortunately, it's declining at negative 11%. Now when it comes to unemployment rates, the liberal arts degrees in general tend to have some of the highest. Now, of course, things are really weird in the world right now. Hopefully things go back to normal soon. But unemployment rates, of course, right now are going to be pretty bad throughout. But with that being said, when you search monster.com for liberal arts degree, you're going to see that only a thousand job listings pop up and you can compare that to a bad one and a good one and you'll see that it's definitely on the lower side. Now a lot of the time when businesses are surveyed and they're asked what type of college degrees they're looking for, what type of majors they're looking to hire for their business, they're going to be saying, you know, business degrees and engineering degrees all the time. So for instance, in this survey, it was about 83 and 82% respectively. However, when you look at social sciences and humanities, it's only around 20% and 5%. Now, of course, this is a pretty small sample size and it's going to vary depending on the industry you're in. But in pretty much all the different surveys I've seen, it's relatively common where you see business, engineering, mathematics, technology at the very top, sometimes healthcare, if you're talking about healthcare industry, and then these types of degrees tend to be towards the bottom. So the big problem with just a general liberal arts degree is the fact that you're not really a specialist in any one thing. You're kind of learning a little bit of everything. And the truth is there's so many different free resources out there that you can use. Obviously YouTube is going to be one of them. You can even take classes at Ivy League colleges like Harvard completely free and they'll tell you what textbook they're using and they'll even give you the problems. And I'm not even kidding about that. You can pretty much take an entire curriculum at some of these Ivy League universities with free online classes. Now, of course, you're not going to get that piece of paper at the end, you're not going to get your degree. But if you just want to be a jack of all trades and kind of just have a surface level of knowledge on a bunch of different things, you can take those classes for free online. The whole purpose of college in terms of getting a job is to have specialized skills and something be a specialist in an area so that you can help a business in that particular field. And so a lot of the time business owners and hiring managers aren't going to know how your liberal arts degree is going to be able to help them in their business. That doesn't necessarily mean that it doesn't have any value. I think a lot of these classes are extremely interesting. And indirectly, they probably have quite a bit of value and they're going to help you in your life in general. But overall, when it comes to demand, I'm going to have to give this one a four out of 10. Next, we're going to be talking about X factors. And this is anything that I think is important that didn't make it into any of the other categories. Now, if you look at liberal arts degrees over a lifetime, you're going to see that they make around $2.1 million on average. And that's below the average of 2.4 million for all degrees and all different career paths. Now, if you break it down, get a little more specific and look at different career paths you can go into, you'll see that some are going to be a lot higher than others. So for instance, if you become a manager, you can still make around 3 million over a lifetime. However, a lot of them are going to be much lower than that. So for instance, if you work in office support, you'll only make around 1.6 million. You can compare this to a degree like engineering or business where it stays relatively stable almost no matter what career path you go down. Now, if you look at liberal arts as a skill on the zip recruiter skills index, you're going to see that almost none of the things that fall under the liberal arts umbrella are going to even be listed on there. So for instance, history isn't listed on there as a skill just to give an example. So basically what they're saying is liberal arts is way too general to list it as a skill. But let's say you become a graphic designer, for instance, and this is actually one of the better ones that I found that is ranked 43 out of 100. And you can compare that to software engineering or industrial sewing. And you'll see that it's relatively mid range, maybe even below average. So this doesn't necessarily mean that liberal arts as a skill doesn't have any value. It's more of a reference to how much people are willing to pay in the workforce, aka business owners and hiring managers for people with various skills at this particular time in history. So this is basically a list of tangible skills at this particular time in history and how much people are willing to pay you for them. However, there's a lot of soft skills or intangible skills that you can learn with a liberal arts degree that will likely help you not only financially, probably indirectly, but they'll just help you in general areas of your life. So for instance, history is one of my favorite subjects. And it would be an example of a liberal arts degree. And I really enjoy studying it. And I think it has helped me in a lot of different areas of my life. Learning from the successes and the failures of the past and figuring out how to copy the successes and avoid the failures can be extremely beneficial. However, tangibly, it hasn't really helped me all that much when it comes to my career or getting a job. Now, when it comes to the likelihood of automation, many of the skills that you will learn will probably not be automated, but it really depends on what career path you go down. So for instance, if you become a paralegal, there's around a 94% chance you'll be automated according to willrobotstakemyjob.com. But again, it really depends on what career path you end up going down. But overall with this one, sure you can go into a lot of different careers, but you're not necessarily going to be able to sell yourself very well to business owners and hiring managers, just because the whole purpose of college is to teach you specialized skills. And this is so general. And it's not general necessarily in a good way, like being flexible would be general as well. Just because of the fact that, you know, degrees like engineering and business, sure, they're flexible. And you can go into a lot of different career paths. But they're also relatively well respected. And business owners and hiring managers are constantly looking for people who graduate with engineering degrees, even if it doesn't necessarily have much to do with their job. So overall, when it comes to x factors, unfortunately, I have to give this one a score of five out of 10. So when you add everything up and divide it by four, you're going to get a score of 5.5 out of 10 overall. And I have to be honest with you, it's probably not a good idea for most people in most situations to get this degree. There are many universities out there, even Ivy League universities that will offer lots of these classes for free online, where you can listen to the world's foremost experts on these different subjects completely free. They'll even tell you what books they're studying out of. And in some cases, they'll give you some of the problems that the students go over in the classes. So in many cases, it would probably be a good idea for you to just study this stuff on the side, or maybe minor in it, or in some cases, you could double major in it if you really love it.  And that is to get a master's or a PhD in most cases. Then what you want to do is make a great plan. You want to reach out to people who are in whatever career path you're trying to get into, ask them what you should do, ask them what steps you should take, and figure out a good plan in order to, you know, achieve the goal that you set for yourself. In many cases, if you want to make money from a liberal arts degree, if you want to make a career out of it, it would probably be better for you to either just double major in it, minor in it, or study it on the side, and then start your own business. Because chances are, you're going to have to get a little bit creative in order to make money from this. So for instance, for a history degree, you would maybe want to start a podcast, a blog, a YouTube channel, something along those lines, and then eventually you would be able to make enough money to replace your full-time job's income, and it would go from being a side hustle to being your career. The truth is in many cases, getting a college degree and a lot of these different types of careers, not only is it not going to help you, but it will actually hinder you because of the fact that you're going to be so deep in the hole. You're going to be $40,000 in student loan debt, and it's not going to help you get a job all that much. Now, if you're somebody who's in the situation where they already got one of these degrees and you're wondering what you should do, there are many types of jobs out there that just require a college degree. They're not usually very high paying. They're not usually all that desirable in many cases, but they require a college degree and they don't really care what degree you got. So for instance, there's a lot of government jobs out there that require you to have a college degree, but they don't really care what degree that is for the position. And so if you apply to those jobs, there's a good chance that you might be able to get one. But that's just my two cents. You guys know I always give it to you straight. I always try to be as fair as possible when I'm evaluating these degrees. So if you want some help figuring out what college degree you should get, I have made a college degree ranker. It's going to be in my Patreon down in the description below that will make the whole process much easier for you so that you don't have to wait on me to make a video about whatever college degree you're looking into. So check that out down below. I think it'll make the whole process quite a bit easier for you and I worked really hard on it and I think it's a great resource. If you haven't done it already, go ahead and gently tap the like button in order to defeat the YouTube algorithm. Hit that subscribe button, ring the notification bell, comment down below any thoughts, comments, criticisms that you have on the video. Share the video. That always helps quite a bit. And before you leave, check out my other videos right here. I made them just for you.


Let us now begin with the solution. Now, given equations and we return the three matrix in which elements are 1, 1, minus 1, 3, 1, minus 2, 1, minus 1, minus 1. This matrix consists of all coefficients of x, y, and z. X is equal to column matrix in which elements are x, y, and z. V is also equal to column matrix in which elements are 1, 3, minus 1. Determinant of A equal to 1 into determinant of 1, minus 1, minus 2, minus 1. Minus 1 into determinant of 3, 1, minus 2, minus 1. Minus 1 into determinant of 3, 1, 1, minus 1. Now, this is equal to 1 into minus 1, minus 2, minus 1, into minus 3, plus 2, minus 1, into minus 3, minus 1. This is equal to minus 3, minus 1, into minus 1, minus 1, into minus 4. This is equal to minus 3, plus 1, plus 4. And this is equal to 2, which is not equal to 0. So, as determinant of A is not equal to 0s, therefore A is a non-singular matrix. Since non-singular A inverse exists, so let us now find A inverse. For determining A inverse, we have to first find cofactors of all elements of matrix A. A11 is equal to minus 1 to the power 1 plus 1 into determinant of 1, minus 1, minus 2, minus 1. This is equal to 1 into minus 1, minus 2, and this is equal to minus 3. 2 is equal to minus 1 to the power 1 plus 2 into determinant of 3, 1, minus 2, minus 1. This is equal to minus 1 into minus 3, plus 2, and this is equal to 1. A13 is equal to minus 1 to the power 1 plus 3 into determinant of 3, 1, 1, minus 1. Now this is equal to 1 into minus 3, minus 1, and this is equal to minus 4. 2, 1 is equal to minus 1 to the power 2 plus 1 into determinant of 1, minus 1, minus 1, minus 1. And this is equal to minus 1 into minus 1, minus 1, and this is equal to 2. A22 is equal to minus 1 to the power 2 plus 2 into determinant of 1, 1, minus 1, minus 1. This is equal to 1 into minus 1, and this is equal to 0. Now A23 is equal to minus 1 to the power 2 plus 3 into determinant of 1, 1, 1, minus 1. And this is equal to minus 1 into minus 1, minus 1, and this is equal to minus 1 to the power 3 plus 1 into determinant of 1, 1, minus 1, minus 2. This is equal to 1 into minus 2 plus 1. This is equal to minus 1 equal to to the power 3 plus 2 into determinant of 1, 3, minus 1, minus 2. This is equal to minus 1 into minus 2 plus 3. This is equal to minus 1. Now A33 is equal to minus 1 to the power 3 plus 3 into determinant of 1, 3, 1, 1. And this is equal to 1 minus 3, and this is equal to minus 2, a joint A. Now a joint A is equal to 3 by 3 matrix in which elements are minus 3, 2, minus 1, 1, 0, minus 1, minus 4. Now A inverse is equal to 1 by determinant of A into a joint. D implies x is equal to A inverse p. Now A inverse is equal to this, and v is equal to column matrix in which elements are 1, 3, minus 1. Now this is equal to 1 by 2 into column matrix in which elements are minus 3 plus 6 plus 1, 1 plus 0 plus 1, minus 4 plus 6 plus 2. Now this is equal to 1 by 2 into column matrix in which elements are 4 to 4. And this is equal to column matrix in which elements are 2, 1, 2. x is also equal to column matrix in which elements are x, y, and z. Now this implies x is equal to 2, y is equal to 1, and z is equal to 2. Hence I require the answer is x equals to 2, y equals to 1, and z equals to 2. So this completes the session by and take care.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with jaspys 13 box fishing for trout baseball mixer Giving away a trout. In fact looks like this. How awesome is that a? One out of five might trout from stadium club. I Guess the winner will get a train whistle Out of fives and under get the train whistle. So that's gonna be pretty awesome Now the break itself is pretty awesome, too. We got a lot of quality product in here So let's do it. Let's roll So oh first of all, thank you everyone Couple fillers congrats to those folks there people buy buying their spots straight up appreciate that too all 30 teams are in Let's roll it. Let's randomize it Six and a three nine times for names and teams and obviously the giveaway will be at the very end different dice roll one two three and Ninth and final time after nine we got Matt Arnold down to Derek Molensen Six and a three nine times for the teams two Three and ninth and final time after nine. We got the brew crew down to my Dodgers All right, Matt Arnold you got the brew crew Jake with the Braves Derek Molensen with the Nats Wade with the Indians Matt With the Phillies Matt Lieber with the Phillies got two from bats in this break Derek with the Cubs Kenny with the twins in With the Padres Darren with the Yankees Chris with the Halos Emma with the Rocks Roy with the Royals Jonathan with the Astros Brian with the White Sox Joseph with the Marlins Adam with the Texas Rangers Mary With the Diamondbacks Matt Lieber with the Tigers Anthony with the Pirates Jeremy Taylor with the Rays Kevin Giants David Mariners Derek A's last spot mojo right there, too Matt with the Blue Jays Evan with the Cardinals Barry with the Reds Matt Lieber with the Red Sox rich with the Orioles Charles good to see Charles with the Mets and Derek Molensen with my Dodgers All right now trades are allowed. Let's alphabetize by team So we're gonna pause the video and see if there's any trades And when we come back, we'll do the break too. Bye. Not bye. Be right back All right. Welcome back folks. There was a deal done Cubs Astros have been traded. So Jonathan now has his cubbies So we'll put T next to there for trade and Derek was willing to take the Astros there Let's put T next to there for trade so we can follow along and see who Who draws first blood in that trade? We'll see if that has any impact on the randomizer at the end for the trout too. All right So once again, there's the trout So if you think you got a bad team or through the course of the break looks like if you're having a bad break Don't worry. We still cross your fingers for the Mike trout to turn everything around As much as I want to watch local sports News hey, where's that hockey game gonna be on isn't that we get hockey layers night somewhere The outdoor hockey thing. I guess I could watch flames add oilers All right Thanks, everyone for getting into the action. So there was that one trade and there's everybody else right there Oh NBC SN that's in like half an hour, right? currently sailing Am I watching sailing anyone into America's Cup is this America's Cup? I don't understand how this works. I Think there's a lot of this And then a lot of leaning one way or the other See what we got here. We got Cody Hosey My Dodgers and that'll be for Derek Molanson and Los Angeles Yeah, that's not too bad brandy. Yeah, there was another insert it back there, too Which wasn't too shabby Not a bad football mixer could be graded out could be even even better We got Dominic Fletcher Mets Diamondbacks Arizona that'll be for Mary Lou Yeah, all only vet commons don't ship Brandon in that particular break and we've got Luis Torribio 78 out of 99 or Torribio, maybe San Francisco baseball Giants So that'll go to Kevin we've got Matt Gorski He sounds like a tiger Matt Gorski is a Not in baseball. It was drafted by the Pirates So I'll go to Pittsburgh. That'll be for Anthony got legacy Adley Rushman going to the Orioles It's a six out of ten. That's a nice low number on that one doesn't have the team there Baltimore with that one that goes to rich and the Orioles and we got a nice CJ Abrams On-card autograph draft ticket on card auto for the Padres and goes to Ian and the Friars You got a Tetease opportunity box somewhere in here to that series, too, and we got a Bryson Stott Like I should know Bryson Stott.  Bryson Stott Phillies College ticket autograph. I think is he is he playing? I think he might be up on the 40 man at least All right, Phillies autograph that goes to Matt Lieber. All right, so let's get another Draft type product out of the way then we'll go through some of the base heavy stuff and then cycle into some of the higher end stuff So these are these are nice, but a little bit tedious. So let's just knock these out first And of course, there'll be a autograph recap at the end. Well, there's a plate on the bottom An autograph plate All right first out of the gate wave autograph Jordan Westburg Who is an Oriole? It's another Baltimore Oriole for rich We got Everson Pereira Well, I'm almost certain is a Yankee Is he he is a Yankee Yankee Teddy that goes to Darren McKenzie Dural, I think We're kind of booked up for the for the night We've got about another 45 minutes left in this mixer and we've got another 30 minute break after this Maybe if we do another filler break, I think I'd be down to do that. That might be our best bet We got Cole Henry who is a national One out of ten That'll be for Derek Molanson We got a Mason win and he is a Cardinal and that'll be for That's gonna go to Evan who has the Cardinals We got Patrick Bailey wave autograph and he is a giant It'll be for Kevin Not numbered and the plate. Who are you? You are Bryce Jarvis state pride plate card. Nice There you go, Bryce Jarvis Sounds like a royal Bryce Jarvis selected by the Diamondbacks not even close all right, so Mary Lou with the Diamondbacks all aboard the Big Hit Express Right, so let's get some of this base heavier stuff out of the way Let's go with this 2019 a series two. Let's go. I think this is to tease hunting. Yeah Let's just get right to it Yeah, pretty big pretty big contract for to tease locked up for a long time The average annual value though isn't crazy. I think he averages like $25 million. I Mean, I think they back loaded it. I was saying they back loaded the contract So the year-to-year is gonna be different, but the average annual value I think it only ends up being about 25 26 million dollars only But um, but that might be that might be actually kind of cheap, you know by the time By the time The piece is like a five years into his deal halfway into this deal that might be like a bargain Now that now that I've been chewing on it a little bit more. I don't know why to tease took that deal. I mean 14 years is a lot. I mean Sandy was a beautiful place to live So I don't know maybe if you just want to Get settled in that's a long time. You know, you would think that he wants to hit like He wants to hit free agency after like seven years six or seven years and try to get a monster another monster deal But I guess and that contracts rate very tradable to I think at that At that money amount Unless he has it. I don't think he has a no trade The med seal that is still paying for Bobby Bonilla Gets that gets a million dollars every year for I think another 15 years or so, which I guess is interesting, too I mean, I know that's like that's like taking the That's like taking the yearly on a on a lottery winnings as opposed to Getting the lump sum I think I would kind of kind of want the lump sum Let me pay attention here see there's an Elohim in this he's pretty good It's for the white socks. That's gonna be for Brian Crouch. I want to pay attention See if we can find Some Fernando Tetease Junior There's a Molina Marcel celebrate to 2019 Yachty is back. Was there ever concern was there ever any doubt Evan with the cardinals? Yeah, I guess I would take it.  I don't want to be there is What if he gets traded to somewhere? He doesn't want to be Ian with the Padres Made a boatload of money. There you go. Congrats Ian the Padres. Hopefully that Hopefully that grades out nicely If you choose to have it graded there's a Vlad Guerrero, Jr Matt Lieber with the Blue Jays Wait, he got a full no trade clause with that as well Lucas Gio Lido to 2019 and there's a Pita. I was gonna say the other rookie would be Pita Lanzo Mets that'll be Charles with the Metropolitan's getting the Pita Lanzo rookie tried to trade couldn't trade mojo Full trade. So you got the 14 years. You got the security. You got the money the lower average annual value, but you're set up You're set up 14 14 years with a no trade clause and you get to live in San Diego It's not bad. There you go, Ian. Yeah I think all the all the details are on the website. You can hit us up and contact us if you have any questions Robert saying you also like Taking insurance on himself. However, because he gets hurt so gets paid in like six year labor structure 10 year 30 million That was her insurance taken out. That's good. Oh, that's a good call. I guess Paula Sandoval to 2019 Did Russell O'Koon really take his salary and Bitcoin? There's the panda for the Giants at Kevin Poor Kevin. Interesting Russell O'Koon. He's in Bitcoin at like It's at like 50 over 55 now, isn't it? 50 50s I don't know. It changes so much, but it's in the 50s, isn't it? Matt Arnold saying O'Koon took took half in Bitcoin, but still That half's doing well if he still has it There's Mike Trout. We're giving away a Mike Trout later. There you go. That's For the halos that goes to Chris Miller with the Mike Trout game use rally Hopefully studies. Do we know if he still has it? Hopefully he still has it I mean at that point you just you just for you just said it and forget it Well, don't forget your password, but you just said and forget it, right Emma Rockies And another Vlad Guerrero Jr For Matt Lever All right, let's keep marching on how about some tops chrome or top stadium club chrome edition Any release on I love every release Robert every new release is something different You know, I mean every product has its own unique thing. So I think every every product Is exciting I don't know. It'd be cool to see some of the new basketball like Like prison basketball and it's new new draft class See how that goes All the high-end stuff. That's obviously I really like flawless nt Dynasty diamond icon so on and so forth Rockberg Not suey I like the design of the stadium club this year too, by the way power zone Flavor day, there's no it's gonna be working Nolan aeronado in a different uniform And we've got a Sean Murphy autograph That'll be for the a is Derek Melanson In case you're wondering Italy won this sailing race And they I guess advanced to the America's Cup I'm sure we've got a lot of I'm sure we have a lot of sailing fans here. That's a great photo Now let's get into some of that series one. Oh, yeah, the silver pack Come on sapphire watch out You can see all the packs right up top here Oh, yeah, Ginter's always a fun rip you Shalinsky. Yeah, that's It's a little long, but But uh, it is a fun that that's fun like to do with That's like a fun rip on your own. You know what I mean? I've uh One year maybe a few years ago when we're coming back from the national Um in Chicago, I think it was like I bought a couple boxes of Ginter Just to open at the airport while we were waiting for our flight And you know, there's there's a little pressure during group breaks to kind of You know, I can't spend three hours doing a case of Ginter. You know what I mean? It's just Not efficient. You got to keep the lights on got bills to pay, you know, so We do have to kind of move a little more quickly, but If you if you have the chance to rip open like You know buy a few boxes of the Ginter and just sit down and You know Just sit down and leisurely open a box or two or if a case if you're if you're feeling spicy Yeah, it's a lot of fun Because you can take a look at all the weird parallels there that that's what bogs me down in those breaks I always want to be like hey look at this bug Look at this crazy building. You know like It's like monster bugs of australia and they'll be like Scary high buildings bridges would be like an insert set You know, so there's all sorts of goofy stuff in there that I like. All right. Let's roll through these Let's see what we got here. I think in series one.  No, have we talked? I feel like we have talked about this, huh? No, it's not I The sign's still lit. I live very close to there, but the sign's still lit and it doesn't uh There's christian pache and they haven't turned it off. So hopefully they've survived the pandemic I don't think it's open though. The problem is it's a very even a it's a small bar You know, there's really no open space And they don't serve food. So they weren't able to kind of stay open that way So I don't they'll probably be one of the last places to to reopen. Hopefully Still alive, but I you know, I really wasn't a regular there though, but it would be a good spot But I would not I'd rarely go there on weekends.  Okay Legendarily bad. That's a good one though. You try to hit the high notes at the end together Thursdays or your night. Yeah, I was gonna say weeknights Were always a little more Was a lot more chill You know and the bartenders were a lot more friendlier because they weren't slammed Like weeknights like a Tuesday or Wednesday night Thursday night You know every once in a while pop in there for a quick drink and Watch some people sing Um, I don't know if you've seen this matter.  Yeah That's that's always fun. It's because I'm always like hey, that's that's a good slide We've got a 10 out of 70. We've got a dodgers card here. Nice. Nice. There you go. That's for that's for uh derrick melanson She's so much better than jewel. Yeah, and I guess that that's like the moment where you're like, oh, yeah that's why That's why that's why jewels are professional and you can see like the stark contrast and quality That's a good spot though That's a good spot. There's that uh irish pub just down the way The O'Brien's I think is managing to stay open because they they're using some of their parking lot space in the back For some limited capacity stuff. There's mcgillic rarer to 2021 for the tigers matt lieber But sonny mcclean's I don't think is open Yeah, pacific dining car. I think all of them I think I think the santa monica one went down and I think a few months after that the downtown one The one near downtown which was the original I think And the santa monica one's been there or been around for like 40 years But like the one that's been around since like early 1900s is that that one close to Well sonny's is still around but I don't know if they're oh, I drive by it every once in a while But I don't think they've unless they have seating in the back or something like that doesn't seem like they're doing anything there Uh, let's go with oh, we're actually Moving out a good clip here I tried to uh, when pacific dining car went down matt arnold Uh, they actually had an auction sub rebel They actually had an auction of all the quirky stuff that was in there and I've only it's it was kind of pricey I've only eaten there like once or been in there like once Even for drinks or lunch or something like that.  It's like oh, here's like an old old brass telephone and like the random artwork on the wall And all of them went for like thousands of dollars and here like some some the quirky chairs, you know the table lamps Too expensive Well, you're this one's 2017 by the way. All right, so here you're your x-factor exclusives here.  It's like come on. Hey, there's the hockey Wait, did they already have a first period in this hockey match in this hockey game? And then they stopped it and they did like Tariqo's doing this Let's do Oh, they did play They did play a period. Oh, they're like that guy's taking a tumble. Yeah, the ice. No good Has anyone out there listening right now watching has anyone, uh Driven Or have rid ridden ridden taken a ride on a zamboni. I have never And I want to Trying to get more into hockey this year. I think they did one. They did an outdoor one at dodger stadium a little bit ago A few years ago something like that four four five years ago something like that, but they've done what at dodger stadium Um, I did not go but I think jason jaspy Who will be here tomorrow breaking with you If he went If I remember correctly Brett Beatty is your autograph Mets. Charles tried to trade couldn't trade mojo David you were there for that. Was it cool? It looked cool. I think I watched it on tv. It was king's ducks Miss kylois Louis robert And we've got kade kivali Washington derek melanson Oh, yeah, I've never been that close for a hockey game though You I've been to a couple of king's games though Wow kiss played between periods. That's pretty cool I wonder if they'll do that again this year.  Do they like playing outdoors? Do they say it's cool or is it a hassle for them? What's the general player response? I think vet commons don't ship but bowman's best all cards will ship And sapphire too Although they have a different pattern. So I think the shipping team would catch that Let's look at some tops chrome sapphire just From 20 2020 Yeah, 2020 Seems like they like it matt saying but this morning. It was just really bad They were saying yeah, they do like it's something different And it's kind of like pond hockey It looks cool. Uh, why don't they do they wait? Have they ever done this with basketball? Why don't they do basketball outdoors wouldn't that be cool? I would love to see an mba game outdoors Oh, do they try and pond strings it didn't work. Well, what wasn't wrong I feel like that's a cool idea. I'm okay.  I think they did that's that sounds kind of cool, too We got lewis thork That green's just the the the wall And we got our rookie autograph travis demerit Oh moisture on the oh That's for the tigers. That's for matt lever. Then they should just do Like an old they should do an old black top An old black top game You know I want like The all-star game should be like on black top Let's see this choice Is that too much risk of injury like the like the old playground playground game All right, there's buster posie to 45 Candy cane. I don't know if it's called candy cane, but there it is candy cane buster posie for kevin and the giants Elvis andrus 45 justin done Andrus for rangers edition adam with that one justin done to 88 for david and the m's We've got jd martinez to 88 For the red socks that's going to be for matt And a nice trend grisham here for ian and the padres 65 out of 84 Behind chris bryant is michael baez raided rookie hollow for ian and the friars And your three autographs here behind chris bryant We got patrick sandoval for the halos raided rookie auto for chris and the angels 29 out of 99 this johnson hernandez i don't know who it is, but Keep the suspense up raided rookie johnson hernandez green 10 out of 99 for adam koppermann And behind silver chris bryant is isan diaz Going to joseph falsetti and the fish marlins 43 out of 99 All right, let's see if we can find some of these guys Look how young these two look rice harper garret cold I know we're talking a lot of hockey during this baseball break, but Seattle kraken is that this upcoming season? 21 22 is is that their debut? Seems like we have a few hockey fans in here. So I'll mind them for information usually says yes, okay I was really hoping they'd go with sockeye I think it's kraken's cool, too. Oh remember dante vichette jr I guess I guess bow is going to be It's going to be the better player There's a garret coal Bowen's best insert for the pirates that'll be for anthony About dan heron to 500 for the angels If I remember all that what was trot always supposed to be the next coming of christ for the sport. No In fact, I think that Well, I think he was kind of hyped up, but he actually fell in the draft I think that's the here's a price harper nice That's the famous story Is that mlb network was like broadcasting the draft? And they actually brought him to the studios Thinking that he was going to be drafted like among the first few picks And they made a big to-do about it. I feel like And then um And then he started sliding down the draft board. All right, here's here's young jock peterson young jock That's his uh, that's his social media handles young jock for derrick melanson and the dodgers is bowman's first There's rice harper Bowman chrome card for derrick melanson as well And an autograph kyle kubitsa not kyle kuzma, but kyle kubitsa For jake and the braves. All right, there's bowman sterling and we got top sterling hiding back there, too I don't know why trout Slid that far though Yeah, the angels selected trout using their compensation pick from the yankees for their signing of mark tashara trout was 25th overall in 20 in the 2009 mlb draft and then He raked in his first year and then before the 2010 season trout was considered the angels third best prospect at 85th Overall by baseball america And then he raked And then he was selected to play in the all stars future game and then by july Baseball america named trout the second best overall prospect and then by 2011 I think I think he was started he was so just a couple years after he was drafted He was then uh Slated as the top prospect in baseball then looks like in july 8th 2011 He was promoted to replace peter borges There's some good trivia Who got injured to make way for trout remember peter borges? And then he made his majorly debut that night he went 0 for 3 then he got his first career here at the next day So on and so forth went back to double a for a little bit Back in august and then I think and then 2012 was his full season and was rookie of the year Oh nice arozerania and a nicoladolo 38 out of 50 I've run out of top loaders Nicoladolo for the reds barry roberts A nice raise arozerania for jeremy taylor I forgot about arozerania for the raise And jeremy peña For the astros that's going to be for derrick melanson drawing first blood in the trade Like vegas tied it up The eco horn of rookie and we got a michael bush For derrick and the dodgers Remember in the 80s of your rookie of the year rest of your career sucked. Did it really? Maybe it did I remember the dodgers the dodger in the 90s rattled off A bunch of rookies of the year in a row And I guess you know mike piazza turned into a hall of famer And there's a sparkle julio rodriguez. He's supposed to be really good 29 out of 99 seattle There you go david m Mariners if they put all their prospects together They could be scary good really quickly Carols eric caros had a good career hideo nomo carved out a solid career. He's taught haulinsworth Didn't really do anything After his rookie of the year campaign Maybe the dodgers group wasn't that bad Logan davidson going to uh the a's that'll be for derrick. I don't know those 90s dodgers seem to be pretty bad So sanchez and the jordan yama moto that is for joseph Key might be from around here southern californ. I don't think that I don't remember Let's see I guess in the 90s al rookies of the year in the in the sorry 80s Calibri can jr. Was a rookie of the year in 82 Ron kiddle, okay, dave reggetty 81 Joe charbonneau, I guess I really do much alvin davis alvin davis was okay Ozzie geon jose conceco rookie of the year mark maguire rookie of the year walt weiss rookie of the year Greg olson 89. Okay. Greg. Olson. Maybe not sanny elmar jr. 1990. What about in the nl? nl 80s steve how? Fernando valenzuela Steve sacks daryl strawberry dwight gooden vince colman todd warrell bonito sandiago chris sabo Those are all great maybe not gerome walton, but No, I think most of these rookies of the year turned out to be pretty good. Maybe that's mandela effect They were just all bad. I think there was a patch auto there you guys. Let's do the bottom one first It's mike saroka For jake odham and the braves and we've got oh, it's not a patch auto, but it's shohei otani nice five out of 15 Nice, hopefully he has a bounce back season this year because that would be hashtag great for the hobby chris miller with the angels that's uh 2020 so A couple years after his his rookie campaign. He's he's got time to bounce back nice All right now. Here's a really nice one close out the break And we still have to give away that trout too There's these little mini boxes here All right, we got oh rookies and retired numbers. Let's do the retired player first and then it was closed with the rookie All right, yusha linsky has a strong position on otani card. So he'd like to see otani Bounce back this year too. I think a lot of people would all right. We have a Oh nice the big unit randy johnson 10 out of 10 triple relic and autograph And that is diamondbacks edition of randy johnson Mary lou with snakes Is there such a thing as a first spot no hit mojo? No, I don't think I don't think there is unfortunately. They're still they're still the trout that Cross your fingers for that and let's see who this is going to be All right, it's going to be this way it is yordan alvarez nice seven out of 25 dual relic and otto Derek melanson hues nastro's got that in a trade Yeah, that was it's a pretty good run for yordan alvarez and there you have it boys and girls Pretty nice break the 13 box fishing for trout Let's go fishing. There it is All trotty here fishy fishy fishy All right, so let's flip back to this list right here. There's no other randomizers we need to do So let's just grab everyone's names from mary and the diamond back down to derrick and the nationals Let's roll it. Let's randomize it Six into two eight times name on top after eight good luck one two three four five six seven And once more right? Yeah six into two Again eighth and final time after eight One very happy person many many sad people here. Thanks everyone for giving this ago though. I appreciate it We've got some other mixers with giveaways too if you want to give that a shot Sorry kenny So close but yet so far that spot's brutal But I appreciate everybody getting into it. Thank you and congrats to Darin mackenzie Darin had the yankees. I think I maybe called your name out once in this break So there you go rewarded with a nine five ten Mike trout autograph from stadium club orange Parallel centering surface edges all the nine five those corners are a nine his autograph is a ten It's a one out of five darin All aboard the big hit express Nice trout went fishing And caught one this big Thanks for watching everybody. I'm joe for jazzy's case breaks dot com and i'm going to do a recap I'm so proud about that Got so excited about the mike trout Pretty solid break Got the brice harper jock peterson bowman first Diaz The choice boxes were cool. The zack vine was nice Sean murphy's kind of autograph grinded guys a little dark there, but there was another trout relic for the angels pete lanzo rookies glad guerrero rookie to tis jr. Rookie plate A couple prospecting prospects here at the beginning And there you got it. There you have it. I'm joe for jaspy's case. Now I can sign off I'm joe for jaspy's case breaks dot com. Thanks for joining the 13 box fishing for trout baseball mixer And I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye


Welcome to the Cillium Updates session. Were any of you at CilliumCon yesterday? Yes? Awesome right? It was good. Say, first section today is just a little welcome to Cillium session. How many of you are already using Cillium? Most of you? Good, so you probably mostly know what Cillium is. Very quickly, most of you probably use it as a CNI, so providing networking in Kubernetes. Cillium service mesh, which is extending that to service mesh capabilities using EBPF and highlighting the capabilities of Cillium as a networking platform. Hubble for observability, and we're going to hear a little bit more about Hubble and observability and Grafana integration later in this session. Of course, Tetragon. Let's get another show of hands. How many of you have tried Tetragon or been interested in Tetragon? Tetragon is the security observability sub-project in Cillium. I highly recommend you check it out. Really very briefly, Cillium covers Kubernetes networking in a really performance fashion because it's based on EBPF. Really high performance load balancing. We have users who are using it outside of Kubernetes as a load balancing platform. Security aspects around network policy and transparent encryption and, of course, the ability to integrate multiple Kubernetes clusters and external workloads. That is another thing that you will hear more about from Thomas shortly. Hubble is the observability platform that gives us visibility into individual network flows, aggregated metrics, service maps and the ability to export all this metric information to whatever you want to export it to, whether it's Fluent D or Prometheus or Grafana, Elastic, whatever sim you're using, we can use as a destination for Hubble information. Tetragon, which uses the EBPF knowledge that we have to instrument the kernel and give us insight into security-relevant events. Cillium is being used by a lot of people. We have a lot of use case studies, videos, blog posts and people describing how they're using Cillium that you can find on the Cillium website. We've already got over 100 end-users documented publicly in the user's file. Is there anybody here who is using Cillium but hasn't added themselves to the user's file? Nobody wants to confess to that. There's somebody who's confessed. Right, so you need to go to the users.md file and submit a pull request to add your organisation and we're seeing that number explode. Brilliant. You can use EBPF in basically any cloud environment and in fact it's being adopted by all the major cloud providers. AWS use it for EKS anywhere, Azure use it for the Azure C&I powered by Cillium and in Google Cloud it's part of GKE Data Plane v2. All of this information and more we've collected together into our first annual report at the end of last year. So Bill, who I'm sure many of you have interacted with one way or another, pulled together this annual report sharing all the statistics, all of the information, some of the user's stories and the news showing the progress of Cillium up to 2022. As lots of you know, yesterday we held the first ever Cillium Con. I think it's going to be the first of many because it was great. We had some fantastic end user stories so if you didn't make it yesterday, do check out the videos on YouTube when they're published because there are some really great talks. And the other thing that happened yesterday was we crossed a milestone. We went from slightly below 15,000 stars on GitHub at the beginning of the day to over 15,000 stars on GitHub by the end of Cillium Con. So I think that's another round of applause, right? We now have a contributor ladder. So if you want to get involved in whether it's development or other types of non-code contributions to Cillium, we have guidance on not just going to a good first issue, but also what the different roles are, how you can kind of take on more responsibility within the Cillium community. There's a contributors file that you can add yourself to if you're making non-code contributions. So things that otherwise wouldn't be tracked in GitHub, you can now make sure you do get the credit for that in GitHub. We have regular Cillium developer meetings. We've had a weekly meeting for forever, pretty much. We are now also experimenting with probably monthly meeting in the Asia Pacific time zone so that we can extend to more people around the world. We do have quite a lot of users and contributors in Asia Pacific, so it's really great that we can now welcome them to a regular meeting. Of course, there's always the Slack channel. Another thing that's happened since we last had an updates meeting is that we had a third-party security audit. So this was commissioned by the CNCF and an organisation called Oztiff, and they appointed a company called Adilogix to do a security audit. I think it's fair to say that Cillium passed it with flying colours. They didn't find any critical... I don't think they even found any high severity issues in the main security audit. They were very impressed with the security posture and the attitude that the maintainers have to security. So that was a really, really great milestone achieved and really valuable input as well. So we're grateful to the CNCF and Oztiff for providing that audit. We now have a training course. So Linux Foundation are publishing an introduction to Cillium. You can already sign up for it, and I think the first cast of it is about to be run in May. And with all these things, I think we can see the end-user adoption is really broad. We have the governance, I think, is in really great shape. The security side of things is in really good shape. So our graduation application that we put forward in Detroit, we hope we're really close to the TOC vote on that. There have been a few bits of paperwork that need to get finalised, but fingers crossed we will be in a position to be graduated very shortly, I hope. Which will be amazing, and we will definitely celebrate at the next QCON if we have graduated by then. So that's a little summary of what's been happening in Cillium since the last QCON. I think next we should hear from someone who can tell us about Cillium being used in the wild, tell us from the perspective of an end-user and end-user customers what their experience of using Cillium has been. So without further ado, let's give a warm welcome to Andy Allred, who is a Lead DevOps Consultant with Efficoad. Welcome, Andy. All right. Hello, everybody. Oh, it's weird to hear my voice like that. So, as Liz mentioned, I'm a Lead DevOps Consultant at Efficoad. Efficoad is the leading DevOps Consulting company in Northern Europe, and we're trying to expand that. We help companies modernise and upgrade and move to the cloud or at least move to more cloud-native-like thinking about their operations and their technologies. I want to tell you two stories about my use of Cillium. The first one is the first time I use Cillium, and the second one is the project I'm on right now. So the first time I use Cillium, I was in a previous company. We were doing telco billing systems, and we wanted to modernise what we had. Every time we deployed this, we needed to deploy it to the customers environment, which means we need to be able to deploy it to any of the three public clouds, to some partners' private clouds on-prem with probably VMware, but who knows? We have about 60 microservices. We were already on Mesos Marathon, so they were containerised, and that was good. Our data platform was on top of Cassandra. We also had MariaDB. We were using Galera. Cudw, Impala. Please don't ask it to nightmare. RabbitMQ, Redis, and of course we had to have Kafka there. So how are we going to modernise this and be able to deploy it to any of the clouds and on-prem and operate it the same way everywhere? Well, Kubernetes. It worked. We got things working. We got things up. We used various operators and controllers and got things running. We decided to use Istio for our ingress, and this was great, and then we just realised that, well, we would like to have, because this is sensitive information, we would like to have all of our data secured in transit. No problem. We just enabled MTLS and put sidecars everywhere. Sidecars starting up everywhere and all the kind of different operators from different providers and different types of containers and written in different languages turned into a nightmare. Like there has to be a better way. So income psyllium. This was 2018, so psyllium was still pretty young, but it seemed to work. So fantastic. Or, well, it wasn't fantastic, but it worked considering the constraints we had. So we have psyllium running there. We put in layer 7 policies, so we were able to manage which services talked to which, and because this was layer 7, it wasn't just a drop packet when something went to the wrong place. It got an error back saying you're not authorized to do that, which made debugging a little bit easier. We still had our ingress working via Istio. The network was secure. Everything was happy. No sidecars were good. And then I noticed one point that, hey, when we installed psyllium, we got something else here. It was Hubble. So it took a look at Hubble, and that was just a really, really valuable troubleshooting tool to see and realize what traffic is flowing inside the network. So, excellent. So, since then, every project I've worked on, especially since I moved to being a consultant, first thing we do is let's talk about getting psyllium in there with Hubble, so we have secure communications, and we can see what's happening, and that's just my default. The current project I'm working on is for a national nationwide bank in the European country. They have everything is on-prem at the moment, based on VMware. They have some services in the cloud in AWS. They would like to expand that, and they would like also to move to Azure and have some services running there. So we've helped them set up an internal development platform. This is based on Tallis, Kubernetes, and Linux, which lets us, using their Coupespan, have the control plane nodes running on-prem and worker nodes running on-prem in AWS and in Azure, and I know this is an anti-pattern, and it's a terrible idea, but it's what we need to do to fulfil the requirements, and it works. We've got Backstage, we've got Argo CD, we've got Argo workflows running the CI pipeline, and of course we have Silium there. We had a couple more things that we were missing. We would like to do a little bit more advanced layer 7 traffic modelling. We would like to configure where the egress is happening, a little bit better, and we would like to set up some ingress, or we would like to have the ingress managed inside the service mesh, not as an external thing. Around this time, Silium service mesh was in beta, so we took that into use and that's running. So as of today, we have our multi-cloud cluster running. We have nodes running in AWS, nodes running in Azure, nodes running in virtual machines on-prem, all part of the same cluster, so visibility is all through the same tool, Coup Control you can see everything HUBL you can see it all, et cetera, et cetera. We use taints and tolerations to assign workloads in the various locations, and then we use the egress configuration for making sure that the nodes in AWS, talking to AWS services, use the AWS egress and Azure the same, et cetera. It's actually working quite well, and we're really happy with it, so the Silium service mesh has been really nice. Our next steps, we want to take tetragon into use and start using that. We would like to get better visibility with Grafana, and we'll hear more about that in just a couple of minutes. And we would like to move to Gateway API support because ingress configuring is a little bit icky, and we would like to kind of simplify it with Gateway API, and I think that will help us. Spiffy is something we'd like to investigate, and then we want to check out cluster mesh and maybe the new Silium mesh, which was announced yesterday, and see if that helps us simplify things and give us the ability that we don't need a multi-cloud cluster, but we can have multiple clusters communicating nicely. That's how I'm using Silium, and that's why I recommend it always, and it's always part of my projects. If you'd like to talk more, I'm always happy to talk about Silium and anything around it. Thank you very much. Thank you, Andy. So, as he mentioned, I'd like to see more integration between Silium and Grafana. Well, let's welcome Richie Hartman, director of community from Grafana Labs, to talk about precisely that topic. Thank you. Thank you. Great segue from both Grafana integrations and from Hubble. Just to level set who here knows what Hubble is, really used it, knows it. Okay, so roughly half. At a very fundamental level, it is basically serial instrumentation insights into your network, and it can actually determine how your flows are going and all of this data is being exported into premises format, where through labels you know what the source and destination is, and you can also put more stuff on it, like for example Kubernetes labels and such, which allows you to really build a deep understanding of your actual services. So, there we go. So, the thing we are announcing is a new, we used to call them front-end plugins. The new name is Grafana app, because it's a little bit less confusing. And for the first time, you can actually get all of the power of Hubble directly from within Grafana. You don't have to use different platforms. I mean, we strongly believe in having one single pane of glass. We strongly believe in having a big tent. No matter where your data actually lives, you should be able to visualize it.  You can show service graphs, including all your Kubernetes metadata, and again, this is done by basically exporting all of this into premises. And you can go as deep or as high as you want with all of this. The nice thing about this Grafana app is it also comes with readymade dashboards. So, you don't have to start from scratch. You actually get something of value, and you can get started immediately. Just install it, and you get your dashboard. You see the service map, the HTTP service map, and you see the red metrics, and you get all of this out of the box. Again, you can drill down deeper if you want to be, like, really down to the individual pot, or you can just go by Kubernetes labels and go as deep or high in all of this as you want. And it's not just a dashboard. There's also an explore view. So, you can really interactively drill into your data as it comes in, and you can really understand what is happening, and take this learning back into improving your stuff, your application, or your dashboards. That's it. Thank you. Thank you, Richie. So, last but by very means, no means least, let's hear about what's coming next in Cillium and what's coming down the pipeline from Thomas Graff, CTO at iSurveillance. Thank you, Liz. I'm not quite as tall as Richie there. Awesome. So, the Cillium journey has been amazing, and we've been asking ourselves, what should be next for Cillium? Like, we've been implementing the full Kubernetes networking standards, services. We've now fully implemented Gateway API. Well, what do you want next? And we actually ran several surveys. We asked all of our 15,000 Slack members. Not all of them actually responded, but many of you did. And this is essentially what we came up with. So, this is Cillium 114 and beyond. This means some of these features will actually land in 114, which is coming out this summer. But not all of that, or it may come out as a better feature and will be stabilised later on. So, it's a bit of a mix. I would say, roughly over the next year, what is coming. First of all, MTLS for network policy. This is something we are super excited about, and we'll dive a little bit deeper. So, we'll keep it brief for now. This is based on the SPIFI and SPIRE integration that we are working on, that has been in the work for quite a while. That brings the MTLS authentication and obviously brings the certificate management into Cillium. We'll talk about that in a bit more detail as well. And then, I think I can't emphasise this enough. We are really focusing on improving and enhancing the day-to-operations of Cillium. Because Cillium is now everywhere, and we want to keep not only your life simple, but our life simple as well, and have as few slack incident reports as possible. So, we are involved a lot in improving day-to-operations. Not just on the user experience side, but also on proactive incidents avoidance. Of course, the partnership and the collaboration with Grafano is helping a lot. We are providing the observability that you can see what is going on in Cillium. But then more importantly, actually avoid incidents. So, we'll be investing a lot into proactively avoiding them by giving you tools that help you understand if Cillium, if your Kubernetes cluster from a networking perspective, gets out of, like, away from the default path, away from, like, the good land, and into, like, a bad shape. So, you can react before incidents. But even more importantly, we are investing a lot into the resilience path, into the resilience aspect, which has been a corner milestone of Kubernetes in general. We're pretty good at this already, but we can always do better. So, resilience will mean that we can recover from impacts from, like, unexpected behavior, maybe another component removing the EBPF programs that Cillium has installed and reinstalling them, and so on, and so on. Grafano dashboards and Hubble UI. We'll see a couple of additional dashboards and screenshots here. This is super exciting. I would say we've been a bunch of kernel engineers working on Cillium, and now, if the Grafano team helping us out, all of a sudden we're obviously in a very good position to provide a lot more observability. We'll talk about Istio Ambient Mesh and Sea Tunnel Integration. How many of you have heard about Istio Ambient Mesh? Excellent. Istio Ambient Mesh is essentially, has followed the Cillium Service Mesh model that we announced that brought Sidecar Free Service Mesh, and Istio Ambient Mesh is pretty similar. It also brings a Sidecar Free Service Mesh based on the Istio control plane. You just not have the EBPF-based implementation of some of the functionality that Cillium does, but it shares the view of removing the Sidecar proxy. We have been in collaboration with several Istio T members to essentially integrate the Sea Tunnel aspect. The Sea Tunnel is what provides MTLS in Istio Ambient Mesh and is what redirects the traffic to the Layer 7 proxy to bring the Sea Tunnel integration directly in Cillium itself, which means that you can run Cillium with Sea Tunnel and then run Istio Ambient Mesh on top and Istio Ambient Mesh only needs to take care of the Layer 7 aspect. This does not or will not replace any aspect of Cillium Service Mesh, but we understand that there are use cases where Cillium Service Mesh makes sense, there are use cases where Istio Ambient Mesh makes sense, and we want to provide a solution for all of you. Did we mention more Grafanaug dashboards already? And we'll have a big announcement. Well, maybe some of you have heard it yesterday at CilliumCon. We'll talk about this as well. So diving a little bit deeper, MTLS in our policy. Our goal is to provide you with an MTLS authentication layer that is incredibly easy to use and just simply works without actually deploying something additionally, so not deploying a full-blown service mesh. The way this will work is that the next version of Cillium will include a spiffy inspire out of the box that you can enable, which will generate the certificates for all the services as they come up. And then you, as a user, all you have to do is essentially augment your existing Cillium Network policies with the two lines you see on the screen, which mean you can say, I'm no longer just allowing two pods to talk to each other based on pod labels. I want to enforce authentication, which means that instead of just requiring the network policy and then the traffic being allowed on the network level, it will actually do an authentication using MTLS, and we'll look in a minute how that actually looks like. This, of course, needs to spiffy integration. We actually have a blog about this where you can dive a little bit deeper, but it is standard spiffy inspire, as you have probably heard it from Autotox. And then again, as I mentioned, the day-to-day two operational aspects. So let's dive a little bit deeper into this MTLS policy or policy implementation. How does that look like? You can take an existing Cillium Network policy allowing traffic from A to B, and you add the lines authentication required strict, which means that instead of just Cillium allowing this traffic on the network level, an additional MTLS authentication is required. And this is done using a new approach. It's not really new in the industry. It's new to Kubernetes. There's actually a couple of big companies, big tech companies who are doing this internally, so we have not invented this concept. We're bringing it to Kubernetes. This new MTLS model is splitting what's on the data path. That's where the data packets are actually going. That's where the data is flowing from the TLS handshake, which means that as a part talks to another part, the EVPF data path controlled by Cillium will hold up the packets. If the policy requires the authentication and will signal to a user space authentication agent, hey, wait a minute, I cannot go forward before you authenticate with the other side. And then two authentication agents will authenticate using MTLS and actually validate whether they should be talking to each other and whether the other peer is actually who they claim to be using SPIFI provided certificates. If all of that matches, the authentication agents will push down and say, yes, you're good to go. And then that points, the data path can actually forward the traffic. And it gets even better because we can actually then use the existing IPsec and WireGuard encryption layer that's in the kernel and use the key, the secret that was negotiated in the TNDM TLS handshake to actually encrypt. What this means is that we get native performance on the network using well-established IPsec and WireGuard, but we get encryption using per service certificates. This is really awesome because it means that you can actually rotate your certificates without breaking connections. You can have a fallback where you're saying if, for example, SPIFI is down for some reason and you cannot actually bring up new certificates in time, you could fall back to a per clusterwite key or secret to actually still encrypt everything. So this makes the whole solution more resilient and it allows to apply MTLS for any type of network traffic, not just TCP. So whether it's STDP, UDP, multi-cast, whatever it is, you can apply MTLS. Hubble UI with the Grafana integration, I think what we've brought here is the ability to embed Grafana panels that you are familiar with from the Grafana dashboards that we have and you can show and display them directly in Hubble UI where you already have the service map, where you have all of the metrics already, where you have the flow logs, everything in one place and then from the Hubble UI you can link out to the full-blown Grafana dashboards where you can use the explore mode, the zoom in mode and so on, but essentially we can embed all of the Grafana dashboards in Hubble UI separately. That's it, no? No, no, no. We have an announcement. What about this announcement? What did we want to announce? So we have announced Silium mesh yesterday at SiliumCon and we're framing this as the one mesh to connect them all. What this means is that we are evolving Silium further. So Silium started out as Kubernetes networking, making parts in a single cluster connect to each other and talk to each other. We expanded that to multi-cluster Kubernetes networking that's called cluster mesh. We then added service mesh, which was the layer 7 awareness, layer 7 load balancing and so on. What we're now doing is essentially bringing the Silium networking piece and the connectivity and the security and the observability to outside of Kubernetes. If you have existing virtual machines or servers or VPC or virtual networks or even networks running BGP on-prem, you can bring them and connect all of this into the Silium mesh, which means you can do something like this shown on the picture where you can bring, let's say, a different Kubernetes clusters, maybe one running in Azure or in GKE, AKS, EKS, doesn't matter. You could have an OpenShift cluster running on-prem, then you might have a bunch of VMs, EC2 VMs, and you might have actual physical machines somewhere or you might have a VM that is running VMs. You can mesh all of this together using Silium mesh. So essentially the principle one or the goal one of Silium mesh is to combine all the existing components that Silium brings, the Kubernetes networking where we run as a CNI, cluster mesh where we mesh the different clusters together, service mesh, which is the layer 7 capability, as well as the existing ingress and egress gateways where we were able to essentially feed traffic into a cluster or into our mesh and define what machine should be used when a package should leave the mesh. With a new component called transit gateway, we're able to deploy Silium essentially as a virtual appliance where you can run on a virtual machine or even on a server in a physical data center and act as a router. So you essentially have a box that can feed data in and out of the Silium mesh. This will expand Silium networking to beyond Kubernetes. So you can get our policy, MTLS, open telemetry support, all the Grafana dashboards, all of this becomes available outside of Kubernetes as well. With that, I think we have a couple of minutes for questions because this is the last session, so I guess nobody will kick us out of the room. So why don't we get all of the speakers back onto the stage and we can do a couple of questions. Thank you very much. Questions by anybody. Do we have a mic? Let's see now. Okay. Thank you. Tomas Borsner. So how will this work with the external workload? Will I need some agent running on every virtual machine or will this be, for example, virtual router running in the network of my virtual machines? How will this be connected together? Yes, so the agent running on the virtual machine or on a server is what we have so far. This is called external workload support. What's new in Silium mesh now is that it is essentially a router. That means it's running aside the virtual machine or the server so you don't have to change or install anything onto your VMs. So in the cloud, in a VPC, this would reconfigure the VPC networking to attract network traffic that the VM sent traffic there. And in an on-prem network, it will run VGP to attract the traffic. So it's not an agent. This is essentially the router appliance. I have a question for Liz. So one of the slides that you had, you mentioned that Silium is graduating CNCF pretty soon. You are excited about that. Could you maybe elaborate what does that mean for Silium? Specifically, what it meant for Silium when it was part of the CNCF and now that it leaves CNCF? What material changes for the Silium project? In a lot of ways, nothing. So graduation really is the CNCF putting a kind of stamp of we believe this is like de-risked. We think there is, for an end user who's trying to figure out what software components should I use in my cloud native implementation in my environment, which are the projects that are the most mature, that are the most widely adopted, that have essentially the kind of, what do you call it that? The crossing the chasm graph, where pretty much when you start to reach that mass adoption phase, is this project ready for mass adoption? That's really what the CNCF is saying when they give the graduation stamp of approval. So in many ways it doesn't materially change things other than giving end users perhaps that extra sense of confidence that this is really a mature project, it's well run and it's being used widely in production. Can you speak a little bit more about Tetragon and what kinds of things it can do? Because it's not super clear to me at this point. No, I'm here. Let's go back to that. Do we have a Tetragon slide? Yes, there is one.  So Tetragon is EBPF based runtime, there we go. This is the Tetragon overuse slide. So Tetragon runs as an agent, go code, and then instruments the operating system, on purpose saying operating system because it's probably not long until it's no longer Linux specific right now. It is Linux specific, but EBPF has been ported to Windows. We're working really hard to also get Tetragon on Windows. So it's instrumenting the operating system to get first of all visibility. You can see what system calls are an application making, what files is it opening. You can monitor what capabilities does the process has. Does it run as root? Does it have the ability to delete the network interface? Can you use a raw socket? Does it have root privileges in the kernel? All of this. And then based on that observability, you can feed all of that into dashboard and figure out what your applications, your system and so on are actually doing. And based on information, you can start creating rules. What should your parts and your applications actually allow to perform? Should your application actually be allowed to access the authorized keys file in a home directory like for SSH? Or should it be able to write to the shadow file? Or should it be able to write to any file in slash ETC? Or should it be able to do network calls? And then we can prevent malicious activity. So we can prevent well-known attack vectors. But you can also simply reduce what's allowed so you can get to a least privileged security posture from a runtime perspective. Only allow what your application needs. So in the case that gets compromised, you cannot just issue any system call, but only the ones it needs. So it's additional runtime security, as well as security observability. Does that make sense as a quick answer? You mentioned that you're going to add support for ambient Istio mesh because you want to support existing customers, but say if I am in a position to go to a green field and choose whatever I want with MTLS being supported by Speefuswun, is there anything else in traditional service mesh that is missing from Selum the way it is now? And specifically the question I'm asking because I know you've been talking that Selum does not have the idea of implementing another control plane for the service mesh instead of focusing on the data path. So in the current, what you've presented, 1.14 and beyond, is there anything missing? Is there anything that I want from traditional service mesh to implement in the new Kubernetes setup or in the new cloud native stack? Great question. Yes, so the data path itself is envoy-based in both the case of Istio, Istio, Ambimesh and Selum, and Selum can then perform some of the activity in EBPF more effectively. So there's actually no difference in what the data path itself can do. Selum can sometimes do it more effectively. The difference is on the control plane side. Istio, the primary way of configuring Istio is through Istio CRDs, custom resources that define how you define the load balancing, the MTLS, what you want to see from an observability perspective. Selum does not implement Istio CRDs. Selum uses Gateway API, which is a new standard that is arising in Kubernetes, which is implementing most of that, but not quite all of it. So the one aspect that Selum service mesh does not implement today, and that is not on a roadmap right now, although if you want it, feel free to talk to us and we will definitely be considering it, is the support for Istio CRDs. So if you're out there right now and you are using Istio CRDs to configure Istio or Istio Ambimesh, then you cannot use that in the same way using Selum service mesh. But if you're using, for example, Gateway API through the Gama project, then both Istio Ambimesh and Selum service mesh would implement the same standard, Selum could do that more effectively. If you look at purely MTLS, so if your motivation is to deploy a service mesh primarily from an observability or an MTLS perspective, then you can simply use Selum without any service mesh, even without Selum service mesh, you get the Layer 7 observability with Hubble and you get MTLS using our policy implementation with Spiffy. So overall I think we are integrating where it makes sense. The piece that we most likely will not implement are the Istio CRDs because they're quite complex. There's a lot of them and the feedback for us was that we want something that is simpler. Does that help? Maybe we have a follow-up question. I think we have a small follow-up question. Yeah, I think one thing is not quite clear for me is that if I don't want Istio, but I want everything that you would want in the enterprise cloud solution, you want connections, you want policies, segregation and authorisation and all these things, why would I want Istio? You're putting me in a very challenging situation. I can't say this, but I will. You don't want Istio, you want Selum. Actually from a functionality perspective, we can almost do everything. I like very close and Selum has what's called Envoy CRD, which gives raw access to all the capability that Envoy provides and you can implement everything that Istio does via that as well if you want to. I just don't want to make the statement that you should not use Istio because that's totally fine. We even have an Istio integration in Selum and both can run nicely together. I strongly believe that it should be end users picking the solutions and not the people that create the solutions. I have a quick question about the Selum mesh that was just announced and how you have the gateway mentioned. You used an example where you'd said you'd have a gateway box in a private cloud or public cloud that was essentially receiving announced BGP announcements from that cloud and then attracting traffic for assuming consumers to be getting up to remote cloud edge systems that you're hosting in Selum community systems. Is there, to take that idea and abstract it a little bit, you're looking at like a SDN with BGP in these situations. What about the idea of saying Selum becomes transit for networks that are disparate across different cloud providers? You talk about BGP, how much tuning and how much is available there with the networking protocols to be able to find something like that. That's a great question. If we would rephrase or rename Selum mesh it could be intent based off the defined networking where intent is defined using Kubernetes CRDs instead of something like OpenFlow. It is essential like Selum is generic networking. You can program it. We can do a service-based overlays. You can do VRF. We can do Tineve overlays. You can do micro segmentation fully distributed. All of that is intent based. In the Kubernetes land nobody wants to call it SDN, but essentially it is an SDN. If you want to see this as an SDN it is totally fine. Most of the Selum team has been working on SDN solutions before. Most of us have worked on OpenVswitch which was the defining project during the network virtualisation age. It is definitely implementing the same functionality. That is just not what the cloud native world calls it. But it is functionality wise a full equivalent and better. Last call for questions. I think it is probably time for the boot call.