So, this will be the very first lecture of this fairly packed week. And I will aim to link all the information in this one hour lecture to all the things that will happen later during this week. And I will go over some basic concepts, definition, interaction mechanism of neutrons with matter, and then also touch briefly on different imaging modalities that we can use with this neutron imaging. So a little outline of what I will cover in this hour in a bit more detail. So I will first provide a broad overview of characterization techniques in a bit more general terms, and then the definitions of what makes neutron imaging, neutron imaging, and also how we get neutrons in the first place. And then I will talk about the accessible length scales and put them into relation to other neutron techniques. And very basically, I will also go how an image is recorded and then show the derivation of the Bialambad law. I will touch on that briefly and then talk a bit more detailed on the imaging setup itself. And the principles of tomography will actually be covered by Anders in great detail during this week. So I will only mention it fairly briefly in this one hour. And then the different imaging modalities that come in with all the advanced imaging methods that have really come up mainly in the last decade, I would say, the last 10 years have seen very many activities around neutron imaging. And last but least, I will say a few words about neutron detection, which is actually a scientific field in itself. So when preparing this lecture, I realized that we have only one hour. So I will skip over some parts of these slides rather quickly, but I wanted to keep them in here as they will also be online in a slide form and also as video, hopefully. So I wanted to keep them in here so you can go back to the slides and that you have some reference to go back to later on. So let's get started. But before really getting started, I want to say just a few more words before we will spend quite some time together online this week that you may know a bit more about my background and hear you actually listening to. So as I already said earlier, I'm actually a mechanical engineer by default and work a bit in the automotive industry. And then in 2006, I went to the United States to the University of Tennessee where I worked first with General Motors on some topic of lost form casting of aluminum engines. And also as part of that, I built a portable stress train rig that was fitting actually into a large shamba electron microscope, which is actually a 2 by 2 by 2 meter shamba, so really large and you can climb inside. However, doing that was a bit like shooting with cannons on little birds. And in the PhD program, we wanted to couple this information from the small scale from the large shamba SCM actually with something on length scales, on the more macroscopic length scales. And that's when neutron imaging came in and we started a collaboration actually with Nikolai Kardilov, who is one of the lecturers that week. And my dissertation that I carried out where I was termed energy selective neutron imaging for the characterization of polycrystalline materials. For that, I modified the stress train rig and then we took it to a lot of different neutron facilities, both imaging and diffraction also to synchrotrons. And then we did imaging and diffraction and eventually combined the two. And this will also come in later in the lectures of the advanced imaging methodologies. And as I already said, since February 2015, I'm now at ESS and really excited to build the most powerful neutron source on the planet, basically. And while, again, now starting out this lecture, I think it's very important to emphasize that there, of course, neutrons cannot, even if you have the most powerful neutron source, you can, it's not enough. You cannot just throw away all the other techniques. So there's a lot of different characterization techniques. And they're obviously very complementary to each other. So if you take this unknown object, then if you have some lab methods, they will tell you one thing. And if you have electron microscopy, they may tell you another thing, and so on and so forth. So depending on your problem, you may need a range of techniques to really answer your full problem. And this is something I like you to keep in mind throughout this whole week. Even if you have advanced methods, you may need to use additional techniques, maybe neutrons, maybe lab techniques to really answer your scientific question. To give you a somewhat more realistic example for imaging techniques, I like to consider here available 3D tomography, tomographic techniques. And tomography, in case you don't know that yet, you will surely know it by the end of today, after Anders' lecture, is the use of imaging to reconstruct the 3D structure of an object. And there's a range of tomography techniques, each providing a certain level of information over a final length scale. You can use, for example, atom probe tomography, which has a subnanometer resolution. And you can also use electron and focused ion beam tomography operating on micrometer sized sample volumes. And then x-ray and synchrotron tomography can investigate larger samples. They have submicrometer resolution and can, for example, visualize individual grains and polycrystalline samples, what you see on the top left here. And OK, these are the images that I was talking over. And the neutron tomography really attaches to this upper right part of this graph, where you can investigate larger samples. And the spatial resolution starts just a little bit beyond one micrometer. And you can really, but it allows you to study larger samples than any of the other techniques. So you can already see this is really complementary. In an ideal world, you would maybe start this neutron tomography, get the information before you cut your sample into smaller pieces or zoom into regions of the sample and get information in greater detail with some of the other techniques that are available. And since the topic of this one-week long class is neutron imaging, I like to go through some basic definitions of neutron imaging by the International Atomic Energy Agency. I believe Nikolai, I'm not sure if Anders was also involved in defining this. So neutron imaging is a technology to produce visible information of objects and structures by using beams of free neutrons. And it uses the high penetration power of the neutrons to visualize the inner features of objects. And therefore, it's a suitable tool for non-destructive testing for applied research. So it falls into the category of non-destructive testing methods. And moreover, I already said it's a non-destructive technique. It can be used for visualization and also for quantitative determination of material and of macroscopic samples and objects. And this is, again, the sample resolution. There's not yet an example where you get below one micrometre, at least not with the direct imaging methods, only indirectly by the advanced imaging methods that we will cover later. And you can cover fairly large object sizes in principle, even larger than 20 centimeters. There has been the first time I got into neutron imaging was actually for neutron radiography of full engines being cast. This was this collaboration with General Motors, where they did in-situ casting of full engine blocks. And what motivates this, what's the physical background, is why we need this is because matter, as you obviously know, is generally not transparent for visible light, except a few exceptions. And there you can use different types of radiation to penetrate this matter and then to do this non-destructive information. And again, this is all a bit repetitive, but I like you to remember these things, that neutrons can penetrate thick several centimeters layers of materials that cannot be penetrated as many other forms of radiation. And what's already important here, it can do that for heavy materials, but you are very sensitive to light elements. So you can heavy elements, you can penetrate, but you can be sensitive to light elements. So they are maybe, many of the light elements are attenuating a neutron beam strongly. And this is opposed to what X-rays do, for example. And with that, I'm already coming to X-rays now. You will hear this comparison possibly quite a lot during this week. And X-rays are possibly the most commonly used for radiography or tomography. And as you know from the hospital, for example, you typically get an X-ray done. And the fundamental difference is that neutrons interact with the nucleus of an atom and X-rays interact with the electron cloud. And you can imagine the nucleus to be the size of a marble. And then the atom itself is the size of a football stadium to just give you some perspective here. As a result of that, neutrons interact with your sample only when they hit the nucleus. So the chances are much lower. And as a result of this, again, neutrons can penetrate this very thick lead container and, for example, reveal these flowers inside of them. And as you will see in several examples later on, neutrons and X-rays are very highly complementary. Here are some radiographs of a model airplane engine and a bullet, for example. And you can see different parts of these objects in different grayscales. A very useful thing to generally look at when you want to decide if neutrons are actually useful for you is this type of periodic table that compares the attenuation for neutrons and X-rays. For X-rays, we have a proportional dependence of the elemental number. And for neutrons, this appears much more unsystematic. And the interaction is even different for different isotones of the same element for neutrons. And this is really exploited in many of the neutron scattering techniques and also in neutron imaging nowadays. And what you will also see later during this week is that this attenuation, or we will speak more generally about the cross-section, also depends on the energy of the radiation. And that is actually true for X-rays and also for neutrons. And you can then, of course, make use of this during experimental investigations. The total neutron cross-section describes the observed attenuation by a material and it depends on different scattering contributions as well as absorption, what you see in this formula on the bottom right. And then the scattering contributions can further be divided, subdivided into elastic coherent, inelastic coherent, elastic incoherent, and elastic incoherent scattering. And this can be then exploited for some of the advanced techniques that we will talk about later. So just remember that different contributions to what you are observing as an intensity of neutrons on your neutron detector. And this slide now should mainly serve you as a reference for later that summarizes properties of the neutrons. And more importantly for the purpose of this lecture is to chose the relevance when doing neutron imaging with neutrons and what it can be used for. The fact that they have a spin allows you to do, for example, polarized neutron imaging and so forth. And what I did not clearly state so far is that neutrons can be described as a classical particle with a mass m, but it shows also a wave character which can be described by the de Broglie wavelength lambda. And then we can convert between energy wavelengths and velocity with this formula. So again, this should be some of the references that can be useful for your future work when you want to use neutrons. But then the actual question is how do I actually get neutrons that I can use for my experiment? Well, for that there are many large-scale user facilities around the world that operate neutron sources and the ESS here in Lund will be one of them. And when it's completed, it will be the most powerful one to date. And one of the two main methods to create neutrons for scattering and imaging experiments is by fission in a nuclear reactor. And these are not nuclear reactors that are used for producing electricity, but actually they are very specialized research reactors that have typically also much less power than those power plants. The other method to producing neutrons is by a process called spallation. And here's a nucleus of a target material is smashed by a powerful beam of particles, typically protons, to release and free neutrons from that. And by default, since you're using an accelerated beam, you will also create a pulsed neutron beam. And this leads to fundamental instrumentation concepts that we will also cover during this week. And it is spallation source, for instance, because of this time structure, then there comes in a concept that is called time of flight that allows wavelength selection right away. And this slide I want to just mention briefly, because these are the most advanced neutron sources and there was a recommendation that these advanced neutron sources should be built spread around the world. Already operational is JPEG in Japan, the spallation neutron source in the US, and we will soon have the ESS in Europe. There also is now a spallation source in China already by the way operational. And coming now to this concept of a pulse source versus a reactor source. The reactor source is typically a steady state source. This graph is quite useful to see. The neutron beam spectrum from both sources is quite similar. Let's see if something came in. Okay, that was Steve's question. Steve said that you can ask questions and we can collect them and they are definitely asked away. And the neutron spectrometer pulse source or reactor source is not too different because of moderators that are used, also that I will cover in the lecture on instrumentation. So you have neutrons of different wavelengths and the intensity distribution is slightly different depending on what kind of source you have. And if you use a reactor source, okay, now it's progressing, then you are selecting one wavelength typically of this of your of your neutron source or actually imaging. I should also say you can also use a full spectrum, which we call wide beam imaging, then you get the most intensity because intensity because your neutrons that are depicted here in blue, yellow, red all together to use all of them at the same time. But for more advanced method and also literally all the scattering methods, they need monochromatic neutrons. So at a reactor, you would use a monochromator and you pick out one wavelength that you get all the time because neutrons are produced all the time. So you get the same wavelengths at a certain intensity for the whole time. And you can change your monochromator to a different wavelength. And you get the same wavelengths all the whole time and again, the red one. And the pile source works a little bit the other way around. You are creating this spectrum in every neutron pulse and it travels a distance when you when it's created at the neutron source and it travels through your sample and your detector and the neutrons get separated over while they travel over this distance in time. And that determines what wavelengths these neutrons have. So you just stop the timing of the neutrons and you know what wavelengths they have. And so you're getting these pulses every so often and that depends on the repetition of your neutron source. And this part I will cover in a bit more detail tomorrow and also in the time of flight lecture I will go into detail of the time of flight and I believe Nikolai will likely go into the monochromatic part at a steady state neutron source at a reactor. So now it's already time to draw an in-between summary for the use of neutrons in our experiments and then of course like with anything we do in life their advantages and disadvantages to that. So advantages include neutrons have no charge. So often that allows for a deeper penetration but they do have a magnetic moment that means we can do polarized neutron imaging with them for instance. We do have a higher sensitivity for light elements. Hydrogen is a very prominent example where neutrons are used and we can also differentiate different isotopes that makes neutrons very powerful. And also we have energy selection using time of flight at pulse neutron sources now and that comes basically for free. However disadvantages include even the most powerful neutron sources have still a limited intensity especially compared to the most powerful x-ray sources in form of synchrotrons these days of reelectron lasers and we have no direct detection. So it's kind it can be a very inefficient process to detect actually neutrons because we need some secondary process to do that and that will also limit our spatial resolution. And because they carry no charge we can also not focus them very easily and that limits also again our spatial resolution that is possible by neutron imaging. And moreover there's always a risk of sample activation so before you carry anything to a neutron source you should study if this sample may activate. Okay so I'm not sure if there are any questions in between I don't see any otherwise you can also just peek in. I like to now go a bit about talk about neutron methods and length scales and compare imaging to other neutron methods that are available. So here you can see a rough range of length scales on the x-axis and if you're interested in really the atomic structure or the magnetic structure of materials then atomic lattice basings that are actually on the angstrom regime can be probed by neutron diffraction. So you have a specialized neutron diffractometer for instance and another popular technique is neutron reflectometry where you typically investigate surface and interface structures on length scales ranging anywhere from the sub nanometer up to the several hundreds of nanometer range and then on a similar level we also have small angle neutrons scattering which can be used to study all sorts of substances on substances on similar length scales as reflectometry between let's say one nanometer and up to a few hundred nanometers. These length scales can be further be extended towards a micrometer range by a method called very small and ultra small angle neutrons scattering and while all of these measurements are performed in reciprocal space or Fourier space, neutron imaging actually operates in real space and the accessible length scales are determined by the achievable spatial resolution of the instrument and detector system which are already set is nowadays as good as a few micrometers and of course again neutrons can shine through tens of centimeters of many materials at the same time. Moreover what's important to note and remember is that all these scattering techniques although they are sensible to the small length scales they then probe an average volume of the material. So you are you are illuminating a bigger volume of the material and then you are getting the average size information about the property for this volume and imaging on the other hand as I already explained is a real-space imaging technique so you are seeing the size of the objects in real space and the spatial resolution how it's distributed within your sample and for now I would like to showcase you some examples where neutron imaging can be extremely useful and most applications even today on if you look at neutron imaging beam lines worldwide they simply exploit attenuation differences between different elements and isotopes and by doing that you can for example study the water uptake in this root soil system of a plant and you can see water moving up in the soil which is invisible here when you can see the root system or you can review for example hydrogen inside of metals where it causes embrittlement and leading to dramatic failures like they have been like when you see collapsing bridges or oil platforms very often hydrogen embrittlement is an underlying cause of that. Also you can look for example lithium transport in batteries of course that's a very popular application these days and due to its non-destructive nature there is a big user community in the cultural heritage sector and from museums and so on and here you can see a lead statue that is actually rather big 55 centimeters as you see and since neutrons can easily penetrate the lead one can reveal the inner wooden kernel of the statue and moreover even locate no regions inside that have been sold or corroded and then this can be used by by the people from the museum how to restore this figure and or understand how it was made in the in the first place. Applications to this of course also exists in the medical sector you can see an example on the top actually from Lund University on bone structures and implants and of course one can also look at larger assemblies all together like this diesel diesel particle filters and separate the ash the soots and different components of a diesel particle filter after it has been in operation and while this guy is interrupting me knowing he wants to see more examples this is not yet the time for it we will have some applications later we should look a little bit more about now into the peculiarities of neutron imaging itself and what one needs to consider so let's continue with that how do we actually record an image or I should say how do we actually record a transmission image so if you ever wondered how you do that and take an image as a snapshot of reality then images that you normally take with your camera well I guess you use a smartphone these days captures a visible light that is reflected by the objects in the direction where you are aiming this camera and the camera principally consists of a black box and some optical lens so if you want to record now an image let's say of Homer Simpson then the reflected light is projected through the lens onto a ccd ship when the old days it was filmed placed on the backside of this black box and then we obtain an upside down image of Homer so how about we want to record images new using neutron rays instead of light rays and as I already said neutrons are not as easy to focus as visible light or x-rays which means we don't have efficient optics like like this to make images with comparable resolution to what you could do with state-of-the-art x-ray images or optical microscopy so if you like maybe to join in I have a little pop-up quiz here so how would one record an image now of Homer when you don't have optics or visible light so I'm not sure if anybody wants to answer one of these three pre-choices scintillator well we will probably need some scintillator that's true and there's something else that we get some some sort of spatial resolution and the choices are minimize the distance between object and box maximize the distance between object and box or using a small pinhole okay somebody answered a small hole yeah a small pinhole that is the right answer actually in this case that is the most efficient way to do that and I can show you why we even then we do that uh it's also called maybe you have heard the term camera obscura and that will then produce an image on the wall inside of the box by just a simple projection and you see if you would make the hole bigger you will get a more blurring of of the image that is actually depicted here now so if you make the hole bigger you get more light in but you have more blurring and while we have now just seen how to create an image on the surface of an object this visible light we want to actually investigate the internal structure of objects so we need to look inside and for that we can use x-rays or neutrons and you of course now this already you can take images of your body for example where only part of the beam passes through and then we will observe the transmission image called a radiograph on the detector placed behind the hand just to highlight this here radiograph is this 2D projection when you just take one image and a tomograph is you would rotate either the source and the detector or the the object around and then you'd use computer tomography to take to get a 3D image of this and actually Willem Röntgen has taken this nice image of that so I like to just give you just a brief history here this was the invention of x-rays and typically x-rays have always driven the developments of of neutrons later on because neutrons were also discovered after the x-rays and this is again this is one of the first images taken in 1895 actually he used the hand of his wife apparently and we also had shortly after the discovery of neutrons then actually images already shown with neutron so these are some of the first neutron radiographs ever taken so I'm wondering does anybody know by chance when the neutron was discovered so by whom and when not sure if somebody wants to ship in the answer for that any guesses 1932 in Chadwick yes that is that is very good that should give an extra point exactly so should we discover it and here's a picture of the article that appeared the possible existence of a neutron so thank you and okay looks like we got everything we need let's go and take some neutron images then well unfortunately it's even a bit more complex and that we should consider a few more things and one of the things is now the Bialambad law for attenuation based imaging which is the underlying principle to describe the attenuation in this case of a neutron beam by assemble and it describes the intensity I that we observe or record when incident beam intensity I0 that you see on the left side passes through an object in view of time and seeing the rest of the lecture we still have in front of us I would mainly like to see you these next few slides and I will go over them rather quickly to go to the final Bialambad law but it's basically about you divide the sample into differential slices and then you are going through that with certain assumptions and we are ending up basically at this final Bialambad law at the end and if you have several absorbers it looks like that now what's important here for you to remember is we are having a macroscopic cross section which is material specific defined by the sigma is equal to n times sigma and the unit is a centimeter to the minus one and this can also be expressed this is the other important thing to remember as attenuation coefficient and the written form like I've shown in now in the top right of this slide is what I will show on the next few slides with underlying with some examples and again you have the intensity I the incident intense the observed intensity the incidence intensity I0 and you have an attenuation coefficient that is material specific which you can look up in different tables and this is it for example the table that is uploaded on the indico page already by spheres then you can find these attenuation coefficient for different materials that's why it's uploaded there and it depends on the sample thickness that and again this law written a slightly different way and what we are measuring really in neutron imaging is the transmission it's it's a relation between again the observed intensity by the incident intensity I0 what we have the terminology in in neutron imaging and this is actually I stole this from a slide that Anders will present later you have an image of an object which is this bright one on the left top side and you have the same and then you take an image you remove the sample from the beam afterwards so you have a sample image and the one on the bottom left we call typically an open beam image in the lingo used in neutron imaging and depending on your detector system you may also have some dark noise or readout noise on your detector system which we call a dark field image so this is just a constant offset of the single so you should subtract that from both of them and what you get out is then the transmission image so you're normalizing out the different neutron beam intensity of your source and also anything that is related in specific to your detector system and in inverted formats it reads like that and we can obtain the thickness D if we know the material specific cross section or the density or composition can be derived as a thickness is known but in all of this and then you go through the derivation of the Bialamban law there's a couple of assumptions that have been made and I like you to be aware of these assumptions for later when you perform a neutron imaging experiments one thing is it assumes that the absorbers are independent of each other that these absorbers are diluted meaning they don't shadow each other from one side to another and the tunation does not depend on the wavelengths or in other words the Bialamban law is derived from monochromatic neutrons and as I already said many of the neutron imaging applications are actually using wide beam imaging so it means it uses the whole part of the neutron spectrum in order to have more intensity it also assumes that the beam is somewhat parallel and that the absorbers are not influenced by the radiation itself and also it assumes that this is important that no scattering is present and when we go through that we can see okay this one is true for most applications number two is true for most elements well number three we can maybe deal with it or use monochromatic neutrons to start with that this is true and the beam is somewhat parallel well this becomes true by the L over D ratio which I will cover still in this lecture and that the absorbers are not influenced by radiation well that's also true for most elements and it also assumes that no scattering is present okay and actually as I will show this is just plain wrong for most elements and causing tremendous challenges when we want to do quantitative neutron imaging and what you see on this table is actually a couple of elements on the x-axis so different elements and then it shows the contributions from absorption versus scattering and what you see actually that for most elements scattering is actually in blue and it's often the very dominating factor for many of the elements and there are just a few exemptions lithium boron cardmium and gadolinium for example and these actually are also the materials that are used in neutron detectors well you can see already in the distribution of this graph that you will always and what you should take away you should consider how much scattering your sample produces because if you have a very pure absorber then these assumptions that were made before are actually decent enough so we have just a few more things to cover and one thing is now the neutron imaging setup itself and what geometrical considerations need to be done and then again I'll talk a bit more about scattering versus absorption here and first let's go back to this image now if you want to require a transmission image so what's important to realize is that we this neutrons we have actually a point source of radiation so neutrons are produced in some point basically and we are creating a point then also with this pinhole so in order to create an image of homo and since we do not have efficient optics we actually need to put a pinhole that will then determine the resolution and exposure time of our image so it looks like that and this is then actually exactly how a neutron imaging experiment is performed neutrons are coming from this neutron source which as I already said is usually a research reactor or a spallation target in this example it's a reactor and then the direction towards the object is defined by a collimator just to make it clear again in this reactor neutrons actually going in all directions around and there's actually different neutron beam lines in what we call beam ports in in different directions as well and you just use this collimator and pinhole to make sure that you're only getting the neutrons and that going by by chance into this direction and then the sample can be positioned and rotated for tomography and the detector is placed that in the direct beam behind the sample and it requires a shadow image of homo in this case and for a time of light beam lines it then should also require the time of arrival of the neutrons so if you assume now we want to take a radiograph of actually this sample not of Homer Simpson anymore and let's assume it's made from two different materials and it has also varying thickness so what will be what will we see on the detector well the neutron beams neutron beam it travels along the direction that with an incident intensity denoted as i0 as I already told you before and the transmitted intensity on the detector is as I already touched on is defined again here we have to be a Lambert law and you can see this little formula again now it depends on the attenuation attenuation coefficient mu and the thickness of the sample that so to make it a bit more practical if you assume now we have one centimeter of material this attenuation coefficient of one this means that of 100 percent intensity i0 we have only 37 left intensity left on the other side and if this beam passes now through two centimeters of material only 13.5 percent of the initial beam intensity would be left and the thicker part of the yellow material the hands appear darker than the thinner part but how about now the attenuation from the blue material compared to the attenuation from the yellow one so this transmission depends on the attenuation coefficient mu again which are we told you as material specific so if you if you assume 0.8 for the blue material we will actually measure a beam intensity of 45 percent and as I also highlighted before the attenuation coefficient for material depends on the probability that the neutron is removed from the direct beam which can be done in one of the two main processes either absorption or scattering and then this total attenuation is the sum of the neutron attenuation from these two types of processes inside of your sample so I'm repeating these points quite a few times because they are quite important and in order to understand a bit more details what happens to a ray when it hits the sample we have to look in detail what goes on between the atoms inside the sample and the ray and I already mentioned it to you once here I like to visualize it let's first look again at x-rays and when an x-ray hits an atom inside the sample it interacts with the electron cloud of the atom and it can also be absorbed or scattered whereby it leaves the atom often in another direction the attenuation of the x-ray beam scales with a atomic number what you see here in this chart you see the atomic number versus the attenuation coefficient and there's like a linear relationship between those two and that's of course due to the electrons in the electron in the in the cloud and as you will typically measure a lump of material rather in a single atom the unit on the y-axis of the plot is the mass attenuation coefficient which is attenuation coefficient divided by the mass density of the sample material again you can go through this later to understand this maybe a bit better and if you have now a neutron ray instead if it hits the sample it can interact with the nucleus it interacts as I already said with the nucleus instead of the electron cloud and again also here it can happen either an absorption or scattering and then the attenuation coefficient can be calculated for every material by knowing the microscopic total cross section sigma total and the atomic density n and the neutron cross section that is shown shown here quantitatively describes the interaction between the neutrons and matter and as it comprises of the different contributions that I highlighted before and in more detail it's actually the coherent and incoherent scattering and absorption and these properties are isotope specific and also depend on the neutron wavelength so this all goes back to what I explained earlier in this lecture and you can look up these different neutron cross sections for example in these different tables and there are some links to websites from NIST where you can find very comprehensive information as well as on this paper that is uploaded on IndieCo. So a complete discussion of all of this is obviously beyond the scope of this lecture but the important thing to remember is that the attenuation coefficient moves to some of these different contributions from absorption and scattering and as we saw before it's fairly simple to predict the x-ray attenuation coefficient of a material for x-rays and it increases monotonously with the atomic weight of the material as seen in this blue line and the neutron attenuation coefficient does not look so simple to predict and if you take a closer look at the red points however we see some tendency that many light elements attenuate the neutron beam strongly as you can see by the high value neutron attenuation coefficient for atoms with lower atomic number and you can also see a tendency that most metals and heavy elements there's a few important examples do not attenuate neutrons well this means that most metals and heavy elements are semi transparent to neutrons and I like to go back now to our imaging geometry again and we have so far seen only how to calculate the theoretical transmitted neutron intensity through a sample but what can we expect about the sharpness of the image the so-called spatial resolution so if you're doing imaging we want to take images with as good as possible spatial resolution of course and you can easily see that the neutron rays from different angles can pass through the collimator and hit the sample it can hit the same part of the sample and this causes then the so-called penumbra blurring and it can be described by the L over D ratio and in order to make this D small we need to minimize this distance L and you can also increase the sample to aperture distance L by moving the sample further away do that now from the neutron source but that would result in longer acquisition times at the detector the reason is that the source emits neutrons in all directions not just towards the detector as I already said and hence the flux of neutrons decreases quadratically with the distance from the source the blurring is also minimized by choosing a small aperture size D of course and this will again reduce a result in longer acquisition times because we have less neutrons and maybe these slides maybe didn't play quite in the right order but I have another a little pop-up quiz for you somebody wants to answer which image has the highest and which one has the lowest L over D ratio here in this example are there any takers so if you want to take an image really fast versus taking a good acquisition time so I can reveal it for you so here is L over D ratios of course and the one on the right has an L over D ratio of over 500 so it produces the sharpest image but most likely it will also have taken a longer time to acquire this image and the next few slides will deal with the principles of tomography but of course Anders will talk about this in great detail so I will not talk about this too much I just like to highlight to you this small animation so if you have an object that consists of two materials again and we take one projection we're getting some intensity distribution on our detector and if we have a sample again two materials but this time it's a blue material instead of the yellow one inside it can produce exactly the same image if the distribution inside of the sample is actually different so one projection doesn't tell us really a solution but what if you take two projections now of this sample from this side let's say then hey we're getting a different image actually this time we are seeing a different distribution will this produce us a unique solution well we can actually find easily another example where two projections will up again give us the same solution for two different samples so obviously this is still not a unique solution and it would only exist if we have an infinite number of noiseless continuous projections actually and that is what tomography will do and we are rotating the sample through the beam and as I said you will start hearing about this from Anders Kessner already today and there will be a couple of tutorials that you can reconstruct 3d images by yourself and now I like to go this is the last coming to the last part of this lecture talk about advanced neutron imaging methods and when we come back to this slide and it will come back to the fact that many materials are actually rather strong neutron scatterers rather than absorbers that is actually affected by neutron scattering is such a successful technique after all and I already told you that we have only a few materials that are really absorbers among them are gadolinium boron cupium and lithium but this also means that the information about the missing scattered intensity is embedded in the attenuation signal so the fundamentals are actually there that we can use and expand imaging towards these these regions and this recent paper that is also uploaded to press a review paper of advantages in neutron imaging it highlights some of these developments that have taken place and then they are in there you will find many references to other research papers for different aspects in in in exploiting more the scattering aspects in in neutron imaging and practical examples of that include for example to exploit diffraction contrast in neutron imaging to for example obtain strain distributions in metals you can see for example two fasteners two screws and how the strain distributions is different in them or people have for example studied microstructure changes in ancient vikings warts or one can follow phase crystalline phase transitions for example in metallic alloys or in energy devices such as solid oxide fuel cells or one can also exploit actually a phase contrast and I believe Nikola will talk about this in more detail to reveal internal lattice defects in metals or also visualizing magnetic domains and this can be then used to example for example to study and optimize electrical steels like those used in electric motors and as I said earlier in this lecture due to the neutrons having a nuclear spin and a magnetic moment one can also exploit this for imaging of magnetic fields and again these are some of the lectures that will go into more details on these advanced techniques and there are those things coming in like the neutron grating interferometer the polarized neutron imaging setup and simply exploiting the wavelength selectivity or energy selectivity and as you've seen earlier on the slides the term that you don't get confused the term energy and wavelengths are very interchangeable used some people will say energy selective neutron imaging some people will say wavelength selective neutron imaging it's the same thing after all so just don't get confused by terminology as this is a quickly developing field also the terminology is it's not very fixed so I will wrap up with this I just want to make the point basically that we need to detect the neutrons after all we can set up the best experiments if you don't have a good neutron detector and the problem is that we can't directly detect slow neutrons as they carry too little energy so we need to produce some form of quantitative and accountable signal and we need to use some form of nuclear reaction to convert neutrons into charged particles for that and there are different detector technologies some gas proportional counters ionization shembrous cindillator detectors or semiconductor detectors and cindillation detectors are some of the most prominent ones for for neutron imaging and this is just what you need to remember because they have zero charge they cannot be directly detected and instead we need to detect the charged particle and as I said already a few times during the lecture some nuclides have a high neutron capture cross section those are the again the ones here and those are the ones that we are using typically for neutron detectors and the elements are highlighted again in this chart and what's important for the neutron detection as well as when we investigate materials these cross sections are also dependent on the energy and the energies we are talking about and this is one of the last points of the lecture now is we are operating typically in in this energy and wavelengths regime anywhere anywhere between slightly below one angstrom and maybe one maybe now with more cold neutron imaging maybe up to 20 angstroms and these are some of the important capture reactions for thermal and cold neutrons that can be exploited in neutron detectors and the one that you see on on on lithium boron gadolinium are the ones where excuse me neutron detectors are built on and how do we choose an absorber I need to drink a briefly something so if you have actually no a scintillator detector how do we choose which absorber and which sickness for a scintillator to use as a rule of thumb the sickness and the spatial resolution are coupled together because the scintillators are made from powders and this is something Nicolai will talk about in greater detail I believe and these are images of what we call a seaman star it's a resolution mask to show the resolution of an image and a thinner scintillator will then typically put use a sharper image and that's of course not the end of the story so I'm referring with that to Nicolai's lecture


Mr. CVL Srinivas country head WPP. Oh, this is a real honor to get to the PK citation Okay Prashant Kumar group MCO South Asia leadership is all about translating a vision into reality and Prashant Kumar Or PK as he's fondly known embodies this idea in its truest sense Today with great pride and joy. We confer the exchange for media influencer of the year award 2022 upon Prashant Kumar group MCO South Asia Despite being one of the tallest leaders in the industry with over 25 years of experience across domains Kumar is known for his humility His willingness to take risks is a true inspiration for many of us in the industry Group M has excelled on many counts since pks taking over as a CEO of South Asia and 2 0 1 9 With him at the helm the agency has won several major business accounts awards and accolades Including the network of the year title at the e4m media ace awards Under his guidance group M for the second year running led the industry into new business wins and Retentions as per convergence global new business barometer FI 2022 report Leading from the front Kumar has also rolled out new initiatives at group M like fine cast and Geo granularity to name a few Before group M PK was a CEO of mine share for South Asia and even in that role his contributions were outstanding He oversaw mine shares rapid expansion leading the agency to the top while winning numerous global awards PK ensured mine share India set a record for the maximum number of new business wins in a single market and Created a tradition of bagging external accolades including a glass lion at can and a Grand Prix at walk One of the most respected names in the media domain PK dawns several hats He's currently the president of the Advertising Agencies Association of India It has been an absolute honor for exchange for media and we hope to get many more opportunities to raise a toast to PK and his extraordinary achievements So we've had this tradition that you know a previous year winner would always give the Citation read the citation and give it to the current winner So CVL has been our winner in 2017 for influencer of the year


Here we are with back we're live. It's my goodness. It's one o'clock. We're left at one o'clock one o'clock rock here on a given Tuesday and We're having Asia in review. We're talking about Immersion programs in language talking about the new globality of language and we have our special guests to my left Russell Lou Hi Russell Yeah, yeah ma baby I raised you to you. I'm a Ohio. Oh, I was I must informed citizen. Whoa These guys you put them together. It's like nuclear. May I say? Okay, so today we're gonna talk about language because you've been talking about language for a long time Russell You've been talking about language and the signs and the airports in Hawaii and we're missing something What do we what do we have what do we need and what are we missing? Well, well, I am from my living in China in Asia. There's a new global standard, right?  I'm getting confused But there's a new global standard and that is that in Asia the new standard is Not only the language Chinese but also English English has been taught there for 40 years It's a it's a core requirement. So the youth that grow up Can't speak English can read and write English and so that's the standard And so the the question that big three raises is we want to be global. How do we do it? Why I think language is important key and for example, we only speak and learn English here and Now the big language is here. The main four languages are going to be Mandarin and Spanish Aha Which one would you pick first? Which one would you pick Ray? well, since Hawaii is geographically close to Asia and the all these statisticians point to rise in Chinese tourists and visitors and an investment that follow and and of course of the need for a bilingual Workforce from Hawaii to do business in China and Asia. I think Mandarin is is quite a good good option going forward Yeah, what's interesting is that tell me if this is a syllogism or a tautology? Asia is speaking English Everybody in Asia now speaks English Therefore the 21st century if the 21st century belongs to Asia and I think it does You know, it's then the 21st century belongs by reference to English. It's already there. We already have that don't we?  They communicate in English So it's a message here. However, it got this way. The world is now Communicating mostly in most places not only Asia, but it's communicating in English And one thing I'd add what Bray has said is that picked up is it's the language of money What's the language of money these it's Mandarin and I've been there for quite a few years 13 years and as way back when I first arrived in China, Koreans were studying Mandarin and College kids from Korea would spend a whole year studying Mandarin and now I even see Japanese students There's African japan from Japan coming to China to to learn language So but which ways are going to go? I mean, it's a provocative question Is it is everything going to go to English or is everything going to go to Chinese? It's sort of it's it's relative to you know Economic success. It's relative to power. It's relative to who knows which way the wind blows But just as easily as you can say study Mandarin everybody You know, we can also say study English everybody, but the deals are done at the dinner table And you're all speaking Mandarin. That's the difference and the agreements are drafted in English because if there's an international dispute the body of laws are much more Developed especially the Chinese money is going off out. They expect that it's going to be English language will govern some of the agreements But the point is the deals are made in Mandarin So, you know, there's still I think what the second largest accounting Maybe the third is Japan a third now third now because China moved into this acquisition But you know strikes me that what happened to Japan? Why? Why isn't Japanese as? As attractive as a global language as as as popular as a global language than Chinese Well, it was if you go back to the 80s, we remember There was a rise in the Japanese yen the Japanese economy was driving Japanese manufacturing Everybody looked at the decline of the US and Japan is number one by Harvard professor Vogel. There were many things going on In fact in in Hawaii, I think what happened though that we didn't strategically kind of plan this to deal with the enormous Tsunami away from Japanese visitors. It just came to be there was a pool of Japanese speakers for example, my Mother worked in retail in Waikiki. She she was part of this post war, you know Immigration of people who married you know Like people like my father moved to Hawaii and there was a pool of people who could speak Japanese and Years before that there were many people who studied Japanese. So we didn't have to suddenly begin a program to educate Teach Japanese there was a pool ready to deal in a duty-freeze with the lawyers and and CPAs and all kinds of real estate brokers there were already a pool of them and That we kind of stumbled into and did well, but we really didn't plan for it Right. It just came our way. We were lucky and we we were happy with being lucky But you know, I don't think we took any affirmative steps about this It just happened we had an affinity with the Japanese. We had a connection with the Japanese So it fell in our in our trap. However I just want to add that my sister teaches Japanese language at Farrington High School a DOE school in in one of the last advantage to our neighborhoods districts in Hawaii in Honolulu and Most of our students are not Japanese They're Filipino Samoan native Hawaiian and others Micronesian whose parents working Waikiki And there was an economic incentive for them to tell their children to learn some Japanese That would get you ahead of job in right get you ahead in Waikiki in in the hotels and so that's an added value So Ross and I always talk about there has this economic incentive What is that economic incentive to you know invest in your child to learn a language? Yeah Oh good point. But what about the Japanese kids in Farrington? Why aren't they taking good and natural? If I grew up in an household and we spoke Japanese I'd have an advantage Well, that's a whole decline of Japanese language instruction in in In Hawaii there used to be many like the Danny know is would write about you know running from Japanese school before the war And then of course during the war everything was shut down the Japanese instruction and culture and religion was suppressed after the war That was it's something that the Japanese language never really Came out of and then the 50s saw People like the Danny know is coming back and learning English to go to law schools right law schools and politics and Government and joining the big five that all took English Yeah, and to excel in English made it made you a better soldier a better government worker a better Well that that did happen And we can't let Russell off the hook here because it happened with the Chinese the same way Right, you know if I offer a course in Chinese and Farrington high school the Chinese won't go They don't want it anymore. They're beyond that. They're assimilated. They know these these truths You know that Ray is talking about I want to get ahead speak English But what happened there? Well, you know, it's really interesting while we were talking the subject I was just at the University of Hawaii up thinking maybe I should sign up for a Mandarin course to keep my madman boy. I show up in there I don't see a lot of white kids these kids are from the mainland it looked like and so You know it's part of not only Rays pick the word Planting somebody's got a plan this and think down the road. That's why China has Had the economic miracle because they plan even it was a comedy state. They said we're to have our kids learn English And start from first grade. So that's the language of business that's the language of law and I teach at a law school in China and All my students English or in Chinese in English and they're all excellent English speakers and I have them right in English and Most of third of them now to half now are going to US law schools Very good schools Columbia and why you including master's degree master, but now it's they're doing JD degrees and all these major law Schools the top 20 are going to China to find these students to speak English because they get their New York license And they work in the US and they have understanding of Common law practice as well as a huge disparity I think and then in the Chinese equation Yeah, the Chinese come here. They have English. They learned English early. They can cope in the schools It's not a barrier for them But we don't have a population of kids that can speak Mandarin and they don't go You know you have so many situations where you see that disparity. It's only one-way street And we really have to fix that and and the sad thing about it is Hawaii Theoretically is in a position to fix it, but Hawaii has not fixed it Hawaii hasn't sent anybody really of any consequence You know in numbers to China to learn anything in either Mandarin or English even though You know, you could also go to a school and learn it in English like from you. So We're missing something don't you think well, I Kind of differ on you slightly in the 1880s to King Kala Kawa sent Hawaiian students to China and Japan. They're still there. No but Program to jumpstart the economy for Asian exports, so but you're correct that That when I was at Harvard once at the Harvard Baker Library, I saw newspapers Like the China Daily in Chinese I'd realized there were students taking MBAs who were from mainland China The reverse is not true yet. We don't have people from Hawaii You know going to China and and becoming part of that yet, right? Yeah, well it take it will take an immersion program That takes students from when they're like infants to be immersed in a lot of language and for the Two languages to be at the same level go ahead and I think I think would raise touch upon I think it's it's something that it's a new concept of bringing language here in our schools and it's it's important because We're not going to go there Why not have language being taught here and and and I think that again the word that we talked about is planning Somebody's gonna have to plan and think go ahead Somebody's gonna say this is good for us, and and I think the problem is I don't think it's just limited to Hawaii I think the fact is Americans. We have a higher standard of living We are very comfortable Differentiate Hawaii Hawaii is you know a place with a lot of Asian people You know families who are Asian and they stand a better chance I somehow of learning these these family languages, but they don't do it and the schools don't do it And if you went to DOE and said my name is Russell Lou and I want you to teach Mandarin or my name is Ray Tsuchiyama And I wanted to actively get these kids involved in Japanese. You have a lot of resistance They would say these kids have other things to do They don't have time for this and we're not going to have that program And so we we we have left it all behind when we've talked about the Geneva of the Pacific and all that We want to be the Switzerland of the Pacific We really have to have multilingual capability not just fall back on local language can't do that And that's very important that multilingual capability is important because it's a human resource That's going to draw investments Investments in the operative term draw investments. It's a human resource We talk about the grand ideas lawyers talk about we want of international arbitration, but let's face it Do we have Interpreters do we have people in the finance area who can speak the language of Mandarin? Where you want to bring these disputes here? And it's a great idea American companies and Chinese have disputes middle between the two places and we're in a culture. That's Western Asian great But you know what we don't have the human assets. We don't have the resources We don't have the language capability and that's very important That's why if we look it back at the China lesson for them to succeed for them to draw investments They had to make sure that their own people could speak English in the early years 70s and 80s When they wanted the foreign money to come in they wanted American companies come in They had to have and they planned it that way to have a working force that spoke English You know we had a show on think tech radio and HPR a long time ago And we had a woman named ho I came up for her first name That'll come to me and and we and she was she's the one who for years and years ran the Mandarin program at Punahou And we had the the dean of a language school at UH and the very distinct impression I had out of it was that Punahou was doing a better job more students more interest more, you know productivity and And I don't understand why that would be Because Punahou was a private school we can't have that and if you go to Farrington right now, do they teach Chinese in Farrington? Yes, I'm happy to hear that. I mean that's harder because that's not all the coin of the realm in Waikiki But I you know if we want to do we want to be globally relevant We really have to do this and that means we have to get off the standard curriculum and put other things in there and Make these kids speak multiple languages. They don't you know I mean you'll have to agree with me that since your day Ray Fewer and fewer people fewer people speak Japanese on the streets. That's that's correct 90s when they all came around Everybody was belling up to that by learning but they're not here now and so we don't do it And it's even worse because you know people from Peoria when they look at Hawaii think that we know everything about China and Japan Contemporary business technology products and experts and that's not true But you have an excellent point and and I'll give you a country that bet the farm on the future Singapore and now Singaporeans all of their Chinese But they spoke Hakka Cantonese more than Mandarin But they chose to simplify Chinese to teach to read and write and that's the way of writing on the mainland mainland China so again, they took a long-term view of Business and and developing you know relationship with mainland China So they did it the Chinese, you know mainland Chinese way unlike Hong Kong and Taiwan which has a different writing system traditional So triangle Ray says is why can't we be the Singapore in the US? Singapore's small place. We're small place But they chose to bring that Chinese world there and it's great for the opportunity You know, I as I say to everybody being in Asia for quite a while the last great opportunity for money For anyone globe is the Chinese That's where it's going to be at You know, we cut with cutbacks in military here There's cutbacks in federal spending. So what do we have to offer again? It's a human resources and it's the people that can speak the language and I and then you're right because I think that this is a In culture environment here that fosters both different cultures by cultural as support New plan on In break, but I'm break now. Okay, right to Tiana Russell Lou will be right back. You'll see Aloha, I'm Shantel Seville the host of the Savvy Chick show Which you can watch every Wednesday at 11 a.m. On think tech Hawaii calm on the Savvy Chick show We are all about inspiring and empowering women and girls to be the best they can be by having amazing guests from all around the world So we hope you'll join us every Wednesday at 11 a.m. Aloha Aloha, I'm Kirsten Baumgart Turner host of sustainable Hawaii. Thanks for watching think tech this summer We have a lot of terrific shows of great importance And I hope you'll watch my show to every Tuesday at noon as we address sustainability issues for Hawaii They're really pertinent as the World Conservation Congress approaches in September and the World Youth Congress that's focusing on sustainability Next year as well. Have a great summer and tune in at noon every Tuesday Back and Ray was saying during the break where he went to school They spoke multiple languages like five languages for the dean of the school Referring to the early 20th century Fern elementary Mayor Elementary here. Oh, yes in Cali. You went to Fern elementary. That's right. High school. No, no, no but joke and their fern was One the first election for what was new whole new city and county and he spoke What I've read at least four languages and again, it was a time when when schooling was not Institutionalized remember the always started to with Thomas Dewey's idea on the new American 20s and 30s was a great vibrant time with mainland instructors coming in teachers from very good Colleges looking at Hawaii as people look at Congo Yeah, third-world country of Vietnam and going to Maui. My father had Shakespeare and Proms and and the mathematics and Latin at Maui High School class of 37 So but it was focused on English. There were no other language except for French or you know Or Latin at that period. So creating a new American was was the key there and what is but we're the 21st century What is the new American today? He's not multi-lingual sorry to say well that just to add with race talk But the reality today is is that the new America is changing the new America includes groups of people that Historically, you know, we're not there now the Hispanic populations rise so Spanish is important But then you know, I think getting going down to this thing There's a really answer we can look into of a small place in Minnesota called Minnetonka and Minnetonka has come up with out of the box thinking and They have a language immersion program that starts kids from kindergarten learning Mandarin and They're they speak Mandarin And they learn Mandarin up to the I believe the second grade and in the second grade then they're brought back into English programs and so It's incredible what they're doing Why can't we do that? We can Well, can we do it at the State Department of Education level be practical Ray? What do you think this is? Again at the top levels of the state What is the strategy going forward for our society moving forward to make us special 20 30 make us proud To make us global to make us relevant to make us and you know in other countries like a Canada Where there are provinces that are Officially bilingual officially in many many ways that you take One language up to fifth grade or sixth grade and then at a seventh or sixth grade you take all courses engineering history And and science in the other language Wow Because that's the only way to learn sure why is language restricted to just language or literature, right? you know, why can't you explain physics in in French or Spanish, you know, oh that would be so great. That's all you do. That's all you do, but that's the bilingual Promise government, but again why I met the people who put their Children who are English speakers put their children in French Immersion schools because the government hires only people who are Profession native in those two languages. So there's an economic incentive economic incentive What if you know at a certain time in the future you have to be proficient in two languages to get a state job or city job? For example, and that would change the nature of the society So we have a lot of people who are becoming proficient over the past what 15 20 years in in Hawaiian And I think that it's not exactly what we're talking about Is it because that native Hawaiian language is not going to draw people from all around the world? I went to Alamo one. I don't go to Alamo one much I went to Alamo one last weekend and I said to myself this place is really global every brand You can think of from every major city in the world is here. It's huge. It could attract it does attract people from everywhere So why can't we sort of ride, you know coattails on that and make this an international place? Where the clerks in these stores can speak any language? Let's become a European or an Asian city and be able to handle every tourist from everywhere Won't that help tourism answer? Yes. Oh, yes. Yes, and the good thing about it is that You know as I travel around the world also. I'm finding that Many times I can use Mandarin in Europe I can use Mandarin in places you would not think and there is interest around the world and So I think it's becoming language. It's becoming much more standard in business I've talked to people for African lawyers in Mandarin and I've talked to Koreans in Mandarin. They don't speak English, but they speak Mandarin So it's it's not only just it's a it's becoming becoming a ling a lingua franca and lingua franca And it's it's happening now, and I think what it really takes here is is is Planning the right steps and okay, so you're talking about action what action we have to do and who does it? I think we can follow this Minnetonka model. We can start a small program We can do it in certain schools government or private with this is this should be in the public school system The private schools can do the same but and it's interesting because Minnetonkas is Minnesota The University of Minnesota did some research on that and they found that these kids that they took in that were an Immersion program top Mandarin from kindergarten second grade that English started second grade and By the time they're fifth grade there because their ability to use the language their English level is that of a 11th grade student 11th grade student, but I want to add something I used to think and you probably used to think too that when you're young it's easier to learn language But that's not entirely true You can learn it as an adult also and why don't we teach the adults to in an immersion program? Yes, and then again, I guess it because adults maybe have more obligations no time when you're young You have the time and that's and and they said that the research showed that when your child you have You have in your mind system. You have the ability. There's more In your mind that allows more open. Yeah more open to learn the language a second Yeah, and so as I've shown especially in New York Times that a beam bilingual trilingual delays to mention Also, and that is a great boon. So I'm in B12 according to the New York time But that's a big boon in terms of insurance Hospices hospitals all kinds of societal thing goes back to bilingualism but and and but I want to stress this and this is the You know, we can talk about thinking our box and about bilingual programs, but I think there is a great assumption fear that back going back in the 50s and 60s that bilingualism of trilingualism especially with Hispanics in the US that it delays English that that you cannot speak both Languages as well. You see that's not true and that you come up with people who are Not profession in either language, you know, Spanish nor English and that is a consideration We have to fight against because whenever you do that. Oh, you're in a merchant school That means you're going to be speaking later, for example, and our daughter did speak later but it doesn't mean that You can develop a you know databases of words in your mind to language and so forth and There are other people like Joseph Conrad who wrote his first book on a darkness when he was 41 years old in English And that was a third or fourth language Vladimir Nabokov English was Mindset that yes, we can do this. Yes. We can be multi-lingual I mean to think of Europe all the people in Europe who speak four or five languages It's not hard. No, it's a matter of saying well, I have to do this. I'll do it. Oh, we're out of time you guys I hate this part, but since since you guys are such pros Ray I want to offer you the opportunity to wrap up and to say farewell to our listeners and Russell will follow you But could you would you mind doing that in in in Japanese? That's a little too much for me but I think You Violent with people like myself we speak Japanese and English all the time. I think it's very easy to speak two languages It's not hard. It's not difficult It's very hard to interpret because you want to be very precise in that word because it doesn't exist in other languages And I spoke I always spoke both languages a home and again That's another thing that parents When they put their children immersion language, which is outside what they speak. It's a great risk. It's a gamble It's it's it's an investment also But again, what how does that child turn out, you know 10 20 years later? That is a wholly different Exciting individual who can contribute to side. You've got to build global kids and people Russell Can you close and can you give me some Mandarin anyway? Okay, just want to say that I think that having a second language opens doors it really opens doors to the world You're able to communicate with people. There's a self satisfaction and today's world is economic opportunity It's all about that and it's really relevant and I believe that by having a second language You are really living a global world and today's world is a global world Let's let's not kid ourselves and to be part of the global world We need to be tuned in and that's important having a second language Yeah, and the other side is if we don't do that We're gonna pay a big price going forward and so are our kids in the future of this state Russell Lou, Ray Tsuchiyama, they're great Asia in review today We've been talking about the new globalism of language right here at home in Hawaii. Thank you so much you guys. Thank you Thank you


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I know I'm like way off base, but I don't want to misspeak So anyhow Tom Rubble if you see it, it's definitely a bread and butter item So grab it if it's cheap, but some of these in this brand can go for a lot of money So definitely be on the lookout for that. It's used the mine was like carved into the leg This looks like it's on the bottom So I don't know if that makes any difference, but she said she was at a local estate sale She was there on the last day. They had priced all of these Tom Rubble, whatever Figurines priced individually high. She said they were high So she asked how much for all and told them she had $80 left in her pocket And they took it so for 14 of them. She had about six dollars each in them She sold the horse for twenty six ninety nine plus shipping and then she also sold this little guy for St. Bernard pup for twenty one dollars and twenty four cents and you can see here and again mine was Really different. It wasn't like stamped on mine was like carved So I don't know if there's a difference in value. I think mine went for a little more But definitely look it up if you see that brand and if it's cheap I would say get it because it's at least going to be a bread and butter item So between these two items. She's already made like 50 some dollars, right? What was the other one 26? Okay, 40 about 40 bucks after everything's taken out So she's made half her money back on two and she got 14 of them. So that's really good. Oh And here's another one that she sold for 17 59. So she's at like 50 some for three of them Here's the bottom And this is what it looks like and they're super super cute. Mine was Christmas themed also All right, so this Gretchen's glazes She said these were purchased in a big lot at an online estate auction She drove two hours each way to pick them up along with other items She bought five boxes for a hundred and eleven dollars total So she was already in the profit when this sold But if divided these costs under twenty dollars and sold it for four hundred and fifty so There was a little problem during shipment and the post office beat the package up So she's in the middle of trying to figure all of that out But the packages were insured so that is good But it was a mess. She sent me a picture today and I felt so bad, but I think I Think she'll be okay, you know with what she paid for it and if insurance covers it because I Don't know. It's just an unfortunate thing when your packages get damaged during shipment. It's just a bummer So I will know more about this at a later date right now. She's still waiting on The packages to come back. I think she got one or two of them, but she had to ship like four different boxes so anyway kind of a bummer but definitely be on the lookout for this glaze and It's definitely I mean 450 dollars she got for this But there were 200 of them. So I don't know but that's still great. She got a great deal on it But yeah, just search comps for glazes and arts and crafts items if you guys haven't seen my arts and crafts Bolo Category video definitely go check that one out. It's a good one Which leads me to this paintbrush again. Go check out my arts and crafts category Bolo video This is one brush you guys that sold for 70 dollars So it's the best brush ever made this was bought in an online art estate auction This is the same one. I think she got the glaze at because she drove two hours away to get it She got a big lot of brushes for 20 dollars. These two were in there and cost into it each is about 50 cents Sold for 70 dollars and 39 cents each. I just want to know what is so great about this brush I mean something I mean, it's a pre-owned. I mean look at it It's like a broom Anyway, yeah, two of them for 70 dollars and 39 cents. Very cool The next item are these susan shawish s-c-h-e-e-w-e And they're decorating decorative painting instruction pattern craft books And it looks like she's got four or more available. So seven available sold one I'm not sure. I guess each lot is the same But let's see what she says. Um Bought at same art estate auction got over 400 books for 30 dollars. So cost into these is approximately a dollar She sold it for 26 99 and she still has seven left. So Definitely going to make some money on that This coca-cola bad guy. It's a fire king mug and she got this at Doesn't say oh a box lot with other items for 13 dollars. So cost about a buck Sold for 190 dollars and less than an hour to china with global shipping program How cool is that? The next item is This vintage wool christmas blanket. It's kind of like a throw. It's made in italy She got this at the goodwill for six dollars and 99 cents and it sold for 61 dollars and 59 cents plus shipping Here is the tag made in italy For gimbals g-i-m-b-e-l-s It's a 50 by 60 The next item is this robert rakey's It's a wood bear It says wooden tag Oh, okay. Here we go. So it's got this tag connected to it. Look at those Beads how fun is that little guy? He's cute I know that I had mentioned boyd's bears and she said that she does well with this brand of bears also So it's good to know. I've never even seen this brand. I don't know if there's Looks like there's a tag right here also on the back. So I don't see a picture of it, but definitely check them for the wood face Bought at a garage sale on a big lot with beanie babies for 50 dollars for over 100 bears and beanies. So 50 cents Approximately and sold for 26.99 the red version sold for 99.99 months before So there must be a red one So, yeah, pretty cool. Definitely look those up So this attari lot She got this at an 80 89 And the buyer paid shipping This dale earnhardt It's a leather jacket Looks like it's suede. Maybe does it say suede? Yeah, and it's a 2xl She said she honestly she paid too much as it had A 399 dollars and 99 cent price tag on it. She paid 120 and sold it for 179 dollars and 99 cents bought online at shop goodwill So what she's saying is is she feels like she overpaid But again, she saw this and you know A lot of times you feel like Gosh, if it's got a 400 tag on it I can probably get 300, you know, but with clothing it just really doesn't work like that That tag doesn't mean too much The next item is this twilight new moon. It's a fleece throw blanket This came from the goodwill three dollars and 99 cents sold it for 53 dollars and 99 cents plus shipping This ac compressor Four seasons remanufactured new open box So this came from an estate auction paid five dollars and it sold for 127 49 She said she just looked up the model number and knew that it was worth money. So and you can see right here There's your model number. So pretty easy to look that one up The next item is this texas instruments graphing calculator. Always look up calculators Um Got a little damage there She's showing that the battery compartment is free of corrosion or any other stuff like, you know, how it builds up So that's a good idea to show that Sometimes I forget to do that This came from an estate box lot paid 20 for the whole box. So maybe five dollars sold for 45 and two hours This marthas stort crafts paper punch I have sold quite a few of the marthas stort paper punches. They typically are Either a bread and butter item or a bolo. I usually do pretty well with them She got this on shop goodwill and a lot paid approximately four dollars and sold it for 22 in the buyer paid shipping She said there is a seahorse one that can bring up to a hundred dollars just for a paper punch So this is a rare tinker bell fairies disney television and it's new in the box How cute is that? Local in-person auction got two of these for ten dollars each this one sold for 119 The other sold for 149 99 And it looks like the buyer paid shipping and those are super super cute The next item is this Uh girl lane g u e r l i in perfume cologne and it says Lot samples. I really they're just little samples you guys How amazing is that? samples samples, yes, I said samples and She bought this online at shop goodwill paid 40 for a big lot So maybe five dollars in this and sold it for 50 dollars and 99 cents plus shipping the next item I don't know why that is up Is this martha stort collection periwinkle? It's a comforter set king size bought it b stock macy's palette Paid 25 dollars sold for 131 99 plus shipping These fun adidas Um, they're swayed they've got the well, I was going to say four leaf, but it looks like they're three leaf clovers Local in-person auction paid five dollars and sold for 42 and 49 cents plus shipping So this adjustable wood 72 inch wood artist painters easel online art estate auction got seven for 35 dollars this buyer messaged asking for a lot of three So 15 cost sold for 105 So sold three of them for 105 dollars And it looks like she paid 35 dollars for seven of them. So really good Good margins there This little guy i've sold these in the past the big mouth billy bass christmas singing fish Always look up the singing fish that are on the plaques. I think i've sold like a lobster and What was something else I sold i've sold different fish, but they're definitely either bread and butter or bolo Depends what you what kind of margins you want to get But this one was in a state fine for five bucks and sold it for 39 dollars and 90 cents plus shipping and to me that is a bolo The next item is this little lisa lomonith L-a-m-o-n-t-h-e it's a native american Oh I don't know how to pronounce that Pueblo I know i'm saying it wrong That's embarrassing. Sometimes i'm not embarrassed like with like her last name, but I should know how to say that Pueblo, let me see if uh, sorry understands me Pueblo Here's some information Well, I must have said it right because it pulled it up Yay me I'm excited. So, uh, it's a blanket people pottery sculpture That little piece of turquoise on it That's pretty cool. I must say I really like that And I think I probably would have picked that one up, but it is cool Um found at a shop goodwill Oh on shop goodwill paid 20 sold it for 124.99. I found this looking for a blanket It is called blanket people it looked interesting. So I researched it.  Thank you And this is a vera bradley backpack I have sold vera bradley pack packs. They do well Um, she got this a palette of over 100 pounds of vera bradley items from shop goodwill Wow for 99. She drove two and a half hours each way But got well over 100 pieces. So it cost about a dollar and she sold it for 39 dollars and 16 cents plus shipping trying to see if it's like A little dirty, but you know, it's pre-owned The next item is This sport dog field trainer dog remote Came from the habitat restore thrift store From the glass case. She paid 30 for it and it sold for 114 dollars and 99 cents And the buyer paid shipping The next item is this sony handy cam camcorder And she got this in a one dollar box at a garage sale and sold it for 105 dollars and 59 cents So definitely go check out her channel because she's a bolo finder This florida state university throw. It's a heavy like got the fringe on the ends blanket Got it in a box lot off shop goodwill maybe two dollars and sold for 31 dollars and 49 cents plus shipping These cute little black bear honeybee hive canister cookie jar It's a six piece set And They're really cute She got these on shop goodwill paid 20, but one was broke. So they refunded total amount So it cost zero and she sold the rest for 43 dollars and 99 cents So cute cute cute All right, let's go into her store See what else she's got so brad mart deals And again, her youtube channel is the flippin Oh flip and nurse Right flip and nurse She sent me her new logo today her new branding The nurse flipper. I knew I was saying it wrong the nurse flipper That's confusing But anyway, I don't want to give away what her new branding is but I was thinking of that when I was anyway, you guys will see it's really cool. I love it Anyway, here's some more stuff that she has listed In her store, I have a link down in the description if you guys would like to go in And check out what else she's got. She's got a lot of art stuff. Um You can look at her actives and her solds Yeah, so I'm seeing this right here and I'm guessing she used the ebay's new Whiteout thing on the app Because I'm getting the same problem like it's not cutting out Completely like Along the edges and I don't like that.  Let me let me know what you guys think about the whole ebay. Um, I don't even know what that's called Um, but yeah, let me know what you guys think So here's just going to finish going through this page and then I'll come back over and Tell you guys to have a good day. Good night. Don't know when you'll be watching this I've been posting my videos at 8 a.m And I think I'm going to continue to do that for now And just see how it goes that way it kind of gives everybody the whole day to kind of check in and see if I have anything new up um And then I kind of sporadically post it on like twitter and instagram and facebook at different times of the day Just to kind of get it out there, but if you guys can share that's awesome. That helps me out a lot Coming from other people The shares it really says more than when I just share myself. If you know what I mean Um, be sure to like comment share and subscribe. Thanks for watching and I'm going to give you my weight Have a good night