Hi everyone, Joe for jazby's casebrace.com coming at you with 2020 Panini Donneress Optic Baseball Choice Edition Five box random division break number six all-card ship There should be some exclusives in here some pretty good stuff the the choice patterns and mojo refractor designs are really sick So big thanks to these folks for rallying around at the break and making it happen. They're the baseball divisions right here Let's roll it. Let's randomize it four to four hard eight for each list one two three four five six Seven and eighth and final time after eight. We've got Ali Fonzo down to a couple Ryan Redmond's All right hard eight for the divisions one two three four five six Seven and eighth and final time after eight. We've got the al east down to the nl east Well, if if the if the universal DH happens Al al and I don't even matter anymore at this point Ali Fonzo with the al east Alex with the nl West David with the al west Walter with the nl central Ryan with the al central and the nl east Let's order these by division alphabetized by division So al central east west is on top and then nl central east west on the bottom I'm gonna pause the video and allow for a little bit of trading time.  I'll be right back All right, welcome back folks. So I brought the box here. Remember we mark. Did I do this? I don't know if I did I do that I think I marked all of these with x's or maybe Sean did this Don't know but we marked all these with x's so you know that they're all from the same case I just grabbed five random boxes from the back. I don't think there's case hits or anything like that So it doesn't really matter As long as we're just grabbing them from the same case. We'd like to be Transparent about that All right, so we're looking at three autos per box on this on this baby here Plus whatever exclusive parallels We go red the dragons Dragon parallel maybe some smog in there remember you guys remember smog And he was just like, oh, I love gold and I'm gonna take it away from doors and everyone's like, no, don't do that He was like a real real D word about it All right, I'm gonna stack the other cards on top right there. All he's doing is just he's just Just like a sleepy bear sitting inside the dwarf cave and being like I'm gonna chill on all this gold And that's all I'm gonna do and I guess that's your life if you want it to be But I don't know I feel like I'd be a little more ambitious than that if I was a dragon Actually, let's save the autos. Let's do these ones first. There's uh, Tony Gonsolin Right if you were wouldn't you do that if you were a dragon Maybe do some more More pillaging of the earth Out of 45, but what a late town or two. That's about it Kind of weak for a dragon at 45. There's Adelaide Tomandisi All right, here are your dragon scales, which are exclusive here. That's Justin Verlander to 84 That's going to go to the nl or al Sorry, he's not a tiger anymore. That's going to go to the al west That'll be for David Alsop. We got Marco Gonzalez green dragon scale To 84 that will be for the nl west my rivals And we got Hyunjin Roo going to the al east Alifonzo with that one The Aristides Aquino goes to the nl central that was the team that I was forgetting during the trade window Behind him is Maurizio Dubon rated rookie autograph for the nl west alex Valasacos with that one 70 out of 99 on that one alex behind the Aquino Hollow is Andres Munoz Rated rookie green this time another one for the nl west alex v He's heating up 70 out of 99 on this one. Is he on fire? He is Gavin Lux A straight sweep of the autos for the nl west Gavin Lux rated rookie auto for my dodgers Alex he's on fire 46 out of 99 Nice start in the Aquino Hollow going to Walter and the nl central Hopefully he has a big year this year. Oh, don't have a don't have a Lakers game on tonight. Am I watching local local news? Yeah, this is that Lakers And Lakers are Show the score tv Lakers are up 72 61 Seven minutes left in the third quarter. There's Donnie Walton out of 84 for the nl or a l west David there's Eugenio Suarez nl central to 45 for the red legs. That'll be for Walter We got red dragon scale to 88 Charlie Morton That's a l east Alifonzo with Tampa Bay Anthony Rendon For Ryan Redmond and the nl east that's to 80. Oh no, check that. Sorry. That's angels edition Al west David You got Shane Bieber for Cleveland Al central. That'll be for Ryan 69 nice out of 88. All right behind here is kwanghyun kim rated rookie hollow for the nl central for walter And behind jake of the grom are the three autographs autograph one We've got done done done Justin Dunne I hope they play that in seattle If I ran the sound effects every strikeout he got That would be the sound effect six out of 99 Uh al west david al sock We've got zack collins for the al central. That's for ryan redmond rated rookie autograph For this guy's a catcher maybe 18 out of 99 And back here is bobe shet Nice one for the al east alifonzo last spot mojo strikes again So hopefully all those young guys cavin bijio bobe shet vlad gro jr Be hashtag good for the hobby if they all have big ears. There's jake of Not big ears, but big ears seasons Jacob de grom met nl east that'll be for ryan three boxes to go All right, there's the three autos in the middle right there. We've got ronal de cunha jr to 45 ryan and the nl east candy cane design marco gonzalez To 45 for the al west david dragon skin red josh bell to 88 josh Going to the nl east ryan There's adelbert oman to see for the al central also for ryan. That's to 88 as well And there's my guy walker bueller nl west for alex To 88 All right behind otani is marco gonzalez diamond kings And behind otani is danie mendic Al central ryan With the mendic 48 out of 99 Behind otani is tj zooc al east alifonzo with the bluebirds one out of 99 And we've got a rated prospect autograph jonathan india He's a corner infielder third baseman. Maybe he's supposed to be pretty good nl central walter With that one there he is 11 out of 99 and there's otani Needs to needs to bounce back this season. That'd be hashtag good for the hobby Can he manage to do both? I don't know I think he's got to stick with one. I I personally think he's got to stick with hitting And then maybe move into like a closers roll So he doesn't have too much strain on His arm You can just continue hitting out of 45 ozzy albies I realize i'm making it easier than it sounds because you have to put it yourself into a certain mental position to be able to to do that but I don't know maybe he's up for the challenge nl east ryan with that one east on diaz another one for ryan and the nl east 45 And we got diamond kings brice harper green dragon scale To 84 nl east ryan jonny quedo nl west alex red dragon scale That's to 88 and niko herner Rated rookie green dragon scale nl central walter It's supposed to maybe see a lot of A lot of hope for him right there All right behind kettle marté is alex bregman Diamond kings Behind kettle marté are your three autographs. We lead off with brian abrayu Rated rookie autograph blue for the al west david alsat 92 out of 99 Joe polumbo another one for the al west texas ranger player this time for david That is to 99 And the final one here is Is a rated rookie isan diaz autograph for the nl east ryan redmond with the fish They made the playoffs last year in a shortened season. I wonder what they can do this year I actually had this guy my fantasy team for For a month or so. He's pretty decent. Let's see if you can keep that up. There's kettle marté nl west alex not numbered All right gang final box coming up. Good luck We've got a redemption interesting Are these autographs or where are the autographs and are these autographs? These are all kind of flipped around here. All right It's interesting. So any guesses on the uh on the redemption for bragging rights There's all two beta 88 for the al Um west david. There's austin meadows for the al east alifonzo. That's to 88 There's javier baez green dragon to 84 nl central walter One of one joe jaspy autograph I'm not a redemption in this set. I'm afraid reese huskins philadelphia to 45. I would have signed all my cards tj zuke blue jays al east alifonzo to 84 Joey vato hollow for the nl central ryan's guessing louise robert We've got two autographs right here. First one is nl uh west sam hillyard rockies rated rookie autograph. That'll be for alex with the nl west 23 out of 99 ronald bolanos rated rookie autograph For the padres That'll also be for the nl west alex Prim you're gonna go with a baseball player if it's a baseball player And there's lagro junior if it's a baseball player you'd like you have to pay me five dollars If it's not if it's not a baseball player, I'll pay you 25 dollars. How about that? There's fad grero Watch, it's not a baseball player and then I have to give him 25 bucks All right The redemption is gonna be wander franco So al east Alifonzo mendoza with the tampa bay rays prospect rated prospect signatures green mojo So I think that's this so must be out of 99 maybe All right, so there you have it ladies and gentlemen, this goes to Tampa Bay tb, which is the al east I think we should start seeing him In uh in the action tomorrow or tomorrow. That's the super old tomorrow in this season. That is what I meant And see how he Fulfills that sort of number one prospect tag that he's had on him for the last couple a couple seasons I know there's probably enough people kind of Casually holding on to some wander francos As a prospect his prices haven't been too crazy But I think people are hanging on to him because they're hoping that that If he's a number one prospect and he delivers I mean those cards are gonna skyrocket at that point. There you have it boys and girls Another five boxes will be in the store. I'm joe for jaskiescasebreaks.com. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us And I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


Friends, let us summarize what we have learnt in the last couple of lectures. So we have learnt how to deduce the rate law from experimental data and we have learnt how to find a mechanism for a given heterogeneous catalytic reaction and then we have looked at how to find the rate parameters concerning the rate law and then we had looked at how to design a packed bed reactor and how to find the profile of the conversion as a function of the weight of the catalyst in the last couple of lectures. So while doing all this, we have assumed that the catalyst activity that is the number of active catalyst sites which is available for the reactants to adsorb onto the catalyst site for the reaction to occur is always constant but unfortunately mother nature is not so kind and it turns out that the catalyst activity it does not remain constant. So we always assume that the catalyst activity is constant but the catalyst activity changes with time, changes with time. Now what does it mean? It means that the total number of active sites, total number of active sites which may be available for adsorption of the reactant species onto the catalytic site for the catalytic reaction. Now that number of active sites Ct which is the concentration of the total concentration of the active sites, so that is not a constant. Now what happens if it is not constant? So what happens is that the catalyst actually gets deactivated. So there is a catalyst deactivation process, there is a catalytic deactivation process. In fact it is a very major problem that is faced by most of the industries when they conduct a catalytic reaction. It is known to strongly affect the conversion and as a result the performance of the reactor itself. So catalyst deactivation is a very, very serious problem and it is very important to understand how this deactivation occurs and are there mechanisms or there ways by which one can actually circumvent the catalytic deactivation process in a reactor. Deactivation is essentially a process by which the active sites which may be present in the catalyst pore that is somehow not available for the reactants to go and adsorb. So let us describe a little bit more about deactivation. So deactivation, so suppose if there is a catalyst, if there is a catalyst support in which a particular catalytic material is actually impregnated and let us say that these are the pores, these are the pores which is present on the catalyst inside which there are active sites and suppose let us say I zoom up one of the pores which may be present inside the catalyst and so if this is a pore and the active sites are actually present. So if these are the active sites which may be present in the pore onto which the reactants can adsorb in order for a catalytic reaction to take place. Now after a certain time, after the catalyst is actually used for a certain time for various reasons these active sites reduce in number, the number of active sites which may be present that reduces and you can see that the number of reduced sites which is available for adsorption of the reactant species for the reaction goes down as a function of time. So this process of loss of the catalytic sites for the reactants to adsorb and to facilitate the catalytic reaction is what is called as catalyst deactivation. In this lecture and in the next lecture we are going to see different types of deactivation, what are all the mechanisms that govern the deactivation process and how to incorporate that in the reactor design is what we are going to see in the next couple of lectures. So as in the case of any process which is involved in a catalytic reaction, the first step is to understand how to get the rate law. So in this case how to find the rate law in the presence of catalyst deactivation. So this can be broadly classified into two different types one where it is called the separable kinetics and another one it is called the non-separable kinetics. So separable kinetics is one where the dynamics of the adsorption, catalyst deactivation process and the actual kinetics of the catalytic reaction these two can be independently modeled and the mechanisms can be independently understood while the non-separable kinetics is where it cannot be looked at independently. So in the case of separable kinetics one can actually write the net rate law suppose if A is the reactant which is catalytically reacting in order to form products B then one could actually write a rate law which looks like this where A is the activity of the catalyst which depends only on the past history of the catalyst multiplied by the reaction rate as if the catalyst were to be fresh. That means that the deactivation kinetics and the actual kinetics of the catalytic reaction can be looked at separately and independently and so the activity is only a function of the past history and that scaled with the reaction rate if it were to be a fresh catalyst is what gives what is the reaction rate and what is the reaction rate at a particular level at which the deactivation has occurred. So this suggests that the catalyst decay and kinetics are independent. So in this model of separable kinetics the catalyst decay and the kinetics of the catalytic reaction are independent. Now what happens in the non-separable kinetics? In non-separable kinetics case the net reaction rate at which the species A is being consumed is now dependent both on the past history and the rate if as if the catalyst was not deactivated that is what is the rate if the catalyst were to be a fresh catalyst. So it depends on both on the properties or the nature of deactivation simultaneously along with the actual reaction rate of the catalytic reaction. So which suggests that the deactivation perhaps happens on perhaps happens via many elementary steps. So in the next couple of lectures we will not deal with the non-separable kinetics which will be dealt with separately later. So in this couple of lectures we will only be looking at the separable kinetics. Now when we talk about separable kinetics the most important quantity that needs to be described is the activity of the catalyst. So A of t which is the activity of the catalyst is defined as the rate the reaction rate on the catalyst for a given activity or at a given time divided by the rate the reaction rate in the same catalyst if it were to be a fresh catalyst. So it is the reaction rate after the catalyst has been used after a certain time t divided by the reaction rate if it is a fresh catalyst. Now it is important to realize that the maximum activity is possible only in a fresh catalyst. So it is important to realize that the maximal activity that is the maximum possible sites may be available for the catalytic reaction when the catalyst is fresh. So therefore it is important to so the exercise is going to be as to how to characterize and how to obtain the deactivation process as a function of time in the presence of catalytic reaction. So naturally the activity of the catalyst is going to change with time and the typical profile it starts with one because it is a fraction and it is a fraction of catalyst that is activity which is left and so it goes from it exponentially decreases with time. So this so clearly the a of t decreases with time. So suppose if there is a reaction so how do we write the reaction rate law when there is catalytic deactivation process occurring simultaneously.  So now we can write the rate of consumption of species a because of catalytic reaction as the product of activity of the catalyst multiplied by the corresponding specific reaction rate which is dependent on the temperature at which the reaction is being conducted multiplied by some function which is a function of the concentration of all the species that may be participating. So let us stare at this equation. So at is the activity is the instantaneous activity of the catalyst, kt is the specific reaction rate and it is a function of temperature. So as you increase the temperature the specific reaction rate increases and this is the some function of the concentration of species. How it affects the reaction rate law and that is what is captured by this function fn. So now the decay rate so as the catalytic deactivation occurs simultaneously along with the catalytic reaction. So there has to be a certain decay rate. So the decay rate can be captured in terms of the properties or the quantities of the species that is the concentration of various species which is present and so that can be written in the following form. So the decay rate typically takes the same form as that of the rate law. So therefore the decay rate rd is given by is minus da by dt that reflects the rate of change of activity with respect to time and that should be equal to some function p which depends on the activity itself multiplied by the corresponding specific decay constant which depends which is a function of temperature multiplied by some function of concentration of all the species. So clearly from here you can see that rd depends on the activity it is proportional to the concentration of species. So therefore it is important to know the concentration and it is important to find out what is the functional form of this p in order to estimate what is the catalyst decay rate. So for the purpose of this course we will assume that h of ci which is basically the dependence of the concentration on the decay rate law as 1 or at most as h of ci to be equal to ci. That is it is either does not depend upon the concentration of the species or we will assume that it depends at most linearly on the concentration of the species. So and also we will assume that this function p which is which takes the functional form of the activity of the catalyst depends on what is the catalytic system that is what is the catalytic reaction what is the catalytic reaction that is being conducted we will assume that this dependence of the activity the functional form that captures the dependence of the activity on the decay rate will depend upon the reaction which is being conducted and also on the deactivation mechanism which we will describe shortly. So suppose if it were to be a first order decay if the decay process is first order with respect to the activity then if it is a first order process then p of a will be equal to a and if it is a second order process then p of a will be equal to a square. So depending upon what is the order of the dependence of the activity on the decay rate we can accordingly assume a certain dependence of p on the activity itself. Now the decay of the catalytic sites that is the loss of catalytic sites in the catalyst will depend upon many different aspects. So based on the nature of the loss or the type of loss of the catalytic activity there are three broad classification have been identified and these are sintering slash aging process. So this essentially captures the loss of the catalyst because of long exposure of the catalytic sites to the reaction and then the fouling or coking process. So this is essentially the deposition of various carbonaceous or coke material on the catalyst site. The deposition of the coke on the catalyst site it leads to strong deactivation of the catalytic sites and it is possible to regenerate the catalyst which we will describe later. And then the third type of deactivation of the catalyst is called the poisoning process. So there may be poison present in the feed stream which may enter the catalyst pores and they may get deposited on the catalyst site and that may destroy the activity of the catalyst or the reactants or the products itself may actually go and irreversibly bind or get adsorbed onto the catalyst surface and as a result may poison the activity of the catalyst site and therefore deactivating the catalyst itself. So we will see in detail what these three different types are and how to characterize what are the mechanisms that are associated with each of these deactivation processes and how to find the rate law for each of them. So let us take the first one which is the sintering process sintering method of deactivation. Let us take the sintering method of deactivation. So sintering is basically the deactivation of the catalyst because of the prolonged exposure of the catalytic sites to the reactants on the gas stream which is present and as a result because the reactions are conducted at a high temperature the metal particles which act as a catalyst and which are impregnated on the catalyst site. So that actually leaves the catalytic sites and then they start agglomerating together and as a result the net surface area which is available for the reactants to go and adsorb onto the catalytic site that significantly reduces and as a result the catalyst activity is completely lost. So this can be captured so there are two causes for sintering. One is the prolonged exposure and the second is the crystal agglomeration and growth. So this can actually be captured in this figure here. So suppose if this is a catalyst and there are several catalyst sites which are actually spread across in various locations on the catalyst and let us say that this is the cross section of the catalyst. So we cut open the catalyst particle and this is the cross section. So now if the catalyst is exposed to the reactants for the gas stream for a very long time. So it is a prolonged exposure, prolonged exposure. Then what happens is that the particles they start agglomerating, they start agglomerating together and so they get deposited and the metals which may be present the noble metals which may be present at a specific location they start agglomerating and they start growing together in a specific location and so this can be depicted like this. So all the catalyst particles they start migrating to and agglomerating in one location and as a result the activity of the catalyst is completely destroyed and so this process is what is called as a sintering or aging process. Now the other method by which sintering can happen is basically called as the pore narrowing or closing. So the pores which are actually present in the catalyst so which contains the catalytic sites because of this prolonged exposure to the reacting gas and at a very high temperature the various particles can actually go and clog the pores and thereby block the pores and therefore the catalytic activity is destroyed. So that can be captured in this way. So suppose here is a catalyst and there are these catalytic sites, there are these pores which are present here and at the start of the reaction that is at time t equal to 0 so if I zoom up this pore here so you will see that so these catalysts which are present in various locations so they are present inside the pore here. Now after certain time when the reaction occurs for a long time after a certain long period of time then the catalyst pores will get blocked, will get filled with this material and so clearly the pores will get blocked and therefore they get closed and as a result the activity of the catalyst is lost. So the sintering process can actually be prevented. Remember that the temperature is a major factor in the deactivation of the catalyst by the sintering or aging mechanism. So therefore the sintering can be prevented if the reaction is conducted at a temperature which is less than 40% of the melting temperature of the solid. If the reaction can be conducted at a temperature which is less than the 40% of the melting temperature then the sintering process can be significantly reduced. So this is a remedial measure for sintering. However there are several reactions which may not be able to conduct these reactions at such a low temperature because the conversion that is desired is a strong function of the temperature. So the temperature at which the reaction has to be conducted is very important because the higher is the temperature then there is a chance that for exothermic reactions the reaction rate is going to be higher. So as a result it is not always possible to conduct the reaction at a significantly lower temperature. So one has to look at different aspects of the catalytic reaction while deciding what is the correct method to conduct the reaction in order to avoid sintering or aging method of deactivation. So let us now try to deduce a rate law for the sintering process, try to estimate a rate law for the sintering process. So suppose if we assume that it is a second order process then the decay rate is equal to kd into a square which is equal to minus da by dt. Note that the order of deactivation for sintering is usually very high typically about 5 to 8. However 2 is commonly used and is assumed here generally sintering mode of deactivation is very slow compared to other modes. And suppose we say that the activity is 1 which is not unreasonable because if the catalyst is fresh then all the sites are actually available for the catalytic reaction and by definition the activity has to be equal to 1 at time t equal to 0 and so integrating this expression we can find out that the activity is given by 1 divided by 1 plus kd into t. So that is the expression for the activity of the catalyst as a function of time. So now if we know the activity of the catalyst as a function of time then we will be able to estimate how much of the catalytic site is actually sintered, what extent of the catalyst has been sintered. So the amount sintered is given by, amount sintered S naught is SA is given by SA naught which is the initial quantity multiplied divided by 1 plus kd into t. So what the activity tells you what fraction of the catalyst site actually is available. So the amount that is sintered is given by SA naught which is the initial quantity divided by 1 plus kd into t. So if you stare at the decay rate law which is rd equal to kd into a square. So we observe we said that the sintering can be reduced if the reaction can be conducted at a temperature which is about 40% of the melting temperature of the solid. So why is it a function of a temperature? So if we look at the specific decay constant kd it has been observed that this decay constant actually follows an Arrhenius type expression, Arrhenius type dependence on the temperature. So we can write kd as a function of temperature as kd which is at the reference temperature multiplied by the exponential of Ed divided by R into 1 by t naught minus 1 by t. So this t naught is some reference temperature it could be the temperature at which the reaction was started. So the decay constant it strongly depends on the temperature at which the catalytic reaction is being conducted. So this suggests that lowering the temperature can actually prevent the sintering process as observed before it may not always be possible to conduct the reaction at a lower temperature because of the demands of the conversion which is required or the desired conversion. An example of a real process in which sintering or aging actually is has been commonly observed is the heptane reforming process, heptane reforming on a platinum alumina catalyst and it has been observed that Ed which is the activation energy for the deactivation of the catalyst it is about 70 kilo calories per mole. So it has been measured to be about 70 kilo calories per mole. So now because the catalyst gets deactivated the original algorithm that we followed to design a reactor starting from an experimental data needs to be modified because we need to now incorporate the deactivation process into the algorithm for designing the reactor. So the modified algorithm is the first steps to deduce the rate law. This is same as before and then find the mechanism of the catalytic reaction, find the mechanism that is governing the catalytic reaction and the next step this is the new step that is added find the decay rate law. This is required because the catalytic reaction actually occurs simultaneously along with the deactivation of the catalyst. So therefore it is not possible to design the reactor without knowing what is the decay rate law. So the next step is to find the rate parameters and following which the design of the reactor can be performed design of the reactor can be performed. So this is the new step that has been added the finding the decay rate law that is the new step that has been added to the scheme of designing a reactor. So let us look at an example of example reaction where sintering process may occur and see how to design a reactor and get the conversion as a function of the weight of the catalyst. So let us look at the isomerization process and let us consider a batch reactor. So the mole balance in the batch reactor for conducting reaction is given by Na0 which is the number of moles of the reactant A at while starting the reactor multiplied by dx by dt where x is the conversion and t is time is given by minus rA prime into W. So now the next step is to find the rate law. So let us assume that it is a first order reaction let us assume that it is a first order reaction. So the rate law is given by rate that is the moles of A which is reactor per gram of catalyst per unit time. So that is given by k prime which is the specific constant specific reaction rate multiplied by the catalyst activity. So remember that the catalyst is also getting simultaneously deactivated. So A of t is the activity of the catalyst. So k times A of t into Ca so that depicts the rate at which the species A is being consumed because of the catalytic reaction. And next we need to know what is the decay rate law due to sintering. So if we assume that the dependence of the activity on time that we derived a short while ago is valid and then A of t is given by 1 by 1 plus kd into t. So that is the dependence of the activity with respect to time. So now we can express the concentration of the species A in terms of conversion. So Ca is equal to Ca0 into 1 minus x where x is the conversion and that is equal to the number of moles of A which is initially present divided by the volume of the batch reactor into 1 minus x where x is the conversion. So now plugging in all these quantities that is the rate law for the reaction rate decay dependence of the activity as a function of time and the relationship between the concentration of species A and the conversion into the original mole balance. We can rewrite the mole balance as dx by dt that is equal to w by v where w is the weight of the catalyst which is present inside the batch reactor multiplied by the k prime which is the corresponding specific reaction rate into 1 minus x divided by 1 plus kd into t. So we can now integrate this expression so we can with a little bit of algebra we can rewrite this as 0 to x, integrate between 0 to any conversion dx by 1 minus x is equal to k into 0 to t dt by 1 plus kd into t. Here I have assumed that this term w into k prime by v is equal to this constant k. So after integrating this expression we will find that the conversion x is equal to 1 minus 1 by 1 plus kd into time to the power of k by divided by kd so that is the relationship between conversion as a function of time. So this expression provides a way to find out what is the conversion as a function of time and other parameters in a batch reactor where the catalyst is simultaneously getting deactivated. So next we look at the next mechanism by which the catalyst deactivation can occur which is the coking or the fouling process. Coking or the fouling process now this typically occurs in those reactions which involve hydrocarbons. So reactions involving hydrocarbons. So this primarily occurs in those reactions, this type of deactivation of the catalyst primarily occurs in those reactions where hydrocarbons are involved and whenever hydrocarbons are involved the carbon material which is present that gets deposited on to the catalyst sign and that therefore blocks the sides of the catalyst and that results in the deactivation of the catalyst. Now it is important to note that there are methods to regenerate the catalyst that is to remove the coke from the catalyst and that aspect will be dealt with separately in a different section of this course. So we will simply look at how to understand the mechanisms behind the carbon deposition on the catalyst side and how it affects the activity of the catalyst. So suppose if the catalyst pore is like this where the catalyst sides are present along the wall. Now after the reaction happens for a certain time that is the sufficient time for the carbonaceous material to go and deposit on to the active catalyst sign. So the carbonaceous material gets deposited on to the surface of the catalyst and thereby they block the active sites which may be available for further reaction to occur. So this typically happens after the reaction occurs for a certain amount of time. Now this is actually very commonly observed phenomenon in many reactions that involve hydrocarbons particularly that of the light gas oil cracking of light gas oil and the amount of coke that is deposited on the catalyst side that plays an important role. So the amount of catalyst that is deposited Cc is typically given by some constant A multiplied by time to the power of N, A and N are typically called as the coking constants or the fouling constants and T is time. So as time increases the coke gets deposited on the surface of the catalyst active sites and for a light gas oil cracking of light gas oil A has been found to be about 0.47 and N is about 1 by 2. So that is the typical numbers that have been found for the light gas oil cracking process and the amount of carbonaceous material that gets deposited on the catalyst side. So let us now look at how to find the mechanism behind this and how to model how to find the relationship between the decay rate as a function of the concentration and how to write the design equations. So AT which is the activity of the catalyst in the case of coking or fouling process certainly depends upon the amount of carbon which gets deposited on the surface. So there have been some common forms of the relationship between the activity and the carbon that gets deposited and they are like this. So A of t is equal to 1 by some constant Kc multiplied by Cc to the power of p plus 1. So recall that Cc can be written as some constant A multiplied by t to the power of n. So plugging this expression into expression relating the activity and the amount of coke that is deposited given as 1 divided by 1 plus Kc into A to the power of p in t to the power of n into p. So now this can be rewritten as 1 by 1 plus Kc, 1 plus K prime into t to the power of m, where K prime is nothing but Kc into A to the power of p and m is nothing but n into p. So this is one form of the activity as a function of time by incorporating the amount of coke that is actually being deposited on the side because of the coking or fouling process which is fouling process of deactivation of the catalyst. The other forms which have been used are given as follows, A is exponentially dependent on the amount of coke that is deposited on the catalyst side or it may be a function which looks like this, alpha into the amount of coke that is deposited on the surface. Now how do we minimize the amount of coking that is actually happening? That is the amount of carbon material that gets deposited onto the catalyst side. And so the way it can be done is it can be minimized by performing the, conducting the reaction at elevated temperatures. So it can be minimized by conducting the reactant at elevated hydrogen pressure. And the other strategy that has been observed to work is by conducting the reaction at a hydrogen rich stream. So these two methods have been used to minimize the coking or the fouling process on a catalytic side. So let us look at the third method of deactivation of the catalyst which is the poisoning process. So the poison could actually be present in the feed or it could be the reactants or the product itself could be poison. For example, there is in a catalytic side when the gas stream is carrying a certain reactants, it might be containing traces of some poisons and these compounds can actually get deposited onto the catalyst side and thereby deactivating the catalyst itself and or the reactants or the products of a specific reaction can actually act as a poison. They may actually go and get absorbed onto the catalyst side and therefore destroy the activity of the catalyst completely or partially. So poisoning is basically you have poison and these poisons could be present in the feed. It could be present in the reactants. It could be reactants itself that may act as a poison or the products, products that are formed because of the catalytic reaction that may act as a poison by itself. And what happens is that it irreversibly there is an irreversible chemisoption process. There is an irreversible chemisoption process which results in the deactivation of the catalyst. So remember that these catalyst particles which are impregnated with noble metals for catalyzing the catalytic reaction, they are very expensive. They run into several millions of dollars. So therefore, loss of activity of the catalyst is strongly affects the performance of a company which is actually a marketing that particular product. So therefore, it is very important to understand the poisoning because of these irreversible chemisoption and attempts to minimize them is extremely important. So let us look at the first case where we look at the poison in the feed. We look at poison in feed. So a nice example of that is the presence of sulfur, lead etc. in the petroleum feed stocks. In the natural petroleum and diesel that is used in automobiles, it is very important not to have sulfur and lead. And one of the reasons is that the exhaust muffler which contains catalyst, they may get deactivated in the presence of sulfur and lead. So therefore, these two act and act as a poison for the muffler and that significantly affects the performance of the muffler and thereby polluting the environment with toxic gases. So that means very important to have minimal sulfur or no sulfur or and no lead in the petroleum feed products particularly in the gasoline. So that it can improve the efficiency of the muffler and thereby protecting the environment from passing of this, passing of environmentally unfriendly gases into the atmosphere. So the poisons typically they can see these poisonous materials they actually compete with the reactants. So what happens is that the the reaction at the catalytic reaction actually happens by the reactants which go and adsorb on to the catalyst side. Now the poison also has exactly the same behavior. So they also are looking towards getting adsorbed on to the surface of the catalyst side. So therefore, the poisonous materials they are strongly competing with the reactants in order for the vacant sites and and therefore, it can it simultaneously happens along with the chemical reaction. So here is a cartoon which depicts the poisoning process. Suppose if this is the catalyst particle, if the if this is the catalyst side then if the reaction that is being conducted is A giving B plus C and suppose if the at time t equal to 0, at time t equal to 0 all the catalyst sites are vacant and are available for the adsorption of the reactants and also the poison. So let us say that P is the poison which is present in the feed stream. It could be sulphur lead or any other compound and after a certain time t1 after a certain time t1 the so some of the sites the poison will get adsorbed into some of these sites and some other sites the reactant A may be adsorbed and a product may be formed in some sites and B may be adsorbed on to the some other site where the product is already formed. So at a further later time at a further later time t should be t1 which is greater than t1 greater than 0. So at a further later time t2 which is greater than t1 then more sites are filled with the poison. So the number of sites which are available for adsorption of A constantly continues to decrease with time and at a much later time at a much later time t3 which is also greater than t2 all the sites are actually filled with the poison. So at this point the catalyst appears completely deactivated and it is of no use to conduct the catalytic reaction. So let us summarize what we have learned so far in this lecture. So we have looked at we have defined what is catalytic deactivation we had looked at various types of deactivation process and then particularly we looked at sintering and aging we looked at coking and coking or fouling process and we initiated discussion on the poisoning of poisoning method of deactivation of the catalyst. So catalyst deactivation is a very very serious problem because it strongly affects the conversion of the reaction and it may be that the extent of conversion of a particular reactant is if it is affected strongly then it can strongly affect the economy of the industry which is actually marketing that particular product which is a end product of the reaction which is being conducted in a catalytic reactor. So therefore the characterizing deactivation is very important and what we will see in the next lecture is how to characterize the poisoning process and look at some examples. Thank you.


I'm Richard Emory, your host today for Kondo Insider. As many of you know, Kondo Insider is what you show about living in an association, both Kondo and Homeowner Association, talking about the many issues we face in trying to be good government stewards in our association industry. I would remind you that the legislature has concluded, and we do have two upcoming seminars, one by Community Association Institute on July 14th on an update of all the legislation that was passed this year. I can tell you this, that all of them were signed into law by the governor, none were vetoed, so all of them have been issued an act number and have been signed. And then coming on August, August 18th, White Council Community Associations is doing a special 90-minute seminar on the new effect of the law on reserve obligations in the state of Hawaii. And because of that collapse of that condominium in Florida, the legislators all over the country, including Hawaii, have decided to ramp up enforcement requirements, inspections for condominiums in their state. So this is gonna be in-depth discussion and actually our guest today is one of our guests on that show as well, but we're going to try to give you an opportunity to learn more about what the obligations are. I would tell you it's a very important matter because they're really tightening up the obligations and that exposes board members and associations to a potential liability, depending on the circumstances. But on that note, today we're here to talk about fraud and embezzlement. And we have as a guest, David Levy, who was not only a retired certified public accountant, but he moved to Hawaii. Well, he lived to kind of part time for a while, but he moved, I guess, permanently to Hawaii a year or so ago, but welcome to the show, David. Well, thank you very much, Richard. Appreciate you inviting me to be here.   I knew that meant certified pain in the a coli to me, but the reality is I know you have a very prominent background in condo management. So why don't you share with us a little bit about your background? Sure. Well, I was born in St. Louis, Missouri a long time ago and my father moved our family to California in the early 1960s. And after I graduated college, I went to work for a couple of different CPA firms for about 10 years and then started my own practice, specializing in homeowners associations. And a lot of times people ask me, well, how did you get into this industry? Well, when I bought my second condominium, one of the longtime residents of the association, 42 units in the Bay Area knocked on my door and invited me to join the board of directors. And this person was actually the developer of the project. And that's how I got my start in the industry. I learned at the first annual meeting of the association when I was treasurer and proposed a special assessment to boost the reserves. One of the former directors in the audience stood up and said, well, at our association, when we think we need a special assessment, we'll let you know. And so that pushback told me that this wasn't gonna be an easy industry to be involved in. Subsequent to that, I spent a total of 45 years in public accounting in Northern California just doing work in homeowners associations. And when I left our CPA firm at 4,000 homeowners associations as clients, that's 4,000 out of the statewide total of 55,000. Hawaii, of course, is a lot smaller than California in terms of community associations. Do you enjoy the kind of association business? What do you think the biggest challenges they face? Well, I mean, being an accountant, obviously I'm a little more focused on the financial end of our industry. And it's separate and apart from fraud and embezzlement, the largest financial issue, most people would agree for homeowners associations is setting money aside for reserves. There's just a built-in reticence for people to fund future major repairs and replacements. A lot of people that have bought into condominiums started out maybe in an apartment building. And when you pay rent in an apartment building, you're not thinking about replacing the roof of the apartment building or painting it. But if you live in your own home in a condominium, money needs to be subsided for that purpose because in many, many locations, including Hawaii, California, as people get older and may live off of limited incomes, if there's special assessments to pay for reserves, some people might not be able to pay it. And if they don't pay it, many people may not realize that you can be foreclosed out of your home. So in my opinion, it's good practice, with public policy, to set aside money for reserves. It's kind of an aside from our topic for today. I brought with me today a number of examples of fraud and investment, as well as some ideas for how to avoid some of it. Okay, before we begin, let me just, let me just again affirm that your view about the reluctance of boards to fund the reserves, thinking they're doing their members a benefit, by not raising maintenance fees, thus leaving them in the future with potential special assessments and problems with delinquencies and insufficient money to properly maintain the building is one of the most serious problems. And that's why I would encourage all of our listeners to go to either the CAI or the HCCA seminar where we'll discuss this in much more detail and maybe cause you some lost sleep when you hear some of the things coming down the road. But we're here today for fraud and investment. Don't ruin my day and tell me there's fraud and investment and kind of associations. Yeah, I hate to tell you there is. And even my exposure to it in Northern California over 45 years, I'm sure it was only the tip of the iceberg. The first major case I was involved in had to do with the owner of a management company in California who was taking money quietly from most of his roughly 40 homeowners associations. And how was he doing it? Well, he would essentially borrow the money from the association. And if he didn't get caught, he would keep it. And this is known in many ways as a kind of a kiting scheme. He would steal money from one association. If that association figured out that he had stolen the money, he'd borrow it from another association to pay it back. So the money was moving from one association to the other but all along the way, he would keep some of the money. And it was a result actually of a CAI Community Associations Institute annual seminar in Hawaii, I forget what year, that I actually met up with an FBI agent in white collar crime who was moving to San Francisco. And so after the seminar, I went up and talked to this agent and described what the problem was. And he agreed to meet with me when he transferred to San Francisco. And in fact, he did. And then I learned that the FBI does, at least when it comes to white collar crime, they do not necessarily have the authority to take on a case. They take a potential case to the US Attorney's Office and the US Attorney will say yes or no. And even though we believe that a lot of money was being stolen from homeowners associations, we didn't know exactly how much, but ultimately we were able to convince the US Attorney that this theft of funds by this one individual affected the lives of a lot of people. And so the US Attorney agreed and the FBI agent and I worked together on this case for about three years. Ultimately, the person was arrested and brought to trial. However, he committed suicide before actually being sentenced. This particular person was a management company, a portfolio manager? No, he was the owner of a company that did portfolio management for about 40 associations. And how did he get his hands on the money? Well, the way he did it was when the board turned over, he would bring bank signature cards to the board meeting. And the new board members would sign the signature card but the very last signature before it went to the bank, it was his. So the bank was not a homeowner association bank. It was a large national bank, I won't mention the name and they didn't understand homeowner associations. They get a bank signature card, the management company owner's name is on the card. So he was able to move funds around from one association to the other. When the FBI got involved, the agent met with the internal audit staff and they had already figured out what the problem was. I mean, they made it pretty easy for the FBI in this particular case. So the main problem in this case was that the board of directors allowed the property manager to add his name to the bank's signature card without their knowledge. What's interesting in Hawaii, it's a little different. First of all, if you're 20 units or more, you're required to do an audit. I don't mean a review or a compilation. I'm talking about a true audit annually for the members. But there's also a second provision in Hawaii law that each year, this auditor must do a surprise cash verification where he goes into the management company's office and then does a immediate check of what the book balances say and what the banks say the book balances are. And the idea behind that is to prevent this kiting or I wouldn't know the right word where you're moving money between entities to keep them getting caught, which is what the surprise cash verification is supposed to do. How do you feel about that, to help? Yeah, I think it's a good idea. California doesn't have any similar laws. There's no question that when it comes to fraud and investment and internal controls, the main asset that the board members need to pay attention to is cash. And that's pretty much all we'll be talking about today. In this case, the property manager was able to move cash around. And while the financial statements were generally accurate, in some cases, believe it or not, the balance sheet would even show what the property manager would do from the property manager. And apparently, board members didn't even question that. Well, it's interesting, because I've been in this for about 30 years here in Hawaii condo management. And I've seen very rare exposed cases of fraud. And I mean, by that, there was a manager, portfolio manager company on Hawaii and suddenly the owner closed all his clients' checking accounts, took the money and just disappeared to the mainland. And he was caught in the jail. The other thing, as we see often done, management companies create artificial vendors and they're taking $2,550, $100 a week to pay some vendor that because amounts are so small, if you manage 50 condos, you're taking $100 a week. That's $5,000 a week. You know, that the people, we've seen that. But before we go further, I know we're talking about the portfolio manager, we're at the midway point, so we're going to take a one-minute break. Aloha, welcome back to Condo Insider with David Levy, retired CPA, talking about potential fraud or embezzlement in a condo association. And we just finished talking about the type of fraud that can occur with your management company. And certainly I would advise any board member that to me, the easiest way to discover fraud is make sure you get a check register every month of the money. And then number two, make sure you have a bank reconciliation, you know, and that will help quite a bit. But David, have you had an experience where the board itself, like board members and or volunteers have created an embezzlement? Yeah, well, one case had to do with a board member who was a materials designer. The board told this board member that that person couldn't redecorate the clubhouse, which she did. But of course, she was also the board member who was the treasurer. So she paid herself and she paid herself more than what she should have. She was caught by the bookkeeping firm and she was prosecuted and she actually did go to jail. In one other case, there was collusion between the treasurer of the association and the accountant for the management company. But it was the new accountant for a new management company. The association had changed from one management company to the other. The bookkeeper and the new management company discovered that the treasurer was stealing money. And instead of turning the treasurer in, the bookkeeper said, why don't you cut me in? So the two of them colluded to steal money over a period of time. And the bookkeeper was a Mexican-American and he fled to Mexico when they were caught. The treasurer who was an older fellow, he went to jail. What was the problem? They were not producing financial statements for some time within the management company, management company owner, nor the board even asked questions about it. There was poor internal controls. I think because the show goes so quickly here, we should talk about some of the ways in which the boards can protect themselves. And Richard, you pointed out two really very good things. One, looking at the check register. Only a few years ago, California law was modified to require that board members review check registers as well as reviewing bankrupt conciliations. I wanna speak for a moment about bankrupt conciliations. Over the years, we've had a number of cases where the bankrupt conciliations were not correct. And even in some cases where money was stolen and the board member would give me a document say, well, here, it's bankrupt conciliation. I'd say, yeah, it's a bankrupt conciliation but the balance on the bankrupt conciliation didn't match what was on the bank statement. So it's important if you're gonna review the bankrupt conciliation, you need to get a copy of the bank statement as well and make sure it ties to the bank statement. That would be the bank balance on the bankrupt. The book balance on the bankrupt should tie to what's on the balance sheet. If those two numbers don't tie together then the bankrupt conciliation may be faulty and it's not going to do you any good. Maybe we can speak to differences between California law and Hawaii law when it comes to disbursements. In California, people, board members have to have two board signatures on reserve checks, not just one. And it is okay in California as in Hawaii for the manager to sign operating account checks. But both in California and Hawaii, many associations are self-managed. So if you happen to be self-managed, a smaller association, you might want to consider the possibility of two signatures on a check. Most people say, well, that's a lot of extra work. We don't really want to do it but it would be an internal control that's helpful. So looking at bankrupt conciliations, looking at check registers, another document from your accounting system is the year-to-date general ledger. So when you write a check, that gets punched into the accounting software and the amount of money, the payee and what account it goes to goes into the general ledger. And the general ledger will show you all the detail. So for instance, if you said, well, from January to June, let's say we're at June 30th, you know, what went into office expense, you print out a year-to-date general ledger and it'll show you all of the expenditures that were charged to office expense. By looking at the year-to-date general ledger, you can see where the money went. You can also see where occasionally there might be a coding error and maybe a landscape expense shows up in office expense and it can be moved over. Also looking at budget to actual on your expenses. If there's a major variance, well, why is it? Was there unusual expense? Or is somebody taking the money? So... I was just to add a little bit about Hawaii. Sure. Yes, we, the management company for the major management companies anyway, set up a trust account because all the funds for a association has to be in that association's name in a separate account. You can't commingle two associations funds together must be separate. That being said, all disbursements regardless of reserves or regular operating expenses must be made from the operating account. So if you have money in reserves, you have to then transfer the money to reserves to the operating account. That being said, the state law here is that must be in writing between the board and the management company. They cannot move funds between the reserves and the operating account without written approval of the board itself. It's very unusual to have in the larger scheme of things to have the board sign the checks of any kind. It's always been the management company. And it's probably because we're bonded and assured we're covered by the real estate education fund or the fraud fund, whatever they call it where we put money in every, not we the condo associations put money into this account to cover potential fraud and investment. But to collect that money from the real estate commission is very difficult. You have to have proved that you've had a fraud and you've pursued the person who committed a fraud to the end of the earth and the end of time before you can get reimbursed. But it has been done. It has happened. So we do have some protections built in but to me it goes back to why do you want to deal with all this hassle? Why don't you just review the financial statements direct and back reconciliation and the check registered like a normal course of business? Right. Well, it's important. I mean, many times board members feel awkward about asking questions but you shouldn't feel awkward. You should ask questions if something doesn't make sense. Also, it's important to have good board minutes. This helps out your CPA who's doing a review or audit to understand what did the board approve? One of the problems I've seen over the years is the association approves money for a contract but then they don't say anything about the change orders that come through. Did the board approve the change orders or didn't they approve the change orders? So documenting what the board approves it's also helpful at controlling expenditures. And because we're getting near the end of the show I just want to put this little piece of information out. It's not exactly related but where I've seen a lot of embezzlement for lack of a better word fraud has been because of this electronic banking. And what happens is somebody has access to your electronic banking information and it may be some person in Nigeria didn't pick on Nigeria but with some third party that somehow has finagled your passwords and you don't have much protection and then they go get the information and move the money without you knowing it or the management company knowing it. And on top of that, you get into situations where they may get from your database owners for the sure paying automatic payment they may get your owners checking account information and go and steal your owner's checking account. So there's an insurance policy that can be an add on to your existing crime policy for what I'm going to call internet fraud like that. And that's only a couple of hundred bucks a year. So I think the world is going to more of this electronic fraud. And you should everybody out there should be aware of that problem. Absolutely. Also on a personal basis and they were almost out of time but I almost paid a credit card bill late with one of the major banks. And so I thought I'd call the bank and talk to somebody about making a payment. Turns out, no, you don't talk to anybody. The computerized voice asked you for two numbers. Your routing number and your account number. So those two numbers are on everybody's blank check and same for a homeowner's associations check. The bad guys, if they get hold of your routing number and their account number, they may be able to access your funds. So that's another reason for keeping your checks locked up. We're down to two minutes. Give one recommendation, it's the solid recommendation that all boards should do. Yeah, I would say read and understand your financial statements, especially variances between budget and actual and ask questions. And if your income and expense statement doesn't mesh with your balance sheet correctly, you should ask questions and talk to your manager, your CPA. Don't be afraid to ask questions. That's one of the most important things. Well, I wanna thank you for being on the show today. It was very informative. I enjoy the times we have many times talking about our industry together. I wanna remind everybody again that we have these two seminars on the recent laws and the reserve study coming up. And as David pointed out earlier, this whole reserve study issue is gonna be the new frontier for condo association. So I encourage you to go to those. And I thank everybody for viewing today. Thank you, David, for coming. Thank you. And thank you for watching Condo Insider. Thank you so much for watching Think Tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn and donate to us at thinktechhawaii.com. Mahalo.


So we now need to build our project, so f7 again. Now we download and download active application back into our board. And now when we press our reset button, we should now get music, but we will now have to press the play and pause buttons so that we can actually hear the music. So to do that, we have configured the buttons to be play on the right-hand side, pause is the centre and left is stop. So when you pause it, the green LED stops flashing and then you can play again, or if you hit the left button then it stops it and next time you play it will come straight from the beginning again of the music. So why did we use a cue this time rather than a task? It's because we only want to just process one event at a time. So we want to see one interrupt come through from the external interrupt service routine. Why didn't we use a signal? Multiple signals can be set at any time, so we only want to do a cue rather than a signal. So finally the last item to add is the LCD display, so the segment LCD display, so we can see what mode we're in, play, pause or stop. So this is going to be driven directly out to the glass LCD on the discovery board. So here's our hardware configuration for the segment LCD, so there are a lot of pins here to configure to drive all the different segments of our display. So if we go back to our pin out diagram in cube, we need to add the LCD display at one quarter duty cycle. So as we are only using four commons, which will appear as PA 8, 9, 10 and PB 9. And then we need to add each of the individual segments as shown in this table on the screen now. So we need to tick each of those segment numbers free all the way up to number 35 there to assign each of these GPIO pins. So each pin will get automatically assigned. When it's complete, it should look like that, mostly in the right hand side of the device, but there are some on the bottom left and on the top. So if we go to our pin out diagram in the cube environment, so if we go back to pin out tab, and now we want to add the segment LCD display. So we'll expand the display there. You'll notice there's a yellow caution sign on the peripheral there for the LCD. That means not every segment is available to us. So you will see here that we can't do one eight duty cycle because some of the commons that are needed for that are no longer available. So we are only using one quarter duty cycle. And there you can see that certain pins are not available to us because they're already in use on the discovery board. So this is why we have that list of segment numbers that we need to go through. So it's segments 3, 4, 5 and 6. 8 and 9, 12, 13, 14, 15. Number 17, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35. So that should be 24 segments in total. That's correct. And they are now all declared correctly on the diagram. So our diagram now is matching what we have at that point there. Because we've now added the LCD, we've now got to set the clock configuration for the LCD display. The LCD segment display is connected to the low speed external crystal. So if we go into the clock configuration, we need to connect the LSE to our LCD segment display. So if we go into our clock configuration, we now need to use the LSE as our clock source for the display. So we changed the multiplexer for the RTCLTC so that the LSE is routed to the LCD segment display. Now we need to go and configure the LCD segment display. So we go on to the configuration tab and open the LCD properties box. And we need to set certain features to match our particular type of segment display we have in this device or on the discovery board. I go into the configuration tab. Click on the LCD segment disk driver. So our clock divider is 31. Our bias sector is one third. Our contrast control voltage is 3.32 volts. And our pulse on duration is 5 clock PS. And that's our LCD device configured. Now we need to go and add this task to our RTOS again. So we need to generate a new task in our RTOS. This will be called the display task. It has a priority of normal, a stack size of 1 to 8, and its entry function is display task body. So we go into our free RTOS. We add a new task. So it's display task. Priority is normal. Stack size is 1 to 8. And our entry point is display task body. Remember your capital T and your capital B in task body. So that's our fourth task now in our RTOS system. So we can OK that. And our list now looks like that. So we now have four tasks in there. So that's complete now. We can now go and generate our code. Again, do not open the project because we need to apply the patch. So this is the last patch to apply. So step six display patch. There is one include file which tells the system about our segment LCD we're using, and then there should be free source files that need to be copied across. The routines that we've added to the LCD.C are to do with the displaying of the various strings and clearing of the display. So these are the extra routines that get added that we're pasting in to save you the time of writing the application. So I will go project generate my code. Again, say yes to the system tick warning message that is still appearing. So we want to close our project this time. We need to do the patch again. So we go down to our patches. So step six patch. So we have one ink file to copy across. And we have four source files now. So the SAI.C file is in there again. So we need to copy all those across and replace all those files. Now we can go and open our environment using the project EWW in the EWARM folder.


Hey guys, it's Nate AK the photo count and welcome back to the channel. A quiet ish day of LaLiga team of the season yesterday has been completely overshadowed by two absolutely insane League One team of the season leaks on Twitter. What I want to do in today's videos talk about how the hype for League One team of the season is already building because yes, that is our next league. It is not Syria even though we had the Syria vote Syria is taking place after League One We just are not voting on League One. So that's kind of the clear that up there I know a lot of people are confused about what's next but League One is next It's this Friday and the leaks are already popping and they're absolutely insane So we're gonna talk about that today, but we're not completing completely forgetting about LaLiga because content Yes, is still rolling and we've got the first of two guaranteed team of the season upgrade packs dropping today today for the MLS so we're gonna take a look at that and of course all of what's moving on the market fodder is Big money if you invested you are looking really good on profits there So lots of talk about today if you're excited for the video drop a thumbs up subscribe if you're new Let's talk about the content yesterday and just kind of roll over that really quickly because it was an okay day We got what we expected but nothing more than that. We start with the icon SBC We got kumin it was expected now just like Maca Lele pretty cheap icon card But a really good price from EA coming in at about a hundred thousand coins It's not the most meta card But if it's somebody you want for your club that is a very nice price from EA pretty cheap to do and very Craftable since the highest rated squad inside of that SBC is an 85 So not too much to complain about their W from EA sports Then of course we had the LaLiga upgrade dropped as expected and the 81 times 11 LaLiga upgrade and the 81 times 11 they made actually a bit cheaper Even though this team is very expensive with the likes of Ben's grease Vinnie is still being super expensive and these prices staying very very high for the most part across the team They made the 81 times 11 a bit cheaper only requiring an 82 and an 84 rated squad now inside of that 82 squad There's an 84 player Requirement and if you invested in fodder especially 84s you made bank these players almost doubled in Price these guys were the low to mid 3k range right 3.5k 3.7k they started to rise a bit into the content They went all the way and to above 6000 coins for almost all of these 84s and they're gonna go back there today, right? I would say once again We're gonna be looking at fodder today a little bit later in the video specific areas to buy even for a daily Flip as we've seen so many times during the past couple weeks of tots has been a really good trade But if you invested specifically in 84s, you made a huge money 83s went up 82s 85s 86s most of the fodder market on the low tier Did amazing specifically the 84s though So GGs if you bought any of those after we talked about it this weekend because those were incredible incredible Investments and they made a ton of coins now with the La Liga upgrades being out Gold rares are basically making the same exact movement that they did last week with bonus Liga They're actually down right now. They're 800 coins a piece. Some are even getting listed at 750 Guys, I do believe these will continue to rise up a little bit towards the end of the week Just like we saw last week with bonus Liga if you have these I will list them for about 900 to a thousand coins because I still think you'll be able to get cells towards the middle end of The week at 900 to a thousand on gold rares But I'm gonna go stock my club again 800 because especially even 750 if these are sitting here on bid I'm gonna stock my club and do some more these La Liga upgrade packs Just because they're cheap and try to get the tots counter up I packed two of the left back the Javi Galan or whatever his name is Got him twice yesterday. So no real blues just two moments for me out of those upgrade packs Now yesterday seemed kind of like a quiet or mid day without anything special like the 81 player picks We were so hoping for or some other sort of player SBC, right? We didn't get any of that But the real hype started building with the leaks and that's what I want to take a look at it is the two leaks Then we had yesterday starting early on a Monday. We had leaks. It is crazy Now both of these leaks are flashbacks and you may have seen them But the fact that it's these big name players that are being leaked really me to me is like sounding the alarms of okay EA might be doing the business for League one tots because if you equate this to La Liga team this season guys like Dembele guys like the young those are the types of players that would be on this level that we wanted to see players SBCs for during La Liga team of the season and it looks like they're going all out for League one tots so far, right? These are predicted stats and that's what the first thing I'm gonna lead off with is We've seen predicted stats for a lot of team of the season SBCs and players and a lot of times They're juiced up a bit much This would be a pretty sizable upgrade from compen bays 86 and it is once again a Flashback so this card for compen bay could be an objective could be an SBC One of those two were not entirely sure you would think it would be an SBC right because this would be a massive SBC It'd be too big of a card to put in objectives in my opinion I could see this is an SBC where you know This is maybe our Friday SBC or it may be some time during next week of League one team this season But there is so much hype around this card and like we've seen so many times already this year Center backs across this game are gonna take a hit with this compen bay dropping even compen bay special card The centurions which has nine million games on this card That is a ton of games people know compen bay because of number one his PSG and France links and two He's just kind of been the most OP center back as a gold card some of the special cards in the past two to three years last year Especially he kind of rose under the scene being a super super hype card He is always meta and he's got the perfect links for League one team this season So that's just a massive massive name now how much how much hype is there gonna be around this? Well regardless, it's a very high player, but it all does depend on the stats right if they don't drop an SBC for compen bay Or an objective however, he's gonna be dropping this game, but if this compen bay card does not have 90 pace I think that is the threshold that a lot of people would say at this stage of the game He's gonna have to have even if he has 89 or 88. I think that would be seen as a little bit of an L He's got 85 on this card He's gonna have to have mid to high 90s defending and probably above 80 dribbling and passing So I could see EA really juice in this compen bay and make it in pretty expensive I could also see them maybe not juicing him as much making him like 89 or 90 rated and maybe giving him 88 pace like the Arajo SBC We had during community team this season So I will say this once again It all depends on the stats as to how much this SBC is gonna cost if it is an SBC at all But that's really really hype right that is huge and he's gonna play insane in game And a lot of people are just going to want to do this card and get this card in their clubs Because it is compen bay. So that is leak number one and that's a big name once again Now right after that for sure if we did tweet it out another massive leak Awar is coming as a flashback SBC and if you did not know Awar has switched nationalities He is now Algerian and not French now in FIFA Awar still has a he still has a France card It has not been dropped an Algerian card in the game So maybe this is a sign of EA with a foot share of tweeting out this card showing the Algeria links I'm guessing he is saying that it's gonna drop as an Algerian Awar which I to an extent it does decrease the hype a little bit right it decreases the linkability of this card And you know, maybe if EA were to not update and maybe it is gonna be France I don't know that's still to I guess to come But the fact that this card maybe it's gonna be Algerian could also mean that maybe we're gonna get a USA Balagan for me That's really exciting for what I'm looking for But this Awar we're guessing is gonna be based off of either of his two team of the season cards He had in FIFA 20 or FIFA 21 if any of you guys remember either of these cards this Awar was freaking Cracked he was such an amazing card and then in 21 they followed up with the Tots SBC This was one of the most completed SBCs of League 1 team of the season that year He was absolutely mental. So even not having those France links. I still think this is gonna be an amazing card He's FIFA meta. He's very good And of course everybody thinks about the Algerian link in the league one That's also very meta to link him to and that is the Youssef at all wrote to the final card now This at all was about 65,000 coins yesterday and I had even invested in this at all He was about 50k last week I had no idea about this leak a lot of people that invested his card had no idea This leak came out at all went all the way up to 95,000 coins and I was able to sell there in the hype But realistically, that's one of the only like a good ways to link that our card and really he could continue to go up He's got a 130,000 point max price. I'm not saying to invest in this card right now I'm just saying that this at all is one of the better ways most meta ways to link to that card But some of your other Leon links went up as well winter wild cards Lacazette is another very popular one Cherokee's got the Card from future stars a lot of those links are going up right now because of this hour These are just two massive massive names inside of League one and that's why I think there's a lot of hype Building and based upon these because think about like Bundesliga team of the season We had some pretty big names at least starting with the Royce SBC, right? One of the most popular and hyped SBCs of the entire team of the season so far has been Royce because it was a big name With really good links and a lot of hype inside of the Bundesliga these two guys fit that bill specifically for League one That's why EA might be going all out with League one team in the season and trying to like build the hype back up with good player SBCs and really good content, which is what's been lacking in the past week with La Liga for sure in the second half of Bundesliga, so this could mean that big things are to come again We don't exactly know even how these guys are gonna be dropped on the game. We don't know if it's SBCs or objectives We assume SBCs because those are really really cracked cards and those are not the type of players that you most often see in Objectives, but wait for more leaks wait for some more I guess the news about League one team this season since it's not voted on We don't exactly know who's gonna be inside of it because that could really impact some of these cards from La Liga team This season bonus League of Tots if we're gonna have a really really insane Upcoming week of League one that is definitely gonna mean probably some bad things for the rest of the market Depending on the prices of those League one cards, right? so there's more to be seen there but could mean big things for the market in the future and It's just kind of crazy that we had those leaks so early on like on a Monday We're having those flashback leaks. Maybe I guess you could say Nate. Are those gonna be a part of some Objective that would even drop before League one team this season I doubt it because everything inside of Tots is so League specific So probably gonna have to wait until Friday or after to see those cards But that's crazy. Those are two big names and I'm excited to see those drop because they could be mental cards in this game Now speaking of La Liga and the market a bit the market was pretty quiet yesterday. There were a couple good places to trade I made some good coins on a few flips here some of the links to like the the Vela and some of the MLS cards flipping a few Muktars and Vela himself and then just another couple team this season card trades in between there I'm not touching like I said I'm not gonna mess with any of the La Liga Tots cards today A lot of them are still maintaining pretty good prices and even yesterday you could have flipped a couple of them I'm not gonna trade with any of them because today again It's been the day in the past weeks with these cards drop off a bit the team of the season impacts Tuesday Wednesday Usually ends up dropping off now. These guys could be different who knows But I'm gonna stay away from trading with these guys and price prices on these are probably gonna dip just a little bit Especially if you get more League one leaks that could impact these cards to again That's kind of an unknown situation with them right now. So again, as I've said all week be very careful. They're staying very high in price I think a lot of these are still overpriced and tomorrow we do have to guarantee for La Liga So that'll be very interesting to see if you want to try to make some coins right now Best thing I could say to you is get on the open bids at this time of the year. We always say it But open bids are always slept on and specific cards I will tell you to get on open bids for it would be special cards inside of La Liga that people are buying for the cup teams whether it's like a 200,000 coin card or yesterday on stream We were actually looking at the World Cup team of tournament Gavi Cards like this if they drop 5,000 coins, that's huge right Gavi was like 23k. Wow 24 for that one right there Usually he's like 26 to 27. It's like I'm gonna buy that Gavi right there and see the next one is that 27,000 coins I got a snipe right there But getting on the bids you might be able to get two three four thousand coins Under where that card is selling you can list it for maybe a thousand or two more to get a lazy sale as well But that's where the demand is right now on this market for those types of cards So that's where I'll be trading at the moment is the low to mid tier links with the La Liga team this season So I'm gonna list this up right now for like let's say 27 750 or 28k You know, that's a couple thousand coins a profit But if you get a repeat over and over and over you can make some big money there now also for today I think there's a chance to make some money with the MLS tots Guaranteed pack now Almata Mukhtar Vella. They've been pretty solid to trade with so far It's just like last week with Saudi League team this season You've got three cards that you really want to pack from the guaranteed SBC It should be a really cheap SBC today and especially if you stuck around towards the end of the video here This is gonna be a really really good tip guys. We saw it happen last week I think it's gonna be money this week as well I would pick up 82s 83s and maybe 85s today early in the morning as soon as you watch this video If they're not up at all, I think all those cards are gonna go back up to where they were yesterday 82s are 800 coins on bid and they were all like 1.2k yesterday. Take a look at this 1.2 to 1.3 After the content drop the 81 times 11 is gonna refresh today You're gonna have more low tier fodder demand out there for that guaranteed MLS tots pack as well So 83s were up at like 2.3 to 2.4k now They're back down to 1.7 which is exactly where they were last night. So I would get on some bids I would stock your club or transfers with these cards, especially for in a low budget. There could be some money there 85s, I'm sorry 84s could go back up to 6,000 coins plus so you could stock a couple of those if you wanted to and then 85s 8.2k all of these guys were 11,000 coins yesterday I think they could go right back up to there as well So that might be what we do today on this game is stock your club with I would say 82s 83s and 85s and Flip those during that first hour after the content drop get those lazy listed even before that right if you list Like let's say I've got a card. It's all my transfer list. I'm gonna go list it up Maybe 50 minutes before the content drop. So like 5 10 p.m. UK time I go and list my fodder card up because I know that it's gonna be expiring after the SBC drops So then when everybody's going and doing the SBC at 6 10 p.m Your cards are expiring and you get some of the nice lazy listing sales there as prices are starting to go up That's a really good way to sell cards and to start ahead of time It's a really good trip with tip when trading with fodder So I kind of want to talk about that today because the MLS tots pack is not gonna be that expensive It should be pretty cheap That's why I think 82s and the 83s will go up and then 85s just for good measure as well with a lot of the other SBCs that are being crafted now daily icon player SBCs We do have one more leak and we're expecting a Brazilian another Brazilian icon to be released today It is Roberto Carlos and it is unfortunately Not his best version of his card. It looks like we're gonna be getting the prime Roberto Carlos, which is very disappointing and his card has actually started to drop off on The market a little bit because of this but he's obviously got the trophy Titans, right? And this is the prime version of Roberto Carlos He was like 300k, I believe and now he's down at least like 20 30k He was 330 K actually this leak came out He's right now 282 and I would imagine this is gonna be a really good SBC in terms of value today because the cheaper ones they have dropped recently like kumin and Makalele have been really good value to compare to the card on the market I would not be surprised if this SBC is like 200,000 coins maybe like 250k that would be a pretty nice SBC now Of course, it's not as good as the trophy Titans and I would say Watch the trophy Titans today in price if there is a lot of panic selling this card was about 400k on the weekend right now He's about 370k 360 if this were to go down I don't know how low it had to go but maybe like to low to mid 300s This is still the best version with the five star skills It's not that big of a stat upgrade over the prime in fact It has only plus one shooting passing and pace over his prime card But it's got the five star skills the dynamic image and just the I don't know It just looks better right nicer on the eyes people like the dynamic image cards in this game We all do so keep an eye on that card today Could have a bit of a bounce later on after some panic selling if that SBC were to drop today a really good price But of course if the prime is dropped to get a price as well That could make that one drop down to as people sell that just to do a cheaper SBC So watch fluctuations on that one today But honestly guys, it's just kind of a grind right now through this game if you're grinding the cup Yes, there's things to grind in this game there. There's objectives to grind with a lot of fodder cards available I know we're all hoping and trying to get as much fodder as we can It's just tough to get fodder right now At least the premium La Liga upgrades do give out a good amount of 83s and 84s and stuff like that but for me I'm getting so many duplicates I'm tired of a Raho and Jesus Navas already and I mean I packed a two team of the seasons But the pack weight from these Doesn't seem to be that great I know we've had a couple people that were packing some lower tier blues right away yesterday And I was a little surprised by that But really it's pretty disappointing and it's again disappointing that we only have the gold upgrade pack to rinse into right I'm putting in all of these non-rairs here into this upgrade pack Not putting in Lunen because he's in my cup team right now because I have no goalkeepers in the club But that's just another disappointing thing about how this this feels and I think a lot of people especially with the leaks Leading up to League one yesterday It's just also kind of putting people's eyes and sights on it next week as well And maybe you know, you never think that EA is really trying to like leave stuff like that I don't think that EA really likes the leaks but Kind of maybe they let some things slip through the cracks a little bit and just get a bring a little bit of hype into a week It's a little bit quieter, you know, so that's just kind of something to think about and this is why you always rinse your non-rairs Look at this. I'm getting a board I'm getting an Emilia Martinez 84 rated that's gonna go straight into an SBC and I got a 83 as well Bang always rinse your non-rairs into that gold upgrade Even though you think it's not worth it when you have duplicates do it because it's good Oh last thing I want to mention today in the store. There's gonna be some refreshes. I think On Tuesdays the past couple of weeks. I believe the 500 K pack or the 400 K pack is refreshed on Tuesdays Yesterday, we had the icon cheer pack today We might get the elite icon cheer pack, which is the insane one This one in my opinion is not worth it But I don't know how much they're gonna require for that in that insane elite icon cheer pack which contains the 90 plus icon That's like from World Cup Trophy Titans for birthday team me. I forget what all icons are in it But we're gonna watch the store for that and I think the 10 coin pack might refresh today as well So watch out for that one There could be some action in the store and that could impact the market a bit as well Which might make it a little bit of a quieter trading day for me We traded a lot of cards yesterday and I still have a couple things that I'm really actually losing on a lover right now I have some Muqtars that I bought at 340. He was up at like 373 80 and he's down a little bit So I'm probably gonna get my coins pretty liquid not mess around with too much today Except we're doing some upgrade packs. Hopefully getting this tots counter up a little bit further. Yeah, Muqtars like what 335 right so watch them today watch Vella, but we're gonna try to pack some blues today and Just kind of keep shuckling through keep grinding through the objectives getting the wins qualify for chance Maybe getting some rivals games in it's kind of a good time to just kind of tidy up right if you're not into upgrade packs There's still is a good amount going on the game tidy up on your rivals wins get those footchamps quality's done early maybe you can play squad battles if you want to and Yeah, just get ahead on a little bit of a slower week of content before what's maybe it's gonna be a massive week of League one so we'll watch out for more leaks and more information about that today But hopefully to W. They have content hopefully there's a prize from EA maybe a players BC from La Liga Who knows we'll have our hopes up, but we won't expect anything So that's gonna be the video for me today guys if you did enjoy smash a thumbs up on a comment I'm low if you have any questions and of course subscribe if you're new it's been native for the count See you guys in a stream today. Peace out