So today we're going to talk about the enabling role of grading, has in technologies or gets, right? One of my favorite topics and their use cases in grid operations and planning. So let's start with why, right? Why they always start with why we are, you know, what's the problem and why we want to consider grading has technology. Well, the power industry has changed a lot. Like if you, if you think about it from the, from the operation side, traditionally on the generation side, the only need to deal with mostly traditional generators like, you know, thermal, natural gas, nuclear or, you know, hydro, right? And load is mostly conventional load. So it's relatively easy to match the generation with the forecasted load. That's what we call in the power system industry that we match the generation schedule to the forecasted load. Now things has changed significantly. Like we add a lot more moving parts, both from the generation side, as well as from the load side, right? If you think about power industry as kind of like the three sections, generation and load on the two side and transmission kind of like a pipeline in between. Ideally the transmission system is designed for a system that has relatively stable generation and load, right? That's what happened for a long time in our power system industry. However, you can see that in recent years, both the generation side and the load side, there's some fast movement there. There are a lot of activities on the generation side. There are a lot of activities on load side as well. That makes the balancing problem much harder to do, right?  However, you know, you cannot just like plugging, you know, or change your transmission line very quickly. That's where the problem occurred, right? If you don't have the right location, if you don't design your transmission system for the right location to handle the right capacity, injecting to the grid and withdraw from the grid, you will have a congestion problem or you have an overload problem, right? That's what you can see from the total day had market congestion costs for all the RTOs from 2016 and to all the way to 2022. You can clearly see that, especially things from 2020. The total congestion has increased a lot because of a lot of the renewables are trying to integrate into the system. You also have a lot of retirement scheduled where already happened in the system, right? That costs a lot of challenges in the operations, the real-time operation. On the planning side, however, things are not getting easier. Actually it's more challenging, right? Because the planners today, they have a lot of goals to fulfill, not only building the transmission line, but they also need to consider all these different goals in their transmission process. And on top of that, we also have a large amount of renewable generation that tries to get into the grid, right? To connect into the grid. As you can see here, the Miso Interconnection Cube, they have close to 200 gigawatts of renewable projects in their cube. And you can clearly see that the number is not getting lower, right? So what we can expect is that, you know, both the average time until project commercial operating data is going to increase, you know, going forward. And also you can expect a more expensive network upgrade cost. And that's actually what happened, right? And the U.S., according to a DOE study, U.S. will need 60% additional transmission capacity by 2030, right? And that's the challenge. I'll give you some numbers. It takes an average about eight to 10 years to build a high voltage transmission line, right? And we're already 2023. You know, it's only seven years. You know, not enough time, right? So if you're, if you're familiar with mathematical programming, whenever a constraint cannot hold, right? If you're planning constraint that you want to avoid a feasibility issue, what do you do? You add something called a slack variable into your constraint to make itself, right? So the grid enhancing technology here is my definition of the slack variable in this transmission system. It actually bridge the transmission gap in a much quicker and more cost effective way to resolve or at least defer the transmission needs while you're building and waiting for the more transmission line to be built. Eventually you will need more transmission lines to be built, but during the process, the grid enhancing technology is a great tool to bridge that capacity again. And even, even better, like in, in, in mathematical programs, you add a slack variable, usually you will add a penalty into your objective function, make your objective function much more expensive. However, here it's the other way, right? You actually make your total cost much cheaper if you do it in the right way. So what grid enhancing technologies are we talking about here? I'm mainly focused on three of them. First is called dynamic line rating. As you can tell from the name, dynamic line rating is that you can use either a software based solution or hardware based solution to dynamically calculate the rating of the line based on real time condition, right? It can also predict the near term, you know, rating by incorporating the weather forecast into the calculation algorithms. And that's very important because, you know, all the ISOs, they run a energy market and the energy market always look ahead, right? Energy market is different from EMS, which is the status of your current system status, right? Energy market on the other side always look ahead. For example, the generation schedule now is actually determined approximately 7.5 minutes ago in California ISOs market, right? If you consider the generation commitment status is actually even further back about 37.5 minutes ago. So the market is always looking ahead. So having that near term rating prediction is actually super, super important. Another good thing about dynamic line rating is that it collects and analyze the grid data in real time. And this data can actually be used by our, you know, asset management or long term planning for their risk assessment or their, you know, granular, more granular rating determination in their planning process. So this is dynamic line rating. Advanced power flow control or APFC is another type of grid enhancing technology that, that mainly aims to reroute power flow to some of the underutilized lines using, you know, either phase shifting devices or impedance control devices on the line, right? Because otherwise you cannot really control the flow. It just, you know, follows whatever the least impedance path in the AC system, right? But the power flow, the advanced power flow control or APFC actually helps you to do that. One of the, the advantage of using or, you know, considering APFC in the system is that it can help you maximize your transfer capability by kind of equalizing the impedance across the parallel path. Imagine if you have a parallel path meaning that you have like more than one lines connecting two zones. If like one line have, you know, a lower or higher impedance, then naturally the line will going to carry more or less flow, right? Creating the, imbalancing the system by equalizing the impedance, you can actually maximize the transfer capability between two zones or two areas. And it can also potentially assist the system oscillation damping like the trans instability part if it implemented strategically, right? Especially after some major contingencies. So this is the use case, some of the use case for the APFC. The topology optimization is kind of similar to advanced power flow controlling in the sense that it also reroutes power flow to other lines in the system. However, it uses a different technology. Instead of changing the impedance or the face angle on the line, it actually changed your topology. Remember what I said that you have the middle pipeline that is very hard to change. The topology optimization is actually trying to help you with that, you know, one of some of the use cases, you know, it can open, you know, or switching or switch out some of the lines based on the real time needs, or it can also change the bus configuration at your substation to dynamically, you know, changing your, your, you know, topologies to accommodate real time operations. And of course, all of these three technologies add flexibility to meet operations and planning needs. Let's talk about some of the common line methodologies if you're not, line rating methodologies if you're not already familiar with that. So we have a spectrum of the rating methodologies rating methodologies all the way from the most conservative, which is called the static rating. Basically, we assume that one rating across the year, right, based on some very conservative ambient condition. For example, you know, during the summer time, we consider like 120 degree F or a 50 degree C, you know, as the ambient degree, but most of the time you don't reach 50 degree C right during the summer. Hopefully not a bay area, not even in Sacramento area actually. Then you have seasonal rating. Seasonal rating is actually used most commonly in today's ISOs and the utility. Typically, we have two seasons, one for summer and one for winter. And for each season, we have the normal and emergency rating, right? The normal rating is for M minus zero, meaning that the overload is there without a contingency, right? A contingency is something that, you know, the line goes out or generation goes out without plan. That's what we call contingency in the power industry. And we also have emergency rating. Emergency rating is used for evaluating power flow post contingency, right? If you have something unplanned happen in a system, then for a short duration, typically 30 minutes, sometimes four hours depending on how much the emergency rating is good for, we use emergency rating to evaluate that post contingency power, right? And moving to the more dynamic side, we have something called the NBN adjusted rating or AAR where you use the temperatures, maybe solar irradiations to calculate your line rating. And this is actually what's required by fur colder 881. So all the utilities need to implement AARs by 2025, I believe, to consider the NBN conditions and possibly solar irradiation because it really doesn't make sense to assume there are solar irradiations during the midnight because there's no solar, right? There's no solar. So that's what NBN adjusted rating is for. Dynamic line rating is very similar to NBN adjusted line rating. It's just more considered a wider range of weather and line specific factors. For example, like what additional limiting column and could be on the line, right? That's something that can be considered in dynamic line rating. And both the AAR and DLR falls into a category of weather adjusted line rating or wallar. You know, later on, if I use wallar, I mean either AAR or DLR, right? So this is the spectrum of the line rating that is commonly used in operations. How they're used in, like I said, in operations, you know, by default, you use seasonal ratings for operations planning studies and engineering is going to use those ratings in their study cases. However, if in real time, the engineers and operators see the needs, they, most of them have options to switch to a temperature adjusted radar in real time, right? What my experience in the company that I work for is that look at the temperature forecast today. Okay. The temperature forecast is 80 degree or 85 degree like the peak. However, we know that the line rating in their rating assumptions, they use 50 degrees. There's never going to be there or 120 degree Fahrenheit. Right? So they will develop those temperatures just rating usually at either five degrees every five degrees for every 10 degrees and they provide a rating there for the operators use when they need it. In planning, most of the ISO and the utilities today, they still use seasonal rating. Some of them use, even use the static rating. That's probably because, you know, they don't observe a lot of congestion in their system. So they don't feel the needs of using a seasonal rating or more dynamic rating. But, you know, if they see overload, congestions more frequently, they should be considering those, you know, more dynamic rating and they would. The dynamic rating, the dynamic line rating can benefit the grid in many ways. I already talked about some of the benefits here in my previous slides, but I want to highlight one thing that is, you know, it helps you that using a dynamic line rating actually helps you identify the limiting factors of your transmission line, because not all the transmission line are limiting by the conductors, which the dynamic line rating is able to help. Right? However, if you have, if you use a static rating or a seasonal rating that is always lower than your next limiting element, then you're not going to see your next limiting element, right? But once you apply the dynamic line rating, it actually tells you how much the conductor is good for for each section. Now you have the opportunity to see what the transmission line is really limiting, right? So that you, you know what to invest if you need to make a case. And most of the time upgrading a breaker or a CT, those can be the limiting element is much cheaper than building an additional transmission line. So that actually enable you to have more visibility of your transmission asset into your system and it adds more flexibility right in operations as well and provide more valuable data for long-term planning use, which I already talked about in a period of time. So I talk all these good things about dynamic line ratings, right? You know, and I want to show you a case study that we recently completed on, you know, WBCC 10K bus synthetic case. So this is the network data. We have a thousand, but with 10,000 buses, you know, almost 24, 2500 generators and we have all these branches and minus one contingencies. So on a very high level, what we do is we run a DC power flow and a full contingency, full DC contingency analysis for all the 87, 84 hourly cases of the year. That year that we use happened to be a leap year. Otherwise this should be 87 60, right? You can tell it's 2016 data is what we use. So we, we provide, we do the, the, the, the hourly generation, the renewable generation pattern and hourly load is part of the case package. However, we select, we need, we, we, we, we, for first of all, we run the initial DC power flow and contingency analysis, right? For every hours of the system, every hour of the year. And then we identify 25 most severely loaded line in the case and we applied the weather information. We got the weather information for those lines, including ambient temperature, wind speed, when direction, solar radiation and data time to get, you know, elevation as well. And then we applied a calculator that we developed based on the IEEE 738 2012, which is the standard for calculating overhead transmission line rating, right? So basically we use the steady state heat balance equation to calculate the weather adjusted rating for those 25, 25 lines. And then we're plugging the new rating into the system and rerun the hourly cases with the contingency and we generate some results. Actually shows some very promising results by applying the weather adjusted line rating. And here are some of the results that you can see. This is one of the lines that we picked here. The static rating of the line is the orange line, right? You know, slightly above 300 main line. And if you don't apply any cap, I'm going to talk about the cap later on, but if you don't apply any cap, these are the hourly reading that you can get. Some of them are really high. It's more than 200%, right? But in reality, you're likely not going to get like 200% rating increase because you have, like I said, you have other limiting element in the system. So in this study, we applied a rating cap at 30% higher. That's the 1.3 AAR cap that we applied there. But you can tell that consistently whether weather adjusted line rating exceed the static rating, maybe some of the time it drops a slightly below, but this is good information, right? As a utility, as a transmission line owner, you would rather know that during this time of the day, this time of the hour, you got line ratings actually lower than what you planned for. Then later on, you know, your line got burned or the, you know, got damaged for, you know, carrying too much hardware moving to the right, you have the duration curve here. You see that among the 25 lines that we selected here, the best line at 99.2% of the time of the year, the calculated, the weather calculator rating is actually above the static rating. Even the worst one is 76% right? Which is still majority of the time of the year. And like I said, for those durations where the rating is lower than static rating one, it's good information for the transmission owner to know. Second, if it has happened too frequently, then the transmission owners will probably look into their rating methodology and assumptions and trying to accommodate that and do some collaborations, right? But the bottom line is, you know, applying a weather-adjusted line rating is, you know, most likely it will give you additional capacities on your line. Some more results, you know, the weather-adjusted line rating is actually very effective in reducing or even eliminating the overload. Like for the 10 to 20% overloaded category, like in the base case, reference case, where no adjusted rating is made, you see about, you know, 8,000 accumulated hour overload in the base case. However, the number reduced to about 5,000, you know, for the weather-adjusted rating case with cat. You know, if you remove that 1.3 cat, right? That's, it's going to help further. It's reduced to, you know, you know, less than 3,000 accumulated, accumulated hour.  Like some of them shows like more than 80% reduction in overload or completely eliminating the overload. On the right side, it tells you at each hour of the day, right, how the weather-adjusted line rating is compared to the base case, right? In the base case, you probably cannot see the number very clearly, but that's fine. All you can tell, all you need to know is this is much brainer, right? The brainer is always better, right? But I'm going to tell you the number, right? The number is, you know, in this heat map, the 27% is the worst average overload and happened during, sometimes in January or more, right? In this sensitive case, it doesn't mean that it's going to be in the case in real world, but in this sensitive case, that's the case. However, after applying the weather-adjusted line rating, that number reduced from 27% to about 10%. That's a huge increase, right? And we also evaluated all the different factors, the weather factors, and how to see how they can implement, how they impact the line rating. Actually, you know, the temperature, as you can tell, right? You know, you have a lower temperature, the heat is going to be, you know, pulled out from the conductor much quickly so that naturally you have a lower, you have a higher rating when your ambient temperature is lower. Wind speed is different, right? If you don't have any wind, it takes longer time to decimate the heat from the conductor. However, if you have, you know, higher wind speed than, you know, the heat is going to be bringing away from the conductor much quickly. That's why you see a higher wind-adjusted rating. The degree is actually the angle between the wind and your conductor axis, right? When you have a perpendicular direction between your wind and your conductor axis, that's when the wind is most effective, right? That's why you can tell when the degree is 90 degree, so the rating is the highest, right? By, you know, fixing everything else. And the solar radiation is the same thing, right? If you have more solar, you will see a lower line rating. However, the effect is not that much. There are still some challenges implementing a full kind of DLR or weather-adjusted line rating in today's operations, right? And I'm going to, you know, these are some of the challenges that I can see based on my experience and also some of the solutions that I offer here. First is rating uncertainties and volatility, right? Like I said, the binding schedule is always happening before the actual dispatch schedule, like 7.5 minutes and 35 minutes I talked about before, right? So if you look ahead and when you calculate the binding interval, the dispatch interval, say the rating is 500, but suddenly during the seven minute or 30 minutes time duration, wind stop blowing or something happened, then you may have a different rating, right? How to incorporate the rating difference into this real-time operation, rating calculation, marketing, you know, scheduling is actually a challenge now, right? And also the market is running continuously, meaning that it keep looking ahead, right?  However, the weather forecast can change across different runs and give you a different rating every time you run, right? So the rating uncertainties and volatilities is one of the challenges. The solution is simple, right? Solution, well, not very simple, but we made very big four. Improve your forecast algorithm, right? That's something that you can work on. Improve your forecast algorithm and incorporate a risk-based buffer. You don't have to adjust for every difference, small difference, right? You only adjust if the difference is large enough. And if you have a difference that's too large, maybe consider using a cap, right? Don't use that. Don't use that very extreme rating that is calculated by the real-time calculation. And data management is another challenging issue, right? You know, in grid operations, we have all different grid applications like SCADA that sends the data back from the field and you have EMS systems, data estimators, OMS is your all-teach management system and market engine, right? All the systems kind of connect one way or another together. So apply a rating. You need to make sure the data is, you know, flowing very smoothly across these different applications because otherwise it could create some problems. So the solution is to establish and centralize the rating database with rating priorities. What is the most important rating, right? For example, the operator overrides is probably the highest priority. And then, you know, the next priority is the, you know, good sensor data that come back from the field. And next may be your seasonal rating. And next may be your, you know, static rating, I'd say. I'd just give you an example and adopt a, you know, a standard protocols between community, you know, different, for communication between different systems is very, very important. On the policy front, I'm not going to talk a lot because Julia is going to do a deep dive, but lack of incentive is another thing, right? The utilities, the TOs, they have incentive to build new lines because they can put it into a great, great base. However, for weather adjusted line rating, that's not very straightforward at this time. And the solution is, you know, to provide more effective incentives and mechanisms for utilities to consider rating enhancing technologies. What about using more granular rating in planning? That's a challenging topic. But instead of, you know, go directly to our rating, hourly rating for the entire year, we can do baby steps, right? Right now we do like, you know, some utilities use static rating, some utilities use two seasonal rating. How about we look at the data history, do some advanced analysis and change rating to maybe a monthly rating or day and night rating, right? That itself is a good improvement. For example, if you look at the data here, like, you know, maybe you can use this red rating here for January. And for February to April, you can use even higher rating than your 30% cap, right?  But as soon as you pass that summer, getting into October timeframe, you can slightly use your, you know, you increase your rating to a higher number. So this is something that you should consider in long-term planning. And the best way to do this is to use the real-time data that you collected from your sensor that installed on your line. So let's do some mentor exercise here. Okay. So this is two areas, right? One is a gen hub. The other is load center, right? You send power from the gen hub to load center. The solution is, the task is that you need to find the pre-contingency total transfer capability, like how much power flow you can transfer from your generation side to load side. This is actually operation 101. If you work for a utility or ISM, right? So you need to, remember, you need to consider a contingency. You always need to make sure the MIS-1, right? So this MIS-1 is losing one of the lines. You still, after you're losing one of the lines, you still need to make sure the remaining line, power flow on the remaining line is still within its emergency limit, which is 1200 megawatt. And the solution for this one, I already give you to 1600 megawatt pre-contingency, right? Let's see how APFC and TPO may increase this number. So if you use APFC, you know, it could be a power, you know, power electronics devices that's more advanced or it could be a simple, you know, a serious reactor or serious capacitor and the like, right? But if you can do that, you have the potential to increase your pre-contingency TTC to greater than 600 megawatt. Because once you, you know, for example, once you lose that contingency line, you can quickly insert a larger impedance, like serious reactor, larger impedance to increase the impedance of the line so that it'll, you know, reroute the power flow of that line to different lines in the system, right? That's one way you can consider TTCs. Sorry, you can consider APFCs into a system to increase your TTC. The topology optimization is similar, right? Imagine you have a different, but smaller path in your system. That's more limiting, right? It's like the smaller path, you know, it's only good for maybe a couple hundred megawatt or 150 kV length. However, you still need to make sure that, you know, the system is minus one stable. So if you lose this line, there's no overload on this line, right? If you don't open any line, then this path will be your limiting path.  However, in this case, you will, you know, drastically increase your total pre-contingency TTC from 840 megawatt to 1600 megawatt. I'm not going to go to the details. You all have the slides later on. You can look at my notes. But this is how the APFC and TPO can potentially benefit the system. This is another case, right? This is something that I talked about earlier. If you have a parallel path with, you know, different impedance, then one line could carry more flow than the other. When you calculate your transfer limit, the, you know, the, the most limiting line, the most limiting line could be limiting your, your transfer capability. However, if you can balancing the, if you can balance the impedance, the, the parallel path, then you have the opportunity to further increase your transfer capability. The GET solution can also be combined and supercharge each other, right? Each of them is, is effective. But when you put them together, it actually supercharge each other. Look at this case, right? Previously, you have a, you know, new bus where you connect a new wind generator. But, you know, in order to protect for that M minus one contingency, now you have a overload on the two lines nearby, right? And the traditional solution, you may always, you know, build another transmission line between bus one and two or bus three, but that's, you know, first of all, very expensive. Second, it's going to take a long time. What you can consider is, you know, install, maybe consider install a powerful controlling devices on this, you know, line between bus one and bus two. That by changing the impedance or the phase angle on that line, it can shift the power flow from, you know, this line to somewhere else, and hopefully that doesn't cost a different overload, right? And this line seems to be located in the high wing area, otherwise you wouldn't put a wind there, right? Since it's located in the highway area, this could be a AAR or DLR candidate. You just need to do a study and see how high wind is going to help you with your line ratings. Right? I'm not going to spend a lot of time on this, I'm already over time, but there are several highlights I want to make sure that I hit here is that for operations, it's really important to study before implementing, because some of this technologies will actually have some, you know, system impact, stability impact or protection impact. You need to make sure that you understand the system impact before you implemented them. During the planning, it's important to consider these technologies in planning, not to the point that you need to predict the exact hour and minute when to use it in operations, but to give operations more tools in their toolbox that when they need to use it, they can find it in their toolbox. That's really important. We talked about GATS, right? GATS is cost effective and its speedy response to respond to our increasing demand for transmission and it can potentially accommodate more renewables. GATS benefit can be locational and time-dependent. So leveraging insights, leveraging insights from the data analytics is very important to give you the best value of the GATS. Strategically combining GATS solutions is going to supercharge each other and give you more value and holistic planning approach that consider both GATS and the traditional solution is going to optimize the value overall. Finally, forward thinking regulations and, you know, incentivizations is pivotal in, you know, catalyzing skilled options of GATS, which Julia is going to cover in more detail. All right. I think that's the end. If you have any questions, feel free to reach out and if you have any like partnership or anything you want to talk to me, feel free as well. Thank you. Hi everyone, I'm Julia Stalker. I'm the executive director of the WAC Coalition and I'm going to talk about the policy puzzle behind the technical puzzle that you just heard about. The WAC Coalition is a trade association representing the three technologies that Okwai talked about. We're advocating for wide deployment of those technologies, which is not currently happening in the United States for reasons way hinted at and we'll get into in more depth. Our members are technology companies, renewable energy developers. You probably recognize some names like Invenergy or EDF renewables. Also AES, utility and developer, Vermont Electric Power Company, which owns the transmission system in Vermont and HACI is a clean energy investment group. So these are all entities that want to see more efficiency, more capacity out of the current grid and the future grid as well. But the question is, why did this group have to come together to advocate for these technologies that in the previous presentation you saw have a lot of value. So here's an example. The US did start pilots for DLR and discussions for DLR back in the early 2000s, even late 90s. But abroad, Belgium started even earlier and had wide deployment of DLR starting in 2012. And just one example of the benefits of that deployment is that in one day they saved $500,000. It might have been yours in redispatch costs, which are their equivalent of congestion costs. So $500,000 in one day since 2012, that's piled up. In Slovenia in 2013 they started deploying DLR and you can see that the value of DLR is not just in the basic grid configuration, but in contingency scenarios you see even more DLR value or at least number of events where DLR is useful. And in advanced powerful control you see the same thing that one story of APFC was that they were looking at rebuilding a line in a contingency situation to address a contingency and that APFC was a much better value. They put that in instead. It was never used, but it still saved a lot of money because the line would have otherwise had to be built. Germany, Uruguay, other countries are using DLR widely. In the United States the first market integrated deployment was in Pennsylvania in 2022. Pretty recently the use case here is incredible. Instead of a $50 million line rebuilds they did a $250,000 dynamic line rating installation and it saves $23 million a year in grid congestion. So the savings pilot fest we talk about payback periods of between two years or yeah, six months and two years usually for grid enhancing technologies. Obviously this one pays for itself much faster in Pennsylvania but this is the first market integrated deployment and as far as I know the only one still in the United States though other utilities are looking to catch up maybe a yes soon. So this is the problem. We're not seeing adoption of gets. So why do transmission owning utilities make the choices they make around technology, investment, etc. Policy work could focus on anything on this list right federal laws the energy federal energy regulatory commission FERC responds to federal laws and issues orders. NERC often responds to FERC orders and issues mandatory standards RTOs do transmission planning and set tariffs state laws impact utility planning public utility commissions have oversight over transmission planning. All these things are in the mix but as we indicated the the last big piece of the puzzle is money and where are the utilities expecting to make their returns? Their business and I did put a little asterisk here that this is all applying to investor owned utilities and there are many models in the United States but but financial incentives drive a lot of decisions and prioritization at utilities as well. So the other angle on that is that all regulation is incentive regulation your the utilities are going to be making decisions based on what gives their business longevity and profitability so even if we're talking about complying with FERC orders all regulation is incentive regulation to some people so Alfred Khan is a bit of a legend of the utility regulation world. All right. So what is their business model? Generally, we're looking at a cost of service business model. Stop me if any of this is totally unfamiliar but the utilities make a rate of return say 10% on their rate base plus their expenses that's their revenue requirement. So the rate base is basically that the transmission infrastructure that they own the value of that infrastructure that they own and built. So if their rate base is usually based on building hundred million dollar lines when you talk about $250,000 DLR deployment on top of that line if you could avoid that big expense well, that big expense is your bottom line. So there's there's a really perverse incentive there for the transmission only utilities. That's not to say that they wouldn't do it if it was trivial to do truly trivial but it does take those upgrades that we talked about in his presentation. So it's not automatic. It does take work. So illustrative. Example to pull in some other technologies like high performance conductors were in a regional transmission line. So business as usual is that a utility does asset replacement. They do local upgrades within their territory. It's very simple to rate based those upgrades and the regulators have been looking at the same proposals for decades and decades. Now on the grid enhancing technology side you have lower upfront costs and you might need some innovation and your modeling and your operations. And it has a little impact on the utility rate based so the utilities are essentially incentivized to tell their regulator you know there's actually this is going to be difficult. It's not going to be effective. We have other limiting elements on the lines. So the utility is not going to bring that to their regulator with a lot of enthusiasm. And on the other side of business as usual you have a higher upfront cost projects but potentially higher net benefits. So if you're talking about reconductoring a line with a high performance conductor that doesn't have a steel core. It has a composite core. It's stronger. It doesn't sag. It can handle higher temperatures. That's a higher upfront cost for the rate payer and the regulator might think are you gold plating this project? Do you actually need that? Higher performance conductor and with an inter regional transmission line similarly. Maybe you can share power you can get more capacity. You can address reliability concerns with inter regional lines but you have to allocate the cost between different groups of rate payers so we end up stuck at business as usual and it's hard for you know regulators have to push for both gets and these more complicated solutions and you want utilities pushing for those as well. So that's the policy challenge at its core and this is restating some of what we already said we need transmission capacity yesterday we can't be stuck at business as usual where some examples from developers that it was going to take four years just a schedule and outage to begin constructing gets you often don't need an outage or you need a very short outage to make that upgrade or maybe another example seven years to complete an upgrade interconnection costs are routinely hundred million dollars plus for projects or clusters and that's not feasible that's that's killing projects also doing things the traditional way is getting harder because there's supply chains for transformers and high voltage DC line. You better be planning many years and in advance plus you have to site permit and finance the line and congestion costs which we have on his early slide are growing very quickly so we need that transmission capacity so what what would an incentive for gets look like there are a few models in the UK the and this is actually evolving in the UK so this is going to be out of date for a while but or very soon but in the UK there's a baseline of performance and incentives are granted based on six categories and they include also potentially penalties there's also an innovation fund to de-risk the deployment of grid enhancing technologies in Australia they do it a little differently they there are two factors that help them select gets projects one is when you are investing in transmission you have to show a deep evaluation of multiple options whereas if you look at how Kaiso evaluates the different options not we love Kaiso but there's not very in-depth when they propose a transmission upgrade but in Australia is in-depth and that does lead to lower cost or maximum economic benefit projects being selected and then there's also a network capacity incentive where you can earn an adder on your ROE essentially for increasing the performance of your network in the US the Watt coalition has proposed a shared savings incentive to FERC which essentially says okay if you can address $23 million of congestion with a really low-cost project let's reward the utility for identifying that project and developing a solution and let's also make sure that most of the benefits are still going back to the rate payers so that shared savings incentive has been vetted at FERC through a workshop a technical conference but it's not yet notice of proposed rulemaking so a ways to go for that to become lava on the other side or not policy there are requirements and these have moved forward at FERC so if we think of all regulations incentive regulation this is still in a sense an incentive but FERC order number 2023 which made new rules about generator interconnection required transmission owners and RTOs to consider grid-enhancing technologies in their interconnection processes there's a notice of proposed rulemaking for transmission planning that does a similar integration for gets into those processes order 881 required utilities to use ambient-adjusted ratings on all of their lines and required the RTOs to prepare to accept dynamic line ratings at 15-minute intervals so that means if a utility wants to use DLR after July 2025 and they're in an RTO they should be able to which another technical leap there for the United States then there could be a requirement to deploy gets under certain conditions so say you have you know a huge amount of congestion cost on a line and it's it's historic and is projected there there could be a threshold that says okay if you see two million dollars of congestion on this line going forward you should deploy DLR and reduce that congestion somewhat or if you're not in an RTO and trans congestion costs are not transparently reported then it could be based on the hours the line is constrained or something like that there also federal grants and subsidies that utilities especially nonprofit utilities can use to lower the upfront costs of deploying these tools that's an overview of the policy landscape but we have seven minutes for questions and thus there are a bunch of slides in the appendix for a little more information about the technologies and the reasons we need them okay thank you first of all thanks both super interesting I had a question that we were sure about kind of DLRs or I guess well first DLRs but kind of like would you maybe try a sense of like a spatial granularity of like would be the DLR kind of it's like the one thing yeah so you have some monitors sensor or something you know is it for every line or just just put one in like a model or a model or anything sir how does it work it depends on the line that's the full answer if the line changes structure many times then you need more sensors online there just to capture that wind speed and directions but if you have a relatively short line that doesn't change like the you know the the turn of the line doesn't change that much then that's your time and there are different methodologies for DLR so you could have a sensor on the line you could have a sensor looking at the line from the transmission tower there's a company that uses fiber optic cables strung along the line so then you have very granular measurements of the local temperature I want you for the VL are investment it's all although it's low cost but it's still need investment or it's belong to at the minute in this cost for them today's yeah that that's a challenge because I I think in the UK they've changed from yeah the ROE is both on capital expenditures and operations expenditures and so that decouples the utilities revenue from just building new things and in the United States I think often software is considered an operational expenditure which is a problem for all kinds of situations but the one thing about the federal grant programs is that they can they can apply to the staff time that it takes for training so that's that's a way that they can subsidize the operational expenditures but yeah that that first DLR deployment is more expensive because you have to upgrade your systems and train your staff what's probably the concern of the beginning perspective is that they already found though they're judging of our operation and it's and if that could have belong to the time cost and that will be much easier for you to take it or initialize so that may be a one thing the United States could have think about change some of the time rule and enable or give the time you can still do this work give the time return and can do in that that makes sense yeah good how was Pennsylvania able to come to get some like where incentives that they use that they use in other US cases or no I'd say the it's a little bit of a black box but basically when a utility has deployed gets in the United States it's because there's one ambitious engineer maybe a couple ambitious engineers hopefully their boss is also ambitious but basically it's individuals saying we have this technology let's use it let's solve this problem and I think PPL had to work with PJ I'm also to make sure that you know they could actually use the data to to change their dispatch but it yeah there was they they were absolutely non-centivized to choose that solution but they did anyways I think there's different vendors have different approaches for communicating DLR data and I think most of them are redundant somehow so you know you'd have your default LTE system and then maybe you'd also have a satellite system for backup but that's vendor by a vendor yeah and eventually we have to comply with the SIP standards and the COM standard that's you know required by nerd mm-hmm yeah I think it's up to the utility customer to tell the vendors what they need or want perfect good to then we're talking about the um planning side of it and we're already would it also apply to the protection settings and we can be like then we're changing the protection settings based on the MDM 2 or would those be just a little static that's a very good question it could right if if you anticipate the rating change a lot let's say 30 50% then yes you need to change immediately consider changing your protection setup right if your previous protection is set up based on 100 megawatt now you're constantly see 150 200 megawatt weight then yes you need to you need to cancel that last question and then what about for transformers does that are they similarly affected by sort of higher wind speed or are you driving them a lot harder to implement to you know I don't think transformer is um is heavily impacted by wind speed however I've also seen um vendors talking about like dynamic transfer transformer rating uh they might have different set of uh you know measures other than the you know wind direction and the wind speed same answer I've heard of it but I don't know how it works because you know it's it's very short the city and sub-stations not running along right long line okay thanks everyone


In April 1970, the world stood still and held its breath as an explosion on the Apollo 13 spacecraft left the three astronauts on board in danger of exposure to excess carbon dioxide. If you've seen the movie, then you might remember this scene where the engineers back on Earth grabbed all of the equipment that the astronauts would have at their disposal, dumped it on a table and set out to making the carbon dioxide filter that they needed. The astronauts in space relied on these distant experts to save their lives, to find a solution to their problem, taking into account their limited resources and training. 40 years later, back here on Earth, a woman takes her small son to a local community health care centre in Mozambique because he has a cough. It just so happens that this child has a mild case of pneumonia, one of 150 million cases worldwide for the year. If he's diagnosed, he's treatable with a 30 cent course of antibiotics at home, but left to face the illness unassisted, his chances of survival are drastically reduced. In fact, a child under five dies from pneumonia every 20 seconds, two million each year. More than AIDS, malaria and measles combined. To treat, to diagnose pneumonia in these countries, you don't have access to x-rays and lab tests like we do here. So the diagnosis of pneumonia instead of a cold for this child relies on his respiratory rate, which manually is calculated by counting the number of breaths in one minute. But in fact, even in industrialised settings, this is difficult and so inaccurate. But in developing countries, it's often skipped completely because a health care worker will only have two and a half to three minutes with a child because of how out of balance their patient to doctor ratio is.  We're back at NASA, Mission Control Room, with the opportunity to make innovations here that will change lives there. But just like the engineers putting their cells in the astronauts situation, we have to imagine that we're in the health clinic in Mozambique. If we look around, what do we see that should be taken into account? We see a health care worker who's been trained in the well-health organisations process for diagnosing and treating children. If we make a device that can complement this process, then we're going to reduce the training associated with it. We also see that they're using natural lighting so that they can afford more medicine. So obviously, cost-effectiveness is going to be a major factor. Any reliance on expensive equipment or an internet connection is going to seriously limit us. But we're still likely to need some way to collect and analyse data. But then we see it. There in the room is this. You might think of it as an outdated mobile phone, but in fact, this device is computationally more powerful than the Apollo 13 onboard computer, which is destined for the moon in every health care worker's pocket. Once everything's laid out on the table like this, it becomes pretty clear what the next step is. We need a low-cost, low-tech respiratory rate sensor which can take advantage of a health care worker's existing training and work to utilise the computing power and now have access to. If we can make the three minutes in consultation truly count and provide the health care workers with the tools that they need to make the life-saving diagnosis, then children's lives can be saved. An application of electrical engineering which is so easy for me to overlook when I've been conditioned to focus on creating bigger and better technology when a mother in Mozambique her needs are on the completely other end of the spectrum.  Thank you.


My name is Akim Umi Adishina, president of African Development Bank. I am excited that my alma mater turns 150 years old next year. During the past 150 years, Purdue has been making giant leaps across the world, and we even got into space. Attending Purdue University was for me a giant leap in itself. Coming from very tropical Nigeria to very cold West Lafayette was one huge giant leap. My world-class PhD training in actual economics at Purdue has enabled me to take on big challenges in Africa and globally. From working in some of the world's leading international agricultural research centers, the Rockefeller Foundation went on to become minister of agriculture in Nigeria, Africa's largest country, where with sound policies we transformed the agriculture of the country. I received the war-full prize in 2017. Now as president of the African Development Bank, my eyes are focused on helping Africa to fit itself. We are investing $24 billion in agriculture over 10 years to get it done. Now that's quite a leap from my Purdue days. A leap to make the world a food-secure place. My Purdue training prepared me very well. As alumni, we have Purdue in our genes. So let's hear your giant leaps on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, and please remember to use the hashtag, take giant leaps and tag atlifeatpurdue.


Hey guys, I'm here again this week in the my year 17. Oh, blah blah blah my year 2017 Facebook group to bring you yet another idea using markers pencils or crayons and This is my idea. I did that. I didn't use any paint on this. I Know right super cute. Alright, so I'm gonna show you how I did it These are just simple fabric tags now Can and they're made out of canvas now. You can get these at any fabric and craft store There's a million places you can order them online You could also make them and I'll be really honest. I have all the stuff to make them I was just lazy today and I decided to go buy them instead of digging out the box of eyelets and making a tag You don't have to make it a tag. You could just make it maybe a little strip of fabric Unhemmed a cute little patch and I do plan on doing some of those We'll probably post pictures of them at some point during the week because I think these would be really cute Attached to any mixed media project much less our journals or something So let me show you how I did this first thing you want to do and this time I'm gonna do this banner shape because I think this is really interesting first thing you want to do is get the fabric wet Really really wet my What art water that's here on the desk is dirty So that's why we're spraying it with a spray bottle rather than sticking it in the But this one up here says it go it's the rather than sticking it in the in the glass jar because It's not good. All right, so I'm gonna just you saw me blot it a little bit So it's not dripping wet, but it is wet. I'm gonna take some Watercolor markers any water soluble marker will work if you have only Inexpensive products like Crayola markers any of the Crayola washable markers will work for this Choose some really bright colors because they're going to fade a little bit as the piece is dried I chose to do the other tag and I think for right now for the sake of ease. I'm gonna stick with these colors I chose permanent rose turquoise and dioxazine violet So we're gonna start with the permanent rose and I'm gonna use the fat tip to end of The markers and I'm literally going to color on the fabric and because the fabric is wet and this is a water soluble marker It's immediately being soaked into the fabric Just like it would if it was regular watercolor on paper Any place where the fabric is dry that was kind of a dry corner you can tell right away. It looks a little different So if it was regular watercolor on paper, I've always I'm telling you guys the Watercolor is always going to take the easier road and it's going to follow the water That's true with these markers too So get a nice coat. It doesn't have to be super even and then I'm going to go to purple I'm going to overlap the colors a bit and go back with the pink and And blend it just a little bit into the purple and then we're going to go into the turquoise Like I did with the pink will blend it into the purple. So things are blendy We'll go back with that purple lightly Go up and down Into the blue and into the pink okay, if you feel like you're It's not blending enough you could I didn't do this on the other one But I immediately wanted to know what would happen and I like the effect that that's getting you can also kind of blot it a bit Don't do that too much because the lighter. This is before you dry it the lighter It's going to be when you're done. So I'm going to dry this and let's do it happen Okay, so it lightened a bit from what it was before I dried it and it's not quite all the white all the way Dry you could let it dry more This is water soluble. This is not in here permanently I wasn't too concerned when I started working with these about whether it was washable or any of that This is for a mixed media piece. I have no intention of ever washing this. It doesn't matter. All right So just have fun with the process The next thing I'm going to do is take just a plain sharpie permanent marker. You can try other things I have a paint pen here. It would work But honestly, the Sharpie works better. I have a Posca, but I still think the Sharpie is going to be the best thing for this. I have a paint marker. I Don't know if this one's activated yet. I don't see. Nope So yeah, you could use a different kind of marker one of these paint markers might work But I think your best bet is to do just use a Sharpie marker You could probably use a big brush pen If you have the Faber-Castell big brush pens or a Alcohol marker they might work too Copic black Copic Let's try it. Let's see if it will work. Shall we? You could do a doodle or you could just write inspirational words. I kind of write want to write another word Keep it simple. Oh Yeah, they brush tip marker Copic works nice on here, but the Sharpie works good too. I did the other one with Sharpie Now drawing or writing on fabric with your markers is going to be hard on the felt tips of them So be aware of that.  You could do like I did with my Prayer flags and if you haven't seen that video, I'll link it in the description below for all of you You so you could make a banner out of these and do something like that You could do doodles on them. You could do just about anything on them They're really cute really simple really fast if you're worried about the ink Coming off at some point or rubbing off. You could probably spray them with a couple of light coats of Kind of some kind of aerosol spray varnish and then I would then you wouldn't have to worry about it I Would make sure that your paint pen and words are in permanent marker when you do that because the background is going to blend And bleed of just a little bit more than it already has All right, that's it for today I will be back in my year 2017 with more information for you later in this week and inspiration and ideas And I'm just bursting with stuff. All right, that's it for today Please like share and subscribe if you've liked to be part of the my year 2017 Facebook group and you're not yet Or my other Facebook group or support my channel by shopping in the Etsy shop or send me happy mail or anything like that There's a bunch of information in the video description. Please check it out and don't forget the most important thing Go out and have a great day and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it and I'll see you later. Bye guys Okay, I know we are bringing you a lot this month that has to do with crayons but We love crayons so In addition to taking these tags and bat little banners and Decorating them with your water-soluble markers and other pens you also did you know you can Crayon right with on them with crayons. So these are some more of the metallic crayons, and I am literally going to doodle on the tag and Then I'm going to show you a little trick to sort of set it Into the fabric and I'm not I'm just doodling. I'm not I don't have anything planned To be honest. I literally just started doodling this right before I turned the camera on I was like still deciding What I was going to do so like with the mono printing on Paper trick that I showed you you want to kind of push hard ish and then to set it into the fabric and Make it so that it's something that you can write over or paint over with other markers or whatever and instead of having the wax kind of Resist everything to make it something that is not Going to do that Then I'm going to show you a trick So I'm going to add a couple colors of crayon here Got a blue And that was a bronze and then I'm going to add this. This is like a gold Which you probably won't really be able to see on camera, but I'll hold it up in a minute. So it looks like that oops Okay, so then I'm going to take my tag then I'm going to take My paper that I was mono printing on before and I'm going to use it as an ironing Press sorry pressing cloth and I'm going to put it over my tag and then I'm going to iron it with my little craft iron and That's going to melt all that crayon and The paper will pick up some of the wax and pigment and the rest of it will sink into the fabric and You will get these little like ghost prints on your paper Which is interesting and you're going to want to save that for later because it'll make interesting collage paper so then you have this and Generally as we've already discussed crayon You can't really write over unless you do one of these techniques with it then you can iron over it So I'm going to take my Copic marker. I think let's use The brush tip always looking for a word to write. Okay. Let's do this one Once you have that crayon ironed into your fabric Your marker just really it really just glides over Now I will admit that writing with a Brush tip marker is a little easier than a Sharpie, but the Sharpies I did this one with Sharpie over the watercolor background and I used Sharpie on this one and it worked great and also the blue is some of the Spectrum noir Pens and they work great too This one even has a little bit of colored pencil on it from a from this set here. So then you can So the lighter colored pencils don't show up very well on here, but the darker ones do so. Let's choose This is a set of Mar V color in watercolor twist pencils that you could use anything Just to add a little more color the pencils are the one thing that doesn't show up super well But they do show up a little bit. There we go And you can see where the pencil is on there now Just adding some highlights So give that a try create yourself some fun little tags again You could make them into little patches and just use them in your mixed media Sew them to your paper journal covers use a brad to attach them are just staple them with your tiny attacher I'd love to do that's my favorite thing. All right, that's it for today Don't forget to go out and have a great day Do something nice for yourself because you deserve it and I'll see you later. Bye guys


Everybody Matt here for late in sports cards ripping two boxes of 2021 22 panini spectra basketball hobby These are for Eric W. Good luck Eric Who are the Titans plan 30 rozier and rookie Jaden springer? This is to 49 that is rookie patch Otto Scottie Lewis nice patch on that. There you go, Eric Nice RPA 49 and that is Fred van Vleet 49 Pascal Siakam and Jonathan cominga rookie. This is To 25 that is full spectrum Otto Elton brand and you go nice meta full spectrum Otto and rookie silver Davey on Mitchell and Hayward bones Highland rookie This is to 149 that is rookie Jersey Otto Davey on Mitchell This is Cole Anthony Interstellar to 99. That's one of 99. There's Kevin Durant Trey young Spectacular debut and to 49 Otto Chris Dapps porzingus There you go, Eric. Not bad That is 75th anniversary Jalen Brown. I still haven't pulled a Don Morocco Otto. I'm salty about that Don Morocco was awesome. His hall of fame speech was one of the worst ever, but he was awesome I see what you did there kid. There's Desmond Bain and Kevin Durant This is to 99 icon Toto Brian Scalabrine. There's Quentin grind his rookie silver Come on, Eric. Let's see a monster here for you There's Kyrie Jalen Johnson rookie And nice to 75. That is 75th anniversary rookie Jersey Otto Josh Giddy. There you go, Eric Nice Giddy. We'll mag that for you and rookie Delano Banton That's to 49 and jock landale rookie. This is to 25 Oh big card coming. That's catalyst Otto meta Ralph Sampson for pressure Thing where he's talking about the basketball camp you went to This is Universal die cut Luca Donchinch. That is six of eight awesome card. Congrats, Eric. That is awesome I only pulled two of these from all the spectra release day breaks Awesome. Yeah, you bet It's Fred van vleet 75th Anthony Edwards rookie Cade Cunningham. This is Rookie Otto Jeremiah Robinson Earl to 99 82 of 99 Yeah, it's crazy, isn't it? And on the back. That's rookie interstellar to 99. Jeremiah Robinson Earl 12 of 99 on that That'll do it for your break. Good stuff, Eric. Congrats on those hits and appreciate the purchase. We'll get these right out to you


Hey, I'm like grunkosky. Just bump. I just cannot run a clean lurk right now. I just can't Running all over the place like a and I'm all-inside kicking while I'm winning by four points Yo, just kick these people out of the community. I swear to God. It's so illegal. It's scary All I hear about talking about Madden the last couple days on the tweeter is Madden is pay to win but somehow I keep losing every tournament. How does that make make that make sense chat? How is Madden pay to win but somehow I lose every tournament? Here's the wildest part too that I hear about in my man. My man say honey. Just said it Madden is animation based explain to me how an animated video game can be played without animations Can somebody explain that part to me? It's animation based.  Of course. There's animations Like that's the worst argument in the world It's animation based I feel like Madden. I honestly feel like Madden is really good right now a specific gameplay shit I did if they would knock out if they won't let you catch the ball on the sideline in the end zone like and Get those knockouts to be incomplete. I think defense would be really good I was just think cover three is really good like every time I get dotted is because damn I got dotted.  It's a big stop. God damn it I don't know the last time I gave up a kicker turn of my life ever was well in good news We get to set up our defense here a little bit. Yeah, honestly in that kick return. I was so worried about uh, I Was so worried about the return man. I was like nervous about it dude. I love tackling in this game It's so hard to tackle. That's such a good thing for Madden.  That's how I make the computer miss. That's how I make you have to tackle with a user There's just no way that gets knocked out right there. You know why they got knocked out. I didn't possession I didn't possession.   I mean my right tackle just blocks nobody He goes out of there. I'm going for a cover to a beater here. I am yeah He's wearing cover two out of this the last couple times different look here though Real different look. They didn't cover two again.  There was yellow zones right there. Come on boys. Come on boys. Come on boys man Why not just I knew I was lurking that side anyway.  Oh Death threats dog.  There's no way you're playing the sticks and you don't get out to that peppers I'm night.  Huh?   Ah, well.     I didn't want to get intentional grounding. I'm just gonna run quarterback sneak Hopefully get another yard. I'm just where I can hit the civil already, but You get another yard here, and I was like the longest quarterback sneak ever We got one yard though because what was it the 42 now is at the 41 even though it's still third and 10 That play call was just maybe he run commits to stop me from getting a field goal Maybe I get a free touchdown. If not a door to ball, but I had enough time to do that Onside kick.    He was so bad.   I swear to god. It's so illegal.  It's scary, dude.  Like why are we not containing? Why are we not containing at all right now, dude? Come on onside kick me again. Why not? Why not? Oh now we're not onside kicking nice All right now.  Jesus Christ.  I really do.      Look at them all.  He only rolls to the right.  He knows something. He'll rendez-barber and tie-law just went nuts on me.   I should really report them and get them booted for breaking the laws Yeah, I'll never do that. I really know I don't like when people on second like if you're losing Maybe I'll give if you're losing.  Oh, yeah Good dot W things are looking good for the boys right now. Things are looking great Boys come on man. Oh, where my boys at bro. Come on.  Come on.  Thank you, man Look at the boys. Oh Nice play by the kid. Oh, he's got higher up.  It's scary So much life. It's scary now boys. Let's go.    Nobody's even working Rond de barb, I can't lie right we laughed the title on ron de barb, but they just bagged that game They really did they were good. I really got on tilt really.


China's restrictions on drone exports have put Russia in a difficult position. The Commissant newspaper announced a shortage of drones and their components in Russia due to restrictions imposed by the Chinese side. The publication writes about this with reference to market participants. It should be noted that China imposed restrictions on exports of long-range civilian drones, citing Russia's war in Ukraine and concern that drones might be converted to military use. The risk of some high-specification and high-performance civilian unmanned aerial vehicles being converted to military use is constantly increasing. The Ministry of Commerce of China said restrictions apply to drones that can fly beyond the natural site distance of operators or stay aloft more than 30 minutes, have attachments that can throw objects and weigh more than 7 kilograms, according to the ministry. China is a leading developer and exporter of drones. The Commissant noted that there is already a shortage of certain types of drones on the Russian market, including agricultural drones which weigh on average 30 to 40 kilograms and are still produced in Russia in single copies. At the same time, it is noted that a number of large Russian UAV manufacturers have managed to create significant reserves and also count on the fact that their Chinese suppliers will be able to obtain licenses to export to Russia, although all registration procedures may take up to a year. It is clarified that the parties must prove that drones will not be used for military purposes. The publication also indicates that sellers of Chinese drones in Russia are trying to establish parallel imports. Earlier, it was reported that in the Chelyabinsk region, Russians decided to create a cluster for the production of unmanned aircraft systems or components for them.


Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror. These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed. Our country is strong. A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America.


It is quite common in mathematics to use inductive reasoning for proofs of the sort where you are trying to prove something is true for all numbers in an infinite set. Proving the commutivity property for addition a plus b equals b plus a for all counting numbers is one of them. All we have to go on are our postulates and one proven theorem. The postulates are, one is a number, every number n has one and only one successor number, n plus one, no two different numbers have the same successor number, and the associative property of addition a plus b plus c is equal to a plus b plus c. The commutative property proof has two parts. In the first part we show that a plus b equals b plus a for any value of a when b equals one. Our inductive assumption is that for some value of a the relationship is true. We will show that that implies that the relationship is then true for a plus one. We want to show that a plus one plus one is equal to one plus a plus one. We start with a plus one plus one. We can set it equal to one plus a plus one by our inductive assumption and we can change that to one plus a plus one by the associative property and we are done. Now we will show that a plus one equals one plus a when a equals one. We start with a plus one, substitute in one for a, and then substitute in a for the other number one and we are done. So it is true for a equals one and by the first result we know that it is true for a equals one plus one, that's two, and then for two plus one, that's three, etc. for all counting numbers. So in part two our inductive assumption is that a plus b equals b plus a for some value of b. We will show that this implies that a plus b plus one is equal to b plus one plus a. So we will start with a plus b plus one. We can use the associative property around a and b. We can then use the inductive assumption to get b plus a plus one, reuse the associative property to get b plus a plus one, and then use the results of part one that showed a plus one was equal to one plus a to get b plus one plus a and then use the associative property again to get b plus one plus a and we are done.


It's important to think about international federal law in the context of the current debate over so-called medical marijuana, an overmedical, over marijuana legalization. There are three international treaties. These treaties are based on one principle, which is that drugs should be used for medical and scientific purposes only, not for recreational purposes. Marijuana is considered a drug to have no medical or scientific value. There's a conflict, particularly in a federal system like the United States, which has things like referenda you've heard about in California and 15 other states that had basically legalized medical marijuana. The question for the federal government then is what do they do if a state actually legalizes marijuana? There's a referendum coming up in Colorado that will be an important test of this. Federal government has said that it will not prosecute people who are in conformity with state law with regard to medical marijuana. The federal government will have a dilemma. Its obligation is to ban the sale and use of marijuana. It has said it will not agree with states that actually legalize marijuana, but what is it going to do? Will it go and arrest people? Will it raid shops that sell marijuana? This is a dilemma and a series of questions that have not been answered yet. If I were the federal government, I think in order to avoid further violations of federal international law, I would make it clear to any state that had a legalization referendum or legislative referendum, and that the federal government would not tolerate this, but if necessary, go in and target a particularly prominent place that was selling marijuana openly to anybody that came in.


It's Ethan from CrankGameplays and today we're back in more of Little Nightmares I know it's been a sick.  It's been a sec.  We gotta be careful about this and then we swing and we get them now we have to be Very careful Come here. Hey, come here. Yeah, come this way come this way. Yeah, that's right Idiot, okay, I'm gonna I'm gonna wait for it. Well, I guess I don't have to I can go around it Why were you eating the inside of the fog? That's pretty weird That's pretty damn weird in the last episode. So we we lost our dear friend remember We lost our dear friend that we found they took him away. So now we have to get him back Can I not get up here? I can't take it up there. Oh There's mysterious things happening here.  Can I grab the big spoon? Yuck, okay, let's explore in here real quick. See if there's anything of use to me Can I grab anything? Feel like it.    I thought that she Stay here. I could have kept going. I do not like this teacher at all. I Do not like her.  You're not even writing real things on the board. I I can't Not wait. I'm sorry. My anxiety is too bad. I can't deal with that. Come on. Just let me get out of here Can't do it Why would I want to open this? I don't want to do that. That's gonna push me right through, isn't it? Oh There's the key Can I oh I can I can go up here? Not really How do I get that thing down? Oh, I can just climb up here Okay, so what we can do Can we go that way? Maybe we can go that way. Hold on. I feel like she's gonna hear that. Oh god. She's awful. Oh God she's God that neck is what that neck do I always think about that. I always think Go through Through the thing I need to go through the thing or do I need to open maybe I need to open that before Let's try and open it before Okay, maybe that doesn't do anything. Maybe if I hide in here Let's try that. Maybe I don't need to run.  Oh my god. You're so gross. Oh my god. Go on She's so creepy.  That was terrible. That was terrible. That was terrible. That was terrible All right, I got out of there Thank god.   Wait, is it one of my friends? No, but are you woke?  Oh? It's chained to the thing.  Hey, what do I do?   Oh Okay, what do I can I give you something? Okay, I can't give him anything Maybe I'll give him a shave Maybe I'll give him a shoe.  There was a thing in the other room. There was like a fork. Let me see if I can get up here Yeah, can you grab the fork? Can I can I grab the fork?   You cannot best me. I will best you baby Now let's bring this into this room just in case we need to make some work or somebody We cannot we have to climb up this thing Hey, hey, that's out. Hey that sound. I couldn't even do anything Because I was in a shot. All right.  Look at it. There's a little cool little ramp though. That's kind of sick Look at that made out of notebooks. How far up that neck can go though. How far up do it go? It's a little duck. I have a feeling they do go up high. Don't it?   I hate it. I hate it.   I Hate her. All right. Well Why this will just go for it, huh? So I'll just go for it. I think we're safe here Maybe oh We need to go over here Please don't be too loud Grandma ma my guy.   Dude my whole Just the rocks when I see her that's nice at least where do I go now?  No, thank you No, thank you. Well, I know if I want to go over there either Well, the thing about it is that I don't really want to be here at all. It's the just the thing about it But where do I go? Well, nobody knows Nobody knows for sure great. Well, there's a Place that I can hide If I need to Do I not need to go back in here, okay Suit yourself grab this There anything over here, let's find out Where do I go? Can I it's too heavy for me to drag, right? No, I guess not Why would I want to go in there? You know, why would I want to do that? She's not a woman that I wish to meet again wish to meet again. This reminds me of The police station in Raccoon City I'm just waiting for mr.  I feel like he's awake still. Is there a room behind there? There's light I have to get that piece up there Well, huh, there's a sword over there. I like that sword Could you use that maybe kill the old lady? Take it from you so I can walk up high. Maybe I'm supposed to Do it in a certain order or get multiple things. I think I need to get multiple things All right, so I need to find a way to get that. Oh, there's another piece out here There we go, so we've got the queen. I don't think there's another piece in this room other than that one up there But hold on is there a way that we can get up there? Oh Yeah Do this you watch me you watch me? I do good stuff. There we go Okay, was there not another piece in here creeps me out Okay, so there's not so it must be in another room Let's check the other side. I don't feel good about this place Not at all Yo, there's something here night Bishop okay Cool was the queen over where I currently have the king ha ha so we don't need another piece and baby That's what we like to see Open that door I'm a genius Grab that key, baby Well friend, thanks for playing chess with me That's wizards chess All right, let's get out of Raccoon City, baby Dada stairs All right in another unlocked room Makes me anxious.   It's hard to aim with a ladle everybody very hard to aim with ladle I was also pressing the wrong button.     I really do are really I can't stand her. What's your walk cycle mama? So here's the thing Is I What is she making Michael a little stale are you? Do I have to go out through there because my guy, how do I how do I get up?  I hate it.   Please just let me transport myself safely. Can you go through the wall? Thank you. Oh my god Okay, I feel for some reason relatively safe in the vents. I don't know why I feel like I shouldn't Okay, let's try one more time. Let's try one more time How many more how many more of you fuckers am I supposed to drag that with me the whole time? Yeah, I guess so Please I Don't have to do this a billion more times Okay, that's the same point Almost died that would have sucked I've been so upset. Oh Wait, that's my friend. Hey Dude, should I cut it? Okay? I thought did I kill her? Hello friend. I didn't hurt you. Did I I got my friend back. It's okay friend Look at you. Look at me. I've got a raccoon on my head now And we're back together Back together Wow, it never ended full. All right guys. Well, I'm going to end this one here. Thank you guys so much I'm still kind of figuring out my recording room I think I'm actually gonna paint the walls something different because it's too light of a color And I might move my camera around but anyway, not important Thank you guys so much for watching if you liked the video I don't even have to thank you guys so much for watching Hope you enjoyed if you did make sure to slap that like button right in the face And I will see you guys in the next video. Love you all stay cranky. Bye


Welcome to Cobb U. This video series will take you from start to finish to teach you the basics of various automotive systems and how modification and tuning work hand in hand to help you achieve your car's goals. In a sea of internet experts, we aim to be a sensible, unbiased source of accurate information regarding vehicle modification. I'm Emmy. I'm just one small part of the team here at Cobb Tune. If you're watching this, you most likely own a vehicle we support, so you're familiar with what we do already. For those that are unfamiliar, Cobb Tuning makes engine management solutions and performance parts, predominantly for small displacement turbocharged engines. So that's what we'll be talking about in this series. While these videos are aimed more towards folks who are new at modifying their cars, we hope that whatever your skill set, you walk away from this with a better overall understanding of how your car really works. No matter what it is that you're doing, you need a good foundation to build off of. So today, we'll begin with a basic overview of how your car works. From intake to tailpipe. We'll cover specific systems on their own in future videos. Throughout this series, we'll be referring to this real-world mock-up, so we can show you the actual components and how they intermingle with other systems. For the sake of visual explanation, we've stripped the engine of systems and components that are not discussed in this series. That way, we can easily see what we're talking about. So when you look at your engine, you will see way more parts than what is here. One more note. This is a Subaru EJ25 motor, and we're using components from a 2015 Subaru STi. So keep in mind that your vehicle may be designed slightly different. We'll be covering some of those differences in later videos. With that being said, let's get to it. An internal combustion engine needs four things to run. Fuel, air, spark, and compression. Once you have those, here's how everything else comes together. First, air enters into the air intake and passes through a filter, which is then metered by a mass airflow sensor, also referred to as a MAF sensor. From there, the air enters the turbo inlet hose and passes through the compressor side of the turbocharger. The air then goes through what's referred to as the hotpipe and enters the inner cooler. As the air moves through the internal passages of the core, its temperature decreases because the heat transfers from the air to the metal core. Cooler air from outside passes through external fins on the core in an effort to reduce the temperature of the core itself, allowing it to continue to cool the air inside. Once that happens, the cooled air makes its way up through the cold pipe, entering the throttle body. The throttle body houses a butterfly valve that controls how much air passes into the intake manifold, which then directs air into each individual cylinder. Just before the air enters the cylinder, we have the mixing of air and fuel, which is provided by our fuel injectors. The air fuel mixture then enters the cylinder through the intake valve as it opens during the piston's downward intake stroke. The intake valve closes and the piston then compresses the mixture as it travels upward on its compression stroke. Just before the piston reaches the top, it is ignited by the spark plug. The pressure from the combustion pushes the piston back down on the combustion stroke, giving your car its power. Lastly, the exhaust valve opens as the piston travels back up one last time on its exhaust stroke. Evacuating our exhaust gases. At that point, the exhaust gases make their way from the exhaust manifold into the turbine side of the turbocharger, spinning the turbine to provide necessary energy to build boost. Once our exhaust gases have finished their job, they'll make their way through the downpipe and pass through a catalytic converter to reduce emissions. From there, the exhaust gases pass through the rest of the exhaust system, which include a resonator and a muffler to help dampen the sound. And then finally, they make their way out the tailpipe. Everything we just talked about happens thousands of times a minute, all while you're on your way to the grocery store or the track. It's a well-organized chaos at its finest. Now that you have a basic understanding of what's going on, all the way from intake to tailpipe, we can break everything down into their individual components, starting with the next video, which will focus on the first step in the upgrade path, ECU tuning. Your car's ECU, or engine control unit, manages a lot of the systems we touched on in this video. So before you start adding any parts, it's important for you to understand how the ECU and ECU tuning work to help you realize the full power potential of your car. While working on your car, you'll need a wide variety of tools. For the systems we'll touch on throughout this series, you'll generally need tools like ratchets and sockets, allen wrenches or hex sockets, wrenches, screwdrivers, picks. And while not needed but are extremely handy, a small mirror and telescoping magnet to help retrieve screws and bolts that fall through the cracks, various pliers, torque wrenches, and silicone spray. We'll be covering specific tools needed in each episode. One last note, for those of you that are eager to learn more, at the bottom of each video on our website, you'll find the extra credit section that has links to additional information about the topic discussed in that video. That's going to do it for this episode of Cobb U. Thanks for joining us and be sure to subscribe to our YouTube channel so you can watch future episodes. I'm Emmy, your host for Cobb U. Remember to check out cobbtuning.com for all your parts and tuning needs. Do you like the storage solutions featured in our studio? Then visit sonictoolsusa.com to get more detailed product information.


from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE covering AWS re-invent 2018. Brought to you by Amazon Web Services, Intel and their ecosystem partners. Oh, welcome back to the sands. We're live in Las Vegas here on theCUBE as we continue our coverage of AWS re-invent along with Justin Warren. I'm John Walls. We're now joined by Dave Chakoshis, who's a vice president of product, the hybrid IT at CenturyLink. Dave, good to see you again. Yeah, great to be back. Good to be back on theCUBE. Good to talk to you again, John. Excellent, and by the way, you win the GQ award.  A 50,000 people here at re-invent. That's, if I'm in the lead, I'm in the lead at the turn. That's good to hear. Very nice. All right, well, big news though for you guys. Obviously, being designated as the managed service provider, reaching that certification with AWS, tell us about that process and what it's meaning to your business and what it means to your customers. The AWS is such a customer focused organization. They're very passionate about their end customers and solving problems, but they've also built up a huge partner network and what Terry Wise and the team have built is a real partner relevant organization. And what they've really done to make it a level playing field, but to be as passionate about their partners as they are about their end customers, hopefully intending to solve problems for customers as well, is really to put a lot of thought into making sure that when they have a competency or a certification, that it's no joke to get through. It's a serious exercise to go through something like a managed service provider or an MSP certification. We had that get finished up for us several months ago and we've been rolling that into our managed cloud practice and really helping our customers with the three key criteria of what AWS really wants to have its partners do, which is really design and plan and be able to orchestrate workloads and model workloads for customers and understand how and where they're going to deploy and migrate into the cloud. They really want to see and make sure that you're doing next generation work during the operation run phase. Not just are you monitoring and managing those workloads in those environments, but are you doing predictive analytics? Are you starting to take a look at trends inside the data? Are you using big data to actually augment your management practices? Not traditional ITIL just in a cloud location, but really next generation managed services. They measure and they certify all that. And then the third thing they want to do is take a look at how are you reporting? How are you helping the customer optimize and analyze costs and become as efficient as they can with their deployment of AWS services? So it's a significant exercise to go through. It really made our service better. And quite honestly, that's a great example of AWS being customer focused by making sure that the partners they want to work with can hit a certain level, hit a certain bar to be able to drive that value for their end customers. So for the customers who are choosing CenturyLink to come to something like AWS, what is it about CenturyLink that they like that they would rather deal with you than go say direct to AWS and try to do everything themselves? Yeah, I think there's really sort of two or three real differentiators for CenturyLink when we work with our customers. Probably the first and foremost is sort of that hybrid nature of how we can meet the customers where they are. CenturyLink has been running and managing and working in the data center space for good 15 to 20 years. We've been running and managing private clouds and hosted and compute environments for as long as there has been such a category in the industry with all the different heritage that rolls into CenturyLink from an IT services perspective. So they really come for the experience and the pedigree and the complexity friendliness. But they also come for the fact that we can meet them where they are, whether it's inside their corporate, their current data center, help them do data center consolidation, help them move into hosted centers and then help them on that journey. There's so much of the enterprise is still very much on a journey. There may be projects that are firing up to the cloud. There are a lot of organizations that are ready to make the full leap and go all in on the cloud. But by and large, there's some kind of a hybrid environment where they're still looking at the different form factors and they're very much on a journey to get from where they are today to where they can be more agile. So there's the experience that we have but then what we're really, and there's lots of companies out there that have good experience, they have good tools, they have experience running and managing and monitoring. There's a lot of other companies that have the MSB certification. What Centrelink has that's really a deep investment is all the network optionality and the network control that we have. So not only can we do managed services inside AWS, we can also do the managed network that gets the traffic and gets the workload to AWS. And that's a real critical differentiator. Not only can we get those connections set up and configured, we can also manage those environments and then secure those environments. So there's a lot of investment that Centrelink has put into our managed cloud practice, augmented by managed networking and managed security that can really, the assets that Centrelink brings to bear with regards to our security portfolio and our network portfolio come from years of significant investment. One of the largest global IP backbones in the world. We've been gleaming network and security telemetry from that network and building threat patterns and threat management services inside the core of our network. So really customers who work with us have a secure, consistent, reliable path to the cloud and then they get the managed services, the MSP certified managed services once they're there. Yeah, so speaking of connections, I believe that you've got, you've announced a product and I think it was October called Direct Connections. Is that right? Tell me more about what that is. Sure, so that's that sort of, for those of you tracking my hand waving at home, you know, the network stuff over here that inside our network portfolio, there is our cloud connect service is one of the most deeply connected to AWS services out there. So we're a significant direct connect partner. We drive an ethernet based service into AWS in all their major regions and then we have that cloud connect service run to hundreds of global multi-tenant data centers as well as hundreds of thousands of enterprise locations. So we have what we launched there back in October was the latest version of cloud connect which we call dynamic connections. It's a feature within cloud connect that allows us to take a global ethernet circuit tying into AWS and make that happen in minutes that didn't exist before. So a lot of people think about AWS Direct Connect and they can configure direct connect and tie it up to their VPC. And then they start the telecom process that could take weeks and or months and it depends on who they're working with and who they're buying from. If you're in a building that's on net with us or your traditional data center is one of the data centers the many, many hundreds of data centers that are on net with us, we can go and get that connection turned up all via automation. And now once you get that circuit created you can dial it up and dial it back, you know, a gig, 10 gigs anywhere in between. You can go below a gig wherever you need to. You have complete control over the creation of a new circuit which is great for retail locations. Retail customers like this as they're bringing new facilities and bringing mixed use facilities on net and they're bringing new facilities that they need to be able to chunk back to their data center in the cloud. We can use dynamic connections to go and help them create new locations. But then as the business needs change at those locations they can dial up and dial down bandwidth and really have a rich level of control for how the traffic is being routed and passed. Yeah, having spoken to customers in the past that is actually quite valuable. It has been quite painful to go through that process. A lot of big cloud migrations once they're done with them, you know, a lot of the problems you run into is I never really thought through and anticipated what the network path would look like after I made that move to the cloud. And so that's one of the things we try to do with our customers at the onset of an engagement is not just say, let's start stamping into the cloud right away. Nothing necessarily wrong with that but let's think through the network design first. How are you, who are your users? What are the new traffic patterns going to look like? And what are the hybrids that you're going to be building where something that's in the cloud needs to talk back to your corporate data center? Do you have enough bandwidth and do you have a low enough latency connection between the two? Yeah. You know, earlier this week you were talking about milliseconds matter, right? You had a presentation that you were featuring that. So what does that mean to your AWS customers? And it's like, that's kind of intuitive. They do matter, but in terms of what was the perspective that you were bringing to that and the latency issues? So we did a presentation here earlier in the show where we really illustrated that combination I was referring to earlier of our MSP certified managed offering coupled with our CloudConnect network automation. So what we've really done a lot of work with around CloudConnect is creating a service that has a few different user experiences.  You can do that with CenturyLink CloudConnect. But we also have a very straightforward version. You know, almost the, you know, in Andy's keynote this morning one of the things he was really talking about it really spoke to me was, you know, this idea of well there are builders who want to use the tools and there are builders who just want instructions.  And then there's some people that want to sit there with a lathe and handcraft everything. So different types of builders. We have a version of CloudConnect that can appeal to the builder who doesn't necessarily want to get down in the weeds of networking. They just want to basically take a workload and connect it to the right private network link. So that higher level version of CloudConnect is what we demonstrated earlier today. And really the fundamental premise of milliseconds matter is network orchestration and cloud orchestration coupled together gives you different, gives you a whole lot greater level of control. And that's where we're starting to see all these emerging use cases where, you know you can certainly think about migrating everything to the cloud, but then you have to start thinking about where do those workloads need to run, what does the future look like in terms of IoT devices and sensors and video telemetry and environmental telemetry. All the different sources of data that organizations can use to go and innovate around the where you're going to run that business logic is going to run closer and closer to the edge for a lot of industries and retail and healthcare and a lot of government institutions and hospitality. So basically the fundamental premise of milliseconds matter is have control of your cloud, but then also have control of your network and hopefully have the two in concert with one another. And that's what we're fundamentally driving at with our service platform. Yeah, sounds great. So, and real quick, when you talk about all this in a 5G world, all of a sudden when you talk about edge, you talk about, you know that's a whole, that's a game changer, is it not? Well it is, you know, 5G is still so emergent there's a lot that's there, that's 5G, there's still 4G, LTE, there's still lots of different ways to go and get all that data trunk together and it doesn't stay on LTE forever. You know, eventually it all starts to get back to an IP backbone and then that's where you still have a lot of latency optimizations and route optimizations that you want to be able to deal with. So we absolutely look at LTE as something that we think is a huge opportunity with a lot of our partners that we're working with across our network footprint to be able to use LTE as a new access strategy, just like we've used just about all the other access strategies that are out there. Excellent, Dave, good to see you again. Yeah, great to see you, John. See you down the road soon, I hope. For sure. All right, thank you for joining us, Dave Chacoches. Joining us here from Citrine Lake. Back with more from AWS, re-invent, you're watching theCUBE.