Good afternoon folks. It's a pleasure to be here with such a great group of experts in many different facets of our topic today And I come With the declaration up front that you've heard from some previous presenters that embodied energy is not a field that I Have much experience with and so I'm learning a lot today But also hoping that I can contribute a little bit to thinking about what I have called provisionally And wrestled a little bit with energy time Which is a way of describing Maybe three different things one is the temporality of different types of energy This is one big part of embodied energy analysis is to help us recognize how many different types of energy are at stake in a building And embodied energy extends that temporality to Extremely long intervals. We've talked a lot about building lifespan But we've also alluded to materials life cycle and ultimately the temporal framing of embodied energy is geological and cosmic Which is sometimes hard to fathom And energy time might also be a way of describing the Anthropocene the era in which humans have become geological agents Transforming the planet's atmosphere oceans and climate chiefly through our use of fossil fuel energy And I think more colloquially that energy time is as good a name as any for this particular moment in architecture Beginning I would say in the 1930s with roots deeper into the enlightenment, but really I would say cresting in the 70s in one way and then again today and perhaps in the future A time when energy comes to the fore in our thinking about architecture and society And so in that sense we're all living in a kind of time of energy As a human preoccupation and basis for practice for practice And I like embodied energy what little I know of it Because it's deeply historical and as someone working in the history and theory of architecture I appreciate the way the long duration of embodied energy Is an opening on to multidimensional Historical inquiry that we can think the history of materials processes and energies In dialogue with the other kinds of historical and theoretical inquiry that we maybe are more familiar with in this discipline And that might include the duration of long-dure a historiography of trying to think about large-scale changes in populations and economies and Modes of production, but also material economic social cultural and and political histories I haven't done enough work in this area to demonstrate this as a fully fleshed out model this kind of interweaving of multiple different Ways of thinking energy historically But I'll draw on my research to maybe open some questions about especially the political economies of energy that I feel like I recognize when we talk about this topic and I have a little kind of Profitory section on system boundaries and then two other parts to to my remarks today So the first thing that really strikes me about embodied energy is that it reframes the system boundaries through which we think about space as we've just been discussing Time as forest and I are turning to and I would say For me, it's especially interesting the question of knowledge And and I think of this partly as an architectural educator asking frequently What knowledge do architects need in order to practice today and tomorrow to practice? We might say in the Anthropocene That's one of the overarching questions shaping today's conference, which is a mini curriculum of sorts Outlining many Several key forms of expertise that David and others recognize we and our students and our successors in practice need to Be aware of embodied energy prompts us to think at these very large temporal scales Focusing us on Not only the this expanded Temporal chronology as I suggested but also expanding the system boundaries of architectural knowledge I thought about this last year when I was asked to review a book called sustainable urban metabolism by paulo furrow and john Fernandez a book that draws on industrial ecology ecological economics and urban metabolism to to model a strategy for cybernetic urban management According to the authors. We need to simulate metabolic processes at large scale in order to understand and control Four fundamental flows or cycles that shape urban metabolism water materials nutrients and of course energy Urban metabolism modeling Quantifies and analyzes these flows and simulates them in the hope of supporting political decision-making that will increase their efficiency And promote urban sustainability understood as the possibility that human and other life will flourish on the earth forever The book is full of equations like these the first one describes greenhouse gas emissions for a process The second one describes the material composition of a product and the third describes the material intensity of an economic activity I have approximately zero ability to make such calculations In writing my review. I couldn't even type them. I don't even know. I don't even know how you write that I had to get the type setters to do it. Um at the journal Because it went way beyond my expertise And that I found fascinating, you know challenging frustrating and also inspiring to think that My discipline is being pushed in ways that maybe were happening before but I could could comfortably ignore um and that uh This was a manifestation to me of some of the new kinds of knowledge of that That are important for architectural education and practice And that's just those equations are just the tip of my ignorance iceberg I soon encountered a whole bunch of acronyms that I never had heard heard of before That that are part of this simulation and modeling practice and that some folks in the room are I think expert at working with But reading the book also highlighted for me the extent to which historical and theoretical expertise Are essential to deciding the meaning and the implications of energy analysis and urban metabolism And especially in in helping us understand how particular approaches to modeling and managing energy and other resources How they are You know politically motivated toward particular visions of what it means for humans and non-humans to flourish So consider what ferrao and fernandez would have us do with these analytics They say we should plug them into this dps ir framework another another great acronym In which drivers of change exert pressures on the environment changing its state which impacts ecosystems and human populations Triggering responses that feedback into the system in other words a cybernetic We can recognize this as a cybernetic feedback loop Inspired by those developed in the 1950s and 60s when architects and planners mobilized Cybernetics and systems theory in pursuit of self-regulating home homeostatic buildings and cities And of course, this is also a theory of history. It's an explanation of how change happens according to a kind of systems model and It's it's uh embedded in it is also perhaps a theory of governance of of how we should govern ourselves It it it lends itself to a very technocratic approach one that foregrounds the agency of technical experts Using forms of knowledge inaccessible to broader publics. In other words, it could be a very regressive model for urban governance And so this reviewing this book helped me realize that in addition that we need the forms of technical analysis Described by ferrao and fernandez as well as by some of today's presenters We need systems thinking that operates at planetary scale and across geological time frames And at the same time we need the critical and historical analysis That comes from a kind of humanistic expertise in architecture so that we can describe the implications the political ecologies political economies social and cultural implications of different energy strategies And I and so I thought I would mention since this work happened largely here at columbia that one very nice model for thinking this way I've learned from is the the underdome guide to energy reform published last year by eric carver Hello, eric And by janette kim who co-directed the urban landscape lab here and who i'm very happy to to report is joining me at cca as a New faculty member in the fall And eric and janette in the underdome guide modeled different spaces of possibility For energy agendas in architecture and urbanism around four major categories each of which they modeled in a kind of um x y space so power Different approaches to power to territory to lifestyle and to risk and I I won't go into this work Which is probably familiar to many folks here at columbia, but just to say that this kind of uh Unpacking of the of the kind of social and political implications of different energy strategies energy agendas I think is a really valuable complement to Some of the innovations and and new analytical frameworks that are emerging So the second theme I wanted to hit is is this idea A lot of my research recently has been about sustainability as a government as a governance modality As a way a kind of politics and and way that we govern ourselves and are governed And i'm just going to touch briefly on four themes sumptuary regulation technocracy Ecomodernism and ecological modernization that are concepts that I find Coming up we currently so I like sumptuary regulation because it's a super arcane term for something that's I think generally familiar Which is the practice of regulating consumption of luxury goods It has a deep history in the western tradition and also in other world traditions think about things like the the restriction of purple as being a signal being reserved for the use of the emperor in in ancient rome or restrictions on who could wear Gold in renaissance italy on their person or or adorn their carriages and And costumes with gold as a mark of status or in in ancien regime france The the use of the classical orders was restricted to residences for the nobility. These are all examples of sumptuary regulation They can become quite arcane at different moments in society We have them today in many different forms including Including taxes and laws regulating alcohol consumption of alcohol tobacco Uh and energy with energy codes And so sumptuary regulation is a way of describing the laws and the cultural practices that That combine moral and economic logics to Regulate our consumption of things deemed Luxurious or uh in some other way Special and of course these regulations are over determined by anthropological and sociological factors Calculations of political economy and imperatives that reproduce or or challenge structures of class gender ethnicity sexuality not to mention hierarchies of knowledge and authority so Uh, I think of this this is a kind of theme that I feel like I have recognized in many approaches to designing energy and using energy I'm going to talk about buckminster fuller someone i've recognized as a kind of sumptuary designer if you will And fuller was very strongly shaped in Around 1930-32-33 By his friendship with leaders of the technocracy movement and this intellectual and political movement that started during world war one by engineers and peaked during the great depression Came out of scientific management experts from taylorist societies as well as progressive era social reforms Its advocates believed that new industrial methods had made possible levels of production sufficient to create an economy of universal abundance But that this potential was withheld by the selfishness of finance capitalists who maximized profit Rather than distributing the benefits of new technology and also by politicians who served the interest the vested interests of owners Before those of consumers This theory was amplified into a social program here at columbia by engineering professor walter rattan stroke And by his colleagues howard scott a technician and the journalist stewart chase among others These men sought to put engineers and other technical specialists at in charge of the economy in a kind of command economy system With the idea that they would rationalize economic production to maximize outputs and to balance Production and consumption for the kind of benefit of all They they believed that this Technocratic administration would obsolete existing economic and political systems that were based on scarcity Buckminster fuller was a friend of both chase and scott and scott in particular shaped fuller's practice For instance introducing him to the idea of energy and the practice of energy accounting and surveying That fuller adapted One more image of from technocracy Fuller adapted technocratic strategies of modeling the economy and projecting its future In these dimaxian charts of industrial progress that were the beginning of a lifelong process of Accounting and surveying and mapping Um and that led to things like fuller's world energy map the world resource inventory that Underwrote the world games that mason talked about And led to things like fuller's profile of the industrial revolution a way of describing technological progress and its geometrically accelerating rate as he always asserted and his goal quite explicitly was to accelerate the curve of energy efficiency and economic output to increase well-being for for all and that mode of thinking is Quite strong in contemporary eco modernist thought some of you may have seen this eco modernist Manifesto published a year ago that outlines a mode of That argues that if we're going to preserve nature and achieve sustainability we need to intensify Urbanization agricultural production and energy production and to decouple human well-being from its negative environmental impacts For instance by densifying and urbanizing at an even faster rate in order to preserve reduced human impacts on arable land and also on forest and wilderness And so they see the potential for a good Anthropocene Anthropocene era in which humans are more intentionally manipulative than ever of climate environment and ecology With specific social objectives in mind. It's a compelling idea But also one with very technocratic dimensions that raises a lot of open questions about political economy and justice And I would describe You know it tilts toward the goal of ecological modernization Which is a way of describing moments when the pursuit of sustainability or ecological restoration Becomes a form of economic development Motivated more by the goal of generating economic growth and and maintaining the kind of profit Ratios than by by extra economic non economic motivations And I really can't if I start going too deeply into buckminster fuller and norman foster I'll I'll never stop talking So let me just click through a couple of Things to describe two concepts that I've that I've written about in recent essays one is reflexive modernism The which is a way of describing buckminster fuller's attempt to to build Reflexivity a kind of self optimization into design and also to trigger societal reflection that will lead to Rationalization not by top-down technocratic command and control mechanisms But through voluntary adoption by consumers inspired by the beauty and and Efficiency of designs like his dimaxian house and the second is risk design, which is a way of describing architecture that that Works with our perception the ways we imagine and understand risk including climate risk to for generative purpose and Rather than walk through these Let me just note that in in if you want to pursue this further in articles on buckminster fuller and the dimaxian house I've I've shown that fuller's approach to design came out of an attempt to market Technocratic efficiencies through liberal mechanisms to make them Appealing to consumers so that people would voluntarily buy into a project that would converge toward the goal of systemic Rationalization that the technocrats propose to achieve through top-down mechanisms And that's one way of understanding a great deal of fuller's work some of which we've discussed today and That norman foster in projects like the gherkin foster and fuller collaborated Late in one man's career early in the others The gherkin reanimates some of the strategies and iconography of Fuller's work in pursuit of of managing the perception of risk of several different kinds terrorism risk In the city of london climate change risk through its much-vaunted Mixed mode ventilation strategy and supposed Energy efficiencies and above all economic risk as it helped defend the city of london's financial industry against competition from canary wharf frankfort paris and other centers of expertise and unleashed zoning change in the city of london that allowed the redevelopment of the city to to to Produce all of these tall towers and so risk design is a way of describing the process by which Concern about climate change gets gets interwoven with opportunistic agendas for redeveloping the city of london or in the dry line Lower Manhattan and in the name of pursuing resilience and sustainability We end up authorizing massive social and economic and urban restructuring and so for us they look forward to Hearing from you and discussing It is a great honor and a pleasure to be here and i'm looking forward to the conversation and to respond to all the Speakers who have prefaced their talks with their lack of expertise and embodied energy uh in the course i teach i taught embodied energy last week And all of you have demonstrated demonstrated yourselves to be Experts beyond any of the students that i have in my class, so I don't think any of you have anything to worry about and in fact I don't think i'm going to be able to be nearly as eloquent as you all have been In the discussion we've already started today and that i've enjoyed very much about embodied energy Now in a couple emails jonathan and i exchanged I eventually landed on this strange title with a very practical component Discussing useful life versus usefulness Sort of the context of some of my work and very practical aspects of my engineering background And then as we discussed this idea of energy and time I'm very interested in entropy and I came up with this concept of embodied entropy as relating to an architecture of moving parts Which is the part of architecture that I deal with most and kind of reflecting a lot on what michelle has discussed and hopefully Um, we'll have a good discussion later in the in this context of Systems and buildings, but first The class i the picture i presented last week in my class To discuss the fact that we all hate styrofoam And one of the you know core Values that i was instilled with as a child was that Styrofoam is going to be in the landfill forever and it's the most evil thing But when you start to do these calculations and use these tools of embodied energy You find that there's some nuances to this so if we add up all these numbers I'm not going to dwell on the on the table necessarily, but if we go specifically to foam at the bottom you can see that The mega joules per cup right is very is very small And then when we make a plot right of all these different types of of glasses And the main thing i want to point out is the difference between for example your reusable ceramic versus your styrofoam, which is evil The foam right if you say it only uses that much energy that the Point two mega joules per cup Then every time you use one you throw it away right, but if you've only used your glass cup Say a few times and your big cluts like me or you have four daughters that break your cups a lot It's not good when you're way up there at the top of the plot because that Cup took a lot of energy to make Now this is also an illustration of the sort of fundamental principle of embodied energy we talking about and we had a conversation At lunch about the challenge that mega joules Per cup is a very specific thing when refers specifically to energy alone And I think it's wonderful that we've had all these speakers that helped to elucidate the many nuances and other Directions and important components that are brought about through life cycle assessment many of these things that jonathan talked about um But styrofoam right is also one of the bands of my own personal existence in my projects at princeton So I bought 12 24 foot long pieces of styrofoam Because it was the only means to an end for the type of research that I'm interested in in terms of energy And heat transfer and thermodynamics. So again things that are active and moving And in order to create the form I wanted it just so happens that architects know a lot about hot wire cutting And so hanging out with with architects and telling them I really wanted this very specific form They said we'll make that for you on our big robot and I said that's great So I ended up cutting all this styrofoam into great pieces and the interesting thing though Is what I learned is this was the moment where I finally let go of my hate of styrofoam because all those off cuts You see on the sides All we had to do is send them back to the same company that supplied us those 24 foot long Pieces of styrofoam because it turns out when you buy a lot of styrofoam You have a source that knows a lot about recycling it And at the same time right we created this form that I wanted and we won't go into the details about what this thing Does here that's for another day when we can talk more about The physical aspects of energy not the embodied aspects But today in terms of the concept of how do you make this form reflect energy, right? So in the context of what michelle talked about and and also mason Reference to the the campfire. How do we make a cooling radiant campfire? You need a very specific geometry But in the end research has a certain duration at the end of the research I had to figure out what to do with this thing And luckily styrofoam is actually pretty light So you have a 20 foot wide dome and you can pick it up with a bunch of students And carry it up to one of their eating clubs and donate it to them and then it takes on another life And so this is sort of was my reconciliation with this idea of the styrofoam cup And understanding how uses right the useful life of something how many times you can actually take it and use it over and over again Um really plays a huge role in the sort of that denominator of what is the impact Of a material and I don't know how long this thing will sit in the eating club. Here's our friend From penn bill brong explaining the science of the no longer scientific experiment that now sits in the backyard as it's been Decapitated of its cooling system, but still provides this interesting story and an interesting additional life then But coming back to the reason why we move this is interesting because it has a direct relationship to The facilities that we need then to do these types of research process right a laboratory sitting next door Where buckminster fuller in the 1950s actually built some of his Large domes and structures and what we wanted to do is figure out a way to create a new laboratory Right with the minimal amount of energy and this is something then that uh david vengerman and his Um Firm the living have been working with us at Princeton to develop this new lab And one of the hardest parts of the process was to convince them that we should not put giant steel members But giant wood ones instead and I think he already alluded to this in his opening talk about the amount of energy in wood Being close in terms of the strength right but when it comes to steel the emissions really are where you have a bunch of excess And interestingly enough one thing that was a Counterintuitive aspect of wood versus steel that was discussed in the project is that wood actually is much more fire safe than steel So there are a lot of arguments about the contextualization of a material and sort of Beyond just the embodied energy, but it's it's lifespan, right? And if you want to talk about the embodied energy over a lifespan What are the things that this is at risk for in terms of how the end of life phase comes about? and in the context of how we think of Old buildings and wood, right? So how do we conceptualize this glulam technology right in terms of large beams in the context of this being an old warehouse? um Of a one of our collaborators that in Trenton Where these 50 feet long beams are solid pine and you can no longer ever ever buy one of those ever again There's this this product is not available on the in the wood market anymore And so There wasn't glulam historically so in another context sort of putting these new technologies that allow us to again Span using wood in ways that the the forestry industry no longer has access to this This size of material are really contextualizes how we think about that Long life that ability to perceive the future right and in sort of as we move forward in time So with useful life being one of the themes my favorite useful life Icon is the pantheon's right at the the parthenon the pantheon dome being this concrete structure that's was for Thousands of years the largest dome in in the world And made out of concrete which today is the only material we use more Which is only used less than water so we use Concrete more than anything else other than water in terms of materials on the planet and the the Thing that's the same between the concrete in the dome and the concrete that in the pantheon dome and that we use today Is that it's a pozzolanic reaction right that causes these molecules to stick together and And what we don't have though is in the terms of how long this is lasted right? There's not an energy savings, but now there's a lot of new ways that we can think about Concrete and insulation and foam and form Like expanding concrete and then all of a sudden you have to start thinking about well There is sort of an energy component here and and do we start to think about the embodied energy in the context of its return So the eroy thing that I threw up there really fast Has to do with what is the return on energy of putting this added effort into this material this added? material quality of insulation and I think this was alluded to already So i'll jump through this really fast But the idea being that in this piece of insulation if it's half a half a meter thick The last 10 centimeters of insulation does the same amount of energy savings as the first half centimeter, right? Because as I add more insulation, there's less and less heat loss to reduce So it's this hyperbolic function So it's important in the context of how much insulation do we want and we already addressed this question of How do we think about the materials that are appropriate in scale and and embodied energy Versus the the usefulness of them So how much insulation do we really need and this passive house story was perfect in sort of the context of Choosing a point in this curve where we're really getting the best bang for our buck and the same thing goes for solar panels Right, so you have these different types with different efficiencies here monocrystalline or polycrystalline versus amorphous But amorphous panels you can make basically the same way as plastic and the the crystalline ones require huge energy inputs So almost double the the payback period yet when we talk about what we actually install Right, so this is the size of central park On the right you see the size of central park pasted over the largest solar plant we have in the us And what we installed there was the expensive panels, right? We could have installed the amorphous panels and just use that more area because if we're in central park You would want silicone panel the most efficient to use the area as efficiently as possible because the area is super valuable But we don't necessarily always think about the opportunities in terms of space and land use the desert, you know Maybe we should have considered what the embodied energy and the payback over the period of that panel is And really one of my biggest conundrums is always thinking could we ever really build a solar panel factory that just ran on solar panels And in that context, how do we think of time moving forward? Can we really change this material or manufacturing environment where those materials we're producing that have specific embodied energies Are actually contributing to the production cycle and that we're not bringing in these external negative impacts Of fossil fuel and carbon emissions that are really the things that are driving our motivation to improve or the reason we're here today discussing embodied energy, so Entropy, right? This is the thing that frustrates all of us that As we move forward in time things will always tend to disperse and dissolve and come to sort of Equilibriums and so in this simple diagram I'm just illustrating that if you have a box and all the particles are on one side It could be anything you imagine my bad breath up here. It's diffusing into the air. There's no way I'm going to spontaneously make it come back and prevent it from getting to you But If I wanted to do that I'd have to have some energy input So this this dispersion that happens through time as we move forward Is something that fundamentally happens to materials and is fundamentally part of heat transfer in the environment And so entropy is fundamentally linked to the forward direction of time and embodied energy is fundamentally linked to this view backwards But both those things arrive together at the present, right? And there's an irreversibility In both the way that the products have been created and the way that we Currently use our products in terms of moving forward in time So we go back to concrete very quickly And think about how it moves forward in time There's one property that is very very standard and that is the Diffusion rate of oxygen through concrete. It diffuses at a certain speed And it's dependent on the factors, mainly the humidity of the air in around the concrete will determine how fast oxygen gets to that rebar Now the pantheon did not have any rebar, but all of the structures we build today Like the famous ruin porn of the Packard plant Contained steel. This was one of the first reinforced concrete structures And over the period of about 100 to 200 years no matter what we do There will be this diffusion of oxygen through our concrete that is reinforced Which will eventually cause the steel to rust and it's something we have to address And the fact that as we move forward, right and and have the Dissolution of our structures. They also sort of cause A shift in the mindset of what is the value now of this infrastructure Is there and I wish Jorge was here to have the conversation about the preservation of these types of places And why people put hot tubs in front of them. I was there a week ago in the snow and This this structure now is being purchased by a I think it's a Peruvian investor a Chilean investor and they're going to redevelop it But to what extent right has this material process that that was developed by con By julius con and then implemented by albert con in this structure How much has it self limited it by the materiality by this diffusion this sort of entropy Of the of the material embodiment itself eventually The steel will rust and how we address that is is a big question That is fundamentally related to that embodied energy or the embodied physics of that material But to really understand it Is a challenge because the whole analysis process of life cycle assessment and embodied energy It I think everybody's addressed the fact that you can go on forever You can talk about you know the the wearing of the soles of my shoes as I bought the styrofoam cup that all these indirect You know relationships as you get out in sort of time in the design process. It's really difficult to be sure that you Use these as effectively as as possible So that you can create the knowledge that you that is useful, but not at the same time constraining yourself So this last Part that I kind of were rushing to get to is more I think hopefully relating to also Something that michelle was discussing in terms of how energy is embodied and located In time now in our context of duration that we'll be discussing And the idea that in the context of time things are moving and for me I'm interested in dynamics and moving systems And buildings like the seagram building that have a lot of energy moving through them But how do we embody where those moving parts go? And if we look again also here at the the lever house and look at the stripes So what do the stripes really represent? What do they embody in terms of the physical structure? And for me this was an interesting moment in sort of discovery where in space in a building There's a bunch of embodied space now in the physical infrastructure And it's not just about the fact that we make these ducts out of steel But it's about they impact the design process and there's an opportunity for us to to interface and to address Issues of embodied energy in the context of volumes directly not necessarily just quantities Right because I can integrate these two systems together such that the concrete Is optimized and that we void the center of the slab where the mass isn't needed and maintains its strength And then I use that same void to move the air around the building and in that regard I've created less Material to create the same service whereas if I just do a material analysis I would say okay the steel is still bad and the concrete is still bad And and you really have to talk about it from the structural engineering side of of the Analysis and the mechanical engineering side who may be working in different parts But I think with tools like like stephanie's there may be opportunities to start to really combine these more holistic perspectives and understand Where this efficient space really happens right in this building that dirk and I have worked in in singapore There's this huge excess of space two meters just to supply mechanical systems And and you can save a lot of embodied energy in the reduction of the materials just through a design step by itself And so lastly I want to come back to wood very quickly Because something David and I have been talking about a lot lately and also I think michelle will be able to give me a lot of advice on so David introduced me to this process that you can sandblast wood and it looks really really fantastic And depending on the the grain you can remove that soft grain in the middle And I was really fascinated about the idea that in the picture you saw in michelle's slides of this boundary layer That all that the the surface condition is another part of the equation of that heat loss right and it's called the roughness And the roughness changes the rate at which heat transfer happens and all these so By playing around with the surface roughness you could in fact play around with the heat transfer through a material So completely independent of this u-value and the thermal conductivity of said wood We can now play with fine grain or wide grain wood and look at how if we push air across it that roughness may change Where these separations happen and there's these two kinds of turbulence That are influenced by the viscous forces and their inertial forces that cause big and small eddies and some that will go inside These little crevices and and it's been fascinating, but it's really hard I mean the the result is that we don't really know how this shape is affected And and we need to do a lot more analysis to figure out whether If and when we put it on the side of this building What are the kind of sensors and ways that we can try and quantify that so that that material can also have The opportunity to have its performance embodied in a variable that isn't necessarily part of the standard analysis So with that I'll close just by saying that today at Princeton We're doing the big earth day and I think we haven't said happy earth day enough to each other today And I was asked for earth day to make a solar picnic table For the students and I went online. Well, I was actually I said help them buy one and I went and I found all of them And I decided that I didn't really like any of them and I Sheila hadn't shown me the soft rocker many times and it's fantastic So we took inspiration that wood is important and in terms of embodied energy What I wanted to point out is now these solar panels Cost a dollar a watt and forever that was like the threshold We're going to get there Everybody's going to buy solar panels But all the infrastructure that supports them the this aluminum profile It causes a huge amount now of of the embodied energy that these panels use and this panel Right was just a piece of plastic behind it and we could bend it and it only weighed Four pounds these ones weighed 35 pounds each And so this one we can just slide on a simple wooden track that we we glue lamb together Ourself manually to make the arch which is the sun path which then results in the laptops always being shaded And all a student has to do is come Analogly move the panel to where the shadow hits the table and then it will be inherently in the position perpendicular to the sun And so the students can finally learn how sun tracking works, which is something I've been trying to teach them forever And in this regard I sort of end by saying I hope that embodied energy can also be something that becomes part of pedagogy And that we sort of all develop a relationship with energy that goes beyond just equations But rather also extends out into Sort of our physical design intuitions and how we come up with ideas for making things in a way that are more Sustainable in the future time while also being understanding of the past time it took to make the materials. Thank you So I was going to ask a question first in the terms of this Luxury consumption the sumtree sumtree consumption And I was hoping you could help me convince everybody that air conditioning itself is sumtree consumption What do you think? Uh, I think it's been very interesting to me how we Air conditioning is pretty fascinating and it's one of the one thing that we haven't talked a lot about today is the is the changing our parameters of comfort or Investing in low tech kind of permaculture strategies. We generally the conversation today has focused on the high tech We're going to innovate our way out. We're going to you know, the kind of Design and technological innovation will let us do more with less Perpetually the kind of which was Fuller's proposition as well But there's a whole conversation of course around air conditioning. That's about changing our standards of comfort and becoming Revisiting ashray standards and and some of the other parameters that guide decision making And learning from of very diverse Ranges of comfort. There's also a really interesting thing. Sheila brought up the The idea of vibrant matter and a little bit to the the agency of matter And I can find no better example to help me understand that concept than chlorofluorocarbons something that we Began to manipulate to provide certain environmental control and thermal comfort standards And which then unbeknownst to us started changing the planet It's a it's a that that's a beautiful nexus for us to I think learn from But I don't I don't know that air conditioning is is really regulated in In a way that treats it as luxury yet. Exactly. I think it's the standards. That was the answer That I was you got it. I mean, I'm super interested in ashray 55 and how it Defines what we think is comfortable and michelle murphy's book on sick building syndrome Yeah I is a beautiful example methodologically for me of how you can study energy and technology In a way that thinks also about gender and race and the changing character of labor and all these things embedded in in one another So sick her building sick building syndrome and the her book sick building syndrome and the problem of uncertainty is I think Exemplary of knitting together many of these different strands of analysis I have other questions What are you all thinking? Yeah fascinated by the pictures you are showing book on three and As it wears out, it's as it wears out. It's not so usable Is there any thinking of how to think about materials that are more perhaps recyclable or Yeah, I think you're hitting on the the Problem of composites. I think I don't think anybody's addressed that directly today But it's one of the fundamental challenges in any life cycle End-use stage, right? So when you have carbon fiber, for example, which is very popular and I love my carbon fiber racing bike But if I wanted to give that to someone to reuse it The epoxy and the carbon fibers are totally, you know interwoven and you're not going to get them apart again to make a new Carbon fiber structure whereas, you know materials like steel are pretty recyclable. So if you look at the embodied Energy right up the building wood versus steel if you have recycled steel A glulam versus steel the glulams. I think only like 30 or 40 percent, but it's still better But recycled steel is not terrible So these composites though, whether it be that or rebar in concrete, which is another big challenge You can still bust it up and use the rock as aggregate That's the most common reuse for concrete is you put it in new cement to make new concrete with that aggregate the steel though Can then be melted down and recycled But the separation is very energy intensive and you have to include that in the end-use phase of any analysis of that material So yeah composites are a challenge And do you you alluded in one of our exchanges to the the impending end of reinforced concrete? Yeah, I but I need to talk to more scientists That do research on this diffusion rate, but if you read wikipedia The it has an it has a lifespan of of reinforced concrete that says 100 to 120 years And so I just thought that was fascinating because it was invented about 100 years ago So I don't know whether everything's going to fall down or whether we've really figured out how to fix it But that's why I wanted more preservationists around to tell me whether they think there's a way Because I'm not I don't know how to fix stuff. It's breaking Jonathan this question is for you. I found the The narrative that you were telling about about modeling really really evocative and it seemed like you were really setting up we put out this proposition that systems modeling and A technocratic approach. Let's say ought to be balanced by humanism Right, and I think you really emphasized in the telling of that story Modeling as an inaccessible and top-down mechanism Which I think it often is but then there's talent No, no, no, that's no that's not where I'm going No, I but I'm curious actually about if you're familiar with or what your thoughts are about There's another brand of systems dynamics modeling That's actually very very similar But has been used for the last 15 years to build to do consensus-based modeling The hallmark in the classic examples being fishery management Some types of wildlife management It's not a story that's I hear architects talking about very much I don't know if you're familiar with that form of modeling, but whether you are or not. I'm curious if Do you see Technical modeling is being inherently top-down Do you think there's a richer story there or was that Kind of a binary that you're trying to place or just a specific example with buggy I I don't know about the models you're describing and they're they're very intriguing So I'm coming partly from my close analysis of the gherkin Where the widespread belief that that building models strategies for reducing operational energy Is fallacious and it's based on simulations that promised a certain scenario But which didn't correspond to practice. So the the the building Management system Was never as far as I could tell empirically validated the simulations were not Tested and within two years of the building opening. They stopped using the mixed Mode ventilation anyway because tenant complaints Liability concerns because one of the windows broke and fell to the pavement and could have killed somebody And tenants started walling off the spiraling atrium and stipulating in their leases That the building could not open the windows in their segment of the building. So It's a fiction and I think we can recognize that with such a low net to gross ratio That building has massive embodied energy per usable square foot. So It seemed to me that you know, we the the the modeling Maybe not intentionally but not either incidentally sort of Let us to believe that by redeveloping the city of london We could somehow address climate change Which but but the world game is a is a good example of maybe a middle ground that sounds Maybe a lot like the models you're describing In the sense that it was intended as a tool of governance And as a way of bringing broad constituencies into reflection and deliberation about strategies for making the world work better for everybody In some of the instances that I've looked at I mean the problem with fuller is that he really believed in one best way He believed That there was an optimal solution and he was trying to get people to come around to it And I I think in the end was not I mean obviously was not very open to Real deliberation every studio he taught somehow ended up with a dome as the optimal solution Even though they're manifestly bad at many things So I think these more open deliberative I think though they sound like A mode of simulation that would be very wonderful The bottom-up is really hard to be honest about the extent of the assumptions we make in order to Create these building models or the or the commissioning of the buildings sort of they all are inherently Built upon a large set of assumptions and the sensitivity of the outputs those assumptions is very rarely honestly delivered So for us, I was really interested in the way you positioned embodied energy and operating energy in a kind of temporal Context and I guess the question I'm going to ask is to pull this idea of space and time together with a question of air conditioning Ascentuary As sumptuous oh right by virtue of that so um I would argue that Most of the well the discourse around embodied energy for sure, but the whole discourse of technological process Has privileged Tangible assets as the basis of the economy And one of the difficulties I think that we have is architects is that we would like to insist on that and we see The question of sustainability as one that is always about tangibility And the idea of a service economy as being antithetical to that What's interesting to me is the idea that the intangible economy is absolutely necessary to our being able to afford to Upgrade our world to the point that we need it and also to convince in a geopolitical context people that this is important So this is where air conditioning comes in I've seen uh Research that indicates the extent to which the introduction of air conditioning in singapore per se Increased GNP by orders of magnitude So if we think about this very delicate balance between embodied energy Operating energy and intangible assets Where essentially does that leave us with a sort of first of all antitechnological discourse and a kind of anti-liberal discourse Oh, man I have a lot of places to go with this Can you answer that in like three three minutes? So I'll start by say I'll start by reiterating What michelle said about perception and sort of the idea from a physiological standpoint and what we maybe haven't talked about today is the Embodied energy of our bodies and that sort of along the lines of the the technology side of ac Whether the fact that we kind of think that the thermostat Which is way back there and on the wall is the only thing in this room That's telling the room whether it's the right temperature. We like and that also assumes that the only thing we feel is air temperature, which is like Absolutely false even ranger bannum knew that even though he missed a few other things, too So then coming to the the problem of the singapore context, right and Lee kuanyu stating to the people that we need 22 22 degrees celsius in order for us to be a productive economy And then having the data that also shows that that works And so folding that back in now with the idea of how does the human body perceive comfort? The fact is the human body does have an optimal functioning rate. So the human body Operates just like an engine. We have a metabolism that is processing energy inputs In the form of carbohydrates those have heat outputs and the rate that our body loses heat Is the that flow of heat through the system is leveraged to run all ourselves run all our thinking And and it can be shown that you're thinking and your cells and your work do work better At these certain temperatures at any certain rates of heat loss now physically and again technologically I can change The way your body loses heat without playing with just air temperature. So there's like six factors Right, I should take my jacket off, but I feel pressured by architects to wear jackets all the time But that's just one my metabolic rate. I just ate lunch that changes how fast I should be losing more heat So I should take my jacket off again because of my metabolic rate And then there's rated heat transfer with all the surfaces and the space There's the amount of air flow that is flowing across me that can be changed and then there's the air temperature And so I think air conditioning right is kind of this The reason that sort of the sumptuary thing is that And I didn't get very angry at the seagrim building, but usually I do Because sort of the and the lever house like the idea that when those buildings were built It was in an era when we could just put whatever brute force system we wanted And the easiest way to make people comfortable was to make the air the right temperature and humidity And we've just been doing it that way ever since then because these really big companies are really really good at making those machines and do that But right now I think the interesting moment would be like if you know the Lee Kuan Yew's son or whoever takes over the singapore right recognizes maybe there's another technological avenue To make people's bodies function as efficiently economically and you know politically without having to Go through the uh conditioning of just air to 22 degrees. So sorry, that was as short as I can do it


Iwo Jima was a totally different subject than any of the other landings we had made in the Pacific. And Iwo was the first place where they used three marine divisions at once. Well my job basically was that of a motion picture cameraman. Rosenthal was smart. He had a bunker board to command ship and he used to come ashore every day in the press boat, go back in the evening for a good meal in the shower. But he landed on the fourth day, or D plus four, and he saw the flag going up. And he thought that would be a good spot to go up and take a picture. And so he was in the boat with now Lieutenant General Howland M. Smith and also the Secretary of the Navy. He walked over to Mount Suribachi and asked any fellows about the flag. They said well they had raised the first flag and he said can I go up and they said yeah you can go up and so he started up and when he did he ran into two of my men, Bill Janous, the motion picture cameraman, and Bob Campbell, the still man. And they met Lou Lowery, a Leatherneck photographer, who had taken the picture of the first flag raising coming down and he told them well the flag's up but it's a beautiful view. And so they said well we want to go up and take the shots anyway. My two men had been sent by me because my commanding officer, the general, General Rocky, was going to look for a larger flag because the first flag was too small, couldn't be seen by the troops up north, couldn't be seen by the ships at sea except as a little sliver so to speak. But he said I want you to send somebody up there to cover it because it may become the official flag raising of the whole operation. But don't tell anybody why you're going up, that there may be a second flag. I don't want anybody to get excited about it or the possibility or whatever and so but just know that. So they didn't say anything about it but of course when they got up there there was a second flag and it was just being attached to another pole and both of them got into position just in time and Campbell was smart enough as a photographer to not take the same position as Rosenthal and Janous. He took it off a little bit on the side and a low angle and he got the two flags, one flag coming down, the other flag going up. They crossed each other. That picture was probably more instrumental for a period of time than the actual flag raising because there were so many theories out there that there were not two flags and that picture dispelled any account of that.


What's up everybody? Jason here from jasperyskatespreex.com. Chance to win four $350 black mamba mixture spots in this 1920 panini prism retail basketball one-pack break number two random teams And again guys for a fraction of the price at $48.99 You have a chance to win $350 spot and the way this works guys is first We'll do the break or randomize customer names and teams distribute the hits out of this pack Then at the end of the break or randomize all three customer names again in a separate dice ruler randomizer and the top four names We'll win a spot in the mixer And the next one's already up number three so you can get that one rolling as well So good luck everybody. Let's roll the dice and we got ourselves a one and a three for four times Four times good luck one two three four so this is just for the teams and aims one two three Four four All right, so just a quick glance as it is a quick pack break, but Zagya the Lakers we have the Grizzlies down here with Kyle Pelicans here with Kim Kyle with the heat And of course every other team in there as well. There's only four hits or four cards per se And again, I got told me when the first pack break I pulled some crazy hits out of these retail packs and just one pack break fillers Pull Zion silvers Joss silvers even on Lebron silver. I mean if you don't get a spot in the break I mean you can easily make back your $49 investment in something getting hit right here So good luck guys.  We have the dice over here here the customer names again number top four get in Let's roll it and we got ourselves now he's six in the two for eight times eight times good luck one two three four five six seven and eight Eight times Zack T you are in Kyle Kim and Kyle Wow, there you go play in the odds game They go out three times top four get in congratulations guys and again another way to win is already on the website At 29 love appreciate you guys. Jasper's case breaks.com


Hi everyone and welcome back to another episode of our Pokemon VGC 2019 battle series. We are in the moon series and as we had on our last episode yesterday we said this concocted idea that I had this week was to play a brand new team. Every day on the channel this week because we've not got long left in the moon series yesterday we featured a pheromonesa speed swap with dustman necrosma and kayoga. It was a lot of fun if you missed that episode and you'd like to check that out go back up here I'll put a card in for you so you can check that out before you come into today's episode because remember at the end of the week I'm going to be putting a poll up on the channel just to see which teams that we featured this week you'd like to see most of all played next week and maybe some other options as well but like I said in yesterday's episode I will just remind you once again if you've got any calls or any featured teams that you'd like to see played on the channel going into next week make sure you drop them in the comment section below and I will do my best to feature them for you next week on the channel before we go into the ultra series which I'm really looking forward to as well and let me know are you guys looking forward to playing the ultra series there's primals and mega pokemon now available so today's team as we're getting into it right now is going to feature groudon and me too so it is a combination of pokemon we've seen and we've played before on the channel we've not played we've played against it I should say but it's very nice to be able to play me too it's something that I've wanted to play for a long time on the channel and finally we are getting round to it you know I put a poll out ages ago on the channel asking what calls that you'd like to see it didn't quite win but it was in a very close second place that me too and a lot of people would like to see played so hopefully you guys it's paying off today and you enjoyed today's episode so to kind of explain the team as always it is in the description below so you can check it out played and try it out if you'd like to we've got the groudon it has got the ground emz we've got me too it has got the life up there we've got scarf tapulele venus or compliments the groudon really nicely we've got the incineroar and then we've got a selgo as well so we've got a team really centered around this psychic terrain so it's important that we keep it up on the field at all times it's powering up the me too it's giving the psychic seed boost to the selgoar it's preventing any sort of priority attacks which does conflict a little bit with our incineroar but a lot of the time we'll probably not be leading off with incineroar and watch both games today we're going to have to be forced into leading off with incineroar because we'll face something like glunar lazernia so something like that i don't know but hopefully it'll be a lot of fun regardless so we'll get into it guys as always if you enjoy this sort of content make sure to drop a like on the video subscribe to the channel so you don't miss any of these daily battle series as well as our guide series our flinch squad circuit our stream of lords and everything else that we have on the channel and also just to remind you about our guides i did drop it in yesterday but i have finished our ultra series guide so as soon as we got into the ultra series those guys will be dropping on the channel for you guys to enjoy and hopefully give you a good head start going into the ultra series but as well make sure you do drop a comment down below because i love hearing from you more than anything i love hearing from you guys and appreciate each and every single comment that i get from you and just let me know what your thoughts are in general about the game today the team teams that you'd like to see played the ultra series sword and shield anything to do with pokemon and it'll be great to catch up with you hopefully it doesn't take too long to find our first opponent of the episode if it does i'll just cut straight to the chase and where we find our first opponent and we've got our first opponent of the day so we'll hop straight into team preview and our first opponent today is running a team of dialga kaioga mimikyu snorlax whimsicott and grin ninja so we've got that combination of dialga and kaioga here for our opponent common call that we've played ourselves on the channel and one i hold very fondly to myself but we've got the mimikyu snorlax kind of pairing up with that you've got a very heavy trick room kind of centric team here you can see that the mimikyu's probably got trick room to support the kaioga and the rest of the call and tailwind potentially on the whimsicott we've got to watch out for that a little bit but because of the inclusion of tapulele it does disrupt the team quite heavily and then the grin ninja there so what do we want to do we definitely need groudon in this match for the weather wards but it's what do we want to kind of pair up with everything else um could we go tapulele and mu2 it's not bad we've got to be a bit careful with that mimikyu though that's the the one big thing that we need to keep in mind also fakeouts not bad if we don't bring lele up front i think what we'll do is go tapulele we'll go even if cel goes not bad to be honest as a lead here um but i'm going to go lele mu2 and then i'm going to bring groudon and what do we want is my final one um venusoul maybe venusoul doesn't do too bad here at all that it's not doing much as a dialga um let's go incineral and lock in oh so close locking in with that last one there um i don't know whether venusoul was the better one though it probably was because there's probably a better switch in to something like kayoga when the rain's out in the field so we're going to have to be super super cautious when we get our weather out onto the field to make sure that the kayoga's out there as well and then react accordingly we're gonna see dialga and whimzacot come out from my opponent and uh we'll lead off with mu2 and tapulele huh so at least we're going to be able to stop the whimzacot i mean we can't discount that there could be potentially a trick room on the whimzacot we are going to get the psychic terrain up though which does prevent any sort of pranks or abuse from the wimmy um one of the things we could do is just moonblast and moonblast the dialga in a horror sphere i'm really intrigued to see how much this damage does to the dialga we all life hold mu2 modest mu2 as well so i'd imagine it does quite a significant chunk of damage to it like the moonblast should do a decent amount of damage to dialga in the first place it's neutral so imagine about 30 to 40 maybe and then the horror sphere i'm hoping with the life or boost is enough to take it down dialga's a bulky pokemon though so at the end of the day you've got to kind of you can't expect to always pick up the knockout onto it if that is the case okay yep all right with that one let's see if we're right about this one oh we take it down mu2 for the win come on mu2 just getting started we haven't even won we're already celebrating it's not the way to go grass whistle are you kidding come on what's the accuracy on this thing sure it's like 60 percent or something like that it's ridiculously low accuracy puts a mu2 to sleep which is not ideal and that kind of indicates that it's not it's definitely not a chlorophyll it's a chlorophyll when's it got it's not prankster mu2 being asleep is not ideal for us at all um okay so let's go oh snorlax what are you gonna do my friend um what have we got in the back to deal with this thing i mean we've got intimidate so we could bring in incinero and just try and get around this sleep we'll throw out a side strike into snorlax we're taking a turn of sleep here with mu2 anyway but if we can get incinero and get an intimidate off onto the snorlax uh definitely does help and i want to put off bringing the ground on until as late as possible because we want to win this weather war we don't want to be switching in when's it gonna protect here so that's fine and the snorlax is going to okay we're sleeping you know that snorlax what's snorlax gonna do self-destruct okay all right the intimidate there helps us out massively hopefully okay we do take that just about man that's not ideal you've got to expect the kyogas in the back so as long as the whims are caught not caught in rain dance we should win the weather war could it be scarfed kyogre as well potentially we're gonna see the drizzle here mu2 can wake up this next turn though this side strike should do a good chunk of damage to this kyogre so what we'll do is we will we'll just sack incinero here we'll go for a u turn into whims across just in case we do get it in case that kyogre does protect for whatever reason expecting maybe the mu2 to wake up i feel like mu2 should wake up though it does wake up come on mu2 yes side strike come on life hold in psychic terrain let's hope we can take it down that's ridiculous it's ridiculous mu2 this is why mu2 is legit the best the best okay gone for the grass whistle into the incineroar here but it's a lowly whims are caught against the world now it's gonna be fine because we will be able to side strike it mu2 might be able to just pick up every kill on this on against his team mu2 it is the mu2 show what we'll do is we'll switch into groudon now and we'll go for that side strike once again hopefully that is enough the unfortunate thing is the recall damage if we do get this off will be enough to pick up mu2 um but we'll get rid of this rain once and for all groudon coming in we'll get the sun up i can't believe how strong that side strike was but yeah we do get it here hopefully it's not sash whims are caught excellent mu2 taking all the chaos in this first match does go down unfortunately but mu2 you need and you deserve a rest my friend come back into your poker ball and very good game to my opponent and a nice one for us to kick off with today so hopefully doesn't take too long for us to find our next opponent and we'll get straight into it but mu2 is ridiculous isn't it mu2 is so strong and the reason i went for modest it's weird i had a conversation with stew oh a couple of weeks ago now and he was talking about his mu2 team and we got talking about modest over timid because for the majority of things in this format you're going to be out speeding with modest anyway so there's not really any need for the timid most of the time because the extra buff that you're getting in your special attack really does knock a lot of those um close knockouts or kind of roll knockouts into guaranteed knockouts especially with the life orb so it's really worthwhile doing um that so that's why i kind of went with it today we've got our next opponent so we'll hop straight into team proof they are running a team of lilegant sableye all the shenanigans already incineroatepaphini groudon and zernius right okay what are we expecting lilegant is going to be the thing that does do super good things against a groudon you're going to have the sableye as well with its prankster ability to be honest though i feel like i really want to just lead groudon and zernius here uh with tapulele in the back for the terrain and do we want me too i mean the other option here is just lele me too again i definitely think i want to bring venus or i could bring a selgo here as well it's also another option it's a really nice option against um the zernius but i think with these four we should be alright so do i just lead with me too lele though again i feel like i'm gonna and have venus or and groudon in the back yeah let's just do it let's lock in lock in and get ready so opponent locking in as well so we'll get straight into this next one should be a good one um am i gonna regret not leading off of the venus or is it just too obvious it's obvious it's an obvious lead for us right so you you would expect my opponent not to lead off of the groudon unless they're really desperate to go for the lilligan lead um which we are seeing here it's a lilligan incineral coming out for my opponent um and one of the things that i want to try and do now is nuke this incineral in moonblast aurorasphere into it because we should be able to pick up the knockout onto it with a moonblast aurorasphere um and it's such a problem pokemon for these two because normally you wouldn't be able to deal with it but having access to two moves that should be able to i kind of want to dazzling gleam is here i want to dazzling gleam as well here but at the same time i don't know if the dazzling gleam will be enough chip onto the incineral to put it in range for this aurorasphere so we need to just definitely need to guarantee that we get rid of it because otherwise it can it can cause me to all sorts of problems um need to be a little bit careful about the lilligan going for sleep powder as well uh we had sleep in our last game we do not want sleep in this one okay i don't know if this is going to be enough doesn't that moonblast did not do enough damage oh my gosh no way it's a salt vest though an equividance okay definitely a salt vest incineral just goes for your turn so we get off we get let off quite lightly here i think um i'd imagine groudon to come in now activate that chlorophyll ability on the lilligan okay so salt vest incineral puts us a little bit of a dent in our and our plan um lilligan also puts a little bit of a dent dent in our plan as well especially getting that equivalence off um will it pick up the knockout onto mutu though that's the big thing because one of the things i could do is just go into venus or with tapulele and go for a side strike the problem is if we do this a mutu gets taken down here we could be given the zonius a free geomanty boost which we don't really want to be doing but at the same time i'm going to go for the side strike and hopefully mutu is able to just do do its thing like it did in our last episode no uncle we don't want to see that we definitely don't want to see that uh or a sphere it's going to be into zonius oh okay okay i mean that's better than nothing all right but we don't get a geomanty that's so good i mean we still got venus all right we still got venus all so we can put the the zonius to sleep if we would like to i think we're gonna have to put it to sleep to be honest uh switch in groud on this next turn um i'm not really worried about the licking at the moment i'm going to just get groud on onto the field my opponent still has their instrument so we need to be careful of that that could come onto the field now the zonius could protect but there's there's no fake out support at the minute with this psychic train on the field okay moonblast coming out into venus all try and take it down it makes a lot of sense to do that grass not coming out and doubling into that slot okay just about take it just about taking the lilligan with that that um with an ants it's causing us lots of issues right okay i think we need to preserve groud on for later um really need to try and get rid of this lilligan a grass not take groud on down for sure um let's get lele in if we can oh this is like the one thing that i want to do is just press this blade to this zonius but i feel like groud will probably go down to a plus one grass knot although we are really bulky we are really bulky so we take a plus two moonblast so i'm thinking we might take a plus one grass knot i'm gonna go for it i'm gonna go for it because if we go for the venus all we get the the precipice blades off there's a grass knot it's gonna be into groud on do we take it come on groud on take it please no it's not what we want to see at all we need the zonius to sleep forever we do get rid oh we could have just preserved groud on it would have been our wincon well it wouldn't be in our wincon but it would have done us a lot better that's just not known at calc's really um i think me too is the one now and we need the zonius to sleep the size strike might be enough to take it down maybe okay and so now we're gonna hit the field we can sludge bomb that get me two in we just need the zonius to stay if the zonius stays asleep one more turn one more turn that's all we need that is all we need right do i just don't i think i double the zonius here anyway and size strike it come on let's get ourselves out of this hole we've dug for ourselves come on me too let's do this zonius stay asleep sleep little zonius come on come on the suspense is killing me it's this asleep i shouldn't get too excited about it so it's ludge bomb yeah and then the size strike will definitely get rid of it depend on where my opponent goes if there's groud on in the back i would chase down the venus all for sure okay you turn again okay that's fine yeah chase down the venus all makes a lot of sense the psychic train ends here that's perfect for us because we'll get lele back in and get the psychic train up which i think it will this turn if not we get one more turn so there's no no fear about a fake out coming up from the incinerator yeah there we go the venus does disappear it's still not over by a long way um but is it dazzling gleam this is the question is it dazzling gleam enough to get the incinerator from the range that it's at which i don't think it is because the moonblast didn't do a lot like much more than that in the first place so i'm gonna have to lock in with yeah i'm gonna have to lock in with moonblast onto that slot take that down size strike the groud on hopefully that does enough for lele to actually survive and then get the moonblast chaos onto the groud on which should work out which should work out hopefully fingers crossed ladies and gentlemen boys and girls not having the access to the fake out here makes things so much easier for us though i'm confident like lele takes the precipice blades from this range like 100% running quite a bulky scoff lele so it will take at least a precipice blades it just depends how much his size strike does okay groud on protecting i mean that's even better because we're going to get the double up into it in the next this should be enough insy down side strike yeah me too on a roll doing the business i mean like we do get fortunate with the sleep turn but you've got to kind of have a little bit of luck sometimes don't you see here's the moonblast let's see how much this does it does enough doesn't it side strike would be beautiful if this picked up the knockout and giving me to the perfect end does as well come on me too me too is just so strong i love me too so much i've got so much more of an appreciation after this episode from me too it's so great i hope you've enjoyed it today guys good game to my opponent and that is the second team that we're going to be featuring this week a bit of a shorter episode today but just as enjoyable i hope for you all as always but yes this one will be added to the poll for the end of the week so remember do keep an eye out for that on friday when we put all of our teams that we feature this week into a poll for you to guys to vote for for next week to see which ones you'd like to see a little bit more of hopefully this one's one of them because it's being a lot fun today and we didn't get to feature quite a lot of the the other bits to the team you know the selgo and things like that we've still got to to explore so let me know in the comment section your thoughts on today's games that we've had and thoughts and everything like that and we'll end it up there guys so i'll just say thank you so much for tuning in have a great day afternoon night whatever time of day it is wherever you are and i'll see you all for the next one so until i end ticket and buh-bye


Okay Yes Makafiti Nima enki ya, inadi o nizi ni Wou wou Indo indi o Touch of class Sia kwa team? Touch of class manze Ya ni nia nia jamaa Una checki Una checki villi ni komanzeni Touch of class Ya ni Uki guzaia ni wanske Ay, class Yai, yai Ya, who kwafiti? Ni kwakabisa Una phila jo me kam kusapot Brata ya Una fili fili ni me chela Uku asasa niko Mkona via mbo na heza osya Mimi, anything na ta kani vanya Nita vanya A feeling so good For the first time watcha ni kaya nyuma Ini furahi ya manze, am so excited I don't know why Unfortunally, mrembo am gheza kumek Sisikwadu siwoteni wa gandaw Ah, ewa pa unahoma tze Ime isha The last one I've been very hektiki Ki lamutumbakatoria Sele tundia missi ma ma ki wahkamba Ya badu ya happy we are here And I'm just waiting to laugh Koskiza jazz Konda homekani me jazzika Una cheki Manze Saki kwa bias, bats kwa ilia poster kuna watuka masita Ni nani you cannot wait to see perform Oh, the beauty about your poster, ikuna cocktail Unanzana dog mutai Omze unibamba kifanya gideon moe Ebu mua ambi eskumuwa jia kwa nye gideon moe utavreia Yes, kuna waidaka, shiko I love that woman kuna nasura cocktail Manze kuna wai wae, kuna kengoriya nireke gore Kuna butita niki cocktail That's why I'm so happy because Onaji wa siyoka maite angumu tu moja Ii kona jyeshiki bao So I'm looking forward And I'm happy we're back to events I'm happy Eddie Butita is doing Eddie Butita, manze we me barikiwa sana bana We kwa enda huko Onaji wa ti, me stand up comedy me kwa On the down low for a while Even the people have been saying We don't have stand up comedians in Kenya Ukiwa na events kama e koleo Unezasemaji Jelston One Unaka anika mo nani toroka, kuja team Red carpet ni kubuwa So what I'd say is It's a step towards the right direction Gives us a lot of hope When you turn hands Gives us a lot of hope We've been away for two years Your time is COVID So at least now every other event is trying to come up It's so great that comedy aiyachu inyuma People are showing up for stand up comedy They just want to have some good time And laugh I think we are headed We are headed for some great times Palembele Ttmt4 na kujalini Ttmt4 next year kama kawa kama dawa For now Leonie laughs and jazz Maaza mi na minko excited na taka kuchia kaba na Na kama kuna kazi munia Kama mi na taka ni tangaze Pmbaz Lafse and jazz festival Bande Ttmume support SPM Sana Shukran thank you so much Nima kazi Ya kutangaza Wadi nima kazi ya kutangaz Lakin ni mi sao Na qualification pia ni kama ujaki Kuna kualifikasi wa ni ma mangizia Nimi ni da kwa chawende na unaura takakuenda Sana Karibia Adakama ni kwinda vium sayu ni ite Ni takam Nivi na kutungia Dungia mupe na kutungia kama events But leo manze Ttmkwa na mshike Mshike pale home That's what I say la jazz kukam At least Ttmkwa Kwa paikon ni ni kwa ni ni ni Thank you team


Lift-wear level The head of a spoon remains level in an active hand. A flexible joint in the thick, strapped-on handle twists and bends to self-level.


So, how do you do well on your internal medicine rotation? How do you get honors? How do you do well on the shelf exam? Those are all questions that I had, I'm sure you have, and I'm going to answer them for you in this video by giving you my top seven tips that helped me, and many of my students just crushed their internal medicine rotation as well as shelf exam. I'm going to give you those tips after this intro. All right, guys. What is going on? Luxury for the MD journey, helping you succeed on your medical journey with less stress. If you're new to this channel, first of all, welcome. I am a fourth year medical student who is going into internal medicine, so it makes sense that this is my very first video on tips for a specific rotation. There's more to come. So, if you enjoyed this video, make sure, first of all, to give it a like and subscribe to this channel and join the community to get more advice like this one. In this video, as I mentioned, I'm going to give you my top seven tips on how to do well on your internal medicine rotation as well as a shelf exam. At the very end of the video, stay tuned because I'm going to show you where to go to.  But without further ado, let's get into the tips. So the first tip, and this is really what helped me separate myself from my classmates and get honors from all my evaluators, which just seems simple, but it's to be your patient's advocate. Sometimes we get so caught up in the grades and the honors and the high passes or whatever the valuations are that we lose track of what's important. That's becoming the best clinician. And one part of that, a huge part of that is becoming the best advocate for our patients as possible. Sometimes especially the third year med students, we don't think that we can offer much as a care provider. And so we try to do the things that's going to give us the grades and sometimes stay away from our patients. But if you work on being a patient's advocate and you try to do as much as you're possibly able to do for your patient, you are going to get the highest grade you could possibly get. Here's what I mean. The first step, and this goes into a multi-step thing, is when you see your patient for the first time, make sure that you know who you are and what you're going to be providing for them. So in a lot of my other videos, I give you this one statement that I love to use with my new patients. And I hope that maybe you can try to give it a chance and use it with your new ones as well. And it basically goes like this. When you see your new patient for the first time, introduce yourself at the start and then very in before you leave the room, remind them who you are. So I always say something along the lines of my name is Laksh once again, and I am the med student on your team. I will probably have the most time with you. So if you need anything at all, don't hesitate to ask me. I can make your stay a little bit more pleasant. I'll be happy to help. That statement guys does just so much because that patient probably doesn't have that many people that gives them a nice little soliloquy monologue of who they are and what their role is. Often we just go into their room, do something. And the patient really has no idea what happened. But if they know your name, they know that you're there for them and they know your role, then out of all the people in your team, they're probably going to look at you as one of the care providers as very essential and they're going to trust you. So if you're there, if you just start with that, everything becomes a little bit easier. The second level is to just stay on top of your patients, which means that it's not about just seeing them in the morning with your rounding team. And then after that, you know, you're working on your notes. No, have a structure of seeing them in the morning, maybe an afternoon, after lunch, and then once more before you go, you know, home for the day.  They're going to just be able to tell you things that maybe the other residents and attendees just don't know. So if you were able to stay on top of your patient by having multiple visits throughout the day, you're going to be there and you're going to understand how to help them the best way. And finally is just understanding everything that goes into their care. If you know your patient is going through a specific disease process, make sure you read as much as possible about it. Because if you have something that you've read about that maybe the patient is not currently getting treatment, some type of management decision, you can ask about that. And even if that's not the right course of action, everyone knows that you're involved in your patient's care and you're looking out for them. Even though your decision-making may not be in the right direction, they know you're at least attempting it. So make sure the patient knows who you are and make sure you stay on top of it. And actively start making decisions for your patient. You may not be the one putting in orders that are actually finalizing, putting the final stamp of approval. But if you're at least trying to make management decisions, people know that you're actually caring for that patient. That's really what the big thing is in internal medicine. You're trying, you're showing effort, and you're showing ownership of the patients that you care for. So tip number two is to use a Scotchie. And I'm going to go ahead and just put a screenshot of one above here. Internal medicine has a lot of things that go on. And most of the patients that you have, you see for quite an extensive amount of time, versus maybe a rotation like surgery where your patients are there for maybe a day. Internal medicine, you can easily have a patient for a week, sometimes even more. And you're going to have to be able to stay on top of not only the history that they came in with and the complaint, but the things that happen to them while they're at the hospital. Patients can get diseases and conditions while they're under your care that probably were different than the ones that they had when they got admitted. You're going to be able to stay, you're going to have to be able to stay on top of, you know, what things changed, what meds you started and, you know, discontinued. What lab values they had when they came in and how they compared to the ones they have now. That's a lot of information to just stay on top of.  And so you need a way to stay organized. Scotchies are amazing for this. And I'm going to link down the description. Scotchie, you guys can use a template that basically can give you and one page, keep all the track of all the labs and kind of temperatures, daily events that happen for a patient for like a week. Once you started getting to get used to what a Scotchie looks like and you get a little bit more practice, start creating your own. And I created an entire different video, which I'll link down below on how to stay organized and create your own personal Scotchies, which keep you more organized on your internal medicine rotation. The whole main goal is you should be able to at least be able to manage anywhere from three to four patients by yourself as a third-year med student. If you feel like you're just only comfortable at two, then you really need to get a little bit more organized. So check out the video in the link in the description below. You'll kind of get an idea of how they will use a single piece of paper throughout the entire patient stay without having any excess unnecessary information. So use a Scotchie if you're new to it and then transition into your personal kind of system. So check out that link in the description. I think you guys will enjoy it. So tip number three, and this refers to doing a shelf exam, is to begin your world early. I think that there was almost at least 1,000 questions on your world, and that was at least five to six times more questions than any other rotation. To be able to do that many questions while going through one of the most time-rigorous rotations, you have to have a very strict schedule. If you can, start doing those internal monosin questions in another lighter rotation, or just at least start maybe a week or two before the rotation begins, because then you can easily and realistically finish all those questions by the time that you have to take a shelf exam. You also give yourself some time to review. If you don't have a luxury of starting early, then I think the breakdown comes out to about 40 questions a day that you have to do from your world to be able to stay on track before your shelf exam. I'm going to make an entirely different video on what resources to use to just crush your shelf exam, but you really do have to stay on top of your questions. I'm going to give you those tips on the next video, but make sure you start early, ideally before the rotation, if not, just start from day one, and you're going to thank yourself compared to your classmates who are going to wait till a couple of weeks and realize that they have no chance of finishing. So tip number four, and this kind of goes with the Scotchy, which is have a plan of attack. Internal medicine, if you are a decent student, you're going to start balancing a few patients, and each of those patients, depending on the service that you're on, are going to have a lot of things going on with them. You may realize that there's something for them to have done when you're first pre-rounding, then your attending is going to add something else to the list, and then after lunch, you're going to realize the patient also needs X, Y, and Z. You're going to have to stay on top of the people you have to contact, the labs you have to order, questions you need to ask the patient, and to stay on top of it, maybe use your Scotchy, the one that I linked down below has a little checkbox where you can add all your to-do list items, but after you have your to-do list and you have multiple patients, make a priority list of kind of the order you're going to go through.  So it may be something as simple as write note for patient X, write note for patient B, call pharmacy for patient X's, listen to a pro, whatever it may be, have each of those items and start scratching them off as you do them, because by the end of the day, there's no fear of, is there something left to do? Am I going home and then realizing, oh crap, I forgot to do that important thing.  So when you round in the morning, I'm patient for the first time, to when you go home, everything needs to be accomplished, and then maybe create the plan of attack for the next day. So that way you're kind of already on top of the ball, you're going to do well on your rotation if you seem like the student who just owns their patients and owns the service. So the next two tips are really going to help you do well on the rotation as well as a shelf exam. So tip number one is using the pocket medicine method. Now this is going to be a resource on the touch on the resource video on internal medicine, but the pocket medicine is a small book that you guys probably seen. I'll link it up here in a screenshot, but it's a video or it's a book that you nicely fits in your white coat pocket. And it basically goes over everything that you probably need in your internal medicine rotation, but it's very intense. Obviously no one reads that as their main resource, but it's great when you have to just refer to something or a disease when a patient comes in with it. So a resident of mine gave me a great tip, which is if you have a patient with a specific disease, regardless of how comfortable you feel about it, go to that section in pocket medicine and read the whole section on it and then quiz yourself. Most sections are probably a couple of pages, maybe two to three. So when you go home and you have a patient with pancreatitis, read through the pancreatitis section and kind of just review and you'll realize there's a lot of stuff probably didn't know, some things you forgot, and it's going to make you kind of stay in front of the eight ball when you're taking care of that patient for the first time. So regardless of its condition that you know or condition that you're uncomfortable with, try to use the pocket medicine method and just go through each section and just read it again. Even if you have dirty patients with heart attacks or heart failure, read through that section again every time you're able to pick up something new and become a better and more student student. And tip number six, and this kind of goes along with the pocket medicine method is to use review articles. As I mentioned, internal medicine just has a lot of stuff and it's hard to, you know, learn all the information but sometimes you have to also get very deep into a specific category. So going back to our description about a patient with pancreatitis, you know, obviously pocket medicine may not have everything you need to know. So review articles are amazing. You know, if you have a patient with pancreatitis, you want to look like the student that knows how to take care of pancreatitis, not just beyond the high yield points that some of the resources give you or what you will may provide or tell you, but you want to be able to take care of that patient like, you know, a future doctor. So I love using the review articles. I would use the free printing that the hospitals would provide and I would print out an article or two about the disease, even if I was comfortable, even if it was pancreatitis, even though it was heart failure, I would print them out and I would just read them that night. Along with doing the pocket medicine, I would just try to pick up new things because again, if, you know, you have a resident that doesn't do something that is in that article, you can ask, you know, I realized that we didn't do this, you know, is this something that's an option for this patient and you're going to be able to learn the options of care that are available for that patient in that condition. You become a better student and you're going to do better on your shelf exam. So use review articles regardless of how common or uncommon the disease is. And finally guys, this is a very big tip but you need to be inquisitive. So it's very common for us to kind of shrub our shoulders, nod our heads when our attendings are talking but we realize that we don't actually understand what's going on or it may make perfect sense when they're teaching it on the board during the ward service. When we go home and we try to think about that topic, we realize that, you know, like we didn't retain as much as we should have. Maybe we actually don't understand that at all. So if you have a question versus just saying, I think I understand how that works, ask why, you know, it's not good enough to just ask the question but to know the answer. So if there's a question that you have, you know, ask your resident, if they can't answer, look it up, ask your attending or maybe look it up before you ask your attending, but make sure you're inquisitive about both the small and the big things. One thing that I would do is along with my sketch sheet of paper on the bottom, I would just simply have a list of the things that an attending would mention or I would read about on a patient's chart that I had no idea about what it was. For example, when I was on my CCU service for cardiology, I would see patients with TAVR, which stands for TAVR, which is a procedure for your aortic dialysis, but I did not know that at the time. And so I had to look it up and finally it made sense why all of these patients on the heart service kept having those acronyms written. So have a list of all the things that you want to kind of learn and go home and just review them because then you have less and less that is unfamiliar to you and you become a better student. But those guys were my top seven tips on how to do well on your internal medicine rotation. Hopefully you guys enjoyed them. If you guys have any more questions, obviously put your comment down below and I'd be happy to help answer the questions. But I'm also interested. Internal medicine is obviously the field I'm going into, but what's your favorite specialty or what's the specialty that you're considering going to and you think is really cool? I'd love to hear from you guys and make sure you comment down below. And before I end the video, I've mentioned that I would include where you go to next to try to get kind of an upper hand on how to do well on all your rotations. So a new project that I'm working on and it's kind of the next sequel, next obvious sequel to the books that I read last year is called My Clinical Guide. This is going to be my book or my newest book on how to do well on all your rotations through a device, resources, study schedules, as well as things such as how to do well on your step two exams, how to prepare for residency applications which are right around the corner. Just help me crush the process with a lot less stress. So if you're interested in kind of understanding when that project goes out, add your name to the link in the description because not only is it going to be a book, but I have a newer version and more kind of advanced ways to share all these tips with you. So if you want to stay updated and want to be a part of the creation process as well as get the bonuses before anyone else does and kind of be able to give me feedback, add your name to the list and I'll update you when the time is right. So link will be in the description for the Clinical Guide which ideally I'm planning on having ready by the end of February. So hopefully you guys are excited and hopefully you enjoyed this video. As always, if you did enjoy it, make sure you give it a like, subscribe to the channel and join the community. And as always, I'll stop babbling like I always do and I will see you guys in the next one. Take care guys.


My name is Christian Wessels and I'm a partner with Roland Berger Strategy Consultants. I am spearheading our activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. I have 12 years of banking and consulting experience across Europe, Asia and Africa. The last seven years I spent in Africa and worked in more than 15 countries. One of the topics that I find particularly interesting is the question of financial inclusion. In Africa how to bring 400 million people that don't have a bank account into the financial system? We believe that this will be a transformation for Africa and after all it will also serve the goal of the World Economic Forum to make the world a better place. Leadership is much more than management. In the past leaders have focused on the question how to get there. The next generation of leaders needs to ask themselves the question where do I want to go? Therefore leadership will be much more driven by the purpose of leadership. Also leaders of the next generation are facing an increasingly complex and interconnected world. Therefore cutting through complexities, reducing the questions to the essentials and providing orientation is the next characteristic of the next generation. Also information technology has speed of decision processes. I think the next generation of leaders needs to be careful to not replace sound decisions with just quick decisions. Therefore to lead with purpose, with tenacity and in calmness is the name of the game. We have seen that stubborn dictatorships were ended and that freedom was brought to millions of people. I think that we see that Asia and Africa is finally emerging to their true potential. Me personally I spent my time in Africa and I find it very exciting to help where I can to transform institutions across Sub-Saharan Africa and to work hand in hand with our African partners. While in the same time also taking many of the great and innovative ideas that were born in Africa into very different geographies. The YGL community is a unique and powerful mix of people with different nationalities and a wide range of cultural and professional backgrounds. But beyond this being only a unique set of experiences. I am excited by the passion and by the commitment of the YGL community to tackle some of the long-standing global problems. I hope that I find like-minded people with whom I can share know-how, I can share approaches, ideas in order to not only tackle but perhaps solve some of these global problems. As member of the YGL community I am sure that I will learn a lot and that I can learn how to become a better leader while in the same time also giving my very best to contribute to other YGL's efforts to the community to actually achieve the objectives. I feel very honored to become a member of this outstanding community.