In module 6.1 we talked about 2 schools of estimation one is the Fisher school another is the Bayesian school. Fisher invented this notion of maximum likelihood estimation technique for point estimation of unknown constant vector or unknown scalar. We generally will not be using maximum likelihood estimation techniques in the parlance in our discussion of data simulation we have not used we largely depend on least squares. But I believe because of the underlying importance of this at least one should have an nodding understanding of what is maximum likelihood estimation technique. Once we talk about the some of the basic aspects of maximum likelihood techniques which belongs to the Fisher school then we will talk about the Bayesian estimation techniques in the next module 6.4. So 6.1, 2, 3 and 4 together contain an expose of the basic idea of statistical least square principles illustrations some of the fundamental theorem intrinsic properties of estimate gas Markov theorem and there is also a couple of other fundamental theorem that comes out in the Bayesian estimation. Once you understand these basic estimation you now know how to evaluate the goodness of the estimate once we do a data simulation procedure that is the reason for us to be able to be for us to include all these fundamental results from statistical estimation theory these are no less important than tools from multivariate calculus tools from the matrix theory tools from linear algebra and so on and so forth. So a quick expose of maximum likelihood method let Z be equal to again HX plus V or Z is equal to HX plus V linear non-linear assume X could be a random V is always random you X is random V and X are uncorrelated in the Fisher's case we assume X is an unknown constant. So there is no prior distribution as in the case of Bayes X is an unknown constant given X Z is random. So given X Z has a distribution that distribution is called the conditional distribution. Conditional distribution essentially relates to the properties of the observation condition on the unknown nature plays a game with us she picks a value of X and keeps it constant we do not know what X is we are going to make nature is teasing us we make measurements on the nature. So the measurements are going to be providing information about X but the measurements are random so Z is a random vector it is an underlying distribution but Z the properties of Z is condition on the value that mother nature has already chosen but did not care to tell you our aim is to be able to uncover what mother nature had picked. So the information of X is to be gleaned from Z gleaned from the conditional distribution of Z given X so that is what the conditional distribution. So conditional distribution is always the new information that arises because we are able to make observations about the system. This P X of Z has two ways of looking at it as a dual interpretation if given X as a function of Z is called a conditional distribution but Fisher turned the table around for a given Z so what is that he asked I am I have observed something observations given to you given Z what is the most likelihood value of X that mother nature must have picked that I observed Z. So let me talk about the differences here what is the conditional distribution the right hand side means given X mother nature has already picked yes but she did not tell you but Z exhibits randomness. So the randomness of Z condition on the value of X is P Z that is a function for a given X distribution over Z that is a conditional distribution but Fisher asked the turn the table around what is that he said yes I know mother nature has picked X but she did not tell me I can but I have the ability to make observations on mother nature is going to give me a Z I have gotten a Z Z is related to the X so he asked the following question what is the most probable value of the unknown X that the mother nature should have picked that will exhibit in my viewing the observations Z that is that is the difference the quantities are same but if you turn the table around one is a function of X another function of Z one is called likelihood function another is called the conditional distribution that is the fundamental difference and this difference is an enormous difference that let Fisher to be able to concoct a new class of methods called maximal likelihood method. So Fisher in 1920 Fisher's principle given Z what is the value of X that will minimize what is the value of Z I think this maximize maximize sorry it is the maximum likelihood I have said it correctly that is maximize the probability of observing the sample Z given max that is the basic idea here so the maximal likelihood method so V that is the underlying principle of Fisher's strategy maximum likelihood ML method without loss of generality I can start with the non-linear observation with the non-linear case let Z be equal to HX plus V V has this property mean 0 X and V uncorrelated the I am sorry this must be R I will correct that V is mean 0 X and V uncorrelated the way the covariance of V is R I am sorry in this in this in this particular case it is not R I am going to change this I am sorry in here I am assuming this is this is sigma therefore V is normal with 0 and sigma as the covariance therefore if HFX is deterministic V is random Z is random if V has a distribution 0 mean and variance covariance sigma Z has a distribution whose mean is HFX and covariance sigma so that is the conditional distribution so one of the basic tenons of Fisher's theory is that I should know the conditional distribution in its exact form so given X I should know the distribution of observation Z a conditional on X so this is the conditional distribution that Fisher's method rests on so we need to have that distribution so this distribution has X and X is unknown so what is that we are looking for now please remember I can relate P to L so looking at L as the likelihood what am I looking for let X hat be any estimate let X hat ML be the maximum likelihood estimate and how do I define the maximum likelihood estimate maximum likelihood estimate is an estimate that maximizes the likelihood of observing Z given that estimate compared to any other estimate so the likelihood likelihood is a probability the probability observing so what does the left hand side say the probability of observing a sample Z when you set the parameter to be X hat ML is larger than the probability of observing Z for any other estimate X hat so among all the estimate the maximum likelihood estimate gives you the most probable value of the unknown based on which you will observe what is being observed so this inequality essentially underlies the definition of maximum likelihood estimation technique in other words I am interested in a X hat ML that satisfy this property please remember L and P the conditional distributions are related as we have seen in the previous slide if L must be greater than this logarithm is an increasing function so if I took the logarithm of both sides the inequality must be preserved so the natural logarithm of the likelihood of the left hand side must be greater than equal to the natural logarithm of the likelihood on the right hand side I am not going to derive this Rauff's book gives a beautiful definition the book by Melza and Cohen gives a very good very good derivation of this a necessary condition for this to happen is that the gradient of the log of the likelihood function please understand the log of the likelihood function is essentially P of Z of X so this is also equal to log of P Z of X log of P Z of X I have to compute the derivative with respect to X that derivative is given by 1 over L times the gradient with respect to X that must be 0 that comes from the maximization property of the likelihood function this is a this this necessary condition is extremely simple to be able to look at why this is necessary for this inequality hold the good now I am going to illustrate this fundamental principle using a very simple example so let us pretend I want to be able to estimate an unknown mu mu is a constant but mu is not observable Z is observable Z is equal to H times mu plus V in this case I am I am assuming mu is not even a vector mu could mu could be just a real number I so I am assuming n is equal to 1 I have m observations so H is equal is m by 1 it is simply a vector which is simply a vector I am assuming H to be all once therefore I have Z1 Z2 Zm is equal to 1 1 1 1 times mu plus V1 V2 Vm so each Zi is equal to mu plus Vi that is the observation that I am such observation so Zi is equal to mu plus Vi for I is equal to 1 to m I am going to assume my V is such that my V my I think that is I should have this is this is this is not right this is equal to R equal to this so we go from here to here to here the covariance of V is equal to R which is equal to sigma square I so H mu is a constant V is a random vector so if I add a constant to a random vector it essentially shifts the mean so the distribution of Z is given by normal with mu H mu sigma square I so everything is right but this should not be here I am sorry I will correct this later I hope that is clear now so the likelihood function is given by this this likelihood function is given by this so I know the functional form the functional form of the likelihood function is normal with H mu as a mu sigma square I as the variance this is the explicit form of the function please understand the variable to be estimated is not x is we call it mu because it is not known constant so this is the multivariate Gaussian distribution this is the expression for the multivariate Gaussian distribution this is the function which is this is called the likelihood function when consider this given mu when consider the function of Z is called a conditional distribution function given Z consider the function of mu is called the likelihood function so there are 2 variables mu and Z mu and Z so whether you are going to consider this a conditional distribution or a likelihood function the maximum likelihood estimate tries to find the optimal value for mu optimal in the sense of trying to maximize this distribution likelihood function I hope that is clear now so I can compute the derivative so let us go back now so given this I can solve 2 problems one is to be able to estimate mu sorry one is to be able to estimate mu I can also formulate this problem as one of estimating sigma square please go back mu is known and the noises covariance is not known so there are number of estimation problem associated with it so if you are interested in estimating mu you consider the derivative of the likelihood function with respect to mu whichever variable you are interested in estimating you have to you are we are interested in maximizing the likelihood with respect to that particular parameter so if you are interested in estimating mu you have to make the log of the likelihood function maximum with respect to mu that means that derivative of the log of the likelihood function with respect to mu must be 0 at the maximum if you are trying to estimate sigma square again the same principle you have to compute the derivative of the max of derivative of the likelihood function of the sigma square at the maximum I am sorry at the maximum the derivative must be 0 standard principles and optimization so you can see as early as the 1920 he has mixed several ideas conditional distribution interpreters likelihood function maximizing likelihood function maximization as an optimization problem so you can see the role of optimization embedded in estimation theory least squares least best maximum likelihood maximum best so optimization theory and estimation theory are inseparable every estimation that every estimation problem we are going to solve we are going to solve with as an optimization problem that is why if data simulation is estimation your estimation is posed as an optimization problem you can see the intrinsic interest in optimization intrinsic role played by optimization in data simulation so I could I could compute so I am killing two birds one stroke I am computing so I am assuming the unknowns of the to be estimated x r r r r equal to a vector mu and sigma square so I am computing the gradient with respect to these two values please remember L is a scalar function if I am going to differentiate a scalar function with respect to vector variable the gradient is a vector the vector has two components given the expression for the likelihood function as given at the bottom of page 4 I could compute these derivative explicitly the derivatives the derivatives the derivative of L with respect to mu is given by this the derivative of the derivative the log of L with respect to mu is given by this the derivative of the log of L with respect to sigma square is given by this these are interesting exercise I would like you I would very strongly urge you to do these exercise now please understand at the maximum these derivative must vanish so it must be equal to 0 that means this component the first component must be 0 the second component must be 0 the first component being 0 gives raise to a function or form of the estimator please look at this now this must be 0 that means that so let us look at this now 1 over sigma square summation Zi minus mu must be equal to 0 this is a fraction a fraction is 0 only the numerator is 0 therefore if the numerator is to be 0 summation Zi minus mu must be equal to 0 this essentially tells you summation Zi must be equal to summation mu the summation is over I I running from 1 to 1 to M so this is equal to M times mu therefore mu must be equal to 1 over M times summation Zi what is that that the average value tada we have now rediscovered a formula that we already knew what is that we knew from least square estimation when we did statistical estimation theory average is the best least square estimate average is also best in the sense of maximum likelihood so mu hat M L is the maximum likelihood estimate that is also Zi hat so have average has very beautiful property of being optimal simultaneously from the least square sense from the maximum likelihood sense again I can I can I can equating the second term to 0 and simplifying you can readily get an an an estimate for the variance so sigma square hat M L is the estimate for the is the maximum likelihood estimate for the variance this is the expression for the for the for the for the variance and and I I I think this is this this expression is not correct this is unbi this is this is unbiased this is unbiased and well I think I think I am sorry I should I should be able to erase this that is right so both the estimates I had given you here now I would like to talk about another related property so you you you that is what is called Kramer-Rau bound in the sense of in the sense of optimality intrinsic optimality of the of the maximum likelihood estimate this is the likelihood function this is the log of the likelihood function so the likelihood function you know what the Hessian of the log of the likelihood function with respect to X we can compute that Hessian exists the L of X is called the information matrix the information matrix is essentially negative of the expected value of the of the Hessian of the log of the likelihood it can be shown that this information matrix is also equal to the the outer product now look at this now L of the log of the likelihood the gradient with respect to this that is the vector the transpose is the outer product the the the expected value the outer product this is the expected value of the matrix so what is the theory here the theory here is that the the the the outer product matrix the outer product matrix and and and the Hessian matrix are related so what is the fundamental result again there is a ton of theory goes with it but I want to tell you to expose you to some of the existing results X hat be an estimate of X then the covariance so if X hat is any other estimate if I have a maximum likelihood estimate information matrix what is the information matrix information matrix is the reciprocal of the covariance matrix so inverse of the invariant of information matrix on the right hand side covariance of estimate of any estimate so what does this inequality says this essentially tells you the covariance of the maximum likelihood estimate is always less than or equal to covariance of any other estimate that is what this inequality is this inequality is very fundamental so what does it mean I have two estimates one is X hat another is X hat M L the the I L in I am sorry L inverse this I X is the information matrix please understand information matrix is the inverse of the covariance matrix so I inverse X is the covariance of the estimate of this the covariance of the estimate of this is covariance of X hat given X so this is the covariance of any other estimate this is the covariance of maximum likelihood estimate one of the fundamental results is that the covariance of any any other estimate is greater than equal to the covariance of the covariance of the maximum likelihood estimate. This inequality is called Kramer-Rauv inequality or Kmer-Rauv bound. What is the bound? The covariance of the maximum likelihood estimate is the lower bound and the covariance of any other estimate. So this is the lower bound that is the least value and this bound is attained by the maximum likelihood estimate. So what does this mean? Maximum likelihood estimate gives the best estimate in the sense the covariance of the estimate resulting from the maximum likelihood estimation is the smallest among the possible values that the covariance estimate can take. So when we are dealing with when we are dealing with linear functions in the observation z is equal to hfx plus v when you are dealing with non-linear functions in the observation h is equal to this. The linear observations are continuous or computation is simpler in the case of a non-linear observations you can see the non-linear function comes in here. In this case the log of the likelihood function is a non-linear function maximizing this is not easy. We cannot get explicit expressions for the easily and we cannot we may not be able to solve for the 0 of the gradient of these. So we may have to find the maximum in the non-linear case only iteratively. So log of the likelihood function computing the derivative of the log of the likelihood function equating the derivatives of 0 solving the resulting equation the solution of the resulting equation gives raise to the optimal maximum likelihood estimates all these processes are simpler in this context when there is linear observation all these processes are little bit complex in the case of non-linear observations. In the non-linear observations all the methodology the methodology still holds good except that the solution process have to be obtained only numerically iteratively it gives raise to iterative optimization. Of course we have already provided methods for iterative optimization namely gradient method conjugate gradient method. So we can use one of the very well known techniques that we have already covered to do the maximization of this log likelihood function. Therefore the theory applies to both linear as well as non-linear functions of the state. We would like to end this talk by asking you to do a homework problem of trying to compute the Hessian of the log likelihood function and computing the derivative. So computing the first and second derivative of the log likelihood function is a homework problem and again my favorite coverage of this is in Melso and Cohen 78. We also cover this in chapter 15 with this we cover a broad and a quick overview of maximum likelihood estimates. There are very few papers in the data simulation literature relating to maximum likelihood I would not say there is none there are couple of them they are done within the context of Kalman filter and the relation to other problems. And though in our illustration we will not invoke the maximum likelihood estimation we are largely going to be concerned with least squares. It is better to know what are the things out there and what are the alternate ways of thinking about the problems that the reason I am trying to introduce you to some of these techniques so that it will open our windows and our eyes to other related areas in estimation theory. Thank you.


Good evening viewers and aspirants. We have a small announcement for you. Shankara Ace Academy is going to start a new exclusive batch under the Prefit program. This new batch will start from 22nd March 2021. The new batch is because of the numerous requests received by us after the launch of first Prefit batch, which started from February 15th of 2021. This batch one will conclude by 16th May 2021. Now with respect to the new batch, Academy is conducting free entrance exam on 14th March 2021 that is on coming Sunday. The syllabus for this entrance exam will be the UPC Civil Services Problems syllabus for general studies and CSAT and it is a free entrance exam but registration is mandatory. Students who secure top 100 ranks in the entrance exam will be eligible for subsidized fee structure of Rs 800 plus GST per month. For other students that is for students who find it challenging to come in top 100 ranks and for direct admissions the fee structure will be 1600 plus GST per month and there is one important modification in this new batch which is the availability of longer daily test window. That is in this batch students can take daily tests in the four hour time frame from 7 am to 11 am. Numerous working professionals who are aspirants have requested for such extended window therefore to accommodate varied circumstances of the aspirants in taking daily tests this extended time window is provided under the new batch. The links for the detailed brochure of this new batch, the plan summary and schedule are available in the description box and in comment section. With this let us move on to today's Hindi News Analysis by Shankar Ayes Academy for the date 8th March 2021. These are the list of news articles chosen for today's analysis. It has been provided along with the page numbers of different editions of Hindu newspaper. So now let us start our first discussion with this editorial article. This editorial is about lateral surveillance. So in this discussion let us understand what is lateral surveillance and what are its advantages and disadvantages as discussed by author. The syllabus that is relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. First let us see what is lateral surveillance. See it is an act of watching over. Here it should be noted that lateral surveillance differs from the typical surveillance because the power dynamic between the one who is watching and the one who is being watched is structural or hierarchical. But this is not in the case of lateral surveillance because it is more decentralized and balanced. In a lateral surveillance the surveillance takes place between individuals themselves without the involvement of any organizational entity such as the government. In this regard you should know about certain initiatives which encourage lateral surveillance in the past. See this lateral surveillance originated in the form of neighborhood watch schemes and community policing initiatives in the United States. Here neighborhood watch is a program that unites the law enforcement agencies, private organizations and individual citizens to reduce crime and to improve local communities. So now what is community policing. It is also known as community police partnership. It is a collaboration between the police and the community and this collaboration identifies and solves community problems. And here in community policing police is no longer the sole guardian of law and order. Instead all members of the community become active allies in the effort to enhance the safety and quality of the neighborhood. So here community members are active participants in the process of problem solving. So in short we can say that these neighborhood watch schemes and community policing initiatives enabled individuals to become the eyes and ears of the law enforcement agencies. So along with the advancement of technologies these neighborhood watch and community policing initiatives have also transformed into an easily accessible mobile applications and these easily accessible mobile applications are operated by law enforcement agencies or even private entities and they mobilize citizens to monitor their surroundings or it also provides them with information sharing platforms which enables peer to peer communication or citizen communication. So that means with the help of technology lateral surveillance has achieved a new height. So in this regard there are some initiatives around the world that we should know. One such initiative is the citizen app of USA. This application provides real-time safety alerts and live video incidents happening near the user. Now this app is meant to protect the citizens and the application uses the location data of the user to send users the 911 alerts for crime happening nearby. Now the second is the next door app of USA. This application was created to detect the real-time crime and safety alerts from neighbors and local law enforcement. This app is linked to the home security system and its objective is to keep people informed about the crimes that is happening in their area and it allows the people to share updates in order to keep their neighborhood safe. Now in India also we have such initiatives. One among them is the C plan app which is implemented in Uttar Pradesh. This application was launched for keeping a tab on anti-social elements. It is designed to receive input from certain identified individuals in villages across the states and these individuals have been given the responsibility to solve local problems to provide information about the communal tensions or land disputes taking place in their respective villages and all these have to be done through this application. So the second such application is the Hawkeye app of Hyderabad. This application seeks to empower common man to become citizen police. It provides for the option to enroll for community policing. It also encourages immediate reporting of traffic violations, crimes, violations by the police and it improves access to the city police also. Then similarly recently the Indian cyber crime coordination center of ministry of home affairs has also launched a program in this regard which is the cyber crime volunteers program. It was launched with the aim to allow citizens to register themselves as cyber crime volunteers and they can register in the role of unlawful content flaggers and this is to help the law enforcement agencies in identifying and reporting illegal or unlawful online content and they remove of the same content. So based on these apps which we just now discussed we can say that all these apps gives us a feeling of continuously being watched. So what are the benefits of such apps or the benefits of lateral surveillance which is provided by these apps? See here you may think that surveillance of any kind is an imbalance of power between the person who is doing the surveillance and the person who is under the surveillance but here you should note that in lateral surveillance it specifically ensures that the imbalance of the power no longer exists. This is because the informal watching of communities by their members is viewed as an harmless activity and there are benefits in this regard. For example such lateral surveillance help in reducing the crime rates, it helps to improve the quality of life, it helps to build community pride and unity etc. This is because when we are aware of being watched by a member of our own community then we will be more thoughtful about our behavior in the society. So the chances of wrongful behavior from our side are very much reduced in this regard. So this is regarded as the main advantage of lateral surveillance including the community policing and neighborhood watch schemes. But in this editorial the author mainly discusses the disadvantages associated with lateral surveillance. So let us see these disadvantages one by one. The first disadvantage is the use of lateral surveillance tools or technology by ordinary citizens for observing and reporting threats in the neighborhood. Here author criticizes that this normalizes the culture of suspicion that is there exists a constant suspicion among the community and this can create potential social distrust. See the trust among citizens is based on a mutual understanding about the need to provide security protection and the need to respect rights like privacy in a democratic society. But this trust and social cohesion erodes when people start putting aside either privacy or security in favor of the other. See here we can agree that citizens become more aware of various types of criminal activities in their community. But at the same time they also sustain the practice of keeping an eye on another. For example if a neighbor is absent in a community gathering then this may create curiosity among other members as to why that particular neighbor is absent and sometimes it may also lead to reporting of suspicious persons to the police. So this keeping an eye on another is most often an issue and in this process citizens are sensitized to security threats whether there is any actual imminent danger or not. Thus the suspicion over neighbors creates an air of distrust and this suspicion is created by the lateral surveillance. Now the second problem or the second disadvantage is that the surveillance technologies act as tools for social control and social exclusion in shaping the socioeconomic relations in the society and also in shaping the relation between the state and its citizens. See here even though the stated goal of neighborhood watches is the unification of community there is also an inherent exclusionist intent of community crime prevention. This means the like-minded individuals of the neighborhood decide what qualifies as crime or what is a suspicious activity and their inherent bias may creep in and hence the neighborhood becomes a gated community with restricted access to anyone who is considered an outsider. Now this can result in exclusion of minority communities or exclusion of those who are considered not fit for protection of the community. Here to make us understand author takes the example of the LGBT community in South Korea who came under scanner after some COVID-19 cases were reported from a particular area that was inhabited by them in South Korea and this had resulted in large-scale circulation of homophobic content and comments against the patients who tested positive from the LGBT community. So that means thinking that we are doing the right thing this lateral surveillance may lead to the exclusion of a particular category of individuals. Now the next disadvantage is that lateral surveillance mechanisms prima facie threaten the two most fundamental rights of citizens that is at the first impression itself we can say that lateral surveillance is threatening our fundamental rights these are the rights of privacy and the freedom of speech and expression because from the discussion so far you can easily say that this keeping an eye on another or keeping an eye on the neighbor is nothing but intrusion of privacy and this is an intrusion of privacy only if checks and balances are not imposed further it also threatens those who express dissent to such kind of surveillance and the fourth disadvantage which is highlighted by the author is the problem that arises when lateral surveillance becomes organized and state sponsored it should be noted that state sponsored lateral surveillance can become harmful as it creates a culture of hate fear and constant suspicion against an enemy so here the state can deploy this mechanism anywhere it wishes and it can infringe the fundamental rights of the people so this ultimately creates a chance of increasing the intolerance prejudice xenophobia and casteism in our society here you can take the example of how certain cow vigilantes have resorted to lynching on the context that the cows are being slaughtered so now here a question arises as to how can we prevent such instances of loss of privacy how can we prevent stigmatization and how can we prevent rights violation that is associated with the lateral surveillance so here we can offer you some points which you can write in your mains answer when a question in this regard is asked you can say that the law enforcement agencies or the data collecting entity must remain accountable so that such negative impacts can be prevented also privacy principles should be implemented while surveillance applications are deployed then the collection of unnecessary information from individuals should be minimized because then only it will reduce the risk of excessive information being sought or being made available to the neighbor in the first place and most importantly there should be limited access to collected data there should be secured data storage practices and there should be promotion of transparency inclusiveness and openness and all these should be ensured this is because data protection is inherently automatically becomes important when technology is used so here since the prevention of the risks associated with lateral surveillance is a subjective context you can even think of your own points substantiating the risks which you list out in an mains answer writing so in this discussion we had a detailed understanding about lateral surveillance and the risks associated with it with this let's move on to the next discussion now this discussion is based on this news article which mentions that china is planning to construct dams on the lower reaches of yarlang zangpo river that is the brahmaputra river so in this context let us see about brahmaputra river and then the news the syllabus that is relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference first know that brahmaputra river is the main river of the brahmaputra valley and this brahmaputra valley has an average width of about 80 kilometers and as you know brahmaputra is one of the largest rivers in the world it is ranked at the fifth position with respect to its average water discharge and this brahmaputra river is also one of the major Himalayan rivers because it originates in the chemyang dung leisure of the kailash ranges in Tibet and it originates east of the mansor over lake at an elevation of 5300 meters so first it originates in Tibet then it flows through Tibet then after that it enters India through Arnachal Pradesh and then flows through Assam and then it also flows through Bangladesh and finally it reaches the bay of Bengal so that means it is clear that most of brahmaputra's course lies outside India especially in Tibet it flows eastwards parallel to the Himalayas then it reaches the namchabarva mountain where it takes a u-turn as you can see in this map this u-turn is known as the great bend here the river emerges from the foothills of namchabarva under the name of Siyang or the hung and then after this great bend brahmaputra enters India it enters in Arnachal Pradesh through a gorge and it is joined by other rivers of Dibang, Lohit and many other tributaries which forms the brahmaputra river in Assam but is it called brahmaputra throughout its course no it is not in different countries it is called by different name for example it is known as Yalung Zangpo or simply Sangpo in the Tibet and then it is called as brahmaputra in India as you know and then it is called as Jamuna in Bangladesh so the brahmaputra sub-base in extends an area of 580,000 square kilometers and this lies in the Tibet autonomous region of China Bhutan India and Bangladesh and on its each side it is surrounded by different kinds of hills such as it is bounded by the Himalayas on the north then it is bounded by the Pakta range of hills which runs along the Assam-Brahma border on the east then on the south it is bounded by the Assam range of hills and then on the west again it is bounded by Himalayas and also the ridge separating it from the Ganga sub-basin now particularly note that the sub-basin of brahmaputra river in India lies in the states of Arnachal Pradesh Assam Nagaland Meghalaya West Bengal and Sikkim and these are some of the important tributaries of brahmaputra river please take note of it so now coming to today's news article the news is that China has prepared a draft five-year plan for its country and this plan has given approval for dams that is to be built on the lower reaches of Yarlangzangpo river that is the brahmaputra river here what they mean is the dams will be constructed in the lower reaches of the sections of brahmaputra river which lies in Tibet and the part of the river before it flows into India so if it is built then this dam will be the first one on the lower reaches now one of the main reasons for this plan of China is the potential held by the Great Bend according to Chinese sources a simple 500 kilometer section at the Great Bend itself offers the potential of 70 million kilowatt hours and further for implementing this project China's state-owned hydropower company which is power China is said to have signed a strategy cooperation agreement with the Tibet Autonomous Region government so is it going to be the first dam built by China on the Yarlangzangpo river or the brahmaputra river no it is not in 2015 itself China operationalized its first hydropower project in brahmaputra known as the Zangmu dam in Tibet and there are also other important dams under development which are the Dago, Jake, Sho, and Jatcha and all these dams are on the upper reaches of the river or in the middle reaches of the river and because of this these dams are not of great concern to India and also because they do not greatly impact the quantity of brahmaputra's flow in India this is mainly due to the fact that brahmaputra is not entirely dependent on the upstream flows which are mainly in Tibet and also we have an estimated 35 percentage of river basin in India itself but China's new plan to construct dams on the lower reaches and at the Great Bend because Great Bend is also at the lower reaches of brahmaputra is a matter of concern for India because its location will be across the border from Anujal Pradesh and also this dam will have potential impact in the downstream of the river affecting the brahmaputra's flow in India so let us wait and see how Indian government responds to this plan of China so these are some of the points that I should take note about brahmaputra river now let's move on to the next discussion now this next discussion is based on this data point which talks about internet shutdowns across the world see what is an internet shutdown it is an intentional disruption of internet or electronic communications which makes it inaccessible or effectively unusable for a specific population or unusable within a specific location and this is often done to exert control over the flow of information so an internet shutdown happens when someone here usually it is the government intentionally disrupts the internet or mobile apps to control what people say or what people do now this data point is actually based on a report titled kipiton it is released by a digital watchdog called as access now now this kipiton is a campaign it unites and organizes the global effort to end internet shutdowns it has so for 243 organizations from 105 countries around the world and they have documented at least 155 internet shutdown incidents around the world in 29 countries and unfortunately majority of them are from india only now according to this report compared to 2018 and 2019 the internet shutdowns in 2020 are lower as you can see in this representation and even 2021 is also not free from internet shutdowns because in the beginning of the year itself uganda ordered internet shutdowns during its presidential election then we saw miyana's military using shutdowns in a coup attempt which we have discussed in our analysis last month then we have also been hearing internet shutdowns in india during the revocation of special status to jnk which happened in 2019 and 20 and then also now during the ongoing farmers protest so in this regard let us discuss india specific findings in this report as we already said according to the report india once again topped the list of internet shutdowns in 2020 india had at least 109 internet shutdowns it was followed by yemen which had at least six shutdowns and then comes ethiopia with four shutdowns and then jordan with three internet shutdowns and this report has named india yemen and ethiopia as the worst disruptors of internet but if you see the first worst that is india and the second worst which is yemen there is a huge difference from this it is clear that india imposed a lion's share that is huge number of internet shutdowns in 2020 and this was the same case in 2018 and 2019 also this report also particularly highlights internet shutdowns in jamma and keshmir that began in august 2019 and it notes that these kinds of shutdowns cuts people off from the internet during conflict when residents are in danger and when they are struggling to stay safe along with this it also expands the digital divide among people belonging to different classes and different income levels now in this regard you remember that in january 2020 supreme court ruled that internet shutdowns interfere with the fundamental right to freedom of expression and the right to life and liberty so what were the major reasons cited for shutdown in india the major reason as you can see here is political instability and there were also other reasons such as communal disharmony for example in west pungal to end communal disharmony internet shutdowns were imposed and then in rajasthan to control anti-reservation ban internet shutdowns were imposed and this representation gives you an idea about the important causes of internet shutdowns in india and in other countries so these are some of the important facts that you can use in your main sensor writing regarding restrictions imposed by the government for sharing of information and also in questions where you can talk about internet shutdowns so these are some of the points that you can take note of now let's move on to the next discussion this discussion is based on this news article which mentions that our prime minister has inaugurated the 7500th janavshadi kendra at shillong so in this function he has noted that the janavshadi scheme has relieved the poor from high medical expenses in this regard he has also stated that the poor and middle class families are saving about 3600 crores every year on expensive medicines due to this scheme and he has also noted that the scheme is becoming the medium of both service and employment in our country so in this regard let us see about the scheme the scheme we are talking about is the pradhan mantri bhartya janavshadi pariyojna here janavshadi means public medicine it is a campaign launched by the department of pharmaceuticals under the ministry of chemicals and fertilizers in association with the central pharma public sector undertaking this campaign was launched to provide quality medicines at affordable prices to the masses and this will be provided through dedicated outlets called as pradhan mantri bhartya janavshadi kendras so these janavshadi kendras or stores have been set up to provide generic drugs which are available at lesser prices but they are equivalent in quality and efficacy like the branded drugs which are quite expensive see here generic drugs means the drugs which are marketed under a non-proprietary name or approved name rather than a proprietary or a brand name and these are equally effective and also inexpensive compared to the branded medicines so here note that this pradhan mantri bhartya janavshadi pariyojna is being implemented by the bureau of pharma psus of india in short bppi it has been established under the department of pharmaceuticals for coordinating procurement supply and marketing of generic drugs through the pradhan mantri bhartya janavshadi kendras and this bppi is an independent society registered under the societies registration act of 1860 so now what are the objectives of this scheme first as we saw already it is to make available the quality medicines consumables and surgical items at affordable prices for all and thereby reducing the out-of-pocket expenditure of consumers or patients the next objective is to popularize generic medicines among the masses and along with this the scheme also aims to dispel the prevalent notion that low-price generic medicines are of inferior quality or they are less effective the next objective is to generate employment by engaging individual entrepreneurs in the opening of pradhan mantri bhartya janavshadi kendras so based on these objectives we can say that besides providing affordable quality medicines to the masses the scheme also aims to offer self-employment opportunities see even recently last year the department of pharmaceuticals has revised the incentive plan for the kendra owners so currently the incentive provided to the kendra owners has been enhanced to 5 lakh rupees further an additional one-time incentive of 2 lakh rupees has been approved for the stores that are opened in the specified areas such as in the northeastern states aspirational districts or in the himalayan states and this one-time incentive is also provided to specified categories of persons such as persons belonging to schedule cast and schedule tribe communities and to women etc so from the beginning we are saying that availing benefits under the scheme will reduce the out-of-pocket expenditure but how see a medicine under the scheme is priced on the principle of a maximum of 50 percentage of the average price of the top three branded medicines therefore the price of janavshadi medicines is cheaper at least by 50 percentage and in some cases it is also cheaper by 80 percentage to 90 of the market price of branded medicines so how many medicines and surgical items are provided under the scheme see the product basket of the scheme now covers more than 1400 medicines and 200 surgical items and consumables in all major therapeutic categories such as the anti-infective medicines anti-allergic medicines anti-diabetics cardiovascular medicines anti-cancer medicines gastrointestinal medicines etc but here the government aims to increase this so the target is set to enhance the product basket to include 2000 medicines and 300 surgical products by the end of 31st march of 2024 this is so that all the essential medicines covering the therapeutic categories are provided at lesser costs and similarly the janavshadi kendra's are to be increased to 10 500 by the end of march 2024 so the government has these important targets under the scheme and as a part of this only now the 7500th kendra has been inaugurated by the prime minister yesterday so these are some of the points that i should know about this Pradhan Mantri Bharati Janavshadi Pariyojna now let's move on to the next discussion now this discussion is based on this opiate article which is written by a former member staffer frivolibood in this article author discusses in detail about the financial distress and other fundamental organizational issues in railways so let us see these aspects now the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference as you know initially we had two budgets one was the union budget and then the railway budget but in the year 2017 central government merged the railway budget with the union budget now this merger gave more room for the finance ministry for better allocation of the resources and in the coming budgets several measures were also announced for the railways so this seems like a good measure but the author of this article mentions that the budget 2021-22 has not given enough importance to the railway sector see as you know railways is India's largest and most crucial transport organization so this sector needs enough financial attention to resolve the existing issues so what are the issues some of them are cited by the author the first issue is the reduced revenue generation for example the freight earnings of railways for the year 2020-21 is less than what was therefore 2018-19 but here you should note that the freight loading is comparatively higher even recently the chairman of railway board highlighted that freight loading in January 2021 was the highest ever so it was assumed that despite the pandemic the freight earnings in 2020-21 will be more than that of 2019-20 then the next issue is the operating ratio see broadly operating ratio represents the ratio of working expenses to revenues and according to the author this operating ratio has been artificially kept below 100% age for railways and this was done by making less than required provision for the pension payments during the periods 2019-20 and 2020-21 see the official figures are 98.36% age for 2019-20 and then the figures are 96.96% age for 2020-21 that is this is the official operating ratio but according to the author if the required provision is made for pension payments then the actual operating ratio for 2019-20 could be 114% age and for 2020-21 it could be 131% age so we can see that this is a much higher difference than the official figures so based on this author notes that for the first time ever Indian railways were unable to adequately provide for the pension fund in these two financial years but anyway pension has to be paid so later the railway ministry had to take loans to meet this shortfall but despite these revenue issues railways were not provided with enough financial resources in the last few years including the current budget as we said in the beginning see here one issue is not getting enough revenues to meet the expenses but the next issue is that when the revenues increase for a certain period along with them other costs also increase manifold for example during the period 2010-11 to 2019-20 the passenger and freight revenues increased by 84 percentage but at the same time staff and pension costs also increased but they increased by a whopping 157 percentage here we can see that the revenues are not enough to meet the costs so why this high levels of staff and pension costs this is mainly due to the implementation of the central pay commissions recommendations here note that this expenditure is expected to increase further when the eight pay commissions recommendations are announced in 2025-26 here we can conclude that even though there is increase in revenue meeting the staff and pension costs was always an issue to the railways so what is the need of the the first need is to give immediate focus on achieving more revenues especially from the freight so in this context we already have planned the India's dedicated freight corridors these are expected to be operational by the year 2022 so these dedicated freight corridors assumes great importance in the context of revenues also but even then there are some issues in this need which is that almost 50 percentage of India's freight earnings are contributed by transport of coal but the world including our country are shifting their focus to alternative sources of renewable energy so the dependence on coal is bound to come down in the future further India is also signatory to the 2015 Paris agreement so we are also bound to achieve the reductions in carbon emissions in a time-bound manner so this indicates that the dependence on coal will reduce in the future that means the need is that the railways has to diversify its freight here author also suggests one option which is the adoption of roll-on roll-off model of transporting see roll-on roll-off or in short RORO is an delivery model which can provide multimodal transport mix now under this roll-on roll-off loaded trucks would be moved on the flat rakes to avoid congestion on the roads as you can see in these images so this model can boost revenues and it can also reduce the overall carbon footprint now the next need is the drastic reduction in employees because we can see that railways has an expanding staff costs including pension so there is a need to reduce employees and this could be done based on the suggestions like privatization of a few units of railways then there is also a suggestion of merging all cadders to have a single Indian railways management cadre etc so these suggestions can be implemented but author has noted that these decisions shall be taken only after much deliberation thus as a conclusion apart from these suggestions author also suggests the need for an annual report that is the Indian railways report and there's the Indian railways report which is an annual report should be similar to the annual economic survey and it should be placed in parliament every year author opines that this will help to identify the challenges in the railway sector it will also enable us to scrutinize the performance of the railways and also ensure their better performance in the future so in this discussion we have seen some of the major issues in one of the important sectors of our country now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this opiate article which talks about the impacts of rise and subsidized LPG prices so in this discussion we will see about LPG and also how the government can balance the LPG subsidies by ensuring clean fuel consumption also in the poorer households the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference first let us see about LPG it stands for liquefied petroleum gas it is used as a fuel in a range of applications and it is also used as a propellant and refrigerant see this LPG is a mixture of light hydrocarbons which may include propane isobutane normal butane butylenes etc they are primarily obtained as propane butane or as a mixture of both and note that these hydrocarbons are generally gaseous at normal temperature and normal atmospheric pressure but they can also be condensed into a liquid state at normal temperature by the application of pressure now since under pressure these gases liquefy they are termed as liquefied petroleum gas now one of the major advantages of LPG is that they have potentially lower amount of toxic carbon dioxide emissions carbon monoxide emissions and lower amounts of non-methane hydrocarbon emissions compared to other fuels so this makes LPG an ideal option to be used in a larger scale and here note that LPG is orderless so a powerful orderant is added so that they can be easily detected when there is a leak and also to reduce the risk of explosion now for the promotion of LPG our government has a scheme which is the Pradhan Mantri Ujjbala Yeojna it is a social welfare scheme that was launched in 2016 it is implemented by the ministry of petroleum and natural gas PMUI and it charges a smoke-free rural India and it aims to benefit families especially the women who are living below poverty line how does it help it helps by providing concessional LPG connections so the objectives of the scheme are promoting women empowerment providing a healthy cooking fuel and also preventing health hazards that are caused by fossil fuels that is fossil fuel burning some of the rural population so this scheme provides a financial support of rupees 1600 for each LPG connection to the eligible BPL households now the connections under the scheme are available in the name of the woman head of the household and it also provides EMA facility so this is the basic information that you should know about LPG and the scheme now today's article is with respect to the increase in LPG prices in the recent times we are continuously witnessing this increase and according to the author subsidized LPG prices have increased by 50 percentage in this financial year alone so author opines that it can be a threat in sustaining the gains under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjjbala Yeojna see so far 8 million poor households were provided LPG connections under this PMUI scheme and through the connection subsidy of rupees 1600 the LPG coverage was expanded to more than 85 percentage of households but even then the impact of the scheme is not much intense because many studies remark that though the access to LPG has increased the new beneficiaries were not consuming it in a sustained manner so what is this study see recently a survey by council on energy environment and water has found that the PMUI beneficiaries consume only about half the LPG in comparison to long-standing regular consumers so what is the reason for this limited usage there are two major reasons one is that the effective price of LPG is not affordable for such households despite the subsidy secondly many rural consumers have got the access to free available biomass so they opt for it since they need not pay any amount so on a whole the unsustained use of LPG not only leads to the failure of the scheme but it also contributes up to 30 percentage of ambient atmospheric particulate matter 2.5 at the national level and this percentage is more than the contribution made by transport crop residue or coal burning so what is the need of the hour that is a need to balance LPG subsidies and to ensure sustained clean fuel consumption and for this the government needs to focus on better targeting of subsidies at present the government is providing uniform or same subsidy per cylinder to all LPG consumers but this could change it is because many long-term users which most often includes middle and higher income households will definitely continue to use LPG even if it is available at higher unsubsidized price but this is not the case with respect to poor economic households and BPL households because they need more subsidy to afford even this subsidized LPG so here author suggests one way to address this problem which is by targeting the existing LPG consumption patterns of consumers see here author suggests that those households that recorded low consumption or those households that recorded a decline in LPG consumption can be given greater subsidy per cylinder another measure that could be adopted is the dynamic subsidy levels that is subsidy levels should be altered as per needs based on reflecting the previous year's consumption also more importance should be given to the deduplication efforts so that households with multiple LPG connections can be removed from the list and this will also avoid the leakages in subsidy so that means this will not only ensure continuous support to the economically poor for sustaining LPG it will also be a great social investment because it will free up the productive time of women and it will also reduce the burden on India's public health because air pollution related health issues especially health issues caused by indoor air pollution will be reduced so these are some of the points that you should take note from this opiate article now let's move to the next discussion the last news article discussion is based on this editorial article which talks about the International Women's Day and also about Savitri Bhai Phule so in this discussion let us see about International Women's Day first as you know it is celebrated today that is on March 8 of every year so I wish the female viewers and aspirants happy International Women's Day see initially this day was called as National Women's Day and this day has got its roots from the labor movement where female employees went on a strike protesting against the poor working conditions this day was first organized in 1911 by Clara Zetkin who is a early 20th century Marxist from Germany now this March 8 is chosen since it commemorates the day on which the women in Soviet Russia gained their right to vote and every year on this day a goal is set and the goal for this year is to create a gender equal world now while talking about empowering women we cannot forget Savitri Bhai Phule as an online tutor in Shankara Aceh's academic platform and as a female aspirant we both owe her a lot Savitri Bhai Phule was born in Maharashtra and she was married to Jyothira Phule who is a social reformer and for around 50 years that is from 1848 to 1897 Savitri Bhai worked tirelessly for people and succeeded in setting an extraordinary example of service and compassion she is also known as the colonial India's first woman teacher she tirelessly worked along with her husband against the caste-waste discrimination for instance they allowed the so-called untouchables at that period to make use of the well in their house Savitri Bhai also played a prominent role in the Satya Shodak Samaj which is also called as the Society for Truthseeking this Satya Shodak Samaj initiated the practice of Satya Shodak marriage that is a marriage without dowry or wedding at minimum cost and apart from these she made a major contribution for the empowerment of women especially in the field of education because she started the first school for girls and she also started the first native library in the country she started a home for widows she started home for prevention of infanticide and she also provided an exceptional service in nursing the patients during the bubonic plague epidemic and she died in the year 1863 while serving the sick during the plague epidemic so her exceptional and path-breaking work has left a legacy that will continue to enrich our lives forever so these are some of the points that you need to know about international women's day and also about Savitri Bhai Pule with this let's move on to the next discussion now we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session look at this first question it asks which of the following statements is correct with reference to c-plan app sometimes seen in news and the correct answer to this question is option b it is an app developed by Uttar Pradesh government for keeping a tab on antisocial elements now look at this next question it is a pair based question first pair given is annie besant home rule movement this is a correct pair annie besant is a british social reformer theosophist and also an indian independence leader she was international president of the theosophical society until her death she was active in educational humanitarian work in india and became involved in the indian independence movement and she established the indian home rule league in 1916 now the second pair is Savitri Bhai Pule Satishodak Samaj this is also a correct pair we discussed this during the discussion now the third pair is kasturba gandhi women's satyagraha as you know kasturba gandhi is the wife of mohundas karamchand gandhi that is mahatma gandhi gandhi ji was working to improve the life of indigo farmers in champaran in bihar and at the same time kasturba gandhi was concerned with the welfare of the women there in 1922 she also participated in a non-violent civil disobedience movement in borsad of gujarat so this pair is also a correct pair and here the question asks for the correctly matched pair so the correct answer is option c 1 2 and 3 now this next question is based on pradham mantri ujbalayu jnok first statement is the applicant can either be a man or woman above the age of 18 years this statement is incorrect because the applicant should be a woman above the age of 18 years now the second statement is the applicant must be a rural inhabitant carrying a bpl card this statement is correct now the third statement is the applicant's household should not already own a lpg connection this statement is also correct and here the question asks for the incorrect statements so the correct answer is option a 1 only let us take two main questions this question is based on pradham mantri ujbalayu jnok and this is based on lateral surveillance you have to attend this question according to the award limits you can write the answer and post it in the comment section with this we come to the end of today's in the news analysis and practice questions discussion session if you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to shankar ice academy youtube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation once again i wish all the female aspirants and viewers a happy women's day


Hey everybody, what's going on, it's your man, Cory. Welcome to The Digital Dash, where I'll be giving you guys tips on how to market your songs and get those numbers. Boom and now, if you're new to the channel, I am a digital marketer.  Now what I want to do today guys is to break down some common misconceptions about what it means to get organic reach and what exactly that means. This video was pretty much inspired by a comment that got left underneath one of my Instagram videos. The video was about pay advertising and why artists should be using it. The comment said something along the lines of, I tried running pay ads, but it didn't work out for me. I think that I'll prefer to stick to getting my music out there organically. And this made me stop and think. It's not the first time that I've heard an artist say something like this. I know it won't be the last, but I honestly feel like sometimes artists don't know exactly what it means to get organic reach and how pay advertisers can help you to increase your organic reach. But before we get into all of that, come and follow me on Instagram. I'll make sure to put my ad name on the screen. Come talk to me, come engage with me, come give me some video ideas, all of that good stuff. Now with that being said, let's get right into it. So first things first, let's break down and analyze the differences between organic traffic and paid traffic. So what exactly is organic traffic? Long story short is pretty much the people who just so happened to stumble upon your music, right? Like they just so happened to find you in some way that puts them onto your content, onto your music. Now, organic traffic can be generated through a bunch of different ways. It can be word of mouth. It can be through doing shows. It can be from press that you've done. It could be from your friend sharing your music video on that Instagram story and five of their friends finding and confiding you, whatever. That's pretty much organic traffic, right? Like it's traffic that has been generated without any type of money or ad budget being spent towards acquiring the people that have been acquired from whatever it is that you're doing. Now, what exactly is paid advertising? I think that pretty much speaks for itself. We've all heard of Facebook ads. We've all heard of Google ads. We've all heard of whatever ads. Everything pretty much has an ad platform these days. So paid traffic is pretty much the people that have been generated that have found you or found interested in your content through the ads that you have been running. So what is paid traffic? I think that's pretty much self-explanatory. We've all heard of Google ads. We've all heard of Facebook ads. Everything has an ad platform these days. I'm sure you've at some way shape or form at least tested out of ad or have seen an ad. But I also count influencer marketing as paid advertising. Why? Definitely after the fire festival thing. They are definitely included in the same category as paid advertising and most of them take money to promote you to market you. So I counted as paid advertising. I don't know if everyone else does, but I do. So yeah, pretty self-explanatory. Paid traffic is traffic that you pay for. It's people that have come as a result of these ads that you're running of the influences that you've paid of the promotions and marketing things that you have going on around you. Now what scared me a little bit about the comment that the woman left underneath my Instagram post and what scares me a little bit every time I hear artists say that, oh, I just want to focus on organic traffic. I want my traffic to be organic. I don't want to pay for any placements or any ads or anything to run. What I hear is that you just want to put your music out and hope and pray that somebody finds it and it spreads out from there. And it happens. It does happen.  But it doesn't happen all the time. And I feel like if there's a way that you can accelerate that growth, there's a way that you can increase your organic reach or increase the chances that your music spreads organically, then I don't understand why an artist wouldn't want to do something like that. I don't understand why they wouldn't, at least want to test it out, learn it, play around with it a little bit, perfect it and then use that to get them to where they want to be. Now, how exactly does pay advertising accelerate organic traffic, right? Because it can do so. When you use correctly, that is exactly what pay advertising is for. That is exactly what certain pay placements are for is it is to accelerate your organic reach. Let me give you a scenario. Let's say that you run a Facebook ad which I knew was music video. You're targeting a certain demographic, let's say a region of people out in LA. So you hit this small group of people out in LA, it hits this one guy. This one guy sees the ad and he really loves the music video. Because of that ad and because of that video, he then goes and tells five of his friends about it, three of them love it, and then they play your music all day, every day. Now, the first part of that is pay advertising. That first person was reached by a Facebook ad. That is an example of paid traffic. But what came after that is organic. The fact that he went and told his friends about it and got them to get into the movement and start spreading it out is organic traffic. And that is exactly what you're doing when you're spending certain money to run these ads, when you're learning these things, when you're spending money to place yourself into certain places that make sense for you. You are in fact increasing the chance that your music will spread organically. Meaning that in the long run, you'll have people pushing you out for no money whatsoever. And that is pretty much what you're investing in when you're investing into pay advertising and these placements. So there it is, guys. There we have it. That is my two cents on the myth of organic versus paid traffic. That's what I think. I hope that all of you guys aren't solely relying on the hope of organic traffic to carry you out. But if you are, I'd love to hear about it in the comment sections below. Let me know what you think, why you're against pay advertising, if you are against it, or why you're for it if you are for it and have tried it out. Now as always, guys, if you feel like you're learning anything today, please like and share this video. Hit those post notifications as well as I wouldn't want you guys to miss anything. Once again, my name is Kory, and I'll see y'all next time.


From Hollywood, it's time now for $8. Glad they gave you a telephone in your room. Yeah, that's the only thing good about it. Well, hospitals are designed to make a man impatient. You're a pretty lucky fella at that. Let me tell you about your operation. Yeah, please do. You stopped two slugs. They fried one out of your neck and another one out of your rib cage. Missed your heart by a snakes whiskers. I was luckier than Gloria Tierney. Yeah. Oh, for that chance. Tonight, in every weekday night, Bob Bailey in the transcribed adventures of the man with the action-packed expense account, America's Fabulous Freelance Insurance Investigator. That's truly Johnny Dollar. Expense account submitted by Special Investigator Johnny Dollar to a four-state insurance company, Wilmington, Delaware. The following is an accounting of expenditure during my investigation of the Todd matter. Expense account item 11, $3.05, breakfast. I got mad at the nurse when she brought in a bowl of hot cereal and a glass of milk. So I bribed an orderly to slip across the street and get me a tray of bacon and eggs. I was just finishing same when up came Sergeant Mapes. He looked haggard and tired and worried. You nearly got it for good, baby. I got enough of it. You sure did. What do you remember, if anything? Well, we tailed Melva Charles to an apartment house. We stepped inside and somebody began trying to kill me, and that's when I left town. Yeah, it was quite a mess. Corner had a real job in his hands. Yeah. Hey, how about you? Not a scratch. Coroner, did you say? Yeah, Melva Charles got it. Her husband stuffed a butcher knife in her back. That was for trying to sell him out to you. Yeah. Yeah, maybe he thought he was worth more than $2,500. Maybe. A man named Henderson, who happened to be walking down the hall at the wrong minute, took three in the head. He was dead before he hit the floor. Woman on the street got hit, not too bad. Two people outside just getting into a car got cut up pretty bad when bullets smashed their windshield. You keeping track of all this? I'm trying to. This all happened after we got there, huh? Yeah. You see, when you and I walked in there, William Charles had just finished killing his wife. He saw us and began pumping. You got hit and I pumped back at him. You get him? Yeah, but not until he had shot up everybody else. He's on the floor above you, hanging on by a hair. He knew his ticket was up and he just didn't care. It's my fault you're here, baby. I'd rather cut off my arm than get you in on this. What do you mean? Well, tagging you and going after her. I didn't use my head. You know what? What? I still think you're a pretty good copper, Mapes. Thanks, Johnny. Here, I brought you a book of poetry. Poetry. Read. Take it easy. We'll be talking again soon. I felt awful. Sergeant Mapes dropped in later that afternoon, but I was half asleep. Vaguely, I remember they wheelchirred me down the hall for X-rays and lab tests. Expense account item 12, 10 cents, the morning paper. The story of the shooting was splashed all over page one and the solution to the glory attorney killing in part. Slugs from William Charles' gun were matched with those that had killed glory attorney. No mention was made of any loot from the Todd burglary being found in the Charles' apartment. Between back rubs and sleeping pills, I worried about that. I didn't worry too much about the fact that William Charles' killer gunman burglar was dying in the room directly above me. About midnight, Mapes showed up with a wheelchair. There we are. Now, you're all ready to go up and see what he has to say? Sure, I guess so. I still have to finish my job. Let's take it easy now. All right. A week. That won't last long. There. Now, here we go, baby. It was the second time within a week I'd been in a hospital room with a dying person. The first one had been a young and beautiful woman who had been shot by the man who now laid dying of police bullets. What did they... What'd they say? You know what they say, Charles. You haven't got a prayer. I didn't mean to kill Gloria. I didn't mean at all. Won't you know that? You took a lot of pains to do it. I was there, remember? Yeah, I remember. Sorry. I'm doing pretty good with those... those house jobs. Todd Place, another one in St. Louis. Doing all right.  I met her. I liked her. I wanted to marry her. I did. Really did. You already had a wife. You think I'm kidding? I gave her a mink coat, didn't I? I thought that it'd cinch. She didn't want to take it. Told me she was going to marry some other guy. Some guy she'd been married to before. I got mad. I came back that night, let her have it. At all? Yeah, that's all. That's it. That's it, mister. You take it or leave it. How did you meet her? Mutual friend. What friend? Ah, none of your business. All right, this is my business. Where's the rest of the stuff? What stuff? The stuff you took from the Todd place. Where have you got it? Now, what's funny? You think I'd tell you that? What's the difference now? Come on, what's the difference now? It's a laugh, you know. You know what?  He died, and he didn't tell me. Not a word. Later, a private ambulance took me from police emergency hospital to my hotel room. Three days after that, I was able to get back on my feet. I went right down to Maple's office at headquarters. How do you feel? Ah, better now. Oh, you sure look lousy. Here, sit down, baby. All right, thanks. Should you be out of bed? Yeah, sure, sure. You're lying, and you know it. Ah, I suppose so. How's it going? You mean have we located the rest of the stuff? No, not a lick of it. Funny guy, wasn't he? He had his last laugh. Well, you shouldn't be worrying about this stuff now. You ought to be taking care of yourself. I am. I'm sitting here helping you worry. I'm not worried about anything. You're worried about the same thing I am. Where's all the rest of the Todd stuff? Well, it'll turn up somewhere. Why, Mr. Dollar? Hello, Mrs. Tromburg. I read about what happened to you in the papers. I'm sorry. I'm terribly sorry. Oh, well, I'm better now. Well, come in. Come in, please. Thanks. You'd better sit down, Mr. Dollar. I'll get you a cup of coffee. Do you have any bourbon? Well, yes, I think so. All right, I'll take that. Is water okay? Yeah, sure, fine. Should you be out of bed, Mr. Dollar? You know everybody, yes. No, no, I shouldn't, and yet I should. Here you are. Oh, thanks. Oh, here's cheers. Remember the night Gloria was shot? Of course, very well. You know I've been worried about that night. Huh? Remember I came over here and I told you I was in the insurance business and you said you'd have her call me when she came in? Yes. Well, I remember pretty clearly you said you'd have her call me when she came in, not if you saw her come in. Yes, did I? Uh-huh. You saw to it that she called me, Mrs. Tromburg. You also saw to it that she wasn't here to meet me when I got here. She was out, out there somewhere, because by then you knew I was an insurance investigator. I don't understand you, Mr. Dollar. What are you trying to say? You sent her out so he could take care of her and you were waiting in the hall for me. Waiting for you? I know. I happened to see you and I wondered what...  That's silly. I sound that way. That's a good drink. But not so silly if you knew that coat she was wearing was stolen and that I was after it and her. How would I possibly know that?  Are you saying that I had anything to do with Gloria's trouble? Yeah. Why, that's silly. Oh, here's something silly here. A small-time burglar and thief lay on a hospital bed yesterday and wouldn't tell me how he met Gloria Tierney. Oh, he was a real galant one, this bird. He killed an innocent girl because she was wearing a mint coat and might tell me who gave it to her. Mr. Dollar. There were three people in an apartment including me. He got shot himself. He knew he was dying. But a simple thing like telling me how he met her wouldn't come out. He wouldn't tell me that for anything. Now where could he meet her? Was he her kind? Did he go in the same circles? Did he? Nah. He was introduced by a mutual friend, Mrs. Stromberg. You, the manager of the apartment house. No. Something else he wouldn't tell me. What happened to the rest of the loot from the Todd burglary? Two things he wouldn't tell me. He didn't have to when I sat down and thought it out. You've been working with him right along. You've been keeping all this stuff here. That's fantastic. Not so fantastic at all, Mrs. Stromberg, when you think that his wife, and she was a girl who'd do anything for money, they tell me, was wanting to sell him to me for 2,500 bucks. 2,500 bucks. When there's still over $60,000 worth of loot from the Todd burglary lying around. She didn't know where it was. But you do, Mrs. Stromberg. Well, if you say I do, I do. Now what? Let's go down to Sergeant Mapes. Oh, no, I... I'd like a good excuse to use this. Yes. I suppose you would.  You could have prevented her death. You practically ordered it.  You. Behind bars. You're silly, but I'll go. For a while it did look silly. Mapes and his men searched the apartment house from top to bottom and found no trace of the Todd loot. That is, until they found a movable cement block in the basement. Well, the Todd matter ended with a 90% recovery of the stolen items. About $70,000 in cents. In lives, Gloria Tierney, one innocent bystander, and William Charles. For me, let's see. Expense account item 14, $162.30. Hotel and board while in New York. Item 15, $17.40. Airfare and incidentals back to Hartford. Item 18, $230. Miscellaneous. Expense account total, $1,095. Remarks, nil. Yours truly, Johnny Daller. Remember, there'll be another intriguing story for you beginning next Monday night. Next week, a music lesson on a priceless Amati violin. Music and mystery and danger. Join us, won't you? Yours truly, Johnny Daller. Yours truly, Johnny Daller, starring Bob Bailey, is transcribed in Hollywood. Written by John Dawson, it is produced and directed by Jack Jumstone. Heard in this week's cast were Janis Barbara Fuller, Shirley Mitchell, Lawrence Dobkin, Frank Gerstle, and Marvin Miller. Musical supervision by Amarigo Marino. Be sure to join us on Monday night, same time and station, for another exciting story of Yours truly, Johnny Daller. This is Roy Rowan speaking.


So now now We have the payments which add up to the 106892 So if I pull up the trusty calculator here, I can say let's do a trusty calculation It's a trusty calculator. We're at the 106829 Minus what we have on the bank statement, which is here minus The 111829 so we're off by 5,000 which is that which is that 5,000 right here, which I couldn't enter because I know those were the Cleared items from last time that aren't in the system because that's part of the beginning balance issue Okay, so now you would think you would think that this would be at zero So I'm gonna kind of I'm gonna try to double there's an error here. You've probably noticed this by now There's an error here. Let's see if we can figure it out. So so first of all the beginning balance up top is 30,000 that's different than our beginning balance by 25,000 right so so they have here 25,000 so there's a difference of 5,000 and then the additions are 143 070 and that ties out to the 143 070 85 so that is correct and then the payments we just saw has a difference of 111829 minus The Over here the payments are at 106 829 so that's another difference of 5,000 So you would think that I would I would be actually Netting out to zero here or be off by like 10,000 right so how am I off by 39? 960 it has to be because the the actual clear balance is incorrect the clear balance 61 281 45 Over here. I have to 61 241 85 so I did like a dyslexic thing Which I am prone to do from time to time, but it's out of pure example problem purposes and not because The stupid number was turned around so in any case Well, let's edit that one and say this is going to be this needs to change this needs to 61 241 85 This is just why we do this just so you we can fix these data input Errors that people sometimes make when they're not doing it on purpose 61 241 85 61 241.85 so that should put us back in balance So there now it's at zero so now it's at zero so now you could say well Let's just move forward and we could we could move forward and say well, that's the first bank rec I don't quite get it I don't quite understand because this is wrong and this is wrong But they kind of net each other out so whatever and you could go forward and reconcile and you would be good going forward because the next ending balance will be proper To the beginning balance next time But it's not exactly right if you go forward doing that because and it might not always work because these two items happen to have cleared Sometimes these two items might not have cleared in the following period and then you won't have that happy coincidence that it ties out and even if you do it's it's still kind of an issue because This bank reconciliation doesn't really make sense if you gave it to an auditor if you tried to explain what happened You'd be like, yeah, the beginning balance was 25,000 even though it's 30 here and then down here We had a difference of the same but that like the opposite so what we really would like to do Is deal with that beginning balance issue so that we have a nice audit trail to see what happened from the prior accounting software Which is that we have these two amounts that were outstanding last time meaning they were included in our accounting system But not cleared the bank yet which now have cleared the bank this time And so we'll and so we'd like to document that so it makes sense And we can see it so we'll do that that's the issue. We'll deal with next time before We finalize so don't finish it yet You're gonna be tempted to hit that green button and you could it won't be the end of the world or anything But to hold your horses hold your horses Because the horse needs love too and if your horse looks really tired So just hold give it a hug and then we'll come back and we'll finish it up next time


If you wanna learn how to play basketball, watch Michael Jordan videos. You know what's interesting? Kobe Bryant reverse engineered Michael Jordan almost to the infinite detail. I like that about Kobe Bryant. I actually interviewed Kobe Bryant before he died. There's a little video on my Instagram. I asked him, do you have mentors? He said, I had a lot of mentors die. He's like, Bob Iger, the CEO of Disney is my mentor. And he said he learned a lot from Michael Jackson and Michael Jordan. This is interesting. You will succeed to the extent you have people you can shadow early in life.


Hello everyone welcome along to another episode of how to run on Zwift today. We are looking at camera angles Many of you may not have considered this But when you run on Zwift you can change the angle of the camera that you're looking at on the Zwift screen So let's just go to the main Zwift screen here And you can see that at the moment we just have kind of a standard rear view of Your avatar that that's me there in the black now if I press number two on the keyboard I Move slightly closer number one is that standard view there. I wish I wouldn't bend over like that Number two is slightly closer Press number three on your keyboard and you get this POV view point of view view So as though you're looking through the eyes of your own avatar can be a little Disconcerting for some people, but some people actually prefer it Four is this front on view. There's a nice view of the Tower of London in the background and me stretching my legs there. Um and number five the arse view always a good shot Number six This is a front on view. I think actually if we go to somebody moving you'll see how this one works So number six it kind of follows the cyclist and Number seven, this is the one I was meaning actually Where the cyclist is panned Across as they cycle past and again that will happen if you're running. It's just a bit slower, isn't it? number eight is the camera view from a helicopter and if you've got sound on your computer you'll be able to hear the helicopter in the background and Number nine is just an overhead view. So you've got the Helicopter view and then an overhead view, but this is where the fun happens press zero on your computer and you're now in Drone view and drone view is very exciting because if it's going to be difficult if you're running I admit that however, it's great fun Get the up down left and right keys sorted on your computer and you can do this so down Up Left All right, all right or left Get confused, but then you can you can do them together so you can go down and to the left and then up and Then down to the right and Round and then if you combine that with the plus and minus keys on your computer You've got zoom in zoom out up down left and right. So check this out Crazy, isn't it? So if you have a mind to if you're interested in camera angles if you're interested in having a little bit of a different view Of your Zwift experience then get yourself on to zero on your keyboard and play with the drone view It's also very interesting because you get to see parts of the course that you don't normally see if you've just got that straight on view Actually, if you pan about you can see a whole load of views that you never knew existed before so it's fantastic So there you go. That is the camera angles on Zwift join me again for another episode of how to run on Zwift in the future Take care. Bye. Bye