If we see another auto combo like right here, that's seven! We might be seeing a Shenron in battle of the bots! He's got him! What is happening?! Dragon Ball Fighters, you know, very recently this game got a huge patch that pretty much made every single character in the game ten times stronger. And as simple as that sounds, it actually left me with one big burning question. What happened to the bots? Yes, the bots! You guys know the ones I'm talking about, the same bots that you smack around in arcade mode. But it seems like I'm the only one that's been wondering, how are they adjusting to the balance patch? Are they even utilizing some of this insane new stuff? And thanks to the Dragon Ball Fighters mode battle of the bots, I don't have to play arcade mode to figure that out. If you didn't know inside this mode, you and another player can create your own team of bots and then battle them against each other to see how that fight would go down. It's basically Dragon Ball Fighters gambling. But for me, it's the only way to see how these bots are adjusting to the new mechanics. And so because of that, I have assembled my own team of bots and asked you guys to join me here in this arena where we will be competing for the title of the best bot. And so I'm done waiting around. I'm queuing up into my first match and I'll see you, sis. Great, great. You know, I really should have thought of this strategy sooner. Alright, so here's the lowdown on my plan. Basically, I just chose a bunch of characters that I think would be really funny to see the bots cook with.  So we got Zamasu up front mainly because I don't know how to play him, so I wanted to see the bot cook. UI Goku to be funny and Broly on the back with the seed beam assist just because I didn't know what else to give him. Zamasu raw level three and you know it combos. My guy is different. Roshi better find a shot double Sunday by Zamasu into a level one into another level one.  My team is cooking, charging his phase blocks the DP. Okay, it's over. CSS sets up UI Goku for the first knockout of the game. Right now you are watching that my team is just different. I assembled these guys in a lab. You heard a Jiro forget about him. It is all about me right now. The greatest creator we've ever seen. Oh, never mind. Nice backwards beam. Good, good. Actually, I'm forgetting guard cancel by Krillin level three Goku style on him. DP into his. Oh my god, my team making up new combos. That didn't look real either. Zamasu with the chase down. Beam assist from Broly. Oh my god, a raw level three to stop the super dash tag that is correct. Yo, my Zamasu kind of different. Dodge that easy. Got hit by a solar flare though. That's tough. Another solar flare that better not have hit. It did. Yamcha just missed though. It cancels obviously good to age. Bit of lag for how do we lag in battle of the bots? Neither of us are even playing. We're just watching. 19 frames in battle of the bots. Nice block by Zamasu. He truly born in 19 frames. He's an opening for a level three. Does he land it? No. Oh, well. 19 frames looking a little thick here. Runs into a corner. Just get trapped by another solar flare. CS is Zamasu needs to do something. What a reflect flies over the key. Last level one random. Oh, Zamasu just playing random is have brought has no strategy. Zamasu, please use your brain. The frames have gone down to a much more manageable five. You got it. You got it. What's the answer? Level three through his level three. Oh my god. What? Didn't Krillin get hit by the starting frame of level three? Shouldn't that have triggered Zamasu's cutscene? Oh, there is no way my my team is losing right now. There is no way we are throwing that lead we had gentlemen. There is no. There we go. Level one. Boom. Level one. Make it a level two. No level two. What? Why are you saving the meter? You got six bars. You've got unlimited meter. Goku. Damn. Yonk just crazy. Bro is cooking.  Get rid of Krillin. Get rid of Krillin. Get rid of Krillin. Oh my god. Clutch up. Clutch up, Broly. Clutch up. Clutch up, Broly. Clutch up. There you go. Right there. There you go. Right there. Somebody keep walking. Don't don't stop walking. Oh my god. He got hit by the starting frame. No.  This can't be happening. Oh my god, Broly. You should be screaming.  We had such a good lead. I forgot Master Roshi was even on the team. Counting on you.  For good reason, bro. These guys are going to the scrap heap after this. Zamasu, you were probably the best person on the team. And you're throwing. And you're throwing. Evil containment wave. I didn't even know you couldn't do DHC off of that. All right. Krillin's got a level three taking away Master Roshi's hard work there. Could have sealed Zamasu forever, but whatever. Huge level three from Zamasu. We've seen a lot of these. It's the lighting about solution up. Actually does combo into them. Tags out in UI Goku. Now all of a sudden it looks like my boys are playing the game. Let's go. A level one from Broly and a level three from Zamasu. A little unnecessary for the level one by Broly then, but whatever. We'll take the kill when we can get it. Zamasu with this huge clutch up. She again lands a great starter. I get to full combo off. Oh, he throws the rounds. Okay. Oh no. Is that a read by Roshi or does that not hit? Okay, good. Because it's a level three and there's some invincibility there. That actually does not hit. Thankfully, even though Roshi almost had the most Godlike read I've ever seen.  Bro, my Zamasu is a scrub. My Zamasu is a scrub. He knows one input that is all he learned in training mode and that is all he needs. He levels threes every time they breathe. This time Roshi is going to have to be their hard carry. Their team just did not show up today. Roshi with the people's elbow into the... Bro, Yamcha bot cannot figure out that there are more hits to the Spirit Ball than that. Roshi comes back in. Does have Spark and he is their limit break anchor. But my team doesn't care UI Goku. Let him. No. Hit him with the level three beam. Will Roshi have a chance to Spark? He is healing just because he is that third slot bot. Another level three for my UI Goku. It just doesn't get any better than this. It just doesn't get any better than this. It's looking like we might tie it up 1-1.  But pretty anime stuff. Nice read by UI Goku. Immediate tagging from Zamasu. He wants to put the game away and he does. That's 1-1. Okay. Maybe you boys aren't going to the scrub peep just yet. Maybe you guys still got a bit of fight left in you. Zamasu pose. Zamasu pose. Hey. Indeed, by becoming one with Goku, I have taken the sins of humanity and the failure of the gods into my soul. Bro, I think he's so important. Bro, bro, fluent in Japanese. Bro, bro, he's yapping up a storm. All right. All right, Zamasu. I got to see more from you. I got it. This is not a great. Zabuff Roshi. He's crazy into his level one. He's going to make it level two. Yamsu. Will he remember there's more than one hit to the spirit ball? No, he does not. He's out of there. Grelin comes in with a level three, wasting tons of damage with this Yamsu bot. Zamasu with a big heal level three. You should have known. Zamasu has one button and that's his level three. He actually has a hot bound to just his circle button. Afterimage, but it misses. Lightning about solution. Can't get anything to fall. Big vanish. Big dodge. Big guard cancel. Hey, he's putting up good damage, putting up good deeps, blades of judgment. But it doesn't go off. Yamsu stops it solo. We'll take this. Please block that. Thank you. Okambo. Okambo. Zamasu. Zamasu. He dropped it. He dropped it and killed Broly. Oh, never mind. Yamsu decided to spark, which means Broly actually gets to live. Oh, no way. Yamsu just did that. No way. Yamsu put the pause on him like that. Can somebody help Broly out? Broly has definitely been the weakest member of my team. Wait.  Broly lose the shirt. Let's go. Let's go. Just when I was talking trash, he had to come through and then he left. He could tell he was being too useful. He is not getting paid for all that. He jumped out. He's got like one combo left in him. So hopefully Uigoku can wake up and wait. I was going to say that is not legal. You cannot level three into level three like that. What? Goku, what are you doing? Oh, DP by Rose. She takes him out level three just to be bad manners, man. All right. Well, Uigoku was like the middle of the road character there. Hopefully Broly can clutch up and he's just stomping his feet. Broly's lost it. He's just too angry. He's too angry to think right now. He is too angry to think right now. He's not seeing straight. He's got Krillin. He killed him. My God. He took him off the bench. Great combo. He's got Roshi and he overextended. He got punished by Yamcha. Is that it though? Is that it? No, it's not it. Attacked by Broly. He's got to find a space. What a reflect on the assist. Combo's Yamcha grabs him by the heel.  Let him know. Okay. That was good enough. Honestly, Broly can retire because I think that's a kill on Yamcha. No. It was supposed to be a kill. Broly find it in you. Dig deep. Oh my God.  Okay. So there it is. There it is. Let's go. Bro. She's all that let all that's left and still very easily win this game. If my team slips up as you can see now level three, he was doing the weight. Go to sleep. Go to sleep. Bro. She go to sleep. Oh my God. He's going to heal all that because it's all blue health. Wait. That is not legal. Bro, my team does not know how to play the game. No. Roshi at least don't level two for no reason. Yo, they got Yamcha who doesn't know how to spend bar and Roshi who knows how to spend it excessively. All right, Zamasu. Touch up. Level one into level three. New system get block it. Nice block. The level three. Zamasu read that. Reads. Combos. Please level three off. They actually make it better. Level one into level three. Level one into level three. New system mechanic. New you. Oh no. Oh, level three. He dodges it. Is it enough to kill? It is. I told you Zamasu was my goat. I told you he was the greatest member on the team. Let's go.  Oh my God. That voice line goes crazy. Why does Zamasu have unique dialogue with Master Roshi? The battle of the bots. We're going up one. Not really keeping any specific score here, but I'm a new winner of battle. I'm a new team, bro. These guys gave me too many, too many close calls. Bro, why do I got these guys in the neon pink color scheme? I didn't do that on purpose, bro. But they're looking good. I got to be honest. It's kind of a hit uniform for real.  Come on, Ginyu. Clutch up. And he's dead. And he's dead. You know what? I wouldn't mind actually and down below in the comments. Let me know if you made it to this far in the video. I wouldn't mind if like the Ginyu force like as themselves were more playable characters. Like I definitely like Captain Ginyu having them to call upon. But I kind of wish I could play as Jace. Low key. Don't have anything to do with the video. I just wish I could. Anyway, we're all level three for my Captain Ginyu. Get the full force out here.  Hey, let's go. That was actually a new level three, by the way. That was not in the OG game. Level three. Don't make it a five. Whoa. Whoa. That almost took my Vegeta out from full spark. Use the spark. Good DP. OK, wait. All of my blue health is now gone because you switched out. Damn, Vegeta Y. Vegeta Y. Bro, Tien has to do it all himself now. Tien with sparking is pretty scary. If he can get a hit in through the C assist. I think I've made a mess of the meta. Level three final flash. That was actually sick. That's also hitting Vegeta blue in the background. Not doing a ton of damage. Why not one level three again? Why not final flash again? It reads the spark. Vegeta reads the spark. Get Vegeta blue out here. What's he doing? Where is he? Oh, reflect that. Come on. Reflect that. We know defense or vanishing too. Why not? Why not vanish too? If you if you want to trade a bit of damage for a bit of time. Why not live that? And he's dead. All right. Well, we give it our best shot. We give it our best shot. We still got Tien. And Ginyu hasn't really been to a much six dragon balls in play, by the way. If we see another auto combo like right here, that's seven. We might be seeing a Shenron and wait right there. Oh my God. Tien's going for Shenron in battle of the bots. He's caught him. What is happening? What wishes are going to make lots of wishes on the board here? My bot just summoned Shenron. That is crazy. He's bringing back Vegeta from the dead. Let's go. Vegeta just got a one-way ticket out of hell. Shout out Tien and Ginyu's dead.  Vegeta's back. Bro, look at this. The Zenkai boost got to be going crazy right now. Show me the Zenkai. He almost died. Show me that Zenkai boost right now. Show me that Zenkai boost. Show it to me. Any tag Tien back in. All right. Clearly Tien's got to do it all himself here. And clearly Tien is dead. So I'm just I'm stunned. There's no way we summon Shenron to lose, right boys? There's no way Vegeta came all the way. I am right back to King Yama's office. He goes right back to King Yama, bro. Oh, I am finding new and unique ways to be embarrassed, bro. Oh, we got the nice stamp coming out too. Okay. The Ginyu force really didn't do anything. I'm going to be honest. They just showed up to die. Seven bars a piece. Good starter combo. Spend the three. All right. That's fine too. Spend it. Spend one if you're going to DHC. I like that. Big damage again. Okay.  He missed. Barak just posed in the side. All right, Tien's going to take a beating here. The blocks. Nice spark. Hall's in Ginyu, but it misses. Going to take a level three here. That's rough. That's going to eat away a lot of the sparking time. Probably most of it if we're being honest. Still has spark a little bit of time left with spark and he's using it to his advantage here. Getting some big numbers up. Vegeta says too far away. Tien flips has to drop a knee. Keeps him in the corner with Ginyu assist. Oh my God. Snatched out of the sky into a... Oh my God, please. Please, there's too much happening. Nice reflect attempt from Tien, but I mean, it's just too risky. This shouldn't be doing all that. Level three final flash. It's over for Bardock. We're going up three, two in terms of characters. And that's very rough because Tien is basically dead. Go on with the vanish. He's charging key. Bro, he's charging keys. He's disrespecting me. Oh my God. He couldn't even take it. Level five. That better not kill. How, why did that do so much damage? Tries to see if this was Vigito. Tien's going to find a way. I don't know if this level three actually hits though. It does not. Oh my God. At least, and it didn't matter. Oh my God. The upper cut of me for no reason. Okay. Ginyu, remember how last time you were completely useless? This time you have all the health in the world. Please clutch up. There we go. Good starter. Level one, level three. All right, please. Let's get some good Oki. Tien Gohan has to die here. Level one. That's not real. You can't do that. That's not real. You can't do that and he's dead. Damn. All right, but it doesn't matter. It's pretty much a 1v1 situation. We just need Captain Ginyu to get Gohan out of here. Tag. We got to, we had to have known the tag was coming. Right, boys? We know that he wants to keep his characters alive. That was a cool screenshot. Tien, go on. Go for level three. Captain Ginyu, body swap him. Oh, nice block at least. Return fire. Recoup. Beam. Nice. Backhand that man. 1v1. If he can land the body swap, he can level one in the body swap in the corner right now. Right there. Oh, he gave up corner. Right there. Right there. Oh, my God. Oh, my God. My soul will never know peace, bro. I can't trust Ginyu to clutch this. Oh, no. Don't. Oh, please don't. Oh, no, no, no, no. Ginyu, why, bro? You are benched. Oh, I do too, bro. The fan fiction, we need some fan fiction source material like Captain Ginyu, body swapping, and Vigito. But anyway, I've got to end the video there. I can't, I can't understand why my bots did this to me. I can't, I can't process it. I can't process it. Why, why they choke like that? Remember how I said I was going to end the video? Scratch that. I got an immediate matchup coming next with the same team. I'm going to give them one more set, one more set to right their wrongs and Ginyu's getting bear hugged right now and killed in front of my eyes. Good. Level three brawl. Why not? I mean, off the shoulder, but pretty much raw. I'll take that pose on them. The Ginyu force, neon pink outfits. We love the look. They're actually, they're playing much better now. I'm not even going to lie. Right now we're controlling the neutral. We're actually using the Ginyu force. This is much, much, much better. I don't know how you go from a team that lost while summoning Genron to a team that's about to get a clear, a clear definitive three, two lead. Can we hear from my bots? If you're still watching the video, can I get a one in the comments if you believe? Can I get a one if you believe in the Ginyu force to win this set? Pose. Let's go.  They are actually killing it right now. I'm glad I didn't end the video. I'm glad I gave them one more shot. I'm glad they dug deep. They found the spirit. Look at this. They got the purple combat attack into a level three. Hopefully they can find a way out of this and Jason Birder just left in the background. They're like, uh, all right, captain. Good luck with that. Level three from TN raw. He's got two bars to spend additionally, but doesn't want to. Oh, please not. Please not. Don't hate Captain Ginyu and it didn't. Okay. So we still got a chance. Spark Spark. Okay. Baby is clutching up. Baby is actually the leader of the team. Baby is crazy. Can you please? Can you please? Oh, no. Oh, no, we've lost the lead. All of a sudden, I'm starting to see that this team might be built for the scrap teeth. They might be built for the scrap heat boys. It's not looking too good. It's not looking too good. I'm going to be honest. I know flash from downtown. I can hear it getting reflected. That was such your UI Goku moment. He reflected it and then immediate beam through it. That was crazy. Level one by baby. Can't really go into anything off that to stop teacher. Bro. Why are you flexing on the end? You deserve it and you deserve bro. You flexed on him. Live it. Oh my God. You lived it by the skin of your T block.  Is this the one pixel comeback of the of dreams? Why does he always level one off level threes? That's not even how the game works. I don't even know why the AI does that. The game does not work like that. Oh, brother. Just just just to owe me already. I've stopped believing in the team. I know you I go. I know I don't have what it takes to beat you. Can we please clutch up? We had a good beginning last time. I guess cell is just a fraud. Cell has got to be the biggest fraud I've ever seen in battle of the box. Bro is not even playing. He made my team look good. That is hard to do. Bro is making my my basically just like random cog wheels. Look good. My God. Cell is a fraud. Bro. He's not even playing the game. He didn't even play. Cell did not even try. And yet I still think I'm probably going to lose, bro. How? How is my team this bad? We got a clean three, two lead again. Wait a minute. Wait a minute. Change your heart. Multi-form technique. Volleyball fist. Oh my God. He's going out. He's going all out. Finally. My team is showing up three one lead. No way we choke a three one lead. Bro. You I go go about to earn a spot on the thumbnail if he clutches this. Oh, please don't come on, man. Please don't. Please don't. I'm begging.  You I go to is different. He didn't even break a sweat killing TN. Okay. But then he still has two more characters to go through and surely he won't make it. There we go. Getting you. You know what? Can you steal his body? Steal his body. Oh, brother. Getting you. You got it. Don't do level two. Okay. There's the level two still plenty of health though. Oh, he jumped over the dragon. Oh, that was clean. Oh, the two age. No, please don't. Please don't. It's too much for my heart to bear getting your body swapping. Then you got a body swapping. Can you? Oh my God. Oh my God. We're choking. We're choking, bro. Get this. Get the Squidward Jiff on screen. Clap, clap, clap. Well, please, bro. Bro, please, bro. This can't be happening. Oh, please don't let him dodge this. Please. He didn't dodge it. Does he have blue life? He can't heal it. Vegeta Big Bang. Lock it up. It was almost a clutch, but I'll take the Big Bang. We are bringing this set back. It is 1-1. Can we get a win with this team? Can we win this set? Let's go. Get it back. Run it. Run it. Run it. All right. Water. Once again, we see Cell out front. This time, he's come to play doing more damage than he did in the past two rounds already in one game. Nice. Super Dash to dodge the key blast here. Captain Ginyu in World Finals calls upon Bird. But Bird is going to fail in Big Level 3 from Baby coming out. Can Captain Ginyu dodge? He was already hit. It's going to take a big chunk of damage there. Blue life auto healing thanks to his spot as first spot as the boys out for a Level 3. Baby doesn't have that immediate healing. Dodon Ray. Goku comes back out. We've seen this character work miracles before. Huge damage. Charges at him. They can't. Level 3, but will it be the end for Ginyu? Not sure how the damage works out. It's not still alive and well. Not a lot of blood, but Level 3 through the key blast. Key blast in his face. I want Captain Ginyu. Doesn't get the kill, though. Falls in Vegeta and try to finish the job, but Baby Vegeta is going to run for it. Level 3 super high in the air, but gets a read on the UI Goku Super Dash. Dodon Ray to stop it. Dodon Ray again. Captain Ginyu comes back out. Purple Comet Attack from Jason Burter up above. They're going in the wrong direction. Not going to be an influence on the match. Tien just drifts on him with the Super Dash. I'm not even sure what that was.  And it does in fact hit. Or next to no damage though because Sparky was up. Huge from Tien. I think a big thing for my team right now is can they find a way? They did. They found a way to hit Super Baby while he was on the field. That's a threat gone. Neo try beam. Huge damage. Probably could have killed Cell if he actually wanted to. Tien gets that damage boost. Huge spot for him to be in. So it's why I'm so disappointed with Tien's performance lately. He has all the power in the world. Defense! Way to get out of there. Blocked a couple mixes to make that happen. Tien comes back out. Level 1. Huge damage. Key blast, but it fails. And he's down for the count. Ginyu has one sliver of HP left, but in a battle of the bots match never discount the fact that he could land a body swap. He could. Just has a nice big combo. You might go who tries the combo, but Ginyu strategically waits it out and hits a level 3. That was disrespectful, but it's exactly what you love to see if you're a fan of the force. Cell very limited HP. Also biggest fraud I've ever seen somehow text that dragon rush. Cell just a huge fraud.  Will Vegeta be able to put the pressure on and end this game? He only needs one hit. He finds it into the big bang. And that is going to be the end of the video. Shout out to this team for managing to clutch up and get back into the game. That's what we love to see. And hopefully that's what you love to see. Thank you for watching this battle of the bots video. If you like Dragon Ball fighters or just Dragon Ball make sure to leave a like and subscribe because we have a ton more stuff coming and hey, I want to do some more wacky game. But so if you like this, definitely let me know down below in the comment. What else you'd like to see other than that? I've been Dada Doya. Check out the other videos on your screen. Thank you very much for watching this one and I will see you in the next video.


Get up and burn. Dade, you drunk all the milk? I didn't drink the milk. Yes, you did. No, I didn't.    It's the big three. What is that? That's a four point shot. Four point? Back in the day, I ain't had no four point shot. All y'all had was one pointers. That don't joke. I used to play with a rock when I was playing basketball. You're talking concussions. I must have had 12 of them. You toss a rock to a person? That person ain't playing attention. That's why I walk like this. Big three. Big three.


Good morning to one and all. Today, we are going to learn about fuel in that biodiesel. So, at the end of this session, students will be able to explain the synthesis and advantages and disadvantages of a biodiesel. So, content of today's lecture will discuss about definition of fuel, biodiesel, its synthesis, advantages and disadvantages. So, introduction fuel. Fuel is any combustible substance containing carbon as a main constituent, which on proper burning gives large amount of heat, which can be used economically for domestic and industrial purposes. During the process of combustion of fuel, the atoms of carbon, hydrogen, prompure combine with oxygen with simultaneous liberation of heat at a rapid rate. This can be explained with this particular reaction. So, fuel when it combines with oxygen that is when undergoes combustion process, it forms a product as well as heat. So, the fuel contains more heat energy whereas the product is having a lesser heat energy and heat is liberated that is being used in our day to day practices biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from vegetable oil, animal oil, fats like tallow or waste cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils to biodiesel is called transesterification. Biodiesel has many environmentally beneficial properties. So, synthesis of biodiesel, biodiesel is synthesized with various steps. Vegetable oil and animal fats are basically triglycerides. They contain triglyceride molecules. They are fatty acid esters of single alcohol glycerol. Vegetable oil and animal fats have a very high viscosity and they cannot be used directly as a fuel. Thus, by transesterification reaction the triglycerides can be converted into their methyl or ethyl esters having less viscosity, oil and fats. These ethyl or methyl esters can be used as biodiesel. Biodiesel is a renewable source of energy having low pollution potential than conventional diesel. It can be used in diesel engine as a substitute to conventional diesel or a blend of diesel and biodiesel is used. Reaction to explain this particular formation of methyl ester that is biodiesel. This is a triglyceride from oil or fats when it is treated with methyl alcohol either or ethyl alcohol in presence of acid or base as a catalyst. The reaction occurs the glycerol is formed and methyl esters are also formed. So, this reaction occurs likewise the methyl alcohol break opens and forms methyl and hydroxyl groups. These radicals attacks the carbon of triglycerides. So, this forms CH2OH. OH comes from this particular methanol and this CH2OH, CHOH and CH2OH this glycerol is formed. Whereas, methyl group gets attached to this oxygen of triglycerides. So, R-COO and CH3. So, in short this is R-C double bond OH OH CH3 such a molecule is formed this is methyl ester and that is being used as a biodiesel. Compared to the other alternative fuels biodiesel fuel supports some unique features and qualities. Unlike any other alternative fuels it has successfully passed all the health effects testing requirements meeting the standards of 1990 clean air act amendments. So, what are the advantages of this biodiesel? First advantage biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy source unlike petroleum based diesel. An excessive production of a soya bean in the world makes it an economic way to utilize the surplus for manufacturing to the biodiesel. Third one of the main biodiesel fuel advantage is that it is less polluting than petroleum diesel. So, pollution is the most important parameter of our today's life and this biodiesel is reducing the pollution parameter. Fourth, the lack of sulfur is 100% in biodiesel extends the life of catalytic converters. Another advantage of biodiesel fuel is that it can also be blended with the other energy resources and oil. Sixth biodiesel fuel can also be used in existing oil heating systems and diesel engine without making any alteration. Sixth, it can also distribute through existing diesel fuel pumps which is another biodiesel fuel advantage or other alternative fuels. The lubricating property of the biodiesel may lend them the lifetime of an engine. So, at this moment pause the video and answer this question. The question is by trans-sterification reaction the triglycerides can be converted into their methyl or ethyl esters having dash dash options A less viscosity oils and fats B very high viscosity oil and fats C moderate viscosity index and D none of this. Welcome back the answer for this question is A less viscosity oil and fats. So, disadvantages of biodiesel first cost at present biodiesel fuel is about one and half times more expensive than petroleum diesel fuel. It requires energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soya crops plus there is the energy of sowing fertilizing and harvesting etc. This will increase the cost of this particular product. Third another disadvantage is that it can harm rubber hoses which are used in some engines. Fourth as biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine this dirt can then get collected in the fuel filter thus clogging it. So, filters have to be changed after the first several hours of a biodiesel use. References for this particular lecture I have used a textbook of a Gen Engineering Chemistry by Jane and Jane. Thank you.


This study examined the top-tier journals in artificial intelligence, AI, over the past two years. It found that the most popular topics were machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, and reinforcement learning. Additionally, the most frequently cited authors were from China, USA, India, UK, and Canada. Furthermore, the most highly ranked journals were Science, Nature, Communications of the ACM, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, and Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. This article was authored by Muhammad Solomon, Tariq Fetnasi, Islam al-Gamal, and others.


What's going on everyone, Sam here with late in sports cards ripping one box of 22 panini chronicles WWE hobby for Bevan D. It's good luck here Bevan. The Vaughn just said is there a little playpen off-screen for the three-year-olds here? Sean was like, yeah, they just got a new bunk bed set up back there Yeah, they just got a bunk bed set up. They're having a big sleep over the night A couple of useless souls At least of air Boss man, there's chronicles of Triple H all about the game Spectra, Spectra, Randy Orton, Silver, O'Gasey, The Miz Rich's favorite The Miz Wonder Rousey, Iron Sheep The Viper, absolutely. He's just so much fun to watch when he's on There's not much better than that That is exciting. See you later There's a Bushwacker Butch on the auto, nice one there First auto with a break. What up Josh? Tracy Jane and Oshka, the 99 I'd probably go Mysterio all-time, Jerry. I love Ray Mysterio as a kid They have a superstar favorite wrestler Andre Chase Yeah, I always liked Mysterio Cena was always fun, but T-Style liked Arch-Rooft I like Goldberg back in the day Goldberg is cool. Sami Zayn, The Miz Randy Norton, yeah. Randy, do you mean Randy Orton? Randy Norton There's Mustafa Ali to 49 We've got Montez Ford on the Relic Auto That is 16 out of 99, half of the Street Profits Tiffany Stratton to 99 And base. That'll do it for your break there Bevan, congrats again on the hits buddy. We'll get those right out to you man We're going to TikTok be live in a minute


Greetings dear aspirants, welcome to today's current affairs session of Civil Speedia. Today we will be discussing about national health authority, about climate change performance index and about project green agriculture and financial stability report under our prelims topic and about the recent second half yearly financial stability report and about Astana declaration under our main topic. So let's move on to our first prelims topic of the national health authority. So the key words that you need to know about this, what is the national health authority and what is the ministry which will implement or this particular authority will be a part of and about the governing board of this particular authority. So we have something called the national health agency now. So this will be replaced by the national health authority. So this will take care of the proper implementation of the this particular government's flagship program Ayushman Bharat or Jan Aroke Yojana. So this particular national health agency has been restructured as the national health authority for better implementation of PM Jan Aroke Yojana. So this will give in more accountability authority and mandate to the national health authority in order to implement this particular scheme. So this particular scheme this particular national health authority will be an attached office to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. So please keep this in mind and something about the governing board. So in the recent in the present national health agency, we have an existing multi-tier decision making structure. So this will be replaced with the governing board. So what is the prominence in the governing board is it will have members from the state government. So they'll be placed on a rotational basis. So that will be a safe for the states as well and also contain members from the government and the domain experts this particular governing board. So this is all you need to know about the national health authority from prelims point of view. So let's move on to our next topic, the climate change performance index. When you are studying about index, try to know which organization release that particular index and what is India's rank. And with respect to these topics, you need to know what are the key performing indices in which India has scored well. So the climate change performance index for the year 2019 has been released on 1st of January 2019. So they have told that Sweden is the best performing country in this particular climate change performing index and Morocco from African nation has been ranked second. So India's rank here for the year 2019, this is the 11th rank. So out of 56 countries plus the European Union, India's code 11th rank, which is a good rank. And there's also an improvement in the ranking compared to the previous year, 2018, where India was placed 14th. So regarding this particular index, this index is published on an annual basis. So every year they publish this index and it is published by together by the German watch, the new climate Institute and the climate action network. So please keep this in mind. So it is not some specialized agency of UN or some multilateral body, which is releasing but institutes in collaboration are releasing this particular index. And if you see the key performing indices where India's code better are the greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, energy use per capita, national and international climate policy assessments. So these four are the methodology based on which the countries are ranked for the climate change performance. So they have taken into account all the Paris agreement promises, which the countries have voluntarily taken up each countries. So they go for either subjective or objective evaluation of data. So India's code better in the greenhouse gas emissions and with respect to energy use. So with respect to renewable energy as a part of total energy basket, India's on the way to meet his goals. So this is all you need to know about the climate change performance index with prelims point of view. So next project is the project green agriculture. In this particular project, you need to know the project is implemented by whom and the project is funded by whom. And with respect to this topic, you need to know the five landscapes under the project. So the government has come up with a project called Project Green Agriculture. So the title is Transforming India's Agriculture for Global Environment Benefits, Agriculture plus Environment, Agriculture plus Environment and Conservation of Critical Biodiversity and Forest Landscapes. If you see in the recent scenario, a lot of forests are being destroyed to convert into agricultural lands in order to meet the country's food requirements. But we can also go for sustainable agriculture. So India's got something called National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture. And this project is largely oriented towards India's national mission towards sustainable agriculture. So this is a $33.5 million project, which is funded by the Global Environment Facility. And in India, it will be implemented by in combination or in collaboration with two ministries, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, because it involves two components, agriculture and environment. And joined together in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or the FAO. So they have shortlisted five landscapes where they will target to work towards a sustainable agriculture. So the first one is the Chambal Landscape in the state of Madhya Pradesh. So Chambal is a ravine landscape. And Dampal Landscape in Mizoram Mountainous Landscape. Then Simli Pal Landscape in the state of Odisha, which is a forest landscape. And Desert National Park Landscape in the state of Rajasthan. So it is a desert landscape. And Corbet Rajaji Landscape in Uttarakhand, which is again a forest landscape. So these five landscapes, please remember it from Krillam's point of view. And who implements the project and who funds the project. So this is all you need to know about project green agriculture. Because in the recent years, you can see a lot of questions pertaining to environment and recent methodologies or innovations or inventions in agriculture. So this is more relevant to the current year as well. And the next topic of the day is the Financial Stability Report. So here I'll be covering the prelims perspective of this particular report and also the mains perspective. So let's move on to the prelims perspective first. So when you're studying about financial stability report, just try to know who has released the report and at what frequencies this particular report being released. And something about the financial stability and the development council in India. So the recent news in Indu was that there are signs of turnaround on our base financial stability report because gross non-performing assets ratio has quite decreased in the public sector banks. So let's see the prelims perspective as of now. So the first fact is the financial stability report is being released by the Reserve Bank of India and the frequencies once in six months. So they released the report at the end of June, third or fourth week of June and on a third and fourth week of December every year. So the December 2018 report has been released towards the end of the December month recently. It would reflect the collective assessment of the subcommittee of the financial stability and development council. You should know that the finance minister heads the financial stability and the development council. But there is again a subcommittee under this financial development and stability financial stability and development council. This particular subcommittee will be headed by the governor of RBA. Hence the report is being released by RBA. So you're more likely to get confused that released by RBA and the head for the subcommittee would be the finance minister. It is not the case. Both are the head of RBA. Hence this particular report is being released by RBA. So please keep this in mind. And with regards to financial stability and development council, it will work towards financial sector development and stability. And it will also focus on the substantive issues relating to the inter-regulatory coordination. Coordination between the different financial markets, banks to banks, banks to mutual funds or banks to asset management companies, etc. So let's move on to the main's perspective about what are the contents that are present in the financial stability report. So this particular financial stability report will discuss the overall assessment of the systemic risks of the financial market and about the global and domestic macro financial risk. And about the health of the financial institutions, about its performance and risk. So this particular topic was introduced in the year December 2014, posed this NPA problem, the non-performing assets issue. So these are the three overall contents of the report. So let's discuss these three contents in detail because the next report is due to be released by the June of 2019, which is before our prelims exam. So this particular report is of more significance. So when it comes to overall assessment of the financial markets, the RBI has told that the India's financial system would remain stable. And the banking sector has shown signs of improvement because the gross non-performing assets ratio has increased, which we'll be seeing in a later slide. But they've also told that the global economic environment and the emerging trends in the financial sector, post some challenges to the improving banking sector in India. So the second overall topic is the global and the domestic macro financial risks to the global market and the domestic market. So they have told that the global growth outlook for 2018 and 2019 remains steady because as of now, there is no financial slowdown. And the global markets are performing relatively good. But there is a spillover risk to the emerging economies because the advanced economies are tightening their monetary policy on their side. So all the investors are going to invest the money in the advanced markets. And they're not going to come into the emerging economies like India. So the emerging economics are likely to take a hit because of the credit flow. So tightening of financial conditions in advanced economies and protectionist trade policies. If you see the recent US-China trade war and also because of the recent Iran sanctions by the US and global geopolitical tension, which I told the US Iran sanctions. And next thing is the GDP has showed slight moderation in the quarter two of 2018-19. So if the report is released in the month of December, it would assess all those data from March to September. March to September for the December report. For the June report from October to February. So two quarters would be checked here. So they have checked the quarter two for 2018-19 as a part of December report. And they have told that the GDP has showed light moderation, which means it is less when compared to the previous quarter when checked. And the inflation remains contained. So the inflation is within the target for that particular quarter. But as of now, the inflation has increased. So don't confuse both terms. And next thing is the capital flows through the emerging markets, which will be affected by the gradual monetary policy normalization in advanced economies and uncertainty in the global trade regime. Especially because of the recent US-China trade war, the trade is likely to take a hit. So this has been highlighted by the RBI in its financial stability report. And it has called for a greater vigilance in domestic financial markets. Because there are some structural ships in the credit intermediation. So before the situation or the scenario was like, banks used to trade amongst themselves. It used to be interbank. But now banks are very much relying on the asset management companies or the mutual funds to get their capital. So this is called shadow banking. So just have an idea about this. And the evolving interconnectivity between banks and the non-banks, which I told, between the banks and the asset management companies or the mutual funds. So the third overall topic is regarding the health of the financial institutions, which comprises of the performance and the risks. So if you see the credit growth of the schedule commercial banks, as improved between this particular period, March 18 to September 2018, lastly driven by the public sector banks. Still PSUs are lacking in the credit growth, but it is being complimented by the private sector banks, which are performing relatively well when compared to the public sector banks. So next is the capital adequacy ratio or also call the capital to risk weighted assets ratio. So this we discussed in one of our previous classes with regards to the Basel Convention on the Banking Regulations, where the Basel Convention has stipulated that each country has to maintain at least 8% of its total assets as the capital adequacy ratio. In India, RBAs mandated 9% for all the banks and especially 12% for the private public sector banks. So if you see right now overall the capital adequacy ratio has declined, but well about the Basel Convention mark. And but if you see for PSUs where the RBAs mandated 12%, it has reduced from 11.7 to 11.3%, which is a cause of concern for the RBA or the India's Banking Regulator. So where we have performed well is the improvement of the gross non-performing assets ratio. And just know about the PROM corrective action framework with respect to this gross non-performing assets. So in March 2018, it was 11.5, but it has reduced to 10.8 in September of 2018. And in the next two quarters, it will even further reduce to 10.3%. So this is a very good improvement because the gross non-performing assets ratio of the public sector banks has also come down, but it has largely come down in the private sector banks. Hence, we can see an overall slowdown. And with regards to the analysis of the financial network structure for this particular period from September 2017 to 2018, it reveals that an shrinking inter-bank market, which I again told the transaction has to happen between banks and banks. But in this case, it's happening between banks and the other asset management companies and mutual funds for raising funds. And with the non-banking financial institutions and housing finance companies for lending. So the public sector banks are not able to properly pool their money or circulate their money. So this is all you need to know about the financial stability report. And this will be largely helpful for your main answers. So let's move on to our next topic, main topic of the day, Astana declaration. So this particular declaration is pertaining to the health sector. So all the countries of the world came up with Astana declaration in the second global conference on primary healthcare. So you need to know about the first global conference of the primary healthcare where all the governments of the world came up with the Alma Ata declaration. So one thing is the Alma Ata declaration. And second thing is the Astana declaration. So the declaration has come up like from Alma Ata towards universal health coverage and sustainable development goals. You know that health for all or the health comes under the sustainable development goal number three, which tells that ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. So this particular Alma Ata declaration focuses largely on the universal health coverage or the UHC model and the sustainable development goals. So we already have our own voluntary contributions under this particular sustainable development goal for health. Where India is largely focusing on the maternal health and the baby in the infant health. So let's not deal much about the sustainable development goals. But we need to know something about this UHC and the primary healthcare. This is universal health coverage, which includes all your insurance component and overall well-being. And this primary healthcare will be a component of this universal health coverage. So now this Astana declaration focuses largely on the sustainable nature of the primary healthcare centers. So in pursuit of health for all. And it has sought the extensive role of the governments in the health sector. So let's try to differentiate between this Alma Ata declaration and the Astana declaration. Because in 2018 means there was a question with regards to disaster management. So the question went like a differentiate between the actions taken by India before and after implementing the Sendai framework. And some comparison between the Sendai framework and the Hyogo framework of 2005. So in those lines you can expect a question to compare between the Astana declaration and the Alma Ata declaration. And initiatives taken by India post the Astana declaration and before or after the Astana declaration. So this will be helpful for you in the mains. So in Alma Ata declaration they have declared health as the human right or a basic fundamental right. And this gave a definition for health, a proper definition for health. That they have told that health has a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. So health, before that health largely focused on the physical well-being only. But they have taken into this mental component and the social component of well-being. And not just merely the absence of diseases. And they came up with a declaration that health for all by 2000. That is nothing but the equitable distribution of healthcare by preventing the inequalities. So your inequalities can be social, political and economical. So three types of inequalities. By overcoming these inequalities, we can provide an equitable distribution of healthcare. And they also introduced the component called the primary healthcare. And they came up with several interrelated components of primary healthcare. Such as education, nutrition, clean water, sanitation and mother and child health. Immunization access to treatment, availability of essential medicines. And they also called for the development of the health workforce or the manpower for this particular health sector. And they also called for the use of appropriate technologies. And if you see the Astana declaration of 2018, which came up exactly after 48 years of this Alma Ata declaration. They have acknowledged health as a human right or a fundamental right. And now they have called for strengthening of the primary health gas. Which is a cornerstone of sustainable health system of the universal health coverage. And the health related sustainable development goals. As I already told it is the UHC plus the SDGs. So it has called for Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative Services and Palliative Care. So Promotive is to promote health of any individual and go for a preventive health. Curative health by giving medicines and rehabilitative services. Those are suffering from ailments and palliative care, which is like giving immediate care even without diagnosing what the disease is. So it must be accessible to all and avoid poverty due to out of pocket expenditures. So we all know that the developing nations of the world are suffering from this out of pocket expenditure. So the reason why many countries came up with insurance schemes, but that was not a holistic scheme. So what are the commitments made in this particular Astana declaration? Before that you need to know the commitments made under the Alma-Ata declaration. Which was nothing but this equitable distribution, health workforce development, use of appropriate technologies and multi-sectoral approach. So more or less the commitments are same in the Astana declaration. So it has called for making bold political choices for health across sectors. So in Alma-Ata declaration they emphasized on removing three inequalities. Social, political and economical. Here this particular Astana declaration has focused largely on the political part by making bold political choices. But it has not identified the need to come over this particular social inequality and economic inequality. Which is a major reason for the majority of the developing countries of the world to suffer with regards to health related issues. And the second commitment was to build a sustainable primary healthcare. Which will have these following components, knowledge and capacity building. Where they call for developing of the scientific knowledge plus the traditional knowledge. If you see many of those countries which had earlier civilizations like India or China. The traditional medicinal systems are already in place. And this goes along with the recent allopathic medicine. And they also called to increase the human resources for health and to improve the technology and come up with financing. So the financing part has to be largely taken care by the governments. And will be seeing some status with regards to India next slide. And it has also called to empower the individuals and the communities to have a proper awareness about health. Nothing but bringing an awareness to the common public about the health. So that majority of health related issues by proper way of life can be solved. Instead of going for advanced healthcare systems. And fourth one is to align the stakeholder support to national policies, strategies and plans. So multi sectoral approach. So all the NGOs that are working, the private sectors that are working. And local bodies that are working towards promoting the health. They all have to come up and align themselves together towards the national health policies. And if you see the actions, it has called for acting either in solidarity. That is the government working for themselves or to have a functioning between the governments. Knowledge sharing between the governments. And along with WHO and UNICEF and all other stakeholders. And they've also called for a periodical review of the implementation of the declaration. So this particular Astana declaration will now be taken to the United Nations General Assembly of 2019. Where the political people, which is nothing but the entire polity of the world will discuss with regards to this Astana declaration. So you need to know India's present and future contributions towards the Astana declaration. As I already told, it largely focused on universal health coverage. The Alma Ata declaration. And now Astana will be focusing largely on the primary healthcare centers. If you see this universal health coverage, it has a top to down approach. When it comes to insurance, but when it comes to the primary healthcare systems, it will have a bottom to up approach. So everything can be cured at the bottom if the primary health centers are very strong. So this will have a bottom to up approach. And you also need to know that it has to shift from the vertical programs to the holistic care. But this particular Alma Ata declaration was not a real great success because the government started focusing on vertical programs. And the famous GOBEFF, G-O-I-B-F-F-F. The components of all these PHCs, which the Alma Ata declaration came up with, they did not take up all the components of that particular declaration, but they went with some components only. Growth planning, your ORS, breastfeeding, immunization, then family planning, etc. So it largely focused on paternal and the maternal healthcare. Sorry, the maternal and the infant healthcare. But they did not know that the healthcare for the other sections of the population, like the old ages, also should be taken care. They largely focused on infant and the maternal healthcare. If you see all our sustainable development goals are also oriented towards this infant and the maternal healthcare. So now it is time for us to shift from the vertical programs to holistic care. That is why India has come up with our flagship program, Aishman Bharat, which will focus both this primary health centers and also the universal health coverage. So the bottom permit, which is nothing but the primary health centers, which has been termed as health and wellness centers, which will comprise both the primary health care centers and the sub centers that are already present in India. So this will largely focus on PhDs. And the secondary and the tertiary healthcare will focus on this universal health coverage component, which is nothing but the national health protection scheme or the Jan Rokya Yojana. So this is health and wellness centers. And this is Pradhan Mantri Jan Rokya Yojana. So this will provide a holistic healthcare to the country, to the country. So they have planned to come up with around 1.5 lakh health and wellness centers and coming up with 5 lakh insurance for the general public. So this is all about the Aishman Bharat. So this will aim to provide the holistic care. And second thing is the quality of healthcare needs to be improved. After this Alma Ata declaration, all the governments of the world came up with this primary healthcare center. But that was too much specific. So the quality of healthcare was also not that much good. Even in India, few states are performing good. States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu or Maharashtra performing good. But the quality of healthcare remains substandard in many of the states. And if you also see some barriers has to be reduced. First thing is the access to the sub centers. Where I told primary healthcare centers and the sub centers are two components. But access to sub centers are beyond that particular limit. So it has to be within the 3 kilometer limit. And availability of healthcare personnel, which is a perennial issue for the Indian government because the population is too huge to handle by the government. And next thing is the training and enhance paid to the frontline workers. So this frontline workers includes your Anganbadi workers and also your Asha workers. So right now their pay is very much less 2000 to 1500 only. This can be improved by the state governments. And training can be imparted to these frontline workers. So they will have a proper connect with the local people. So that a lot of primary healthcare can be taken care by these particular personnel only. And the Chhattisgarh government recently came up with this rural medical assistance program. So they have hired some mid-level health workers. So you have primary level health workers like the Asha workers or the Anganbadi workers. And you have medical offices, say tertiary level. In between you can have some middle level where these people will play the role of the medical officers if you give them proper training and support. So such system can be implemented across all the states. And find final thing is the spending on the healthcare. If you see as of 2015 India's overall spending towards health in its budget is 1.02 percentage. Now this has to improve against this target of by 2025 India's committed that it will increase its spending to 2.5 percentage. But right now India's just around 1.2 percentage as of 2018. So the target is nowhere near it. We are almost lagging behind 50 percentage. So the spending is also to increase. So this is how India can contribute to Asana declaration. But Asana declaration is more likely to be a failure because again the corporate interests have largely been taken into account. And major portions of the Asana declaration has been diluted. So this is all about the Asana declaration that you need to know from mains perspective. So please do like comment and share the video and please subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.


So use p equals 17, q equals 19. They are the large prime numbers I chose. Well, they're not large enough for security, but just for this example. And then calculate your public and private key. What's the first step? What's the first step you're going to do? Times them together, get an n. p times q equals n. And then the next step, find the totion of n. Anyone find n? What's the value? 323. Then find the totion of n. Keep calculating. And use the shortcut. This is the important part. That is, you don't need to find the totion of n manually because it's n is two prime numbers multiplied together. The totion of n is p minus 1 times q minus 1. And the value is 2288. What's next? Find e. And there are different possible values. It has to be relatively prime with 288. I don't know all the answers. There are multiple values that are relatively prime with 288. That is the greatest common divisor of e and the totion of n equals 1. Someone said 7. Any other numbers? 3. So is 288 divisible by 3? OK, so 3 is not relatively prime. Because if 288 is divisible by 3, then the greatest common divisor is 3 in that case. What about 5? 5 is relatively prime with 288 because 288 is not divisible by 5. They don't have the same factors. 7. 7 is relatively prime. So we've got 5, 7. There are possible values of e. And there are others. We're not going to go through them all. 9 will not be because 3 is not 11 most likely. 13 is, I think. And there are others. It's not the intention to calculate them all. You just need to choose one in this case. Choose to make it a bit harder. Choose 13. So you get to select one. Let's choose 13. What's next? Find d. How do we find d? The multiplicative inverse of e. Which means when you multiply e and d together and mod by the totion of n, 288, you get 1. e times d equals 1 in mod 288. And here, again, you need to try some different values. So where e is 13, what we need is 13 times something. Mod 288 equals 1. You need to find that something. One way to make the attempts is 13 times something equals 289. Or 289 divided by 13 equals an integer. And if that doesn't give you an integer, then try 2 times 288 plus 1. 3 times 288 plus 1. You can just try different values. That one's a bit harder. Well, I can't remember the, did anyone get it? 23 was 23 times 13. We need to calculate it. We have 13 times something. What are we, 289? Actually, my calculator's not so good, it's not accurate. Let's make it easier. 13 times something equals 1 mod 288. That is, if we have 289 divided by 13, we need to get an integer. Because if 13 times something equals 289, then 289 mod the totion of n equals 1. So if 289 is divisible by 13 by an integer, then that's the answer. But it's not, you see, it's 22. There must be a multiplicative inverse, because that's the way we chose e. You have to keep trying. What about 13 times, what about if it was, is 577 divisible by 13? I'm not going to expect you to go through all of it, because 577 mod 288 is 1, I hope, because 288 times 2 is 576. So 577 mod 288 will be a remainder of 1, which is just 289 plus 288. And if that doesn't give you an integer here, then you add another 288. But I'll give you the answer, because it takes some time to calculate. 133, I calculated. 133 times 13 mod 288 is 1, try again. So e is 13. If d is 133, we get 1729. If you then mod by our torsion of n, which is 288, you get 1. So there is a d. It's just not obvious to calculate straight away. There are algorithms that will do that for you automatically. So if d equals 133, we can use RSA. What's next? Well, we've generated our key pair, because a key pair, in fact, is three values. One of them is repeated. E, d, and n are the values that we need, because we use them for our RSA encryption and decryption. So now, let's say that that was my key pair. I generated this. I chose p and q, 17 and 19. I calculated n. I didn't tell you what my p and q were. I didn't tell you what d was. But I tell you that e equals 13 and n equals 323. So I tell you my public key. My public key is e and n. And then you want to send me a message. And you want that message to be confidential. That message is 22, encrypt. Find the ciphertext. At least work out the equation for the ciphertext. We'll use a calculator to solve it. Normally, we denote the public key as both e and n and the private key as d and n. But the one thing that must be private is d. Even though we say n is part of the private key, the private value is d, because n is public in the public key. But it's quite common to denote n as part of the private key as well, because we use that when we use the value of d. So now for confidentiality, someone wants to send me a message. That's my public key and my corresponding private key. Then what do you do? c equals the message 22. What do we do with m? We use the public key. So when you send me a message, you use my public key. That is, you use my value of e and n. You take 22 to the message and raise it to the power of 13 and mod by n. Anyone have the answer? Anyone have a calculator that will calculate it? 71. Sounds close. What do we get? We add 22 to the power of 13, mod 323, 71. Again, 22 is our message. Raise it to the power of our public value e, which is 13. And then mod by our modulus n, which is 323. So here we're using the public key, e and n, 71. So that's the ciphertext. That's what you would send me. Oh, sorry. What do I do when I receive 71? I receive this message, 71, from you. What do I do with it? I want to get the original message back. I decrypt using the same equation, but different values. So I want to find what m is. I take the ciphertext, 71. And now I use the other key in the pair. You use the public key. I use the corresponding private key. That is the value of d, 71 to the power of 133. And the same value, n. And try it on your calculator. You should get 22 back. Check. Anyone get it? 22, can you show me on your calculator? OK. So here we used e, and here we used d. Other than that, the operations are the same. That's the ordering of which we use the keys. 71 to the power of 133, mod, what do we get? 323, our ciphertext to the power of the private value d, mod, n. Gives 22, which is what we expect. So that's just a simple example of with small values using RSA. The simple step or the steps for generating the key. I gave you the values of p and q in this case. You need to choose, in general, choose random, choose large prime numbers. Any questions on how to do that in the quiz next week? You should be able to do it quickly in the quiz. Yep. There will be a quiz next week. You may have to do questions like this. But you may have other questions as well. I would not, I'll try in a quiz, I would not ask you to, I would not give a question which takes a long time. That is, you have to, especially this part. In this case, in this question, it takes a bit of time to find the value of d. I'll try to choose numbers which you'll find the value of d either after one or one, two, or three attempts. Okay? That's not the point to make it long, but just to understand the steps. I may not even ask you to do all the steps. Okay, there's an example in RSA. Some of the things that I mentioned before the break, what did I say? And I couldn't remember. So just a few other things. I said that there's something called AES-NI. NI, so this is a feature of Intel CPUs. So most recent Intel CPUs support this. And NI means new instruction. What it is is a set of instructions that perform some of the AES operations. If you remember back to DES, not AES, we didn't cover it in detail, but DES, we had different operations in each round. We had XORs, we had S-boxes and different operations. Well, there are in the Intel CPU, there are instructions that do specific operations in AES. It just speeds up by using hardware to do the AES operations instead of software. What else did we mention that I want to just recap before we move on? I said, we said something about the speed. To give you some indicator. So here, this is the length of the number N that we're trying to factor into P and Q. With RSA, the challenge is, given a large N, find P and Q. If I give you in the quiz question, next week, break RSA and I give you the value of N, you may be able to factor it into P and Q. If I gave you N equals 323, I think some of you would find that the prime factors of 323 are our 17 and 19, okay? So you can factor 323 into 17 and 19. But now take a, not a three digit number, but take a 200 or 300 digit number, maybe 700 bits is N and factor that into P and Q. And this is how long some different algorithms take. So if it's N is 600 bits long, this is, it's not so clear here, I can't even read it. This is 10 to the power of six, MIPS years. MIPS is millions of instructions per second, okay? MIPS, millions of instructions per second. This is 10 to the power of six, that is one million, millions of instructions per second, years. Now, to get that a bit more meaningful, and of course, if we go up in the length of N, we see it goes up to 10 to the power of 12 and much higher. I just looked up some data. How fast are current computers? This is not to remember, but just to give an indicator. An Intel i7 CPU is about 128 bits and 8,000 MIPS, that is at peak performance, it can do about 128,000 million instructions per second. This is millions of instructions per second. How many years that we, if we do that many instructions per second, how many years will it take? So maybe a better example, RSA 768, which was a 768 bit value somewhere in here. Someone solved it in, this was in 2009. They factored this number, a 768 bit value of N into its prime factors, P and Q. It took them about the equivalent using one CPU, just one core, it took them 2,000 years. Or the equivalent of, that is with a 768 bit value of N, if they had just one CPU, it would take 2,000 years. Of course, they had more than one CPU, one core. They had multiple computers factoring over a long period of time. And it took them, I think, in the order of, I think in their case, the first time they did it in the order of two years. So instead of 2,000 years, by increasing the number of computers, they can reduce the real time. But that's the order of magnitude that we're talking about. That's the most recent one that was solved. Generally considered now, 1,024 bits considered secure for now. 2,048 bits is recommended for using RSA to be secure in the future. And it's considered that it's unbreakable with any known technique. Just some numbers to indicate that if we use a large enough N, it's practically impossible to break. What other examples? What if we use larger values? Can our calculator deal with it? Of course, you need to be careful when you calculate using RSA, even these small values that your calculator, whether it's a handheld calculator or a computer calculator, actually has the precision to perform the operations. Because when we have a large M and we raise it to a large number, maybe we'll run out of precision in our calculator. So just be careful if you're doing some practical tests or some tasks at home or for homework that sometimes the calculators are not precise enough. For example, actually I don't have an example, but if we take a large number, a large M, for example, and raise it to a large value of D, let's see how good my calculator is. Okay, again, we'll go back in a minute. So my calculator could calculate it in some period of time, but it says it's 10 to the power of 70,000. It doesn't remember those 70,000 digits there. Okay, it would not be accurate enough to then take the modulus and get the answer. So sometimes you need special software or different algorithms to do the power and the mod together. And some software will do it, others will not. You've seen me before use something called BC on the command line. Zoom in. BC is just a calculator on the command line, but it's arbitrary precision. So it's better for calculating the power and modulus for large numbers. We'll see some other examples later, but let's see, it's not as good as others. Okay, it will, all right, it doesn't make much sense here, but it gives the exact number here. Whereas my other calculator, my graphical calculator, would just record 10 to the power of 70,000 and something. It wouldn't record all of the precise values. Here in BC, it will record the exact number, and therefore when we do the mod, in theory we can get the precise answer. So just be careful, sometimes your calculator will not handle the numbers we're dealing with. And when we deal with real numbers with RSA, again, it takes some time and you need efficient algorithms to calculate. Another example, before we look at Diffie-Hellman, OpenSSL supports RSA key generation. So let's generate some keys with OpenSSL. And you don't need to remember these, I'll provide you a link to where this is written up, but I'll just demonstrate the generation of an RSA key. And we'll look at that key. So OpenSSL, there are different functions it has, but it has a generic operation to generate a private key, gen P key. And it works for different algorithms. It works for RSA, DSS and others. So we can select an algorithm. I wanna use RSA. And you can specify different options for your private key, minus P key, OPT for options. And I know these, I've looked them up in advance, they're not easy to remember. One of the options is to specify the RSA key generation, the number of bits, 2048 in my case. That is, how long is N? So that's the main indicator of the performance or the strength of RSA is the number of bits. So I'm gonna use a 2048 length value. And the other one we can specify as an option is the value of our public exponent, E, that is. That is the number we raised to a power which is made public, the public exponent, it's called in OpenSSL. And as we said, that value can be small and we can use the same value. And in this example, I'll just use three. So when you generate your key, you can also use three. You can use a different number, but three is one of the ones which is known, it's small and therefore can be efficient. And so that will generate my private key and I wanna output to a file, let's call it PRIV. And there's a particular file format, I'll just call it .pm. That's not so important yet. So just some options to generate my RSA key pair and let's see, it takes a little bit of time. Well, about one second, okay, it generates what it did then is it chose the two prime numbers, P and Q. So what it did is it really chose large random numbers and then test if it's prime, if it's not prime, if it's found to be composite then try another large random number. And there's multiple tests and there's a high confidence that it will be prime after multiple tests and then it does that for Q. Then it calculated N, the totion of N, selected an E, calculated D and saved those values in a file, this PRIV.pm. Let's look at the file. It's a text file or ASCII content, but it's encoded. So if I just display that file on the screen, it looks like some random characters. I'll zoom out so it's a bit, that's it there. In fact, it's not encrypted. This is my private key. It's not encrypted, it's just a different encoding. It's a base 64 encoding. You know you have ASCII encoding, a way to map the letters to binary values. This is a different encoding, which is being used to send binary data across the network. So it's an encoding, not encryption. OpenSSL has a way to show it in a user-friendly way. That's not so easy for me to look at. It's an operation to view the values, take the input my private key and output to a text display. So this is the encoded form of my private key containing all those values. We'll see in a moment. I'm just going to display it in a user-friendly manner and just display one screen at a time. Okay, that's the same as before and now it provides a nicer view. So the first thing is the modulus here. It's given in hexadecimal. You can convert it to binary. So there's the modulus there. That was determined by P times Q. The public exponent, E, that's three. I chose that in this example. And the calculated private exponent, that's D. So we have N, E and D. And note that D is very large, okay? It's almost as large as N in this case. So it's almost 2048 bits long and that's desirable.  Then my private key, open SSL, actually stores other values. So we have, what do we have? So far we have N, E and D. So in fact, it says it's my private key but it also stores E. So in fact, stores my public values as well. But it stores also my primes, P and Q. So prime one and prime two, they're called. So they are the large prime numbers which were chosen by the software in this case and recorded there. So it has P and Q. And finally it stores some other values called exponent one, exponent two and coefficient. These values are not needed but they are stored because they can be used to make the decryption using the private key using D faster. As remember, when we take some value and raise it to power of D mod N, D is very large and it takes a lot of time to take some large number, raise it to the power of another large number mod N. There are some algorithms that can simplify this calculation and the algorithms rely on some other values and those other values are stored also with my private key. They're called exponent one, exponent two and the coefficient. We're not gonna explain how they used. You can see online different sources explaining them. I haven't written down somewhere. Maybe I do, maybe I don't. If I don't have them written down I'll show you another time. No, I don't. Exponent one and exponent two are some operation on D, I think mod P minus one and exponent two D mod Q minus one and the coefficient also uses P and Q. They are simply used to perform this calculation in a faster manner. Instead of having to perform the direct operation there are multiple steps and it turns out those steps using these sort of subvalues can be implemented faster than that one step. So it's for performance, not for security. They're not needed, but they're commonly used. That's my private key. Of course I would not show you that because that's private to me, especially the values of these and the primes should be kept secret and of course the private exponent should be kept secret. The values of N and E, I can show you because they can be public. The others should be kept private or secret. And OpenSSL can then generate a public key from this and I could save that in a file and then send it to you or post on a website such that anyone can see my public key and then you could encrypt, again using OpenSSL or other software and send me ciphertext. So just an example with OpenSSL and generating the key. Any questions on RSA? That brings us to the end of that topic. Another public key cryptography algorithm is the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange algorithm. And we'll start to go through that this afternoon. Remember the two people, Diffie and Hellman, they are the people who publicly, or the first to publish public key cryptography. They're the two guys that invented public key cryptography, at least made it public. There were some security organizations that did it before them, but it wasn't published. And there's an algorithm that they developed for exchanging keys. So this is different from what we've seen all along. We've seen RSA can be used for encryption, for confidentiality. I have some plain text, I encrypt it, I send the ciphertext so that no one can see the plain text. RSA we've seen also can be used for authentication. I have a message, I authenticate it by signing it using my private key. I send that signed message and the receiver verifies it using my public key. So RSA provides those two services. Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange is about exchanging a secret. Remember with DES, AES, even RC4, they both use one secret at both the source and destination, there's one secret key. The problem with them is how do we get that secret? How does the destination know what the secret is? Well, Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange is a way for exchanging a secret using public key cryptography. Let's see how it works. So it's not for secrecy of data, so we're not encrypting anything. All we're doing is we're trying to get a secret from one spot to another, so from one user to another user, without anyone else discovering that secret. That's the challenge here. We've mentioned this in previous class. How do I get a secret from one user to another user? I write it down on a piece of paper and give it to them. How do we do it across a network? If I send this secret in an email unencrypted, then potentially someone can intercept that email and see my secret. That's not secure. If I send that secret, I could encrypt it and send the encrypted secret in an email. How do I do that? Okay, I have a secret, I choose it, I want to send it to someone. I cannot send it in the clear because someone could intercept, so one thing I could do is encrypt that secret and send the ciphertext in the email. Would that work? How could I do that? What do I encrypt it with? I could encrypt it using RSA, for example, and use, if I want to send the message to you, I would use your public key to encrypt and send the ciphertext to you and you would use your private key to decrypt. So that's one way for exchanging secrets and it's a key uber, the important use of RSA to exchange secrets. Diffie-Hellman's another way. It doesn't use RSA, it uses its own algorithm for exchanging secrets, for getting one secret from A to B. It's the security of it, the strength of it is based upon the fact that discrete logarithms are hard to solve in that when we use modular arithmetic, we can easily calculate exponentials but doing inverse, the inverse of an exponential in modular arithmetic is a discrete logarithm and calculating discrete logarithms is hard. With large enough numbers, it's practically impossible. That's where the security comes into it. Here's the algorithm. Let's quickly explain it and then demonstrate with an example. There are some public, what's called global public elements, two numbers. Globally, public means everyone knows them. So if I want to exchange a secret with someone else, we must use the same values of these two parameters and they can be public in that everyone can know them. Q and alpha. Q is a prime number. Alpha is a number less than Q and a primitive root of Q. We've spoken about primitive roots when we looked at number theory. We'll see an example again to remind you. So let's say I choose Q, I find alpha, a primitive root in mod Q, and I tell you and at the same time I tell everyone. Everyone knows those two values, they're public. It's not a problem. And there's two users, A and B. We both want to have a secret and we're going to exchange messages across a network and no one else should be able to find out that secret and the steps are quite easy. User A, select some private value, X of A or X subscript A. I select some private value, any number, as long as it's less than Q. And I calculate a public value Y and the way I calculate it is I take the alpha, raise to the power of my X mod by Q and you do the same thing. The other user B chooses some other random value X less than Q and calculates a Y, YB in the exact same manner. Take their X, alpha to the power of their X mod Q. Alpha and Q are the same that both users. XA and XB will be different because we choose them independently. And we calculate Y, A and YB. Y, A and YB are public in that anyone can know the values. What we do is we send them publicly across a network. So we can send them in an email. Don't have to be encrypted, I can yell them out, tell you my value of Y, A is this and you would tell me your value of Y, B. Everyone else would hear them. Once we get the other person's value of Y, each user calculates K as the other user's Y, raise to the power of my X mod Q and the user B takes user A's Y, raise to the power of their X mod Q and it turns out you get the same value of K at both sides. And we'll show that if someone intercepts our messages and they know Q, they know alpha, they know Y, A and YB, so they know those four public values, it's practically impossible for them to determine K so long as we use large enough numbers. Let's try and give an example to show that. Let's find my example. So the values of Q and alpha are chosen by one of the users and made public to everyone. So I will choose the values of Q and alpha to get started, I'll choose small values so we can calculate. So Q is a prime number. I'm gonna choose Q equal to 103, okay? So we choose a prime number and then we choose alpha, which is a primitive root of Q. Remember a primitive root is when we take that number and raise it to the power one, mod Q, raise it to the power of two, to the power of three, to the power of four, up to alpha to the power of 102 and all of the answers will be distinct, will be different numbers. If that's true, then it's a primitive root. I don't have an easy way to calculate in that without manually trying them, but I just looked up on a table to have the, let's see if I can find one. So here's just a website, Mathworld from Wolfram and it describes primitive roots, but I just looked up, it has a table of some of the primitive roots of different numbers. So it's zoom in, it's just a table. It says in the first column is the number and the second column is the smallest primitive root. There are multiple primitive roots of some numbers, but it gives just one primitive root. So for example, a primitive root of 19 is two and then we have more numbers. A primitive root of 54 is five. There may be others, but it's just given one example. What we do is choose a prime number. I chose 103 and this table tells me a primitive root of 103 is five. There are others, but five is one that we can use. So I will use my prime number Q as 103 and alpha as five in this case. You could check that, what you would do and you can do it in software. You calculate five to the power of one, mod 103. Five to the power of two, mod 103. Five to the power of three, mod 103 and keep going. Up to five to the power of 102, mod 103. You calculate all those values and the set of answers would be distinct values. No answer would repeat. That's the definition of the primitive root. So the answer here would not repeat in the set of the answers. We'd get the values. So the set of values would be from one up to 102 in some different order. Let's go back to our Diffie-Hulman Key Exchange. So Q chosen to be a prime number 103 and let's use alpha equal to five. So user A, let's do both sides. User A chooses some value of XA and it needs to be less than 103. I need two volunteers. One volunteer, anyone else? Two volunteers. You can be A and you're B. Choose a number less than 103. It's easy, any number less than 103. 19. So these are the two users and they're doing this separately. So this is on one computer and then the other user. So user A chose 19. I'll record this. And at the same time we'll do user B and see what user B does. User B, what do you choose? Anything. 21, okay? So they choose those numbers randomly. Independently, they could be the same number but unlikely, especially if we have large numbers, okay? Normally Q is very large and therefore when you choose a number between one and a large number, two people are not gonna choose the same number. So they've chosen their values independently and then they each calculate their value of Y and they use the same algorithm. We take alpha, raise it to the power of our X and mod by Q. So five to the power of 19, mod 103. User A, do you know the answer? Answer? Can someone help her? Five to the power of 19, mod 103. Okay, need a calculator. I'll help. Five to the power of 19, mod 103. 86, okay. And user B does the same thing at their side. What did we get? 86 and user B does, they calculate their YB. That's a lowercase B. Which is five, the same value of alpha to the power of 21, mod 103, the same Q. And the answer? 19. 19, 19, okay. Slow writer, that's okay. Okay, so they calculate those values independently. They haven't exchanged anything yet. They both know the same Q and alpha. Now they send each other their values of Y. Okay, so user A sends 86 to user B and similar B sends back their value. 19. So that's the first communications. They could have communicated before to exchange Q and alpha, but they do not exchange X just the values of Y. And now they calculate their values of K. Let's call it K A. So user A takes the received value of Y. So user A takes YB, 90 in our case. They just received 90. And they raise it to the power of their private value X. So user A uses the received value 90, raise it to the power of 19 and mod by Q. So again, when we receive the value 90, which is YB, the public value of user B, we take that, raise it to the power of our private value X and mod by Q. And our calculator tells us, calculator, Mr. Calculator, please. 37, good. So you need a calculator to get that one. User B follows the same steps. They calculate KB. They take the received value 86, raise it to their private value 21. That's a one. And mod by 103. Magically, what do they get? 37. They get the same value. We'll show later why it's quite easy mathematics to see that they'll always get the same value. But first, let's summarize what happened. Q and Alpha are public. They are known. Let's say at the start, the two users exchanged Q and Alpha. Everyone knows. X is, let's say, randomly chosen independently at each side. You don't tell anyone your value of X. You calculate Y and both users exchange their values of Y. So we say Y is a public value, X is a private value. And then calculate the value of K independently using the other person's Y, your X, mod by Q. And the other person does that using what the value of Y they received, mod, this is 21, they're X, mod 103. Sorry, 86 to the power of 21, mod 103. And you'll get the same value. And that's the secret. The secret is 37 in this case. The goal of this is to get a secret at both users, A and B. They know a secret, the same secret, and no one else knows the secret. And what can a malicious user do? Well, you need to consider what the malicious user knows. What is known is Q, Alpha, they are public. And what's exchanged across the network? Well, what is communicated? The 86 and 90 are known. That is Y, A and Y, B are known by the malicious user. So the challenge is then given those four values, find 37. Try it. So there's two things we need to cover. We may not cover them today, but why do we always get the same value K at both sides? We'll have a look at that shortly. And more importantly, why is this secure? Why can't someone else come along and discover 37? So let's look at that. What do we know? So now we'll consider the malicious user, the attacker. We know Alpha equals five. We know Q equals 103. And the malicious user also knows what was sent across the network, which is, what do we have? Y, A, what was that? 90, is that right? 86, 86. And they also know Y, B, which is 90. They know that because it was sent across the network or across some communications medium, no encryption. It's public. So now given those values, find K. So if you look at the equations, so the user also knows the algorithm. So I'll write down some of the equations that we have. For example, we know that K and K, A and K, B are the same. So K is, for example, Y, B. That's Y, B to the X, A, mod Q. That's one part of the equation. The other one is Y, A to the X, B, mod Q. And they also know what is Y, B. The equation for Y, B, which is known, is alpha to the X, B. That's a B, mod Q. And in fact, there's two other equations for the equivalent, but Y, A, X, B and alpha to the X, A equals Y, B, but just from the other user's perspective. The challenge now is for the attacker to give them this known information, find K. What do they do? What do they need to do? To find K, Y, B is known, Q is known, is X, A known? No, so there's an unknown. If we have an equation, we have two unknowns. We need to find out, if we find X, A, then we can easily find K. So the first step then is find X, A. Because once we get X, A, Q, a K can be calculated. So how do we find X, A? And I'll write down another equation that is known from the other side. Y, A equals alpha X, A, mod Q. So the challenge is to find X, A. Focus on this equation. An equation with four variables, what's known? Q is known, the attacker knows Q. Alpha is known, and Y, A is known. Y, A is 86, alpha is five, and Q is 103. So here we have an equation with four variables, three known values. We want to find the unknown value. How do we find X, A? Or what's the inverse of this equation? What's the operation? Here we have an exponential in modular arithmetic. The inverse of exponential is a logarithm, a discrete logarithm. Remember back, let's try that again. A discrete log, our base is alpha. Our mod is Q of Y, A. And the answer to that discrete log will be X, A. That's clear. Remember the discrete logarithm, the inverse of exponential. And the same as our normal arithmetic. We want to find the exponent. We want to find X, A, so we take the logarithm. The base is alpha, mod Q of Y, A gives us X, A, the exponent, so that's the inverse operation. So now the challenge for the attacker is to calculate a discrete logarithm. If they can do that, they will find X, A. And once they find X, A, they can easily calculate K and they know the secret. But you know that if we use large enough numbers, discrete logarithms are too hard to solve. They're even with a small alpha, if we have a large Q and large values of our X and subsequently Y, solving the discrete logarithm is practically impossible. And that's where the security of this Diffie-Hellman-Key exchange comes in. So long as we use large enough numbers, even though the attacker knows alpha, Q, Y, A and Y, B, they will not be able to find X, A because it takes too long to find a, to solve the discrete logarithm. And if they can't find X, A, they won't be able to find K and hence it's secret. You could solve it in this case, because our numbers are small. You could try different approaches. You could use software, you could try a brute force approach. So you know alpha is five, you know Q is 103, Y, A is 86. When we take alpha and raise it to some power, five raised to some power, mod 86, sorry, mod 90 gives 86, just try different values of X, A and eventually you'll find the right one. But if we have large enough numbers, solving this is too hard. And hence K is secret. So that's why Diffie-Hellman works. It's quite simple. It's a way to exchange secret, a secret between two users. Yep. What's the part doing it too long? Too hard, I mean too long. That is, if you have large enough numbers and you set your computer or computers to solve this, it will take you thousands of years, okay? Too long. Or there's not enough compute power to solve it. Same with all the ciphers we talk about. When I say too hard, I mean practically, even with supercomputers, it's gonna take thousands of years to solve, okay? That's about the security of Diffie-Hellman. The other thing we skipped over is, why do we get K at both sides to be the same? You can solve that, I'm sure. So in Diffie-Hellman, check and see why when A calculates K and when B calculates K, they'll always get the same value. There's some simple rearrangements of the mathematics and to see that. I will not attempt to describe it because we're out of time. Okay.


So, what mukti or enlightenment or self-realization means is, it is not pain or plascha, it's just simply nameless ecstasy. It has no quality, simply, simply. Just like that, like you're drunk all the time. Suppose you are super drunk and super alert, I think that's a closest description.