Hello everyone, and welcome to another episode of Engaging Ideas, the Parsons TKO podcast where we like to bring leaders and innovators within the nonprofit sector to share their thoughts and have conversations with us and hopefully provide some insights and ideas to you and your work and your daily life as well. This episode today is a special recording. We are going to have this recording come out on Tuesday, October 11th, which is National Coming Out Day. And today I am very privileged to be joined by Sharon Herrera. She is the founder and executive director of LGBTQ Saves, which is an organization in the Dallas Fort Worth area. Welcome, Sharon. Hello. Hey, and we are recording on video too, so we're going to have audio and video clips of this. It's going to be exciting. And, you know, we've been running this podcast for over a year now. We've not made any direct asks of our audience at this point, but today I am going to ask, please consider getting a donation to LGBTQ Saves. And we're going to have the website linked in the show notes. It's going to be linked everywhere we're putting this out. And for anyone listening at the moment, it is L-G-B-T-Q-S-A-V-E-S dot work. And you will see a donate link right in the upper right of that website. Please click on that and get some money to LGBTQ Saves. You will save a life today if you can make that happen. Before I dive in, you know, in the prep for this show, Sharon, we had talked about one of the things was, could we get voices from some of the youth you've worked with or get them into the show? And, you know, I did not want to do that just for certain protections and a lot of the, you know, there's a lot of issues with child protective acts and being aligned. But I did, you know, scourge our website here. I've pulled a few quotes, so I want to read that here just for anyone listening and they can see this on your website too. But before we dive in, just to give people a real sense of the impact your organization has been having. And these are quotes from some of the youth that you've worked with. My family and friends do not support my identity as a lesbian. My dad told me I did not know who I am yet. A teacher told me it was just a phase and to choose better friends. My mom is not super, I'm getting emotional. Shit, I might not be able to make it through the quotes. I'll try again. Let me get another drink of water. We'll leave this in the episode too. I mean, this is, this is some real impact, y'all. All right, hold on. I'm trying for you, audience. All right. I am thankful my sister found LGBTQ saves for me. I get to visit and talk to people my age that understand what I am going through. I am just me. Wonderful, silly, lovable me. I wanted to end my life at one time and now I have other people to reach out to for support. I'm feeling set. That's heavy. You know, lgbtqsaves.org. I know a lot of the listeners in our audience are not possibly living in Texas. And so we're going to talk a little bit today just about where some of the laws have gone the humanitarian crisis that we're facing here. And I would love Beto to win, I think, as much as everyone that I know, at least in the state and a lot of people around the country. He's a very exciting figure. Beto's got a lot of money, y'all. This organization really needs your help. So please consider donating today if you're listening. All right, let's dive in. I don't know if I'll make it through the rest of the quotes, but they are on the website. They're super powerful, obviously. And the work you're doing, Sharon, has just been amazing and fantastic. And I really appreciate it. So let's go. All right. Thank you for diving in to talk to me today. So can you tell the audience just about lgbtqsaves and the mission? The mission is to provide safe and brave spaces for our youth to simply be themselves. We have a lot of programs, a lot of resources for our youth. It was something in 2010, September 2010 to be exact, there was nine suicides back to back of lgbtq youth. The endless one being Asher Brown, 13 years old. He took his life on September the 23rd 2010 here in Texas. And I work for Fourth ISD, one of the largest school districts in the state of Texas, and I knew exactly what was going on in our school systems. The bullying was intense and not a lot of support. So, and it also triggered my suicide attempt. I attempted suicide at the age of 16. Back in the late 70s, I am 58 years old. I will be 59 next month. And back then I didn't know about drugs or guns. So the way I was going to take my life was Drano. Drano had the little skeleton sign with the X on it, and I read that it would cause death if ingested. So that's the way I chose to take my life.  I'm Latina, born and raised Catholic, and there was no lgbtqsaves back then or a counselor. Or anybody talk about, you know, the LGBT community, and if they did, it was all negative. I'm dating myself. There was a show called soap back in the day with Billy Crystal. I remember that one. He portrayed a gay man and he was made fun of on the show and also the family I was watching the show with was making light of him in front of him. But my closet got darker and darker, and I had nowhere to turn to, so ending my life was going to be the answer for me. And the reason that I'm sitting here having the conversation with you today is of seven words that my aunt said to me. She walked in when I was trying to ingest the Drano and knocked the cup out of my hand and said, I know Mija, you don't like boys. And that's what saved my life and why I'm still here. My aunt is currently 80 years old. We text every day. We talk every day. She lives back home in San Angelo, Texas, a very small town in Texas. And like I said, those words are the reason that I'm alive. One affirming adult and still the day stands true that one affirming adult will save a life. So that is the reason that the suicides in our nation triggered my suicide attempt. And I started at LGBTQ saves. And I always tell people, I still don't know what I'm doing as far as running a nonprofit, but all I wanted to do was save lives and here I am. I've been blessed enough to have board members and friends that know about nonprofits and guided me along the way. I was told from the very beginning in 2010 that this nonprofit wouldn't last but two or three years because we're 100% donor funded. But here we are 12 years later thriving. It's about saving lives to me. Thank you. And thank you for sharing your story there with us too.  And so if somebody someone needed help, how would they go about getting that help from your work? How do how does this contact happen? Our social media are we have an email contact us at LGBTQ saves.org. We also have our, you know, our Facebook, our Twitter, everything you can private message us our website as well. My number is always out there. I get phone calls at three o'clock in the morning or nine o'clock in the all hours of the day asking for help because I tell everybody here locally just give him my number if you're not comfortable and I will help. So, yeah, my telephone number is given out a lot of times. I don't know if you want me to give it out here national nationwide, but I don't mind. My life has been threatened. I will give you that warning. I have an FBI agent that is assigned to me because of that. I'm not scared to give out my number if it's needed. So, Well, we'll make sure we get the email at least and, you know, I don't want to add any any more pressure to use that might already be coming your way. Thank you. Thank you. But definitely a lot of a lot of parents, a lot of youth during COVID, a lot of Latino families our numbers went up from I think it was 17% to over 38. Because of COVID a lot of kids were at home and I always say our youth are so much stronger and braver than I was at the age of 16.  So I was able to contact mom and we had a conversation. There were so many Latino Spanish speaking families reaching out that we had to create a Spanish tab on our website for strictly our Spanish speaking parents that we're calling. Not one father called but I can tell you about eight to 10 mothers did call during COVID. What struggles do you have to deal with when you're trying to aid LGBTQ youth in particular. Homeless homelessness because we don't have anything here in the city of Fort Worth. We have maybe places that will allow one night or two, but not for a long term. So we have a, we have a lot of, we have to send our kids to Dallas, our sister city and our brother city, whatever. When I got here to Fort Worth, I didn't know there was such a much friction between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth. Yeah, I didn't understand. But unfortunately, we have to send our kids to Dallas because there's really nothing here in the city of Fort Worth for our youth. The other issue is transportation, transportation for our youth that we have to send to Dallas and our youth that want to attend our events that we have here in the city of Fort Worth. So we got a little bit into what drove you to want to start the organization and you're, you have, I mean the motivation to keep going even though you have these threats, you know, what kind of help have you been getting along the way as you've been starting this to take 12 years. I mean, that's, yeah, of course, some superhero work right there. Yeah. At the beginning, it was money out of pocket. We were able to save enough money in 2016 to start our own nonprofit. An attorney, John Barnes, I love him to death. He reviewed our paperwork so we didn't have to pay the big fee to get all this started through another company. So we just had to come up with $500 for the state of Texas to certify us as a nonprofit. So in 2016 is we were able to do that. And we received our first $3,000 check I remember from a local church, and we were able to buy, provide a scholarship, $1,000 scholarship, order some t-shirts, and just buy some spend some stuff that we need it for our youth for youth meetings. Back then we had one youth youth group meeting a month and now we have all Thursdays. And it's incredible what has happened because we were so tiny, we can only afford so much and now we've kind of, now that we can afford a lot of stuff but we're able to have enough money to have people that like Amy Carter is coming forward and they do our Thursday free and they provide food as well. We, during COVID, I panicked and my younger staff said let's go virtual and I said, okay, what does that look like? And because of going virtual despite COVID, we now are in Connecticut, Ohio, Michigan and Florida. Oh wow, I didn't realize you've expanded. Those were never my intentions but because we went virtual, kids were reaching out to us from everywhere. The child in Michigan that reached out to us had come out to his father, his father beat him up, threw him out of the house, he Googled us, found us, we were able to get CPS involved and he now lives with his grandmother. So that's the kind of stuff that was going on during COVID. We were being called from everywhere. There was a young child and I believe it was Iowa and his family sent us $500. His family told him to select an organization he wanted to donate. They wanted to donate money too and he Googled us and found us. So we received $500 from that family. But yeah, COVID, yes it was horrible but for us, it just allowed us to get bigger and bigger and reach out and save even more lives. There's different things you do provide to some of the youth as well in addition to trying to get them into housing as well, you know, gender identity affirming products. Yes, the gender affirming wear, gender affirming haircuts. We collaborate with acute salon and Novak salon here in the city of Fort Worth. And Novak provides free haircuts for LGBTQ youth that we serve and our volunteers and also acute salon. We pay half price because they're a smaller salon so we provide that as well. We provide scholarships. We provide, we started with 250 and then we moved up to 1000 because of that donation. So we provide two scholarships in June and two scholarships in December. One to a high school student that's been with us that's about to graduate and one to a college intern that has been serving us. We're very well connected with Tarleton State University here in the city of Fort Worth. For the past six years, their social work interns have been donating 75 hours 3535 and 15 per semester and that is the reason that we're we've stayed alive because of those volunteer hours. The first interns that we had created our first website, our website has been upgraded since then and we'll continue to get upgraded, but they were able to do our first website ever. It was just an incredible experience to have these these interns. One intern I remember was disowned because the family found out that they were serving LGBTQ saves. Another intern hit her son was able to come out to her at the age of 27, because he was contemplating suicide, but because his mother was a social worker and started working with us he was hearing and listening to the way the mother was hearing now and African American family, you know very difficult and at the age of 27 contemplating suicide he was able to come out to his mom.  Wow. And if, if you could for the audience, there's people in our audience working at nonprofits of all different sizes, budget sizes and ranges I mean, what's the type of budget, you're doing all of this work on annually, what's your size, what's the size just to help the audience get a sense and then so then they'll all rush to lgbtqsaves.org. Yeah, my treasurer just told me that in 2018 we had $287 in the checking account, because of COVID, we are now at in the 90s. So we're able to provide more and more and more to our kids, and I mean we have Santa drives we have back to school drives we have youth pride coming up our picnic our youth pride picnic we had last year we made the cover of Dallas morning we had over 200 families, kids and families show up this past year this year to this year this past June, we had over 400 waiting list of 200 people trying to get in. So next year it'll probably be even bigger, but but that's, those are, that's what costs the most to provide a safe and brave space for these kids to be themselves. I can imagine, I can tell you the first event we had back in 2011, because we had saved some money to have a was a problem. We had 27 youth show up in all of us chaperones adults in the background were crying, because these kids were having so much fun just being themselves, just being able to And us adults, you know, we're in our but back then I was in my 40s and I was like, wow. You know, we were all crying because we never had that opportunity and if we could do this over and over again to our for our youth, you know, that's what we're doing is creating that that hope is so important because that's what they're holding on to, you know often say as a kid. I loved the Wizard of Oz, right. And the song somewhere over the rainbow. There's a land that I that I've heard of once in a lullaby, or dreams that you dare to dream to really do come true. I really believe that. But it wasn't till my teenage years that I said, Oh, there is no such land for me was a 70. So that's why, you know, another reason that led to the suicide attempt there was no such land. So what I'm trying to create is that land. It's not just in a in a lullaby that you heard once in a lullaby right. It's right here in the city of Fort Worth. And being the I don't know for the 12 or 13 largest city in the nation. We need something like this here. We need something for our youth. It just so important to give these these kids hope the hope that they need to carry on their lives and be who they're going to be. We recently purchased the the former KKK building. I don't know if you're familiar with that. Yeah, yeah. This is a fantastic story. I mean, so you got to you might want to tell the audience about it. It's not as familiar. I do want to interview Adam and Daniel at some point too. Yes, yes, we were one of the seven groups that are going to be housed there. And it's an incredible story. A man was lynched here in the city of Fort Worth 101 years ago now at our stockyards. And he was like they were he was beat up because we're crossing a union line. I don't know what they're called a picket line. And they left him. They thought they had left him for dead. He was taken to the hospital here in the city for worth.  And we're naming our building after him the Fred Rouse Arts and Community Healing Center. And it's an incredible story because we're going to we're eradicated the roots of hate and we're planting seeds of hope and love. And our kids will have a safe place where they know that they can just walk in that question if they're going to be accepted and loved. Yeah, just everyone listening to this, this building that we're talking about here. This was the former KKK auditorium for massive entertainment and rallies that they would have in Fort Worth located right within site of the city hall to really sort of show their power in the cloud and the group transform 1012 North Main that LGBTQ saves and Sharon as a part of has secured the building so it won't be knocked down. And it's going to be transformed into the center for healing and arts because it was Adam had said this before and I heard this when I had worked at the US Institute of peace you know pain. Pain not transformed is pain transferred. And so how do we start to change that that narrative and use something like this. I mean, I really think it is a super beacon of light and hope at to your point. These are the things we need in these darker times. If you're watching us on YouTube, you can see maybe getting a glimpse of Sharon's shirt, but you might also be listening because most people have just been listening but she is wearing an Air Force shirt because she is a vet. So one of my questions before we dive into some of the state laws here is just as you were starting up the organization. I know, when there's veteran status for small businesses or different organizations that usually helps when you're trying to file legally I mean, what did that help at all as you're working with this lawyer to get to the five one C three or, you know, what's your it didn't that didn't come up at all because we weren't using a shortcut to get and but as a veteran, you know I served long before don't ask don't tell I was survived which cuts article I believe 30 I can't remember them at all the articles that I survived but I served my country proudly and I wanted to continue 20 to 30 years, but I was only able to serve for because there were so many witch hunts. And I do, I'm a consultant as well so I provide LGBTQ 101 training for a lot of organizations that want to better serve their clients or their employees or youth if they serve youth. And I always, I always remember Alan Schindler because that is the gentleman that they brutally killed, and the reason that don't ask don't tell them all. But even after don't ask don't tell was in place over 30,000 soldiers still got kicked out. So I have friends now that were kicked out back then that are now being allowed to reapply for their honorable discharge instead of having a dishonorable discharge on their record. It was a horrible time and since I worked in the accounting and finance area, and I processed soldiers out every day. You know, every, I would could see why they were being kicked out so I added a lot of stress to my being and that's why I just served four years in the Air Force, so I am a proud veteran. I do it again, but it was very difficult for me back then. You have shouldered a lot for anyone not following Texas politics, maybe as closely as those of us living through it at the moment it's gone a little insane. And lately, they passed a lot of laws. I think that was around September 21. September 2021 when they came out was, I'm calling it humanitarian crisis there's obviously nationally people have had to the spotlight the abortion bans the laws against basically against women here in the state, but they have come out really hard against trans youth in the state of Texas and I think it's really important every time you're talking about people being able to shut me themselves. You know, that's they're trying to criminalize that here in the state of Texas. I think for anyone who's maybe not as familiar I mean, can you just give a little bit of insight into sort of what you're from your perspective and the youth you're working with I mean how these laws are starting to impact some of the kids here and what those laws are if anyone might not be as familiar. Yeah, though we have families that are leaving the state. And just recently I went to an event and I found out another set of parents were leaving. They're moving to Colorado, and the reason being because their child is trans. There's House bill 29 and I believe 813 99 and they're all against transgender youth. The ability to receive gender affirming medical care, the to play sports, and they're even coming after the physicians as well. And I believe Senate bill 1646 able to punish a parent for facilitating that care as child abuse. Texas is very scary right now, but even the nation with Clarence Thomas coming saying that maybe we should reverse same sex marriage is just, I don't know really what's happening. It's just, it's so dangerous, especially the trans bills are so dangerous, especially for a youth. I believe these bills are rooted in fear discrimination and misinformation, and it's simply cruel because we're attacking children, and I just don't understand that I can't comprehend. I don't have any children but I serve so many, and I can't imagine wanting to hurt a child.  And that name when I first started this organization by the first 14 year old youth that we helped, and I've carried that on server sense but I just can't imagine being so cruel to children. And all of these governmental restrictions deprived children of their personal growth and development. That is why we focus on that social and personal development with the LGBT key saves. You know, children who are trans, they feel even more isolated and depressed because of what's going on in our state. Abbot in, I believe, Paxton. Paxton. Yeah, Paxton is really, anyway, he's, he's something, we really have to vote these people out, if we're going to stay in Texas. So September 27 Dallas morning news today anyone who wants to go back since this is coming out on October 11 Ken Paxton had his wife. Take him and SUV and leave the house so he can avoid being subpoenaed for a trial for some more of his misconduct deeds that he's done quality. I saved it in right after pride. They, they did, they wrote a 40 page document adopted at the state parties first in person convention since 2019 2018 declaring homosexual, they were here to homosexuality as a normal lifestyle choice in this section on homosexuality, homosexuality and gender issues and I'm going to read this paragraph to you. Let me get my phone. We believe there should be no granting of special legal entitlements or creation of special status for homosexual behavior, regardless of state of origin. And we oppose any criminal or civil penalties against those who oppose homosexuality at a faith conviction or belief in traditional values. No one should be granted special legal status based on their LGBTQ plus identification. The section reads it also poses all efforts to valid validate transgender identity and calls for a band on gender affirming care for people under 21. And then there's another section entitled counseling methods. It also endorses so called re integrative therapy or other counseling methods. When consulting clients of any age with gender dysphoria or unwanted sexual attraction. So it's like backwards here we go here in the state of Texas. This was done purposely during pride month. Is this. So, like I said, I survived witch hunts before don't ask to an L, you know, I was an adult.  That is why it's so important that we exist LGBT studies exist. Our lifeline chat is is is truly that a lifeline chat. Yeah, that's why I keep phrasing humanitarian crisis. This is. This is bad.   So we need to help everybody. If you're listening, we really do need some help. We got to help support. I know a national coming out there's I'm sure there's going to be a lot of happier stories and things like that. But I think we do need to bring this to the surface and really have people understand some of the struggles and to your point the reversal on so many things and how that is really affecting and impacting real lives. These are kids maybe that is want to play some soccer and they can't go out. They can't do that now.  You know, so I guess, you know, if someone listening is feeling really motivated at this point wants to help. What can they do to support you? LGBTQ saves and the organization LGBTQ, LGBTQ saves in addition to donating, you know, what other kind of support and help do you all need volunteers? We always need volunteers. I'm going to recommend a show, a documentary for everybody watch trans in Trump land. Powerful, powerful documentary that the actor Tony and the director Tony, he's the actor and director. He joined us. I wanted to share that we also have a virtual happy hour for parents, where parents come together. It's actually like P flag, but it's on steroids because it's growing because we're virtual and parents from all over are joining us and he was able to come speak to our parents and the actor and the four episodes in trans and the family from the first one were actually were able to help and facilitate one of our virtual happy hours for our families. So volunteer, volunteer, volunteer, but most importantly, if you're not comfortable. Now you have a resource for these children or your niece or your family member to turn to help us save lives, spread our message anywhere and everywhere. I've been asked to speak at so many churches, not churches chicken, actual churches. And I'm kind of like, okay, but they're even they are changing, they want to save lives. The scouts of America have reached out for my training, and that in itself speaks volumes to me. They've had they've had the the non discrimination policies in the books for a while, but now they're acting upon it and pushing it forward to better serve all all children, not just, you know, they want to serve everyone and be diverse. And they often they often come the scouts of America also have a booth at a lot of our events to support us in the LGBT community. So yeah. So on the volunteering since you have some of the remote locations now and you're doing more of an online presence can anyone is not in Texas but they've been able to help volunteer. Yes, they can just volunteer form we do a background check our one of our marketing coordinators that we have. It lives in Wisconsin. She does our newsletters and maintains our website and things like that of course we this is what our pain scale $10 an hour up to 30 hours a month $10 an hour up to 50 hours, you know, just we have to. We have to because once we're a full blown yes full staff running running 100 miles an hour. But for right now we have to be very careful how we spend our money. Well, and it's every dollar just completed complete impact complete impact. I mean, yeah, our binders are $50 a piece are scholarships, you know they're $1,000 if they need food if they need clothing for an interview. Our kid in Michigan often meets food because you know they're the grandmother is living on Social Security and you know we send out we send out gift cards to our you to buy food to buy clothing to buy gas. If they have to go to Dallas, I had a recently had a 21 year old and a 23 year old living out of a car.  So we're always helping you with whatever way that we can to make sure that they continue thriving. We've had kids youth that have moved to California, because it's safer for them there. So we're able to buy a one way ticket to California. I asked, I asked everyone to look at our YouTube and look at Issa is a video and look at Eli West. We're going to look at some of the youth that we were able to help just carry on after being kicked out of the home, or being bullied at school. We will definitely link to those for everyone. Everyone please subscribe to our newsletter because you'll know everything that's going on our Facebook or Twitter or Instagram. And you'll see how what what's going on in our in what we're doing for our youth and how your money's been spent. And subscribe to our YouTube because I believe we have to have, I don't know what Bertie said a thousand subscribers and so many hours so we can start getting money off of that. But yeah, it's incredible and Amazon Smile has has really has really helped us out as well. People are selecting us as a charity and we get like maybe three to $400 every quarter from Amazon Smile. We're just trying to find different ways to raise money and make money to continue doing what we do. I know in the network of listeners we have and the work that we've been doing a part of TK I know there are a lot of communications professionals in that and I might be listening so again, I would love to see some dollars come into lgbtqsaves.org, lgbtqsaves.org, but also some time or even just some of your experience and expertise if you're able to get all the Sharon and the team. Sort of help them think through some of the ways they could be using some of their communications channels maybe help spread the word get it out to different locations and there's a lot of fundraisers who listen as well. So please just think about that. I really appreciate you being here with us today and this has been heavy conversation. It has been wonderful and I know you carry that weight a lot. So thank you. Thank you. Thank you. And I invite you Tony when you're ever in Fort Worth to join us at one of our family dinners. We have four family dinners a year where we bring our kids their families or volunteers or board and everybody just come together and break bread and have activities for the kids and it's an incredible event and it's like, you can see your work right in front of you. So, but yeah, and like I said, we have we have a lot of youth that are that were with us when they were 14 and now they're in their 20s mid 20s and paying it forward, still being part of us. That's incredible. Yeah, it's been an incredible journey. So all worth it. Right. Thank you again for everything. Stay safe. I'm hope we're going to be able to help you all out with getting some of the word about LGBTQ saves out a little bit more to some folks around the country here in the US, maybe even internationally. I don't know if any listeners there or not. Like I said, this is coming out this will be national coming out days. Thank you for sharing your story. I really appreciate that. And we do end every podcast with the same question. So I've got to ask you or else I won't be following the process. So what is your go to song when you need a boost and why it gets everybody. Imagine. Imagine by John London. I remember hearing it as a kid. And I didn't understand it until, you know, I got a little older and it really can be that way. If we if we really, you know, come together, especially for youth. I really think that, you know, when I sign off on my emails, I always say, what are you doing to make this world a better place. I'm on this side of the fence. I'm trying to hand out a torch. I'm trying to light torches to create more hope, the light of hope for especially our youth, because our youth are still struggling. And like I said, I attempted suicide in the late 70s. And here we are 2022 kids are still trying to take their lives. So we have to do something for our youth. Bottom line. So yes, I still imagine. What's the phrase you're not the only one. I think there are there are a lot of us. Yes. Yes. Let's do something about it. Let's do it together. And I think you said it earlier to destroy one listening was, you know, one reason. One adult is willing to listen. Yes. An enemy simply who the story you don't know about. So take time to listen. So thank you. Thank you for sharing. I hope everyone also gave us a good listen and listen to your story and really appreciate your time today. Thank you so much. Thank you. Thank you so much.


a very good evening aspirants welcome to the hindi news analysis by Shankara ace academy for the date 9th of May 2021 these are the list of news articles taken for today's discussion it has been provided along with the page numbers of these news articles in different editions of hindi newspaper so now let us move on to our first session which is based on previous year prelims questions in this segment we will see the prelims questions that appeared in UPSC civil services preliminary examination 2020 and today we will see four questions now let's take up this first question it asks with reference to the history of india ul gulan or the great tumult is the description of which of the following events the revolt of 1857 demapilla rebellion of 1921 the integral revolt of 1859 to 60 bursa mundas revolt of 1899 to 1900 see as we can see the question is about ul gulan or the great tumult see tumult means agitation see ul gulan is a movement led by bursa munda and this happened in the present day jharkhand and bihar bursa munda was a celebrated adiva see freedom fighter he represented grassroots leadership in the struggle against british colonial rule and this term ul gulan was used to refer the movement or the uprising which was led by him and this term means total revolt now the center of bursa mundas ul gulan was the kunti district of jharkhand so he fought the british somewhere between 1895 to 1900s so the correct answer to this question is option d bursa mundas revolt of 1899 to 1900s so taking this opportunity let us also discuss certain facts about the movement ul gulan this movement was aimed at reforming the tribal society of mundas it involved a social side and also a political side now under the social side mundas were urged to give up drinking liquor to clean their villages and to stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery here bursa believed that the outside forces such as missionaries and hindu landlords were ruining the mundas way of life so in their 1895 as a part of the movement bursa urged his followers to retrieve back their old life and this life involved earning their living through tapping natural springs planting trees and orchards and practicing cultivation so this was the social side of this movement now next comes the political aim of this movement which is very important from example's perspective now this aim was to drive out missionaries that is the christian missionaries money lenders then hindu landlords and the british government after driving out these outside forces the political aim was to set up a munda raj under the leadership of bursa mundas it is because the movement identified all these forces as the cause of the misery that was suffered by the mundas tribe for example british destroyed mundas traditional land system through their land policies and the christian missionaries were criticizing mundas traditional culture so like this every one of these external forces were suppressing the mundas but when the movement started to spread british officials arrested bursa in their 1895 and he was imprisoned for two years so after his release in 1897 bursa started touring the villages to gather support to his movement and this expectation of bursa was a success as his followers began targeting the symbols of diku and symbols of european power see here just note that dikus were the migrant traders and money lenders who had settled in their area and they grabbed mundas wealth by making the original residents of the area poor so dikus were oppressing the mundas so remember the term dikus is related to this revolt so as a part of this bursa's followers attacked police stations and churches and they even raided the property of money lenders and zamindars they even raised the white flag as a symbol of bursa's raj but this movement faded out after the death of bursa in their 1900s so this ulgalan is a significant movement in tribal history mainly because it forced the colonial government to introduce laws which made it difficult for the dikus to take the tribal lands this movement is also important because it was an example of the vigor of tribal people to protest against the injustice and anger against the colonial rule so that is all about this question which is based on ulgalan now let's take up this next question the question asks the term west texas intermediate sometimes found in news refers to a grade of crude oil bullion rare earth elements uranium see the question is about west texas intermediate and it is a specific grade of crude oil that is light and sweet it is a light sweet oil because it contains around the 0.34 percentage of sulphur which makes it sweet and it also has a low density which is why it is light i note that west texas intermediate or insured wti serves as one of the main global oil benchmarks that is it is one of the main three benchmarks in oil pricing along with the branch crude and dubai crude see the significance of a benchmark in the oil market is that benchmarks serve as a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil now this wti crude oil is sourced primarily from usa particularly from the inland texas and that is why it is named as west texas intermediate and it is one of the highest quality of oils in the world which is easy to define and remember that wti is often compared to Brent crude and this Brent crude is an oil benchmark for two-thirds of the world's oil contracts and Brent crude is based on the oil which is extracted in the north sea of Atlantic ocean that means the correct answer to this question is option a crude oil now let us take this next question now this question asks with reference to the history of India the terms kule vapa and rona vapa denote option a measurement of land option b coins of different monetary value option c classification of urban land option d religious rituals see even though this question is based on history of India it mainly talks about the Indian economy in the gupta period that is the Indian economy under the guptas see in gupta inscriptions various types of lands were mentioned for example the land that was under cultivation was usually called shetra and the uncultivable land is called as killer and then the jungle or forest land is called as apra hata and the pastoral land was called as gopata sara and the habitable land is called as vasti so we can eliminate option c it is not classification of urban land now along with the classification of types of lands there were different land measures during the gupta period in different regions such as nivartana kule vapa and drona vapa and these terms related to the land measurements and they were mainly mentioned in the copper plate inscriptions of gupta era that were found in vengal and according to some sources kulya means winnowing basket and vapa is the act of scattering therefore the word kulya refers to the measure of seeds and kulya vapa refers to the area of land that was required to plant the seedlings of paddy seeds of one kulya in weight and similarly drona vapa indicates the area of land that was required to sow seed grains of the weight one drona and that is why the correct answer to this question is option a measurement of land now let us take this next question it asks in india separation of judiciary from executor is enjoined by say the term enjoined means encouraged option a is the preamble of the constitution option b a directive principle of state policy option c the seventh schedule option d the conventional practice see this separation of judiciary from executor is explicitly mentioned in constitution of india so it is not a conventional practice and then if you take option c it talks about seventh schedule of constitution as you know seven schedule deals with the division of powers between the union and the states and it contains three lists that is a union list state list and concurrent list so this is also not the correct answer now the separation of judiciary from executor is explicitly mentioned in article 50 of indian constitution it says that the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executor in the public services of the state and as you know article 50 comes under the directive principles of state policy and dpsp is under the part four of indian constitution which covers from article 36 to article 51 and these dpsp are not justifiable but they are fundamental in governance of the country it is the duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws so that is why the correct answer is option b directive principles of state policy so with this we have come to the end of previous air problems questions now let us move on to the news article discussion session our first discussion is based on this news article which covers the explosion that happened at the limestone quarry in the kadapa district of andhra pradesh this accident took place when gelatin sticks were being unloaded from a truck see note that these gelatin sticks are cheap explosive materials and they are used by industries for the purposes of mining and construction related works and due to this accident nearly 10 workers were killed and the investigations are in process to find the reasons behind this accident now we have taken up this news article because if you see the previous year questions you can note that upsc highly focuses on minerals its distribution etc so today let us focus on the mineral limestone the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see limestone is a sedimentary rock as you know sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of deposition accumulation and concentration of minerals in the horizontal strata see it is composed mainly of calcium carbonate in the form of mineral calcite or also it is composed of calcium and magnesium carbonates you should note that calcite is the most common form of natural calcium carbonate now this limestone is a non-metallic mineral that does not contain metals i know that about 10 percentage of the sedimentary rocks are limestone now the two most important constituents of limestone are calcite and dolomite now one important feature of limestone is that when it is altered by dynamic metamorphism it becomes coarsely crystalline and this form is referred to as marble and crystalline limestone but however the limestone which is used by industries in bulk quantity is a bedded type of sedimentary limestone so what are the uses of these limestones see limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry as you know cement is a substance used in the construction that sets hardens and adheres to other materials and the cement used in the construction is usually inorganic and it is often lime or calcium silicate based then limestone has also applications in the iron and steel industry as limestone is used both in the blast furnaces and also in the steel melting shops as chemical agents because limestone is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace then it also has applications in the glass industry because the glass industry requires high calcium limestone and combined calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate for producing colorless glasses then it also has applications in sugar industry as lime is used for clarification of cane and beet juice that is lime is used for the purposes of removing the impurities from the juice and also for precipitating sugar from impurities then apart from this limestone is also used as a carrier in the manufacture of calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer so these are the areas where limestone has its applications and as you can see limestone has a widespread application in majority of our industries so now let us know about the limestone reserves in India as per the national mineral inventory database the total reserves of limestone of all categories and grades has been estimated at more than two lakh million tons and as per this database karnataka is the leading state having 27 percentage of total resources it is followed by Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan both have 12 percentage of the total reserves each and then Gujarat holds 10 percentage whereas Meghalaya constitutes 9 percentage of the total reserves then Telangana holds 8 percentage and Chathisgarh and Madhya Pradesh holds 5 percentage each then the remaining 12 percentage of the limestone reserves are shared by other states. The next is the production of limestone as per the national mineral inventory database the production of limestone in the year 2018-1990 was at 379 million tons the database also notes that the production has increased marginally by about 11.34 percentage as compared to that of the previous year and here you should note that about 97 percentage of the total production of limestone during 2018-19 period was of cement grade and the remaining 3 percent was other grades and as per this database Rajasthan was the leading producer state that accounted for 20 percentage of the total production of limestone it is followed by Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, Chathisgarh, Karnataka and Telangana all of these states contribute to around 8 percentage to 13 percentage limestone production each so these are the facts that you need to know about limestone now let's move on to the next discussion this discussion is based on the safety article which talks about the 102nd constitutional amendment act see if you remember recently in its judgment supreme court nullified the marathas reservation and we have discussed about this on our 6th May in the news analysis now while delivering this judgment supreme court also talked about another aspect which has created a question on the federal powers supreme court has talked about the powers of the state on modifying the backward classes list we know that this right of the state has been infringed upon as pointed out by many so in this discussion let us see what is the issue what were supreme courts say in it and how it justifies its judgment the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for reference first let us know what the court said before we understand the issue better see supreme court by a 3 is to 2 majority ruled that after the passage of 102nd constitutional amendment act in the year 2018 the states do not have any power to identify socially and educationally backward classes but on the other hand the union government argued that it was never its intention to deprive the state governments of their power to identify socially and educationally backward classes and this assurance was given by the union government even when the 102nd amendment was given proper consideration before its enactment but what happened was supreme court interpreted this amendment to the effect that only the president can publish a list of backward classes in relation to each state now you may have a question what is the relation between the amendment and the socially and educational backward classes list first let us see what is this amendment this amendment was passed in the year 2018 it was passed after much outcry on the need for an institution that can cater to the well-being of backward classes in our country so based on this the constitutional amendment act was enacted and it established the national commission on backward classes by inserting article 338 capital b to the union constitution and this national commission on backward classes was set up as a five-member commission and it was tasked with monitoring safeguards that is provided for social and educational backward classes and it should also give advice on their socioeconomic development it can also inquire into complaints and can make recommendations etc etc like this it has many other functions but notably it was laid down in the constitution that the center and the states shall consult the commission on all policy matters concerning the social and educationally backward classes so you can imagine the amount of power that was vested with the central institution now apart from creating the national commission on backward classes the amendment also inserted article 342 a into the constitution this article deals with the power of the president to notify particular caste as socially and educational backward castes and it also talks about the power of parliament to change the list see this is the list which contains the socially and educationally backward classes and it is also called as the central list so once the central list is notified only parliament could make inclusions or exclusions in the list and that too by law so we can see that this provision is drafted exactly in the same lines as that of schedule cast and schedule tribes because even the schedule cast and schedule tribes list can be modified that is any cast can be included or excluded only by the parliament then in addition to this the amendment also amended article 366 which deals with certain definitions now the amendment inserted a clause 26c which defined what is social and economically backward according to this clause social and economically backward cast or in short scbc means such backward classes that are so deemed under article 342 a for the purposes of this constitution but we saw that article 342 a only talks about the power of president and the power of parliament regarding the scbc but there is no mention of powers of the state government and that is why it is said that the powers of the state government have been infringed upon so this was the amendment and the relation to the central list so now let us see what are the justifications given by the supreme court for its ruling that the states do not have any power to identify socially and educationally backward classes the first justification is that the text that created a national commission on backward classes is very similar to that of the text that created a national commission for schedule cast and national commission for schedule tribes so supreme court says that it believed that the parliament in its uh wisdom has replicated the same provisions that is for sc and sts with the backward classes also and next justification is that a definition clause was added through the amendment as we saw before by amending article 366 and this definition also said that only a class found in the list notified by the president under article 342 a was an scbc and that is why supreme court held that only when the president says so a class will be socially and educationally backward and based on this supreme court argues that it is justified to have a single list with the power wasting only with the center and one more thing that we must note is that the amendment said that scbc definition was for the purposes of the constitution now this means that it was to apply to the constitution as a whole and it includes article 15 plus four and article 16 plus four we know that both these articles enable special provisions for the backward classes including reservation for these classes in the public services but as you know these articles are also implemented by the states so the list mentioned in the amendment has an expansive interpretation and it takes away the state powers that has been granted under article 15 and 16 and then while justifying the decision supreme court has also quoted that the center had rejected rajya sabha's select committee's recommendation so earlier when the amendment act was still in deliberation stage the select committee had recommended including a line which said that states would continue to have the power to identify scbc's this line was recommended by the select committee but center rejected this line so supreme court judges came to a conclusion that center had already deliberated regarding the roles of the states and center had rejected the need for state interference in the scbc list and that is why having a single list without state powers is justified according to supreme court see here we should remember one crucial point which is that while convincing the states to agree to those hundred and second amendment the center had said that it was never its intention to deprive the states of their powers central government even held that the central list was only for the use by the center in reservation for jobs and institutions under the union government and it will not apply to the states this was the stand held by the center at that time but now supreme court has a different stand so we can say that supreme court's judgment has created a conflict and that is why experts view this judgment as a clear violation of the federal spirit of the constitution and it also infringes upon the affirmative actions of the state government see affirmative action means the positive steps that are taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in the areas of employment education etc and these affirmative actions are tools that are aimed at correcting the historic inequalities that has been prevalent in the Indian social fabric and the states are better positioned to have the power to correct these inequalities because they have a better cognizance or awareness of the nuances of the society and that is why we can say that depriving this power to the states that is the power to correct the inequalities is not only infringement of federalism but also it is injustice to the downtrodden sections of the society here the supreme court should also keep in mind that one size fits all is not an Indian mantra and that is why there's a suggestion that center should consider for an amendment of the constitution where it can include the state's power to modify the scbc list so we hope that center will do the needful and this issue will be taken care of so that is all about this discussion which was based on the 102nd amendment and the powers regarding modifying the scbc list now let's move on to the next discussion now let us take up this news article which is from the sunday's magazine and it is regarding somnath whore he is a famed indian sculptor and print maker so in this context let us take this opportunity to discuss in brief about evolution of art in india and also about somnath whore and his contributions see fine arts were seen as european by the british they felt that indians lacked training and sensibility to be able to create and appreciate fine arts so by mid 19th century and late 19th century art schools were established by british in major cities like lahore calcutta bombay and madras and these art schools tended to promote traditional indian crafts and also academic and naturalist art that reflected victorian tastes so there was a colonial bias here and against this nationalist art emerged in our country a prime example for this was the bengal school of art which was nurtured by abhinindanath tagore and eb havel see abhinindanath tagore is the nephew of rabindanath tagore as you know india's first nationalist art school which was kala bhavana it was set up in the year 1919 and it was a part of the vishwa bharati university in shanti niketan and this vishwa bharati university was conceptualized by poet rabindanath tagore now in the year 1921 to 22 nandal al bos joined the kala bhavana his training was under abhinindanath tagore which made him familiar with nationalism in art and bos's most creative students were benod behari mukherjee and ram kinkar beige they often painted the santhal tribe who lived near shanti niketan and they made sculptures based on them here we should also know about amrita shergil she was half angadian and half indian she emerged as a unique female artist as she contributed immensely to the modern indian art through the 1930s she worked to develop art with indian themes and images by assimilating miniature and the mural traditions of indian art with european modernism but soon after shergil's death it was a time when india was still under british rule and india was deeply affected by global events like world war two and one of the indirect outcomes of world war two was the outbreak of bengal femine which ravaged the region and it forced massive rural migration to cities and this humanitarian crisis compelled many artists to reflect on their role in the society so seeing the miserable poverty around them and the plight of people in villages and cities many young artists in calcutta were drawn to socialism especially marxism and one such individual was somnath whore he was a political artist of india who found printmaking as a strong medium to express the social concerns his sketches sculptures and prints were a reaction to major historical crisis and also they were a reaction to the events of 20th century bengal such as bengal femine of 1943 and the tebaga movement so in 1943 he did visual documentation and reporting of bengal femine for the communist party magazine called as jana udda and here you should know about his important graphic print it was named as children which showed the images of children and this was taken from the experience of the femine of 1943 and these children represent the most vulnerable sections of the society now other than this some other artworks of somnath whore includes peasants meeting wounded animal the child mother with child mourners and the unclad beggar family so these are some of the points that you know about evolution of art in india and also about somnath whore now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this news article which is regarding recent research done on pangolin scales see this study is expected to throw more light on indian and chinese pangolins so in this discussion let us focus on pangolins the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see these pangolins are solitary primarily nocturnal animals nocturnal means active in night now the species is easily recognized by their full armor of scales they are also called as scaly anteaters because of their preferred diet their diet consists of various species of ants and termites now know that there are eight species of pangolins which are found on two continents in the world and these pangolins are listed as vulnerable to critically endangered in the isc and red list now the four species living in africa are black bellied pangolin white bellied pangolin giant ground pangolin and ten minutes ground pangolin now four species are also found in asia they are indian pangolin filipine pangolin sunda pangolin and the chinese pangolin now this species faces many threats as they are among the world's most trafficked mammals pangolins are increasingly victims of illegal wildlife crime mainly in asia and africa and they are trafficked and killed for their meat and also for scales their scales are in high demand in the making of traditional east asian medicines so this has resulted in an estimated illegal trade that is worth 2.5 billion dollars every year and this news article also mentions that between 2000 and 2019 an estimate of about nearly nine lakh pangolins was trafficked globally and most of them were asian and african pangolins and this has led to a drastic decline of these species this is happening even though all eight pangolins are protected under national and international laws particularly in india also pangolins are listed in schedule one of pilot protection act of 1972 now the news is that researchers of zoological survey of india have developed tools to distinguish the scales of indian pangolin and chinese pangolin so in this context let us see about these two species see out of the eight extant species of pangolin indian pangolin and chinese pangolin occur in india now in this the indian pangolin is a large anteater and it is covered dorsally by 11 to 13 rows of scale in this species the adult male is about one third larger than the female and one main distinguish between indian pangolin and chinese pangolin is that a terminal scale is also present on the ventral side of the tail of indian pangolin ventral side means lower front of the stroma keria now this feature is absent in the chinese pangolin and note that this species has a sticky tongue which is longer than its body it is because it needs longer tongue for reaching and lapping up insects in deep services now this species is found in various types of tropical forests as well as open land grasslands and degraded habitats and they are found also in close proximity to the villages especially these species can adapt well to modified habitats provided that their main praise that does ants and termites are abundantly available now with respect to indian pangolin you should note that it is widely distributed in india except the arid region high himalayas and the northeastern region it can be found at elevation up to 2500 meters now the species also occurs in bangladesh pakistan nepal and shrillanka and in india it is protected under schedule one of bylif protection act and it is also protected under appendix two of sites and it is listed as endangered in the iocn red list for next comes the chinese pangolin it is found in the himalayan foothills in the eastern nepal bhuta northern india northeast bangladesh and also throughout southern china now this species is adaptable to a wide range of habitats including primary and secondary tropical forests limestone and bamboo forests grasslands and even agricultural fields once upon a time this species was found in large numbers but now its population is rapidly declining in its range due to habitat loss and due to ramp and poaching for its skin scales and meat see already the population of the species is limited because they are limited to a certain geographical range and they have low fecundity with just one offspring a year fecundity means potential for reproduction so in addition to this it is also facing pressure due to habitat degradation and that is why it is prone to local extinction so this chinese pangolin is listed in sites appendix two it is also protected under schedule one of bylif protection act and it is categorized as critically endangered in the iocn red list so these are some of the facts that you should know about pangolins especially indian chinese pangolin now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this news article which mentions about the india european union talks that were held in portugal see india participated in this dialogue virtually and in this forum india and european union agreed to relaunch the free trade negotiations on bilateral trade and investment agreement in addition to this both sides also adopted a connectivity partnership document which outlined the plans to cooperate on digital and infrastructure projects then a second transfer the pune material project was also approved by the european investment bank but beyond all this india failed to secure the support of european union regarding the trips waiver in the wto yesterday we saw that european union is one of the entities which is opposing the trips waiver and now it has failed to get its support so in this context let us know about what is free trade agreement and what is bilateral trade investment agreement see free trade agreement is a pact between two or more nations to reduce barriers in imports and exports among them now under a free trade policy goods and services can be bought and sold across international borders with little or no government tariffs quotas subsidies or prohibitions that will otherwise impede or inhibit the exchange of goods and services so from this definition you can infer that the concept of free trade is the opposite of trade protectionism or it is the opposite of economic isolationism now the main advantage of free trade agreement is that it allows businesses in each country to focus on producing and selling the goods that best use their own resources and on the other hand it allows the businesses to import goods that are scarce or that are unavailable domestically so this mix of local production and foreign trade allows both economies to experience faster growth additionally consumers needs are also met so if you see free trade expands the diversity and it lowers the prices of goods that is available in our nation and this will also allow better exploitation of the homegrown resources knowledge and specialized skills and the one district one product which we discussed on 27th april is a classic example of this because in this one district one product we harness the local talent and try to sell it across borders see even though free trade agreements have all these advantages it has one main disadvantage which is it makes the domestic market prone to fluctuations of externalities see for example if there is an excess or surplus in the global market it will push the prices down and this will be beyond the Indian government's policy intervention so Indian government will not be able to carry out any policy interventions to handle this scenario so this is about FTA now let us come to BTIA that is broad-based trade and investment agreement so it is nothing but a wide-ranging free trade agreement covering goods and services and also investments initially the talks about BTIA was started in 2007 when India and EU began negotiations on a broad-based BTIA and this held in Brussels of Belgium now these negotiations were in accordance with the commitment made by the political leaders at the 7th India EU summit that was held in Helsinki in the year 2006 but the talks on this BTIA were suspended in the year 2013 due to the reason that only very little progress was made even after 16 rounds of negotiations now this happened because of the differences that persisted on the market axis and free movement of people between both the regions see for example there were many areas of conflict between Indian European Union like the tariffs by Indian products like wine dairy and automotive parts was not acceptable to EU and on the other hand EU's resistance over visas for Indian professionals was an issue to India so because of this the talks regarding BTIA was suspended in 2013 so after nearly four years in 2017 finally efforts were made to renew BTIA but this was also did not go as anticipated because at this time new issues were present which even complicated the issue and even many of these issues persist now also but still now EU and India are ready to relaunch their negotiations on BTIA and one of the reasons for this is the China factor see this India EU partnership on FDA negotiations is seen as a response to China's Belt and Road Initiative and further EU's negotiation with China did not turn out well regarding their comprehensive agreement on investment so now EU is looking for market access and thus it could have acted as an impetus for EU to relaunch the bilateral trade and investment agreement so let us hope this BTIA successfully concluded after considering all the conflicting areas and resolving the issues so these are some of the points that you should know about India and EU's free trade agreement now let's move on to the next discussion now we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session this is a two statement question first statement is Rajasthan is the leading limestone producing state accounting for 50 percentage of the total production of limestone now this statement is incorrect because only half of the statement is correct it is true that Rajasthan is the leading limestone producing state but it accounted only for 20% of the total production of limestone and that is why the statement is incorrect now the second statement is Karnataka is the leading state having more than 25 percentage of the total resources of limestone in India. Now this statement is correct because the total reserves of limestone of all categories and grades has been estimated at two lakh million tons and out of this Karnataka has 27 percentage of total resources and it is the leading state so 27 percentage is more than 25 percentage so this statement is correct and here the question asks for the correct statement so the correct answer is option B2 only. Now this next question is a direct question it asks as a political artist his sketches, cultures and prints were a reaction to events of 20th century Bengal. His important artworks include children, peasants meeting, wounded animal etc. He is option A Abhanentranath Tagore, option B Nandalal Bose, option C Benod Bihari Mukherjee, option D Somnath Hor and the correct answer is option D. Now this next question is based on pangolins first statement is pangolins are solitary animals exclusively found in Asia. Now this statement is incorrect because we saw that the pangolins are found in two continents Asia and Africa and the eight species four species are found in Africa and four species are found in Asia. Now the second statement is both Indian pangolins and Chinese pangolins are found in India. Now this statement is correct we saw this during discussion but the third statement is both Indian pangolins and Chinese pangolins are categorized as critically endangered in IUCN Red List. Now this statement is incorrect because as of now Indian pangolins are listed as endangered only the Chinese pangolins are categorized as critically endangered and here be careful before answering the question because the question asks for the incorrect statements and the incorrect statements are statement one and three thus the correct answer is option C one and three only. Now let us take two main questions these two questions are based on JS paper two you can answer these questions and post it in the comment section. With this we come to the end of today's Hindi news analysis and practice questions discussion session. If you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and to subscribe to Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation.


So, great search brought to you by Digikey and Adafruit. Thanks, Digikey. Every single week, ladies and gentlemen, you're the power of engineering. I hope you guys find the things you want on digikey.com. Ladies and gentlemen, what are you looking for this week? Okay. I saw this request by Jeff Kaiser, who's a friend of the fruit. It says, I bought a 1% male film registered from Aliexpress when the first resistor was off by 2%. And they're really, really skinny leads. Anyone know a better 1% registered kit? Glad you asked. But first, let me show on the overhead what he means by skinny leads, because I've actually bumped into this issue and it drives me crazy. So this is what is often sold when you buy inexpensive resistor kits. And these are often called like 1, 16th or 1, 8th watt resistor and the LED, sorry, the LED, the leads are 0.34 millimeters or 0.3 millimeters. Yeah, 0.34 millimeters. Whereas your standard, like what you would normally get, like when most people buy quarter watt through whole resistors, are 0.5 millimeters. And the reason this actually matters is when you use these with a breadboard, these resistors stick nicely and like, I can't beam the feeling through the video. But it feels like it's gripped, like it's in there, it's like, it's not gonna fall out. It's like, it's stuck in there.  Let me see if I can, yeah, hold on. Let me show if I can, see if I can demo that live.  Hold on, let me find it. Okay, so it's in here, and it just fell out. It's not thick enough to get gripped by, even though this is a pretty good quality breadboard, these are the ones with like the extra prong and the prongs are like notched to like have a good grip on them. But yeah, it's like, unless you have a super tight breadboard, these skinny leads aren't going to fall out. So, luckily Digikey actually stocks resistor kits. I think we covered SMT resistor kits a while ago, let's show what they've got for through-hole resistor kits. So, over at the computer, under kits, you can just type in like, you know, resistor kit if you're not gonna remember. And they actually have quite a few resistor kits. So, let's look at just the active ones. And then, like I said, they have surface mount and through-hole, let's also look also at the, well, we'll do marketplace, but let's do normally stocking just in case there were some that were discontinued. So, to be honest, basically, if you're going to get, you know, like Sparkford has a resistor kit that's a quarter watt, but this is a 5% set. You know, to be honest, like a lot of people who want resistor kits want a surface mount resistor kit, not a through-hole, because honestly, not a lot of people do through-hole prototyping anymore. That said, there is like a Yagio through-hole resistor kit here. So, let's filter by through-hole only. Another thing is, most people don't need a 1% kit. They want a 5% kit because a 5% kit is, again, it's gonna be good enough for them. But if you do want a 1% kit, let's search for 1% tolerance. I don't know what this one, this one is multiple. I don't know. Okay, 21 options. The most popular pack of kits, like, you know, this is... This looks like it's probably okay too. But the Yagio kits are kind of like the ones that they have the most in stock for. But one thing to watch out for is you don't get like every value. So, each order that you get has like one decade's worth. So, this is the 100K to one mega ohm, and this is the 10 to 100 ohm, and this is the 10K to 100K ohm, and this is the one to 10K. So, basically, you like pick which decade you want. Now, the thing is, is that Jessica, I don't wanna get all of them because it's gonna be like 250 bucks. But the thing is, like, you probably don't need all of them. I'll say that for most times you need 1% resistors is when you're doing like op amp filters or like other analog electronics where you have to like set a divider like precisely. And chances are if you're doing that kind of precision dividers, you don't need anything under 1K because you just like don't really do like off amp feedback resistors or like other analog resistors that are under like about a 1K or so. So, if I was going to get the 1% versus 5% kit, I would get the 1% in 100K to one mega and the 10K to 100K. And then if you really want, get the one to 10K, but I wouldn't get anything under 1K, I'd get a 5% kit to be honest because you don't like need the precision at like 470 ohms. And you definitely don't need it for like 10 ohms to 100 ohms. Like nobody's doing 1%, you know, 68 ohm resistors. It's very, very rare. So I think if you're gonna like just pick 111, I would go with the 10 to 100K because it's like, this is kind of where like the, most of your values are gonna be when you're doing op amp circuits. So this is my pick for the great search. It's RS4X kit, Andy.