our future and think so quite. I'm your host, Brittany Zimmerman. And I'm your co-host, Richard Ha. And joining us today is our guest, Kevin McDowell. Today, we're going to do a deep dive into another sea invention. Welcome to the show. How you doing, Richard? Oh, pretty good. Boy, it's raining cats and dogs as they say. Yeah, hearing he low, that seems to be the norm. And welcome, Kevin. How can you do it? I'm doing well. Thank you. Thanks for asking a little bit of a drier area here in the Geographic Center of North America, sort of the anti-Hawaii, as it were, in that it's about as far away as you can get in the United States from an ocean. Wonderful. Well, we're super glad to have you with us today. Our second sea letter invention, we just had so many in the sea category. We decided to do two, is cement and concrete. So, Kevin, you may know a thing or two about cement and concrete. So a little anyway.  Well, sure. I'm my name is Kevin MacDonald. I run a consulting engineering firm and I'm a professor at the University of Wisconsin, a stout in construction management, where I teach concrete as a material, reinforced concrete design and heavy equipment operations. I've been working in the concrete industry in various roles since the late 1980s in structural inspection and evaluation of existing structures and consulting, both in terms of plastic and hardened concrete. In fact, I spent 12 years manufacturing or involved in the manufacture of concrete. My previous employer would point out that I actually never did anything, but I told lots of people how they could do it much better. And then I went back into the consulting business. And my education is in chemical engineering, which is sort of an odd place to find someone living in the concrete end of the cement and concrete industry. But I first got into it into concrete as an exploration of the corrosion of reinforcing steel and concrete. And of course, the manufacturer of this synthetic stone, this concrete, is the largest chemical reaction that we run as human beings on earth. And so it's the logical place for chemical engineers. Awesome. I mean, that is super exciting. And we have Richard with us. Richard, do you have any major questions about cement and concrete or anything there related to kick us off with Kevin? Yeah, maybe I'm just a farmer. Yeah. So isn't cement and concrete the same thing? No, no, it's not. But it's a very common thing to look at.  And it's very easy not to know anything about it. But cement is to concrete as flour is to cake. It's one of the necessary ingredients. And the cement is a powdery material that will react with water. Portland cement is to form a calcium silicate glue. And then it glues the rocks and other constituents of the concrete together. So the concrete is a material that is made of cement, but also includes mineral or synthetic aggregates or other materials that are bound together to form an artificial rock. And it's a fascinating material because it comes to the point where it is going to be used in the unfinished state. You can pour it into a mold and whatever mold you pour it into, it will eventually set and take on the shape of that mold. And so you can use concrete for making floors, for beans, for columns for all sorts of structures. So that that's the big difference between cement and concrete. The cement is a powder that mixed together with water becomes a glue. And it's a portion of what it is. In fact, it less than about 30 percent of the concrete by volume is cement and water. The rest of it is minerals, crushed rocks, that sort of thing on practically anything that that you can find. And unfortunately, not frequently enough recycled concrete. You know, I'm curious about. I've heard that the stuff you folks make is less a longer, less longer, you can use it quicker. What? Why? Why is that? So, you know, concrete is a very durable material. There are concrete structures in in Europe that are well over all over twenty five hundred years old constructed by the Romans, who had a similar, but not the same technology that we have. You may as concrete is a material that relies not on Portland cement, but on a different cementitious binder. And one of the advantages of that cementitious binder is that it reacts very quickly and it gains strength very quickly. And then it fills in the spaces. I hate the analogy, but if you can think of concrete as a hardened sponge, water can move through the concrete the same way it moves through the the voids or the pores in a sponge. And the humane material has a secondary reaction that plugs those holes and makes the sponge much more watertight. And really, water is the most destructive material on earth, right? It's amphoteric in that it will attack bases and acids. It it is the universal solvent, so it will dissolve many things and it can carry in chemicals that will cause problems in the concrete. Two of those chemicals that are very serious for Hawaii are sulfates and chlorides, both of which are found in the seawater. Sulfate will attack the illuminate phases in the cement, causing an expansion and a general disintegration of the paste. And the chlorides will penetrate in and cause the corrosion will cause any reinforcing steel to corrode. And it's really searching through that particular corrosion problem is how I started getting involved in concrete, because I was curious as to how we could stop that electrochemistry problem. In order to do that, you solve a corrosion problem. You need to understand the system where that corrosion is taking place. And after looking at that, the system was much more interesting than just the corrosion problem. But that's the reason that it is stronger at early ages and later ages and is more durable. Both have to do with the reduction of the amount of pores or space that's inside the hardened material. In certain instances, your maize concrete does not have to use rebars. Is that is that true? Yes, concrete, which is designed, say it's continuously soil supported, or it's always in an arching action or some other some footings as well, being soil supported can be designed in the code without any reinforcement at all. So you may could be used with other plain concretes can be used in that same situation. One of the advantages with the you may material is that we get very high strains as a consequence of the reaction that we're getting. And so when we have very high strains, it makes it means that not just the compress over the crushing strain, but also the tensile or the stretching strain is considerably higher. And where that's the case, we can build things that things without reinforcement in them, pavements, this is an arched structures of concrete floors that would not need any reinforcement in them whatsoever. And you can make them thinner. And the advantage of making them thinner, of course, is that you use considerably less material.  OK, here in Hilo, there's a portion of road that's made out of cement. Yeah, so so it goes to the wharf and stops right there. And our experience in Hilo is, you know, as soon as you pave the road, it doesn't take very long before it starts to get bumpy and then, you know, and it starts to degrade and it doesn't seem like it lasts very long at all. Now, when I look at this cement and it's not the same thing that you folks do, but it's cement, yeah, so concrete that cement. I'm guessing it will last longer than the asphalt right next to it. And maybe your mazes is similar to that cement or different towards. Yeah, one of the significant problems you have in in the tropics is the amount of sunlight that you have and that sunlight will degrade asphalt cement, which is the binder in asphalt concrete and asphalt cement will degrade under ultraviolet light and that starts to cause it to crack. But there's another issue, which is the the different mechanisms in the materials of asphalt or asphalt to concrete is a material that is flexible. It it relies completely on the sub grade for support. Concrete pavements are rigid. So as long as they're properly designed, they can bridge over softer areas. Now, you don't get to have the excitement that that we do here in the mainland where they get a lot of frost in the winter. In fact, people run away to Hawaii to escape from that frost and a lot of a lot of people looking to do that in January, February. And so you don't have quite those problems, but flexible pavements are much more dependent on the soil conditions and the ultraviolet ages them quickly and they start to crack. Concrete pavements won't have that have that issue. They can be more expensive to construct initially. But if you look at a lifetime and that's made what we should be spending more time doing is look at what happens over a period of time that concrete pavements will pay themselves will pay back the initial investment many times over by the fact that they don't need to be as repaired. They won't be to be repaired as frequently and they certainly don't need to be replaced as quick. I remember you said at the start you didn't like to use the example of a sponge, but yes. But so water goes through this. Is that right? It can. Yeah. Most most sponges are the the the voids are not connected. So in but in the case of concrete, if we make it in a particular way, we'll have pores that are connected. In other words, you could walk through void space if you were sufficiently small through void space from one side of the concrete to the other. We measure its permeability, which is a measure of how easily water will flow under a given pressure gradient. And in those cases, we see water can move readily through the concrete. The way that we stop that is by densifying the concrete is filling in those spaces so that we either have no connected space or that the path that is taken instead of being a straight line, it's very circuitous, virtuous. It takes time to for the water to move under a given amount of pressure. There's more back pressure. There's a number of things that can be done. And it's absolutely crucial for concrete durability to do whatever you can to keep the water out. Awesome. And one of the things that I get most excited about is really the environmental impact and what we can achieve in that realm. So for the viewers who aren't as familiar with why concrete and cements are emissive in the first place and how we're looking at trying to solve some of the issues around emissivity and greenhouse gas release, can you walk us through why traditional materials and concretes are so emissive and what the big difference is here? Yeah, I'd be happy to because this is a this is one of the downsides or the detriments of using Portland cement, our particular binder. Portland cement is a is a is a material that is processed with heat. We we start with some limestone and some clays or source of source of iron, source of silica. And the first step that we take is we heat the material up, which takes energy and which is often associated with emissions. But the first chemical process that occurs is called calcination. And calcination is the process of taking limestone, which is calcium and a carbon and three oxygens. And driving off the carbon and two of the oxygens, the CO2, leaving us with calcium oxide. So not only have we have we emitted carbon dioxide by burning fuel in order to get us to the temperature of calcination, which we'll have to go beyond to the B bor fuel. But we also have a chemical process that is converting limestone back into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. And I say back into it because the carbon cycle, there's a process whereby a little bit of carbon dioxide is dissolved in the water and eventually precipitates down and becomes calcium carbonate. So we're reversing that process. And we always we're very good at reversing the process much faster than the natural process is. And so we have a lot of carbon dioxide that's emitted from calcination and a lot more that is emitted from heating. And then when we're done, we end up with nodules, ash or clinker of the burnt material in the size of say, say, macadamia nuts, and then you would take those and grind them up. Macadamia is still with the shells on there with the fruit on it. You grind those up into a fine powder, and that takes a lot of energy as well. And so where that energy is occurring, there's there are emissions. And so when we say cement, we really mean Portland cement. Portland cement is this material we're talking about. And we can add other materials to reduce the amount of Portland cement that we need and thereby reduce the emissions associated with it. But there are always emissions associated with with the clinker. And so what we're looking to do is to have a concrete that does not use any clinker that gets its its grinding or its hydratable material from other processes so that that you're able to reduce the emissions. The difficulty and often at this point in an environmental discussion, someone says, well, why don't we just get rid of concrete? And it's a it's a good idea, except concrete has a cost of cents a pound made to order delivered to your door. And there is no building material that that we can replace volume of concrete. We use as human beings on earth, more concrete than anything else other than water, about three or four cubic yards per person on earth every year. And we use it to make lots of materials, not not just pavements, but the things that we don't see wastewater treatment plants, water treatment plants, hospitals, structures that define our modern life. And so coming up and having a simple solution of, well, let's just not have concrete anymore is not really a solution. You'll never be able to replace it with materials, with other construction materials. And as a consequence, we need to find ways of making concrete that has little or no or even better, a negative quantity of emission. Yeah. And the major inputs in the system being waste, right? Yeah. And here in Hawaii, in Hilo, Hawaii, as we're looking at building up to our major input is actually the waste, the effluent coming out of the wastewater treatment facility center. So providing a much needed solution to a problem that I think has been here for a very long period of time. And so actually being able to process these sludges and the treated effluent coming out of some of the facilities that are currently being ejected out into the bay and actually a substituting that is a main input into the system. So it's really a beautiful thing because, right, all of the inputs are waste, right? Every single part of it. We can do wastewater treatment processing. We can do solid processing of the garbages that are at the landfill. Traditionally, we can do seawater as the sea levels rise. And there's, you know, there's no additional inputs that are needed that are not waste streams, which is one of the really beautiful things of the systems and the technologies. And then, like Kevin's pointed out, the fact that we can do this in a way where we are replacing 100 percent of the Portland cement based product, which is the part that is highly emissive, within the tech, you know, within the concrete product itself allows us to be net negative, which is really, really exciting. Because I think, yeah, Kevin's right on in saying there is not utilizing concrete isn't really an option right now in the way that we're functionally living in society. So right now, the concrete being emissive is a detriment to us, right, in terms of environment and society. So finding a way to make the concrete part of the solution for carbon drawdown in a way where the carbon is being locked up or sequestered in a geological way, right, because it's carbonated for millennia instead of it being utilized in a way that's re-released back into the environment, I just think is. It's just so circular and beautiful. Yeah, in a way, I don't think we've seen before in the cement or concrete industry. Yeah, and it's very much the chemical engineering approach, which is we know what molecules we want and we know what molecules we have. And so we need to run a process that allows us to take what we have and make what we want. And if we can do that by sourcing our molecules from waste streams that otherwise are going into landfills or, you know, they hate to say it's not being dumped into the ocean. And then we are in, we're in very good shape if we can continue those things. I always thought one of the nice things about the UMA process is one of the one of the byproducts is is potable water. It all depends on how you look at it, whether you think the concrete is the goal or potable water is the goal or whatever. But from my concrete chair, it's nice to see potable water of which there is not an awful lot as being one of the waste product.  In other words, the process you're using, you may be using results in less greenhouse gases going into the atmosphere and affecting the climate. Is that fair to say compared to Portland cement or other ways of making concrete? Absolutely. That is exactly what the case is, is that the material not not by sequestration or anything else, but by simple avoidance of the of clinker makes a significant contribution. If you look at other aspects of the production, you end up having fewer greenhouse gases or less quantity of greenhouse gas per carbon dioxide in particular at the end of the process. Then you did at the beginning of the process. And that's what net negative means is that it pulls carbon dioxide out of the system. And at the end of the day, it fixes it mineralogically in the same process that the earth has been doing for time in memorial, pulling carbon dioxide out of the out of the air and reacting it with calcium in the seawater to form limestone. It's pretty amazing. But why aren't we doing it right now? There's there's several reasons why I and this is where this is where the you may process for me is absolutely fascinating is that down at the concrete end, some of the waste byproducts of waste products, however you want to describe it, of the manufacture of the of among other things, potable water is a material. That currently and desalination is a brine that is put back into the ocean. Further processing of the brine results in an alkali type material that can be used to activate salacious materials. So the reason it's not being done right now is because that alkali material is very expensive and it's also a very energy intensive to manufacture. But because it comes out as a waste process, a waste product of the you may process, it's essentially without value and something you probably have to pay to get rid of. And instead, you take that material and you find another use for it. This is one of the my my personal belief is that, you know, we meet a lot of young people and my nieces and nephews among them and young people at the universities who think that the world is broken. And in fact, it is not broken. We just haven't solved the engineering problems that our current situation presents. We've had worse engineering problems that we have solved as societies and potable water and safe drinking water being one of them. Highway safety being a prime example as well. We'll continue to fix these problems so long as we apply our ingenuity so that we can solve the problems looking at not just what the problem is, but also the potential new problems that it may create. So I'm actually positive about fixing many of the challenges we have facing us in society and during the process, you make of large scales of hydrogen. Is that right? Just part of the process. Yeah, it's easy. Yeah, yeah, I'm talking too much.  I love it a lot. Yeah, we do. We produce right now between 11 and 12 tons of green hydrogen as a byproduct in the facility that's planned for the heloside of the big high end. So it's pretty substantial in the amount of hydrogen that's produced. And that's at qualities that exceed what is needed for fuel cell utilization. So that's, you know, 99 point. It's over 99.99998 percent pure. So that's fantastic. Is that the right number of nine? So yeah, it's really nice to leave it on the energy side of things, right? Because we get to produce something that can actually help make another sector greener, right? We're really focused on how to do the carbon drawdown, right? And in the production of our concrete is where we're really sequestering our carbon dioxide, which is fantastic. But then we have these wonderful co-benefits in terms of the co-products that are produced, right? All of them being a valuable product and not having a stream of our own. That's produced, I think, is really one of the very exciting parts of the system solution. And hydrogen helps clean up the energy sector, right? As a sustainable alternative to some fossil fuels, right? It's an energy storage mechanism. And then we have our water, which we have our potable water as an output of the system, which is really exciting as well, because drinking water and need for that globally is an issue. And then we actually have our biochar, which is another carbon sink for us, where we keep our high-grade carbons that need to be introduced back into agriculture. And then we have our concrete, right? Which is, like Kevin was saying, the most utilized man-made material on the planet. So it's a cross-subsidized approach where all the waste coming in gets to feed grain solutions in different sectors. And that's one of my favorite parts about it. And the cement and concrete is a big part of that. Wonderful. Awesome. Well, I think we're just about out of time here. Were there any other last-minute questions or go-backs that you had, Richard? No, that's a lot to digest. But the bottom line is pretty clear. It's going to be good for the climate. And we're going to use our waste. We don't have to bring it all in. We'll just use what's on the island for a solution that's lasting longer, stronger. Holy smokes. And it's, even in the middle of it, it still seems fascinating. Holy smokes is the right thing to say. Awesome. Well, any last-minute go-backs from you or anything else you wanted to add in there, Kevin, before we wrap up? No, other than, you know, concrete is a requirement for our modern and safe world. In which we live. And we need to continue to find ways to provide it without the large emissions associated with the manufacturer of Portland cement. Absolutely. And thank you, Kevin. I know that a large portion of your career, you're one of the leading experts in the world in looking at how to, yeah, how to carbonize the cement and concrete industry. So thank you for everything that you've done in that sector and everything you continue to do. Well, thank you for the opportunity to talk to people about it. Yeah, yeah. Thank you.  All right. Yeah, this is Inventing Our Future. I think Tech Hawaii. Thank you so much, Dr. Kevin McDonald, for joining us today. And thank you to you, our viewers, for watching. If you want to get on our email advisories to see a complete listing of all of our shows, you can sign up for them. I think Tech Hawaii.com. We will be back in two weeks. So please turn in to do a deep dive into our de-invention. We will dive into the de-invention this time. But until then, I'm great. Mahalo.


Okay, we're back. We're live. It's a given Monday morning at 9 a.m. I'm Jay Fiedel. This is ThinkTech. And more specifically, this is Community Matters. And we're talking again about architecture. Because Kevin Newt is here, and he gave us a show a couple of weeks ago. And we're talking about animation in architecture. So Kevin, welcome back to the show. It's so nice to see you yet again. Good morning, Jay. Thanks for having me back. So can you give us a handle on exactly what this is? Can you make sure everybody understands the logic of it? Right. Again, thanks, Jay, for giving me this second opportunity. If we could bring up the first image, I'll get straight in. So our ancestors 10,000 years ago would have evolved, grown up. Our physiology would have evolved in this kind of environment. Basically, mostly outdoors follow change. Next image. And then there's been research over the last decade or two indicating that contact with nature and natural change in particular lower stress and improves attention. Next image. Unfortunately, most people in the developed world now spend over 90% of their lives in environments not unlike this, where nature and change are completely absent. Next image. Many of us work or live or both in environments where it appears that nature is entirely absent. Next image. However, in most cases, the vast majority, the largest wilderness on the planet is only the thickness of a piece of glass away from us. And it's a particular piece of nature that is characterized by constant change. Next. There's one fly in the ointment here. The buildings are, we all learn in architecture school 101, meant to protect us from the weather. So how could you bring the movements of the weather indoors without actually compromising shelter? And that's been the question that I've been looking at over the last few years. Next image. So I've identified with some help three very simple strategies for bringing natural change movement into buildings without actually compromising shelter. Enclosing weather animated change, basically courtyards. Projecting weather animated change onto interior surface, that's the middle image here. And then back projection onto a translucent surface. Now all three of these images are happened to be leaf movement, but they could be sun, they could be rain. Next image. So that took care of, and there's evidence to show that it does reduce stress and improve attention, which is important when you're in buildings for eight, nine hours a day and you're not free to just go take a walk. So in essence, if you are free to go take a walk in nature, if there is nature around, it's not a problem, but most of us, most of the working population have to be at their workplace. So trying to bring nature to them rather than insist on them going to nature because it's not practical during a weekday very often. If we could go back to that image, sorry Eric. The other component of this is that green buildings, a large part of green building is passive environmental control where instead of HVAC you're using natural ventilation, instead of electrical lighting you're using daylighting, shading, passive solar, rainwater harvesting. These are really, really important, very effective, sustainable practices, but they're grossly underused compared to what they could be. One of the reasons for that is that the general public are really not aware of them even when they are being used because they are so passive. So it turns out, if we could go to the next image, that the movements of the sun, the wind and the rain, the sun, wind and rain are the usual three suspects in passive environmental control for buildings, but they're also primary in natural animation of indoor spaces. So I've been looking at how to combine the two. In other words, to make passive environmental controls like daylighting, shading, solar heating, etc., visible so that not only will building occupants be stimulated and calmed by those effects, but also made aware of these increasingly important passive environmental controls. And the final slide, please. So here are an array of some examples where the movement or a passive environmental control strategy is being made visible to building occupants. So the hope is that that will start a conversation along the lines of, well, what is that effect? And then the explanation will be, well, that is in order to save us money, we will also save the planet by using less electrical power and therefore less environmental damage. So there is both a poetic, a physiological, and an environmental component to this, Jay. And that's kind of the background to what I was showing you a couple of weeks ago. And I'd be interested to hear your thoughts on that. I'll give you a scenario. There you are in downtown. You're in a big conference room. There's a developer next to him, a banker. And they say, Kevin, pitch me. I'm going to develop this big project. It's going to be 500 residential units. How does this play into my project? What a great scenario. Do you actually know any of those people that you could introduce? You may not want to meet them. Right. Well, at the heart of even the toughest banker, there's a human being and a child, actually, inside of all of us. I've said it recently to my own students that many of these environmental experiences with nature, we've already had before the age of five. So it really, they're core kinds of experiences that resonate across cultures. I could show this to somebody from Japan or from Germany or anywhere else, and they would recognize. So it's kind of universal. But back to your scenario, Jay, these are things that will help improve reduced stress. Well, stress is a killer. You know, chronic stress. You're in an environment long enough, working or living, where you're constantly stressed. It has long-term detrimental effects on your physical health, as well as your mood, of course. And so the idea that you could live in an environment 30 stories off the ground and yet still be connected with nature, be calmed by nature or not, what happens when you can't go for those long hikes? Well, actually, if we live long enough, all of us will become a member of that group of people we commonly call the disabled, where we can't walk a long way. So what happens then? Well, if you could stay in an apartment and still feel that you are in contact with nature and natural change, even on the 33rd floor, then I believe that that would be an important factor in somebody purchasing and saying, hey, you know, it's going to cost me, I don't know, a couple thousand dollars more, but this environment is entirely different from the one next door, where those spaces are static and there's no nature in them. So I think it's, you know, what is contact with nature worth? I think I can't put a dollar value on it, but what is an extra higher quality standard of living going to be worth to somebody? That would be kind of the approach I might take, Jay. Great question, though. On the 33rd floor, I can't go for a long walk. So we cannot include that, not unless we have a treadmill or something built into the system. But what about all the other things? Can you drill down for a moment and tell us what this apartment on the 33rd floor is going to look like with the animation? Well, on the 33rd floor, we're not going to have any growing trees unless you've got a low nigh. You could definitely, you know, use the wind effects on the lanai. There's a video that I'm anxious to show you in a moment that actually shows some of these animations. We showed it a little bit a couple of weeks ago, but it was a much too low resolution to really show on TV. So this one hopefully will look a little better. But back to the 33rd floor then, up there, you're not going to be away above the tree tops, of course. But you can, and we've done it in simulation at least, you can have artificial plants in the sense of something that moves close to the movement of leaves. You can also use screens so that, and I'll show you an example of that in a moment, the air movement immediately outside your windows on the 33rd floor then could actually tell you, or the screens, could actually tell you about the speed of that air movement, which is hard to tell if you've got hermetically sealed windows, which they very often are for safety reasons. The rain, likewise, a small amount of water on a surface can reveal not only wind movement, but also the slightest amount of rain. So at a push you can do this actually directly, retrofit onto windows. Better if you've got a slight small an eye, but both would be possible. On an office building, for example, they often don't have it on an eye, so it would be necessary to retrofit onto the actual window. Let's take a short break, Kevin. Sure. This is ThinkTek Hawaii Community Matters with Kevin Newt who'll be right back. Okay, we're back. We're live with Kevin Newt of the UH School of Architecture in Manoa. And we're talking about animation in your living quarters on the 33rd floor of Big Condo and trying to examine how that's done. And Kevin, you mentioned you had a video that might help us understand what this all means. I hope so, yeah. If we could run that, then I can talk over it and you can ask me about it. So this is a book that came out a couple of years ago. Here are those animated versions of what I showed you earlier. These all happen to be leaf movement, but you get direct enclosure of the actual foliage, you get projection, and you get back projection. So if you can imagine anything growing or even an artificial plant on an eye, here's some more examples. These are all being projected directly onto interior surface or back projected onto interior translucent surfaces. So even on the 33rd floor, if you've got a small surface of water, for example, you can bring wind generated movement. These are examples into your living quarters. These are all simply the wind affecting surfaces of water. The one on the right is back projected onto a translucent piece of glass. So you can get a large variety of natural animation that appears to be actually in the space with you. This is somewhat more exotic where we've got water on a glass roof. It's something that not all of us are going to be able to do, but these are caustics that are being, these patterns are known as caustics being projected. And then finally rain form, any sloping glazed surface, or certainly in the middle there, a horizontal one, will indicate rain. And these are examples where rain is falling onto a small surface of water outside, but it's being projected by artificial light into or onto interior surfaces. So here's the last part where I was looking at the overlap of those natural indoor animations with sustainable practices. I hope this is going to advance one second. I might need to, oh here we go, alright. So here's that same argument then that green buildings really don't tell us anything about why they got their gold stars. And I'm arguing that buildings should be able to talk for themselves and show building occupants just what they're doing to earn those sustainable credentials. I wonder if this is going to... Okay, that could be the end of it. Yeah, we're back. Alright, so that's really the theory. And there's an experimental component behind this, J, where we've sat people in basement rooms and mimicked or simulated wind movement and sun movement, and we've done the heart rate experiments and attentional experiments. And there are significant improvements in both lowered heart rate and improved attention when people are in those naturally animated environments compared to an almost static indoor environment. So we're kind of hopeful that this is going to pick up. Well, I just have a reaction. I recently saw, again, where some footage of this really expensive condo penthouse, I think it must have been the Howard Hughes building there in Kakaako. The one that went for about $100 million, it's a two-story penthouse. And the ceiling of it was all glass, and it was atop the building. And it had these shutters that came down and closed the glass if you wanted. But most of the time it was open, and the view was absolutely spectacular. And you could see and feel the elements, you could see the rain, you could see the wind. All that stuff was visible to pretty much the whole main body on that floor, the top floor of the building. I said to myself, this is really the kind of thing you're talking about. And if the wind was blowing the rain, you could see the droplets moving around on glass. So it sounds to me like one big thing here would be glass. And I agree with you, absolutely. You can't have every condo not going to have glass on the ceiling. But at least it might have as much glass as possible given the structural considerations. Right. And in this environment, and here in Hawaii, of course, there are situations where you can actually go without the glass. You can open up as long as there's an insect screen or something. So we're very fortunate that you can't do that in large parts of the world. But to be able to actually open up and feel that breeze, not to see it, you're absolutely right. It's when we need some kind of barrier, some kind of enclosure to keep the worst or the less comfortable parts of the weather out. But we don't want, and this would sum up what I think has happened over the last 50 years, to throw out the baby with the bathwater that in the process of protecting us from the weather, then architects, builders, engineers have disconnected us from something that is actually very important for our long-term health. And I'm trying to recalibrate the envelope of buildings so that they still protect us. I don't enjoy it being soaking wet or being blown away and having all my papers blown away any more than the next person. But I miss that simulation and that contact with wild nature. And I can have a dog. I can bring plants into my apartment. I can bring fishes into my apartment, et cetera, which I think is, I regard as a form of self-medication where buildings are not doing what we need them to do so people will kind of take up the slack themselves. The issue I have with those things, which are great, is, well, can't buildings do more? But also, domesticated nature is of a different quality. When we are responsible for feeding the dog, watering the plant, et cetera, feeding the fishes, it's not the same. It's within our control. And if we stop doing those things, that thing will die. Whereas the forest, the ocean, the sky, they really are beyond our control. And we seem to need that contact with something that's much bigger than us, that finally something that we don't have control over. And that seems to be an important part of what we are as human beings, that sense of being part of something much bigger. And the weather is, as I said, the largest natural wilderness that we still have on this planet. And if you go to Mars, for example, I guess they have a form of weather, but because they don't have an atmosphere, you know. It's no fun at all. Well, not that I'm talking from first hand experience, but if you think about it, the atmosphere, the expressions of which we call the weather, then the local expressions of which we call the weather, it appears to be unique to our planet. So the idea of using the weather to draw attention to environmental change, climate change, I think is pretty direct, you know, that if we're not careful, we'll lose that atmosphere. And once that's gone, you know, that is really the key to all life on this earth pretty much, certainly ours. So, you know, it may seem like it's sort of idiosyncratic and peripheral, but I think the weather is something that is profoundly knitted together with a human soul. You know, you can have a conversation with anybody anywhere in the world about what the weather is doing. You know, it seems to be a universal part of human being. Well, you know, Hawaii would be a good place to do that. I'm wondering, though, if there's a model somewhere, some other country, some other city, where people are already doing this that we can study and maybe bring elements back and use those elements in our design here? Well, I don't know that it's being done in quite the way that I'm proposing, especially with the overlap with sustainability, but I first noticed this in Japan. I was in Japan for other reasons and writing a book about another topic related to Japan, but always, as I explained last time, always with a view to, well, what can I bring from that that would be valuable beyond Japan, because if you're not Japanese, it's not going to be very helpful. But this was one of those elements, Jay, that I lived there for quite a while and I noticed that even in kindergarten, pre-kindergarten education, children there are sensitized to nature. It's kind of a stereotype of the Japanese, but it's very true. They have multiple words for all sorts of natural phenomena that we don't even have a single word for. And that sensitivity to natural phenomena that we would take for granted, I think we've all seen these natural phenomena, but when they are framed by architecture and captured by indoor spaces, they become very special. In other words, stuff that we would see outdoors in nature and not give a second thought to, suddenly when it's in an apartment or apparently in an apartment, it becomes really special. And I think that's something that architecture has to offer. It can't compete with nature, nor should it, but it can compare or frame nature and say, well, this is what human beings can do and here's what nature can do and isn't it amazing because we're clearly part of that nature. And in that way provide a better quality of life. Right. Well, so back to the scenario, here we are with the developer and the banker. They haven't left yet, right? And by the way, after a while, the engineer comes in. But here you are, the architect. Okay. And the developer says to you, that's very nice, but I'm into value engineering, which means I want to make it cheap and I want to sell it at the cheapest price for the largest market and so forth. So I need from you, actually, Kevin, I need a menu, a matrix of 10 things that you might suggest for these units. Right. So my question is, what would those 10 things be? Would they be the same for every unit? Would they be the same for every building? I doubt it, given the creative aspects of this. And then he says, this is a hard question. Then he says, well, that's a great thing. Why don't we sell the matrix? Why don't we say to these guys, if they want A, B, C, and D, they can buy that. It's a package. If they want E, F, and G, they can buy that separately. That's a package. Can I hire you as my commercial manager, Jenny? Anytime. Yeah. Well, the value engineering thing, I absolutely recognize. And something that I'll say to my students a lot is, if you've got, and this is a terribly badly kept secret, but if an architect has some poetic idea that they really want to introduce to a project, it's going to get value engineered out in the first meeting with the being counter, of course. And so it has to be interconnected, inextricable from other very practical things. So in this case, when the accountant says, well, that's very nice, very poetic, et cetera, but my client doesn't care whether they live long or they just want the cheapest apartment. To be able to say, well, this will introduce natural daylight into the apartment or the office, whatever it is, and reduce your utility bill by this percentage at the end of the month. The running costs of this unit will be significant less. I would then turn around to the client and say, but if you want to pay more for your utility bill, by all means fire me or you could fire your accountant. Why don't you choose? But you have to, obviously, there are several bottom lines here, environmental and physiological, psychological, but also financial. I recognize that. And that's why I've been investigating the overlap, the intersection between these passive environmental controls, the core of which is sunlight, wind and rain, just as it is with natural indoor animation. So to be able to kind of kill both birds, I wish there was a better metaphor, with one stone. I should think of one, to feed both birds with one cookie, whatever. The, is essentially what I'm proposing is to say that this will improve your life, might even make you live longer, certainly a higher quality of life. But also, at the other end of things, in a purely pragmatic way, reduce your utility bill, and by the way, help to save the planet. All of that from one thing. Again, I'll turn around to the client and say, but if you don't want any of that, you just want a cheap building, I'm not your guy, keep your accountant, I'm not your guy. But I would like to think that, you know, huge advantages on the human side, the environmental side and the financial side would probably appeal to the guys, you know, well, logic I suppose. Well, how about, you know, how about the banker now? The banker wants to be sure that these will sell and get financed and be secured and all that, you know, and he'll get his money back. But more than that, the banker wants to be sure that they'll resale because that, you know, that maintains the value. And so the last question I put to you in a minute left is how would this affect the resale price of the unit to include these kinds of special amenities? I would imagine that this, because the costs are relatively small, if you're retrofitting especially, and that's something that we've looked at. I wish I'd brought the video, but we retrofitted a light shelf. Now, a light shelf for those who don't know, I should have brought an illustration. It's something that takes light from inside a window and bounces it, reflects it back into a deep space because usually you get far too much light just inside a window and it drops off to near darkness at the back of a unit. So those are usually solid reflective white surfaces. What we did was to make that surface of water just outside the window so that you're actually getting animated light coming into the back of the unit. So in terms of resale, I don't imagine that the resale value or appeal would be significantly different from the initial, you know, do you want to purchase this or not. But a lot of these things are not permanent, you know, if you could add on or remove pieces of these, I like to call them prosthetics, architectural prosthetics, you know, that you can put onto a building as you wish. So if somebody said, well, I don't want that, you know, it'll be troublesome to maintain or whatever, you simply, you know, you get a guy to come in on a Saturday morning and they unscrew it and take it away, you know. That's what I was really getting at. Good. All right, I finally got there. Well, thank you, Kevin. Thank you, Jim. Kevin Newt of the UH School of Architecture. We want to talk to you about all manner of other things going forward. Thank you so much for coming on. Thanks, Jay, for having me back. Aloha. Bye-bye. Aloha.


A lot of people have been caught up and captivated by the show Game of Thrones and in it, there's a character by the name of John Snow. John Snow is a young man who is trying to find his identity all the while, saving people, helping people out, fighting the bad guys, ultimately the story climaxes when he has to do battle with the Night King. And even though John Snow has overcome instrumental odds, the problem with John Snow is that his power is limited. However, I know a man who, one, is not trying to figure out his identity, two, his power is not limited, and three, he actually does battle with the king of this world, the king of lies, the king of deceits and defeats him. And all we have to do is place our faith in this king, this king of kings, and the Bible tells us that we can not only be saved, but we don't even have to worry about the power of the enemy because he's already defeated. And the good news is that this can be available for anyone who places their faith in his blood shed on the cross.


Everybody forced here rip in 21 22 mosaic Premier League soccer hobby 6 box number 12 random teams There are your results can always find those a latent sports cards calm. Thank you very much everybody for joining and good luck Yeah, I got you zero. I Imagine it gets pretty busy, especially in the summer depending on their age Got nowhere to send them for six hours a day. Oh appreciate it zero much to for myself recently Ah some Japanese Pokemon and such but it didn't hit anything big Yeah, I need to get some series to hockey though rip some of that My luck is pretty good in hot silver spurs emerson royal mosaic Pablo for now is for West Ham You can always find those on target website too. They typically don't go now. They typically don't move super quick Lucas Mora Yeah I'll probably have to get some Got an overdrive nice Rafael Varane That's a short print in a mosaic soccer a nice one man united Got red mason mount for Chelsea and a Che Adams Southampton mosaic Yeah, check out. Um, I don't know if they haven't been sought for personals, but they do break some over on latent gaming You can pop in and say hey to Caleb later and ask about it But yeah, those are really cool. They have like it them I think there's one that's just the car But you can also the popular one is the one that comes with the NFC That's silver team of hokey for Norwich mosaic tea lemons for Lester. Oh the auction ended Red mosaic a lot mellier for Leeds and for Leeds Daniel James mosaic Jack graylish pitch masters inserts Yeah, I saw that I got to get some of that too. I went on and went on sale on their website I missed out on it So I guess I'll have to buy some probably had a not not a $200 a box price probably a little higher than that Got Everett's in silver dominant Calvert Lewin mosaic Edward Mendy for Chelsea So, yeah, that stinks, but I still want to see what it's all about. I think we'll have some here for the shop red mosaic for Brighton Hovalby and Alexis McAllister leads mosaic Calvin Phillips Got Stuart Armstrong. Yeah, I didn't realize I didn't realize the auction had ended already But I guess I don't know time just flying by fast I guess is what it really is sober for man United Harry McGuire blue mosaic for the wolves is He's Sean Wong to 99 on the blue mosaic We got a Jean Matinio insert there international med of mastery. I gotta find something or it probably some hockey Red mosaic. I'm you'll Smith row for arsenal Crystal Palace Jordan IU mosaic. Did you get any hockey? Oh, no No Yeah, I was gonna say usually like hockey like it's gets it's a good rip for sure like but it's not like this Like you hit a car and it's a huge you know what I mean There's not like autos and things like that. You got silver roll him in as wolves when you get a hobby box for like 110 120 like Usually, that's the way to go Ricky mosaic for Wofford jammy and Gacchia and pitch masters mosaic Martin or to guard Then after a few years some of those boxes are pretty big Redemption for the first auto of the break is Amrik Laporte. He is um Why don't I know the port? Amrik Laporte Didn't he just didn't he just transfer?  I always felt was like very high for something.  I mean 2.4 is that's big dollars for a car man. That's huge Yeah, that's the big thing to hold in the same year that it was sold and it's that much money It's pretty crazy man city red is Phil Foden. He was basuma bright and hope Albion mosaic And geometry no meta mastery Silver for Watford Joshua King Blue mosaic rookie for man United as Anthony Ilanga to 99 Nighted doing well Michael Keane pitch masters mosaic. Well, let's see it. Let's see a Winner take all tomorrow Silver for Chelsea Mason Mount mosaic for Brentford David Ryan And a Robert Sanchez pitch masters mosaic. Yeah, those DC cards are really cool Yeah, they're they're pretty high demand. We didn't get them until like a little later after they'd come out Red mosaic for Tottenham is hungman son a lot of times like that like it's it's tough to get new stuff because It's also difficult like a difficult choice, you know, like should we is it gonna be you know popular that Liverpool Roberto Firmino and Maxwell Cornette Sean was ripping some of those Cool card the artwork is so sick on a lot of those cards and it has like some stuff from the most recent Batman movie Which is cool Asa Villa silver Ali Watkins mosaic man city Jack Graylish And Stuart Armstrong Yeah, I want to get I want us to get DC cards at Marvel cards and Because I mean they've made cards like those in the past. I want to get some like I'm already get Star Wars. I want everything man all cards we should get Newcastle Silver Joe Willock Lester mosaic Wilford and Dee Dee and Luca Voyevich Yes, he didn't I don't even know what that means really did he a drug bug Chelsea mosaic scripts nice throwback hit the legends There you go Chelsea red mosaic rookie Brentford of Antony and leads mosaic Stewart Dallas Did he a drug bug dude was One of the best in the game in his prime the up it was Red mosaic Burnley Ashley Barnes mosaic for Brighton Hope Alby and Lewis Dunk and Fabianski and he played for a good while to Played in a lot of World Cups, which is cool Which isn't always guaranteed for a lot of guys from that play for African nations So for our soul in Mealsmith row mosaic West Ham Nicola Vlasic Connor Cody Red mosaic for Everton Alex it will be mosaic for Southampton Nathan Redman's Pitch Masters Martin order guard. I wish we ripped more soccer. That's cool. Yeah, because I mean It's nip. That's like one color parallel for box. It seems like That's Got guys in scoring position now. Oh man one player runners on That's cool, Dan. Yeah, I don't know much about him. I just know I like them Yeah, it's so for the spurs Harry Kane Blue mosaic rookie for Arsenal Albert Sambilo Konga to 99 And yoga Yota red mosaic Norwich rookie Pierre Lays-Mellou Lester mosaic Harvey Barnes Shantae Guyita Yeah, guys, like I was saying before we started this break. We've just got The Eagles left and flawless or we did is before we started the Eagles left and flawless Dual case in the war basketball tonight first off the line in the hobby had seven to go rookie silver for Brentford of Antony Arsenal mosaic here in Tierney Spurs mosaic hungman's son Got Calvin Lewin insert there. We go into a quick peek at spots. I see orders rolling in other mixer Good stuff seven to go on the mixer still the Eagles and flawless and seven to go still on the war Remember guys, no personal tonight. They'll resume tomorrow night after group breaks got Liverpool rookie red costas Samikas Arsenal mosaic Alexander Lacazette And kabak on the insert Oh god the first guy silver rookie for man united Anthony Alanga And bednareck insert The auto is a luke mo drich nice hit spurs Good autos in the six boxer Red rookie Rico Henry from Brentford Kufal Westham mosaic silver for man city Phil Foden mosaic for man united jadon sancho nice pack here and an alex crawl Good stuff. Good stuff draugba and mo drich red mosaic for brighton hovalby and robert sanchez Chelsea mosaic and go lo cante Ben foster men of mastery silver for newcastle jullington Newcastle mosaic john joe shelby Jose sa red mosaic for man city rubendias Got a kensema rookie mosaic for wadford and then esri konza montage insert Just like got it this morning. My fridge was like the power was not running through And uh I was like these are like brand new apartments. It's like brand new fridge. So I like I was checking like the outlets and it was like some of the outlets in my kitchen were out Tottenham red harry kane And man united brunette for nandes mosaic I don't know what the heck would have caused that but like three of my kitchen outlets are out including the uh The one that the fridge is plugged into so I don't like pull it out and I have like an extension cord Yeah, they don't have them on there man city silver aston villa and it's an apartment So I can't like you know and it's a sunday. So there's probably like one dude That team of pookie norwich And christian benteke So hopefully tomorrow they can come by they probably it's probably something probably clipped, you know Everyone's probably running their ac aton Oh, yeah, that's probably what it is. God andres chef shenco.  It's like a pain in the butt to get to ricky mosaic brentford frank on yakea It's like in my closet and that you have to like unscrew everything patrick bamford mosaic for leads So probably have to get up and do that tomorrow If I can even check stuff like that in the park. Chelsea silver kai havertz overhampton mosaic rawl hymen as Gilmore Yeah, but you're just like nothing else plugged into those outlets. I'm like what is going on here Red mosaic wolverhampton rubin nevix wattford mosaic moussa sasoko Melea silver for west tamasay bin ramah Blue mosaic rookie for this for the wolves kijana haver kijana kijana Number two ninety nine. Uh, there's a virgin van dyke silver uh for wattford rookie jow pedro wattford rookie mosaic emmanuel denis the gabriel montage Red mosaic goes to man united rookie anthony alonga And rookie mosaic for south anthentino libre mento Callum wilson silver for liverpool alison man city mosaic rogery Yaka motor Put you guys a link for it in the war here Bull case in the war has seven to go To your random teams you get two teams per spot Be a pretty fun break Eagles sold in flawless. So flawless is now sold out the mixer. I think is down to six The mixer is at six silver for new castle martin de brabka uh mosaic rookie milo rashika for norwich red mosaic for man city rhodesry crystal palace mosaic wilford zaha uh hugo lari silver for man city kevin de broin mosaic for wattford rookie daniel bachman taglar soyenshu red mosaic for brighton hovelby on the andro trissard new castle mosaic martin de brabka nick pope insert silver going asthen villa rookie jacob ramsey And a purple mosaic for man united vladimir kufal or sorry west ham united out uh 49 on the purple mosaic kufal for west ham uh harry cane mosaic insert red mosaic asthen villa ali wattkins mosaic rookie brighton hovelby and anak mwepu ios a perez silver for crystal palace wilford zaha mosaic man city gabriel hazus tyrone mings insert Got a red mosaic going to wattford is rookie emmanuel denis southampton mosaic james worb brows uh currently Na la liga is a spanish league Premier league is just uh english Got silver for brentford rookie frank on yakea Wolves mosaic leander den dunker And uh fabian shard newcastle Premier league overall yeah has more talent and competition, but la liga has you know clubs like uh bar salona Like real Madrid There you go chelsea doing really well in this break Scripps auto timo verner Very nice i don't go very well with the draugba auto you got the old and the new red mosaic for liverpool andy robertson uh leeds mosaic matias klitsch And uh tilamans lester city mosaic What's up mike Then they'll all play each other like champions league like the best for each league Like germany will have like Byron munich and a few other clubs They'll play like a big tournament again their top Yeah, it's kind of like during the season They all play at the same time. Yeah season runs from like fall to like spring It's awesome, man It should the time the timing's a little bit tough because it's all like morning for the most part crystal palace red connor gallagher And crystal palace mosaic connor gallagher But yeah, like like sunday's in the fall like before you watch the nfl you'll be able to watch like premier league matches Which is really cool It's good stuff man. It's exciting. Yeah silver for south antemusa genepo Got a purple mosaic for the spurs peel. Um, uh pier ameel hoseberg out of 49 Spurs got jamey vardy What was the score in the game mike? silver for brighton hovalby and leandra trussard Uh, manual dentistry for wattford mosaic and daniel james pitchmasters mosaic.  He's incredible, man silver for burnley ashley westwood got mosaic man city roads three This erra is like two nine.  He hit like it was 260, but it was like a line drive 260 It was like it not like line drive, but dude, that's insane. He's got like the prettiest swing. Oh, yeah silver for west ham is tomas soichek Uh, norwich mosaic team of pookie And a erin wine bisaka He's like one of the few guys in the league where right off the bat. You'll know it's if it's a home run Crazy, man. Yeah, I saw that they had gone like what 16 trade innings with no hits.  Give me one second. We'll recap Get it great. I sent it to golden. I mean that that sounds like a pretty solid plan to me, man Let's see Let's do this recap checking spots We'll do all the color here. So purples to 49 yet pier. Emile hogeberg vladimir kufal overdrive short print rafael varane Uh blue is the 99 uh lakonga rookie elanga rookie haver or hover And huang We had autos gary neville timo verner Andres shevchenko luke maldrich bd a draga and an america port's redemption for man city That's a really good break actually. Thanks again everybody for joining Um good autos there. We've got baseball coming up


Is this now the most powerful weapon in this game? Well people, it's definitely up there.  So the Yellow Cake is an exclusive weapon to the Revenge of the Cartel's event and it's manufactured by CLV. It drops up through Radiation only but don't let that put you off nor because it's a CLV weapon either because this thing is an absolute monster of a weapon. Now this weapon as far as I'm aware drops only upon the Villa Ultra Violet from enemies that are Fish Lap, Tyron Smallings and the Buster of the Villa, Joey Ultra Violet. Now the variants you can see on the screen now I have both dropped from the Unmayhem 10 and both are top tier variants offering two of the best new anointments, universal anointments in the game. One new game 300% increased damage against enemies above 90% health and the other one while action skills are active weapon damage is increased by 200% which is crazy. So what this weapon actually does is you fire a single projectile which then splits into two. Those two then split into a further two so you can get four in total which all explode under crazy damage and like I said the damage this thing is capable of is literally off the charts. It also comes with an absolute crazy splash damage radius too as well as or close to a 30k per second chance which is just crazy as well. You can see on the screen now this thing and its damage numbers there are build with my zane where action skills and so much more ain't even coming into play and it's just into the millions. You can also see what this does to bosses too. All of this by the way people is on mayhem 10 I will add. Go back to the old mayhem 4 and see what this does. It's just crazy you can truly see what mayhem 10 weapons are capable of when they're this powerful. I mean bosses just don't stand a chance. Now if the weapon is used correctly it deals much more damage and it comes to it with trying to judge the range in which it spawns its most projectiles which isn't easy and to be honest it isn't efficient in most cases but if you can get it down it deals stupid damage. But again that really isn't necessary for this to be an incredible weapon it's already an incredible weapon. Now with the addition of extra ammo being patched into heavy weapons it truly makes for this thing being a natural contender for your loadout. I mean mine holds 36 shots all being as consistent as the other and to be honest there aren't many places you need more than 36 shots in this thing from totally honest. I haven't been anywhere on mayhem 10 where this thing hasn't wrecked everything. So it's definitely contender for one of the most powerful weapons in the game right now I'm 100% certain on that. But yes the yellow cake people is an absolute must of a weapon I do recommend you trying to get. Again from what I have seen it drops from fish lap power on smallons and the boss of the villa joe ultraviolet. I mean it could be a world drop upon the villa ultraviolet but upon my research and everybody I've spoke to so I've come from one of these three enemies. So I'll do what I gotta do people to get your hands on this thing you will not be disappointed with it. Try and look for a decent anointment on it too. I do recommend one of the ones I have here if you're not looking for something specific for your build because these two are truly incredible with this thing. I mean the one way it deals 300% increased damage against enemies above 9% health more or less means it can one shot many many buses or close to one shot many many buses. I mean if you got both of these I mean you could use one you could use the 300% increased damage against enemies above 9% health and then quickly switch to the other one of gaining 200 damage while your action skill is active. I mean that's the perfect combo right there. Add on to it with an artifact and a class mod which helps heavy splash damage and maybe something to do with cov and you are good to go. But yeah guys my thoughts on the yellow cake it's definitely a musket it's definitely one of the most powerful weapons in this game. I mean I love the opq system I made a video on it yesterday I asked if it was the best weapon this event offered I'm kind of in two minds now now I've tested this. But yeah guys those are my thoughts on the yellow cake we'll get this thing. By that note we have come to the end of the video if you guys enjoyed it giving a like really helps out if you're new around here want to see more boardlands be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video upload you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button but guys thanks as always for stopping by hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I'll see you on that next one


If you believe in free will, then you don't believe that you are determined by your culture. You don't believe that you're determined by your race or ethnicity. You don't believe that you're determined even by your ideas. Now that's kind of weird because we in objectivism take ideas seriously. So how is it that you're not determined by your ideas? He's got an example of that from Elon, right? You can take your ideas seriously. You cannot take your ideas seriously. You can be consistent on those ideas, like some jihadis who take it all the way. Or you can say, you know, violence, even though it says in the Quran, I should be and I'm not really going to take that part of it seriously. You can choose to be a violent jihadi or just to believe in some of the ideas behind violent jihadis without actually engaging or advocating for the violence. So we are not determined by any of those factors. It is choices that we make that will guide the kind of life that we live, the kind of actions that we take. Now how is this related to the immigration debate? There are certain assumptions being made by those who are antagonistic to immigration. And of course in this political climate, this is a big issue, right? And I'm sure there's going to be some, even in this room, some disagreement about this issue. You know, I've been shouted down twice in the last two weeks. I've been tried, two very different groups have tried to silence me in the last two weeks. Once, you heard Steve mention, in the UK, I was basically silenced by, for at least a little while, by a group of pro-Palestinian leftists who didn't let me speak on free speech. Interesting. So it was great because I had this whole introduction about free speech is under attack and I could skip the introduction, could I say, see what just happened? But then a week later, I was in Chicago and I was talking to a group of about 600, it turns out, Trump supporters. And I tried to say something about immigration. I just raised the idea that maybe Donald Trump is wrong about immigration. Oh my God. Oh, hell, broke loose, right? 600 people were booing, were chanting, wanted me off the stage, wanted me out of the country. I had a number of people that suggested I should be deported, were upset that I was already a citizen so they couldn't actually do it. This has become this really hot button issue. Why? Why? America, 150 years ago, had a completely different attitude to immigration. I mean, think about the Statue of Liberty. Now, I don't have the exact quote, but basically, the Statue of Liberty says, bring them on. Please come. And who?  Bring them to this country. Why? Why do we believe 150 years ago about human nature, about America, about our ideas, that we were saying, you know, millions, come over.   What do we believe about human nature? What do we believe about free will? We believe that people could change. We believe that when confronted with good ideas, with just ideas, with right ideas, with freedom, that people would adapt to those ideas, that they wouldn't just mindlessly bring their culture to America and impose their culture on America as we believe today. Oh my God, we can't have Mexicans here because we'll turn America into Mexico. No, what we believe then is we will turn the Mexicans into Americans. That's what we meant by a melting pot. We get rid of the bad stuff that they brought in culturally, embrace the good stuff, but ultimately make them Americans. Make them, not make them in a sense of force, but make them ideologically, because they have free will, because they have the capacity to change, have them embrace the ideas that made America America. The individualism, the capitalism, the freedom. And suddenly we could do that with our kids. It would be maybe hard if they're older and set in their ways, but certainly the second generation or third generation would embrace and become Americans. And indeed, history suggests that attitude was right. But people came here from all over the world and we all think, oh, they're all Europeans. So what? Oh my God, you should read some of the newspaper articles from back then, right? Most Americans, I don't know, were probably from British descent. They hated the Irish. And the Irish hated the Italians, who hated the Poles, who everybody hated the Jews just as much as today.  Now we've got more justification to hate the Muslims than any of those groups had in their past. But the point is that that hatred of the other always existed, but there was deep down a belief that in spite of that, they could adopt what it means to be American because they had essentially free will. And if our ideas were good, if our ideas were right, if our ideas were just, then they would adopt our ideas. They would come around to become Americans. I think fundamentally today, the reason we are so scared, and it's scared, what were those 600 people really pissed off at me for? They're afraid. You can see it. They are so afraid of immigrants. Immigrants who look differently than they do. Really, they fear that.  People are scared. What are they scared of? Well, they've given up on the idea of free will. They've given up on the idea that other people will change. And they don't know, and this is the more fundamental question, they don't know what America is. They don't know what they stand for. They don't understand what our ideas are. They have no confidence in the ideas of individualism, of capitalism, and freedom. So what are we going to actually convince them of? We don't have anything to say to them. And they're just fixed. They are what they are. As Elon said, they are products of their culture. People who come here with a different culture, they're just fixed. They're not going to change. And of course, multiculturalism, the whole movement of multiculturalism, said we don't want them to change. This is the undercutting of the idea that American values are superior. The left has managed to undercut that. So we have no confidence in our own ideas. And then we also don't believe that they will change when they come here. You're seeing more and more of a racial attitude towards this. Racism is on the rise. We have a white culture. If somebody comes who's not white, they can't adapt because there is no free will. We're determined by our genes. This is that there are consequences of the whole attitude of determinism through genes. Well, if we're determined through our genes, and certainly white people have different genes than brown people because something changed the pigments, right? That's a genetic thing, then we're different. And we can't be convinced of the same ideas. So we're culturally determined. We're religiously determined.   You must be bad, right? And it's the same if you're Iron Hoseali or if you're, you know, some terrorist. It doesn't matter. They're all the same. We don't evaluate how you hold those ideas, how seriously you take them, right?  But you don't really take the ideas that seriously.  So we're determined that they're determined by their culture, their race, and their religion. And indeed, we Americans, why are we Americans, what we are? Because we just are. Not because of choices, not because particular ideas, not because we take particular ideas seriously. Again, we have no conception of what American exceptionalism means. That term, even American exceptionalism, now has a kind of an ugly sense to it because people who've said it typically don't know what they're talking about. So it's often got this negative connotation. But America is exceptional because of the ideas it was founded on and because we took, at least for a while, those ideas seriously and implemented those ideas. So we believe people, you know, just can't change. They are what they are. And, you know, people choose, people choose to come to the U.S. and we look at who chooses to come to the U.S. today when we have, I don't know how much you know about immigration laws, but we have the dumbest, stupidest immigration laws in America today that one can imagine. If you constructed immigration laws, I mean Donald Trump will probably make them even stupider. But it's hard to imagine immigration laws that are more, you know, just constraining and bureaucratic and limiting and not focused on essentials and not focused on bringing in people who really want to be part of America. So, for example, who do we lose by having very limited immigration? Who do we lose by building a wall? Some people will come here even if you build a wall, right, which will surprise, I think, a lot of people. The walls actually don't prevent people from entering the country. They can dig under, they can go over, they can go around. You know that Mexicans now do not need a visa to enter Canada. Canada is allowing Mexicans to come to Canada with no visa. What does that mean? You buy an airplane ticket which is less than paying a coyote, right, and you go to Canada and you cross the border, right? There's forests, that's an easy border, but we can build a wall in Canada, right? I mean, but who comes when you build a wall? Because this is part of, you know, this question of the kind of immigrants that people assume are coming or not. Who comes when you build a wall? Well, people are most desperate. People who have the least will lose. People who have the most to gain, in other words, are going to come. And who do we lose? We lose the people who have the least to lose. So you lose. You know, the tougher you make it to get into this country, the fewer people who have a good education are going to come. The fewer people who live in western civilization countries are going to come. Because, you know, if you live... I always say, you know, people love Sweden. They think Sweden is an ideal. And I always say, if you dropped all immigration limitations between Sweden and the United States, which direction do you think people would go? And I don't know if there's anybody here from Sweden. No, not in this group. But what do you guess? Americans would move to Sweden? Now, people say it's not fair because of the weather. So this is the deal. Open immigration only between Minnesota and Sweden. How do you think people are going to move? Well, I bet anything that Sweden would empty out. At least empty out of the most talented entrepreneurial people. They would go to Minnesota. And I know many Swedes who say, I'd love to move to America. I'd love to move to America. But you guys make it too hard. It's just not worth it. Sweden is not that bad. So it's not worth the effort to come to America. But if it was easy, I'd be there tomorrow. If you're a poor Guatemalan or Mexican, we've got somebody from Guatemala here, right? And life sucks, right? Life is really tough. And there are gangs. And there's violence.  And you have no future. You have no future where you live, right? And Guatemala, by the way, has a future. Because there's some people here from Guatemala. That's the future, right? You're willing to get up. You're willing to risk your life, to dig under a wall, to take a boat around, to do whatever it takes to get out of the threatening situation you're in to attain some level of freedom.  Now, the Donald Trump attitude is, boo, that's terrible. We don't want them. They're from Guatemala. And they're poor. And implicitly in that is they're going to be violent. And implicitly in that, we don't want them, right? And my attitude is, that's heroic. That's heroic. That's taking your life seriously.  I want to live a better life. Now, what's more heroic than saying, I live this one life.  I'm going to make a better life by making this amazing effort, scaling walls to reach freedom so I can make a better life for myself, have a better future for myself, and for the people that I love. I mean, wow, I get teary-eyed just thinking about it. People talk about anchor babies. Anchor babies, right? Women who come to America to have a baby in America. Wow! It's my approach. Here's a pregnant woman, women willing to walk across the desert so that a child is born in freedom. That's an amazing choice. That's taking your life seriously. That's taking your future seriously. That's what morality is about. And we want to say, oh, no, bad people. This is what America was supposed to be about by taking your life seriously, pursuing happiness, pursuing freedom, making the most of your life. Now you might say they come here and they take welfare and they just come to have babies for welfare. Really? It's just empirically not true. And really, you're going to walk across a desert. You're going to risk your life and your baby's life to get a check from the government. I don't think so. Something else is driving you. Something else is motivating you. Maybe when you get here, it's hard to find a job because you know what? We've declared you illegal, so it's really hard to find a job and you get in welfare for a while. But think about it. Who do you resent more? Who do I resent more? I don't want to speak for you. An American who was born in this country with all the opportunities this country offers, with all the goodies they get, all the freebies they get as kids and as young adults growing up and decides to go on welfare with somebody who's risked their lives to attain more freedom, can't find a job and goes to welfare. I resent the American much more. I'm much more charitable. If welfare was not forced on me, if it was charity, I would be more inclined to give charity to the immigrant who's struggling and who's come into the country that I am to an American who's been here and who hasn't taken advantage of all the wonderful opportunities that exist in this country already. So if we value free will, if we value morality, the choice that people make their lives better, the choice that people make to try to seek freedom, and people say it's all about money. People come here for economic betterment. That's a good thing, not a bad thing. That's a virtue, not a vice. Life is not separate from economics. Living poor is not good. You want to be able to make a living for yourself and for your kids and everything else. So the economic motivation is just as good in the motivation so if we value those things, if we value human life, if we value individual life, then we have to be pro-immigration. If we believe in determinism of culture, of race, of religion, or whatever it is that people are determined that they are what they are, they're shaped by their environment, they're shaped by their genes, that is the primary motivation, I believe, behind the anti-immigration attitude out there combined with a complete lack of confidence in what it means to be America, what America stands for, and the ideas, the idea that we can't convince other people to adopt our ideas. We say, and I'll end with this, that all immigrants come here and they vote Democratic, and many do, partially I think, because if you're an immigrant to this country and the leading candidates from the Republican side say, we hate you guys and we want to kick you out of the country and you're never going to get citizenship and you guys are all scumbags, then yeah, I'm not voting for you. Surprise, surprise. Immigrants don't vote Republican, right? Won't vote for Donald Trump. It's not surprising at all. It's the ideas that he projects it's what he says about them that generates that. But even if they do, then if we believed in free will, if we believed in our ideas, I mean this assumes that the Democratic Party is probably worse than the Republican Party after, you know, mentioned that I'm not convinced that's always the case, right? But we should be confident enough to believe that we can convince them otherwise, that we should turn them around, that we can argue against their ideas again if we believe that people, all people have the capacity to change and therefore have the capacity to change because they have free will. So, I mean, that's a big topic, very condensed, but an important one in this election season. Thank you all.


Stone door says does the conventional wisdom of dollar cost averaging and don't reuse addresses need to change people with many small UTXO seems screwed as fees increase Stone so glad you asked that because this is a very very critical issue that has gone unnoticed by many and is not being discussed and As you say the conventional wisdom has misled a lot of people into making this mistake So dollar cost averaging means that it's best to buy your Bitcoin At regular time intervals regardless of price so rather than putting in a lump sum of whatever you have now Putting in a bit at a time say investing every Monday afternoon regardless of what the price is doing will give you a better on average price The dollar cost average meaning your cost basis in dollars for the acquisition of that asset And it's a technique the traders use in many many different assets Not reusing addresses has more to do with privacy and security Than anything else, but often people combine these two things The problem comes when people don't understand the next important step Which is just because you bought the Bitcoin every Monday doesn't mean you also withdraw it immediately So the problem isn't combining DCA and don't reuse addresses. The problem is combining very small amounts DCA and address reuse advice with my advice of not your keys not your coins Don't leave money on exchanges and instead what you do is you buy every Monday and then withdraw every Monday and Honestly, it doesn't matter if you withdraw to the same address or not Because the problem of UTXO exists whether they're in the same address or not It doesn't really matter each withdrawal will be At least one possibly more, but hopefully just one UTXO and if you're withdrawing every money that every Monday the tiny amount that you just DCA'd You're gonna pay a fee for that withdrawal But then you're also going to end up with a pretty small UTXO sitting in your address same address different address Doesn't matter.  I have a thousand dollars in my account Yes, but what you don't realize is that you don't have a thousand dollars. You have ten thousand Ten cent UTXO's and to spend ten thousand ten cent UTXO's you need to make a transaction with ten thousand inputs And that transaction is going to be a jumbo transaction a whopper of a transaction and the fees on that are going to be huge And you're gonna end up chewing up a significant percentage of your investment in paying for those fees So how do you we tweak this advice in a practical sense, right? Because that doesn't mean stop dollar cost averaging and it doesn't mean leave all your money on a on an exchange It's mean understanding the technical nuance and applying it correctly and The way I would do it and in fact the way I did do it is If on dollar cost averaging small amounts not in the hundreds or thousands of dollars And I don't want to have UTXO's that are small you know under I would say anything under $500 in the current price Environment in Bitcoin is a small UTXO So if I don't want to have UTXO is that small What would I do? Well, I can dollar cost average every Monday But only withdrawal once the amounts that I have on the exchange is at a Level the balance that I have is big enough Then when I withdraw that is sent to me as a single UTXO of the total amount that I've told across that I've still dollar cost average my cost basis is still the every Monday price on average You know average down to over how many average however many Mondays I've been doing this So I've achieved the dollar cost average goal, which is to to smooth out rapid price fluctuations and volatility and Get a good cost in dollars on average for your Bitcoin So I've achieved all a cost average and and if I withdraw once my amount exceeds my balance on the exchange exceeds $500 a thousand dollars something like that Whatever the number is for you the number that you wouldn't cry if you saw it disappear But we'd also not create a UHTXO. That's too small And incurred too large fees. Well, then I withdraw so you have to find that balance What is the balance for you whether UTXO is not small enough to chew up everything and fees and But it's not so big in balance terms that if the exchange gets hacked you're going to be Losing all your savings, right? And so DCA and don't reuse addresses are still good advice and and the not your keys Not your coins don't leave money on exchanges is still good advice, but No advice is perfect for all circumstances and just because you have advice doesn't mean you take the maximal position of each Statement and then combine them all to create the maximally Best scenario that's that's not how life works, right? There's nuance here and there's technical details You need to understand so if you take DCA to the extreme and you take Don't leave money on the exchanges extreme and you take don't reuse addresses the extreme You end up with a very messy wallet with tiny UTXO spread a lot of addresses and very high fees Theorem and the internet of money series if you'd like to support my mission of bringing Education about Bitcoin and open blockchains to as many people as possible under open free creative commons licenses Please consider subscribing to my channel and supporting me on patreon.com slash A-A-N-T-O-N-O-P. Thank you