So, before I will do some simple calculations, but before I do we will just sort of emphasize once more how and when equilibrium considerations might be appropriate. We know overall all biological systems are non-equilibrium, but in certain cases one might get away with an equilibrium approximation. So, we will sort of discuss how to ascertain whether an equilibrium approximation is good or not. Before we do so, let us just start. So, energy inside cells comes in various forms of course, what we have been discussing is in some sense the manifestation of thermal energy right diffusion, viscosity and so on. So, Brownian motion and so, all of these these are manifestations of thermal energy, but there are other forms of energy that are relevant to a living system. For example, chemical energy right ATP is form of chemical energy. So, you store chemical energy in ATP, use the ATP hydrolysis to get that useful energy out and do some work. What other form of energy would be relevant? Electrical energy ok. Let me just generalize it and say electromagnetic. Where would that be applicable? Nerves. Nerves ok that is good. What else? Pressure. So, let me say mechanical energy and then one can look at different manifestations of these. For example, electromagnetic energy one of the most basic manifestations where electromagnetic energy is important is for example, photosynthesis right. You take in sunlight you convert that into useful energy which is basically the basis of all energy for life forms on a plants do that and then different things eat plants and eat different things and so on. Also for example, these fireflies which are glowing in the dark these also use stored chemical they convert stored chemical energy into this light energy and they blink and they give up light. So, this is sort of the reverse of this where you take in light and store it in the form of chemical energy. This fireflies or other bioluminescent animals in the sea and so on you convert chemical energy into a form of light. Chemical energy we talked of all this ATP, GTP and so on. You go from an ATP to an ATP and in the process you get energy. Mechanical energy for example, you can think of these muscles flexing in your arm or even molecular motors which are pulling on different proteins. So, in this case this is a myosin motor which is acting walking on an actin filament and pulling an actin filament and then of course, there is thermal energy of diffusion random books and so on. So, that is ok. So, that is to do with energy. Before I actually get into equilibrium and so on, let me just. So, energy we are at least all familiar with. What is entropy? What is the micro what is the statistical definition statistical mechanical definition of entropy from a micro canonical ensemble? It is KB times log of omega right where what is omega? Number of microstates that correspond to a given macrostate. So, this is the number of microstates. What is temperature? Yes, I am going to forget what is temperature 1 by T is del S by del E. What is the Helmholtz free energy minus KB T log? Good. What is what is the partition function? Z. It is the sum over all states e to the power of minus beta times E of a state. Then this F is minus KB T log Z or you can also write this F is E minus T S. It is just good to keep in mind in the manner. So, here for example, two processes which are definitely non-equilibrium. Here is a worm which is crawling across the surface. Here is an RNA polymerase which is reading a DNA molecule and producing the corresponding mRNA. Both of these are reliant on energy. The RNA polymerase uses energy to slide along the DNA. The worm of course, uses energy to crawl along the surface. But depending on the question that you are asking the non-equilibrium nature of this overall process may not for example, be important. For example, if we ask that well given certain concentration of RNA polymerase molecules in the cell, what is the probability that the RNA polymerase will be bound on to the DNA? So, here is my DNA. Here is my double-stranded DNA. It might have different binding sites for RNA polymerase which are upstream of the transcription gene sites. So, RNA polymerase can bind, come and bind here and then it can read this DNA sequence and produce an mRNA. This sliding is along the DNA is active or a driven process which requires anything. But for example, if I am not interested in this full problem, but if I just want to ask that what is the probability that an RNA polymerase molecule is bound to this DNA backbone? Given a certain number of for example, binding sites, given a certain concentration of RNA RNA polymerase and so on. This question as we will see that is one of the questions we will try to answer. You can sort of deal with within an equilibrium approximation ok. The probability that a certain site is occupied by an RNA polymerase is can be obtained or can be predicted fairly well within equilibrium approximations. Similarly, for example, if you are looking at this sort of deformation of the cell shape, underneath the structure of this form you have whatever you have this cytoskeleton which is composed of actins and microtubules and so on. These exert forces on this cell wall on the cell membrane and they can lead to deformation of this deformation of this of this membrane. The forces that are generated by the cytoskeleton are explicitly an active process. These are driven by motors which walk on these filaments and generate forces. These, but if you are looking at the structure of this the shape of this you might say that well if the time scales of if this feels a force it responds to this force and assumes some shape. If the time scale of that process happening is very different from the time scale of this motion of this organism of the cell as a whole, then we can consider this as an sort of equilibrium problem. I can say that well I apply a force what would be the shape that this membrane assumes ok. So, again if you look at some sub part of the problem where the time scales are different from the time scales where these non-equilibrium factors become important. It is often reasonable to use a use an equilibrium approximation. To show this you can explicitly consider sorry let us start give an example of a chemical reaction. So, for example, if I take a chemical reaction like this right I have a going to b with some rate k plus, b converts back to a with some rate k minus and it also goes to c with some rate r there is no reverse thing over here. So, for example, this could stand for consider this as this RNA polymerase thing only. You could have DNA plus RNA Paul going to this complex formation where this DNA is bound to the RNA polymerase right. This is inter convertible the RNA polymerase binds and unbinds right. So, it is a reversible process it goes forward and backward with some rates right. But this one will also give you with some rate r let us say the corresponding mRNA plus the DNA plus the RNA. So, it is something this is of course, it is not to say that this is just represents this process this is just an example you could consider many other reactions which is something like this. Now, if the these rates the time scales that are associated with these rates k plus k minus and r are very different. For example, if this k plus k minus this A to B interconversion is a very fast process whereas, this B to C which is given by this rate r is a very slow process ok. If you would consider something like that and then if you try to solve that if you try to see how these molecules will change the concentrations of these molecules will change with time that will look something like this again you take this is a given we will solve it along the way as we go along. So, for example, this red is the concentration of A this B is the this blue is the concentration of B and the C is the concentration of this green is the concentration of C right. So, in the limit where these interconversion of A and B are very fast processes right k plus and k minus are much faster than this rate r, A and B will come to an equilibrium amongst themselves ok. This does not mean that A becomes constant with time as you can see the concentration of A changes with time B also changes with time and therefore, C also changes with time that happens over a much longer time, but over this very very quickly over this very short time scale A and B have come to an equilibrium amongst themselves which means that the ratios of A to the ratio of B assumes a constant value that constant then changes with time, but A to the ratio of A to B stays constant ok. That is a reflection of the fact that you have very two very separate time scales in the process. One time scale which is given by 1 by k inverse k inverse k plus or k minus which is this time scale let us say 2, 3 seconds. The other is the time scale which is given by r inverse which is a much longer time scale say 50 it is 100 seconds or so on ok. So, if you have well separated time scales like this then and if you are interested only in a sub part of this whole process if you are only interested in this A converting to B sort of B process and not this whole B going to C thing then you might be ok with considering this A A inter converting to B as an equilibrium process and then using equilibrium arguments to calculate statistical quantities associated with that. This depends of course, on whether these time scales are well separated if this k plus k minus was not the much faster process which is given in this right panel then of course, it does not come to an equilibrium you will see that A you know varies on its own B which is the blue curve varies on its own C varies on its own and so on ok. So, the same so, depending on whether you can separate your time scales for these sub processes you can consider these sub processes as part as an equilibrium under an equilibrium approximation ok. So, that is that is the basic idea it always or mostly has to do with separation of time scales if you identify time scales that are widely separated and one is much smaller than the other then you might be justified in using the equilibrium approximations. What can you do with such things? One of the classic problems equilibrium problems that one attempts is finding the folded structure of proteins. So, you start off with the chain of proteins which is some amino acid sequence and then the protein manages to fold into this final native structure or the functional structure very quickly. So, some 2500 or 3000 nanoseconds. This is still of course, an open problem it is an extremely hard problem as to how given a sequence you can end up at the structure, but we will again look at how to at least start thinking about this sort of problem. Similarly, another example where you might consider free energy minimization is to do with gating of ion channels. So, the ion channels are these channels on the membrane of a cell which lets in ions. So, here is my cell, here is an ion channel, here is an ion channel and so on. And you can have different ions for example, potassium, sodium which pass through these channels. These ion channels can be open or closed if they are closed they do not allow ion exchange if they are open they allow ion exchange. For example, here is one mechanism which you might which is one of so cells control the opening and closing of these ion channels in different ways. So, for example, this on the right hand panel is a way where you control it using mechanical tension in the membrane right. So, here is a here is an ion channel, here is the membrane in which it is embedded this is remember the lipid bilayer membrane. Depending on what forces or tensions you apply on the membrane you will result in a different free energy. So, for example, here is some membrane which has an ion channel which is closed let us say ok nothing can get in. Due to some reason you apply some you apply some tension on this and maybe it switches to a by a free energy minimization under the effect of this tension maybe the shape changes to something like this where the ion channel becomes like so. So, the structure changes from here to here and it goes from a closed to an open state. So, again you can think of this in terms of a free energy minimization in the presence of some forces or you could have voltage gated ion channels where you change the voltage across on the two sides of the membrane and that again causes the ion channel to go from a closed state to an open state. Then of course, we have discussed this earlier the shapes of red blood cells is a classic problem where you can get the canonically observed shapes or close to the canonically observed shapes through a free energy minimization. You write down the Hamiltonian which takes into account the physical forces that are involved bending surface tension and so on. You minimize that free energy you minimize that free energy for different values of these parameters which might be the bending energy strength the surface tension strength and so on. For different strengths of these parameter values you get different shapes as the minimum of the free energy and you can show that the shapes that is these different shapes that you obtain closely correlate with the shapes of red blood cells that are seen in vivo. So, underlying all of this is the competition between energy and entropy. So, this free energy encompasses two terms the energy term E and the entropy term minus Ts. So, for example, this is a simulation of a polylephalite which is so let me just describe yes. Can you see the protein folding happening in real time? I do not think so right. You can get extra crystallographic structures which are the folded structures and then you can reconstruct at least you can get that for small domains and so on you can reconstruct the 3D folded shape. I do not think you can see the as the sequence folding into the shape in real time. You can see that well you cannot see see, but to a certain extent maybe in molecular dynamic simulations if you trust your force fields that they are the accurate force fields up to a few nanoseconds for not too large proteins you can see how it starts folding, but there is no guarantee that that is how the cell is doing it. So, for example, here let us see I take a polymer it could be any charged polymer DNA or even proteins so on. So, which has some backbone. So, these are the monomers of my polymer and these are these have some charged groups sitting on them right let us say negative charge is sitting on them. If these so, these are called the counter ions. So, these are my electrons these are my counter ions. One could ask that what is the what is the effective charge of this polymer. So, for example, if with each monom if each monomer is plus 1 it is associated with the counter ion which is minus 1 overall this polymer is neutral right. But this counter ions can dissociate and go in solution right when you put it in solution this counter ions can dissociate with leaving a polymer which is say very strongly positively charged and the counter ions are all floating around freely in solution. How much of these counter ions will so, how much of these counter ions will dissociate this sort of a competition between energy and entropy. So, for example, if the counter ions sit here then it gains some energy because there is an interaction between this plus charge on the backbone and the minus charge of the counter ions right. So, it lowers its energy by sitting here on the backbone which is good it wants to lower its energy. But on the other hand if it goes into solution it can increase its entropy right because here it is fixed over here it does not it cannot explore around. If it goes in solution it has this whole solution space to explore around. So, it gives up some energetic it gives up some favorable energetic cost which by associating with this plus, but on the other hand it gains some entropy cost. So, which or how much of these counter ions will go into solution then is determined by this free energy which is E minus Ts right. It is a competition between the energy and the entropy. So, for example, in the simulation these are two polymers where carrying opposite charges and initially the counter ions were very close to the polymers. What will happen is that this polymer will come in and it will display it has a stronger binding affinity to these to this first polymer and eventually it will displace all the counter ions which will start going into solution and these two polymers will form a complex. But this is also true for example, in the case of proteins. So, for example, if you have a protein right the amino acids the amino acid groups on the protein can be charged or not depending on what is the pH of the. So, let us say I have some folded protein which have some amino acid residues depending on the pH of the solution you can change the effective charge on these amino acids right. So, depending on the pH you can change the effective charge on these amino acids once you change the charge you might also change the structure right because that will change the forces that are felt by different parts of the protein and therefore, you will get a different free energy minimum right. So, that is why often you will see that there is not a unique need of state for proteins if you change the pH of this of the environment that this protein is living in it can go from one folded conformation to another ok. So, these would be yes.


Hello and welcome. Oh! Have you ever thought about the time when you were a child and you'd put some elmi's glue on your hand, you'd wait for it to dry and then you'd pick that off like a new layer of skin? Hi. My name is Ethan Nestor and welcome to the video. Here I have my good friend, Mark. Yes? Thanks so much for coming today. Oh, of course. Happy to. Mark would love it if you would put this guy on. Okay. To protect yourself. Do you know what we're doing? Yes. But should I pretend I don't know? You can, you can know what we're doing. Then yes, I know what we're doing today. What are we doing today? We are dipping you in glue. Dipping me, well, I don't think we're dipping me. We're dipping you. I don't think so. I think you're going to pour it. What's that going to do? You can do it in different ways. I feel like, I feel like you should take off your watch and maybe your hat. All right. You're going to ruin your hat. Don't just. You don't want to get that watch? Gluey. I mean, that kind of do. I don't really like this watch. Do you want me to take off my shoes? Yeah. Do you want me to take off my pants? You can do whatever you want. They're not clipped brand underwear right now, so I can't. They're sold out. You can't get it anymore.  You missed it. Yeah. You're going to ruin your hat. Don't just. You don't want to get that watch? Gluey. I mean that kind of do.  I was telling you. My channel. Oh. Are you going to take your socks off? Man, it's all right. I need new socks. You need new socks? WikiFeed doesn't need more stuff. Do you want me to zip you up? Yeah. Yeah. I had to get a lot over a lot of hate. I didn't want you to feel left out, though. Also, editors, make sure you're utilizing this chroma key green underwear.  I'm sorry. Man, the power really went to your head, huh? It's really gone. See? You love those. What kind of do? Don't you? Yeah. That's nice. Isn't it nice? Yeah. Yeah, man. Friendship is awesome. The name of the game is glue. We have a basin. We have a body. My body. We're going to cover my whole body in glue. Yes. Okay? And then we're going to dry it. Make it dry. And then we're going to peel her off. So let's get to it. But I don't want my hair to get covered in glue. Okay. I shouldn't get glue. It's getting in my eye. It would probably wash off. No. How splashy do you think this is going to be? I don't know. For your sack. Yeah. How do I put this on? I don't know. You were the one that taught me swimming. What did I know? Oh, that's right. Suck. Does this look good? Is it good? I don't know why, but just Matt Watson comes to mind. I'm ready for glue. Pull out so much clearer. There we go. UV shield antifog.  Pretty much.  I love littering. The environment. I don't like this glue. It has glitter in it. I read about the great glitter conspiracy of 2018 just today. What is the conspiracy? Apparently, there's this company called GlitterX that is of two companies in New Jersey that supply most of the world with glitter. They have... No. Glitter is back. That's for the edit here. That's for you. Thank you. You can use it in any way that you see fit. I would say, because of the glue, and we're just out of my house, keep it in this area. Why? What did you think I was going to do? I thought you were just going to... Start with a foot. Get closer. Wicked feet. This is not a lot of glue, man. This is going to take a while. Is it cool and refreshing at least? It's so cool and refreshing. I feel like this is not a... I'm going to Jackson Pollock here, legs here. Well, that's the other thing. It has to be an even coat. Right? Oh. I assume. I don't think the drizzle is going to work, man. I think I got a pour. At what point does this become not safe for work? Because that looks very not safe for work. This looks like... Or it looks like a cinnamon roll.   Yeah. Yeah, give it to me. Yeah. No. No. No. Throw it. No. Throw. Throw. Throw. Would you like a brush or would you like a roller? I'll try the roller. Oh. Oh, no. Oh, it works so good. Oh, wow. That's terrible. Oh, man. Why do you have this idea? Why? Yeah. I don't know. I don't know where I thought of this idea. I just thought maybe you'd be fun. You have too much leg hair for this. I don't think it is going to be...  Okay, well, that's one foot kind of. I'm kind of out. You're already out? Of one. How many coats did you need? Do the math. Did you do primer? Do the math. What's the volume of me? Of you? Wait. What would be the math? What volume of glue is in the bottle? You ripped the label off. No. You ripped the label off. Okay, now get the back of my legs. All right, well, I need more glue. Come on, Mark.  I forgot that I don't have a lob on. You don't have a lob on? No. You have a lob on. That's why this boom pole is here. Because I'm getting covered in glue. Like that's excuse. I can do a handheld, Mike. What do you have in your hand right now? A brush. That should be a mic, right? It should have been. Yeah. It's been a while since. All right, so that's one coat on the lower legs. Man, this is taking too long. This is really taking a while. Now, that's why I have a gift for you. Why don't you go over to the other side of the hot tub and see what's waiting there for you. Oh my God.  Four gallons of Elmer's glue. Four gallons of Elmer's glue. I don't think we'll need that much. Well, bring it out. I'll bring it. You know what I didn't think about? I didn't think about a few things. One, is this toxic? No. Oh yeah, and the ladle. We've got your big ladle. I appreciate that. Yeah. Show off the ladle. Give a nice product shot. This is a ladle. With this 32 house ladle, you too can glue your friends. But wait, if you call now, we also throw in four gallons of Elmer's glue for free. So now you can use that to scoop and dunk if you wish. So now it's really up to you as to how you would like to apply the glue. I feel like I've given you the tools. I've given you the glue. I've given you a chance to make yourself an artist. And that's what you've always wanted to be, as an artist. And up until now you've failed miserably at that. But I think now you've finally been given the chance, and this is up for interpretation, whether it was by me or if this was something more divine. You know? Because what am I, if not a child of God? Can I get my hat or sunglasses or something real bright? No. No. Come on. You always love going against the, what is it? You love testing yourself against the forces of nature and whatnot. There's no evidence of your statements. I think there's a lot of evidence. No evidence of those two. I knew someone was going to bring that up. I knew someone was going to bring that up. You know, why can't we make a video together in the same kind of sense? But not have it be unison's related. Who says that that kind of content has to die? It doesn't have to happen every day anymore. It can't happen. It won't happen every day. We can't allow that. Because that would repeat the whole thing of unison. But who says that we can't go on and make similar things later? You know? Like we said. Memento Moris. No. No. The video's more special. It was the idea. Don't cry because it happened. Cry because it's over. It's cold. It's a hot day out. Don't you want a refreshment? This is a hot glue. It's Elmer's glue. Oh, that's cool. Amy, get around the back here. Yeah, get around the back. Oh, yeah. What a nice, cummy surprise. Dude, who even needs the ladle? What do you mean? No, careful. Huh? Careful. It's cold. Careful. He's a hero. Whoa, whoa, it's slippery. Lean forward. See, it's funny because it's slippery, but it's glue. Lean forward.  It is quite a thick coat. Oh, it's going to go in my armpits. No. I mean, yeah. It's going to go in my armpits, brother. Dude, it's drying in such a thick coat. It's drying so quickly. It's drying so thickly. What do you think of the hip? Oh, it's going to get in my... Oh, no. What if it goes in my asshole? What if it goes in my asshole?  Turn around for the camera. Whoa, careful. Careful, careful, careful. Who knew you could move so fast with glue? Look, it's so thick, like the actual layer. If it dries like that, we're not even going to need to do two coats. But we will anyway. All right, now spread forward. Accepting the grace of God. Leave. Ah. Pretend like you're at Spider-Man 3 and venom is taking over your body. Oh, yeah, yeah. Don't be more quiet. Oh, oh, venom. Oh, no. You're going to be farther back. Farther back. Oh, God. What a great thumbnail. This is good. Yeah, that's pretty good. Oh, yeah. I got to even that out a bit. Does this look good? I don't think good's what you're going for here. Great. All right. And that's what it is. All right, let me get your arms. What should I name this video? Becoming Elmer, I don't know. Becoming Elmer? I don't know. It's Elmer's glue, right? What if the other one gets glued to my body? It probably will. This is glue. It is glue. Man, the fumes. It's Elmer's school glue. What a fumes. Yeah, you're getting a little high off your own supply. A little bit, yeah. Whoa. Okay, careful, careful. Whoa, watch out. He's got moves. How about get your legs? Okay. And that's on glue. You don't want to film this? This is history. This is history. No one's ever done this before, Amy. No one.  It's too dangerous. There's too much at stake. But I have nothing to lose. I'm really getting the technique down, I think. Yeah. Hang on. Once I get... You're born for this. Is this what it means to be a Markiplier's hero? You don't know what that term means. Honor on that name. I have no idea what it means to be a Markiplier's hero. You will never be, Grace, the name. When do we feather you? Stop turning. I'm sure you can. Stop turning. All right, that's the first coat, pretty much. Wait, where is the razor's arms? Razor's arms. Raise them. Your hands in supplication. Receive the gift of Elmer. Now rub together for 20 seconds. Sing happy birthday. Happy birthday to you. That's not COVID compliant. Happy birthday to you. Happy birthday. Happy birthday. You miss the spot? Raise this arm.  But one eye sploosh. There. That's a pretty even coating. All right, how long until it dries? Well, the heat gun will just melt it again. We need a fan. Do we? We have two box fans on the porch. Yeah, that would work. Should I get them? Yeah. All right, you stay here. You vamp. Okay, I'll vamp. Hey guys, thanks for coming by. Having a good day today. Just thanks for watching the videos, you know. Been wanting to get out of my comfort zone again and make some new things that are pretty fun and out of the ordinary. I'm so glad that we get to do that here today. Hey, Phil. Great. Do you have four outlets out here? I can get the other box fans, too. Yeah, that outlet. After the gray box, there's an outlet. It's covered. Do you want some on your face? I guess so. Why are you wearing goggles? Oh, I can feel it's starting to harden. Who wrapped this? Me. How did you get it under the handle so many times? Look, it's... How did you do this? This is a problem with corded appliances. God, if only there was a better way. Oh! Ryobi! Ryobi! Wow! Ryobi, you could sponsor me. I know this isn't my channel, but you could be finding... Wait, wait, wait, but what about me? How will I be able to get more glue? When is Ryobi going to make glue? Oh, man. Do you think Elmer's glue will sponsor me after this? Wow! Do they? I think I'm worthy. Wait, how do I get to this? Can I climb on this? Yeah. Oh, what's all the... Are these spider eggs or something? Oh, God, what are they? Oh, there's billions of spiders. It's not... Oh, I'm going to get bit. I'm going to get bit. You're not going to get bit. This is it. Amy, guide me. You got it. I can't. It's so close, but it's not going in. It's in. There we go. Hit me. Is it going my way? I can't feel much. Yep. Okay, cool. Feel that? Oh, yeah. How's that coat doing? Still tacky. I can get a fan, like a hand thing. Oh, no, it's fine. I think it's working. Yeah, but it's going to take a while. That's where the gift of story comes in. Do you have a story you wish to tell, Elmer? Sure. What do you want to know? I want to know about the history of glue. They used to make glue out of horses. Still do? What? Still? Yeah. Why? Have they not found a better way? Oh, yeah, they have. Yeah, they do. That horse is going to die anyway. Why wouldn't they just do something else with it? What are they going to do with the horse? I'm sure they could have. I mean, they could use, they could chop up the horse, give it to animals that need it. Like tigers in zoos. Better than glue because you can only use the hooves and the bones. Can you use the bones? I think of like the joints. It's really the collagen, right? The collagen. So bone broth is really a process by which you extract the nutrients out. And the fervent step is when the collagen starts to break down. And so the collagen is what makes jello jello and glue glue. Right. It's tensile or whatever. That's not the right word. Put it in the right word. I smell the collagen in your bones.  How much of my hair is that? A lot. In the back. I don't think that I want glue in my hair. How about the front? There's not much coming down the front. There we go. You want one thumbnail? You want thumbnail? Yeah. All right, you can go get thumbnail. All right, here comes the thumbnail. Hey. Oh. Whoa. Yeah. Yeah. Whoa. What do you think it's going to be longer?  I can't see. Help. I can't see. Oh, okay. I'm fine. I'm fine. Hold on. Did that help? No, everything. Oh, no. My vision. My vision is gone. Oh. You stole it from me.  Hang on. I'll get you. Oh, God. Hold on. Oh, God. See, you're tilted forward. So all the glue from your head is coming. You can stay back. Like this? It's good for you. Oh. Oh, it's getting in my, what is it called? My mouth. All right, hold on. Do you have paper towels here or something? Justin, quick. Paper towels. Quick. You're not moving. You're not moving. You're not moving. You're not moving. You're not moving. You're not moving. You're not moving. You're not moving. You're not moving nearly as him. I think he scared me. You're not moving. Oh, God. There you go. Oh, God. Oh, God . Oh, no, no. I'm sorry, okay. No. I just got my hands. Do you want that? No. No. You don't know. I can help you. Here we go. Don't move. Don't move. There we go.  Four.  This video, do you think this has to do well, right? Mark? Mark, please. I need my channel dying again. Mark. It's dying? It's dying. What do you mean dying? It's always dying. What does that mean? Aren't we all dying? Yeah. Why is your channel dying? Oh my god. Wait, I got you. Do I look like that thing from a mortuary assistant? Oh yeah. There you go. Paper towels are finally here. Got it. Nice. Alright, now hold still. Ew. Have you thought of an only fans? Oh man. Holy glue. Hold still. Can you see now? No. Alright. Not even a little. What if this turns into that story like, you know, Amy, I'm sure you saw this, that girl that, oh god. It's pulling on my under hair. You want to just sit down? No. I have to stay as straight as possible. How will we get the glue off? I didn't think this far ahead. You rip it, right? I guess so. You can't get all of it like that. If we wait long enough and wait hard enough, it'll, one big sheet. Oh, my eyebrows. Is it in my eyebrows? Yeah. No.  No, no, no. Get the shears. Alright, so now what do we do? Now we have to wait. I didn't pour it on the rescue. You have three other gallons. Mark. No, no, it's fine. But how? No, it's fine. How will it help? It'll help. It's crazy because it's like, I can't even feel it anymore. It's not even on my skin.  I'm like a lizard of sorts. You know, someday I'll be indestructible, I think. Yep. Because the glue will, do you think this would mummify me? Yeah, probably. Wow. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Nice. Nice.  Don't do it. I won't do it.  How could I? Don't. How could I? What if the glue seals the goggles to my face? Oh, no. Yeah, these are many different ways that you should have thought about this. These are many ways that I could die. Alright, one more. One more. Alright. Well, I'll go this way then. Oh, Texas. Okay. You gotta be quick on that. Come on. This is like some bad Mario Party game. You gotta cover your friend. Cover the boy in glue. That's what they're gonna call me now. The boy who lives comes to glue. How are we gonna get rid of this? We? Is there a way that I have to get rid of this? Huh? Do I have to bring this somewhere? Oh, yeah. This is school. It's drama. Just walk at the school. Hey! You didn't know, Danny. It's me. It's me. Crank Gameplays. Who wants glue? The back of your legs is uncovered and that's unacceptable. This ladle comes in handy. Yeah, you hit so much glue in that thing. Yeah. Alright. Oh, I think I'm done.  Yeah. It's pretty bad. But the fans love them. Those ones? What good content is this, huh? No one's ever done this before. You know, and that's what makes it so special. It can never be recreated. You could sell this as Ethan's bath glue. Oh, an NFT. No. Take a screenshot of that. My NFT. What? The back of my left arm. There's a bug.  Is it really?    Did it sting me? No, did it? Did you feel it? No.  I feel like it's almost take-off time. Let me... Probably the underlayer's getting there. It's definitely getting tackier, that's for sure. We'll give it another five. Another five. Another five. You're like bubble and I think that's very strange.  What a way to go. I slipped in a pool of glue. It really is starting to solidify, I can tell. It's like rippling in layers. You're very, very close. The glory of the glue is upon you. This does look like... I was trying to make cinnamon rolls. It went really bad. See if you secure your hands together like this and see if it'll... Ready? Stinginess is it. That's pretty tacky. Sorry, this isn't when it's honest where we record for one hour and then cut the camera no matter what. This is the pursuit of content. This is the glory of creation. This is what it means to go... Can't say that. The U2's competitor. Glutus. The drip. This is a stucco pattern. It's like a popcorn ceiling. Whoa, it's floating off into the distance. That's not good. How is that happening? It's the fan. It's the fans. It's like snow.  It's an ecological disaster. I can feel it. Ready? Look at my neck. It's peeling on your neck, yeah. Gross! You want me to peel it off? No, you're just going to get glue on it. Yeah, peel it. Gucci goo... Whoa, what? Whoa! This is what you used to do. This is what it was good for.  Whoa! That's cool! Gross! No, it's glue. Peel. I can't peel it.   This will go on forever. Put it in front of the fan. There's no way. I feel like water has to be introduced, right? Why would water have to be introduced? Why? Why do you think water makes us dry? I don't know. How am I going to get rid of this? I don't know. You wash it away. It's going to go in the lawn. What? What? Right? I don't know. I can't put glue in the lawn. Put it in the bathtub. In the bathtub? It'll dry in the drain. Wash it. I don't know. Wash it out. This is a travesty. There's another kiddie pool over there. We fill it with water. Oh, it's gross. Wash it off. With what? The hose. Where? Over here. It's so gross. Well, you can put it right there. Are you going in? You're not even going to peel? I can't. You're not even going to peel? You quitter? No, I can't peel at the current. Let me try. See? See?  I can't peel. You can peel me. It's not working. I have to get to the pool. Do you? Do you have to? Do you have to get in there? Jump! It's so scary. Jump! Don't spray me yet. You need more pressure. Careful. Ow! Ow! There! Ow!  Well, you know, today we tried to do the impossible. You cover a man with glue. You'll feed him for a day. Give a man glue. He'll never reach his dream. And that's what happened here today. Got covered in glue. I tried to fix my problems. But glue doesn't always fix the problems. You know, sometimes it makes it so much worse in every way. So, if you're thinking of covering yourself in large amounts, gallons upon gallons of glue, because you think it'll help your problems, and you think you can just heal your problems away like that, it's not how life works. You know? Let me be an example. Don't cover yourself in glue. Don't? Do it for me. Do it for you. And now for the song. Whoa! I don't even know! It is glue! There we go. The devastation. Everybody wants me dead. It's the logical medicine. It's the logical free. Give me some glue. I'll put it all over you.


The following is a presentation of TFNN, big market kickoff with your host, Tommy O'Brien. Good morning everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, comedy live from TFNN, 8.30 a.m. Wednesday morning, 60 minutes to go until that opening bell and we have markets charging higher yet again. Dow futures right now, 345 points, that's 1.4% of the green, trading 25,347, S&P futures, 33% positive, 1.1%, trading at 3,027, we're now almost a full percent above that 3,000 mark. Nasdaq futures up 32 points, lagging a bit, that's about a 30%, trading at 94.39, we've got crude oil backing off a bit down about 50 cents at 33.85, the 10-year yield ticking up 0.72% and the gold contract trading lower off about $20 at 17.08.  So they unveil a plan to borrow 750 billion euros to aid economic recovery, that's 750 billion euros, that's about 823 to 826 billion US dollars, that's gonna come in the form of grants and loans to stimulate the EU and that is dependent in terms of which country, Italy and Spain probably receiving the most of that as they the hardest to hit. So that news really driving markets higher with that in mind, let's jump through the indices. There's your S&P, we back it up to where we were last night, you see the sell off towards the end of the day yesterday, S&P's at about 2,990 at that time, currently sitting 3,027 just off the highs, we made it about 6 a.m. Nasdaq 100, little bit of a lagger, check it out from 6 a.m. We've traded down from a high of 9,507, we're down to 9,432, you back it up, there's your close yesterday, so we're just a tad higher, we were down at about just 9,400, 9,420 somewhere in that range, Dow 30 trading higher, 25,357, Boeing, I want to story up for them, they have layoffs coming, why not we'll jump into it as we jump around, Boeing is set to announce significant US job cuts this week, that is the union, that's story breaking, so Boeing shares trading higher on that, driving the Dow accordingly. On the heels of the EU stimulus, you have the Euro trading higher against the dollar, trades above 110, right around that level now at 110.15, there's your gold contract pulling back, gold been sliding a bit, had quite a run for gold, currently trading at 16.91 now, and crude oil just under $34 at $33.92. The other headline out there, internationally, Hong Kong police overwhelmed protesters now crying independence, that playing out overnight in terms of for us over in Hong Kong, keep your eye on that as that could throw some volatility into things with China, Hong Kong, and so forth. Bank indicators this morning, mortgage demand from home buyers shows unexpectedly strong demand, strong and quick recovery, application spikes 9% from a year ago, so mortgage applications to purchase a home also rose 9% last week from the previous week according to the MBA, 6th consecutive week of gains, 54% jump since April, refinance volume has not been as strong, those applications fell 0.2% for the week, but we're still 176%, I think that's going to be higher, no, excuse me, but we're still 100 and I'm not sure what they're referencing. But that story just out this morning as well, so strong economic indicators. We talked about the Boeing headline I had up, so they have layoffs jumping over to Boeing shares, Boeing, there's your pop from 144, we're going to open it almost 150, some context on Boeing shares, I did have that retracement level, you can see not really clon back much, right? We made it almost up to that 382, 189 was the number there exactly, you got a high of 18648, we're now coming up to that 236, either way, Boeing, we're going to open at about 14950 on Boeing shares, so that six point pop in Boeing adding to the Dow up 345 right now. Other stories out here, a couple for Amazon I pulled up. So Amazon's intox to buy autonomous vehicle startup, Zooks, to get into the specifics. Other companies are supposedly bidding maybe as well, at least one other business besides Amazon has offered to buy the company, Zooks is unlikely to sell for less than the billion dollars that had already raised. Their most recent valuation though, 3.2 billion and it looks like they may come in under that number and the article talks about in here, I mean big numbers when you look at buying Zooks could help Amazon manage rising shipping costs that we project will exceed $60 billion by 2025. Another fact I found interesting in here, Amazon's willing to spend heavily to automate e-commerce business in 2012, they spent $775 million on the warehouse robot maker Kiva systems, it's almost a billion dollars eight years ago they spent to basically buy robots in their warehouses and now there are tens of thousands of robots, excuse me in those warehouses around the world. Pretty interesting to see if they get autonomous vehicles and that is going to able to decrease the cost they're dealing with. Amazon also another interesting story this coming out last night, in terms of local TV coverage of Amazon and basically their press department should be getting bonuses this year. Several local TV news stations recently broadcast strikingly similar reports that focused on the safety measures. The online retail giant has implemented at its warehouses, so Amazon sends out stock footage, they send out scripts that accompany it. Local stations looking for coverage, Amazon talking about it, it's definitely timely, it could be newsworthy but the fact that they're able to send the footage, send the actual scripts out quite an arm that Amazon has going on in light of what is going on elsewhere. Coinbase in the world of crypto, so Coinbase expands its institutional services with Takomi Purchase. Coinbase I myself have used this exchange previously, the largest US cryptocurrency exchange expanding its services for institutional investors with the acquisition of digital brokerage Takomi. So this is a platform, pretty interesting when you get into it. The platform is able to automate crypto trades valued at millions of dollars, so they automate them as opposed to other firms still executing that type of a trade manually. Customers include family offices, crypto funds such as Pantera, Capital, Bitwise, Multi-Capital Coin, terms of the agreement not disclosed. So here's where it really gets interesting, Takomi started about two years ago with the backing of the Founders Fund, Collaborative Fund, Digital Currency Group among others. This management includes co-founder Greg Tusser, former global head of electronic trading at Goldman Sachs, not bad. And they really talk about if you want to buy 100 million Bitcoin, we bring the tools, they're able to do those big numbers, combine that with the platform, the exchange of Coinbase, pretty powerful weapon out there.  In May, for the second straight month, Papa Johns team members and franchises deliver the best sales period in the company's history. In April, preliminary estimated same store sales jumped 26.9%, not surprising, right? Same store sales shot up 33.5% in May, and that number on the heels of 26.9% in April. We jump over to Papa Johns shares, now this is the longer term. As they said, remarkable, they sold off everything, right?  Stay tuned folks, coming back, see what else we have on tap for Wednesday trading, we'll be right back. Many of our new listeners have heard about the Tiger's Den. The Tiger's Den is a lively community where professional traders and investors can meet, exchange ideas and information in a comfortable moderated atmosphere. Hear all of the TFNN shows, plus see all of the charts as they happen live and have access to archives of all of those charts. You can test drive the Tiger's Den absolutely free for 30 days and greatly enrich your knowledge of these markets and how to make your money work for you. Details on the Tiger's Den are on the front page of TFNN.com. TFNN has launched our brand new website. You can still visit us at the same TFNN.com URL, but when you do, you'll see a new and improved homepage with a much simpler navigation, whether you're watching Tiger TV live in high definition or just accessing your newsletter subscriptions. 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The funds are designed to be utilized only by sophisticated investors such as traders and active investors. Distributor, Four Side Fund Services, LLC. Don't forget, you can listen to TFNN live on your mobile device 24 hours per day. TFNN.com, then hit Watch Tiger TV, that's TFNN.com, then hit Watch Tiger TV for the latest market information. Folks, we got about 45 minutes to go until that opening bell, market's in positive territory. I got a chart of Walmart up here on a daily basis. Talk about some volatility on Walmart, right? You back it up to really where things fell apart. You were at 120. I mean, look at this roller coaster as the market tried to figure out whether this is going to be a good thing or a bad thing for Walmart as the lockdown was put together. People started social distancing, staying at home, quarantining, and you got volatility. We trade up to a peak first of 128.08 by March 18th. You reach 133.38, that on, excuse me, April 20th, and then we have some volatility. We're back to about 123.75. I bring them up. The next story, interesting, Walmart striking a deal with second hand apparel site to ramp up online fashion sales. So they struck a deal with Thread Up, second hand seller of apparel, shoes and accessories. They expand the big box retailers online fashion offerings. They have partnerships with other retailers including Gap and Macy's that those are already in there. Interesting stuff when you think about trying to expand, trying to capitalize on people, whether it's online shopping, groceries, apparel, apparel, usually a much higher margin item that they're dealing with in that venture. Back to commodities. So IEA, usually we get, IEA, EIA, excuse me, usually we get EIA, right? Yeah, because the IEA said the unparalleled decline in worldwide energy investment has been staggering in both its scale and swiftness. That's the World Energy Investment Report, the annual report that they put out. Just to add on, I wanna bring up, shouldn't be surprising that energy investment at this time. That's what might see a turnaround in terms of no investment, lack of supply, demand is still gonna be there for oil, and maybe things rebound. Jumping on to other stocks with action today, so it's still earning season in a big way. I'm gonna go over what we have for tomorrow, big day of retail, dollar general, dollar tree, Costco, I believe tomorrow as well. But today we have tractor supply, tractor supply set expected record breaking sales and earnings for the current quarter, comp store sales for the supply farm. Company would grow 20 to 25%. So I think this is just actually an update. I'm jumping back and forth between companies issuing updates at this time. I mean, check out this, right? Talk about some volatility from 98 to 63. We're gonna open at about 115 today as they put out that update. Yeah, so that is just an update that they told us last night after the bell, up to 122.50, but man, talk about pairing that gain back to 115. I had mentioned Boeing before, up to about 150, even from 130. You're gonna add $20 to the price of Boeing in about a week, remarkable acceleration there. Disney, so Disney's getting action today. They're gonna submit a plan to Orange County officials for reopening its Walt Disney World Resort. Disney needs approval from the county and then from the governor before Walt Disney World can reopen the market liking to see progress there. We're above 124 with the bid ask 12390 by 120404, closed yesterday under 121. Talk about an acceleration for Disney. We were just trading at 100 in Disney, like yesterday. No, May 14th, so 13 days, approximately two weeks ago. You've traded up about 25% in Disney. You chopped around this area for a while. From March 26th, the initial bounce, we were trading there basically until May 14th. That run begins. Talk about a pop when you really get a gap from the 15th over the weekend to the 18th in Disney this morning. Gonna open at about 124, and that's where we're looking at on the chart. So we haven't traded at that level in Disney since, really, February 26th, remarkable clawback there. Some of the other companies I like to take a look at, ridesharing, Uber's had quite a pop. We're gonna open a hair, excuse me, a hair higher today, but yesterday opened dramatically higher and gave it all back at the start of the day. There's your Uber chart and some of the cannabis stocks have had quite a pop as well. Canopy up another 60 cents today. Canopy, they got their earnings on Friday. There's some volatility for you on Canopy from 45, 78. This doesn't even do it justice for the full. From 59, back in October of 18, then you fast forward to about a year ago. Yeah, April of 19, we're at 50. You trade down to that low of $9 on the dot. And this morning, we're gonna open at 2052 ahead of their numbers. What are they saying here? What are that? Yeah, earnings, 529, Friday before the market, perfect. Checking in on some of the other cannabis stocks, excuse me, cannabis stocks before we jump away. Chronos up to 676, I would just be real wary of some of these smaller ones. I mean, for instance, we had a caller talking about Tilray yesterday on the 10 o'clock show. And there's volatility to be here when you go from 243 to 1120 this morning. I mean, there's your pop even on Tilray. But man, when you go from 300 down to $2, and you're dealing with some crazy, crazy volume of shares here as well going on, call it with Steve Woods. He deals with float analysis, now that I remember it. And yeah, just be real wary of a company that can go from $300 to $2, even if cannabis takes over the world. Not sure that Tilray would be the one that will benefit from that. But nonetheless, jumping back to other news with headlines, I went over Boeing, so they get 2,500 voluntary layoffs. We went over Papa John's numbers. Tesla has cut vehicle prices in North America by as much as 6% following decline in demand since the pandemic-related lockdown. So Tesla trying to lower their price tag to accommodate a little bit lower demand. We have some biotech action going on in terms of these Santa Fe. They're gonna raise more than $11 billion from its sales of US shares of partner Regeneron selling 21.6 million shares at $515 per share. Not a bad deal, $11 billion. They could wind up raising $11.7 billion if underwriters exercise an option to buy 1.2 million additional Regeneron shares, additional remarkable numbers there. So Twitter, they're getting into the political fray. You could call it, unfortunately, as in applying fact-checking notices to the tweets by President Trump for the first time, applying them to two of them, talking about mail-in ballots. We are in May 27th. The national election is in November. That is gonna be here before we know it, folks. And hopefully everyone's able to do that safely. I think it's five states right now have mail-in balloting only, and you have it available in every state able to request it. So hopefully the facts get out there. But Twitter, we're gonna open a bit lower today. You see the volatility on Twitter dating back to, now this is a three-year weekly, going back to the highs of June of 18. We almost made it back up to that level in September of 19. And this morning for some lower time frame, we're actually higher yesterday on that news. I believe, yeah, because that was out yesterday, I believe. But lower today, 33, the 44, about for Twitter in the headlines. So you get to downgrade UBS downgraded brown foreman, spirit makers stock to sell from neutral. The pandemic and its economic fallout present short and long-term challenges not reflected in the stock's price. And then Fresh Pet, Jefferies rates the Fresh Pet food seller as a buy and new coverage. Fresh Pet is positioned to sustain mid-20s annual sales growth. Man, the pet food business, right? The pet healthcare business, vet business, FRPT is their symbol. Let's check it out. So we're gonna open basically flat today on that news, which is interesting, getting a nice little upgrade. But man, look at that. So we go from 81 to 40, back to 80 to 70. I mean, remarkable.  Volatility everywhere. Speaking of volatility, checking in on the VIX this morning as the market chugs higher, how about a 26 handle? 26.95 right now on that VIX actually made it and chose to a 25 handle at one point. Stay tuned, folks. We'll be right back. Back in the day, I joined the Hotel California in 2006. And like many of you was drawn in by as well as whatever you think about you bring about whatever you focus on grows. You see, I believe that everything in life happens for us, not to us. And Tom ignited the fire within me to want to learn how to master the markets. So how did I go from knowing nothing about technical analysis to becoming the number one market timer for the S&P 500 in 2018 and the number two market timer in 2019? Simply put, I hired coaches with a proven track record, which led me to a whole new set of tools that I created to interpret the message of buyers and sellers. I would love the opportunity to teach you this award winning set of tools and help you improve your market timing. You can test drive my newsletter service, mastering probabilities for the next 30 days with no risk to you. Plus, you'll gain access to archive workshops that'll take you step by step through my system. Sign up today by going to the homepage of TFNN.com and selecting mastering probability in the newsletter tab. If you haven't checked out the newsletter's page of TFNN.com, what are you waiting for? 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Don't forget, you can listen to TFNN live on your mobile device 24 hours per day. Go to TFNN.com, then hit Watch Tiger TV. That's TFNN.com, then hit Watch Tiger TV for the latest market information. Back folks, we get the markets pulling back a bit. You see a little bit of a drop off there in the S&Ps just in the last few minutes. It's a five minute bar. So we just dropped from 3,030 to about 3,021. NASDAQ 100 futures actually negative right now. Dow up 316. A little bit of a drop off in the Dow as well, almost 100 points from 25,389 to 25,317. Jumping back to the Twitter story a bit, they were down. The other thing I did not mention there was that you had President Trump reacting as you may expect to that story. And there's your headline, Trump threatens to close down social media platforms after Twitter fact checks claim on mail in voting fraud. So you have Twitter down a bit on that news, which explains it. Facebook shares down a bit as well from 232 to 22950. Facebook, you wanna talk about some volatility. How about that? We go from 220 to 137. We're gonna open at 230 right now. Quite an acceleration off those March 18 lows. What else we have going on? Head on over to TFNN, Basil Chapman, tomorrow night for subscribers to the opening call or review of Basil's favorite technical tools that have produced strong gains in 2020. This is gonna be a 90 minute webinar right after Tom's program tomorrow night from four till 530. Basil will be in there with subscribers. That 90 minute webinar will be archived, available to all subscribers. He comes with a 30 day money back guarantee. I encourage you to check it out. Basil's gonna be talking about a variety of topics that go into the techniques he's used in that have produced strong gains so far in 2020. Who knows? We might be at an all-time peak in the NASDAQ by then as the NASDAQ, even as we're negative approaching the opening bell right now, 9390 for some context. We're right up there near all-time highs of 9763. S&Ps even, we're within about 350, 400 points of all-time highs at 3397, now above 3,000. Stay tuned, folks. We're gonna man Larry Pezzavento coming up live with Trade What You See and also as we wrap it out, head on over to YouTube. Get in there. We got a lot of great contributors in the comment section. You can contribute as well. Take part in the conversation. Check it out at YouTube. Search TFNN live. Stay tuned, folks. Larry Pezzavento coming up live with Trade What You See. I'll be back at 10 o'clock with Tom live programming. All day at TFNN. We'll be right back, folks.


Live from Denver, Colorado, it's theCUBE.  Hey, welcome back to theCUBE, Lisa Martin with Stu Miniman. We are coming to you live from Commvault Go 19. Pleased to welcome to theCUBE a gent from Microsoft Azure. We've got Ben DeQual, principal program manager, and welcome. Thank you, thanks for having me on. Thanks for coming on. So, Microsoft, Commvault, what's going on with the partnership? Look, they're one of our great storage partners in data management space. We've been working with Commvault for 20 years now in Microsoft, and they've been working with us on Azure for about as long as I can remember. And I've been on the Azure business for about seven years now. So, just a long time in cloud terms, like dog years. And they've been doing a huge amount of their around getting customer data into the cloud, reducing cost, getting more resiliency, and then also letting them do more with the data. So, they're a pretty good partner to have, and they make it much easier for their customers to go and leverage cloud. So, Ben, in my career, I've had lots of interactions with the Microsoft storage team. Things have changed a little bit when you're now talking about Azure compared to more, it was the interaction with the operating system or the business suite I just had. So, maybe bring us up to date as those people that might not have followed where kind of the storage positioning inside of Microsoft is now that when we talk about Azure in your title. Yeah, we sort of, and just briefly, we work very heavily with our on-premises brethren. They're actually inside, the OS team is inside of the Azure engineering org now, which is kind of funny. But we do a lot of things there. If you start looking at, firstly, on that hybrid side, we have things like Azure files. It's a highly resilient Azure service, SMB and FS file share up to 100 terabytes. But that interacts directly with Windows Server to give you Azure file sync. So, there is sort of synergies there as well. What I'm doing, personally, my team, we work on scale storage. The big thing we have in there is our blob storage technology, which really is the underpinning technology for pretty much all storage in Azure, which is then including our SaaS offerings, which are hosted on Azure too. So, disk is on blob storage, our file is on blob storage, you look at Xbox Live, all this kind of stuff is a customer to us. So, we build that out and we're doing work there and that's really, really interesting in how we do it. And that's not looking at going, we're going to buy some compute, we're going to buy some storage, we're going to build it out, we're going to run Windows or Hyper-V, or maybe VMware with Windows running on the VMware, or whatever else. This is more a story about, we're going to provide you storage as a service. You're going to get a minimum of like 11 nines of durability and be able to have that scaled of petabytes of capacity in one logical namespace and give you multiple gigabytes, double digit gigabytes of throughput to that storage. And now we're even moving that about to multiple protocols. So, REST API centric today, we've got Azure storage, you have APIs you can go and use. But, we're giving that consistency of the actual backend storage and the objects and the data available via more than just one protocol. You can go and access that via HDFS APIs. We talk about data lakes all the time. For us, our blob storage is a data lake. We turn on hierarchical namespace and you can go and access that via other protocols like as I mentioned, HDFS as well. So, that is a big story about what we want to do. We want to make that data available at crazy scale, have no limits in the end to the capacity or throughput of performance and over any protocol. That's kind of our line in the hill about what we want to get to. Yeah, and we've been talking to the Commvault team about some of the solutions that they're putting in the cloud, the new offering metallic that came out. They said, if my customer has Azure storage or storage from that other cloud provider, you could just go ahead and use that. Maybe, how familiar and how much conversation you've been having about our metallic. We're working, we work pretty tightly with the product team over at Commvault around this and my team as well, around how do we design it? How do we make it work the best? And we're going to continue working to optimize as they get it beyond initial launch. They're going, wow, we've got data sets. We can analyze, we know how to, we want to know how to tune it now. Really, we love the solution, particularly more because the default, if you don't select the storage type where you want to go, it'll run on Azure. So really sort of big kudos to the relationship there. They chose us as the first place we'll go to, but they've also done the choice for customers. So some customers may want to take it to another cloud. That's fine, it's reasonable. I mean, we totally understand it's going to be a multi-cloud world and that's a reality for any large company. Our goal there is to make sure we're growing faster than the competitors, not to knock out the competitors altogether because that just won't happen. So they've got that ability to go and yeah, hey, we'll use Azure as default because they feel that we're offering the best support and the best solution there. But then if that same customer wants to turn around and use a competitor of ours, fine as well. And I see people talking about that today where they may want to mitigate risks and say, I'm going to do, I'm doing Office 365. I want to take an Office 365 backup. It's cool, use Metallic. It'll take it maybe to a different region in Azure and they're backing up and they're still going, well, I'm still all in on Microsoft. They may want to take it to another cloud or even take it back to on-premises. So that does happen too because just in case of that moment, we can get that data back in a different location if something happens. So Metallic talking about that is this new venture. It's right, it's a Commvault venture and saw that the other day and thought that's interesting. So we dug into it a little bit yesterday and it's like a startup operating within a 20 year old company, which is very interesting, not just from an incumbent customer perspective, but an incumbent partner perspective. How have you seen over the last few years and particularly been the last nine months with big leadership and GTM changes for Commvault? How has the partnership with Microsoft evolved as a result of those changes? It's always been interesting, I guess, when you start looking at adventure and everything since things change a little bit, priorities may change, just to be fair. But we've had that tight relationship for a long time. At a relationship level and the exact leadership level, nothing's really changed. But in the way they're building this platform, we sit down out of my team, out of the Azure engineering group and we'll sit down and do things like ideations, like here's what we see gaps in the markets, here's what we believe could happen. And well, back in July we had Inspire, which is our partner conference in Las Vegas, and we sat down with their LTE, our LTE in a room, we're talking about these kind of things. And this is, I think about two months after they may have started the initial development of Metallic from what I understand, but we're talking about exactly what they're doing with Metallic, offered as a service in Azure is, hey, how about we do this? So we think it's really cool. It opens up a new market to Convold, I think too. I mean, they're so strong in the enterprise, but they don't do much in the smaller businesses because with a full feature product, it also has inherent complexity around it. So by doing Metallic as a click, click next done thing, they're really opening, I think, new markets to them and also to us as a partner. I was going to kind of click on that because they developed this very quickly. This is something that I think what student I were hearing yesterday, Metallic, was kind of conceived, designed, built in about six months. So in terms of like acceleration, that's kind of a new area for Convold. Yeah, and I think they're really embracing the fact about, let's release that code in production for products which are sort of getting to the, hey, the product is at the viable stage now, not minimum viable, but viable. Let's release in production, let's find out how customers are using it, and then let's keep optimizing and doing that constant iteration. Take that DevOps approach to, let's get it out there, let's get it launched, and then let's do these small batches of changes based on customer need, based on telemetry, we can actually get in, we can't get the telemetry without having customers. So that's how it's going to keep working. So I think this initial product we see today, it's going to keep involving and improving as they get more data, as they get more information, more feedback, which is exactly what we want to see. Well, welcome to Cloud Air or something you've been living in for a number of years, Ben. Yeah. I'd love to hear, you've been meeting with customers, they've been asking you questions, give some of the things that, what's top of mind for some of the customers? What kind of things do they come into Microsoft on, and how's that all fit together? Yeah, it's a, there's many different conferences that have been to a late, many different conversations, and we will go from talking about Python machine learning, or AI if it's in PowerPoint, to things like, when are we going to do incremental snapshots on a managed disk? Get into the weeds and very infrastructure-centric stuff. We're seeing a range of conversations there. The big thing I think I see keep seeing people call out and make assumptions of is that they're not going to be relevant because Cloud, I don't know Cloud yet, I don't know this whole cube thing, containers, I don't really understand that as well as I think I need to, and AI, oh my gosh, what do we even do there? Because everyone's throwing the words and terms around, but to be honest, I think what's still really evident is Cloud is still a tiny fraction of enterprise workloads, let's be honest, it's growing at a huge rate because it is that small fraction. So again, there's plenty of time for people to learn, but they shouldn't go and try and, it's not like you go and learn everything in a technology stack from networking to development to database management to running a data center power and cooling. You learn the things that are applicable to what you're trying to do, and the same thing goes to Cloud. Any of these technologies, go and look at what you need to build for your business, take it at that step, and then go and find out the details and levels you want to know. And as someone who's been on Azure for like I said, almost seven years, which is crazy long, that was literally like being in a startup instead of Microsoft when I joined, and I wasn't sure if I wanted to join a licensing company. It's been very evident to me, I will not say I'm an Azure expert, and I've been seven years on the platform. There are too many things for me to be an expert in everything on, and I think people sort of just have to realize that anyone's saying that it's provado, nothing else. I mean, part of the goal is Microsoft as a platform provider. Hopefully, you've got the software and the solution to make a lot of this easier for the customer. So hopefully, they shouldn't need to become a Kubernetes expert because it's baked into your platform. They shouldn't have to worry about some of these offerings because it's SaaS. Most customers, are there some things you need to learn between going from exchange to go into O3, C5? Absolutely, there's some nuances in the GUI and things like that, but once you get over that initial hurdle, it should be a little easier. I don't think it's right, and I think going back to that sort of, going back to bare principles, going what is the highest level of distraction that's viable for your business, or that application, or this workload, has to always be done with everything. If it's like, well, cloud's not even viable. Run it on premises, don't need to apologize for not running in cloud. If I as is what's happening for you because of security, because of application architecture, run it that way, don't feel the need and the pressure to have to push it that way. I think too many people get caught up in the shiny stuff up here, which is what 1% of people are doing, versus the other 99%, which is still happening in a lot of the areas we work and have challenges in today. That's a great point that you bring up because there is all the buzzwords, right? AI, machine learning, cloud, you got to be cloud ready, you got to be data driven. To a customer, to your point going, I just need to make sure that what we have set up for our business is going to allow our business, one, to remain relevant, but to also be able to harness the power of the data that they have to extract new opportunities, new insights and not get caught up with, shoot, should we be using automation? Should we be using AI? Everybody's talking about it. I like that you brought up and I find it very respectful. You said, hey, I'm not an Azure expert.  And I think that's what customers probably gain confidence in, is hearing the folks like you that they look to for that guidance and that leadership saying, no, we don't know everything to know. But giving them the confidence that they're trusting you with that data and also trusting you to help them make the right decisions for their business. Yeah, and we've got to do that. I mean, as a tech guy, it's like I've loved seeing the changes. When I joined Microsoft, I wasn't lying. I was almost there going, I don't know if I really want to join this company. I was going to go join a startup instead. And I got asked at one stage in an interview going, why do you want to join Microsoft? We see you've never applied, so I never wanted to. A friend told me to come in. And it's just been amazing to see those changes. And I'm pretty proud on that. So when we talk about those things we're doing, I mean, I think there is no shame going, I'm just going to lift and shift machines because Cloud's about flexibility. If you're doing it just on cost, you're probably doing it for the wrong reason. It's about that flexibility to go and do something, then change within months and slowly make steps to make things better and better as you find a need, as you find the ability, whatever it may be. And some of the big things that we focus on right now with customers is we've got a product called Azure Advisor. It'll go and tell people when one, you don't build things in a resilient manner. Go, hey, do you know this is not HA because of this and you can do this. It's like, great. Also, we'll tell you about security vulnerabilities that maybe should have a gateway here for security. Maybe you should do this or this is not patched. But the big thing in that, it also goes and tells you, hey, you're overspending. You don't need this much. You've provisioned like a Ferrari, you just need a Prius. Go and run a Prius because it's going to do what you need and you're going to pay a lot less. And that's part of that trust too. Absolutely. Like getting that understanding and it's counter-intuitive, but we're now like, it's coming out of my team a lot too, which is great. But seeing these guys were dropping contracts and licenses and basically once every three years, they may call a customer and go, hey, how about a renewal now? Go from that to now being focused on the customer's actual success and focused on their growth in Azure as a platform without services growth, like utilization, not in sales, has been a huge change. It's scared some people away, but it's brought a lot more people in. And that sort of counter-intuitive, spend less money thing actually leads in the long term to people using more. Absolutely. Ben, that's definitely not the shrinkwrap software company of Microsoft that I remember from the 90s. Yeah. That reminds me similar to, you know, just as to get Commvault of 2019 is not the same Commvault that many of us know from 10 or 15 years ago. And a good mutual friend of ours, sort of Simon and myself, before I took this job, he and I sat down, we're having a beer and discussing the merits of or not. In fact, the other things I've done, same with Commvault, they're changing such a great deal where, you know, what they're putting in the cloud, what they're doing with the data, what they're trying to achieve with things like HeadVig for data management across on-premises and cloud with microservices applications and stuff going, hey, this won't work like this anymore when you're now doing on-premises and with containers. It's pretty good to see. I'm interested to see how they take that even further to their current audience, which is predominantly, you know, the IT Pro, the data center admin, storage manager. It's funny when you talked about just the choice that customers have and those saying, we shouldn't be following the trends because they're the trends. We actually interviewed a couple of hours ago, one of Commvault's customers that is all on-prem, healthcare company, and said, he's like, I want to make a secret that says no cloud and proud. And I just thought that was, we don't normally hear from them. We always talk about cloud, but for a company to sit down and look at what's best for our business, whether it's, you know, FedRAMP certification challenges or HIPAA or GDPR or other compelling requirements to keep it on-prem. But was this refreshing to hear this customer say? Yeah, I mean, if it's appropriate for them, you do what's right for you. I mean, there's no shame in any of it.   It's a slow database. Unless you're using for the specific case of that shared ledger. You know, things like that where people go, I have to know blockchain now. I have to know IoT. It's like, yeah. And that hype gets people there, but it also causes a lot of anxiety. And it's good to see someone actually not be ashamed of it. And they're going to be the ones when they do take a step and use cloud services and maybe in the business already, they're probably going to do it appropriately because have a reason, not just because we think this would be cool. Right. Well, and how much inherent complexity does that bring in if somebody's really feeling pressured to follow those trends? And maybe that's when you end up with this hodgepodge of technologies that don't work well together. You're spending way more. And as business IT folks are consumers, you know, consumers in their personal lives, they expect things to be accessible, visible, but also cost efficient because they have so much choice. Yeah, the choice, choice is hard. It's just the conversation I was having recently. For example, just we'll take the storage because of where we are, right? It's like, I'm running something on Azure. I'm using SUSE. I want an NFS mount point, which is available to me. NFS, great, perfect, POSIX. What do I use? It's like, well, you can use any one of these seven options, like, but what's the right choice? And that's the thing about being a platform company. We give you a lot of choices, but it's still up to you or up to our partners who can really help their customers as well to make the most appropriate choice. And I push back really hard on terms like best practices and things like, I hate it. Because again, it's making the assumption this is the best thing to do, it's not. It's always about, you know, what are the patents that have worked for other people? What are the anti-patents? And what's the appropriate path for me to take? And that's actually how we're building our docs now, too. So we keep focusing on our Azure technology and we're bringing out. Some of the biggest things we've done is how we manage our documentation. It's all open sourced. It's all in markdown on GitHub. So you can go in, read a document from someone like myself who's doing product management. Go in, this is how to use this product. You go, actually, this bit's wrong. This bit needs to be like this. And you can go in yourself. Even now, make a change. And we can go, oh, yeah. And take that, commit it in and do all this kind of stuff in that way. So we're constantly taking those documents in that way and getting real-time feedback from customers who are using it, not just ourself in an echo chamber. So you get this great insight and visibility that you never had before. Well, Ben, thank you for joining Stu and me on the queue this afternoon. Excited to hear what's coming up next for Azure. We appreciate your time. Thank you. For Stu Miniman, I'm Lisa Martin. You're watching the queue from Convo Go, 19.