What kind of world do I want to live in? I think about this question a lot. For our generation and for specifically my group of people, which is refugees, the circumstances might dismantle any vision of the future that we have. You're trying to rebuild, you're trying to make a future for yourself and then the climate-related disaster comes and you start again.  The first step to understand is that we're all a part of it. None of us are going to be left out by the crisis. We're at a stage where if we don't act now, there won't be very much left. There are generations that will never see certain things that we grew up seeing in real life. We have to start treating this like the emergency it is. To achieve the 17 sustainable development goals, we have to go from an intention to a serious commitment. Business leaders really need to rethink how they conduct their business and invest in creating systems that are climate-friendly. The action I would like to see is accountability. Structures being put in place where countries aren't just asked to do something, but they're kept accountable to the decisions that they make. There has to be that strong collaboration between government, between corporations, between youth activists to drive change forward. The world I would want to live in is a world where imagining the future is not a privilege. I want to live in a world where people do not give up on hope. Hope that a positive change is possible. The fact that you're listening today means that you are willing to make a change. Welcome everyone to the World Economic Forum's dialogue on nature-positive land transition. I'm really excited about today's topic because it is such an important topic for all of us. Those of us involved in conservation, in business, in civil society, in government, indigenous peoples. If you eat, this topic is of relevance to you. If you care about nature or our planet, this topic is of relevance to you. So here's the shocker. At least it was for me and I'm pretty sure it would be for the audience as well. The demand for agricultural commodities has grown twice as fast as the world's population. So you really ask yourself where is population growth really having a bite on the planet? It would be on agricultural commodities and the demand for agriculture, the demand for food and clearly the way we're dealing with it, which is piecemeal. We're trying to protect on one side. We're trying to grow on the other side. Cannot continue in the same way. If it does, we know where we will end up. We will end up in a huge deficit for nature. The biggest shocker for me from the IPCC report that came out recently, which really took its gloves off and the scientists finally spoke in plain language to power. The narrow window we still have, and it is a narrow window to achieve a livable planet, a 1.5 or even a 2 degree future for our planet. That is only possible if nature is essentially left untouched. So the big assumption of the IPCC report is that nature, what you see outside with a geolocal park or a farm or frankly, intact tropical forests, those all will be left untouched. And we know clearly that is not true. This session that you're going to hear today is supported by the Food and Agriculture Commodities and Trade Fact FACT Dialogue. And it's taking place in the lead up to COP26. I want to highlight a recent report that the World Economic Forum and the Tropical Forest Alliance, TFA, put out this week that highlighted the significant loss of primary forests, which we all know really contain our future. Because of the amazing rich stores of carbon that they contain, that have lost cannot be recovered in a human relevant time scale, and of course biodiversity, the engine of life. An area exceeding 60 million hectares has been lost since 2002. This is despite all the efforts of government, of civil society and of companies. So let me just say it this way. You know, I was born in the city, I was born in Sri Lanka in Colombo. And for us going out to the farm meant kind of going out into nature. And then we moved to West Africa and we really live in a tropical forest. We lived actually within a forest reserve. And so in my backyard, you know, colobus monkeys, dikers, chukhansis even were common occurrences. And then one day, one day during the growing season, it was gone. It had been cut and burned. And the following months it was from then on out, was a farm field of maize and cassava. And that for me was the realization that all the farms that we see around the health used to be nature, right?  And obviously we need to protect nature. We really need a more systemic solution that can bring all parties together to come up with a systemic solution than a piecemeal solution. So let me introduce the context of the session. This is sort of the overall context of the session. We are going to have a couple of amazing speakers here today who will expand on this framework. And then we're going to breakout sessions. And I really want to just remind you of the objectives of these breakout sessions. Try and surface the tensions and the trade-offs that are here. Get a sense of what strategies might be most useful. And then think about how we link food security, forest conservation, frankly human migration and climate goals through really this public-private partnership. Because I think with general agreement that you need the private sector, the nonprofit sector, and you also need governments. So we're going to start with opening remarks here. I need to do some housekeeping. So Slido for audience, Slido for audience interactions. You can submit your questions to speakers here. Zoom has an annotated function for breakout groups. Zoom toppling checks can be used for interactions between participants. But please keep your questions to Slido. Top-link virtual raise hands. So use the raise hands and toppling to ask questions or make a comment during the group discussions. That's towards the end. And then please include your organization in your names when you're on to Zoom. This first part of the conversation, of course, is recorded. It will be made available pretty much right away. So with that, I'm going to turn it over to Fabiola Muñoz, who is the coordinator for the Coalition for Sustainable Production, Peru. And as the co-chair of FACT, the multi-stakeholder task force to give us some opening remarks. Fabiola from Peru, over to you. Thank you so much for the opportunity. And thanks for all the effort that the people is doing in this moment, all the people to organize this event to do that. The world is changing and we are facing a pandemic and it is making rethink absolutely all the things, everything. We need to rethink that. And at the same time, we face the risk of the climate change. And we have not yet been able to end poverty. This is one of the challenges that we have. And for that reason, there are some people more vulnerable than others to confront the climate change. And we need to think about that because the demand for agricultural products is growing faster than it's expected in relation with the growing of the population. But this demand of food, it's really in relation with the frustration, for example. In a country like Peru, we have an increase of the frustration last year in directly relation with the pandemic consequence. People need more jobs. Government is thinking about the create of these new jobs and how we can help the economy develop a new economy. And this is true. We need to develop a new economy. And in this case, economy that is more inclusive for the people. Indigenous, small producers. And we need to be faster in this. We need to work together. We need to have the idea that the finance sector, for example, it's really important because the transition that we need to involve all the people. And we have a lot of poor people vulnerable in different areas in the world. But the finance sector, for that people, it's really far. This is one of the most important things that we need to discuss. How we can involve them. How we can make some decisions in the government, in the markets, in the production system that change the things, that stop the frustration, that help that people to introduce in the markets sustainable. And this is part of the challenge that we have. The transition of the land use sector towards climatic and ecological sustainability is an urgent necessity. We need to work together. And this is part of the effort that we are doing in examples like Peru, in countries like Peru, with the coalition or in the fact dialogue. This is one of the huge topics that we need to address. And in this session, we think it's a good opportunity to think about that. And this session, it supports the fact dialogue because we believe that dialogue, it's a key element between the government, the consumers, the producers. All needs to work on that. And it's really important to have the idea that the transition needs to involve all. And we need to be really innovative to do that. Thanks so much for this space. And I hope we are going to have a good session today. Thank you. Thank you, Fabiola. So now let me turn to our panelists to really set the context or set the stage. We have three opening speakers. Malik Amin Aslam, Minister of Climate Change for Pakistan. Minister Aslam is unable to join us live because of a last minute unavoidable challenge. So he will be here with via a short video. Ellen Jokowski, who is the Chief Impact Officer and Head of Sustainable Impacts for HP Inc, Hewapacket Inc. And then Marco Lambertini, Director General of WWF International. So I'm going to start with Minister Aslam and have his video around just four minutes. And then we'll come to Ellen and Marco. Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem. Good morning and good afternoon everybody. I would like to start off by thanking the World Economic Forum for holding this very important discussion on a topic which is absolutely essential for humanity. And which is how do we make sure that our land transitions are nature positive? Because at the moment they're not. We have a growing population with a growing demand on agriculture and a stagnating productivity in the agriculture sector. So what is happening really is that at the moment the agricultural lands around the urban areas are being urbanized and agriculture is pushing its way into the forest areas. So this is a negative, what we would call a nature negative land transition and we need to get away from it. It is absolutely essential because of the times we are living in. This is the time when nature has really taught us a lesson and it's a very important lesson for all of us to register and to digest. And the lesson is that we cannot be on this war path with nature. We need to get off this pathway because if we don't the nature will react and when nature reacts, humanity cannot face the reaction. Nature has had its own way of surviving and of reclaiming its own space back. So when humans pushed the thresholds and went into animal habitats, nature has reacted through the COVID pandemic and we've seen what it can do. So I think it's very important to register as I said and digest this lesson. The other lesson is a positive lesson, which is that there is a new world out there. We can build back better. There is a nature positive recovery out there and that is the part that we need to take. And I think that's what this discussion is all about, that how do we reverse the negative trends we are on in terms of land transitions and make sure that we have a nature positive land transition. Pakistan on its part has really learned that lesson during the COVID era. We announced a green stimulus for recovery, which was based on nature. It is based on providing livelihoods to the people and protecting nature. So two very clear objectives and we have the 10 billion tree project planting trees all over Pakistan, but also giving jobs to the people. We have the protected area initiative, which is expanding our protected and wilderness areas in Pakistan, but also giving jobs to the people. And we have the recharge Pakistan initiative, which is trying to use our floodwaters, which is really a crisis, but to use it positively and to use it to restore our wetlands and recharge our aquifers and also creating livelihood and jobs with it. I think that is the direction we need to take. We are also in Pakistan looking at a climate smart agriculture project, which has been approved by the GCF. And it's looking at six, nine districts in Pakistan and looking at issues of water quality, water management, better information to the farmers about weather impacts and the rapidly changing weather patterns.  And I think we need to also talk about a nature positive agriculture. That is the discussion we need to have. I was recently at the World Conservation Congress where we discussed that agriculture areas with certain conditions can also serve as protected areas, but provided they are meeting those conditions. And I think that is really the transition that the world needs to take so that we move, you know, we take a step back from this war path with nature and make sure that we get on to a nature positive recovery and a nature positive development pathway. And a nature positive land transition is really central to that whole equation. Thank you very much and I wish you all the best for the discussion. I will be looking forward to heading back on this discussion as you move forward. Thank you. So I'm going to turn to the Director General of WWF, Marco Lamattini, who's in Europe right now. So the minister said nature has really taught us a lesson. I want to talk to you about the destination. So when we talk about land use transition, what exactly Marco are we transitioning to? What does our destination look like?  Is this a utopian dream or is it doable? Your question, what is the destination? Do we have a destination? That's actually an issue because we have a destination and very clear one on the climate agenda. The carbon neutrality net zero emissions by 2050 is absolutely clear. In fact, it's a disruptive destination, a disruptive goal. That on climate, the world is a good in Paris that has disrupted in a positive way the whole energy sector by driving a shift towards renewable energy. On nature, when it comes to nature, when it comes to forests, to ocean, to biodiversity more in general, we don't have that clarity. So we need to embrace a clear destination on nature as we have on climate. And you know, we've been part of the discussions before. We are not just WWF, but actually a large group of organizations, increasingly diverse and also governments and businesses, beginning to embrace the idea of embracing a global goal for nature equivalent to the global goal for climate. The double compass, double north-south, double southern cross that will drive our sustainability agenda. And that global goal for nature has to be, and science is clear about that, a nature positive by 2030 goal. What that means, simply put, means that by 2030, we should have more nature than today. More forest, more fish in the ocean and in rivers, more pollinators in our countryside and farmlands, more biodiversity in general. Of course, we'll have to develop proper metrics, but those are not the main obstacles. The main obstacle is to actually agree to the level of ambition, which is science-based, because it is possible. Science is telling us that we can reverse natural loss and go to a nature positive track by the end of the decade. But we need to do a few important things, and that's where political leadership and will is key. The first thing to do is to protect more, protect more than protect today. There is a goal of 30% by 2030 on land and the ocean, protection, of course, through a number of different tools. Governments, indigenous community and local communities, governance of land and ocean, private ventures and so forth. And then there is the other issue that actually the minister of Pakistan mentioned already, the issue of greening the economic sectors driving natural loss today. Protecting 30% is key, but it's not enough. We need to also take away the pressures that today the economy, our economic model today is putting on nature. And top of the list is agriculture, top of the list is fishing in the ocean, but also because we're talking about land, agriculture, infrastructure, forestry, mining. Those are the key drivers today, or unsustainable use of natural resources and destruction of nature. We need to green those sectors, and Fabiala is absolutely right in her introduction. The key dimension here is, of course, a mix of regulation, technology, consumer behaviors and changes in demands, lifestyle changes. But at the end of the day, if we're not going to be able to shift the financial flows from where they're going today, which is subsidizing the wrong type of agriculture, the wrong type of fishing, the wrong type of mining, the wrong type of infrastructure, too sustainable, nature positive, carbon neutral transitions in all these sectors, we are not going to be able to become nature positive by 2030. So this is in a nutshell the plan. And then of course, translating into the ground is the next step. And I guess we'll be discussing this next. So even if we can't totally see the destination, we certainly know the steps we need to take to get us on the journey. And it's important more than ever now to get on that journey is what I'm getting that strong sense from what you said. Yes, but I would also add, as I'm trying to think, you know, we're at a point where we know exactly the nature of the problem. In fact, for the first time in our history of the species, we know the consequences that this is having, not just on a natural world, but actually on us in our lives and our health, on our economy. You know, the data are clear, the figures are clear, science, economists are very clear. We're on a crash course as an economy, as a society. So we have to change. That's a massive change, mindset change. So we know the problem. We know we need to identify the destination. The destination is clear, carbon neutral, nature positive. That's got to be our compass. And then the transition is where we need to work on. Great. So I'm going to introduce the second team. So that first team is sort of the team of destination where we're trying to all head to. And the second team is really around, you know, for us about restoration. And when you talk restoration, who are the restorers? Yes, it's nature, but it's also people, right. And that's where jobs and livelihoods comes in. So I want to bring in Ellen jacuzzi who's the chief impact officer and the head of sustainability for HP Inc. And Oscar. So how do we make sure that forced conservation, forced restoration, the work we do for nature actually has positive outcomes for people? And how does restoration ultimately contribute to livelihoods? What are your thoughts on this? You know, link jobs if you can to this big effort that Marco has laid out, because if you don't have jobs, we're not going to get to where we need to get to. Well, thank you, Sanja, and to the World Economic Forum for this discussion. I think we can all agree that healthy forests are key to the world's path to net zero. And, you know, I'm from HP, a company who makes printers that use paper. So, you know, our vision is to be the most sustainable and just technology company in the world. And part of that vision includes making every page printed on HP printers, forest positive, and that's for the planet, its people and the communities. So thinking very holistically about our solutions and making sure that people that humans are at the center of how we think about the solutions and implement them. And to us, of course, that means giving back more to the forests and communities than we take out. So some examples of how we're able to do this. We're partnering with World Wildlife Fund to restore, protect and responsibly manage 200,000 acres of forest in Brazil and China. And that's an area equal to the size of New York City, I think for you are today, Sanja. And with that comes positive outcomes for people in communities. So one project that I want to highlight in Brazil, where HP, along with WWF and international paper are restoring 250 acres of forest land in the Mogi Guassu River Basin. Together, we're working with a local forest restoration organization called Copa Iba. And our work with Copa Iba is a direct example of how we can ensure forest conservation and restoration that has positive outcomes for people, including jobs, Sanjan, to your point. So founded in 1999 by teenage sisters, the all women organization has been working to reconnect and restore the South America's Atlantic Forest, which is one of the world's most endangered ecosystems. Copa Iba takes a very human centered approach. So it connects one on one with rural landowners to raise the awareness and gain permission to plant seedlings on their property. And the seedlings that Copa Iba grows and plants themselves creates protective buffers for springs and rivers. It gives wildlife more space to roam. And just as importantly, it demonstrates the true benefits for the landowners and the entire region. Things like better water quality and in greater quantity, more bees to pollinate crops and a greater shade to protect the livestock. So all of this work improves not only the lives of the community members, but also their livelihoods, you know, with focusing on that job creation, the sustainable achievement in the financial model of how we're implementing this considering the community. So it's really this connection of people with people, people with the land, land with life that creates a virtuous cycle of sustainable impact. And I think this work is a model for how we all need to think about the change we need to drive going forward. And Ellen, this land that you are in the process of restoring with the help from WWF International and local partners. Is that land still productive? So is there still some timbering that happens there? My assumption is yes, this is where it's being restored, but it's also going to continue to provide some amount of paper and other things. Absolutely. And again, I think that's the model, right? HP as a company needs to continue to create printers that will use paper. So we need to figure out how to do this, change that economic model, change the community model so that everyone wins. The planet wins. Our company can still be productive. And the communities of course can also be sustainable in their livelihoods and in the health of the community. So Marco, I want to turn to you on this, right? So I'm going to ask you a very pointed question. So when I hear this, I know you're a nature guy, like I know how passionate you are actually about nature. This is someone who goes diving in the lakes in Switzerland to look for fish in the summers, just to put Marco in a global perspective. These are not just plantations we're talking about. When you talk about restoring landscapes and making them, but continuing to keep them productive, do they really have biological value? Well, look, I think there are different types of restoration, right? One clearly is about restoring ecological functionality in full, which is possible and necessary in some areas. In some other areas, as Ellen has just said, is a question of improving the state of particular landscapes, even rural landscapes. There are rural landscapes that are now deserts in terms of biodiversity and actually is beginning to have a negative effect on the productivity of those farmland as well. And with some interventions, very, very simple sometimes just adding vegetation, native vegetation, the value of biodiversity of these places increases incredibly quickly. So there are different ways of restoring and sometimes you need to go deep into full restoration and natural habitats. In other cases, could be more anthropogenic habitats that are still able to host much more biodiversity than today. But I go back to the point I made earlier. I think in order to allow that to happen, we need both some system change at the top level. For example, subsidies policies, tax and incentive policies at the country level. And then of course, what we need is good land use planning at the local level. That's really the biggest challenge we're facing in our job in trying to make this happen on the ground everywhere in the world. Good land use planning, good balance between protection, production, sustainable production and sustainable use of resources where nature and people both benefit. And that requires good governance on the ground and a willingness to bring really all the stakeholders together. So that's where the challenge is really, I think. Yeah. Ellen, let me just turn to you. Not a week goes by now that we at Conservation International don't hear from a company that is interested in some type of restoration, whether it's ocean restoration, mangroves, forest, grasslands. We're doing something with carrying on grasslands, for example, in South Africa. It's literally every week. Why is it so attractive for the private sector? And the second part of that question is would you also agree, the private sector has the fuel to keep this going, but you need good policies on the government level to put that within a framework that is actually scalable? Well, I think, you know, you're in New York where the United Nations General Assembly is convening and the world is wrestling with how do we accelerate our actions to tackle climate change and all of the other societal pressures that we're facing. So it's time to act. Companies, again, like HP need to step up and change what we are doing and help influence what others are doing and bring them along with us. And so I think, you know, the conservation effort and the number of phone calls you're getting indicate the interest, the strong, clear need, the urgency that we are all feeling as corporations and as individuals to change what we are doing to address climate change and make a difference. You know, I live in Northern California and all summer, the wildfires have been raging. They've impacted my life, my community's life, and we need to change. And so I think that is what you're feeling is this impact of everyone feeling the urgency to do things differently and better. But it sounds like you're not just saying you're following your customers, right, because you're not only is a question. My question is, is industry and let's just pick on HP because you're representing them right. Is it following the customers or are they leading? I think both, primarily leading and trying to educate our customers to the opportunities they have as well to influence us. Right. So when they change their purchasing habits, that helps accelerate our changes. We're leaning into it. For example, our PC portfolio. We've been able to substantiate the claim that HP has the world's most sustainable PC portfolio. So we're out there. We're ahead of the game. But that is a comparative statement. You know, our competitors can come and do something differently and raise the stakes for us, which is a good thing because then we have to raise the bar to keep that statement. So bringing our customers into the equation, they're part of the solution. They help push us faster. You know, we've set some really ambitious and comprehensive goals for 2030. And for us to meet them, we need our customers along with us to be part of the solution. Marco, one minute to wrap up any thoughts that you might have and then I'm going to move to the breakout sessions. Well, perhaps the last thought to share is it's about really try to, I mean, our challenge is going to be achieving multiple wins at once. And I think what is exciting about today is the fact that the economic agenda, the social development agenda and environmental agenda are really coming together. And it's rare to hear any more initiatives or projects that just taking one of those angles and not try to integrate the three. That's, I think, the most exciting development of the last few years. And we need to all work together in that direction. Yeah, I really would agree with you. I think the biggest thing that we've sort of seen, and you know, you and I have been part of the World Economic Forum sort of community for some time now is both the inclusion of our agendas, conservation agendas, nature agendas within those high level panels, but also the other way around. Like I can't remember a panel that I have done, even the one I did this morning, indigenous peoples, business leaders, in this case from Mastercard, government sector and nonprofit, right? That's really a promising change to push for systemic change. All right, so thank you to the opening panelists. I really appreciate all your Fabiola for giving us a big frame. And then Marco Allen, Minister from Pakistan. Aslam, Mr. Aslam for giving us some context for discussion. So this was the recorded segment. It'll be webcasted after the session. Now we're going to move to a hands-on working session.


Hello, let us look at some additional concepts related to cargo, general aviation and military aircraft. A gist of what we are going to cover in this lecture is shown to you in this cover slide. We are going to look at flying cars, we are going to look at new general aviation aircraft, we are going to look at some generations of the fighter aircraft and also looking at exciting maneuverability capabilities of modern military aircraft. Let us start with the cargo aircraft, these are the ones as you can see the aircraft with no windows, they are the ones that carry the stuff that you order online mostly. This is the world's largest cargo aircraft, the one with 6 engines, the AN-225 Miria and this is the concept of the largest cargo aircraft that the US Air Force is going to operate. Notice that it is so large that helicopters can actually take off from within the aircraft and this is how the inside of a cargo aircraft normally looks like. We have discussed about cargo aircraft in the original lecture clips, but today we will look at one special category called as the combi aircraft. These are aircraft which are a combination of both cargo and passengers. So as you can see on the bottom right of the screen there is an aircraft operated by an airline called first air in which the forward half of the aircraft has no windows that means that is the cargo part and the rear half has windows which is the passenger part. So the front door is the cargo door and the rear door is the passenger door. By operating combi aircraft such as the one shown in the top right, in this case the seats are in the front and the cargo is behind, you have higher options available for the airline. If it does not have a full cargo load or a full passenger load it can operate with a mixed bag. This aircraft Q-400 cargo it offers several combi options. It is not just one combi option. Let us have a look at the various combi. The famous combi aircraft operations are there in what is called as the milk run by Alaska Airlines. I would recommend all of you to go online and search for Alaska Airlines milk run which starts from Seattle and goes right up to Anchorage the capital of Alaska and it is a daily run and this is the one that supplies the basic groceries eggs and milk etc to Alaska. So it is a very interesting case study in air transportation how an airline operates a daily service which provides groceries to remotely connected communities. Let us have a look now at one of the modern general aviation aircraft called as the Honda jet H-420. This is a very unique aircraft as we will see in a short video clip about the aircraft. The Honda jet has become a new benchmark in general aviation aircraft both because of its excellent looks, unique design and also its abilities and performance. Let us look at some unique features of H-420. First of all the aircraft has been very carefully designed to provide a natural laminar flow in its wings and also in the nose. As you can see in this particular figure the nose portion has been very very carefully designed to provide laminar flow to a large extent. In most aircraft you can expect the top the front 5% of the aircraft to have laminar flow but here it is a much larger portion as you can see by this green patch. This is the leading edge and this is the trailing edge. So we see that more than half the wing has got laminar flow and almost the entire nose has also laminar flow. So this reduces the drag. When you use an NLF aerofoil you also get a very large chord. So the benefit of having laminar flow on the wings and the nose is that its cruise speed increases. This aircraft has a very high cruise speed of 787 kilometers per hour. Due to presence of a large area under laminar flow the total drag decreases and hence the fuel consumption also reduces. The T by C is quite high so therefore that is larger volume available for the fuel to store and this aircraft also follows a very special painting scheme. As you can see in these two sketches first there is some draft you know when you paint it you spray the paint and then you take out all the fumes and then there is a downward draft so that the paint does not get deposited. So because of that you have such a beautiful color deposition on the aircraft and you can see it comes in multiple beautiful colors. So it is a very special painting scheme which is followed. Even structurally the entire fuselage is carbon composite so that makes it structurally very efficient very lightweight but the most unique feature that stands out in this aircraft is when you look it from the rear we see that the engines are mounted over the wing. This is one of the very few aircraft available today in which the engines are mounted on the wing but over the wing. So there are many reasons for this and we have covered some of them in the lecture but I would recommend all of you to go online and read there are several papers available about the design of this aircraft where detailed CFD studies were done to establish the angle of these engines. Notice the engines are not they are slightly angled inside they are not exactly straight so there is a reason for all that the height of this particular pile on the location from the fuselage the angle etc all has been very carefully determined to create a most aerodynamically optimal design and since the engines are mounted on the rear side they are behind the passenger cabin so the noise levels are also much lower and because they are mounted above the wings the accessibility for maintenance also is very high. This aircraft is not only a very well designed aircraft but also it has won several, several awards and accolades right from 2004 onwards. Here we see the awards which have been won by the aircraft in the first 7 years of existence and then it does not stop here it continues from 2012 to 2018. So the latest award is the AIAA Foundation Award for Excellence from the AIAA in 2018 and in 2012 it won the aircraft design award by AIAA. Now let us move on to some private jets. Now I hope that very, very soon you become so rich and wealthy that you are able to afford your own aircraft and then that situation arises in your life do not forget me remember that I had told you about the top 10 most expensive private jets in the world. So here I have a menu available to you to purchase your aircraft on the left and right of the screen there are photographs of world's top 10 aircraft and you have to look at them in the alternate manner this is Airbus A380, this is Airbus A340, this is Boeing 78747 and this is Boeing 787 etcetera. So you can choose depending on how much money you can spare the cheapest in this menu is the Gulfstream G500 which is here which is just 44 million dollars and the most expensive one is 600 million dollars Airbus A380 this is the basic price and to give you an idea about these aircraft I have decided to show you a small video clip when you become super wealthy it's important to be able to travel in comfort and style for those whom first-class cabins won't do there's always the option of buying your own private jet but even these come in a wide range of prices and sizes from the smaller luxury models to the ornate flying palaces these are 10 of the most expensive private jets in the world number 10 the Gulfstream G500 44 million dollars the Gulfstream G500 is the company's newest design with the first only being delivered to a customer in September of 2018 the 91 foot 2 inch long jet has a wingspan of 87 feet and an inch a cruising speed of around 448 miles per hour and in its delivery spec there's room for 10 people to sleep the interior is incredibly luxurious and includes 27 inch wide seats ample headroom to walk around height adjustable conference tables and plenty of storage room with a price tag of 44 million dollars the cabin can be customized to your requirements such as the choice of whether the galley is in the front or the back and it comes with high speed internet access that's said to be 30 times faster than other planes in its class as with all private jets the running cost can significantly increase the total overall price but the G500 has been designed to be as economical as possible the total annual budget which includes flying for 400 hours is approximately 2.4 million dollars which averages to the cost of 13 dollars and 22 cents per mile number nine the ombre linage 1000 e based on the embraer linage 190 regional jet liner the brazilian company describes the 1000 e as an ultra large business jet with a spacious interior big enough to easily accommodate 19 people it's just shy of 119 feet long with a wingspan of 94 feet and three inches and as a range of 5294 miles at a cruising speed of 543 miles per hour the interior cabin is split into five sections which includes a walk-in cargo area to the rear a master bedroom a bathroom with a walk-in shower an entertainment lounge and a dining area and if you happen to have change from the 53 million dollar asking price well there's plenty of further optional extras that can be fitted embryos design chief j beaver has overseen lavish redesigns of interiors that are built to customers requirements including the Kyoto airship along with skylights and the hollywood airship which imbues the style and luxury of 1930s tinsel town number eight the golf stream g 650 er 71.5 million dollars the 71.5 million dollar g 650 er is golf streams flagship product and as you would expect for the model held in such high regard by the company it's one of the best you can buy that specifically designed as a private jet it's an extended range version of the g 650 and can travel a distance of 8600 miles at a cruising speed of 560 miles per hour it's 99 feet 9 inches long and 99 feet 7 inches wide and has a 2138 cubic foot cabin that can be configured for between 11 to 18 passengers the interior is decorated with rich leather fine wood veneers and handcrafted stonework it includes as standard audio and high definition tv equipment a convection oven a series of 26 inch widescreen televisions and it comes fully equipped with dinnerware and cutlery so you'll be ready to entertain by using an app on your smartphone you'll be able to control the temperature lighting the shades and the windows and entertainment devices while you're on board the wireless network that's connected to two multi-channel satellite systems and ensures that you're kept in contact with the ground its cruising altitude is 51 000 feet which keeps it above commercial traffic and weather but the cabin is pressurized to around 4000 feet so you'll hardly feel like you've flown it all number seven the bombardier global 7500 73 million dollars the bombardier global 7500 is according to the company the world's largest and longest range business jet with a range of 8800 miles this gives the ability to make a non-stop flight between new york and australia in ultimate comfort with four customizable living spaces as well as an additional crew resting area bombardier offers a range of options when it comes to the setup of the interior with choices of a master suite with a walk-in shower a club suite with four ergonomic seats large tv and windows a conference suite with room for six to sit and eat an entertainment suite and even a private three person suite without buying a larger plane and refitting it for your needs this is as luxurious a private jet as is possible to buy number six the Boeing 757 100 million dollars in 2011 donald trump bought a Boeing 757 from microsoft co-founder paul allen and gave it exactly the type of makeover you'd expect from mr trump far beyond simply having his name painted on the outside the interior is what's made this a 100 million dollar purchase it's powered by a pair of rolls royce rb 211 turbofan engines and can fly for 16 hours at more than 500 miles an hour the refurbishment of the plane that in a commercial setup can carry up to 200 people now has room for just 43 some of the features include a bedroom a dining room a private guest room an entertainment room and this jet even has a 24 karat gold bath yes you heard that correct every seat has a personal tv screen as well with access to an entertainment system that offers a library of more than 1000 movies and 2500 audio cds there's also gold everywhere including on the seat belts and the family logo is stamped on virtually every object in the cabin number five the airbus acj 319 neo 101.5 million the airbus acj 319 neo is a new model of jet that completed test flights in early 2019 and the first is currently scheduled for delivery in 2020 airbus has taken the popular a320 neo and added new engines and extra fuel tanks to extend its range and have partnered with fokker technique to customize the vip cabin on board there's a focus on weight reduction to make this jet as economical to fly as possible but that doesn't mean luxury is the second priority the state of the art cabin is built with all the latest technologies such as low altitude cabin pressure entertainment facilities private cabins a conference room and permanent connection to the internet through satellites in trials it recently completed a 16 hour flight at around 500 miles an hour with a configuration that could seat 162 people the first of these 101.5 million dollar jets to be produced is for k5 aviation in germany but with 14 on order it's quite possible there will be one on the way to a billionaire near you number four the Boeing 787 eight bbj 324.6 million the Boeing dreamliner first went into commercial use in 2011 and it was inevitable that they would release a business version of the jet something they did by 2014 the first one was built in collaboration with kestrel and greenpoint technologies who spent two and a half years designing and installing the custom interior the list price of the 787 eight is 224.6 million and the upgrades cost a further 100 million dollars but as you'll see it was all worth it as they have converted the plane into a 2400 foot luxury flying home the master suite accessible from the entrance is completely separate from the rest of the cabin and is designed to be an oasis of silence it has a california king-size bed a huge bathroom with marble sinks a double size walk-in shower and even heated marble floors those with a lot of luggage arcaded for as the master suite also comes equipped with its own dressing room a walk-in closet a refrigerator and a safe beyond the private quarters the jet has an open main lounge designed to feel as spacious as possible and includes two daybeds in front of a 55 inch flat screen display along with other seats that have their own monitors to the rear of this cabin is a vip lounge and then behind it is the guest cabin with 18 first-class reclining seats and a row of premium economy seats for the staff the jet has a range of 11 500 miles so you can reach virtually anywhere on earth number three the Boeing 747 8 VIP over 367 million dollars the 747 is probably the most famous commercial airliner in the world but for those able to afford it Boeing also offers a private version of the jet costing 367 million dollars for the base model one recent and confidential client is said to have spent another 100 million to upgrade the interior powered by four general electric gen X engines it can fly 9200 miles non-stop at 645 miles an hour and can be customized into virtually any configuration a client would want the recent craft designed by green point technologies made use of the 4786 square foot interior to include a state room three large lounges an office and a huge dining room with a table that seats 14 people this is also the model that's been announced to be the replacement for air force one and that an estimated 660 million dollars will likely become the most expensive private aircraft ever to be constructed plans involve making two jets resistant to media strikes nuclear war and terrorist attacks with the ability to deploy flares jam radars and refuel in mid-air on board they'll be able to seat about 100 people and all the equipment needed to run the entire country number two the airbus a340 300 350 to 500 million dollars what's thought to be the second most expensive private jet in the world is owned by one of russia's wealthiest billionaires alexa uzmanov based on an airbus a340 300 which has a purchase price of 238 million dollars an extensive refit means this particular jet will have cost in excess of 350 million dollars although no one knows quite for sure at 209 feet long and with four engines it's the biggest private jet in russia and has a range of 10,300 miles with a cruising speed of 540 miles per hour the high costs and high fuel consumption mean that this model isn't often used by civilian air fleets but when you're one of the richest people in the world it's unlikely to matter very little is known about the interior of uzmanov's jet though as no images have ever been released what is known is that it's registered in the isle of man with the registration m-iabu which means i'm alexa borkanovich uzmanov and it's named borkan after his father number one the airbus a380 over 600 million dollars also known as the flying palace the most expensive private jet was conceived and ordered by saudi arabian prince al-waleed bin talab in 2013 but he apparently sold it to an unknown buyer before even receiving delivery of the plane it's a fully customized airbus a380 which is the largest jet that's flown by commercial carriers and costs 400 million dollars from the assembly line refitting the interior of the double decker plane costs at least 200 million dollars and could actually have been far more for this expense the prince installed a concert hall a turkish bath a luxury car garage so he could take his prized vehicles anywhere he goes and a prayer room with computer controlled mats that automatically rotate to face mecca there are five bedrooms which each have an in-suite bathroom a king-size bed and a dining area a meeting room and even a luxury dining room where each of the 14 seats is equipped with foot rests massages and adjustable supports there's also a boardroom and a laid-back lounge but undoubtedly the most stand-down feature of this jet is the throne that's pride and placed in the center the a380 has a cruising speed of 560 miles per hour and a range of 9200 miles but you probably won't notice how long your trip is with amenities like this well i feel like i've been in an airport all day i don't know about you and if you had a few hundred million dollars to spare let us know how you would design and decorate your own private jet if you enjoyed this video make sure to leave a like and subscribe as always i'm mr luxury pip pip diddly-do so as i mentioned when you buy these aircraft for your own personal travel do remember you saw it first here all right now now we look at an interesting concept something that all of us dream about the flying cars the cars that can fly in the air like we have cars that can move on the roads these are some artist impressions taken from a very interesting page on Pinterest called as flying cars so there are a lot of imaginative and creative ideas have been given by people about flying cars but friends we are very far away from this level of expertise i will talk today only about two personal flying vehicles or personal flying cars which are likely to be available in the near future the first of these cars available to you is the terafugea sf2 as you can see it's a very beautiful aircraft and also a very beautiful car both at the same time and these are its specifications it has a capacity of four including the pilot and pilots and an empty weight of 635 kilograms but you can travel 300 kilometers in one fuel charge with a maximum payload of 544 kgs at a maximum speed of 230 kilometers per hour this is how it will look as an artist impression in the top view the new version of this car so there are more and more newer and newer designs which are being proposed so this is a new design which has been proposed let us have a look at the video of the whole concept of terafugea moving ahead the next option that is available to us is the aeromobile and there are many versions of this they have reached version 5 i think by now we will talk about the basic version 4 which was on a display so this is aeromobile 4.0 as you can see it is a car on which wings are mounted on the top backside here the capacity is just 2 seats and a total payload of 600 kg the range is much larger than terafugea sf2 it is 700 kilometers and the maximum speed is little bit lower of 200 kilometers per hour so let us have a look at the concept of aeromobile so as you can notice these are this is just a concept video and once again if you happen to buy any of these cars in the near future remember where you first saw it now let us move to a little bit more exciting and nerve wrecking stuff the military aircraft we will look at 3 aspects of military aircraft beyond what has been covered in the video clips we will look at fighter aircraft generations we will look at some of the key requirements of fighter aircraft and then finally we will end by looking at some interesting aspects of maneuverability and super maneuverability and survivability of military aircraft just like any other family there are 5 generations of jet fighters in fact there is now a 6th generation also the first generation was after the world after the second world war in the post world war years 45 to 55 during which the key features of the aircraft were introduction of the jet engine on ME-262A these were aircraft with the jet engine and they had unswept wings so the 3 aircraft that represent this particular area are the ME-262A the Gloucester Meteor and PAT the next generation was mid 50s to mid 60s during this time features such as the afterburner were incorporated in the engine to make it much more capable radar was brought into the aircraft sweep was introduced and some aircraft had Delta wings an example of the aircraft which belong to this family is the MiG-21 which India also has operated very successfully and also Mirage 3 from the French table so we started using military aircraft essentially from the 2nd generation the next generation was the mid 60s to mid 70s or early 70s in which maneuverability and guided missiles these were some of the key features which were brought into the aircraft technology in this table belongs MiG-23 MiG-27 F-4 Phantom and from the China J8D aircraft generation 4 was from mid 70s or early 70s to around mid 90s this is a long period of time during this time the concept of multi role aircraft the concept of relaxed static stability fly by wire these concepts were brought into or these features were brought into the aircraft the aircraft in this family are quite few the ones that many of you know F-15 and F-16 from the western stable and MiG-29 and Sukhoi 27 they belong to this generation from the Russian stable after generation 4 there was a generation 4.5 which was from early 90s to around 2000 here beyond visual rain missiles helmet mounted side and thrust vectoring these are the features that were brought into the design of the aircraft so our own Tejas belongs to this category along with the Rafale and the Eurofighter Typhoon and then we had generation 5 which is the present generation aircraft from 2005 onwards to 2020 approximately so here there are features such as a multi sensor data fusion and situational awareness due to infrared techniques the aircraft in this family and then some some stealth also can be considered as brought in in this particular category so the three aircraft the three present day aircraft the top ranking aircraft of today the F-22 which is now actually very old F-35 is replacing it in many ways F-22 Sukhoi 57 and J-20 from the Chinese stable they belong to the fifth generation of military aircraft and there is a proposal to look at the sixth generation aircraft which will start from 2025 and go on till something like 2035 etc so here is another look at combat aircraft from generation 4 to generation 6 generation 4 consists of the aircraft from you know up to around the year 2000 the F-16, 29, Sukhoi 27, B-2 etc they are all fourth generation Tupelo 160 then fifth generation are the ones which are currently in service like the F-822 the J-20 from China the F-35 the J-31 Sukhoi 57 and the ones that are going to be brought out from 2030 onwards the UCAVs unmanned combat aerial vehicles etc SR-72 these are the ones which are called the sixth generation which is yet to come which is for the future more details about combat aircraft generation from 4 to 6 are available in this paper which talks about the supersonic cruise flight of the fifth generation fighters. Let us look at the typical requirements of combat aircraft so at the first level we have requirements on the aerodynamics the prime requirement today for a military aircraft is to have high wing loading so that its acceleration performance and cruise performance is increased then we would like to have range so that you can reach the combat zone and you can cover that zone we need to have air superiority which means no one else should be able to come into the area under our control and do any do any hanky-panky we should be able to control an airspace within the limited area and time so during that time and during on that area we should be superior to anybody else that is the aim of an air superiority aircraft that is the requirement stealth is also a very important requirement where you would like to see the enemy before the enemy sees you in fact what you would prefer is if the enemy is just not able to see you we saw this in the Gulf War when the B2 bombers were able to fly without any fear of being detected because they were and therefore there is a very interesting video which shows how the enemy is you know how the how the Gulf War you know when B2 used to enter the space the you know the people there would fire missiles at random because they do not know where the aircraft is and then we have the requirement on maneuverability the maneuverability requirements could be on climbing performance they could be on acceleration or it could be on turning speed it could be on many many parameters but maneuverability is a very important requirement especially when you are looking at an aircraft that has to get there quickly fight against the enemy and come back so let us look at some examples of super maneuverability maneuverability beyond the normal standards mostly this particular demonstration is done in air shows to illustrate the superiority of these aircraft it is basically mostly it is like a sales presentation or a sales demonstration there is a huge amount of doubt whether all these super maneuverability maneuvers or features are really going to be useful in combat they might be they might be that is why they have been provided but it is mostly used as an illustration of how maneuverable our aircraft is and the prime mechanism by which we achieve super maneuverability is thrust vectoring that is a prime mechanism so let us have a look at some examples of thrust vectoring moving ahead apart from thrust vectoring one of the major mechanisms through which we can achieve super maneuverability is to have post stall controllability so as you will see in these wonderful maneuvers the aircraft is going to go beyond the normal stalling regime and once you have a control in that particular regime only then you are able to do these kind of stunts or demonstrations. Let us now look at one of the most famous maneuvers which has made a lot of headlines in aviation air shows which is called as the Pugachevs cobra I will show you a small video clip of Pugachevs cobra as executed by the SU-57 fifth generation aircraft. So the Pugachevs cobra was actually discovered by you know by luck or by chance by a Yugoslavian pilot and then it was considered to be a very interesting and a very exciting maneuver. So now let us look at a higher version of the Pugachevs cobra so called 360 degree cool bit turn so after the 360 degree cool bit now let us look at another interesting maneuver which is the J turn and this will be shown on F-22 Raptor. So this was an aircraft from the western stable the F-22 and now to sum it up we will look at the maneuver called as a tail slide in which the aircraft goes vertically upwards and then falls down like a stone that also we will show you on F-22 Raptor. So all this looks very exciting and looks very breathtaking but in modern combat where we have the beyond visual range missiles in which you have fire and forget weapons you know there may not be any need for any of these very super maneuverable capability in the aircraft. So that is why there are questions on whether this kind of maneuverability is really going to be of great use but still it does make a very exciting demonstration during the air shows and also it tries to convince the user to buy the aircraft because of the fantastic ability. Moving ahead let us look at some other requirements for the combat aircraft from the power plant we have a requirement of high thrust to weight ratio low fuel consumption infrared signature and smoke reduction. Now interestingly earlier when we were students we were told that in military aircraft we never worry about low fuel consumption but now because of the changing scenario and because of the economics and operating costs low fuel consumption is also coming as an important requirement even for combat aircraft of course not at the cost of performance but with the performance if you can also give low fuel consumption great that is a deadly combination. As far as avionics is concerned there is a requirement now for very intuitive man machine interfaces and systems so that the pilot can work seamlessly and carry out all the complex activities in the aircraft. Those days have gone when there would be a separate person in the cockpit to do the avionics or the weapon part and there would be only one one the pilot would only focus on the air man ship and you know flying but now it is multi role many aircraft are single pilot aircraft so the pilot has to do everything. So things like the helmet mounted sights head up display etc and also various other equipment on the aircraft that allow you to control your weapons allow you to scan the landscape multiple targets to be engaged all this is possible because of advanced avionics. Armament well armament is basically the main purpose of carrying of a military aircraft so there should be a choice of various types of argument there should be accuracy of these armaments large quantity of stores to be able to be carried on board. So many military aircraft are actually designed around the kind of armament that they are supposed to carry. To be able to keep your air force ready there is a requirement of availability reliability and maintainability. So whether it is peacetime or whether it is during the combat the system should be able to operate with very high availability rate and it should be easy to repair them it should not be that for every small thing you have to bring them back to the manufacturer or to the hangers. There should be many possibility of on the field repairs there should be possibility of line replaceable units which can be replaced at the forward basis and then brought back to the main maintenance bureaus for further checks and improvements.  So this is also a very important requirement especially for aircraft which are designed for a mission called as a combat air patrol or close air support. And the big daddy in this particular category is the A-10 Thunderbolt aircraft an aircraft which the US Air Force has been planning to replace for a long time but it is finding very difficult to get a replacement for this because of its fantastic features. So let us hear about the survivability of Thunderbolt from a member of the design team of A-10 Thunderbolt you know literally from the horse's mouth. I will play the video for you. I was invited by the people who actually started the A-10 a wonderful guy named Colonel Avery K to join in to head up the technical effort to define the airplane the Air Force called it the concept formulation packet and I did this completely outside my regular job in the Pentagon which was working for the Secretary of Defense. We were actually doing something unique in the history of air power and air design. We were actually designing an airplane directly for the mission of supporting ground troops. That was never done before it's never been done since then. To make an airplane do close support the very first thing is it has to fly close enough to the targets and stay close enough that you can actually detect the kind of camouflage threats that really are dangerous to your own infantry and your own soldiers you just need to be in close so you need to be flying under 300 knots and if you happen to be lucky enough to catch a target as you see it you need to stay real close as you come around to attack it so you need an airplane that's very maneuverable and operates in the 200 to 300 knot region that means a large wing in order to get that good maneuvering you need to have beautiful visibility out of the cockpit means the cockpit has to be very narrow the nose has to slope down you have to be able to see over the side and of course to the rear as you will pass the target and to protect yourself you need to have weapons that will allow you to bring fire in very close to friendlies because their most dangerous threats are the ones that are in closest that means weapons that are very accurate and that will not harm your friends even if there's closest 20 meters that almost exclusively means a powerful cannon or the anything else will fill that job and that's why the A10 got a 30 millimeter cannon the most powerful cannon on any airplane in the world at the same time you need to be able to operate under the weather that puts even more premium on maneuverability and slow speed because lots of places in the world your troops are in trouble and the clouds are a thousand feet or under again fast movers 500 knot jets f16s f15s f35s not a prayer to operate under a thousand feet we also need an airplane that when operating in close to these targets and under weather can survive the obvious ground fire that it's going to get because if you're going after you know what's attacking your infantry they're likely to shoot at you too with rifles machine guns small shoulder fired weapons if you need an airplane that can take those kind of hits there's no way you can do this mission and not get hit if you need an airplane that can take those hits that will protect the pilot we built in a titanium bathtub about 1200 pounds worth of armor for the pilot very very thick front windshield glass to protect him even the side glass is bolt proof so pilot is protected that's the most important thing and the airplane has totally redundant controls you can blow a hole in almost any part of the airplane tear off any single control aileron rudder whatever and there's another one we specified it had to be a second control to take over and a second mechanical control system not hydraulic or electric that's so easily shot up that can keep the airplane flying and get that pilot home so we made this airplane the most survivable airplane ever built even more so than airplanes in world war two that were very conscious of facing enemy fire and that tried to do a lot we weren't way further than any airplane has ever done in requiring the airplane to be controllable after damage have very low incidence of fire explosion we specified that the fuel could not be anywhere near the engine again that's a tremendous handicap to any fast-moving jet because they always wrap the fuel around the engine so we forced the designers under great complaint from them to put no fuel anywhere near an engine and that's where you see the configuration of the 810 the way it came out the engines are actually outside the fuselage you put a rifle through a rifle bullet through a fuel tank it's not you know even if the fuel comes out and burns a bit you're not going to tear up the engine and blow up the airplane we also specified very important the airplane has to be able to fly out of really austere fields unpaved roads dirt strips grass fields pastures all that because it's so important to be up near the troops and if you have an airplane that can only fly out of a 10,000-foot cockpit one way you're not going to do close support and then even more stringent we specified the airplane had to fly out of these conditions no hangar no nothing just tents and a dirt strip and be able to to fly multiple sorties per day the 810 actually can fly more than three sorties a day under those conditions come back hot refuel and rearm never turn off the engines get ammunition on and go out again because they're hot for your friends when they're under pressure by an overwhelming force they just need air constantly they need overhead air and that's the other thing we designed into the airplane was not only that you put out a lot of sorties every day to keep up presence but every sortie had to have at least two hours of your time over your friendlies if you come in there with some fast-moving jet and all you've got is 15 or 30 minutes you're not much help because the enemy isn't going to simply stop shooting after 15 minutes so those were the kind of things that we designed in the 810 that are quite unique there's no other airplane in the world that has those combination characteristics. All right I hope you have enjoyed this session and I'll be very happy to answer any questions you have using the model or using the bulletin board thank you.


Hey, Psyched Goers! Have others tried to cheer you up by saying things like, just be positive, or you'll get over it. Toxic positivity can disguise itself as well-meaning comments or suggestions. However, they may only serve to make you feel like your opinions and feelings are not valid. According to Samara Quintero, LMFT and CHT, and Jamie Long, PsiD, of the psychology group of Fort Lauderdale, toxic positivity is an excessive, ineffective, and overgeneralized happy or optimistic state across all situations. It typically results in denial, minimalizations, or invalidation of authentic human experiences and emotions. It's masking all your doubts, fears, and worries with, everything's okay, but sometimes everything is not okay. And that's fine. Though positive thinking is not a bad thing in itself, it can become toxic and harmful to your mental well-being. To help you become more self-aware, here are five signs when positivity becomes toxic. Number one, masking your true feelings. Do you pretend that things are all right when they aren't? While occasionally putting your emotions aside to deal with them later is not such a terrible idea, it can become a problem if you consistently do so. Masking your emotions becomes a problem when it becomes a repeated pattern, or when you start to feel ashamed for showing your true feelings. This behavior creates a dissonance between who you are and what you're portraying to others, to the point where it can strain your relationships and make others feel as though they don't know who you are. Making a habit of masking your emotions to the point where it becomes unconscious can lead to you losing touch with your feelings and possibly cause you health issues. Number two, brushing off problems rather than facing them. Another result of toxic positivity is when you start to brush off your problems instead of addressing them. Perhaps you were scolded for a mistake or were reprimanded for being constantly late to meet up with your friends. To avoid the emotional consequences of these situations, you might just brush off the incident with thoughts like, it could have been worse, and to busy yourself with other things so you don't have to think about it. It's important here that you don't force yourself to feel better when you don't feel that way. A poor outcome or setback is frustrating, and you're allowed to feel that way. Negative emotions like fear and insecurity usually preclude us from acting, but why not use those feelings as fuel to change by confronting your fears, you're moving and growing. Number three, minimizing other people's experiences with bumper sticker quotes. In tough times, people usually try to offer advice or comfort, but sometimes those well-intentioned statements can be harmful. According to Caroline Carroll, a psychotherapist in Baltimore, Maryland, statements like, just be positive, serve to pressure you to mask your feelings and invalidate your experiences. They plant doubt in your mind, making you feel that your emotional response is inadequate or wrong. Unfortunately, these doubts can become internalized and transform themselves into negative self-images of being weak or insufficient. Ultimately, these phrases don't give space for self-compassion, which is vital for your mental health. Number four, shaming those who don't have a positive attitude. Are you a skeptical person? Oftentimes, toxic positivity can end up shaming people who lack a positive attitude. However, there are moments where analysis and foresight are necessary before making a decision. Sometimes jumping into a choice hoping for the best is not the best course of action. At the same time, there are also some people who lack good faith and are not motivated by good will, so it's important to have a balance. It's always good to try to give the benefit of the doubt if deserved, but also to avoid blindly approaching all things in life. And number five, feeling guilty for feeling sad, angry or disappointed. A clear sign of toxic positivity is when you feel ashamed for experiencing negative emotions. While many prefer to categorize their emotions into negative and positive ones, emotions are much more complex and nuanced than that. So if you're going through a tough time, it's quite normal to feel angry, frustrated, sad, disappointed or whatever other emotion. Try to avoid judging yourself too harshly, as it may end up impacting your mental health. Did you relate to any of the signs we've mentioned? Let us know in the comments below. If you find this video helpful, be sure to like, subscribe and share this video with those who might benefit from it. And don't forget to hit the notification bell icon to get notified whenever Psych2Go posts a new video. The references and studies used in this video are added in the description below. Thanks so much for watching and we'll see you in our next video.


So, in this situation the molar concentration is actually we write square bracket of A it essentially means the molar concentration of A going forward. Reaction becomes equal to the rate of reverse reaction which when equilibrium is achieved ok. As the formation of the molecules of N2O4 ok, N2O4 formation is what shows that it is pretty that the forward reaction is actually equal to the backward reaction both of them are happening simultaneously. Concentration has come up from N2O4 also keeps on increasing N2O4 are stable ok. So, from this point onwards start with N2O4 you will have the concentrations of N2O4 much much larger than the concentrations of NO2. So, this is the point where N2O4 is generating concentration of NO2 also as increased. So, from here you start with you will realize that their concentration decreases while the other one's concentration is definitely going to increase. Concentration of N2O4 to N2O4 turns out to be 4.63. So, this basically showing us equilibrium actually N2O4 experimentally all of them are more or less the same, but concentrations of NO2s and N2O4s and the equilibrium constant concentrations again are different because you started with different substances concentration ok. In different situations we are talking only about the rate of reactions here we are actually talking about the equilibrium forward reaction rate of backward reaction both are being considered. In the rate constant and 1 the reaction has almost proceeded to the product this thing but it turns out to be our concentration. So, P into N by V into RT is nothing but CRT right. Concentrations of P here may be concentration of P and concentration of Q whatever it is. You can also write this in terms of partial pressures of P but if you have to do that then this P has to be written on the pressure of you know NO is of N1 substituting the values we end up getting pressure of N340 as in the gaseous form. So, you realize that the one that is in the concentrations of solids and liquids are pretty high. So, if you write the expression of equilibrium here we will get CO2 into CO plus CO3 very high in concentration. So, generally we would neglect their expression for the equilibrium constant is for a particular equation. If you change the equation the equilibrium constant is going to change. Similarly, if you change the temperature then also the equilibrium constant changes. If the reaction is expressed as the sum of 2 or more reactions then the equilibrium constant for the entire net band is basically a product of what will be the different changes in other species. We find the concentrations we find out how much of X and the initial constant taken is 0.063 initially. Now, let us see how do we really solve for this question. So, you will find that let X be the change in the concentration of Br2. This Br2 will come up to become twice of N.02. So, this is called as the I expression as minus V plus or minus root of V square minus 4C. The reaction would be all the 10 to the power minus 3. So, you multiply the entire expression by 1000. You will realize that you will end up getting 0.9 in 5X square plus 1 to the power minus 5 minus 3X gives out 7.38 into 10 to the power minus 5. So, you can multiply this expression by 1000 and it will simplify our calculations a bit. Again, we use the same for this reaction. Let us say the K equilibrium is really small for a particular reaction. Basically, it means that it is not going to proceed meaning that the equilibrium concentrations would be the same as initial concentrations of the reactants. In this situation, since X is very small, you can always approximate 0.2040 only because that is what is really going to give you the concentration of reactants. In K80, the equilibrium and initial concentrations is around 3 orders of magnitudes. Go for this approximation and you realize that this approximation always works out to give you the solutions for this calculations, but it will really solve the problem. Look at the concentrations at the equilibrium at 600 Kelvin and 2000 Kelvin where the Kc for both of these are individual reactions which is N2O4 divided by N2 square minus 63 into 10 to the power minus 3 at opposite direction the equilibrium constant becomes the reciprocal of the equilibrium constant of the original one. The reaction course related by substituting the initial concentrations of the reactants and products do not know whether the equilibrium is being achieved or not. What we will generally do is you will find the reaction quotient at any point of time. So what is the reaction quotient? Reaction quotient is nothing but substituting concentrations at any point of time and seeing what is the product of the expression of equilibrium constant we generally move towards any direction as such like Qc and Qc. So when Qc, you know, the reaction has to proceed more towards reactants. This topic is to understand Leigh-Shatelier's principle where we will understand So let's say that here by external space we mean that some of the equilibrium may be changed in the concentration, you know. So let's look at this with the N2 and the Hebert's ammonia. Obviously the reaction will have more concentration in it since now and the equilibrium and ammonia were the concentrations of hydrogen and nitrogen. So the way is that you know you can actually have hydrogen is now improved from the earlier ones to much more. Similarly, the nitrogen concentration also has... Let's look at the expression, you know, for a general reaction like AA plus BB giving. The general expression, if you start adding, it's going to shift the equilibrium towards it. Where you have, you know, the concentrations of dimensions either you change the reactants or the products and the situations where you have gaseous is the pressure, it will shift more to the pressure and therefore it will move towards the reactant side. Similarly, if you increase the volume, now since the volume is increased, you again need more number of moles. So you will find that it will go towards the side which has more number of moles, which is A and B. Leigh-Shatelier's principle says that the reaction moves in that direction first. So the N204 system is where if you increase the temperature, you take this. Why?  If you increase the temperature, more of NO2 is formed and therefore it is more brown in nature, as you can see in this hotter bulb. But if the temperature more of N204 is formed. So this reaction is favored by the increase in temperature and therefore the K becomes much more as... Because decreasing K means that the temperature actually matters and equally for endothermic. Similarly, for decreasing temperature, it will be the reverse. If the temperature for ex-thermic processes is going to increase because it will try to warm the products will be formed. This energy changes and equalizes as a higher activation. So reactions and equilibrium etc. You know that nitrogen and hydrogen basically gives ammonia. That is, it is basically endothermic process pressure. You will find that the mole percent of pressure actually helps. If you increase in the temperature, it would resist that. You know, endopy temperature because they can absorb more of heat but the exothermic will not be favored by this reaction. So basically, if you really see why we actually keep on... This keeps on happening because as we take the ammonia, you will find that N2NH2 will keep on reacting more because we are taking out substances from NH3, equilibrium. So let's just happen. What is the concentration? Yes, the equilibrium shifts. If you change the pressure, yes, the equilibrium does shift. Again, the equilibrium constant does not change. If you change the volume, again, there is this equilibrium but if you find that the equilibrium does shift but there is also a change in the equilibrium constant. So the equilibrium constant does depend on the temperature but it does not depend on the catalyst as a final one. So if you put the forward and backward reactions, the equilibrium does not shift anymore and the equilibrium constant also does not change. So this brings us to the end of this presentation and we will be sharing some more problems with you. Pretty questions, you please post it out on so much. I'll get back to you.


In trigonometry we define the inverse trigonometric functions, the inverse sine, also known as arc sine, the inverse tangent, also known as arc tangent, the inverse secant, also known as arc secant, and while there are inverse, cosine, cotangent and cosecant functions, nobody cares about these. In calculus we'll find their derivatives. So suppose y is the inverse sine of x. So definitions are the whole of mathematics, all else is commentary. Our definition for inverse sine of x is, so that says sine y equals x. We can use implicit differentiation. Since we originally had y as a function of x, we should express the derivative as a function of x. So from the Pythagorean identity we have, let x equal sine y, and we do have to choose which square root. So again, definitions are the whole of mathematics, all else is commentary. Our definition of the inverse sine says that y is between negative pi halves and pi halves. And since y is in that interval, cosine y is non-negative, so we choose the positive square root. And so this gives us a formula for the derivative of arc sine. And we can find the derivative the normal way. We'll ignore everything but the last function. The derivative of arc sine is 1 over square root whatever squared times the derivative, put things back where you found them, add complete the derivative, and whatever simplifications you care to make. Similarly, if y equals arc tangent of x, then tangent of y equals x, and implicit differentiation gives us, we can use our Pythagorean identity, and since tangent of y equals x, and so we have the derivative of arc tangent. And all the usual rules apply. So this is arc tangent of whatever, so we differentiate, put things back where we found them, and simplify. The derivative of arc secant is a little more complicated. Here we'll have to pay close attention to the definition. We start the same way. If y equals arc secant x, then secant y equals x, we'll use implicit differentiation. From the Pythagorean identity, and secant y equals x, we have, and here's the problem. If y is between zero and pi halves, tangent y is positive, so we take the positive root. But if y is between pi halves and pi, tangent y is negative, so we take the negative root. And so our derivative for arc secant has two possible values. Or does it? Well, no, there's only one possible derivative, and the reason is this. While we could write our derivative this way, notice that for values between zero and pi halves, both secant y and tangent y are positive, and to the interval between pi halves and pi, both secant y and tangent y are negative. So this product, secant y, tangent y, is always positive. And since the square root is positive, we can guarantee the product is always positive by using the absolute value. And so we can write our derivative of arc secant as... So if I want to find the derivative of arc secant of e to the x, we get... And since e to the x is positive for all values of x, then the absolute value of e to the x is e to the x, and we can remove the common factor to get...