Chapter 6 of Neutral Aid, A Factor of Evolution. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org recording by Enko. Neutral Aid, A Factor of Evolution by Peter Kropotkin. Chapter 6, Neutral Aid in the Medieval City. Open bracket, continued, close bracket. The medieval cities were not organized upon some preconceived plan in obedience to the will of an outside legislator. Each of them was in natural growth in the full sense of the word, and always varying result of struggle between various forces, which adjusted and readjusted themselves in conformity with their relative energies, the chances of their conflicts and the support they found in their surroundings. Therefore, there are not two cities whose inner organization and destinies would have been identical. Each one taken separately varies from century to century, and yet when we cast a broad glance over all the cities of Europe, the local and national unlikeness disappear and we are struck to find among all of them a wonderful resemblance, although each has developed for itself independently from the others and in different conditions. A small town in the north of Scotland, with its population of coarse laborers and fishermen, a rich city of landers, with its well-wide commerce, luxury, love of amusement and animated life, an Italian city enriched by its intercourse with the East, and breeding within its walls a refined artistic taste and civilization, and a poor chiefly agricultural city in the marsh and lake district of Russia seem to have little in common, and nevertheless the leading lines of their organization and the spirit which animates them are imbued with a strong family lackness. Everywhere we see the same federations of small communities and guilds, the same sub-towns around the mother city, the same folk-mode, and the same insines of its independence. The defense of the city under different names and in different accoutements represents the same authority and interest, food supplies, labor and commerce, or organized and closely similar lines, inner and outer struggles of thought with like ambitions, nay, the very formulae used in the struggles as also in the annals, the ordinances and the roles are identical and the architectural monuments, whether Gothic, Roman or Byzantine style express the same aspirations and the same ideals, they are conceived and built in the same way. Many disamblances or mere differences of age and those disparities between sister cities which are real or repeated in different parts of Europe, the unity of the leading idea and the identity of origin make up for differences of climate, geographical situation, wealth, language and religion. This is why we can speak of a medieval city as of a well-defined phase of civilization and while every research insisting upon local and individual differences is most welcome, we may still indicate the chief lines of development which are common to all cities open foot north. The literature of the subject is immense but there is no work yet which treats of the medieval city as of a whole. For the French communes, Augustin theorists let inconsideration sur l'histoire de France, Stéla-Rumeil classical and Luchière's communes françaises is an excellent addition of the same lines. For the cities of Italy, the great work of Sirius Mundi, one bracket is toward the Republic Italian du Moyen Age, Paris 1826, 16 volumes, Crossbracket, Leo and Boutard's History of Italy, Ferrari's Revolutions d'Italie and Heger's Getschke der Stattevier Fasson in Italian, of the Chief Sources of General Information. For Germany, we have Moria's Stattevier Fasson, Bortos, Getschke, der Döschen Statt and of Recent Works, Heger's Statt, Ungilden der German Nation, Wolker, Wolker, Van Bracket, two volumes, Lebsig 1891, Crossbracket and Dr Otto Karlsens der Döschen Statt in Mittelalter, Van Bracket, two volumes, Hall 1891, Crossbracket has also Johnson's Getschke der Statt works, Van Bracket, five volumes, 1886, Crossbracket, which let us hope will soon be translated into English, Open Bracket, French translation in 1892, Crossbracket. For Belgium, A Waters, the Libérité communale, Open Bracket, Bouchel 1869, 278, three volumes, Crossbracket. For Russia, Bienlifes, Kostomarovs, and Sergey Vitsch works. And finally, for England, we possess one of the best works on cities of a wider region in Mrs. Georg Greenstown Life in the 15th century, Open Bracket, two volumes, London, 1894, Crossbracket. We have more over a wealth of well-learned local histories and several excellent works of general or economical history, which I have so often mentioned in this Andrew Pristin chapter. The richness of literature consists however chiefly in separate, sometimes admirable researchers into the history of separate cities especially Italian and German, the guilds, the land question, the economical principles of the time, the economical importance of guilds and crafts, the leagues between cities, Open Bracket, the Hansa, Crossbracket, and communal art. An incredible wealth of information is contained in works of the second category of which only some of the more important are named in these pages. There is no doubt that the protection which used to be accorded to the market place from the earliest barbarian times has played an important, though not an exclusive part in the emancipation of the medieval city. The early barbarians knew no trade within their village communities. They traded with strangers only, as certain defined spots and certain determined days. And in order that the stranger might come to the border place without risk of being slain for some food, which might be running between two kins, the market was always placed under the special protection of all kins. It was invaluable, like the place of worship under the shadow of which it was held. With the cabbage, it is still anaya, like the footpath along which women carry water from the well. Neither must be traded open in arms, even during inter-tribal wars. In medieval times, the market universally enjoyed the same protection. Open footnote. Coolish tear in an excellent Asian primitive trade, Open Bracket. This three four, Volcaic psychology, BD 10th, 380. Crossbracket also points out that, according to Herodotus, the Ogipaine were considered invaluable because the trade between the citizens and the northern tribes took place on their territory. A fugitive was secured on their territory and they were often asked to act as orbiters for their neighbors. C. Appendix XI. No third could be prosecuted on the place where two people came to trade, nor within a certain radius from it. And if a quarrel arose in the motley crowd of buyers and sellers, it had to be brought before those under whose protection the market stood. The community's tribunal over bishops, the lords over kings judge. The danger who came to trade was a guest and he went on under his very name. Even the lords who had no scruples about robbing a merchant on the high road respected the wild bile. That is, the pole which stood in the market place and bore either the king's arms or a glove over the image of the local saint or simply a cross according to whether the market was under the protection of the king, the lords, the local church, or the folk mold, the viage, open footnote. Some discussion has lately taken place upon the wild bile law, which still remain obscure. Point bracket. This is so altitumere. This duchan. Rich on a rich fed. 29 calzans. Verse 316. Cause bracket. The above explanation seems to be the more probable, but of course it must be tested by further research. It is also evident that to use a Scotch expression, the mercy cross could be considered as an emblem of church jurisdiction. But we find it both in bishops cities and in those in which the folk mot was sovereign. Close footnote. It is easy to understand how the self jurisdiction of the city could develop out of the special jurisdiction in the marketplace when this lost right was considered willingly or not to the city itself and such an origin of the city's liberties which can be traced in very many cases necessarily, led a special step upon the subsequent development. It gave a predominance to the trading part of the community. The burgers who possess a house in the city as a timing and were co-owners in the townlands constituted very often a merchant guild which held in its hands the city's trade and although at the outset every burger rich and poor could make part of the merchant guild and the trade itself seems to have been carried on for the entire city by its trustees the guild gradually became a sort of privileged body it jealously prevented the outsiders who soon began to flock into the three cities from entering the guild and kept the advantages resulting from trade for the few families which had been burgers at the time of emancipation. There evidently was the danger of a merchant oligarchy being thus constituted but already in the 10th and still more during the two next centuries the chief crafts also organizing guilds were powerful enough to check the oligarchic tendencies of the merchants. The craft guild was then a common seller of its produce and a common buyer of raw materials and its members were merchants and manual workers at the same time therefore the predominance taken by the all craft guilds from the very beginnings of the three city life guaranteed to manual labor the high position which is afterwards occupied in the city for all concerning the merchant guild see Mr. Gross exhaustive work the GAL merchant open bracket Oxford 1890 to volume school bracket also Mrs. Green's remark in town life in the 15th century volume second chapters 5th, 8th, 10th and 8th Durant's review of the subject in Chmoliers-Fortugan volume 12 if the considerations indicated in the previous chapter of the bracket according to which trade was communal at its beginnings close bracket proved to be correct it will be permissible to suggest as a probable hypothesis but the guild merchant was a body entrusted with commerce in the interest of the whole city and only gradually became a guild of merchants trading for themselves while the merchant adventurers of this country the Novgorod Povelniki open bracket free colonizers and merchants close bracket and the more quality personality would be those to whom it was left to open new branches of commerce for themselves all together it must be remarked that the origin of the medieval city can be ascribed to no separate agency it was a result of many agencies in different degrees cause would not in fact in a medieval city manual labor was not token of inferiority it bore on the contrary traces of a high respect it had been kept in the village community manual labor in a mystery was considered as a purest duty towards the citizen a public function open bracket EMT plus bracket as honorable as any other and idea of justice to the community of right towards both produce and consumer which would seem so extravagant now penetrated production and exchange the tunnels, the coopers or the shoemaker's work must be just fair they wrote in those times wood leather or thread which are used by the autism must be right, bread must be big injustice and so on transport this language into our present life and it would seem affected and unnatural but it was natural and unaffected then because the medieval autism did not produce for an unknown buyer or to throw his goods into an unknown market he produced for his guild first for a brotherhood of men who knew each of them knew the techniques of the craft and in naming the price of each product could appreciate the skill displayed in his fabrication or the labor bestowed upon it then the guild not the separate producer offered the goods for sale in the community and this loss in its turn offered to the brotherhood of allied communities those goods which were exported to assume responsibility for their quality with such an organization it was the ambition of each craft not to offer goods of inferior quality and technical defects or adulterations became a matter concerning the whole community because an ordinance says they would destroy public confidence open footnote chances guess this, this 10 volks first 315 grammage would bug and in fact any collection of ordinances plus footnote production being thus a social duty placed under the control amitas manual labor could not fall into a degraded condition which it occupes now, so long as the free city was living a difference between most and apprentice or between most and work open bracket campaign jazelle cause bracket existed but in the medieval cities from their very beginnings this was at the outset a mere difference of agent skill not of wealth and power after a 7 years apprentice ship and after having proved his knowledge and capacities by work of art the apprentice became a master himself and only much later in the 16th century after the royal power had destroyed the city and the craft organization was it possible to become master in virtue of simple inheritance of wealth but this was also the time of the general decade medieval industry and art there was not much room for hired work in the early flourishing periods of the medieval cities stillness for individual hirelings the work of the weavers or orchards the smith the baker and so on was performed for the craft and the city and when craftsmen were hired in the building trades they worked at temporary corporations open bracket as they still do in the Russian orchards whose work was paid on block work for a master began to multiply only later on but even in this case the worker was paid better than he is paid now even in this country and very much better than he used to be paid all over Europe in the first half of the century Thoreau Rogers has familiar as English readers with this idea but the same is true for the continent as well as is shown by the researchers of fact and Schoenberg and by many occasional indications even in the 15th century a Mason, a carpenter always smith worker would be paid at Amiens for sale CD which corresponded to 48 pounds of bread out to the 8th port of a small ox open bracket, buvockle bracket in Saxony the salary of a diesel in the building trade was such that to put it in folk's word he could buy with his six days wages free ship and one pair of shoes open foot nerd, folk, guest kits list to 393 and second 66 coated in chansons guest kits, first 339 GD Blavignac in Ponte et dépense de la construction du crochet de Saint Nicolas Fribourg en Suisse, comes to a similar conclusion for Amiens, the colonies the municipal page 99 appendix for a thorough appreciation and graphical representation of the medieval readers in England and their value in bread and meat CG, Stephens, excellent article and curves in the 19th century for 1891 and studio of the STMS Historia 1st England Stockholm 1895, close foot nerd the donations of workers, open bracket, diesel close bracket to cathedrals also bear testimony of their relative well-being to say nothing of the glorious donations of certain craft skills know of what they use to spend in festivities and pageants, open foot nerd to put one example out of many which may be found in Schoenberg's and folk's works, the 16th shoe maker workers, open bracket Schusterknecht, close bracket of the Town's Anton on the Rhine, gear for erecting a screen and an altar in the church 75 guildons of subscriptions and 12 guildons out of their box which money was worth according to the best valuations 10 times its present value close foot nerd in fact, the more we learn about the medieval city the more we are convinced that at no time has labour enjoyed such conditions of prosperity and such respect as when city life stood at its highest more than that not only many aspirations of our modern radicals were already realized in the middle ages but much of what is described now as utopian was accepted then as a matter of fact we are loath at when we say that work must be present but everyone must be pleased with his work a medieval Gutenberg ordinances and no one shawl while doing nothing when bracket meet needs then cause bracket appropriate for himself what others have produced by application and work because laws must be a shield for application and work point foot nerd quoted by Janssen, LC, 1st, 343 close foot nerd and Amis all present talk about an 8 hours day it may be well to remember an ordinance of Ferdinand I relative to the imperial coal mines which settled the miners day at 8 hours as it used to be of all open bracket why though alters here command close bracket and work on Saturday afternoon was prohibited longer hours were very rare we are told by Janssen 12 hours were of command occurrence in this country in the 15th century Roger says the workman work only 48 hours a week open foot nerd, the economical interpretation of history London 1891 page 303 close foot nerd the Saturday half holiday too which we consider as a modern concuss was in reality an old medieval institution it was bathing time for a great part of the community while Wednesday afternoon was bathing time for the diesel open foot nerd Dr. R. Winshields Judge Leban in 1415 Johan Dair Grossos Gaby when 1892 page 67 sequence at Paris, the day of labor varied from 7 to 8 hours in the winter to 14 hours in summer in certain trades while in others it was from 8 to 9 hours in winter to from 10 to 12 in summer all work was stopped on Saturday and on about 25 over days open bracket you should command the Ville 4 at 4 o'clock while on sent this and 30 over days there was no work at all the general conclusion is that the medieval worker work less hours all taken than the present the worker open bracket Dr. E. Martin Saint-Léon Histoire des coopération pages 121 close bracket, close foot nerd and all the school meals did not exist probably because no children went hungry to school a distribution of both money to the children whose parents found difficulty in providing it was habitual in several places as to labor congresses they also were a regular feature of the middle ages, in some parts of Germany craftsmen of the same trade belonging to different communes used to come together every year to discuss questions relative to their trade the years of apprenticeship, the wandering years the wages and so on and in 1572 the Hanseatic towns formally recognized the right of the crafts to come together at periodical congresses and to take any resolutions so long as they were not controlled with the city's rules relative to the quality of goods such labor congresses, partly international like the Hansa itself are known to have been held by bakers founders, smith tanners, sword makers and course makers, open foot nerd double eustigia, hansich, variant barungan uber, statist gave up in 14th and 15th Johhundert in hansich Gassis Blatheer, jaw bank 1886 page 121, Schoenberg's riche saflich, bedouin tun also porgy rocher, those foot nerds the craft organization required of course a close supervision of the craftsmen by the guild and special jurates were always nominated for that purpose but it is more remarkable that so long as the cities live their free life no complaints were heard about the supervision while after the state had stepped in confiscating the property of their guilds and destroying their independence in favor of its own bureaucracy the complaints became simply non-countless open foot nerd, cittul means smith deeply felt remarks about the royals, politicians of the guilds et miss smiths introduction to English guilds in France the same royals, politicians and abolition of the guilds, jurisdiction was begun from 136 and the final blue was struck in 1382 open bracket, Farnier's LC pages 52 to 54 close bracket, close foot nerd on the other hand, the immensity of progress realized in all odds under the medieval guild system is the best proof that the system was no entrance to individual initiative open foot nerd contemporary knew well what they were condemning when they wrote against the state interference in trade and the trade monopolies of state creation unhappily their followers with their hopeless superficiality from medieval guilds and state interference into the same sack, making no distinction between a Versailles edicts and a guild ordinance it hardly need be said that the economists who have seriously studied the subject Lachunberg open bracket the editor of the well known course of political economy cause bracket never fell into such an era but till lately diffuse discussions of the above type went on for economical science those foot nerds the fact is that the medieval guild like the medieval parish street or quarter was not a body of citizens placed under the control of state functionaries it was a union of all men connected with a given trade jurid buyers of raw produce sellers of manufactured goods and artisans, monsters, campaigns and apprentices for the inner organization of the trade its assembly was sovereign so long as it did not hamper the other guilds in which case the matter was brought before the guild of the guilds, the city but there was in it something more than that it had its own self jurisdiction its own military force its own general assembly its own traditions of struggles, glory and independence its own relations with other guilds of the same trade in other cities it had in a word a full organic life which could only result from the integrality of the vital functions when the town was called to arms a separate company, open bracket sure plus bracket, arm with its own arms open bracket or its own guns lovingly decorated by the guild at a subsequent epoch cause bracket under its own self elected commanders it was in a word as independent a unit of the federation as the Republic of Uri or Geneva was 50 years ago in the Swiss confederation so that to compare it with a modern trade union that instead of old attributes of state sovereignty and reduced to a couple of functions of secondary importance is as unreasonable as to compare Florence or Brugge with a French commune vegetating under the code Napoléon or with a Russian town place under Catherine II's municipal law both have elected megas and the latter has also its craft corporations but the difference is all the difference that exist between Florence and Fort Nélizois or Zarevokov's catch or between a Venetian dodge and a modern mega who lives inside before the Supré-Faire club the medieval guilds were capable of maintaining their independence and later on especially in the 14th century when in consequence of several recourses which all presently be indicated the old municipal life underwent a deep modification, the younger crafts proved strong enough to conquer their juciers in the management of the city affairs the masters organized in minor orts rose to rest the power out of the hands of a growing oligarchy and mostly succeeded in this talk, opening again a new era of prosperity, through that in some cities the uprising was crushing blood and mass decapitation of workers followed the case in Paris in 136 and in Cologne in 1371 in such cases the city's liberties rapidly fell into decay and the city was gradually subdued by the central authority but the majority of the towns had preserved enough of vitality to come out of the turmoil with a new life and vigor open footnote in Florence the 7 minor orts made their revolution in 1270-82 and its results are fully described by appearance open bracket histoire de Florence, Paris 1877 3 volumes, close bracket and especially by Gino Capponi open bracket, histoire de la républicale de Florence 1876 1st 58-80 translated into German close bracket in Lyons, on the contrary where the movement of the minor crafts took place in 1422, the latter were defeated and thus the right of themselves nominating their own judges, but two parties came apparently to a compromise in Rostock the same movement took place in Zurich in 1336 in Bern in 1363 in Boschwick in 1370 and next year in Hamburg in Lübeck in 1376 to 84 and so on Strasbourg Zunkamp and Strasburg, Bluf, Brentano Orbiter, Gilden 2 volumes Lebsick 1871-72 Ebbein's merchant and craft guilds Abbeyadin 1887 pages 26-47-75 etc 1st op. relative to the same struggles in England 3rd Mrs. Green's remark in her town life in the 15th century 2nd 192-170 also the chapter on the labor question and in fact the whole of his extremely interesting volume Brentano's views on the craft struggles expressed especially in 3rd and 4th of his essay on the history and development of guise in Thuleman Smith's English guise remain classical for the subject and may be said to have been again and again confirmed by subsequent research 1st op. A new period of rejuvenessence was the reward New life was infused and it found its expression in splendid architectural monuments and a new period of prosperity in a sudden progress of techniques and invention and in a new intellectual movement leading to the renaissance and to the reformation The life of a medieval city was a succession of hot battles to conquer liberty and to maintain it through that strong and tenacious race of burgers had developed during those fires contest through that love and worship of the mother city had been bred by the struggles and that the grand things achieved by the medieval communes were a direct outcome of that love but the sacrifices which the communes had to sustain in the battle for freedom were nevertheless cruel and left deep traces of division on their inner life as well very few cities had succeeded under the concurrence of favorable circumstances in obtaining liberty at one stroke and these few mostly lost it equally easily while the great number had to 50 ou 800 years in succession often more before their rise to free life had been recognized and another 100 years to found their liberty on a firm basis the 12th century charters thus being but one of the stepping stones to freedom to give but one example Cambrai made its first revolution in 907 and after 304 more it obtained its charter in 1076 this charter was repealed twice en bracket 117 et 1138 close bracket and twice obtained again open bracket in 1127 and 1180 close bracket total 223 years of struggles before incurring the right to independence liant from 1195 to 1320 plus with nerd in reality the medieval city was a fortified oasis amidst a country plunging to further submission and it had to make room for itself by the force of its arms in consequence of the causes briefly alluded to in the priesting chapter each village community had gradually fallen under the yoke of some leo-curricle load his house had grown to be a coastal and his brothers in arms were now the scum of adventurers always ready to plunder their peasants in addition to 3 days a week which the peasants had to work for their load they had also to bear all sorts of exactions for their rights to sue and to crop to be killed or sad to live to marry or to die and most of all they were continually plunder by the home robbers of some neighboring load who chose to consider them as their master's kin and to take upon them and open their cartel and crops the revenge for a third he was fighting against their own every meadow, every field, every river and road around the city and every man upon the land was under some load the hated of the burgers towards the further barons has found a most characteristic expression in the wording of the different charters which they compelled them to sign Henry V is made to sign in the Charter granted to Speyer in 1111 that he frees the burgers from the horrible and execrable law of movement through which the town has been suckled to deepest poverty open bracket, vendemtious le chien un niche building and gazette with a game and budel, game and weird cancine 1st 307 close bracket, the coutume of bayon written about 273 contents such passages as these, the people is anterior to the loads, it is the people more numerous than all of us who desire peace has made the loads through breathing and knocking down the powerful ones open bracket, giri establissement de roi, 1st 117 coated by luciaire, page 24 close bracket each charter submitted for king robot signature is equal characteristic he is made to say in it I shall rob no oxen no other animals I shall say no merchants, no ticker monies no impose ransom, from lady tea to the old saints, they I shall say no horse, no mare, no foals in the middles, I shall not burn the mills no rob the flower, I shall offer no protection to thieves etc open brackets, beefsteer has published that document, reproduced by luciaire close bracket, the charter granted by the bezon son, hush bitch up, hugs in which he has been compelled to enumerate all the mischiefs due to his movement rights is equal characteristic open footnote, situé t'étudier le droit municipal en france compté in memory de la société d'émulation de mobiliore, 2nd serie 2nd 119 sequence close footnote and so on les biomes ne pouvaient pas être maintenues dans ces rondeurs et les villes étaient combattues sur la guerre au-delà des moules les burgues aimaient des mystérieuses pour les révolter dans les villes ils ont reçu des villes dans leurs coopérations et ils aimaient la guerre directe contre les nobles dans l'Italie, où l'église était spécifique avec des corselles la guerre s'assume des proportions heroiques et était faute avec une acrimonie de les deux côtés pour 77 ans, la succession de les nobles était en train de freiner les conquistations ont été accomplies en 1181, les nobles ont commencé à nouveau les nobles ont constitué leurs propres niques dans l'opposition de les villes et ont reçu de l'aide de l'empereur ou de la pauvre, ils ont fait la guerre pour une autre 130 ans la même chose a été placée en Rome, en Lombardie tout au-delà de l'Italie les protégés de la guerre ont été disparuées par les citoyens mais les boules et les haches de la terre n'avaient pas toujours dans leurs rencontres avec les nobles et beaucoup de corselles ont été les machineries de la guerre et la persévérance des citoyens des villes comme Florence, Bologna et beaucoup de villes en France, Germany et Bohemia ont succédé en emancipéant les villes surroundings et ont été réunis par leurs défauts par une possibilité extraordinaire et tranquillite mais même ici et en Stilbo dans les plus fortes ou plus impulsives villes les marchands et les artisans exusés par la guerre et l'understand de l'interesse de Bologna sur les haches de la piscine qui compétaient les lois de l'Allégance de la ville, son pays le costaud était dispantable et s'il s'agissait de construire une maison et de résider dans la ville de laquelle il a été une boule les boules, comme bourgeois comme citadineuse mais il gardait en retour la plupart de ses râces sur les piscines qui n'avaient qu'une porte de relief les boules n'avaient pas compris que les râces de la piscine pourraient être grantées à la piscine et qu'elle n'avait qu'à relier et une rède basse était traite entre le town et la ville en quelques cas, les piscines changeaient les propriétés de la ville et les vendent dans les chaînes pour leurs propres citoyens ce semble être l'offre de l'occurrence dans l'Italie, dans la Suisse même dans les taux de faune et de Burgdorf la piscine était maintenue et seulement après la fin du 13e c'était la révolution craft qui s'est entretenue pour mettre un an et abolir la personnalité qui s'est possédée en même temps dans les taux de faune ce n'était pas le cas dans les villes de Tuscany l'open bracket Florence Lucca, Siena, Bologna, etc pour les relations entre les villes et les piscines ou le best known ce n'est pas le cas dans la ville de Tuscany l'université de Kiev l'université d'Isvestia pour 1885, qui a perlu les rumeaux, l'usprung, leurs basse-slots et leurs colonies en Tuscany en 1830 le bracket, tout en considérant les relations plus étranges que la fédération de Bologna plus d'un an, il ne faut pas avoir besoin d'adverter que les résultats de cette police étaient bientôt faits par les villes le pays se dit que le pays était un ennemi le guerre contre la Cursale avait un autre effet il a invité les villes dans une longue succession de wars de lutte qui ont donné l'origine à leur théorie jusqu'à l'invoque, c'est-à-dire que les taux de faune ont leur own les guerres et les luttes les historiens imperialistes ont soutenu cette théorie qui, d'ailleurs, est très indominé par la recherche moderne il est certain que dans l'Italie les villes ont porté l'université mais n'importe où n'est-ce que le contexte atteint les mêmes proportions et dans l'Italie, c'est-à-dire que la ville était, spécialement ceux de l'année plus tard à leurs causes spéciales ils étaient l'Open Bracket, qui était déjà fait par Sismondi et Ferrari qui a mis la continuation de la guerre contre la Cursale, les 3 municipaux entourant dans un test de la fin avec le feudalisme, l'imperialisme et le PPC, beaucoup de temps qui ont fait partie de l'économie de l'Euclopie, le loge de l'Empereur était simplement dirigé contre les 3 villes par les nobles, l'Empereur et la Church qui la police devraient diviser les villes et les emmener contre les autres. Ces circonstances spéciales l'Open Bracket a porté l'Empereur et l'Empereur explique pourquoi l'Italie et l'Empereur ont soutenu l'Empereur pour résister à l'Empereur et l'Eglise et l'Eglise et pourquoi la même division a appuyé dans chaque cité séparée l'Open Bracket a toujours été correct mais ses vis ont été placées par les nobles dans les guerres de la Cité ou basées sur une range de faxes authentiques L'économie de l'Empereur a été réalisée par la plupart de l'Islam des villes juste à l'époque quand ces guerres étaient les hautes l'Open Bracket, seulement ces villes n'étaient pas au cours des barons comme Pisa ou Veruna pour beaucoup de villes qui pensaient sur le côté de les barons mais le défi était aussi le début de l'église et de l'église et l'Alliance a donc facilement conclué les villes, encore mieux caractérisées et plus l'église et l'église déjà dans les années 1130 à 1150 les lignes puissantes sont arrivées à l'existence et quelques années plus tard quand Fédéric Barbarossa a invité l'Italie et soutenu par les nobles à la haute en Venise Fédéric Barbarossa, 2ème, 18ème, 104 Sequence, Leo & Bota, 1ème, 432 Closet footnote En Tuscany, Florence a aidé un équipe plus puissante Lucca, Bologna, Pistoia, etc qui a aidé un porte important à couper les nobles au milieu de l'Italie alors que les lignes plus petites étaient de commune occurrence C'est certain que toutes les villes n'étaient sans doute existées et ce code pourrait être facilement suivi par la défense de la liberté seulement après les séparations des petites villes ont été bloquées entre elles, il faut toujours être le cas quand les villes souffrent pour la suprématie ou les colonies Les lignes sont formées en Germany pour la même cause Lorsque l'un des successeurs de Conrad le lignes était la preuve d'intermédiaire entre les nobles l'un des causes de lignes n'était jamais de lignes et de lignes qui continueraient à concilier les lignes Les lignes étaient de la même cause et même quand les lignes étaient bloquées pour l'archen et la colonne nous avons directement décédé que les bishops de ces deux villes sont les uns qui sont allés par l'ennemi à l'entrée de l'un des gates Ils vivent longs pour montrer que pendant les pétiers de la Supper les parcs, les empires et les churches n'étaient pas aidés à l'un des rois c'était des villes que les empires sont réestablés pour la paix et l'Union les villes et les empires n'étaient pas les réeliers de la UNI Les parcs n'étaient pas toujours les conclusions de Nietzsche 3°, 133° 2°, Karlszen 1°, 458° etc Les pétiers similaires étaient organisés pour la même cause entre petites villes et maintenant que l'archention a été décédée par Lucia, nous espérons d'en apprendre plus de elles. Les villes se rejoignent dans les petites pétiers dans l'histoire de Florence et aussi dans les dépendances de Neuf-Gorod et de Peskov. En France il y a positive évidence de la fédération des centaines de villes qui ont existé dans la Laonée pour près de huit ans. L'open bracket, jusqu'à 1256 a été étendu pour ses indépendances 3 plus petites républicaines qui ont été créées similaires à ceux de Léon et Suesson existaient dans les lieux de la Laon et leurs territoires ont été consacrés par les soutiennes d'eux dans les wars libéraux. Tout de suite, Lucia est d'une opinion que beaucoup de fédérations n'étaient pas dures, mais que les documents relatives à elles sont plus ou moins dures. Bien sûr, être improtectables par les emplois, ils pourraient facilement être crachés par les loups et les loups mais dans des circonstances favorables quand ils ont trouvé support dans une fédération de ville et de protection dans leurs montagnes. Certaines républicaines ont été indépendantes au ministère de la Fédération Suisse d'Openfoot. Et le commun de la Laonée, jusqu'à Mélville, s'étendait à Lucia, par les 75 séquences, par les gales et des unités sub-séquences d'Ouilman, d'Ileil-Nichan, Chute-Gilden, Westphalien, Zetriff, BD3rd, N.A.M.Rins, 249. Pour les unités entre les villes et les papousses, ils étaient de très communes occurrence. Les intercourses qui ont été établies durant la période de la libération n'étaient pas interprétées. Lorsque le cabinet de la ville d'Ileil-Nichan avait à prononcer le jugement dans un nouveau cas compliqué déclaré qu'ils ne savaient pas qu'ils n'étaient pas interprétés, ils s'attendaient à une autre ville pour obtenir la sentence. Le même s'est passé en France. Lucia, page 149, s'étendait. Lorsque Fouly et Ravein s'étendaient à naturellement, les citoyens et les gales s'étendaient dans les deux villes qui étaient en sécurité de la voie. Une chose importante, comme les mains et les w Kings, s'attendait à un contexte politique d'objetation de la civilisation sur Apéville. Amiens, s'étendait en 1231 en matière de brismet, Lucia, 149, et donc, la voie. Lorsque les soldats communs étaient en preuve habituelle. Le professional, Seizier, Unions for regulating the production and the sizes of course, which were used for the commerce in wine, herring unions and so on, were mere precursors of the great commercial federations of the Flemish Hanzer and later on of the great North German Hanzer, the history of which alone might contribute pages and pages to illustrate the federation spirit which permitted men at that time. It hardly need be added, but through the handset unions, the medieval cities have contributed more to the development of international intercourse, navigation and maritime discovery than all the states of the first 17th centuries of our era. In a word, federations between small territorial units, as well as among men united by common pursuits within their respective guilds and federations between cities and groups of cities constituted the very essence of life and fought during that period. The first five of the second decade of centuries of our era may thus be described as an immense attempt at securing mutual aid and support and a grand scale by means of the principles of federation and association carried on through all manifestations of human life and to all possible degrees. This attempt was attended with success to a very great extent. It united men formally divided, it secured them a very great deal of freedom and it tenfolded their forces. At a time when particularism was bred by so many agencies and the causes of discord and jealousy might have been so numerous, it is gratifying to see that cities scattered over a wide continent had so much in common and were so ready to confederate for the persecution of so many common aims. They succumbed in the long run before powerful enemies that having understood the mutual aid principle widely enough, they themselves committed fatal faults, but they did not perish through their own jealousies, and their errors were not a want of federation spirit among themselves. The results of that new move, which mankind made in the medieval city were immense. At the beginning of the 11th century, the towns of Europe were small clusters of miserable huts adorned but with luclumsy churches, the builders of which hardly knew how to make an arch. The art mostly consisting of some weaving and forging, where in their infancy learning was found in but a few monasteries, 350 years later, the very face of Europe had been changed. The land was dotted with rich cities surrounded by immense thick walls, which were embellished by towers and gates, each of them a work of art in itself. The cathedrals conceived in a grand style and profusely decorated, lifted the bell towers to the skies displaying a purity of form and a boldness of imagination, which we now vainly strive to attain. The crafts and arts had risen to a degree of perfection, which we can hardly suppose of having superseded many directions, if the inventive skill of the worker and the superior finish of his work be appreciated higher than rapidity of fabrication. The navies of the three cities perrued in all directions, the northern and the southern Mediterranean, Manifortmo, and they would cross the oceans. Over large tracts of land, well-being had taken the place of misery. Learning had grown and spread, the methods of science had been elaborated, the basis of natural philosophy had been laid down, and the way had been paid for all the mechanical inventions of which our own times were so proud, such were the magic changes accomplished in Europe in less than 400 years, and the lessons which Europe sustained through the less of its three cities can only be understood when we compare the seven-team century with the fourteenth over thirteenth. The prosperity which formerly characterized Scotland, Germany, and the plains of Italy was gone. The roads had fallen into an abject state, the cities where depopulated labour was brought into slavery, art had vanished, commerce itself was decaying, point foot note, cosmos in a early Scottish history as Scotland in middle ages, codé by Reverend Denton L.C. pageant 68, 69, land pressure, red shaft litch, leben aim, middle ladder, reviewed by Schmoller in his true book B.D. 12, six mondies, tableau de l'agriculture scan, pages 226, sequence the dominions of Florence, could be recognized as a cleanse through their prosperity, close foot note. If the medieval cities had bequeathed to us no written documents to testify of a splendor, and left nothing behind but the monuments of building art, which we see now all over Europe from Scotland to Italy, and from Gerona in Spain to Breslau in Slavonian Territory, we must yet conclude that the times of independent city life, the times of the greatest development of human intellect during the Christian era, down to the end of the eighteenth century. Unlooking, for instance, at a medieval picture representing Nuremberg with its cause of towers and lofty spires, each of which bore a stamp of free creative art, we can hardly conceive that 300 years before the town was but a collection of miserable hovers. And our admiration grows when we go into the details of the architecture and decorations of each of the countless churches, bell towers, gates and communal houses, which has scattered all over Europe as far as Bohemia and the now dead towns of Polish Galicia. Not only Italy that mother of art but all Europe is full of such monuments, the very fact of all art's architecture, le social art, above all, had attained the highest development, is significant in itself, to be what it was, it must have originated from an eminently social life. Medieval architecture attained its grandeur, not only because it was a natural development of handicraft, not only because each building, each architectural decoration had been devised by men who knew through their experience of their own hands, what artistic effects can be obtained from stone-iron bronze or even from simple logs and motor, not only because each monument was a result of collective experience accumulated in each mystery or craft. Open footnote, Mr. John G. Inet Open Bracket, 6 essays, non done, 1891. Close bracket has excellent pages on this aspect of medieval architecture. Mr. Willis, in his appendix to Wavewell's History of Inductive Sciences. Open bracket, first 261 to 262. Close bracket has pointed out the beauty of the mechanical relations in medieval buildings. A new decorative construction was made sure it was not faulting and controlling but assisting and harmonizing with the mechanical construction. Every member, every mauling becomes a sustainer of weight and by the multiplicity of props assisting each other and the consequent subdivision of weight. The eye was satisfied of the stability of the structure, notwithstanding curiously slender aspects of the separate parts and ought which sprang out of the social life of the city could not be better characterized. Close footnote, it was grand because it was born out of a grand idea. Like Great Orc, it sprang out of its conception of brotherhood and unity fostered by the city. It had an audacity which could only be won by audacious struggles and victories. It had that expression of vigor because vigor permitted all the life of the city. A cathedral or a communal house symbolized a grandeur of an organism of which every mason and stonecutter was a builder. An immediate building appears, not as a solitary effort to which thousands of slaves would have contributed their share, assigned them by one man's imagination, all the city contributed to it. The lofty bell tower rose upon a structure grand in itself in which the life of the city was throbic, not upon a meaningless cart full, like the Paris iron tower, not as a sham structure in stone intended to conceal the ugliness of an iron frame, as has been done in the tower bridge, like the acropolis of Athens. The cathedral of a medieval city was intended to glorify the grandeur of a victorious city to symbolize the union of its crafts, to express the glory of each citizen in a city of his own creation. Après having achieved its craft revolution, the city often began a new cathedral in order to express the new wider and broader union which had been called into life. The means at hand for these grand undertakings were disproportionately small. The coloring cathedral was begun with a yearly outlay of but 500 moches, a gift of 100 moches was inscribed as a grand donation. Open footnotes, Dr. L. Anen, their domes were called St. Constructions and Anseltung 1871 plus footnotes. And even when the work approached completion and gifts put in in proportion, the yearly outlay immunized at about 5,000 moches and never exceeded 14,000. The cathedral of Basel was built with equally small means but each corporation contributed a spot of stone work and decorative genius to their current monument. Each guild expressed in its political conceptions telling in stone or in bronze the history of the city glorifying the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity, open footnotes. The three statues are among the outer decorations of Notre-Dame-de-Paris, close footnotes. Raising the city's alleys and sending to eternal fire its enemies. And each guild bestowed its love upon the communal monument by richly decorating it with stained windows. Paintings, gates worth it with gates of paradise by Michelangelo said all stone decorations of each minutest corner of a building. Open footnotes, medieval art like Greek art did not know those curiosity shops which we call a national gallery or a museum. A picture was painted, a statue was carved, a bronze decoration was caused to stand in its proper place in a monument of communal art. It lived there, it was part of a hall and it contributed to give unity to the impression produced by the whole, close footnotes. Small cities, even small parishes, open footnotes. CFGT, in its second essaye, page 36, close footnotes. Vite with the big agglomerations in this work and the cathedrals of Laon and Sanquan. Halles stand behind that of rames or the communal house of Bremen or the folk most bell tower of Breslau. No works must be begun by the commune but such as or conceived in response to the grand hall of the commune composed of the halls of all citizens united in one common will. Such were the words of the Council of Florence. And this spirit appears in all communal works of common utility such as the canals, terraces, vineyards and fruit gardens around Florence over irrigation canals which intersected the plains of Lombardy over port and aquatic of Genoa or in fact any works of the kind which were achieved by almost every city. Open footnotes. This Monday, 4th, 172, 16th, 356 The Great Canal, Naviglio Grande which brings the water from the Tessino was begun in 1179 that is after the conquest of independence and it was ended in the 13th century on the subsequent decay C. 16th, 355, close footnotes. All arts are progressing the same way in the medieval cities those of our own days mostly being but a continuation of what had grown at that time. The prosperity of the Flemish cities was based upon the fine woolen cloth they fabricated Florence at the beginning of the 14th century before the black death fabricated from 70,000 to 100,000 panneins of woolen stuff which were valued at 1,200,000 golden flourins. Open footnotes. In 1336, it had 8,000 to 10,000 boys and girls in its primary schools 1,000 to 1,200 boys in its 7 middle schools and from 550 to 600 students in its 4 universities. The 30 communal hospitals contained over 1,000 beds for a population of 90,000 inhabitants. Open bracket. Caponni, second, 249, sequence. Close bracket. It has more than once been suggested by authoritative writers that education stood as a rule at a much higher level than is generally supposed certainly so in democratic Nuremberg. Close footnotes. The chiseling of precious metals the art of casting the fine forging of iron were creations of medieval mysteries which had succeeded in attaining in their own domains all that could be made by the hand without the use of a powerful prime motor. By the hand and by invention because to use way well words parchment and paper printing and engraving improved gloss and steel gunpowder, clocks, telescopes the marinas compass the reform calendar the decimal notation algebra, trigonometry, chemistry counterpoint open bracket and invention equivalent to a new creation of music. Close bracket. These are all positions which we inherit from that which has to disparagingly be termed the stationary period when bracket history of inductive sciences first 250 to close bracket to that no new principle was illustrated by any of these discoveries as we well said but medieval science had done something more than the actual discovery of new principles. It had prepared the discovery of all the new principles which we know at the present time in mechanical sciences. It had accustomed the explorer to observe facts and to reason from them. It was inductive science even though it had not yet fully grasped the importance and the powers of induction and it laid the foundations of both mechanics and natural philosophy. Francis Bacon, Galileo and Copianicus were the direct descendants of a Roger Bacon and a Michael Scott as the steam engine was the direct product of the researchers carried on in the Italian universities on the weight of the atmosphere and of the mathematical and technical learning which characterised Nuremberg. But why should one take trouble to insist upon the advance of science and art in the medieval city? Is it not enough to point to the catalysts in the domain of skill and to the Italian language and the poem of dent in the domain of thought to give at once the measure of what the medieval city created during the 4th century it lived. The medieval cities have undoubtedly rendered an immense service to European civilisation. They have prevented it from being drifted into the two classes and this particular state of all. They have endured it with a variety, the self-reliance, the force of initiative and the immense intellectual and material energies it now possesses which are the best pledge pour its being able to resist a new new invasion of the East. But why did these centres of civilisation which attempted to answer to deplicated needs of human nature and was so full of life not leave further on? Why were they says with senile debility in the 16th century and after having repel so many assholes from without and only borrowed new vigueur from their interior struggles? Why did they finally succumb to both? Various causes contributed to this effect, some of them having their roots in the remote past while others originated in the mystics committed by the cities themselves. Towards the end of the 15th century, mighty states reconstructed on the old Roman pattern were already coming into existence in each country and each region some further lord more cunning, more given to hoarding and often less crouplers than his neighbours had succeeded in appropriating to himself richer personal domains, more peasants on his lands, more knights in his following, more treasures in his chest. He had chosen for his seat a group of happily situated villages that get trained into free municipal life Paris, Madrid ou Moscou et avec le labeur de ses services il avait fait des villes de 45 villes d'une façon dont il a traité des compagnies par une distribution de villes et par la protection qu'il a offert pour la trade. Le genre d'un état futur qui a commencé à s'absorber sur des centres similaires était plus tard, plus tard dans la étude de la loi romaine qui se plait dans des centres des centres ténèches et ambitieux de la race de l'homme étudiant d'un d'entre les burgues qui ont également hésité l'autorité des lords et ce qu'on appelle la « l'essence de la paix » Les formes de la communauté de villes sont connues à leur code les principaux de fédéralisme sont répliqués à eux comme les incitations de Bourg-Baurier Ceux-là, supportés par le fichier et par le consent populaire et par la force des armes étaient idéaux et ont travaillé très fort pour ceux qui ont promis de réaliser ce genre d'opportunité C.F.L. Rankier une excellente considération sur l'essence de Romain dans son bien joué B.D. Fourth, B.T.H. deux pages 2231 aussi, cismanese remords sur la porte joué par le législateur dans la constitution de l'autorité Histoire de Française, Paris 1826 885-299 le populaire hésité contre ces vies Docteur Renoun Boutel Schneider cette vôle a brouillé la force dans les premières années du 16e siècle dans les sermons du mouvement de réformes C.F. La Châte chrétienne s'est réveillée contre Romain et maintenant son allié travaillait dans la même direction L'attente de constituer l'empire théocratique de l'Europe a prouvé un défaut les plus intelligents et ambitieux bêtises maintenant, l'attente de ceux à qui l'a réconnue pour reconstituer la puissance de l'Israël ou d'autres empires de Constantinople La Châte s'est réveillée contre les roulants de sa santé elle les a crée comme représentatives de Dieu sur la Terre elle l'a brûlée à leur service et les médecins de ses ministres ses blessures et malédictions ses riches et les sympathies qu'elle a retenues entre les pauvres les paysans qui, les villes ont oublié de freiner ou de serrer les bêtises imputantes pour mettre un an à les wars interminables entre les noix lesquels ils avaient tant d'aile que d'avant maintenant, leur honte sur le roi l'empereur de les grands princes et en aidant eux-mêmes pour couvrir les hauts foudreurs ils ont aidé eux-mêmes pour reconstituer l'Israël et finalement l'invasion de les Mongols et des Turcs la guerre contre les morts en Espagne ainsi que les terribles des mondes qui n'ont pas entre les centres de sévérité et les France et Bourgondie Scotland et England England et France Lithuania Poland Mosque et Tiber et ainsi contribuent à la même honte les morts des États-Unis ont mis leurs apparences et les villes ont maintenant pas seulement perdues fédérations de l'air mais fortement les centres organiques qui avaient des hommises d'observe à leur disposal le worst c'est que les autocrases ont trouvé support dans les divisions qui ont grogné dans les villes elles-mêmes l'idée de la majorité était grande mais ce n'était pas assez d'aide et support n'est pas limité à une petite association avec respect à ses surroundings ou d'autres surroundings qui absorbent l'association et en ce respect les médias et les citoyens ont commis un erreur formidable à leur expérience en regardant les paysans et autismes qui ont gavé sous la protection de ses morts comme beaucoup d'aigles qui contribuent à leur soutien à la construction de la ville comme ils l'ont fait une division était traite entre les familles de l'aux buggers et de l'au-delà pour les formes ou des bénéfices de la ville et de la ville pour les réserves et rien n'est qu'au-delà mais le droit de l'utiliser l'aide de leurs propres mains la ville qui a été divisé entre les buggers ou la communité et l'inhabitance au bout de l'oeil Brent Tano entièrement comprenait les effets fataux de l'effet entre les buggers et les au-delà Miyakoski dans son travail et la communauté de Sud-Zalem a indiqué le même pour la communauté de la communauté le trait qui était formellement communale est maintenant le privilège de la ville et des familles et le next étape que de devenir individuel au privilège de l'oppressif l'assistance était inavoidable la même division pour placer entre la ville propre et les villes sur le terrain le commun a bien essayé de freiner les buggers mais ses l'offres ont été comme déjà mentionnées était pour freiner la ville d'au-delà plutôt que pour freiner les buggers elle a laissé son droit sur les villes et condition qu'elle ne m'aurait la ville non plus et qu'elle n'aurait pas le buggers mais les buggers adoptés par la ville et maintenant dans ses portes simplement portées dans la guerre dans les très précieuses de la ville elles n'aiment pas le tribunal de simples artisans et des merchants et pensent qu'ils allaient dans les suites chaque ville a maintenant ses colonais et ses océanistes ses overstallés et ses wisées en achetant d'un état qu'ils n'avaient encore retenu ils se sont rendus eux-mêmes avec plusieurs clients et les customes et les habitudes de la ville et quand ce contenu a commencé à être fait dans les classes artisans de la ville ils ont offert leur boulot et leurs folieurs pour étudier les différences par un combat au-delà d'assurer le contenu qui n'auraient pas perdu soi-même dans les temps le plus grand et la plus faite erreur de plus des villes était à base de la wealth sur le commerce et dans la rue à la négligne de l'agriculture qui a continué dans les republics d'italien jusqu'à le XVe siècle les boulot-faces ont aussi trouvé en Germain et à l'autre place 6 Sibirio de la Chavoutu et d'Aciavagio 2 volumes Milan 1868 Prof. Luchitzky Slavery et les russes-slaves influencent dans le XIV et XVe siècle dans l'éthique de l'Université 1885 plus haut le étrangement de so many cities de la ville nécessairement trouvent plus d'évinentes dans les temps Edward l'un third de la voie G.R. Green's History des gens anglais de l'Ondern 1878 plus de 455 des voies les frères Jacques les Hussites et les Piscettes et les Piscettes dans le Germain d'autre place une police commerciale s'involte dans des entreprises différentes des colonies ont été fondées par les Italians ennemi de l'extrême afin d'éliminer les citoyens un contexte interne de plus en plus dans l'éthique dans lequel les politiques dans l'intérêt des familles ont été fondées et dans le XVIe siècle dans chaque ville l'Ondern a été fondée et il y a un avocat des institutions communales qui sont plus haut et plus haut et plus haut les constructions de la force de l'idée et les principales cm de la religion humaine et des résultats opposifs qui sont obtenus d'une profonde modification de l'idée la paix à stabilisation et de fédéralisme la solitude de chaque groupe et la construction de les corps politiques d'adresse des composites des idées de l'11e siècle mais depuis ce temps les conceptions ont été réparées l'persons paralyzant l'idée, l'idée anti-gric, qui présidait à la fondation des villes, pour deux ou trois ans, détourant de l'Université-Chair et la Banche de Judges, que la salvation doit être portée dans un fort centre central, placé sous l'autorité semi-divine. Si la théorie est expérimente par les loyaux de Bologna déjà à le Congrés de Roncaglia en 1158, que l'un d'entre eux peut et doit être le savière de la société et que dans le nom de la salvation publique, il peut commettre des violences, les hommes et les femmes à l'étiquette, les ménages sous les torches indescribables, les provinces d'aujourd'hui pour les plus abjouées, ni si ils ont faim de donner des lessons d'objet à ce effectuant de la grande scale et d'une erreur de la cruelty, où le royaume et les fiers de la Chine, ou les deux à l'un des qui pourraient atteindre, par ces études et exemples, continuement répéties et renforcées par l'attention publique, les minds de les citoyens ont été créés dans un nouveau mâle. Ils ont commencé à trouver de l'autorité non extensive, n'est-ce pas qu'il n'aie pas de l'église de l'église, une fois que c'était pour la sécurité publique. Et avec cette nouvelle direction de mince, et cette nouvelle confiance dans l'un d'entre eux, le principal fédéral de l'Allemagne, et le géniaire très créatif de la masse a disparu, l'idée romaine était victorieuse, et dans ces conséquences, le pays central a déjà été préparé. La France dans le 15e siècle est typique de ce changement. La révolution populaire était formelée par le signal de la Lorsque les gens ont été portés à l'expérience, il y a eu des idées constructives. L'idée de l'église n'a pas été formelée par le mouvement. 1000 représentatives ont été mises dans le Council communal, à l'aide de 400 hommes. 100 hommes entrent dans le signal, à l'aide de 80. Mais une révolution de figures pourrait être de Noirville. Les contenus de l'église ont été créés, et des nouvelles révoltes ont suivi. Une saison, le tyron, était appelée à l'église de l'église, mais l'intégrisation du corps commun continuait plus tard. Et après une nouvelle révolution, les gens de la France appellent à l'un des meilleurs des gens de l'église, Géronymus Pabonarola. Pour l'advice, l'answer des monks était « Oh, les gens, tu sais que je ne peux pas aller dans l'affaire de l'État, vérifier l'église de l'église, et si, dans une exposition d'exposition de l'église, tu reformes la vie, les gens de la France, tu devrais ignorer la réforme dans tout l'Italie. Conniveaux, mosques, et bouchons ont été élevés, un law de la traité et un autre contre les habitants, les postes et la démocratie de la France ont été élevés. Les espérades d'église ont été élevés, par trop de confiance à l'Ontario, ils ont pu s'occuper d'eux eux-mêmes, ils ont été élevés pour ouvrir de nouvelles problèmes, le pays n'a qu'à entrer, et à couvrir les libertés de l'État. Et pourtant, le courage de l'État de l'État n'a pas disparu, dans les masques, il a continué à flowir l'événement après l'église. Il s'est réveillé, encore une fois, avec une force formidable dans l'answer aux appels communistes des propagandistes de la réforme, et il continue d'exister même après les masques, afin de réaliser la vie dont ils espèrent inaugurer une autre inspiration de la religion réforme qui a fallu dans les dominions d'une puissance autocratique. Il se flowit encore maintenant et il s'est réveillé pour trouver une nouvelle expression qui n'aurait pas été l'État ni la diversité, ni la communauté village de les bourgoyens, ni le clan sauvage, mais qui serait possible de tous les uns et encore plus supérieur à eux, en plus d'une conception humaine. END OF CHAPTER 6 RECORDING BY ENKU


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