Right. Well, I've got 1103 and particularly because we are really going to do our best to limit this to an hour. I am going to dive in. So welcome everyone to our first new online climate spotlight series where we're featuring some of Maine's most innovative thinkers, businesses, and conservationists with an aim to help Maine people understand how climate change impacts Maine as well as information to take action. My name is Eliza Donahue. I am director of advocacy at Maine Audubon and like I said before, I'm so pleased to have so many people joining us today. We are moving towards 100 participants right now and I know even more registered. So I'm sure folks will be dropping in throughout the hour. So we'll be hosting these free discussions every other Tuesday between now and late September on topics such as community and rooftop solar, natural climate solutions, transportation, and home energy efficiency. You can register at mainaudubon.org slash energy and also get a little bit more information about the topics that we'll be covering in the future. So why are we hosting this series right now? Well, in 2019, the state of Maine committed to among the most ambitious greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in the nation. The law that set those reduction targets in place also created the Maine Climate Council made up of business people, lawmakers, municipal officials, tribal representatives, and other stakeholders and tasked them with creating a plan for how to reduce our emissions as well as prepare Maine for adapting to climate change. That updated plan is due in early winter and climate policy and now it's natural overlap with economic recovery and equity concerns is front and center in the mind of Maine people and major decision makers. In this series, our aim is to give you the information to take action on climate in your own home and business and day to day life as well as inform you on how to engage in creating a strong, actionable, Maine climate action plan. So we're really excited to kick off our kickoff event this morning featuring two of Maine's top climate scientists, Dr. Sean Burkle and Stacey Knapp. We're calling this event the state of Maine's climate and we'll hear about what Sean and Stacey know about how Maine's climate has been changing over the past decades and what we've done to address it so far. Dr. Sean Burkle is the Maine state climatologist and a research assistant professor at the University of Maine. He received his PhD in earth sciences from University of Maine and his research focuses on climate and ice sheet modeling, environmental change, paleoclimatology, and data visualization. Since early 2012, he has been building the climate reanalyzer, a website that provides access to climate and weather models and historical station data. Stacey Knapp is admissions inventory section manager in the air bureau of the Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Her team assists with the implementation of systems utilized in the collection, tabulation, and dissemination of air emissions inventory data for the Maine Air Emissions Inventory Reporting System. Sean will give his presentation first followed by Stacey and we'll wrap up hopefully by about 1145 or so to take questions. And I know that Stacey plans and I'm so thankful for the Stacey that she'll also end with a few notes on how to engage with the work of the Maine Climate Council. So before we get started just a couple quick tech notes.  Again each presenter will share their screen for their presentation and you can type questions in the Q&A box found at the bottom of your screen and we, Nick London and I from Maine Audubon, will collect them and roll out some questions at the end. So big thanks again to Sean and Stacey and let's get started. Well thank you Eliza and good morning everyone. I'm happy to be here. I wish I could be in person. I really do miss giving in person presentations but those will return eventually. And I'm going to switch my screen over to the slideshow. There with me. Oh Eliza I see that I'm unable to share my screen right now. It says host disabled attendee screen sharing. Sorry about that. Let me go see if that's something Nick can address. I'm fixing now. Try now Sean. Great thanks. Okay. I assume everyone can see my slides now? Yes. Okay thank you. Okay well again good afternoon and as Eliza said in the introduction I'm the Maine State Climatologist and I'm based at the University of Maine as a research assistant professor and so what I like to do today is give you an overview of climate change in Maine, climate impacts and I'd also like to note that I have been serving on the scientific and technical subcommittee of the Maine Climate Council and I was lead of the climate subsection of that and this presentation today is an adaptation of presentation that I gave in June to a full meeting of the climate council and towards the end of the of the talk I would like to show a couple slides of Maine's climate future 2020 which is a document that we produce here at University Maine in cooperation with the between Climate Change Institute's Maine Sea Grant and also the Skoodick Institute and a lot of helpful information and perhaps many of you have seen that document and I'd also like to just very briefly show you some of the tools available on climate reanalyzer and also the Maine Climate Office website that I've been developing for about a year now it's now moving on presentation outline and I see I I may have aired in this I meant to I'm going to set a full screen because I think you probably see the slides on the left and you'd think by now I would have mastered zoom but sometimes I still goof yeah Sean either the view or the slideshow should work okay okay this should be better there we go now you should see full screen okay so I like to go over Maine's historical temperature record that is since late 1800s and also discuss projections for how the climate is expected to warm over the next century I discussed the the significance of changing season lengths and how that impacts many sectors of the economy and also the environment and both plant response animal response precipitation and drought of course most recently we've experienced what's sometimes referred to as a flash drought that's a storm drought that emerges somewhat unexpectedly although in some parts of state the conditions have really alleviated some especially in western Maine and I'll try to put a that into climate context and that leads into extreme weather we've been experiencing extreme weather particularly over the last 15 or 20 years extreme weather being increased frequency of both heat waves and cold waves and also extreme precipitation events which of course leads into the previous section and then I'll show you a couple slides on changes in snow and hydrology how the snow season is changing and how that's impacting stream flow and also groundwater supplies okay this figure here shows Maine's statewide mean annual temperature since 1895 and it shows that on a linear trend there's been a three degree Fahrenheit warming and you can also see that there's some structure to this there's what we would call inter-annual variability that's year to year fluctuations but also multi-decade changes for example the early 1900s you can see that there are three very cold years in there and then it got warm in the 1930s into the 1950s then a relatively moderate period for a few decades right up until about the late 1990s or so and then things started to get really warm and so the of course we've been experiencing many a unique climate in the history of Maine since the late 1990s that's both in terms of the summer climate winter climate and many of the changes that we have seen it really emerged in the last 20 or 30 years and I'll also speak to the variability on multi-decade timescales because that is important because it's something that we need to consider and in these future projections which I show here in this slide overall over the next century how much Maine warms of course will depend on on global decisions on socio-economic decisions in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and how the international community cooperates but this slide here shows using the latest generation or the available models that have that project climate into the future for Maine we show three particular scenarios ranging from the low emission scenario in which there's a dedicated dedication to halt greenhouse gas emissions and eventually reduce them to zero and then the high emission scenario which we'd call RCPA 0.5 that's one that in some cases it's considered as a business as usual but it's actually taken more of as an extreme case where there's heavy coal use and no real international effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and we don't know which scenario will play out in the future I mean we can guess and as it turns out all said the world seems to be trending towards something a little less than RCPA 0.5 one there's been a push towards cleaner energy sources and the assumptions of high coal use into the future may not pan out so that would be that would be good but there's still a spread of physically plausible outcomes between now and the next century and it's up to us and in this country in our state as well because we of course can do things right at home to contribute to how we shape the future but there's a spread of physically plausible outcomes and ranging from a climate warming that is not not too much more than what we have already experienced ranging to something that's much more extreme would be very impactful now getting back to the key variability that I had mentioned in the first slide I like to show this because many people have questions about well isn't the climate warring because there are cycles and there is variability in the climate system and climate scientists understand very well what factors are involved perhaps the most significant in terms of natural variability arises from major volcanic eruptions such as mountain Pinatubo that erupted in 1991 and early in the 1900s as well but this figure here shows a comparison of observations of global temperature in the heavy set black in comparison to model an ensemble of models that project into the future but in this in this case this is the historical overlap interval which the models are compared to see how well they do and what we find is that in simulations in which the the climate models have greenhouse gases and human impact held constant that's what we see in blue and you can see that the signal departs that in the in the recent climate would be cooler than observations if greenhouse gas emissions had not been increasing now alternatively in the red line we see the simulation in which greenhouse gases increase in accord to the historical record over the past century and I like to highlight that the the emergence of when it really appeared to become apparent or measurable that that the the greenhouse gas warming and impact that started in the 1800s with the onset of the industrial revolution that the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in the manifestation of a changing climate appears to have emerged from the sig from the noise of natural variability sometime between about 1930-1950 and then since then there's been a a significant departure and it's always important to have a historical perspective and also to validate models of projection to the future validate them against observations and and data and that's one of the reasons why I showed that slide now in terms of the changing climate and changes in the future one of the major impacts in Maine and elsewhere is how the climate warming which is somewhat abstract when we look at a time series of say 50 years from now might be three degrees warmer well what does that mean and how does that impact ecosystems and and forest migration and also how does it impact agriculture we can think of that in terms of how the seasons change in terms of the length and so this figure here shows the temperature annual cycle for three periods in blue is a period that's for the interval between 1895 and 1914 and the brown indicates the climate of 1995-2014 and then in red is a is a projected climate for roughly centered on 2050 from a projective model and you can see that with each step there's been an increase of the length of the warm season which also translates to an increase of the of the growing season and a reduction of the winter season and so over the past century Maine's climate has changed such that the growing season is now about two weeks longer than it was a century ago and it's projected to be likely another two weeks longer by about 2050 and again depending upon the emissions choices that that we make and the climate realization that emerges from what the emissions are in the future precipitation one thing that has been readily apparent over the past couple decades is a shift towards more intense extreme rainfall which I'll talk more about in a moment but the historical record of annual precipitation has also increased over the past century and in particular since the mid-2000s or so there was a what interval that has had a is a significant feature in this curve but over the past century there's been a six inch increase in total annual accumulation but this figure itself it does not speak to the delivery in terms of what season of the year and whether or not the precipitation is being evenly distributed or becoming in more intense events and I will mention that much of the precipitation increase that we've experienced in the last 15 years or so has been occurring in the summertime and that's despite the the drought of 2016 into 2017 and then this most recent so far temporary abnormal driedness to what is now ranked a moderate drought extreme weather as I've as I mentioned extreme weather is becoming more common and that's in in many places if not most places across the known the hemisphere and it's due to changes in atmospheric circulation imagine or picture the jet stream that you might see in a nightly news forecast the jet stream which is a current of fast flowing air in the lower stratosphere that has a linkage to the track of storms lower down near the surface and certain patterns can can get locked into place for several days or even a few weeks or season and these blocking patterns are part of what causes extreme weather to develop whether it's a cold wave or heat wave or even extreme precipitation because when there's a strong blocking pattern when that pattern finally breaks down the very steep contrast that develops between warm and cold on the other side of the wave that can fuel an intense storm and so one thing that we've noticed has been an increase in in terms of extreme precipitation about 50 percent 55 percent increase in annual heavy daily precipitation across both main and the US northeast and in main we found that there's been an increase in occurrence of high precipitation events of different ranks so two inch per day three inch and four inch I mentioned jet stream and here's a what I what we would call a temperature anomaly map that's the departure of temperature from baseline climatology in here it's 1929 to 2000 that's the shaded background map and then a schematic of the jet stream over printed and I say schematic but this is that the general track of the jet stream for this particular day this was Thursday October 31st 2019 which was the lead up to a major windstorm on November 1st which many of us may remember but there is a strong blocking pattern that had developed and I had mentioned the the contrasting temperatures on the other side of a particular feature and so part of the intense windstorm that we experienced at links back to this blocking pattern and you may recall I know it's been several months ago but at the time California was experiencing severe wildfires and they're being fanned by what are called the Santa Ana winds well those winds were being fanned by this pattern as well this blocking pattern that was driving circulation and driving intense dry winds off the continent from the interior of the continent into California and so it's interesting that there was an extreme event on the west coast same time as extreme event on the east coast and they're linked by this circulation pattern I remember this very clearly summer and march 2012 I think this is a textbook example of an extreme event this was a heat wave in the third week in March which temperatures got into the low 80s across the state northern Maine most places got into the mid to high 70s but central Maine southern Maine so temperatures as high as 83 I think in Bangor got to 84 and this picture is several years old now for my my son March 18th and no snow on the ground which was just for me it was a pretty new experience because I remember as a kid growing up in the Bangor area March was always the snowiest month pretty much late February right into mid mid March and well this event occurred because of a major blocking pattern that developed and heat and humidity built over the eastern half of North America you can see this it's depicting a blocking high pressure and and that when that pattern finally broke well then temperatures went started to blow normal but this was records the first 80 degree measurements in most places in New England by three to four weeks in terms of and there were records in Maine set by 17 degrees daily high temperature records beaten by 17 degrees Fahrenheit typically a high temperature record is beaten by half degree or one or two degrees and so this was truly an extreme event and it's what we would expect in a warming climate in which the summers are getting longer and the winners are getting shorter it means that summer like circulation can happen earlier in the year likewise it can persist later in the year and I'll just give one more example that I don't have a slide for but the warmest fall in record domain was 2017 and it was an example of the summer season extending into the fall now likewise there are impacts that major environmental impacts including earlier snow melt and this slide here shows that there's been a documented trend towards earlier winter spring melt runoff so melting snow by seven to 14 days and that's since 1950 and these trends are projected to continue as the climate warms now there there can still be some years that seem to buck the trend and and recently just in the past four years or so there have been a near record setting snowfall in the northern part of Maine caribou I think two winners ago there was a record snowfall and even this season the snowfall was well above normal I think it was probably the second or third snowiest winter that persisted well into spring in northern Maine so there are exceptions and if we were to look at the statewide distribution of some of these records we find some interesting patterns ice out on main lakes is occurring earlier earlier I think we've all experienced this and again it follows the changing length of the seasons lakes are now tending to ice out anywhere from one week to even close to two weeks earlier and this is projected to continue as the climate warms again in association with the changing length of the seasons and likewise there's been an increased magnitude frequency of small floods and the stats here show the relative increases over the past 50 and 75 years and some of these floods can come from extreme precipitation events or a fresh out that happens early and really fast because of a jump in temperatures but when these events do happen they're extremely impactful and can it can cause a lot of damage and the 100-year three-day peak flow so that so that that would be the spring fresh out those are projected to to decrease and again with linkage to decreasing late winter snowpack now the some of the complexities could be that some years or as we've seen particularly in northern Maine there may there could still be some record setting years in terms of snowfall that affects a one part of the state or it may we it won't be that every single year the these peak flows decrease but over time we we do expect that this trend will continue but it's always important to be aware some of the exceptions that could emerge I list a summary here with a lot of bullets and I don't think that I'm not going to read through each one you can take a look in terms of how the statewide annual temperature has changed about three degrees Fahrenheit over the last century and models predicts anywhere from two to ten degrees warming over the next century again depends on the trajectory of greenhouse gas emissions it's been changes in annual precipitation overall increase for the past century about six inches and but there's more complexity when we look at how that's distributed seasonally and also whether or not it's it's coming in throughout the year or in more extreme precipitation events separated by periods of dryness extreme weather such as heat waves droughts heat waves cold waves small scale droughts and also storms wind storms those are things that we've been experiencing and expect them to continue and systems are responding to these changes responding to the the warming in terms of how it impacts the the temperature annual cycle the length of winter the length of summer and so looking into the future there are significant just likely ahead and again it'll be up to us here locally on the decisions that we make and how we contribute to the overall landscape of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and then of course something many things are out of our control which in in terms of international agreements and how the internet international community proceeds and now very briefly being mindful of time here i just wanted to show you a couple i'm going to switch i'm going to switch my screen here to a web browser just so i can show you the main climate office website and also climate reanalyzer okay here we go okay the main climate office website i have been building this as part of what i do is to say climatologists to provide a a place where people can have easy access to main based climate data and the website address is mco.umain.edu and on this you can access daily data and for example here on this page it shows station data from the bangor international airport and you can select the year the bangor record goes back to 1953 and let's go to 2012 here was the the 2012 heat wave in march for example you can export the data that you see here as a csv file they can open up in spreadsheet software you can select from these stations that are here on the map so say if you wanted to see data for portland that comes up there's also i've put together selected the wrong one monthly seasonal and annual temperature and precipitation time series and maps and also by climate division across the states we can look at the northern climate division central and coastal or statewide average and you can choose from the temperature anomaly it's departure from in this case i use it a 1901 to 2000 100 year long climatology average monthly temperature maximum temperature minimum also precipitation and i've added just recently just in the last couple weeks a page for Gulf main temperatures and i've also included bio regions right along the coast i haven't added a map to delineate those yet but i will soon you can also look at a north Atlantic wide average of sea source temperature you can go on a point in the chart and that will bring up a map of either sea surface temperature or the anomaly of departure from normal and then there are other resources on the page hourly weather forecast maps and climate outlook maps from NOAA and the climate prediction center including drought information and temperature outlooks for the coming week month and season and also a list of publications and one publication I'll mention is at the top here mains climate future 2020 which we released this in early march this year and if you haven't had the opportunity to look through this document I recommend it there's a lot of information summarize I think in a pretty comprehensive manner an update to our understanding of climate change in Maine and a lot of this information has or much of this information has been delivered to the main climate council and the scientific and technical subcommittee has assembled a report that will soon be made public and so that will also be a resource that I think that you will find quite valuable and then the last thing I just want to mention climate reanalyzer website where you can access global data sets from both station data climate models weather forecast models and in the interest of time I don't want to be labored this but I'll go to the site index where you can get an idea of the content on the website and this is climate reanalyzer.org and I thank you very much for your time and I look forward to answering questions and now I'll turn this over to Stacy. Stacy you're on mute just so you know and actually before you begin I just want to say very quickly first of all thank you Sean second of all speaking of extreme climate events or extreme weather events there's a huge storm over my house right now I don't know what happens if we lose power here but to the folks watching at home please just check your your inboxes we will get back to you as soon as we can with new information if that were happening it's 2020 so I assume that the worst is is going to happen but we're good so far and Stacy thank you very much go ahead okay so what do you see right now see the start of your slideshow progress toward greenhouse gas reduction and you just see a slide a single slide yes okay excellent all right cool um get this out of the way so first thank you Nick and Eliza for having me I was really excited to be invited to present we in my group work with emissions data all day every day and it's it's rarely of interest to a lot of people and so we've been really excited since the release of earliest report that so many people have had some interest so I am safe enough as Eliza said I head up the emissions inventory section at main DEP and as you probably already know in January we released our eighth biennial report on progress toward greenhouse gas reduction goals and so this is a biennial report comes out once every two years so the next one will come out in January of 2022 but this last one released in January 2020 has received a lot of attention and we are just thrilled that so many people are interested in our data um so my plan for today is to walk you through some of the results that we presented in the eighth biennial report and then hopefully we'll have some time for questions at the end now before I get started um because you may not have read the eighth and the seventh and the sixth and the fifth biennial reports um I just want to remind you that where we were before the latest report if the when we released the seventh biennial report we had actually seen a slight uptick in emissions and so we were very nervous um about where we were um in regards to meeting our 2020 goal and then the more lofty goals that were just set into legislation um so I am very pleased to report that advance here that with two more years of data added to this series that we now have a decrease in emissions again which is hugely exciting so what you're looking at here are our gross emissions that is the blue line at the top so you'll see two lines there's the dark blue line at the top those are our gross emissions and that is everything okay that's all greenhouse gas emissions that's carbon dioxide that's methane that's nitrous oxide that's our sf6 hfc the works the green line just below is the co2 from burning fossil fuel so that is just co2 and as you can see that is the lion's share of our emissions right so co2 from burning fossil fuel accounts for 90 percent of our gross emissions and then that remaining 10 is the additional greenhouse gases um so what you see here this is a time series from 1990 to 2017 now in 1990 our gross greenhouse gas emissions were at 21.2 and these are in million metric tons of co2 equivalents and the co2 equivalents just means that it's all of the greenhouse gases and not just co2 um you'll see that those gross emissions right they rose until about 2002 so we see an increase from 1990 to 2002 and then we see this nice steady decline and here's this little uptick that I was telling you about in the last report that we were nervous about but now we see a decline again which is great so we are now as of 2017 at 17.5 million metric tons of co2 equivalents now conveniently and I triple checked this because this was too convenient um that is exactly 17.5 percent lower than the 1990 levels now you may remember that our goal for 2020 is to be 10 percent below the 1990 levels so we needed to be at 19.1 in 2000 and we are currently at 17.5 so we are on track to meeting our 2020 goal um now we do have a few more years I know that for you and I it is 2020 today um but the the data do lag a little bit so it takes some time to accumulate that data and to do the analysis um so we have a couple more years before we know if we have met our 2020 goal but I am optimistic which is great all right so let us talk about these goals a little bit before we go any further um many of you have probably seen this but um the solid line here over on the left that is what we know right that is the data that we do have so that is the 1990 to 2017 data and you can see um this peak up here in 2020 excuse me 2002 and then this nice steady decline through 2017 um so our 2010 goal was to simply be at the 1990 level so that's this dot right here and we successfully met that goal which is great um now our next goal is the 2020 goal and that is to be 10 percent below the 1990 level and we are on track to meeting that which is wonderful news now the next couple of goals the 2030 goal is to be 45 percent below 1990 levels and the 2050 goal is to be 80 percent below 1990 levels and if you follow this green trend line here that kind of slopes down that is sort of a best fit between our um the 2002 data and the 2017 so if we follow this line and we can realize the declines we have seen since 2002 then we are on track um but it's going to take a lot of work to realize those emission reductions so we've got our work cut out for us which is why we have the climate council so let me back up a little bit and talk to you a little bit about where we get this data like how we track our greenhouse gas data um so at DEP we use EPA state inventory tool which we call the SIT now this is a publicly available tool anybody can go out to the website and I've listed here on EPA's website and download this tool it's an Excel tool it's got a series of modules and within each module there are gosh like 50 tabs so it's a it's a very involved model um but the beauty of that is that it is populated with default data from government databases from federal data um but it allows a lot of tweaking for states so we can go in there and try to make sure that that data is as accurate as possible and really reflects the emissions that we see in Maine so the foundational data set for the SIT comes from the Energy Administration Information Administration or EIA and they receive lots of reports um on fuel data and that is as we saw CO2 from burning fossil fuels 90% of our emissions right so that fuel data is enormously important so they pull all of that fuel data into a giant database and they run a model and it produces what's called the SEDS it's a state energy data system and so that is this massive database of the consumption data it's fuel consumption data and that is a national standard and it's it's by state and by sector it's broken down the different types of fuels so the EPA pulls all of that SEDS data into the SIT along with a number of other data sources and they create models of our emissions by state by sector by fuel so then states can go in download this tool and tweak that data so for Maine we have some data that we know that the federal government doesn't necessarily have and we believe that our data is better in some of these areas for example we submit specific vehicle miles traveled for Maine we update the solid waste landfills we go through and edit some of the industrial processes so if we don't have the production of some material we go through and remove that industry from Maine because it doesn't exist in this state so we were able to really hone this tool and make it very Maine specific which is why we are so confident in the data now you're going to see data presented in this in the report in two different ways two different units so you're going to see million metric tons of CO2 and this is just CO2 primarily from fossil fuel combustion and this is presented in the SIT by sector by residential commercial industrial transportation and electric utility so that's where you see the breakdown in those sectors that is for CO2 only but again that's 90 percent of our emissions right you'll also see things reported in a million metric tons of CO2 equivalents now when you see that little e at the end when you see the equivalents that means that we're talking about all greenhouse gases not just CO2 but we're adding in the methane the nitrous oxide the HFCs the SF6 all of the greenhouse gases so that is reported by source category so that's where we get our energy and our agriculture our waste and our industrial process categories so you'll see they're reported a little bit differently i'll point that out as we go but i just wanted you to have a little bit of a background so let's jump into the data so first we will look at gross emissions for 2017 by source category real quick you can see there's a winner here right so energy makes up 90 percent of where our emissions come from it's our demand for and consumption of energy it's the clear majority of mains greenhouse gas emissions now industrial processes agriculture and waste all added up contribute about 10 percent now that's 10 percent that we need to look into for sure but you can see energy is a bigger piece of this pie so might get a bit more of attention so let's take this big blue piece of the pie and break it down a bit further so here you can see mains energy consumption over the whole time series not just 2017 this is from 1990 to 2017 and this is going to be by fuel source right so you see all the different fuel sources over on the right hand side now the biggie at the bottom is petroleum so in 2017 petroleum products accounted for 49 percent of all of the energy consumed and 84 percent of the CO2 emissions so that's why there's so much focus on petroleum products is because it's a lion's share of our CO2 emissions now the good news is we have seen a reduction so you can see in this blue segment if you just look from 1990 to 2017 you can see the 2017 point is lower right so we have seen a reduction in petroleum products and the big piece of this is actually our residual fuel oil so that's the really dirty fuel oil and that consumption has decreased 95 percent since 1990 and I'll show you that in a minute but that is a huge piece and that is a massive success so we're really proud of that so that has been a big driver in the overall decline of greenhouse gas emissions now I do want to point out while Maine does rely pretty heavily on petroleum products at this point to meet our energy demands we have seen significant reductions in CO2 emissions due to things like switching to lower carbon fuel so switching to natural gas right you can see on this figure this green segment here that pops up right around 1999 2000 that's natural gas so we've seen a huge increase in the use of natural gas and that is a lower carbon fuel so it's going to emit a bit less than residual fuel oil we've also seen decreased emissions due to increased energy efficiency so things like the cafe standards for vehicles and we've also seen an increase in renewable resources for energy so that is amazing now you can also see in this figure our renewable resources such as I just mentioned so see this turquoise segment at the top over on the right that's wind the point being you can actually see it right you can see that there's a turquoise segment now which is awesome and that turquoise segment is getting bigger so that is wind just one of the many renewable resources that we've been focused on using more of for our energy okay so let us take this blue piece right down at the bottom here and break that up a little bit more and let's look at petroleum consumption by fuel type so you can see exactly what types of petroleum we're using because you can kind of guess at what we're using them for right so the two biggies at the bottom here again this is the time series so 1990 to 2017 distillate fuel and motor gasoline those are the biggies but I also want to point out this orange section at the top so this is the residual fuel oil I was talking about and you can see how we have a 95% reduction in the use of residual fuel oil and that is a huge success now some of that is switching over to natural gas some of that is switching over to renewables okay so let us move from fuel type to sector so let's look at petroleum consumption by sector at quick glance you can see again there's a winner here right right at the top is transportation transportation has been in the lead since 1990 all the way to 2017 and unfortunately they are also the only sector that has seen an increase in petroleum consumption all of the other sectors have seen a decrease not necessarily a huge one but they have seen a decrease but not transportation transportation is up so let's switch gears a little bit and look at co2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion by sector again transportation is in the lead here you can see this large purple segment that's transportation and transportation has produced over half the 54% of the co2 emissions in May in 2017 so that's a big chunk now I also want to focus your attention a little bit on residential the residential section is at 19% so that's a big piece of the pie that's definitely something that we need to be looking at I know when I go to emissions inventory conferences I'm always frankly a little embarrassed because we go and they're like gosh why do you guys have so many emissions from the residential sector and it is because we use fuel oil so the national average consumption of fuel oil for residential is only about 8% and in Maine it's over 50% so we use a lot more fuel oil in the state of Maine than other states do so just an area that we need to look at obviously our infrastructure is set up so that that is very convenient but we do have natural gas coming in we do have a lot of wood burning homes so there are other sources of energy and we just need to kind of look at that mix and see how we might do it a little bit better all right so now look at let's look at the same data this is the 2017 data let's look at the same data over time I think there we go and you can see this is the right one yes this is the right one you can see transportation in the lead as well right so these are the emissions we just talked about in 2017 transportation made up 54% of the co2 emissions well you can see that they made up the majority of the emissions dating all the way back to 1990 as well right there at the tippity top and again all of the other sectors have seen a reduction by one strategy or another since 1990 there's been a reduction in their co2 emissions but transportation has gone up so even residential has gone down you can see they scrape by just by 0.3 reduction but hey the start commercial is down 24 percent industrial is down 58 percent and electric utilities I want to point out so take a look at that turquoise line right electric utilities since 1990 are down 50 in their co2 emissions now more importantly I want to put up if you look at the 2002 peak in electric utilities so that peak in the turquoise line since 2002 we have seen an 83% decline and so that is in large part to us switching our energy fuel sources our electric utility fuel sources toward renewable energy sources so that is that is a huge success and those are the sorts of successes that we need to build on to be able to meet our goals okay so in summary I know that was a lot of data but let me give you the highlights here so in summary gross emissions in 2017 were 17.5 below 1990 level 17.5 below 1990 level so we are on target for our 2020 goal right so our 2020 goal is to be 10 below 1990 level so as long as we can keep on this track we're going to be good to meet our 2020 goal now 90 percent of those emissions are the result of energy consumption we use a lot of energy we demand it and that is mostly from combustion of petroleum products 54 percent of main co2 emissions in 2017 were from the transportation sector with residential being a close second right at 19 percent co2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in the electric power sector have decreased by 83 percent since they peaked in 2002 so there are successes here and the transportation and residential sectors have both the highest consumption of petroleum and the highest emissions of co2 from burning fossil fuels so those are just the highlights again let me just remind you of our goals right so we're we've met our 2010 goal we're on track for our 2020 goal things look really good but our 2030 goal and our 2050 goal those are going to be harder you know so if we can realize the emission reductions that we've seen since 2002 then we're on track but to realize those emissions we are going to have to make some changes right so we have kind of already taken advantage of the easy wins the the switching from higher carbon fuels to lower carbon fuels we've already done that so we need to find some new innovative things to do to cut our greenhouse gas emissions so that's why the governor formed the climate council to figure out how we're going to do this right to get the right people in the room talking to each other and figuring out a plan now you probably know the climate council has been working very hard for the last six months or so the different working groups have been meeting together to come up with proposed strategies so ways they think in their area we can get the the biggest bang for a buck in terms of greenhouse gas reductions and they just presented these findings last month so I know that that meeting is available online you can go ahead and actually there's two meetings they split it up into two days so you can go online and you can watch those presentations everything from the climate council by the way is is recorded and available online for you to watch after the fact but what I want to talk to you about here is that the main climate council is really trying to get stakeholders involved they want as much public participation as possible and unfortunately due to COVID-19 they've had to cancel a lot of the public stakeholder meetings that were planned just because it wasn't safe so they're trying to find ways to engage the public more ways to get more people involved as many people as involved as possible so you can see here they have a website climate council dot main dot gov and there are a number of different ways that you can get involved okay I urge you to go to this website and take a look if you have even the slightest little bit of interest go in and take a look there are a number of ways that you can get involved that you know range from very little some energy to more participation and for this group I'd specifically like to point out the option to invite the climate council to present to your group so you can do that you can say hey I've got a group of stakeholders that are really interested in learning more can someone come and present to us and they can make that happen so this series seems to be a perfect fit for a presentation like that and I'm happy to get the ball rolling if that would be helpful reach out to my contacts at the climate council and see what we can do about setting up presentation so think about it here is my contact information if anyone has any questions that we don't get to today here's my email and my phone number and feel free to reach out to me I think that's all I've got great well thank you so much Stacy and thank you so much Sean I think before we get to a couple questions maybe I'll just say you know a particular thing thanks to you Stacy for pointing out the telling folks a little bit more about the main climate council and showing folks opportunities that they can engage in the climate council's work main Audubon is really excited about everything that's happening with the climate council I served on one of the working groups the natural working lands working group our director of conservation Sally Stockwell is on the scientific and technical subcommittee with Sean and we're really invested in as an organization in implementing a successful actionable climate action plan so I would really encourage folks to go to the website that Stacy just shared and then also to stay in touch with main Audubon so we it's our aim to bring additional attention to the to the various opportunities that will continue to arise to get people engaged with the climate council because this is going to work or is going to work best when people give as much input as possible this is about making a climate action plan that works for all main people and that means that we need to socialize this plan and get as much input as possible so please let be sure to follow those lengths and stay in touch with the great mailing list that the climate council has that main Audubon has and and stay tuned Nick what do you think should we dive into some questions how you let's let's dive in we're nearing the end of the hour but I want to make sure we get to these questions um uh Sean and Stacy do you have if we go a little bit over is that okay or do you guys have to run okay let's fine with me let's dive in we'll go quickly uh Sean a question for you so what current state would main be equated to for a growing season by 2050 would you say that's an excellent question and I I haven't had time to to uh find out precisely where that would be but in general I would in I would expect probably Massachusetts Connecticut uh with the caveat that there's a pretty steep there's a very steep temperature gradient across the data as we're all aware so the climate of northern Maine is not the climate of southern Maine and there's also Maine's geographic position and northern New England in particular uh it's impacted by it's at a convergence of different air masses and the dynamics of that is not the same as it is to our south um and so even in a warming climate for example northern Maine will still have the greatest potential of getting say for example air coming down from Canada cool dry air from Canada and um and so but it is useful to try to identify analog so long story short Massachusetts Connecticut it also depends on the emissions trajectory and how much warming there is between now and 2050 but great thank you and I should say that was a question from Jamie Jamie Willie uh here's a question from Susan Parks uh to you Sean again she said she's read that the Gulf of Maine is one of the fastest warming oceans in the world is that true and if so why is that happening well the uh let me give you some of the the historical context in terms of the Gulf of Maine warming the uh the Gulf of Maine has it warms significantly between about 2004 and excuse me between about 2004 and 2012 and during that interval the warming was faster at a rate faster than any other part of the ocean um and that's on an annual mean over the past several years so the annual mean temperature has leveled off uh but uh there's expectation that the Gulf of Maine will continue to warm and so um so yes during that particularly steep rise in temperature it was the fastest warming ocean body in the world but there is variability that will likely impact the the future trajectory so there may be some cool years or relatively speaking but the overall trend will be upward and so why the Gulf of Maine is warming it links to both oceanic circulation and also atmospheric circulation and as example 2012 the first really big marine heat wave is what they're now called occurred in 2012 at the peak of this several years of really extreme warming there was both can folks do hear me uh i can hear you uh anybody hear me out there it sounds like that it froze up a little bit well the um the circulation entering the Gulf of Maine it's a it's a complex story of ocean water coming up um coming off the Gulf stream and eddies that mix in the basin but also uh cold water that comes down the Arctic um and then flows along the coast of Nova Scotia and enters the Gulf and so that's a cold low salinity water source versus a much warmer higher salinity source but there's a battle between these two different types of water masses and um there's also atmospheric circulation that provides the wind stress that that can propel an ocean current one way or the next so it's a complex picture but the warming the Gulf of Maine has largely reflected the warming in the larger scale North Atlantic region and so as the North Atlantic warms the Gulf of Maine is also expected to warm as well and um now it whether it warms at a particular rate that's a question because again it's it's it depends on there could be a regime where a little bit more cold water flows into the Gulf that moderates temperatures for a while but does that answer your question great yeah thank you and I so I I just lost power for a moment um it looks like it didn't screw everything up which is good but I did lose the questions um so I don't know Eliza if you have the questions those are all gone so maybe you could take over asking yeah happily uh and the the worst happened but I guess it wasn't that that so right on nick for prepping us for what a power outage in zoom land is like let's see um it's a question for Stacey from David um he asks that uh folks sometimes overlook the importance of energy efficiency in reducing emissions um and asks if you could break down the role that energy efficiency has played in uh producing emissions to date yeah um so I don't have specific data on this topic um but where we're going to see that obviously this is a huge strategy and one that everybody can implement immediately um obviously in the the bigger sectors this is something that the manufacturers and automakers will be working on increased efficiencies but um there are a lot of federal regulations related to this like the vehicle cafe standards those are all increased efficiency focused strategies um where I see this in the greenhouse gas data in the SIT is in the reduction of fossil fuel use right the reduction of well all fuel use really so the primary database the foundational database for the SIT the state inventory tool that we use is fuel consumption right it's fuel consumption data in btu that's the British thermal unit so that's the amount of energy required to raise one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit so it's um kind of an effectiveness number um and so with increased efficiencies we are going to see those numbers reduced because people will be using less fuel so while we might not be able to pinpoint other than with with fancy models um that kind of guess at where different strategies are affecting our fuel use um we will see that overall fuel reduction with energy efficiency strategies um unfortunately I don't have the specifics um there are a lot of models out there that look at um various strategies and the expected impact on fuel consumption but none of that is incorporated into the greenhouse gas report at this time thanks Stacy so I'm going to do two two more questions um the first one being um and anyone jump in uh this is from Jeff he asks about wood burning compared to fossil fuel um and emissions and kind of what's heat provided between um uh fossil fuels and uh burning wood was he a plant because this is this is what my day-to-day work is looking like right now wood is a primary focus um so as you may have noticed in the current greenhouse gas report in the eighth by end of the report there are no renewables mentioned so in the back if you get a chance I encourage all of you to grab a copy of the greenhouse gas report it is on the the DEP website and in the back you will see a number of tables and it will show you the consumption of energy by different sources and that does include a breakdown of the renewable sources that we use for energy obviously there are no emissions from some renewable sources other renewable sources do have emissions like wood but with this eighth by end of the report as well as all of the previous greenhouse gas reports we have sort of ignored the emissions from wood because we are assumed that they are balanced by the sequestration of our growing forest and in Maine that's that's a fairly valid assumption for the most part now with the governor's promise for carbon neutrality we need to start looking at those numbers specifically we can't just make an assumption that renewables are balanced by the sequestration we need to quantify that so what you will see in the next greenhouse gas report which will be released in january 2022 but we're already working on now um you will see emissions from wood and you're going to see emissions from all of the renewables that produce emissions things like ethanol and wood are the big two um so we don't have all of those data sorted out yet um I would say that there are a lot of emissions from wood it's it's right up there with some of the fossil fuels it is but you also have a sequestration of the greenhouse gases so you have to make up your own opinion of what is better or worse but there are emissions from wood burning it is not a hundred percent neutral and so for the next greenhouse gas report we will report on that and so what you will see are gross emissions with and without renewables for the first report we're going to do it both ways so you can see the difference and then we're working with University of Maine to come up with that sequestration piece so they are coming up with a sort of time series of sequestration but they are trying to figure out where we are in terms of our carbon neutrality goal and so their piece includes the gross emissions that we report on as well as all of the different sinks all of the different sources and sinks of carbon in our environment to try to figure out where we are and so their piece will include the sequestration from the forest and you can then kind of balance and see where we are in terms of emissions from wood and it will be reported separately so it's not just lumped into gross emissions you will see the emissions specifically from wood over time since 1990 as well as by sector so you'll see emissions from wood in residential in transportation in industrial commercial etc and then you can kind of balance that with the sequestration that the UMaine team has found I hope that's helpful it is thank you Stacy and I think you know as you've referenced a number of upcoming reports and there's been some great sharing of well actually maybe now this has not been seen by the by audience members or participants but there's a lot of great resources out there and I know we'll be doing a follow-up email that will point folks to many of the resources that both Sean and Stacy have mentioned so folks can dive into this even more and I'll I'll finally take a question from Jocelyn who asks about solutions that are being proposed to decrease transportation emissions and I'll punt that to say that that will be the topic of an upcoming talk within this series that we'll be talking diving even more into transportation emissions and some of the policy solutions that have been proposed for reducing those emissions you know as Stacy shown very clearly and the the graphs that Stacy shared transportation is our biggest source of emissions and is also perhaps our most challenging problem if that's what you want to call it to fix and so that is something that you know to be actually perfectly honest as we were putting together this climate series transportation was kind of number one in something that we wanted content we wanted to deliver to folks out there transportation is not an area of expertise for main Audubon but we do know that it is essential to an essential component of our what's going to be our updated climate action plan so it was really important for us to deliver more information to folks on that topic so so stay tuned with that and I will push it over to Nick for for final thoughts and don't wrap us up I the only final thoughts is that this was great I'm so glad that nothing collapsed under the storm I just put a link in the chat to where folks can register for the upcoming climate talks in two weeks from today we have a talk about community solar and how folks can get involved and then following that with about rooftop solar so really great practical information for folks who are looking to cut down on their own carbon footprint and so I just really wanted to thank Sean and Stacy for joining us today this was absolutely fantastic and a perfect way to get started on this series and I also want to thank Laura Craver Rogers for putting so many great links in the chat she was really on top of things so thanks to all I will be stopping this recording and putting it on main Audubon's website as soon as I can so stay tuned for that and keep an eye out for the email that Eliza mentioned and thank you so much for joining us today oh thank you


Jameson five strong tonight. What allowed you to successfully navigate through that difficult lineup? Yeah, they put together some really tough AB's Jose was putting down the right fingers And we were pretty smart working through traffic there Seven hits obviously not the way you draw it up, but I thought the stuff was pretty good Thought maybe like the third or fourth inning whatever inning they had second and third one out That was a pretty big turning point in the game and besides that it was just about kind of navigating through Think of judge's ability to get the lead runner there in that fifth inning. Yeah, that's huge I mean a guy hits two home runs and then he shows up on defense and makes a big play I think I'm probably out of the game right there if he doesn't throw that guy out You know you bring up Jose Ramirez with the chance to take the lead. I probably go to the bullpen so Hats off to him for allowing me to to get through that inning He picked me up when I needed it. It was a second straight time that you worked with travino What is it about your rapport that seems like you guys are really on the same page? Yeah, yeah, he's really solid. I actually didn't throw to him at all in spring training But he's been shown up and catching all my bullpens and stuff, which is a really nice gesture He's on the bench always talking about sequencing and what we're gonna throw He shows up super prepared We did our pregame meeting today and he just had a huge notebook full of notes on these guys So when you see a guy like that, you kind of just say all right, I'm just gonna trust you and kind of follow your lead What's it like watching Michael King do his thing out there? Yeah He's he's a really talented dude Super jealous of the sinker cider or curve all combo whatever he wants to call it I think the crazy thing about tonight is like his stuff was great It always is but I think like he was just executing his pitches Like he wasn't any nastier than any other night Like he has the capability of doing that any time he touches the mound And he provides length and he's fearless like he'll go right at he attacked Jose Ramirez, you know Like I've never seen anyone else attack him.  I had a lot of a lot of adrenaline I know what this lineup is capable of and I didn't throw it where I wanted to it was supposed to be up But at least I put a little extra on it to maybe beat his barrel a little bit Yeah, just be careful we were going over what we wanted to do I think he's got something like 20 or 22 RBI is already this year. So just be aware runner in scoring position You know, just be really really careful. We don't want to let him, you know, take over the game That's kind of the plan right there So be careful work around him a little bit and see if we could just get him to hit our pitch


So good morning everybody, I hope that you all had a nice night and are all rested and ready for this. So, because now you need to keep awake. This is going to be a lecture book type of story in introduction that's what Lars asked me to do to sort of set the scene. It's not going to be extremely exciting spoiler, but I'm going to do my best to keep you awake still. So drug development always it starts with a great idea and I'm going to talk a little bit about the whole process as Lars just did but in a little bit more detail and try to highlight where this group actually can contribute and there are many places as Lars has already said. That was you, not me. Yeah, okay. I'll see if this one works. Yeah. So, just first, the project idea is, is, of course, you need to, you need to start there. And what I mean here is the project idea and some kind of target mechanism disease patient need market opportunity. These are the guiding words. Okay, I'll try. No. So, okay, please. What I mean with the target the idea is, and what I usually find works the best if you try to focus on a mechanism or pathway that when modulated generates a positive effect to a medical problem sounds like a complicated sentence. It's really sometimes people just come up with a target and they don't really know where it takes. So they want to work on this target but they haven't yet identified what is the medical need that this is going to help us with. Or they come up with a medical need and they have no idea where to start with a target. So once you have solved this rather simple question then you can start the project. And then you. Okay. So then you have your target molecule. You need to start thinking about should I activate, or should I inhibit it. What is the disease and patient need what is it really that this drug is going to achieve. We have a market place for this. And for us as scientists this doesn't come always naturally, because we think if, if something is good, there will always be a place for it. But in drug development, and in the type of economical situation that we live in the systems. There's not always a place, even though it can work. There needs to be a market opportunity. And this needs to go into the thinking. And from all of these questions you can start drafting something that is sort of the guide map through a drug development project. You can get product profile TPP and I would say always start this early. Once you have just these, you have your draft path. And then you can go from there and you can expand your knowledge and you can fill this with all the details that it eventually needs, and will have when you get to your final drug. So just to tease a little bit about sort of this with where this assembly can can really make some difference. Of course, a lot of the targets that you will work on have crystal structures. And these can come in very, very handy and we'll come back to that later. But in understanding the mode of action for your drug, eventually, and where to position. The structure one drug target molecule that is worked on here in London. So, please. Then it comes to identifying a drug molecule. You need to have a pharmacological approach. I said before, activating or inhibiting. You also need to understand, does your target become modulated best by a small molecule or by logic. This is quite early on a decision you will have to make a route of administration is actually also something that is good. You always have an idea about early. And that may change, because the molecules don't behave as you want. But it's good to have an early target picture and image. Again, this can really be linked to the market opportunity if you need to change administration route, the market opportunity may be gone. It's important to try to understand. This is not the right presentation. So, hmm. Let's go anyway. Small molecules. No, it's, yeah. It's just not the right presentation, but it's fine. Small molecules. So these are chemically synthesized low molecular weight inhibitors or agonists of your target. They're usually metabolized, and they can then create toxic intermediates. This is something that you always have to keep in mind working with small molecules. However, they are nice in a way that they are usually non immunogenic so the body doesn't really react immunologically to them. They can interact with multiple cells and organs intracellular extracellular. And they often have an acceptable species, sort of non selectivity so it can be used between different species. The biologics and here I count antibodies there's spaces here in the front. So by logics antibodies peptide scaffold proteins, all of these, they are, they have in common that they are derived from living cells. So that also makes makes them much more heterogenic in their nature. They are generally degraded into just building blocks of the natural proteins. So non toxic things. You know acids, glycol salation pieces. And one of the drawbacks though is that they may initiate an immune response and they are recognized as foreign. So that this is something to keep in mind and try to work on. It's possible to really achieve very high selectivity with, for example an antibody, which is often more tricky with a small molecule. And this is why they they are sometimes really preferred type of drug when you really need this very very tight specificity. The drawback though is that that specificity also leads to that homologous molecules across different species are not recognized. So a human specific antibody cannot be tested in the mouse or a rat that we commonly use in the lab. And that is of course creating a problem. How do you then find these hits and leads small molecules struck tractor based design fragment by screening. HTS published leads a patent busting. And that's not this illustration was quite nice to put put up here because this is really an illustration of where you have a nice crystal structure of your target. And you can use that to co crystallize your small molecule and get hints for how to improve it. And one caveat with this that we've seen several times in in in projects. And that is that using this method. If there are, if you then use a new class of small molecule. And really, you can open new pockets and change, make introduce bigger changes in your target molecule. These are often very difficult to predict, however, and despite that that there are now computational sort of methods that can really predict quite a lot. There are more bigger structural changes when you open up the structure in a different way are often very difficult to predict. And hence, still there is a room for these things like HDS, for example for finding completely novel structures interfering with a molecule in a completely not novel way. Yes, we can go to next one. You can also do analytics. Traditionally, immunization of an animal to generate an antibody and from there you can generate monoclonals. You can also do antibody library selections, which is a more molecular way to generate leads. And it's illustrated by this little cartoon. I'm not going to go into that but this is a phage display. This is a library or selection mechanism, and that can actually be used both for antibodies but also for peptides or scaffold proteins and scaffold proteins are then new and improved variants of antibodies. You can debate if it's improved or not, but they do have some properties that actually makes them better drugs. They are generally better, have better stability, they can be almost some of them can be almost boiled. So they actually present an intermediate between the natural immune system and the artificial drug. There are also natural molecules that that you can sort of use. So cytokines chemokines and modify them in different ways and mimetics of these. So then we go into the preclinical development part. We've now found our molecule and here we're going to establish efficacy of the molecule. We're going to start our journey on how to formulate it. And here comes in again the question, which is your route of administration because that will really affect your formulation. And safety. These are the top deliverables from this phase. In some more detail. How do you turn your lead that generated the early phase, the first molecule that binds and that's what you think it should. How do you make it really the drug. How do you optimize it. So for efficacy, you really need to find the right potency and efficacy and why do I say both isn't isn't potency and efficacy the same thing. Not really. I'm not going to draw any of these those response curves to you. But I usually do. Potency is how low you can really go and it still has its effect. So usually expressed as some kind of IC 50 inhibiting concentration that introduces a 50% inhibition or activation if it's an easy 50. And, and, and you will get the non molar or picomolar concentration that is required to get this 50%. The efficacy, however, is for an inhibitory molecule usually only talk about good molecules. They really inhibit 100%. There's, there's, there's nothing. So for, for those types of approaches, efficacy is never really in the picture. But there are four agonists on the other hand, many agonists you may not want to have 100% activation. You may just want to modulate and this is where you find your pharmacological sweet spot. And that's when you start talking about efficacy, the natural ligand may actually introduce 100%. But you may just want to moderate it. You may just want to have an 80% or 60%. And, and, and this is really where again it's important to be able to understand your molecule, how it binds. And some of this work can actually be very much aided by structure. Rational structure design where you can see, well, I need to move a certain, a certain helix in my protein, a certain way. That's when I get my perfect pharmacological effect. In this phase, you also need to establish a maximal and minimal effect doses, and this is for your further development to really understand, where do I have my safe dose. And where can I start dosing without the risk of harming my patient. And where should I put my tox doses. Here you also characterize the pharmacokinetic profile. So how fast is the drug taken up? How does it distribute? How is it spread through the body? I'm sure that it really reaches its target. Many drugs have failed because there is not enough drug in the target organ. And this has been a saga for many of the early antibody projects. Antibodies are big. The tumors have natural defenses towards taking up big molecules, macromolecules, and actually many of the first antibodies for oncology did never penetrate enough the tumors to have this intended effect. And here you demonstrate something that we talk about as proof of concept. I'll come back to that. I'm not going to say a lot about the CMC, so the formulation and more chemical development apart from this, but you really need to do appropriate formulation for the intended route. And here again, some of the types of technologies that are really the specialty of this group and you can perform at places like the Max Four, and later on hopefully at ESS, is around sort of understanding crystallinity, understanding that you get the right size and the right shape of your particles to generate formulation that can be taken up rapidly and or not rapidly, if that's your intention, but the way that your pharmacological mechanism really intensifies. Here you also establish a manufacturing process that ensures that you have a pure and stable API. Another important part here is the safety. I'm not going to go into details of safety testing, because it's an area of itself. It is important that you can establish a maximal tolerated dose that you can understand how long time you can expose an animal, which is in the safety studies to predict that it's also safe for when you go into humans. And therefore you make a series of different tests, usually conducted in two animal species, a rodent and a non rodent, or for macromolecules like antibodies in non human primates, since the crossover between species doesn't allow the pharmacology to actually happen in the species. Just a few words on pharmacology, so because I see that I've talked too much, as usual. Overall aim is to predict and deliver a safe and effective dose and this is really the main aim of this whole package. Safe and effective. And I think sometimes we focus too much on one of them, and others in the team focus too much on the other. But they really need to go together. You need to establish an effective dose in order to understand that that dose is the one that is safe as well. Please, Tico. And I also just want to say you should think of structuring your studies in a way that you actually can build the individual pieces of information into a chain of evidence that your drug is really going to work. Because at one end, you need to convince the physicians to take on and try this drug in the clinic. And then you need to have some rather good evidence behind yourself that this is going to work. Otherwise, it may not even be ethical to do the human test. So think of relevant cells, primary cells, disease tissues, correlations between in vitro and vivo, we touched upon this and correlation between species. Use sensitivity when you need to make sure that your data is reproducible and quantitative. So these are slides that and pharmacokinetics, what the body does to the drug and pharmacodynamics, which is in the next one. No, we take this. So I'm sorry, this is not the presentation, the final so it's a, I'm not 100% sure what's going to come that's why PK so the pharmacokinetics and this is this is just a very, very crude image. This is a very simple method, you label a peptide that is your drug in this case. And you give it to an animal and you can actually follow it online. How it distributes. And of course, a lot of it will go to the, to the metabolizing organs or excreting organs. In this case, actually the key thing that we were interested is is is rather up here. So at five minutes. This is the salivary glands. And at five minutes there's almost nothing at four hours you actually see quite a lot 24 hour. This is when you see the maximum, and then at 48 hours, it's almost gone. This is this is really a very nice neat way that you can illustrate these types of processes and see them online. Please. So pharmacodynamics then is the efficacy part. So what the drug does to the body, how it affects it, how it affects the process that you wanted to affect. So you can go to the next one. These are just a few, few words that that everybody in drug development will, will talk about. That's why I wanted you to just hear them. If you haven't heard them 100 times before. And that depends of course on your background, but PK PD, what we just discussed. I think and pharmacodynamics together understanding when you have enough of the drug at the place so that it can actually have its effect. Proof of mechanism this really relates to making sure that it works on the molecular target proof of concept, really, that it works on the concept of the disease. And make sure that when you establish a proof of concept of proof of mechanism that is actually in a relevant animal model. Many models are nice to have, but maybe not so relevant for the final intention. And I couldn't resist so this is this is this is an animal model of lung fibrosis. And here you can debate is it is it relevant. What part of it is. And this is this is work we've done together with Irma and Leo within a Tristan project where we we have where we have induced lung fibrosis. And I just wanted to show it to illustrate how image different types of imaging modalities can really be of use and be implemented. And since we're, we're here, you, you can see. This is, this is the tissue, the difference here is that you have a lot of photographic tissue up here. You can also see this in the M R pictures. And this is this is really a finding that I want Irma to talk about later on so we'll leave it because I have only one minute left. Please, please, please. Life will cover this so that's that's not the problem. biomarkers I just wanted to introduce biomarkers and imaging is a biomarker methodology that shouldn't be forgotten. And that really can be established in the pre clinical and then taken into the clinic and that makes it unique. So please. clinical. I will just stay at this one because phase one phase two and phase three clinical trials is what awaits you if you want to get to a registered. Phase one is all about safety, it's all about safety, making sure that the drug is safe that you can establish a dose that is safe. It's all about efficacy, making sure that you can also find within that margin of safety, a dose that actually efficacious and delivers the mechanism that you want to have the pharmacological mechanism. And phase three is mostly about establishing that you have an efficacy that is comparable and actually better than competition and standard of care. And I think this is where we put it all back to this. There needs to be a market opportunity. And this is where, where you see this, and you don't want to find this out down here that there wasn't. There wasn't even space because patients are very, very people. I leave you because I don't think that my last slides were the correct ones so.


International Make Music Day, which is an international festival that started in France, and Randall for the past five years has been making a big thing of it. So we partnered with Vincent Freeman from Underground Recording Studios, and Jess Wilkinson of the White River Craft Center, and we have over ten hours of music all day all around town. We went home because our soundboard was not working. So, as you may have been told when you came in, this is an acoustic show, so it would be a real treat. This hall was built for acoustic classical music in 1907, so this isn't exactly classical music, but it may have voices in some of the traveling areas, even in the background. We have a great summer season. We have little pliers. You can pick up, Tucker has them by the door. They're very small, but the front's got our two outdoor events. We've got a concert with the Bericuna Collective in Malmites, an Afro-Caribbean festival at Fable Farma Learner, and we have, starting this Sunday, we have three bluegrass brunches in Brain Street. We're a park and street circle society and the Ridge Line outdoor collective, biking groups, so there'll be a bike ride that takes off at 10 in the morning, doors open at 11, there'll be food and beer from Veg Hill, and we have Still Hill and Mark Fords and Brian Carroll performing his week. And that will be the last Sunday of every month, June, July, and August. So, pick up one of these for the whole season of events, and the plans are in the works for the fall, so I'm enticing potential sponsors. If you want to support our programming, I'm going to give you a sneak peek, see if there's any programs you'd like to help support. Up next is Grease the Musical. This is our set. Kids have been practicing starting this Monday, and they sound amazing, so I can't get the songs out of my head, but it's going to be great. Chandler's motto is where arts and food can be meat, and this today is really a temporary of that. And I'm a strong believer in the power of music to connect across cultures, communities across borders. So that is the mission of our guests today, and so it's a real treat to welcome them from a music day.  We had a bilingual singing workshop where we sang some bluegrass tunes, and some Mexican tunes, and some original tunes, and all from South and Central America. So, without further ado, I'm Larry and Joe. Larry Hales from Monagas, Venezuela, and is a legend of young era music. Joe Shroop is from North Carolina and is a Grammy-nominated bluegrass and old-time musician. Larry was forced into exile and is a silent seeker in North Carolina. Joe, after a decade in South America, got stranded back into the stocking grounds in the pandemic. Larry worked construction to make ends meet. Joe's acclaimed Latin grass band, Che Aplasio, was forced into hiatus, and he shifted into action working with asylum-seeking migrants. Then Larry, back Joe, and the rest is history. So currently they're based in the Triangle of North Carolina. They're both versatile multi-instrumentalists and both singer-songwriters on the mission to show that music has no borders.  The program they offer features a distinct blend of their musical inheritances and traditions, as well as storytelling about ways that music and social physics coalesce. So please join me in giving a big welcome to Larry and Joe. Simon Diaz and Diego Simón. We're doing it now by the Iano region. Let's see if he's playing. So picture. As a baby, 40 years old, immigration reform is something we advocate for, obviously because Larry himself is an asylum seeker in the perpetual USCIS lingo waiting for their case to be reviewed. They put their case in in 2017. Six years later, they're still waiting and have to renew TPS, temporary protective status, every eight to ten months.  Anyway, this is in solidarity with the migrant community, which we are very blessed to have in North Carolina to the tune of going on the fourth of the state population at this point in Latin America. This is Lois DeSistori. I use his anglicized name Moses with his permission. And it's all great. And if you're wondering what the language is, there's a dispute growing. It's not the word for language. North Carolina. Yeah, North Carolina. That's right. I have said that. Hey, this song is very good. There's dates coming up. Tell your friends in New England to come see us if you enjoyed the show. Word of mouth is... Welcome to singing. Oh, which is Ya Comioc. At four. Call your business partnership. I'm not going to say like Laco or Soto. So whatever you want. Or if you're going to... Orchidia. This is an orchidia rhythm. Relax. This is to get up and shake your rough and go back home and relax.


Welcome to Beats Bar Studio. I'm here to throw out owner and founder of Beats and it's my absolute honor to stand before you all today just as we celebrate this exciting stuff and the evolution of Beats Bar Studio. Thank you, mayor recommends. Thank you, members of city council, the media, local business owners and my family and sweet friends for taking time out of your day to be here with us. I'm so very thankful. Opening the studio is an absolute blessing. I have envisioned this space for Beats for a long time so it's only been in my head. So today, seeing that vision become a reality is just the best. Before we proceed with the ceremony, I'd like to take a moment to acknowledge the incredible team that has worked tirelessly to make this studio a reality. From our talented instructors to our dedicated clients, all of you have played a vital role in bringing Beats Bar Studio to life. In addition to our honorable mayor, I have invited two people who have been incredible supporters of this business adventure and are close to my heart. My faith in Christ is the central part of my life and my family's life. And I wanted to take this opportunity to welcome my friend and pastor of downtown church, Dawn Hyde, to offer a prayer and say a blessing on the studio. So without further ado, I'd like to welcome Pastor Dawn to lead us.  So proud. Let us pray. Dear God, thank you for the beat in Meredith's heart for you and for your people. Thank you for the beat she hears in music, then moves, then designs, classes, then leads us. Thank you for the beat in our city that makes room for new businesses and new ideas and new energy. Thank you for the beat in Roland's heart for Meredith and to support her dream. Thank you for the beats of her three sons, Rory, David, and James. Thank you for the beats of her parents' hearts. Thank you for the beats of her trainers and for the experience and expertise they bring to Columbia. Thank you, oh God, for the many heartbeats of mothers and college students and professionals who will walk through these doors and the heartbeats of Beats Kids who will get to see wellness and movement modeled and will get to see that it's fun. Bless beats, oh God, bless this new studio, bless this new chapter, bless Meredith. In Jesus' name, amen. I get to introduce, it's my distinct honor to introduce a good friend of mine, but especially Meredith's who has believed in the stream forever, Lindsey. Thank you, Pastor Dawn, for that warm introduction and beautiful prayer. Good morning, everyone. I think I may be more excited than Meredith. My name is Lindsey Griffin and I am so pleased to see so many faces here to celebrate the grand opening of Beats Bar Studio.  I have tried many different workouts over the years and this one is one that I can stick to consistently. I took my first class at Beats on February 11th, 2022 and since then, I have walked into Meredith's Forest Hills Beats Studio 172 times for this amazing full body workout. I walk away from class feeling energized and encouraged, the best version of myself. In this bustling world, we often find ourselves pulled in so many different directions. We juggle work, family, kids, countless commitments, sometimes leaving little time for ourselves. In just one hour or 45 minutes for an express class, I'm able to give back to myself, my body, and my mind. This studio isn't just a place to work out. It's a sanctuary. It's a community. It's a space filled with positive energy that produces body changing results led by an amazing and creative fitness expert who pours into her clients mind, body, and soul while being an amazing mother, wife, daughter, sister, and friend. From the moment I stepped through the door, I felt welcomed and supported by an amazing group of individuals who have quickly become like family. There's something truly magical about sweating it out together, pushing our limits and celebrating our achievements big and small. Again, there's something truly magical about the community Meredith has created here, a community she affectionately refers to as Beats Girls. Boys, welcome to. Meredith, the visionary behind this studio deserves a warm round of applause. Meredith, your dedication to creating this haven of wellness and empowerment is truly admirable. On a personal note, thank you for holding me accountable and for those, hey girl, don't see you on the schedule for this week, reminder text. And from all your Beats Girls, thank you for your tireless efforts, your passion, and your belief in the transformative power of Beats. I met Meredith 20 years ago in Clinton, South Carolina at our dear Presbyterian College. Since day one, she has been a positive and uplifting example of how to be a friend, mentor, and role model. Whether it be ministry or movement, Meredith's career has been centered around helping others be their best selves, and she always keeps it 100. Now I have the honor of introducing City of Columbia Mayor Daniel Reckman. Mayor Reckman's emphasis on supporting and growing local business has paved the way for economic growth and prosperity. Welcome, Mayor Reckman. All right, I don't know who did the lineup this morning, but that was really not fair for me to have to go after that.  But I think that also is Dawn said earlier the beat of the studio, but also of Meredith and what she's trying to do in her commitment. And I love that it's all centered around her faith first and her family and then her business, and that's so exciting, but what else is exciting is we're opening another business in Columbia. Here we're having a ribbon cutting for another women-owned business, and I was talking with Ashley earlier, this may be a record for women-owned businesses this month in the City of Columbia, which really is a great thing for our community, but also it really shows that Columbia supports small businesses and continues to support it. That's why I ended up staying here, and after college in 1992, I decided to stay in Columbia because I saw the opportunities and the support for small businesses, and we wanna continue that trend by having more ribbon cuttings. I think this might be in the 70s, Ryan. I'm not sure Ryan Coleman for our Economic Development Office who spearheads these events. We have so many of them and it's so exciting to be there because each one of them has a personal story behind it, and there's a family behind it, and there's an impact on our community, and I don't know that you can put all that in a press release. You have to actually be there, see it, feel it, but very excited to be here for your ribbon cutting marathon. With that, I'm gonna give you the podium back because I can't follow all that just went on before me. Thank you so much, Mayor Rickman, Lindsey and Dawn. Your support not only adds significance to the event, but also demonstrates a strong partnership between local government and businesses like ours. Your leadership and dedication in our great city is a great place to live, work, and play.  As I'm staying here, I'm grateful for the opportunity to take these next steps for Beats Studio here in Columbia. My husband Roland and I met here as he was finishing undergrad at the University of South Carolina, and while life took us away for 15 years, it has always felt like home to us. Creating the studio has been a labor of love, but not without its challenges.  Beats is not just any other gem. The creative spirit of the studio is designed to break away from cookie cutter fitness routines and to create transformational results. Every song is intentionally selective, selected, and every move is specifically choreographed to push people in a way that fosters growth. But don't take my word for it, come and see for yourself. Fitness and health, both physical and spiritual, have always been an important part of my life. In my late 20s and 30s, I worked for the Presbyterian Church. After my oldest son was born, in order to shed my post-baby weight, I began distance running. I loved the sense of accomplishment from completing a long distance run. However, the impact of my body and injuries sustained made it unsustainable. So I began practicing in group fitness classes more frequently and started to narrow down which classes were most effective. 10 years ago, I was asked to teach at my local YMCA fitness studio in Lexington. And from that class, I wanted to create something that brought both the endorphin rush and calorie burn of running, and included the fun of dance, but that limited the risk of injuries. So I began formulating my own method based on exercise science, research, and lessons learned from the various classes I taught at the YMCA. Thus, Beats was born. The Beats story has quite humble beginnings, and it started from my basement with a 10 foot bar. And starting with just five clients, one of them is here today. Thanks Meg. It grew in popularity. At that time, we were in Lexington, North Carolina, and in 2022, we moved to Columbia. We built a lovely home studio in our carriage house behind our house in Forest Hills and began to get connected to the community. I love this community and it's impossible to express just how grateful I am for this opportunity to help others in their wellness journey through the Beats method. But our journey doesn't end here. Beats is not just a fitness space. It's a community, a family that celebrates each other's triumphs and victories, but will also be there in support during the difficult times. Together, we'll build a community that not only focuses on physical wellness, but also embraces mental and emotional strength.  Thank you, Ryan Causey, with Trinity Partners, who was incredibly patient with us and with me that led us through the process of finding the perfect space. I truly feel like this building was waiting just for Beats. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my business partner and my husband, Rowan Trout. Thank you. You worked tirelessly for me and for our family.   And thank you for your belief in me and in this business. I love you very much.  It's much more than that. It's a vision, it's a movement, it's empowerment. When you exercise and move your body, you feel better. And when you feel better, you are better. It's reflective in every aspect of your life.  As we move forward together, let us remember that the journey is just beginning. And let us continue to uplift and empower each other and may this be a space where our dreams and our lives not only are realized, but they are exceeded. Thank you, Columbia, for believing in the power of this vision, for being a part of our growing family and for making this grand opening unforgettable. Cheers and blessings to the future to help to strengthen to the boundless possibilities that lie ahead for Beats Studio. Thank you all so much.