Not sure, how many of you recognize this city, it doesn't matter of London. London. The red spots indicate where there have been lots of flicker photos. And the blue spots indicate where there have been a lot of quitter photos. So we just put them all together and said, what does the city of London look like if we do it this way? So there are the red spots, which are clearly the tourist spots. So that's the Tower of London. That's the working of others and so on. And the blue spots are where there's more news being made. This compresses how many hundreds of thousands of photos and hundreds of thousands of tweets just based on a geographic perspective. But it's also a ten year story. It's saying that's where the business district is located. That's pretty much where the tourist spots are located. And this spot that's a combination of both is Oxford Street, which is the biggest tourist and business area that's out there. In fact, he also told me a few spots that I hadn't been to that I should visit. In Rose Hill, for instance. What's a bright red spot there? Let me go there and have a look. And it has this amazing view of the entire city of London. Now, what I'm going to be talking about is stuff like this. How you can take data from crazy places. Put them together in a way that you would not have normally thought about. And try and get something new. Data visualization is really about telling stories with images. But about myself, my name is Anand. I have chosen the designation of data scientist at the start-up that we founded. It's Garanda. And I'll begin with an introduction to what data visualization is. How it started a bit of history. What kinds of visualizations can be produced. How you can learn more about it. That's for the first half. And then the second half, I'll go through some examples of how you can create data visualizations in JavaScript. It's actually extremely easy. Once you get on all the basics, you don't need a library. But I will be talking you through some libraries if we have time. Data visualization actually started having surprising origins. This is probably the first popular data visualization. Created by Florence Nightingale. Her contributions to the nursing industry. Actually, her contributions went well beyond nursing. One could argue that she is the founder of modern data visualization. This is a chart that she put together for Queen Elizabeth. The black areas show how many people died in the war by getting killed in the war. And this is month on month. The pink areas showed how many people got killed out of related causes. War related causes, but not quite when they were fighting.  Just because they were not getting enough medical treatment. She got her funding, Britain won the war. She got her funding for hospitals. And Britain won the war. That's a map prepared by CP Snow. He was a mental practitioner. He was trying to figure out what was causing the cholera to take out. His theory was it was the pumps that were infected. And he went household by household. Mapping how many people had cholera infections in those households. And how far they were away from the various pumps and which pump they were taking water from. So each line is a number of people in that household who had cholera. And he brought this for a fairly large area and sent it down to this one pump. That was the main cause of cholera. Geographic visualization in the 18th century. There are many more. This is not something that is new. The point is, if they could do it in the 18th century without computers, you can do it very, very easily. The thing that's stopping us or the thing that we need is not as much an awareness of technology as much as an awareness of what data visualization is and what it can do. Let's take this table. I've got the sales and price of a product across four cities. So let's say it's a bar of soap that's being sold across various cities. And each of the cities, the branches of the cities have the flexibility to change the prices as they want and as the price changes, the sales wakes up. Bangalore, the average price was 9. The average sales was 7.5. Delhi, average price was 9. The average sales was 7.5. And so on for all the other cities. If you look at the variance, which is the square of the standard deviation for those that are familiar with it, that's the same as well. It looks like the same. The cities don't really seem too different. I'm going to plot the same data set. Delhi, the sales rises with price and then falls after a point. Bangalore, it sort of increases but it's not a very strong correlation. Hyderabad, you would argue that it's almost a perfect correlation except for one. What looks like an aberration. And Bombay, they never even changed the price bar in one point. And you would argue that that's not enough data to include anything. The scripted statisticians can be very misleading. There are a few points that you might want to take away from this session. And if there was one really strong point, I would simply say, don't bother with averages. Whatever the data, just plot it. There is far more that you can take out of a plot. No matter how bad a plot. But particularly something that shows every single point, rather than summarize it into a smaller data set. Just plot the full data set. See what you see. And invariably that will lead to better insight than the rest. Some of the work that we're doing involves pattern detection. And energy utility approached us and said, we know we have a lot of fraud happening in our meter readings. We've been pushing for automated meter readings, but there's a lot of resistance from the union and we need some kind of proof. And we're going to be showing that the unions don't expect any sophisticated statistics to sink through. They're going to have to keep it as simple as possible. And we'd also like to find that evidence. So we took the data. We had a very large 180 megabytes, which had the iterating for every single person for about 12 months in that state. We said, let's do the simplest thing also. Let's plot a histogram. That's the histogram of the materials of every single person in the state. The number of people that had a meter reading of zero, one, two, three, four, five, so on. And you see some spikes. That's a perfectly long, smooth, long-armour curve except for those spikes. Those spikes primarily happen at 15 units, 100 units, 200 units, and 300 units. Which is exactly the number, the meter reading that people need to have to stay within this lab, okay? If you have one unit more than 100, then you get to the next lab and therefore pay at a higher rate. That is wrong. But incidentally, we were also talking to this guy and said, look, we can understand the reason behind why 50 units and 100 units is so on because if it's any higher than they can get at that rate. But one of those spikes at 10, 20, 30, 40, they said, okay, he said, take a guess. We had no idea. This proves something that we, for a long time, had a suspicion about. This is not fraud. This is just laziness. The guy never went there. He's just putting a round number for the meter reading. It gives us an even stronger case to push the automated meter reading. Tell him, look, you aren't even taking the meter reading. What's your problem? Then you look at, for instance, is this correlated? So, for instance, this is the same set of people that are having the meter, that have the meter reading of 100 and so on. So, for instance, there was this lady whose meter reading went to 100, 200, 200, 200, 200. I mean, that's really hitting your energy meter to the right level, either that or fraud. Incidentally, when he went through the list of names, he said this, unfortunately, not much of them. We can prove all the names on this list. They happen to be somewhat influential people, but it's good to know where this is coming from. And also, we looked at it from in different regions. So, we took one specific city, broken down into sections and tried to see this excess of fraud that you see. So, let's say this is about 40% higher. Does it vary from place to place? So, in section 1, how much is it in section 2 and so on? So, section 1, this excess was about 70%. This is roughly 70% fraud. 97%, 100% 6%. So, whereas some sections have relatively lower the fraud, 9%, 15%, 20% and so on. So, you also know where the problem is focused. But also, there was one anomaly. Section 5, that's a bit of a tip. All of a sudden, the degree of fraud drops, then stays a bit low and then spys up after a point. So, let's get set up your mover, pulls up, just looks through it and says, ah, Swamasundaram got transferred in, in June and got transferred out in September. Now, I know what to do with the pile of complaints against him. Stuff like that. Or another case. So, the second chart was prepared from the first one. We had a huge data set which said, there is a customer. In this month, they had this meter. And you also know for each customer where they live, in which section they live. So, the second chart is the fraud percentage. The second fraud is the excess, the height of this chart, divided by the height of this chart. Okay, thank you. Now, if you notice, this does not involve any sophisticated graphics. You can do this in Excel. In fact, we did do a version of it in Excel also because those guys then wanted to replicate it. So, part of data visualization is not about the sophistication of the graphics. It's really about the sophistication of your imagination, or not even sophistication. It's about the simplicity of your imagination. We will be covering how to do some of this in JavaScript, but just keep this in mind as well that you don't really need sophisticated graphics. Another one is, okay, this was with financial services provider where they said we want to understand some patterns in securities, be it currencies, be it commodities, be it stock indices. They put these together. Now, that's the set of currencies, commodities, stock indices. And what Excel shows is a correlation between a bank. So, for instance, 68% is a correlation between the Australian dollar and the European. And that's called slightly green because that's slightly positive. And where you see red values are negative numbers. What you also have here is a scatter plot. So, on any given day, and this was over a period of six months, on any given day, what was the Australian dollar price? What was the euro price? And you can see that in general it moves up. Now, why is this important? Because when you saw the earlier slide where you saw some patterns are not always obvious in terms of the number. Now, we've seen cases where, for instance, specifically, gold versus Swiss crack. Gold versus Swiss crack has this movement where initially it goes up and then it goes down. So, the correlation ends up being close to zero. But then, with gold versus some other currency, which one, was completely all over the map. That also had a correlation of zero. So, a correlation of zero can happen for two completely different reasons. There was a period when it was strongly positively correlated and then strongly negatively correlated. And then another is where it was just completely neutrally correlated. You've got to see some of this to understand the real pattern. So, we plotted that and found that there are, you know, there are blocks of correlated currencies. The Singapore dollar, Japanese yen, gold, Swiss crack and Chinese UR, they tend to move close together, very closely with each other. And this is another block. The S&P, the FTSE, the BSE Sensex and for some reason the Pakistani Rumi tend to move very close to each other. And also, when one block moves up, the other block moves down. So, when any of these currencies go up, these indices and this currency goes down. You can also see that and what that therefore means is if you're holding a lot of gold, what's your best hedge against gold? If gold goes up, what goes down? Your best bet is probably holding the frozen. Hold and I have an aggregate of the British stock index, that's your best bet. If you hold a lot of Indian rupees and want a hedge against that, not much that you can hedge, your best bet is probably the Japanese yen, which is going to drop by around 27% if the Indian rupee rises, but more importantly, the Indian rupee drops. It rises up a bit, but there isn't as strong a hedge against the Indian rupee, at least in the prevailing conditions. Stuff like this, I'm not going to go on more into the details. I want to give you an idea of just two things. A, data visualization is old and fairly simple, does not require much by way of technology. And that the things that you can do with it do not require much by way of tools. You can do them on Excel either. But let's dive in into, before I dive into the demo, just want to mention, in case you are looking for further reading, look for any book by Edward Taft. T-U-F-T-E is the be-all and end-all of data visualization. And any of his books would just read them. And these are relatively old books, meaning 80s, one of them was in 70s. And don't talk anywhere near about, anything about the technology. We'll tell you what kind of visualization one can produce. But now let's dive in into a demo of the simple data visualization. I pulled out from an ISP data about when people go to class. So what I got was Needs City, that's the third column. So Needs City, at what hour of the day and at what day of the week do people browse and roughly how many of them are there. Now let's try and see if we can create a visualization out of that. What I'm going to do is create a visualization that has the seven days of the week and the 24 hours in a day split up as a grid. And depending on the number of people in the cell I'm going to vary the intensity of the cell. Any guesses on how you would do this? Heat map. Yeah, this is a heat map, incidentally. Any guesses on how you would do it in HTML and JavaScript? D3 tables. D3 canvas. Rotovis. Ruffle. Simply RGB. Simply RGB. SVG. SVG. So two of those answers were technologies. Two of those answers were techniques and three of them were libraries. Let me walk through those. So we have SVG which is a way of drawing on the screen. We have canvas which is another way of drawing on the screen. We have Rotovis. We have Raphael. We have D3 which are like a piece. And we have tables and we have RG which are techniques that we would use to draw on it. We'll start with the simplest. I'm not even going to go as far as tables. What I'm going to do is make each one of these a div element. It'll have a width of 50 pixels. It'll have a height of 50 pixels. Depending on the R and depending on the day of the P it'll be positioned at some location. And the position is very easy to calculate. It's simply R times 50 and V day times 50. That is the X and Y coordinate. Width is 50-50. The color we'll have to work out. Now let us assume that the maximum range for this is 2 million visitors in that R. So we'll say 2 million visitors will represent bright blue and zero is white Let's walk through the code that would be this. The first thing I've done here is copied and pasted this next. So I just filtered Chennai and for Chennai copied this entire chunk even this So I just pasted this. Now I'm going to comment out everything that I've got here in detail. Let's see what this looks like on the browser. That's not what it looks like on the program. Sorry, I didn't do the wrong one. I'm going to remove all the scripts that I've put here and show you what it will look like to start with. Fine. So we've got this data set. Now we're going to pass off this into the key grid that you saw earlier. Let's walk through the steps for doing that. Now I've included two libraries. One is jQuery. Mostly because I can't live without jQuery but you don't really need jQuery for this. The other is a very simple library called Color. What I'm going to do is transform a number into a color and I'll walk you through that library. It's just code, 20-30 lines of code. That's very basic. Think of it as given a number from 0 to 1 it will convert it into RGB from any state to any state. You could just as well replace it with array times value, comma 0, comma 0. Now what we're going to do is take the preview which is where we've got all of the data and we convert the text into an array of arrays. So this data variable is an array that contains the lines split based on the new line and what we do is split it based on spaces and return an array. So the first array let me show you what it helps again that easy. Now let's see what it helps. Let me just show you what it helps. It's an array of arrays and each cell in the array contains the numbers or the columns that you call. So the first one was 0 which is the day of the week the second is the hour of the week the third is the city and the fourth is the day of the week and so on. So now that we've got the data extracted and incidentally the way I'm doing it is possibly the worst way of doing it. You'll typically source data as either a csv file or a json file. If it's json you don't have to do anything with a csv file there are enough csv to json passes. Please do not write code to do any of these transformations. That's important enough to say that please do not write code to do any of these transformations. In fact in general please do not write code. Code is a library what you want is a functionality. Someone has written it already and now I want to write it. End of rank. Then now what we're going to do is draw a box. Now first I create so now we create a grid. This grid is just one big div. That's going to have everything in it. And then for each row in data we're going to do the following. We create a div and we add a class called cell. Now cell is simply a div that is absolutely positioned as a width of 15. So instead of how to specify that explicitly I put that in the style right on top. That says that a cell is an absolutely positioned element with a width of 50 and a height of 50 and a nice black border. Now then we say position it so that the left is 15 plus and just leaving a little gap of 50 on the top left plus 15 times the row of 0. The row of 0 will tell me how it is positioned horizontally which happens to be the R of the div. Then the top position is just start at 50 and 50 times row of 1 which is the R of the div. So it's positioned each cell at the right location and then put in a background color. A background color uses a function that's defined in color.js and I'm saying gradient of row of 3 which is the number of visitors divided by 1 media. Because I happen to know that the maximum number of visitors in any hour is long again. Now you ideally ought to do this programmatically but I'm just keeping it simple. So therefore this number is going to be something between 0 and 1. And this reds is a gradient palette that has been defined. Now if we just did this and then ignore this line for a minute, data of value comma row and just storing against each cell what the original data is to look it up later. We'll come to that, don't worry about it.  So one by one it goes through the row, it goes through the data and plugs it into the right spot. Now with that we have this little equation.  But that's what we have. Now let's spend half a minute looking at what it's telling us. Firstly it's telling us that people start well this is 1 o'clock, 2 o'clock 12 o'clock, 1 o'clock, 2 o'clock and so on 3, 4, 5 6 is where a few people wake up. 7 is when more people wake up, 8 is when they really start browsing and so on, so on, so on. It goes on almost till 10 in the night, at around 11 in the night is when their traffic starts dropping. And if you look at it, there's this like it starts a bit later here which is on weekends. These are people who like to sleep a little more on weekends. Now, we then took this to the next level. Many cities are different in their behavior. Let's take Bombay, let's take Chennai, let's take Delhi, let's take Bangalore and try to say how these cities differ in their browsing behavior. So there were two factors in which the browsing behavior was different. How early they wake up and whether they work on weekends. And it almost falls into a clean 2 by 2 pattern. Bangalore and Chennai wake up again. Bombay and Delhi wake up late. Bangalore and Bombay work on weekends. Chennai and Delhi don't. I'll leave you to draw the inferences, not committee or anything like that. But the way that was done was simply by taking not the absolute value of visitors per city but taking the difference in the percentage of visitors and then plotting that as a hit. That's available on I'll put you to the reference towards the end. Now we have added one little twist to this which is as you hover over these cells in Chennai, so for instance what 500,000 visitors came in at Tuesday at Chennai which lets you play around with the metrics see what's happening and so on. The way to do that is really straightforward. I'm not going to actually go through the code here but you just anytime you hover over a cell you find out the position of the cell and then move it a little bit so that you don't block the mouse and display it and set the text for this hover element and position it there and show it. That is pretty much it. So about 50 lines of JavaScript and that's an example. We have not used SVG. We have not used campus. We have just used disk. We have barely used jQuery. We didn't need to use jQuery. The thing that we've used is this gradient function which I'll quickly walk you through and you'll find that it's fairly basic. There's one helper function that converts numbers like ffffff and we have a gradient function that does the problem. So if you say gradient of 0.4 sorry for those of you who can't read it let me just talk you through it. If you say gradient of some number and you specify an array which says for 0 it represents such a color. For 1 it represents such a color. It just interprets the values linearly. There are far more sophisticated ways of doing it. There are good color models that one can use but doesn't matter. With visualization you have a lot of leeway. You can afford to get it wrong in many many ways and it will still be alright. You can also try very hard to get it right both are there. So that brings me to the last segment of my top. She'll take a couple of minutes in which I'll show you a few things that we've done except that I'm not going to. We're doing all this at the kind in on a browser and the examples you have had relatively small data sets. What about the processor complexity when you have really three data sets which normally is the case for engineers. So the question is what if there's large data and the browser can't handle it. The browser can't handle it. See he's also from leeway. Our typical data that we look at is 200 billion records and about 50 terabytes of data per day. And there is a lot of wealth of information that we can mine and visualize and generate trends. Yeah. Any reasonable humanly possible way to do it today? Absolutely but not on the browser. The question was if we have what 200 billion rows of data what can we do with it. That's nothing on the browser. A 10 second plug here. So the company that I work with, what we do is handle on the server set massively large data sets. The technology there is a custom build server that produces output in the form of HTML JavaScript. This is an example for us to see. This is a network of github works in Chennai. It's a somewhat larger data set and I'll show you some other larger data sets but the way it works is anyone who's following anyone else on github, they're one connected company. Now that's the network in Chennai. I have decided to settle in Bangalore and not exaggerating but truly for this reason. This visualization I mean I'll leave it to sort of implications. Firstly the network is twice as large and the connected component center is also is a significantly larger percentage. But the thing is this sort of thing which involves a reasonably large amount of data can be handled on the browser. I have up to a million rows I don't even think twice about on the browser. It's only when it starts getting to tens of millions of rows that you start worrying. At that point it needs to be done on the server side. But to be fair you have two bottlenecks. It is not the processor capacity offered that constraints you. It is offered the bandwidth. If you have to transfer a million rows it's going to take a long time. You don't want to do it. You want to summarize it and if you're summarizing it then there are a couple of ways of doing it. One is so let us say you want to create a graph like the one that I showed here. Now the number of data points here is massive but you don't need to show all of the data points out there. If you're showing complete the correlations on the back end send the data to the client and represent it on the client. That is what is possible. The other possibility is generate the full existing file on the server side and display. Both options work. We try both no issues. Another area that I thought I share with you is mapping or actually one of the quite interesting part that we shared that first. We would like to see who the fastest one-day class never had and didn't want to take a lot of time doing this. Just want to see the entire history of one-day interactions which incidentally if you take an excel and print out about 150 pages and see what can come out of it. That's roughly what it looks like. The size of each of the boxes represents the number of rounds that players score. The color indicates how fast players score. So can you tell me who is the fastest of you and how long did that take and who scored the most rounds. You don't really need this to say that. But also you can zoom in a little more. So really he's been doing great but let's look at his individual matches. So that was 124 at a whopping 206 strike rate. 143 guys feel I can't. It provides you that build-up capability as well and clicking on it will take you to the match that he was playing. You can see the statistics and so on. Like I said, about 150 pages worth of information that can be compressed into one shot. Again, here absolutely no fancy like grease. Nothing more than plain HTML and JavaScript. Another is maps. So that's a simple map tool where you have every state in India. Let's say I want to change Andhra Pradesh is slightly greenish. Let me make that red and the sand somewhere in that range as well. Let me make that red as well. So I can just put in numbers or copy and paste this into Excel, copy and paste it back and you've got the data plotted all of that. It's not restricted to the state map. You can have the district map or let's go to the districts within a particular state. Now what's happening here? Nothing more than one SVG fight which you can control through JavaScript. On change or on key of whatever you want. Find the item, change it. The possibilities are limitless. Since we don't really have much time for libraries I'll just mention one library that I think stands out about this. We've talked about, you've heard three being mentioned. Raphael Protobis and D3. Protobis successor is D3 and therefore between Protobis and D3 you don't really have a thing Protobis is D3. And between Raphael and D3 also you don't really have a thing Protobis it is D3. There is today one library that is clearly going to win the race for JavaScript at least for the next one year without it. It's a vague my post of the guy who authors it is going. It is already something extraordinary and will continue to be something extraordinary for a long time. I think it will get to the place where jQuery is without any competition. The library's name is D3. The coder network thing that you saw the social network that was done using D3 for example. But you don't necessarily need to use it. There are some complex visualizations that makes life that it makes a lot easier. So one thing more important visualization is if you have static way of visualizing that is if you are always plotting runs against pause phase that wouldn't actually be helpful for decision makers. They would want to move around the axis, move around on what you are looking the data at. So the question was how do we help people who want to play around with the data. Does D3 to a certain extent. But let me answer the questions. First at the business level which is there are two kinds of people. People want to play around with the data and people want to see the results of the data. And the two are completely different audiences. Visualization is something that is a visualization area presentation. Analytics is what helps you find the answer. And the people that are doing these two jobs have a very distinct tools. So your question was will D3 help me explore? Panseries? Yes but I would not suggest it. If you are using SAS or R for instance, you have far more powerful tool to data exploration. If you say you have far more powerful tool for doing data exploration. Once you know that this is roughly what I want, then you spend a few minutes thinking about what is the best way to picture it. Which is where a language like D3 will help. But just have a look at the interactive capabilities at D3. It can do enormously. It can do a lot. Problem is the predecessor to the D3 as well as that one which is interactive visualization. Both of them are offshoots of Stanford University experiments. So you seem to be fairly advanced. You seem to have fairly advanced capabilities in your companies. Do you plan any tools or set of wrappers around the existing tools that would be available to the community? Questions? What open source tools are we going to develop? The India district map that you saw that's the only district map that is available that conforms to the 2011 census. That's open source and like licensed via ESG and like data assembly. And incidentally the WTFBL license for those of you who want that licenses. That is an example. We plan to build a series of tools. Where we're struggling with this to build something like Tableau for instance. Tableau incidentally is an exploratory data visualization tool. You can do a lot of private property, create some really amazing visualizations. The problem with creating something like Tableau is it caters to an audience that has a rough idea of what they want, how to create visualizations and so on. See we found that you can create extraordinary visualizations using Excel. You can create extraordinary visualizations using HTML. The reason why people don't do it is not because the tools give you the reason is because the people are not clear. So in order to create an end user tool that creates great visualizations we have to get over the hurdle of that training we've given up or not given up. That's too ambitious for us to start. We are focusing on small domain specific tools. Map very straightforward. So then we've created a new construct called a caramel map in which let me not go into it. But it's a new type of visualization and that's something we've got to do to pair on that will be live soon. We've got a cluster's catapult which actually you saw the hierarchical visualization cluster this one. Now we've applied it with a good effect on a number of cases. For instance we went to a telecom company and said take all your products. Brought it this way. They said that's interesting. I've got one product at 111 MRP which is very tightly correlated to 899 rupees MRP. Then they think how well it's said of course we'll do R up to 200 as the 200. The guy comes in and gives the 200 and we won't chop people or won't have change. So this makes a lot of sense for them to be confident. So which means that if you push me, if you do any marketing on the 100,000 rupees MRP product it will automatically increase the sales of your 899 rupees MRP product. But at the same time it is conflicting with your 222 rupees MRP product because roughly similar price point, roughly similar proposition.  Larger both from a price point perspective as well as from a volume of sales perspective. So that was one example. Another example we took this and analyzed competition. How much of your traffic is going to compete with me versus compete with me and so on. So if your traffic with compete with A rises traffic with compete with B rises and so on. And you can almost see that the world of mobile income is grouped into three types of segments. One, CDMA operators, two, GSM operators and there is one company which I will not name which is bit of a young company which is completely distinct from all of these. This tool really helps to group together various kinds of anything. Here we have grouping securities, you can group products, you can group companies, whatever. So this is another tool that we are trying to get out as an open source. We are doing a bit of it but the thing is our aim is not to create a general purpose data visualization tool that anyone can use. It is to bring more of more confidence in the view. So you have a question. This would have to be the last question for running short time. Okay, when it comes to performance, which festival is BGO or Canvas? Canvas but there are two reasons why you wouldn't want to go for Canvas which is the primary one being A if you try taking a printout, the resolution will fail you and if you try zooming in the resolution will fail you. And also actually thirdly, if you want to interact with it, you can't interact with an element in Canvas as easily as you can. I over over an element, I don't have an object to attach an event handler to to see what that is or could not. Obviously in the SCG has sort of become the de facto standard in terms of guarantee of distribution. So with that question, let me just end with how you can reach me which is on my side here. Just Google SR I will, it's away with lunchtime. I'm going to be around for the rest of the day. Feel free to reach me with all my contact information on my website or right now. Thank you very much.


In this section 2 where we started with membrane physiology of nerve and muscle, we designated to have 3 lectures. So, we are done with the first lecture where we talked about the lipids which are present in the membrane and the classification of the lipids and few other details. Today, what we will do in this part second lecture of this section will be talking a little bit about the structure of the membrane and the techniques which are being used. So, before I move on to this lecture there is a small carry over which I missed out in the previous lecture. We talked about within the membrane you have the presence of the glycolipids and the phospholipids. There is one more component which is present in the membrane and which has a very profound role to play that is called cholesterol. So, now I will just add that and then I will start this today's section lecture. What exactly is the cholesterol among the lipids? We talked about the phospholipids and the glycolipids. Now, this is the third moiety in that structure. This is a very profoundly important molecule in biology and evolution. This is how the structure of cholesterol looks like. It is a fairly big structure with the X. I will mention what X is and you have one CH3 attached here. You have another CH3 attached here and you have OH hydroxyl group attached here and this X equals to CH3H and this is where the X is actually connected CH2, CH2, CH2, CH3 and CH3. So, this is the structure of the cholesterol and in this lecture we will come to see where this cholesterol is playing a very important role in the fluid nature of the membrane and what are its other physiological function. As I will work through the course, we will talk about it where the cholesterol plays a major role. With this small backlog which I missed upon, I will now enumerate the topics which I will be taking up in this lecture. There are 12 small topics which I will be taking up in this lecture under the heading of membrane structure and dynamics. So, some of we have already covered around 10 topics in this structure and dynamics. The topics which I am going to cover today in this section, this includes lipid bilayer, first topic lipid bilayer and techniques to study lipid bilayer. This is the first topic I am going to techniques to study lipid bilayer, just putting it as BL as a short cut. Then we will be talking about the permeability. This is the second topic I will be touching in this lecture permeability of lipid bilayer. Then I will be talking about the flow of ions through lipid bilayer and how this could be detected. The fourth topic what I will be covering will be the membrane protein. The next topic I will be covering is the experiments to prove. If you remember in the last lecture I told you, I will be talking about the experiments to prove the mobility of proteins and lipids in the membrane. Next topic I will be talking about the fluid mosaic model of the membrane. Then we will be talking about the asymmetric nature slightly more detail, asymmetric nature of the membrane followed by that we will be talking about factors controlling membrane fluidity and this is where we will be talking about the role of cholesterol membrane fluidity. Then we will be talking about presence of carbohydrate in the membrane. Last we will be talking about the use of detergents in studying membrane proteins. So, these are the topics which I am going to pick up in this section. So, having said this let us talk about the lipid bilayer. So, in the last class I told you that lipid bilayer, the bilayer formation is directly related to the presence of phospholipids and the glycolipids and now I have added the cholesterol. So, now what are the different techniques which could be used to in order to understand this. So, under this heading we will be talking about let us draw the lipid bilayer how it looks like, drew it like this. So, this is one side of the lipids, the other side of the lipids and here you have the hydrophobic chain. So, is there a way how we can recreate this lipid bilayer in the lab. So, this is there are two different ways how you can do it. So, we will be talking about one of the techniques first which will help you. So, that is basically fall under the preparation of lipid vesicles in order to study the lipid bilayer. So, how it is being done preparation of lipid vesicles. So, what is generally done in the labs is that you take a beaker like this. In the beaker you have a layer you make a layer of a phospholipid let us put the phospholipid you can see it in green this is the phospholipids. On top of that you add water likewise and you can use any kind of this case I am adding these are small amino acid called glycine this is water. What you do with this you sonicate this sonicate means you agitate it at a very very high sound frequency sonication. So, once you sonicate it. So, let us follow it up following sonication what you see it forms something like this what is the color code I used fine. So, post sonication what you see these kind of structures which are formed and the water all over the place outside and within that you see the trap molecules of glycine and there are some glycine which are present outside. So, from here what you do you do a simple technique called gel filtration and following gel filtration what you obtain are pure lipid vesicles. You get rid of all the glycine from the suspension and there are glycine which are trapped inside the lipid vesicles this is how you create the lipid bilayer this is one such techniques of creating pure lipid vesicles. You can use the kind of which server phospholipids you can use instead of phospholipids some mixture of glycolipids you can use colostrol you can vary the concentration of colostrol you can do several things in this situation which will help you to create different kind of vesicles. There is another technique which is slightly more advanced technique that is called second that is called black lipid membrane technique of studying lipid bilayer black lipid membrane. In short sometime it is also referred to as BLM technique black lipid membrane apparatus. So, what really black lipid membrane apparatus is?  Now what you do?  So, this is where the hole is and what you do?  So, once you do so what will happen is this if I redraw this and here you have the cap it forms a lipid bilayer here. So, something like this what you will you see if I observed it under the microscope it will look like this either side. So, in other word you form a membrane across that hole something like this this is what is going to form here redraw it on top of it it will be like this just for a simplicity sake I am following a color code, but it could be all mixed up something like this now what you do is you fill this side with water and you fill the other side with water and you add different kind of solutes into this say example you add sodium potassium calcium you do the same thing at different concentration calcium plus plus sodium plus potassium plus at different concentration you can have sodium potassium higher on one side potassium lower on other side you have to have sodium higher on other side potassium other side and then what you can test is actually you can connect it with two electrodes you have electrode like this and you have another electrode which is like this and these electrodes are connected to some kind of volt meter which will measure the voltage or you could kind it to some other gadget which could measure the voltage. So, any kind of mobility of the next slide so that it is not crowded for you to understand. So, here you have the bilayer already formed and here is the electrode on one side here is the electrode on other side and this is all connected to some kind of measuring device. So, this is the electrode this is the electrode and this is that hole where the lipid bilayer is formed and here you have the fluid and with all the different so any kind of movement of ions across this could be recorded by this voltage sensor or any kind of current devices which are present there. So, this is how the black lipid membrane is so very useful in understanding the movement of any kind of ions or any kind of molecules across the membrane. So, this is one of the techniques which are being used from here we will move on to the permeability of lipid bilayer this is very important this is the second topic of this section permeability of lipid bilayer. So, one of the fundamental thing about lipid bilayer is that these are highly impermeable to ions and most polar molecules. The molecules which are having some form of charge out there or some form of ion like sodium potassium they are exceptionally impermeable they cannot really directly pass through the membrane. In other word what I mean is this say for example you have a lipid bilayer like this thing like this and you have this it is very tough for these kind of ions or some kind of polar molecules you know some kind of say polar amino acids which we have already talked it is most unlikely that it can pass through it this will block the movement of these polar ions from either side which over every you tried it is going to block the entry of the polar molecules. So, polar molecules or the ions polar molecules and ions are very impermeable to the lipid bilayer and if I kind of draw a scale of about the permeability of different component through the lipid bilayer in terms of the increase permeability. If I have something a scale like this increasing increase permeability unit will be permeability centimeter per second that is it then if you look at it 10 to the power minus 14 just putting the values 10 to the power minus 12 10 to the power minus 10 likewise if I move to 10 to the power minus 2 10 to the power minus 4 10 to the power minus 6 10 to the power minus 8 10 to the power I cannot just draw this scale ok 10 to the power minus 8 if this is the permeability values I am. So, you will see most permeable will be water then you have something around 10 to the power 4 you have something a molecule called indole which is very similar to another molecule which will come very soon then around 10 to the power 6 you have urea which is more permeable urea or glycerol then around 10 to the power 8 you have tryptophan tryptophan tryptophan is one of the amino amino acids and around 10 to the power 8 is glucose then comes around 10 to the power 10 is chloride ions 10 to the power 12 is potassium ions and near about is the sodium ions which is very least permeable into the game. If you look at this figure just it raises a very simple question how come this tryptophan which has a very similar structure as compared to indole very very similar structure how come in indole is more permeable as compared to tryptophan. So, in other word the question is why indole is more permeable through lipid bilayer as compared to tryptophan this is one question I will leave for people to think over it what is the difference between the two structure which makes tryptophan less permeable to lipid bilayer as compared to indole though their structure is very very similar and your answer lies in some of the polar nature of it as I have mentioned in this small section that polar molecules or the charge ions or the ions are very less permeable across the lipid bilayer. So, now the question arises a very serious question now arises what makes an ion or polar molecules to pass through there must be some way because as we have already seen the previous scale that most of them most of these are not that very permeable and this is where comes the role of proteins or the membrane protein this is where comes the role of ion channels ion channel proteins which is a very very significant area of research there is a huge amount of budget which has been allocated by national institute of health in United States and several other countries to understand the structure and function of ion channels and we will talk more as we will moving through the course here comes the role of pumps. So, these are those proteins which are embedded within the lipid bilayer which allows the flow of polar molecules ions and many other molecules which directly cannot pass through lipid bilayer or the permeability is very low and with that permeability no physiological function can take place. So, now we will in order to understand this we will talk before we get into any kind of membrane protein which are very very complex structure and very little structural information about it is available currently very few are really known in at a very low resolution crystallographic structure we will talk about some simple molecules which have the ability to form channels or pores along the membrane. So, this section falls under transport antibiotics as carriers or channels. So, now this is what we are going to deal with transport this is what we are going to deal with transport antibiotics carriers or channels talking about this let us move on to the next slide let us redraw the membrane again these are the polar head groups in red and another set of polar head groups which are facing inside the cell like this and here is the hydrophobic tail and keep on repeating it. So, that it kind of engraves into your thinking and understanding some kind of continuously repeating all these things for you guys. So, a membrane protein or anything which has to form a passage has to stand like this has to form something like this structure like this which has may be an inner core like this through which any of the molecules can pass through something like this this is the molecule which is passing through. So, this is outside this is inside. So, what are those nature of these kind of molecules this is where we are going to talk about some of the smaller simplest one before we get into the one which are forming ion channels and everything. So, one such example is carrier transport antibiotics are something like this is one such carrier transport antibiotics which has a hydro hydrocarbon periphery and within the hydrocarbon periphery it forms it has something like this. So, this is called carrier transport antibiotics I am just putting a short form antibiotics as A B. So, that you will understand these are the oxygen molecules and in the center you have a potassium and potassium ion form coordination complex with 6 oxygen there and this is the zone which is this is hydrocarbon. Or hydro phobic part of it and this part what you see out here is the hydrophilic core. So, these kind of molecules when they get inserted inside the membrane. So, it is something like this again I have to draw the structure. So, that that makes sense of the membrane. So, this is where these kind of molecules get inserted into the membrane and here they have the potassium core through which any kind of water or any other any other ions can pass through or any other molecules can pass through this is one such example which is carrier transport. So, there are other examples which will be talking about it one of them is one of them is your valinomycin this is this is another cyclic molecule it is something like this all the residues and then I will tell you A B C D and this A B C D stands for different residues I am going to come to that A B C D D. So, some total there are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 there are 12 such residues where A stands for L it is an L isomer L lactate B stands for L valine C stands for D hydroxy iso valerate D hydroxy iso valerate and D stands for D valine and A stands for D if you if you go through the structure of it it is something like this. So, C H O minus C H 3 C double bonded with O. So, this is A. So, now come to the B B is N H C H and you have C H you have C H 3 you have C H 3 here and you have C double bonded with O and this is your B. Then you have the C molecule which is oxygen C C H C H 3 and you have C H 3 C H 3 C double bonded with O H this is C and this another one here is N H C H C double bonded with O C H C H 3 C H 3. So, this is D and this is C. So, this is how it is being calculated in the valinomycin and when this valinomycin molecule I showed you that in an A B C D likewise let us see A B C D A B C D and then again A B C D and within the center of it what you observe is something very interesting again there is an potassium which is present in the center and which is kind of coordination complex and it is this potassium which is there which allows ions to move through it. In the same line there is another molecule these are kind of the classic molecule which is which have been used all these years is called gramacidine A. Gramacidine A is another such channel forming molecule. So, gramacidine is even much more complex structure of put the structure for you guys so that you kind of get a feel of these kind of structure these are the small structure these are easy to understand before we understand. So, this is an alternate L and D isomers of amino acids. So, this is the L isomer glycine glycine then you have the alanine which is the L isomer here then you have I kindly request you people to kindly go through the structure of the amino acids from the nodes from alanine is L is up to 5 then you have the valine which is in D conformation and you have another valine which is in L conformation and you have another valine which is in D conformation you have tryptophan which is in L conformation you have a leucine which is in D conformation. So, you see there is an alternate L and D and then you have tryptophan which is in L conformation you have leucine which is in D conformation another one which is in L conformation you have leucine in D conformation you have in L conformation and then it is attached to a carboxylic group NH, CH2, CH2OH. So, this is how the gramicity in molecule looks like and all these molecules have alternating L and D isomer and they are the one which forms the channels. And these are some of the probes much before the membrane structure could be derived and it was very challenging task. These are some of the molecular probes by which ion channel structures have been studied for several years and now also they are being studied. These are small molecules they act as antibiotics, they act as toxins there are series of them I just picked up two or three examples like valentomysine, gramicitydein and carrier antibiotics which could help you to appreciate how the membrane must have developed. So, from here we will move on to the fourth topic of this section which is the flow of ion through. So, I told you I showed you that diagram in the beginning of the black lipid membrane. So, say for example, let me redraw it. So, you could recreate the membrane like this and here you have this lipid bilayer formation and here you have the electrodes and you have a very high gain amplifier to record the change in voltage across it and there are different concentration of say sodium, say may be high on this side sodium ions may be low chloride may be high here or chloride may be high here or say for example, potassium may be low here potassium may be high here whatsoever the flow of this could be the flow of ion through single channel in a membrane can be detected. So, basically single channel can be detected how it is being done this is very straight way. So, I showed you that using a brush let me go to the next slide. So, you use a brush to create that membrane structure. So, along with that brush you make some of these channel forming peptides or channel forming molecules. So, what will happen is this now out here you have some of the channel forming structures which will form and they will allow the flow of ions across either one of the sides and that will help you to record the flow of ions through those channel. So, this is how most of these channels are being studied and the recording kind of comes like this if this is the base line and you will see something like. So, this is when it is going up is basically the channel is getting open you can measure the density of channels you can do a whole bunch of complex experiment and you can understand how the channel looks like where x axis is showing you time and y axis is showing you conductance. And we will talk more about it about the single channel recording as we will move through go to the ion channel where we will be talking about some of the fundamental discoveries ion channel recordings which were done by Irvain Nihar, Bert Sackman, Alan Marti and all these other people which won them a Nobel prize and many other things. But just for your interest I can tell you that across these gramicity in channels and everything almost 10 to the power 7 cations could travel per second this is almost the rate of migration which is the huge number. So, with this we will move on to see. So, we kind of give you an introduction about how the how probably have been bigger structure. So, we talk about very very small structures very very small structures which are forming channels. Now, think of it a huge protein like structure how it will look like there are several conformation and geometries how it looks like. So, let us draw the structure of the membrane to tell you how the proteins look like. So, now we are entering into the area of membrane proteins which are embedded within the lipid bilayer let me again redraw the membrane. So, the proteins I will draw it in black to give an understanding some of the proteins span like this from the one side to another side they are like this. Yet there are proteins which sits on top of it like this like this it could be on the outer side it could be on the inner side in both sides. Yet some of the proteins just have something like this one part and may be attached to another part like this. So, this is how all these different kind of proteins are sitting all along the membrane structure. And these proteins these proteins could be could be on the peripheral side on the periphery it could be integral protein it could run all across the membrane run all across the membrane. How these things were discovered that is very important one for you people to appreciate. So, there are certain techniques by which these have been done there is a technique called freeze fracture etching technique. So, what do you do say for example, let me take some say for example, this is the bilipid membrane just think of my first is the bilipid membrane let me see how I orient it. So, imagine underneath is inside the cell and up it is outside the cell what I do I take this stuff and I what I do I freeze it down freeze it down at a temperature of say liquid nitrogen exceptionally cold temperature. I freeze it down as soon as I freeze it down this is what will happen the membrane. So, this is your membrane structure what I was trying to show you and here is your protein of choice. So, now I bring down the temperature to liquid nitrogen temperature ok. So, temperature is of liquid nitrogen and then what I do is at this stage I bring a sharp knife which is called a microtome microtome knife and I cut the membrane split up the membrane. And this is called basically the whole technique is called freeze etching etch H freeze etching electron microscopy. This is how it was discovered that they are integral proteins which run from one side of the membrane to the other side of the membrane electron microscopy. And what you get out of this is that doing this deep etching is something which I will show you through the purse using my wallet. So, say for example, this is the outside and this is the inside and this is the lipid bilayer. So, when you put this at liquid nitrogen temperature and you cut it. So, you take the knife say for example, let me see.  What you see is that it opens up like this and then this is exposed in front of the microscope in electron microscope. And there you could see if there are some proteins which are suppose these my fingers are the proteins which are there. So, I can see the structure of the proteins. So, this is how it is being done. So, this technique is called freeze etching electron microscopy and it follows the deep etching process. This is how most of these integral proteins have been discovered that they run from one side one end to the other end of it. So, this is one set technique which I wish to expose you people. So, from here we will move on to another technique. You remember in the last class we talked about that we talked about that the lipids can move across the membrane laterally and very rarely it do a flip flop movement. It is really tough for it to do.  So, one such technique is like this say for example. So, let us put the title so this is in this section we will be talking about lipid and many membrane proteins, brain proteins diffuse rapidly in the plane of membrane. So, how to prove this? So, we need experimental proof to do so. So, this is how it is being done say for example, I have one cell A. So, for example, cell A like this and I have another cell and let me put a different color cell B like this. These are the two cells and on these cells I have some kind of a tagging of the lipids and the proteins. So, for example, these are the tag you see these are the blue colors are the tags and other one I have this black tag. So, if the blue tag you have the black tag the next what I do is let me pick up another color to explain it easily. I fuse these two cells if I fuse these two cells so the structure will form like this I am fusing these two cells once I fuse these two cells. So, what will happen? This black will remain here and all the label things will remain here and after some time what you will observe is this after you just give it some time and then you observe the new structure which is almost this big and if I give the real color something like this like you know just let me check through and red fine green. So, if this part is the green one and this part is the red one what I will see is all those black dots and all those blue dots have mixed together likewise. So, that is one of the indirect proves or kind of a crude prove to say these proteins and the lipids are moving all across the membrane there is another way to prove it which is much more quantitative. So, this diffusion so this diffusion takes place. So, there is a diffusion of lipids and proteins there is another way to do so that technique is much more quantitative. So, that is called fluorescence photo bleaching recovery technique photo bleaching recovery technique what this technique is about. This is a very interesting technique. So, this technique is like say for example, I have a cell like this I have a cell like this fine and in the cells. So, this is the nucleus and all those things and this is the membrane on this cell what I do I tagged it with some kind of a fluorescent probe. So, these are the fluorescent probe all these are fluorescent fine. So, that what I do I pick up one spot say for example, I pick up this spot and I put my microscope at this spot. So, here is my microscope you could see here is my microscope I am seeing this spot. So, what I do at this point I record say for example, you know I have x axis y axis. So, I am recording fluorescence intensity on y axis fluorescence intensity on y axis and x axis is time. So, initially what I see at this spot there is a fluorescent intensity like this and put it in red that will make more sense. So, then what I do next thing I bring a very strong laser beam and here is a laser beam coming some kind of a strong beam which kind of you know bleach the whole surface or in other word bleaching the whole surface means it get rid of all the fluorophores which are present out here. So, all the fluorophores which are present out here. So, it is free from all the red. So, what you will see in the graph is that immediately the fluorescent immediately the fluorescence intensity will fall down like this sharp fall because of this is where you are bringing the this is where bringing the bleaching coming into play after sometime what you see is that there is a recovery it started pulling back what exactly is happening white recovered it recovered because all the surrounding these molecules what you see these molecules is started moving to the bleached side like this. In other word there is a mobility on the movement of the different proteins and the lipids which are present. So, these are two standard techniques by which it has been proved that there is a mobility of the lipids and the proteins across the membrane and very rarely you will see a flip flop movement which I explain in the last class. So, membrane proteins do not rotate across the bilayer membrane bilayer bilayer, but sometime the lipids do so, but very very slowly based on all these we moved on to the so there are over the last century several models of the membrane has been proposed as we are advancing as we started understanding many of the older models got discarded and the most current model which is fairly acceptable is called fluid mosaic model. This was proposed by in 1972 by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicholson.  So, it is kind of mosaic like this is the mosaic of proteins in the lipid something like that how you can in 1972 by Jonathan Singer Garth Nicholson. These are the two people who proposed that Nicholson what they proposed is that was their basic definition on it is the membrane are two dimensional solution of oriented lipids globular proteins. Lipids globular proteins this is their central theme about the model and which consists of the lipids like phospholipids glycolipids which acts as a solvent to embed the proteins in them and there is a lateral diffusion which we have already discussed. From here we will move on to the next topic which is the asymmetric nature of the membrane. We have already discussed this we will not discuss much on it except the fact that as I have mentioned the proteins never flip flop and that is what helps them to maintain the asymmetric nature of the membrane. So, it is something like that there are certain pumps called we have been talked one of the major pump is called sodium potassium ATP is pump. So, this pump has the ability to throw sodium outside the cell and takes potassium inside the cell and this only does when ATP is present inside the cell always remember ATP has to be present inside the cell and this is the membrane which I draw this is the membrane and this is the pump and this offers an asymmetry this offers an asymmetry in terms of the ion concentration inside and outside the cell. So, there are certain toxins which binds from outside which open is one of them which binds outside and block this block this pumps and these pumps and these channels they offer a lot of asymmetric nature to it. So, now what controls membrane fluidity? Membrane fluidity is controlled by the fatty acids composition and cholesterol. How it does? So, say for example, if the fatty acids are arranged like this if they have a all straight chain like this the hydrophobic tail is very straight and that is only possible when the hydrophobic tail is in trans configuration. So, that situation it will be a very compact structure whereas, think of it if the hydrophobic tail is something like this where there is a lot of cis configuration coming into play. So, this will have this will be not very compact this is much more disturbed or much more random structure. These structures have low melting point T m which are present the melting point they will have a low melting point. So, in other words and whereas, as compared to a very rigid structure. So, there are three parameters which decides the length of the fatty acids the kind of bonding they have saturated or unsaturated saturated or unsaturated. In other word the presence of single or double bond and on top of that the presence of cholesterol where we started this class the cholesterol decides a lot about how the membrane fluidity is going to change. The last one minute I am going to devote now about the carbohydrate. So, if this is the membrane most of the carbohydrate points on the outer side. If this is O is out and I is in the carbohydrate moieties are outside either attach on top of proteins like this if this red thing is the protein or they are directly attached to the lipids they could be a glycolipids or they could be a glycoproteins. And apart from it there is another technique last technique which I just want for your information these membrane proteins could be isolated using several detergents like Triton DDAO they have several full forms that is dodecail, dodecyl, dimethylamine oxide, sodium collate and octyl beta glucoside. These are the different detergents which could be used to isolate the membrane proteins. So, I believe this is what is essential for you people to understand that membrane is a very dynamic structure it is asymmetric in nature it is extremely fluidic. And all these parameters changes whenever there are some changes in the body and with this we will move we will move on to the we will we are closing on this lecture. And in the next lecture we will talk about the membrane of the nerve and muscle. Thank you.


Thank you. Thank you all for coming on this gorgeous evening and when many of you are concerned about immediate problems of flooding your own flooding or helping others with their flooding There was already In Hiroshima a Ceremony with 50,000 people commemorating The bombing of Hiroshima and other ceremonies around the world This is very timely. We have the movie of Oppenheimer now being shown and we have some Threats about nuclear arms In the war in Ukraine So the bombing and the flooding are not entirely Unrelated the bombing is a result of our inability to live in harmony with other human beings and And the flooding and climate change is a result of our inability to live in harmony with nature the most horrendous act of war ever perpetrated was by the United States in 1945 when we dropped the first atomic bomb on the civilian population of Hiroshima on August 6th and the second bomb on Nagasaki three days later the estimates vary hundreds of thousands 200,000 let's say Humans were instantly incinerated in those bombings It's hard to get my mind around. What does 200,000 mean? Well, this is what it means in Vermont if Everyone in the following cities every single person was killed in Burlington Essex South Burlington Bennington Colchester Rutland Brattleboro Winooski Berry Montpelier St. Albans Newport Bellows Falls Morrisville Lindenville Virgin Swanton and my little town of Plainfield That comes close to the human death toll In 1945 The weapons that we have today are much more powerful than the bomb we had then and other countries are working on nuclear warheads and on more sophisticated methods of deploying them as The UN Secretary-General said the bar the drums of nuclear war are being Beating once again This ceremony is something we are all creating together As we walk peacefully together down once flooded State Street as We speak together as we listen together as we sing together as we share our commitments to peace We hope this evening. We will together create an experience of peace starting with our meditative walking an experience of peace that does not deny Fear and grief we have to embrace fear and grief and not Push them aside. We're living with them We will be walking silently down State Street pausing in front of Christ Church where the bell will toll 78 times for each year since the bombing The bell rings at exactly 7 15 the time the bomb was dropped We then continue walking to the high school where we will form a circle and First thing will be a reading of stories from Hibakusha survivors of the bombing and we will need four volunteers to read each one of them to read one of these short Stories from Hibakusha, so Joseph is right there He has copies of the stories if you will raise your hand if you volunteer to read one There's one volunteer there. They're numbered Because there's a certain logic to the sequence two more volunteers He says it under the reading number Thank you Yes And after that We will all be invited to share what is in our hearts and minds about peace Stories of peacemaking even the smallest Ways of peacemaking with neighbors or family can give encouragement to work for peace We we learn also from our failed attempts to create peace and From our failure to risk making peace then Rick and his friend George will be leading us in peace songs and And Finally, we will each take a flower from this beautiful Vietnamese made basket and We can't go down to the river as we have in the past the river is blocked with trees that were Hand down with the flood and mud but we will stand in our circle and Each person hold a flower and make a commitment To do something however small but doable in the coming year to Help create peace and you can be thinking about that in advance if you wish and now Mary Will talk about About I don't know Welcome We begin this is a commemoration of The probably the greatest act of state sponsored terrorism on the history of the planet as Glenda said thousands upon thousands of people died immediately To say nothing of many more died subsequent to August 6th 1945 but I'm also here to introduce an age-old practice called walking meditation and as we walk We have the capacity the opportunity to manifest peace and Love in every step that we take Just as kind of a prayer in motion This was taught by the Buddha and Certainly taught for decades by my teacher Zen master Tich Nhat Hanh So we walk in reverence for the dead and and the injured But we also walk For our planet the most this most beautiful precious planet that we all call home So again, we're walking in in reverence and in memory With each step that we take We can we have the opportunity to caress the earth We touch the earth very very gently We're not walking to get somewhere We're not walking to burn calories We're not walking to be at a certain destination at a certain time with a sense of rush and hurry It might be hard to understand but something as simple as walking Has a great impact on the health of the earth as peculiar as it sounds So tonight for the next 40 minutes We're going to walk in peace With very very gentle gentle steps With each step we come into the into the here and the now Not in the future Not in the past But into the present We bring all our attention to the souls of our feet That's where we that's where we become that is the focus And and the center of our attention We we become aware of how our feet contact the earth And the fluid motion of our feet And although indeed we are moving In another sense, we have stopped we have stopped our worry hopefully And our fears with each step We have the opportunity to manifest peace And gratitude for this most precious for this most beautiful planet that we call our home I I always regard walking meditation As as a a sort of a prayer A much much more meaningful prayer that I learned than that that I learned in Catholic grade school This is a silent walk We turn off any devices We are we have to keep to the sidewalks because we don't have something called a parade permit Um I think glenda well described the route We have a couple of crosswalks that we will negotiate We'll cross state street Um headed toward christ episcopal church Um And then when we stop when the bells toll And we all stop it's an opportunity To offer in the spirit of meditation contemplation or a prayer That this horrific act is never ever repeated What whatever language Spirituality speaks to us we offer a a prayer of to to the universe That glenda covered a lot of the the timing the bell at christ church will be It will sound the bells at seven fifteen as I understood the original time when the bomb was dropped It was eight fifteen in the morning Hiroshima time, but this isn't the adjusted time Um And then we all resume walking Down down state street to montpelier high school for the formation of another circle And I I truly hope That you find this a meaningful experience and strange strangely enough We also we walk in a spirit of what I would call paradox Um In each step we call to mind the tragedy But then we also the joy of being alive as a human being So we're walking as kind of an exercise In paradise life life is full of paradox So I truly hope that this is a meaningful experience walking is something we do every day And it is very simple to take this experience And you know grocery store at home anywhere walking In the woods anywhere. It's For me, it's a it's a very I call it a holy experience So I hope that you all enjoy it and um We will see one another very soon at the high school The ceremony today has several different parts and I will just go over them And make sure that we're all on the same page So the sequence of events is that we're going to start with statements by Hiroshima Hiroshima survivors With a Japanese called hibakusha There'll be five statements And after each one is read There'll be three meta prayers, which are short buddhist prayers of peace Following each statement And then the next person will go You should have on the sheet of paper. I gave you the number of reading that you're reading one two three four five After the last prayer is said I'm going to ask for a moment of silence So we can take in Everything that has been said And then Rick Pagliari And I'm sorry. I don't George man Who has graciously come he's on tour With a musicians group throughout this region and Rick and he came together To perform some songs for us relevant to the occasion And then Glenda has a poem that she wrote That is very fitting for this occasion And then there'll be the flower ceremony And each of you will be asked if you should show choose To share your thoughts About this occasion or anything else that came up for you during the walk Or anything that you feel is relevant for the occasion we ask you to be brief but Speak from the heart of course That's a voluntary effort. No one has to do it For those of you who will be speaking we ask you to come up here We had hoped to have a remote mic, but the remote mic won't work So We have to you have to be near here to be able to be heard by everyone People want to close in a little bit that'd be great And then I'll have a few closing words very brief And not mostly not my own And then we'll have some closing music I think Rick is going to be playing his flute to send us off on our way So we'll start off with these are actual statements by people who survived the bombing of Hiroshima Who were there mostly as young people So we'll start off with the first one This reading is by Rieko Yamada On august 6th the day when Hiroshima was attacked with an atomic bomb The hot midsummer sun was blazing down since early morning And no cloud could be seen in the sky We got to school at eight And lined up at rose on the schoolyard for the flag signaling drill As food was scarce those days and children were not fed sufficiently Many fainted one after another Under the scorching sun Eventually we were told to rest for a while in the shade of the trees Boys who remained in the middle of the playground shouted Look A b29 pointed at the sky Around that time us b29 bombers often flew over the city Wherever they came an air raid alert siren sounded So a b29 was a familiar sight to children I looked up and saw the silver shining b29 plane flying high in the high blue sky Drawing a white arc with its vapor trails That's pretty I thought The next moment I felt a white flash As I began to rush for the air raid shelter The hot sand from the sandbox Too strong against my back and pushed me now pushed me down on the ground When we reached the shelter with my schoolmates It was already crowded with people from the neighboring areas And there's no room left for us Soon we got drenched from the sudden rain Which we later learned to be the radioactive black rain We called it up to keep ourselves warm, but we were shivering with cold The sun looked to be gone with heavy gray clouds hanging over the sky The following verses are taken from the metasutra taught by the buddha And um When practiced in a spirit of love will take the mind to the four highest abodes heavenly abodes These are the three verses May you may we Be free and at peace in body and mind and spirit May you be healthy and safe May you may we be healthy and safe And free from all harm May you May we be held in love That is boundless 1945 at 815 was at home with my younger brother My elder brother and I were play felt a strong wind A terrible wind And she saw burnt papers falling in front of our home My mom was surprised and she came to get us at the temple At that moment the black rain began The rain was black before the bomb was launched that august 6th The weather was nice in the morning And they say that the atomic bomb exploded 580 meters above the earth Then since it exploded high above It does more damage with its hot rave to the bomb exploded all the dust and papers flew upwards And then came the black rain being exposed to the black rain My body had this condition I suffered from diarrhea every day and in my body They all were lost everything that I ate My parents thought their daughter would docked. I was only two years high being a survivor And fortunately had no physical problems Although there are many doctors who say that the effect also shows up in survivor My mother who was 26 years old at the time Rescued the injured victims and escaped from the bomb city carrying my two-year-old sister on her back My mother often told me that the scene at the time was not the scene of something on earth The swollen faces could not be recognized due to the burns with 20 to 100 centimeters burn Skin dangling down from the tops of the fingers When we offered our hands to the injured persons for help their skin peeled off Since there was neither medicine or doctors The only thing my mother could do was repeatedly was to wash the wounds with water And wipe them due to the hot summer our wounds were infected with maggots and the maggots had to be taken off with chopsticks What the rescued persons could do was only to speak helpless encouraging words The corpses of the victims who died one after another were gathered In a dry riverbed and burned by pouring gasoline on them Among such corpses put in the fire Were those who were still breathing they burst into yelling And finally passed away Peace in body Mind and spirit may you may we Be healthy safe and strong And free from all harm may you May we be held in a love that is boundless I can't pronounce the name but i'll do my best Ryoko Koabara Hiroshima survivor On august 6th Students were helping clean up the site of a building that had been demolished to create A fire-free zone in the event of bombing raids While Chiyoko was resting under a large camphor tree Because of her stomach pain. She heard someone say there's a plane overhead Though she was 800 meters about half a mile From the hypo center. She didn't see the flash and was thrown unconscious Into a large hole where she was covered with debris debris After regaining consciousness. She struggled desperately out of the hole Three friends appeared out of the gloomy darkness Chiyoko you're alive, but what a terrible injury That's when she first realized that the skin on her head and forehead was burned and had fallen away Sticking to her face Her hands were also burned and her and their skin was left dangling Even though it was still morning. It was so dark that they couldn't see a thing Once she was able to see again Chiyoko saw people walking with their skin hanging down their faces swollen and their bodies burned Old people had been put on stretchers And then left behind chigeko sasa mori Chiyoko sasa mori Sand was 13 years old and the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima Hearing the sound of a plane. She looked up to see a b-59 flying overhead Seconds later. She was knocked unconscious by the blast When she came to she was so badly burned that she was unrecognizable Shigeko repeated her name and address over and over until she was finally found by her father Years later she would travel to the united states in 1955 As part of a group of young women known as the Hiroshima maidens While in new york she and her work went numerous plastic surgery operations In our body Mind and spirit and free from all harm. May you may we Be held in a love That is boundless To invite each of you if you choose to to share your thoughts and feelings if you would come up to the mic And we ask that after each person has spoken we give them A moment of silence to think about what they have said So so I I was actually bored August 8th 1945 and as you can tell it still resonates with me um However, I think you know it was said earlier that What we're involved in is very paradoxical It's very tragic And yet somehow we need to Find joy or happiness And uh I think my life was a little that way as I grew up and and you know read history and understood The end of the war Uh, it just seems so tragic And yet When I would talk to my mother about it She thought it was a wonderful day She was so So happy for for for me to come into the world, but also For the war to be ended. I think that's what we live with And I think it was so good to have the prayers following You know the very tragic stories Service at the library Was very moving I appreciated there including the the climate issue As relation to war Or implied that Um Climate creates the conditions which create war Preparing for war creates the conditions for climate Change need to be both peace activists and climate change activists The stories we just heard of from the survivors of the bombs Are very important We often hear of the Great destruction and immediate deaths But we also need to be aware That many survive the initial attacks But suffered suffered gravely Immediately and for years and years afterward The calligraphy in my kitchen And when there were more of us it was by it's by taking out fun There it was a entryway. There was a huge amount of mud coming in the door a lot of kids Um the calligraphy says no mud no lotus As we know the lotus is one of the most beautiful flowers on the earth And it grows out of mud As we're walking down state street I've been doing walking meditation in the early morning hours for a month or so There's been a lot of mud And more recently a lot of silt less so today And I like to keep hope alive in my heart I think there's a great capacity in this community The generation younger generations of youth To grow many many more lotuses A culture of peace And I was very moved during the flood all of the goodwill In the community largely young people but people of all generations the generosity So I think this is a special community and I really I hope in my heart and I that again that we um We help the fostering of many many future generations of um lotuses in in our youth Very grateful to live in this in this community I wanted to find a peacemaking story to share But the only peacemaking story That came to mind Was a story about inner peacemaking We're concerned now about disarmament Nuclear disarmament But there is also inner disarmament And At a time when I was Accused of actions that were not so I immediately became defensive And of course wanted to Attack wanted to prove myself right I was picking up My sword and shield That my sword Was my anger My aggressiveness wanting to Get back wanting to Prove myself right And that my shield was self-protectiveness And that in order to have inner peace I needed to lay down That sword of aggressiveness And lay down that shield Of self-protectiveness And be open and be more Peaceful Thank you Have some songs gentlemen The riverside You can get the right key, right? Let's try that again, all right? I'm gonna lay down George Mann who's come all the way from Ithaca, New York And George has a special song that he's gonna share with you. It's really meant to be played on piano, but Couldn't bring the piano today and you don't want to hear me play piano anyway This is a song that you all know And you know both George and I have worked together with Pete Seeger And that's one of the reasons that George is here. We're going to be doing a special concert Over in Johnson Tuesday night on Tuesday night Concert on the green that's why I came up so we could sing some of these old songs from Pete Moody and the Alman X thing. It's Tuesday night seven o'clock. It doesn't rain, right? And uh One of the things about about Pete When he he wrote this song about where have all the flowers gone? Usually when they talk about the song they talk about that it you know, he got inspired by Reading this quite flows the dawn Which a lot of times back in the old days that people would just attribute that to the soviet union But of course if you look at where the dawn river is it's in ukraine. It's in ukraine So this song is actually from ukraine and uh The flowers are crystal holster Joseph Gainser spent many a time Standing in line and today you noticed I was carrying a banner now Joe Joseph uh Joseph you remember that banner, don't you? She carried that banner with her for so many years That we were together and we stood together and sang together And uh, we have time for one more song if you want it Oh, you put your guitar away. Oh, take it take it back out George This is a song uh one of the last times that I can remember crystal Standing holding that banner We were in burlington. I mean you might have been there You remember when utah phillips was there standing with us in burlington Yeah, utah phillips was right there and crystal and I think sycon might have been there too And we were all together and this is a song that uh that utah wrote And it's a good thing for us to think about right now Because the times are hard and uh, it's in the key of d Sometimes in this livin It's so dark Seems like there's nothing we can do So we reach out to each other Raise the song together and sing a song that carries us through the course We are singing through the hard time singing through the hard time Working all the good time for the hard time singing through the hard time Poor clouds gather it's so easy to get angry and just as hard not to be afraid What you know in your own heart No matter what happens you can't turn your back So hand in hand together We'll help each other carry that light of peace in us every piece won't be so far Singing through the hard times working for the good times to come utah so you are utah wrote that song Okay coming up next glenda has a poem that you would like to share with us For the victims of the floods not enough grief To mourn the victims of the herosium of bombing We remember again And my flocks are spreading their fragrance There is not enough compassion To soothe the suffering of david hill and snap dragons are bursting my technicolor pup I am brought low by the sorrows of the world And my golden glows Are reaching their yellow sprays up to the sky Here say the snap dragons flocks lilies I am here our ceremony There are the flowers would somebody like to describe the ceremony So each person will be asked To take one advance piece and cut past the mic So if you do wish to say something I could speak loudly from where you stand to yourself. Thank you For my grandchildren classroom and this coming school year with the children amongst them and into the greater Well, it can be somewhat anonymous people pass in the halls Without really seeing each other in the coming year to um closing I've been asked to say a few words and I'm going to read mostly what I have to say but walking through my impudier this evening I'm sure every one of us experienced the grief of what we saw in front of us Compared to what happened in Hiroshima. This is a relatively minor tragedy But not for those whose lives were disrupted by losing their homes losing their businesses everything they've worked for for years and years So this is a tragedy in our midst As we commemorate the larger tragedy of the destruction of the people of Hiroshima And in three days the people of Nagasaki So I thought it would be fitting to finish with some words of a hibakusha who survived Hiroshima and spent the rest of her life working for peace and in fact received the Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts And in her acceptance speech her name by the way Is Sudoku Thurlow she married a westerner Sudoku Thurlow And in her speech her acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize. She related her own experience surviving Hiroshima And how that happened And here were her closing words our light now Is the ban treaty the international treaty to ban nuclear weapons which has been signed by more than 100 nations of the world None of whom of course are nuclear weapons powers But yet is still a sign of hope that this international treaty is now in the world banning nuclear weapons This is the efforts that she was involved in and for which she received the Nobel Prize So I'll start again our light now is the ban treaty To tell all in this hall and all listening around the world I repeat those words that I heard Call to me in the ruins of Hiroshima Don't give up Keep pushing See the light Crawl towards it No matter what obstacles we face We will keep moving and keep pushing and keep sharing this light with others This is our passion and commitment For our one precious world to survive Good night


There are literally mosquitoes everywhere covered by like a dozen mosquito bites I've tried to zoom in on them, but you won't be able to see because of light. There's one. There's one. There's one There's one right there Yeah, and then you can't see through the perforation there's one there's one There's one there's one right there. Anyways, you get the idea It's uh, it's freaking me out, man. Oh, also it's raining cats and dogs outside I'm about a Shoot, I don't know 45 minutes away from New Orleans. I figured hey a rainy day Would actually be nice. There's gonna be less mosquitoes So I'm hoping that's a case and I'm hoping for cooler temperatures because I don't know how you guys do it in the south It is nasty out here already. I can even see a little Fog forming on my my camera lens The filter so anyways, let's hit the road feel a little off today, so Hopefully that Feeling goes away But if I if I ever die You know out here on the road At least I get to go doing something that I love, right? because this isn't a long distance You know Marathon and it certainly isn't a sprint life that is you know right now it's a Just a pleasant stroll about the country All right, still not feeling so great feel a little funny, so I'm gonna stop into the emergency room here and You aren't coming along because my name isn't Jake Paul Silver all our hours later got a spoiler alert. I Didn't die Also, I know next to nothing about Louisiana, but I think this is a levy right here Hospital stopped in for a little checkup and I was driving on the freeway and I saw this massive massive Cemetery so on the subject of death and dying Got it. I just kind of jumped at me and I pulled up next to this nice guy in RV. Apparently he watches my videos Very nice to me. What's her name? I'm Brian. Where are you from? I'm from Denmark. Denmark sweet I got this one-way rental half a year ago, and I've never RV before never camp before So I went on YouTube and I found you and I've seen all your videos really that's so That's so funny cuz I literally just pulled up and he walked over here, so I think so too Very nice to meet you Speaking of morbid Check out all those dead mosquitoes now That's not there's probably some that washed up this morning on the drive because it was a little on the rainy side But when I was complaining about mosquitoes, by the way, I have like a dozen mosquito bites on me right now When I was complaining about the mosquitoes, it was not joking guys. Look at that. That is absolutely Terrifying Think I got some good news here They reviews Were I think wrong? um I drove by and Did not see anyone asking for admission so Or to go check it out in slow motion Here this is made out of definitely looks like brick and cement, but yeah, some of these Marble fronts are Falling off due to erosion And you see something so unique such as a ton of above ground. It is definitely Something not to miss. I actually didn't even know this was here and I accidentally saw it From driving on the freeway, which you can hear and is right right there anytime. There's something different about City or a place or a town Those are the things that become unique those are the things that become things to see because as humans everybody Wants to be different But then of course once you're different You know sometimes people antagonize you for it, but when it comes to Different things about the town you really can't intake antagonize the town. It's just become something something special something different and It's about as close. I'm gonna get to a tomb lived lived today. I Made it through so I won't be joining these guys here. Hopefully not anytime soon About does it for today as you know today was Got kind of a thrown-off track a little bit, but spoiler alert I'm alive. I'm ticking and tomorrow. I'm gonna check out the town and Also Emily stop by if you guys have been with me for a while and Emily yeah a bit ago and She actually saw the bus was driving by and stopped and I had someone else stop by And unfortunately I forget his name super nice guy. He might come back tomorrow. He and his wife are building out a shuttle bus and If I remember correctly, they're gonna drive down to Central South America, which sounds totally freaking awesome and That so it should be a pretty exciting day tomorrow I Definitely am going to get off of the meal prep Diet tomorrow should be out of meal preps tomorrow morning But there's a place that Anthony Bourdain stopped and got this incredible-looking po-boy and It seems to be one very local institution around here and I Really really can't wait to try it because when I saw that New Orleans episode years ago I said to myself if I ever go there, I want to eat at that place Not exclusively, but I definitely want to eat there. So see you guys tomorrow