Promise one, children must be listened to and be appropriately involved in decisions about their care. In October 2016 the First Minister announced an independent route and branch review of care driven by those with experience of care. Promise two, where children are safe and feel loved in their families they must stay. The care review listened to over 5,500 stories from care experience children and adults, families and the paid and unpaid workforce. Promise three, we're living with their families not possible, children must stay with their brothers and sisters we're safe to do so and belong to a loving home. The review published its conclusions in 2020. Four, the children Scotland cares for must be actively supported to develop relationships with people in the workforce and wider community who in turn must be supported to listen and be compassionate in their care. The Scottish Government pledged commitment to its fivefold, the promise. Five, children, families and the workforce must be supported by a system that is there when it's needed. The reviewer states that it's vital our most vulnerable children feel loved. i'w dymgrydu. Dw i ddim cyflwyniad yn metroio! Dстиgu ddim yn ei ffél o'i rhywbeth. Mae'n meddwl. Mae'n meddwl doedd i'w rai gwahanol. Felly mae'n meddwl i. Felly mae'n meddwl i'w ddweud? Mae'n meddwl i'w lyfr. Felly mae'n meddwl i'w ddweud? Felly mae Gwets Potter yn y bobl oedd y bydd eich mhwyfiol a'r mwyffiu'r cities eich mynd y bydd y bwyd. Mae'n meddwl i ydywch i'w mynd ddiwn. Dwi'n meddwl i? ond ond yw'r bwysig i'r ffordd i'r ddechrau'r clas yma i gyfan hynny? Felly wrth gwrs yng Nghymru, y flwyddyn yn dda i'r ffamiliau yng Nghymru, ymddi'r ffamiliau o'r ffamiliau o'r ffamiliau ymddi, oedd yn ei dda i ddim i'r ffamiliau o'r ffamiliau yma, ac ond oedd yn gwneud y peth o'r bwrdd cyllid ddwynt. A'r oedd yn ddod i'n ffamiliau o'r ffamiliau o'r byd, Ychydig yn ég persoedd fan hynny! There were really clear issues. Things that could have been spotted, and had there been the opportunity for my dad and his four children to grow and be a family then we could have had that best childhood! A single parent shouldn't have had to work so much. He worked three jobs to support us. He wasn't a bad dad. He was just set up to fail. He should have been given support. dweud le at fy nifer, ydyn nhw arall y llwyddoedd cydwyn cymryddanodd, yr oed dod yn bwynt ac yn prifoedwyr y llwyddoedd y bysach yn ymgyrch. Ond o'r unrhyw o'r pryd yn gweithdoedd, ond maeth i'n amser o ran y cyfan i'r addwyr! Yn hyn yn ffordd rôl ar y gweithbeth o'r gyfwyr? Ond efallai bod y gweithbeth o'r gyfer gweithbeth o'r gweithbeth o'r gweithbeth? Felly nid yn sgwrdd, rhaid? A rydych chi'n rhaid i'w pelynedd i'r newid, — ychydig iawn. Abertaethwch, oes iawn. – Yn dwylo, rwy'n facil llawer o'i hyfforddi i g Scool, ar hyn, i'w hyfforddi o'r ei hyfforddi i gyd-di-dreifio oherwydd yr angen oed yn angen. Rwy'n bell bod, mae beth oeddwn yn gwlad yr angen i chi. Byddwn yn trefwyr fel yr angen o'ch gweithio. Os rygw enw i'r eisteddf gyda fþ, mae'n fydda'n ei bod fyrd yn ychydig sy'n rydyn nhw i'r gweithgwrs i gyda'r newid yn rydyn i'r gwleid. a mae'r gwerthu, mae'n gwybod, mae'n gweithio'r cyllidio'r cyfnod o'r cyfeiriadau. Mae'n rhaid i'r rhidder o'r cyfansbeth sosial. Mae'n bwysig yn ychydig fydd y cwestiynau. Mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n 50 oed, yn ysgrifeth, ac yn y rhai o'r rhai o'r cyfansbeth Cymru o'r cyfansbeth yn ymgymru fel nad ymgyrch i'r gwerthu'r cefansbeth Cymru, Mae'r ddechrau'n meddwl o'r fan a chyma ddaeth iddyn nhw'n meddwl gyda'r genioedd. Mae'n meddwl o'r gael clywed gwaith yn yma, ond mae'n meddwl o'r ceieth. Mae'n meddwl o'r gael'r llyffaeth. Dyna wneud bod e'ch gael'r fan i ddechrau'n meddwl o'r gael gwaith? David, 60, rwy'n mewn i'ch mwyaf o'r Existio Fyrddwyr, Scotland. Mae'r strategaeth yw ni siarfa o gymryd, fel fe'n maes fydd yn fwyaf wedi'i cerddio wedi wneud ymlaen fysgr Mae'r strategaeth yw mwyaf lleol am y tot ar yr oesiais arall i gyfan am gweithio'r rhysbwyeth Mae'r rhysbwy piwn, ac mae'n rydyn ni'n meddywch chi am gyrfa, ac mae'n rhywbeth hynny i gyda ceisio ddaeth ac mae'n meddylu i'r rhysbwyffeth Mae'r strategaeth yw mae'n lleol i gyfan â'r rhysbwyffydd ac mae'n meddylu i'r rhysbwyff yn bwysig ynghyd o dyluniau a dynoddau'r mwyaf yn rhan i chi'n iddo, mae hynny'n gwybod iawn cael gyfasol. Rhaid i'r cyfoedd ygold gyda boedd hwyl amdaeth, darparol, cyhoedd, cyhoedd ar y spirit. Mae ran dod ar y cyflwun oedd wedi bod yn gweithio adael ymmyn amdano'n ei hwyr. Felly byddwn yn XD oedd ymweliad hynny – yw ddysgu'r cyflwun oed yn ddod o'r gweithio. Mae'r cyflwun o'r cyflwun yn ddechrau ar yr hynoddau'u hwyr. mae'r cyntaf ei gyfnod Gwyrdd, ac mae'r cyntaf yn fan y cyfrifol iawn i'r cyfrifol iawn. Felly, dwi'n mynd i'n i'n meddylai sydd yn ond? Mae'n meddylai'r cyfrifol iawn i'r gyfrifol iawn i'r glasglu. Mae'r cyfrifol iawn i'n meddyliol. Yn ymlaen i'n fwy o'r munio a'r ffordd o ffordd o bwyrd i'r anodol, i'n gwybod i'r anodol i'r cyfrifol iawn i'r cyfrifol iawn i'r cyfrifol iawn i'r anodol? yw'r cwp yw'r gwaith gweithio gyda'r gweithwyr gregeri boiol, wrth gwrs y ganddwyd yn y ffordd gan ymgyrchu'r program yng Nghymru yn Los Angeles, mae'n gwneud o'r boi yng Nghymru. A'r gweithio'r gweithio'r boiol a'r bwysig o'r bwysig o'r bwysig yma, mae boi'r bwysig o'r bwysig o'r bwysig yma yn cael eu cynnig. Cymru o'r gweithio'r gwneud o'r bwysig o'r gweithio'r oparol sy'n gyntaf yn y gweithio'r problemau bwysig? Yn y bwysig o'r gweithio'r problemau, mae'n golygu'r bwysig ar gyfer amser ac rynghiffti'n gweithio. Rynghwch ar y gweithio'r brifysg. Dwi'r gweithio'n gweithio. Cymru o'r boiol yn llwyddo i gael o ffordd ar gyfer mwy o'r bwysig? Mae'n eu chael iawn am gyllud yn gyllid yr adegys alwydd. Mae'r gyllid yn cael ei gael llun o'r wath mewn gwahanol iddyn nhw. Mae'r clywed o'r ddangos sydd gwaith mewn gwahanol i'r gael i'r ymlaes i'r gael dancef. Mae'r gael ydyth ymlaes ddim yn ymlaes? Mae'n ei eitbwch. Mae'n ei wnaeth o'r cyflwysterau. Mae'n ei wnaeth. Not dim, bo'n gallwch gael gael. Pwysig. Mae'n eitbwch ei gael arall i deillwn ac yn ymlogol. as people. What child are we? Most lucky they have a boss as a man. Where decent parents are better off with your staff and computing and stuff. They do that because your boss is a mean person. We don't need them around the world. This is about to telephone needs. Throwing attachments to them. What you have here is a wicked problem, do you know what a wicked problem is? It's a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because there is no single solution to the problem. Lots of everything wasn't just about cups. Wicked doesn't mean evil. Yna'n cyffinio allan o ddweud. Mae'n ddweud nad ywei'r Gwlad Sgolwyn ei tario'r system gweld Gwlad Sgolwyn? Rydw i'n dechrau'n ddweud fod y system gweld division o Poloedd Cogaeth... Wrth i ddim yn dweud o gynnig o'r cydweithio?id amdod ydych chi'n hwn i'n adwisio'n gweithio'n cychwypeth sydd wedi'i gydawad gan un fydd? Yna'r cydweithio yn argylchio'n cyffinio'r cymdeithas i fod? Would we all realise that it takes a whole village to raise a child? How will we know we're making a difference? Well what if we could say love and do love and make our most vulnerable kids genuinely feel love? Well I think we'll make the difference when? Well when we can use the word love in Scotland's care system, when we can say love and do love in all our public services, Yna ddim yn y ddechrau. Rydym yn cynhwys, rym griev yn y Polysyn oedd o gwaith. John Paul, 22, mae wedi'u cymryd cyrraedhau 的 yn diolch. Mae'r cyflon yw'r fan yn ei ddoch i'w gyd. Rydyn ni'n stwydd wedi bod i'n cael ei sail. Rydyn ni'n gwybod yn cyllideb eu cael eu ddysgu o'r gweithio. Mae wedi'u gwybod i'w weithio sydd newid yn ei prif erbyn. Yn ychydig i ddim yn rwynt i'ch gwaith. front er mwy oedd bindin o gyda twn nhw, a fewn amser dwi am recordiaeth. Felly mae'n dda i'r gwaith yng Nghymru'r Llywodraeth. Fy modd gan gwyfennol a rydw i gynnal i fyny'r ddoi am fy m shameless. Mae yna wnaeth i'r gwneud hyn yn ymgyrch gyda'r ddor ac i himnwyn yng Nghymru'r ddoi. Rhywb ychydig yn fynd wedi gwy refill o unig. Rhywb yn dda i gagell yng Nghymru yn gyflaesio, i gyd-ddid o'r ddor i'r m shameless. Mae'r bwysig gyda'i hyffordd yn gyflwyno, sy'n ddiddordeb o'i wedi llwyddoi'r ddwy. Mae'r sicrhau. A'r sicrhau tych yn cael. Felly, mae wedi wneud yn cael eich bod, ac mae'r sicrhau yn cael eu fath. Yn gallu'r anorexiaid, mae'n cael ei wneud yn cael eu ddwy, mae'n cael ei wneud o'r llwyddo. Felly, mae'r fath yn ydych chi'n gwneud. Mae'r byw yn ychydig. Mae'n tych yn cael eu ddwy i'n mynd i'r ddwy. felly hwn ni maen nhw i wneud yn gwneud y penllunio cyrraed. Rydych yn todol o'w'i ddweud, a dwi'n deud i'ch bod ni'n gweithio siarad wedi gael ymwyaf. Poerofwnwg. Roedd y canteru, yn dweud wedi'ch an BTW-dydd. Mae o'n rhan, fe gyd yn ddefnyddio'r ceis, ymrhyw ysbryd, a'r anaf. Roeddwn ni'n haes fyddion o'n gweithio. Mae'n rhan o'r maen a'r haes. James, rhan o'ch cyfraedd Samsung 7a, y syniad eich system ym Mhwyll. Alex. Perty. Eich person yn anodion. Pwysig yn y system yw'r gweithio'r gweithio'r cyfrannu diwethaf, maen nhw'n rhaid i'w ddweud ychydig i'w rhan o'i adreff y bydd y bydd y byd yn y ploedd, y gallwn yn digwydd rydyn ni. Rwy'n ei gweithio i'r cyfrannu ei siaradau'r ysgol yma, ac mae'n adreff i chi'n gwneud ym 100 yr ysgol i'w ddweud ydych chi'n ei bwysig i ddweud i'r bwysig yw'r eich rhan o'r famys. Ond o'r hollb, mae'r ysgrifennu, 90% o'r wneud y cymdeithas yma o'r pannu yma, ond mae'r bach o'r ffordd. Dwi'n eisiau'n cymryd i'r hollb o'r misau o'r ysgrifennu. Fy flyn yn oes i'w ddweud y pannu. Mae'r oedd y cymryd i'w chogol, yw'r ysgrifennu, yw'r bach o'r hollb? ond mae'n gweithio'r sgamelon wedi bod y Cysylltiad yn ymwyntio'r cyfnodol. Mae'n bwysig i'w prifio'r gwaith, ond mae'n gweithio'r gwaith, nid o'r cyfnod, nid o'r cyflwy. Mae'n gweithio'r gwaith, ond mae'n gweithio'r cyflwy, ond mae'n gweithio'r cyflwy. Gwranjor! Mae mam Cynffyddi yn gwirio'r gwaith. Mae'n gweithio'r gwaith, a'n ei fawr, mae'n gweithio'r cyflwy. She was really skin, so she gave me her last 40 quid and I went up the badass me my brother Martin, who is the next oldest to me in age. They made a football pitch for us. I still remember that to this day. And how fantastic this pitch was. How proud we all were of our dads for doing it for us. We were there about 10 o'clock at night, so I picked up like a doll for each of my wee sisters and some sweeties and stuff, and I picked up a remote-controlled car for my wee's brother. And that community must still be there today helping each other out. I didn't have the emotional poverty that some kids had and have, because I had very loving and attentive parents. And on the good Christmases my mum used to get as a bruins or a new rally album, so like I got one of those each. And as far as Martin was concerned we were going to have one or the other of those each.  And I thought when I was with it, the kids I was friendly with were just experiencing the same as me because that's what you do when you're looking. I got home and Martin and the other kids went to bed and I was wrapping up stuff and I just wrapped up some socks for myself and gave Martin both the albums. But it turns out that wasn't the case. I have a photograph of me in primary school of about six or seven. I can still remember all the faces and quite a lot of the names of those kids. My best friend who was stabbed to death in a gang fight. And also about six or seven more of those kids who had died and not of natural causes but of addictions and violence. And it made me think. That girlfriend thinks that's a tragic story. I don't know. Well it is. It's not. How did I get from a background in care to what other people see as success? That's a hard one. It took me a long time. It took me until I was about 50 to realise I had merit and value and wealth. People reinforced that idea of some things aren't for you if you come from a background. And I don't think they necessarily mean it. There was an expectation that I would leave school and get a manual job at best. Not that I would ever go to university and that wasn't for people like me. I guess I was always quite driven. I think it's like a fear thing initially. Fear of not having dinner. To fear of turning out like the people around me. To fear of not being successful. I was lucky. I met people who helped me. They saw who I was and what I could do and helped. And I think a lot of people would watch daytime TV and stuff. And see people going off on all these holidays and stuff. And see it as entertainment. But I would see that as aspirational. I was like I want to do that. And I want my brothers and sisters to do that too. I remember always thinking I was a fraud. So like I really threw myself in to try to make myself a success for that. But also like trying to feed my brothers and sisters. And that's a bit coming from a background where you don't feel you're entitled to exercise authority and power. And you can take control and take responsibility because you're capable. And my brothers and sisters are doing well too. I've had help and support and I want to pass that on somehow if I can. And I think we're all doing different jobs that happen to be seen as if you're doing these then you're successful. Cos until we all start getting involved in the lives of our most vulnerable kids nothing's going to change is it?  And that's us. 17, a care experienced person. Lisa, 22, a care experienced person. Ruth, 27, a social worker. When I look at what happened to us to me it could have been avoided if someone somewhere had spotted what was going on in my house. I've got children whose lives are not good enough. And I know that they're not good enough by rather not the life that I would want for my own children, but they're not going to die. So that's okay, we don't intervene. Apart from the children who have a caseload who have really good foster carers, none of the others have a good quality of life. And there's not a huge amount that I can do or I am allowed to do. And that is really hard. It wasn't very nice at all living where I lived. We talk about intergenerational cycles of caring families. My mum left when I was two I think hearing what my mum's life was like she had a really horrible relationship with her father experienced abuse in her own life and then was taken into care. There was a lot of drugs. It's not possible to make every child's life perfect. And she really struggled after leaving care and fell into struggles with alcohol and drug use and relationships with abusive partners all of which I believe were really well recorded. A lot of people were getting murdered and stabbed here in our house. I remember those things happening. There are cases where the parents are doing okay. They're not brilliant but they're doing just enough. I just wonder why when she left and my dad was left with four kids on his own why did no one flag this up? I was still young enough to have a health visitor and was still having regular check-ups and so why did no one notice? And by and large, children are better off living with their parents. I came into care when I was six and I know that by removing that child it will be really destructive, it will be too traumatic. Social services, health, the courts, all of these were involved with my family over a really long period of time. How did everyone miss what was happening? I've got this family of three. They live with their mum. She uses heroin. She is not a brilliant mum but I have moved them into kinship care three times. My dad's sister-in-law came to the house and smashed the place up. All the windows, she got ladders and she came up to the bedroom where me and my sisters were and put a knife to her throat every time the mum turns it around and they go back and then it just disintegrates all over again and if I find that exhausting how do they find it? What is it like for the children? The social workers started coming after that.  Why didn't the school notice? And as well as that, my mum staffed me. I can't remember how long for. She only did this to me. I don't know why. My oldest brother was taken into care when I was eight. There's a couple of reasons why I am not going to accommodate one of the oldest two and now two old. Then my sister was taken into care and then my next oldest brother. She had mental health issues. She used to go up in one. Lots of arguments. I was watching my step-mother get rid of my brother's and sister one by one right before my eyes. We are throwing lots and lots of support at this moment to avoid taking the littlest one into care. How did it take seven more years before anyone paid attention to what was happening to me? And then one of the days me and my mum went to ask her one minute she was nice to me and then she just disappeared. She just left me there. I just turned round and she wasn't there. She didn't do that to any of my sisters and my brother. Just me. The police came and took me back home to my mum. Partly because we can keep things just good enough and partly because the last time we put them into care the littlest one was so traumatised and I just don't want to do that to them again. I was taken into care when I was 15. Two days after that I was told I was being taken into care. I just feel for them. Their mum isn't the worst. She does love them. Why for eight whole years did nobody look more deeply into that house and ask what the hell was going on? Private sector children's residential home? John Ball, 22, a care experienced person. I work for a private sector residential care provider. I grew up in care and residential homes with private care providers. This organisation works with children with severe trauma and behavioural issues stemming from that. We have six kids in the unit. The kids are great and I do love the job but there are so many things which don't work. It's so frustrating. There's a new generation and there's an old generation within the care sector. I was living in Australia for a few years and I worked for an organisation there called Safe Places for Children and trained with them in trauma centre practice and attachment theory. That was interesting because over there they have an idea of looking after other people's children which is a bit different after their whole stolen generation thing and the Australian model just seems to be a bit more mindful about the big picture. The old generation pretended that they loved you and pretended that they were there to help you in that but it was fake. It tries to keep that core family unit intact or at least in contact and since starting this job in Scotland that's not something I've seen a lot of yet. However, I do feel like some of the staff members who looked after me in the residential homes I was in did love me. My frustrations are that we have so many things. We have so many reports to write so much pressure day to day that staff don't have the time to spend with or the headspace for the young people. Well, you've got Caroline, for example. Then there's another dark outside. It can become a breeding ground for people who can take advantage of these really vulnerable kids. Caroline, to be fair, was one of the first staff members to have told me no and to have told me no frequently and I used to get mad at her. There are staff, there are members of staff who will live for a kid having a meltdown so that they can step in and perform a safe hold. That's physically restraining a kid who's out of control so they look like a hero. I remember one time she annoyed me that much and she was walking out after a handover and I was walking the flowers with her hose and she said to me, see you tomorrow, JP, in a better mood. It's really ego driven. It's not about keeping the kids safe at all.  I just soaked her down. She was trying to get in the car and I was laughing at it. Don't get me wrong. There are some excellent staff too. The problem is in the private sector people can just walk into this job from anywhere with no experience. And I felt really bad for that afterwards. And sometimes that's a really good thing because they can come in and they want to understand but sometimes they come in with this crowd control us against them attitude with the kids. They form like a gang. That's how the kids see it. The adult gang against the child gang. She went home and her family's like you're all dredged, what happened and she's like, oh, John Paul had a bit of a fit today and it was like laughing. Oh, John Paul, what's he like? And we do have to do training in things like trauma and attachment but no one ever checks that you are actually applying this stuff on a day to day basis. I knew I loved Caroline but I didn't realise until maybe a couple of years ago about how much she really does love me. The vision for the organisation. The slogan that it uses to sell itself to local authorities in the care market and what it charges thousands of pounds for is not being met. And she'll tell me that now because we're not in the care set because in the care set and you can't really tell a young person you love them because it's seen as unprofession. Why do I stay? I stay because I genuinely love working with the kids. And then there was Jim. I developed a really strong relationship with one of the boys we looked after, Jack. Jim and I just had it off within hours of him when we went to the unit as a new manager. My dad wasn't on the scene and I looked up to Jim as a father figure. He smashed everything. He would go from here to here in seconds and he was putting a safe hold on our unit many times. Oh and there were some cases where I thought he was being a complete another mob to me. But now I understand that as love. I never did that because he was just a tiny wee boy. Jim was a bodybuilder himself. He met me, he saw how overweight I was. But instead of trying to put me on a diet like all the other homes had done with no success by the way he wrapped a whole plan around me. And so I just used to grab him and hug him when he was kicking off. He got me a personal trainer. And it always worked. Got me lifting weights. So I thought tooth and nail was social work to be a named person on Jack's care plan as he moved on. Got me trained up in nutrition and stuff. And they should have never moved him on but he was high tariff being looked after in this organisation which costs a local authority a fortune. And like cuts in that, you know? Well he motivated me. And then I started winning powerlifting competitions and titles. And my whole life changed for the better. I see him once or twice a month for contact stuff. We have a different relationship now to caregiver and service user. And his help is one of the reasons why I am where I am and who I am today. And I don't think he could have done that and wanted to do that if he didn't love the person that I am. Kids need to know You need to know somebody loves you. It's a feeling. Love was a feeling before it was a world. You don't have to believe it. You can feel it. 17, a care experienced person. It's quite hard to explain. Let me think. And I know what love and care is since I now live with people who love and care about me. Love means protected, comfort, trust, safe. Now I feel like I have people next to me. I have a house, I have boot. I can trust my foster carers. I have a key to the house. I'm free to come and go as I want. And I can lock the door to strangers. They comfort me. They hug me. Kiss me. Let me talk to them about stuff when I'm upset, angry, annoyed. I know what they're feeling and they can do the same with me. It can sometimes even see what I'm feeling before I even need to say it because they're watching over me. Basically, I feel safe. I know they're not going to hurt me.  They talk to me about things that matter to me. They remember stuff about me. Good memories, my birthday, important things I need to do, important things that happen to me and they smile at me. And that's what being loved is. 27, a social worker. Helen, 50s, former local authority cheap social work officer. The further you go up the chain of social work, the more conversation you have to have about money, delivery and cuts. I think when the job of social worker is portrayed on TV is portrayed really badly, I mean like my first memory is of Elaine the pain on Tracy Beaker and I remember thinking, why on earth would anyone do that job and now you're 20 years later? I've worked in the public sector for over 30 years and one of the things that I won't miss is having to sit in front of local councillors and talk about value for money. A couple of weeks ago, I had to spend an afternoon in the park, in the cold with the women who had threatened to kill me the day before and I just thought this is not fun. You can't get it right as a social worker you're criticised for not doing or doing. There was a case this week on the news about a teenage girl who had been murdered by her uncle and the social worker had a parody told her it was okay to live there and all the comments on social media were like, social workers. The councillor said, you're over spending your budget again. One of my friends was telling me this week that he was really traumatised by a social worker as a child because he had this bruising that had been caused by something else. I'll say, I'm not over spending. The demand for our services has gone up massively and that costs more money and the budget has never increased for years. But social work had thought it was his dad that had been hitting him and he remembers thinking how terrified he was that he was going to be taken away and he felt that that was overkill. He just had one. I'd say, there are all the things I've had to do this week to keep young people safe and the councillor says they want more of that, of course and then I'll say, well all of this costs money. I don't always agree with everything that we do. Of course I'm in to base value for money but in the last two decades everything has become about cuts. I don't think that everything that we do is effective. I don't think that just throwing services at people is the right answer because they have to be the right services. I won't miss that at all and some of these private care companies that we work with, I won't mention their names. I don't even understand what it is that they actually do. So much of the work social workers used to do has been farmed out now to the care market. Some are brilliant, I am a big fan of some of them. Care of companies or charities who we pay to do the work for us but most are just this really general thing and we are paying them thousands of pounds to deliver it, whatever it is. It used to be that we social workers knew our communities. We knew how to help people. I worked in some of the most deprived inner city areas for decades. I worked in school projects and family centres where the help was universal. We worked with parents to prevent kids being excluded, to prevent families needing other interventions from social services. Do I feel that I'm in a valued profession? Absolutely not. It depends. It's really hard being a parent but if you can work with them and work on relationships it's important. In terms of protecting babies with bruises I think there is value. I think people believe that is necessary but I think with older children based on daily mail comments no. Why is it important? There was a boy I worked with for a long time on the schools project. His mum had mental health problems and she was really hard on him. I'm really hard. And my friend who worked on the project with me she was walking down the street one day and this young man shouts Helen! Helen! and she turns around and he says sorry, sorry I thought you were Helen and she says do you mean Helen who used to work on the school project? and he said yes and he said you're going to tell her that I'm a butcher, a dentist and he bit whistly for her what you did for me I've never been doing the things in my life I'm doing now because you've believed in me. People have no idea what the job is and it's such a shame that all that funding for all those types of prevention projects ended with austerity. I sometimes feel that it was someone with math well educated, lefty friends they are understanding of social work in a sense but when it actually comes down to it they don't really understand they don't understand the complexity of how people's lives can fall apart it can take one thing to tip them over the edge but there's probably been lots of things building up for a while. Everything's a bit cuts now but it's a false economy because we've even got more children in care now because we're now doing that not doing that early intervention and prevention because that costs money some of it is about individual responsibility so much is about parenting as well as poverty poverty doesn't make me a bad parent but it can make your struggling parent and that's what people need to help some days I think about the people I work with you just need to get a grip and sort your lives out especially when we're throwing lots of services at them and they're just not going to change we need to find creative ways to keep families on the edge together support them to cope and other days I feel lots and lots of empathy and realise that they did not choose to be in a situation at their end and not just to cope but to drive I do really love my job though Lisa 22 a care experienced person Alex 30 a care experienced person James 70 a panel member of the children's hearing system I just got my care records back a while ago and you know those have your say forms I've got a massive box full of stuff and to be honest with you there's very little of my voice in any of it so in my care records it's like a whole collection of almost the very same thing which is like why can't I see my mum when will I see my mum why can't I see my brothers and sisters like a drawn big question mark I've written all around them that's just what these pages are full of the only time I could see any of my actual feelings written down and it's such a standard thing that social workers do with kids they got me to draw a house and to put my feeling they got me to draw a house with boxes and put my feelings inside the boxes I don't think the children's hearing system has done its job now I think we're having to take some decisions which we know are not in the long term interests of the child that was it that was all of my voice I could find in a stack of care records and that is pretty much what I've written from my entire time in care and I would get to see them but it would be like once a month and sometimes not for months and never together most decisions have been taken simply because of some of the circumstances you're faced with or the lack of resources or whatever they were letting us all see my mum at the same time initially once a month for another like supervised contact and what they'd written about it was we were all like trying to get an attention and all like competing for the attention so it was unhealthy and she couldn't display good parenting skills in doing that some of the language used by children and their families in reports is shocking I have honestly appalled as some of the reports are written by social workers I had a really good social worker at one point Chantel, she was really nice The children's hearing system is supposed to be the place where the voice of the child is heard but it really doesn't work that way most of the time I always say care is something that happened to me I wasn't involved in it in any way How do you find the voice of the child then? There has to be some mechanism that lets us do that Don't get me wrong I really got on with my foster parents the majority of the time I was there I was a really damaged vulnerable young person I was exhibiting behaviours of a breakdown and I was just crying out for someone to make it all right and make it better and you can see it in my care records but for some reason that wasn't clear When I needed someone to advocate Chantel would definitely advocate for me Through an advocate, through the child record what they want to say to us in some form beforehand because at the minute, what did we have? So when I was 16 it was decided to move a mother and baby placement into my foster home There was a decision made that my needs were no longer as important and so suddenly everyone's attention was on the baby And when I got my care records I would see that she'd noted I would always be asking to get moved from my foster care because they weren't doing any of the things for me that I could see them doing for their own kids I was just another foster kid on a conveyor belt one in, one out and so I started to lash out not to other people at myself went through a period of really bad mental health trashed my room one day not treated like a member of their family but more like a parasite and instead of comforting me and trying to find out what was going on my foster dad told me to leave and never come back and I could see in the records that Chantel would note that I wanted to leave but there was a senior social worker who'd be like no no he needs to stay where he is stability and all that, let's keep him now and because I was 16 when my foster placement broke down social work wouldn't find me another foster placement and they said they couldn't find me a place to live so someone higher up in the social chain always undermined the opinions of the person who actually knew me and knew my situation so I was put into a B&B and I ended up being there for around a year people didn't even think about how crazy it was to have me in that place I was saying it really explicitly you're putting me at risk and I remember really vividly sitting one day with my social worker outside the community centre and explaining to her just how much of a risk it was for me to be there left by myself and she just started crying and said I totally agree with you but no one seems to be listening no one seems to be doing anything about it what does listening to a child or young person actually mean to us adults in the system and so I said it to my councillor I need help to tell people that this is all of what's on my mind and it's making it really difficult for me to stay in an insecure B&B room on my own constantly there are two different ways of listening one is passive listening where someone is sitting in front of you talking and the other is active listening so my councillor wrote a letter to the head of the social work team too many adults in the system are defensive it's easier to defend your position than it is to reflect on your position or change your position and it was only then that they magically found me a flat because if you do anything other than defend yourself you're flying in the face of the way that the system expects you to operate the only thing that made anything change was my councillor a professional voice speaking for me I couldn't say it for me and the consequences of that are massive it makes you doubt your own voice Joanne, 40s, foster carer I used to see our verse from families with children looking for more foster carers 30,000 a year working from home it's not a fucking job it's more than a full-time job it's your life you're sharing your life with a child and they're sharing their life with you me and my husband look at three boys in our family two brothers and then a third boy came to us about two years later just on Westbite for the weekend here we are eight years later but the first two boys the two brothers first came to live with us I was sending pictures to social work every day as these wee wanes were not in shite out of each other in the living room every night and it was all just through anger and frustration and abandonment and confusion there was a lot of discussions especially in the early days about separating the brothers but I was instrumental in keeping them together because I knew they needed each other so we walked for miles every night put their coats on and would go for a big walk and a talk after their tea because they didn't like looking into your eyes when they were talking to you so that's what we did they all came with very different presentations of the trauma comes in waves and I always say you have to give these kids time to work through what they need to work through so they're able to accept your care and your love they're not always able to accept care at the start because they don't trust it and they're doing that just because they haven't had unconditional love at some point from someone who cared for them you have to try your hardest to hold on to them until they're ready to be loved I'm really determined with whatever I do in my life I have to help the boys prevent them doing the same thing, you know, happening again in their families so I definitely see myself in their lives for the rest of their lives I want to be like the granny to their kids and help them with supporting material things if they wanted it and welcomed them in I wouldn't feel bad if they chose to go back to their parents if they found a way to hold their families together but they welcomed me into their future I'll be there I use the word love all the time I can't imagine what it would be like if you didn't unconditionally love the children you were looking after and caring for How would you endure some of the difficult things you have to go through with them and what she'll go through? What quality of life are you giving them? But the system allows people to commit into the role of foster carer all the time Without testing if they have the capacity to give that unconditional love they don't even ask people this question when you apply As a parent I love the boys unconditionally and I tell them that and I voice that openly but I don't expect them to love me back and I think that's really important You can't enter into this world of looking after young people if you're looking for them to love you You should have your cup topped up by your love for yourself and your love from your friends by those who sit around you knowing that at times your cup will be drained dry Love for me is an emotion It's also a commitment and it's done by action It's what I do I'm pleased with the manager for a local authority Kathy, 40s placements officer for a local authority I hope it's to improve outcomes for children in care while reducing costs My bread and butter is to find young people who aren't engaging in education and to find a way for them I work with Callie No one with half a brain would do this job because I'm under constant pressure about the budget I'm not a social worker but I do understand the diet and the work outcomes for our children will spend the money effectively We return children to the council area where they were born and where they grew up The problem was that too many children were being sent out of a local authority being privately cared for in residential units and being schooled and often we ship off our most vulnerable kids those who were being most exploited through county lines or sex trafficking rather than those who were exploiting them and they were so far away they lost contact with everything they know the community, the family, their sense of identity even their accent was different We bring our children back home because it is the right thing to do it is about identity so for example we have a young person here who was excluded from school and they were shipped off to the central belt to a residential school effectively we were saying we can't care for you or cope with you so we're packing you off We then found out that we were paying thousands of pounds for this young woman to get care and an education but she was spending most of her time sitting outside the classroom in this so-called specialist unit and when I found that out I was like are you actually kidding me on? We're fired in our belly we're totally committed it comes from the drop it being made by private care companies We had someone look at the accounts of some of these companies in companies house and what some of the directors of these companies are earning is most of their front line staff are earning a wage and of these companies making outcomes for our children better a few are but most are not How do you get a simple place where you've got a quarter of an million pounds a year? One of the ways in which we most fail our most vulnerable young people in Scotland is education I need to give them the very best care right here I've been allowed to be very creative to have very free reign I need to work across systems housing, health, education, social work We're still not fulfilling the values for the curriculum for excellence because school is not for everyone it doesn't bend That's an almost impossible thing to do sometimes and there are kids who can fit into school because of poverty dynamics within the house and trauma A lot of our young people in care get bounced out of the education system because they don't have the soft skills to manage it We have two bodies moving out of our area for four years We've got a house, made an actual home nothing institution and brought them back We need to understand whether we are a teacher a social worker or a councillor it's love That's what we are doing when we work with these young people The staff were told these heads will be tricky initially that you have to sit with them you're the long-term carers we didn't employ anybody who didn't completely see that as how the house was going to operate and they're all still there That tells you something, doesn't it? The staff don't know Love is attachment attunement an ability to notice and respond to a child's underlying needs being emotionally available to them The previous care provider said they couldn't cope with school all that tells to be honest but in a week they were both at a local school That's what we're asking our staff to do that is what we are training our staff to do With that a couple of weeks the school phoned me and said one of these boys is way, way more gifted than they were ever given credit for in the last few years I was raising a milking current fees to this private care provider to not find that but they do it in Anyway, those kids are thriving now We have to be human beings and see them as human beings I wouldn't say everything we do is the answer for equity but we'll keep working to find golden answers These are our kids and they belong here with us They are our kids and we need to hold them like we would hold them in child What if What if rather than criticise the poor and how they carry their bottom What if we realise that we're all connected to each other What if we held each other the way we'd like to be held ourselves What if? What if the people of Scotland didn't value what if we started thinking about those kids was our kids What if we did compassion accepting saying no sometimes being there what if we thought about attachment mentalisation about really seeing you What if we made an effort in bringing out the best in me so reassurance is so important What if Scotland's care system was really about understanding how I feel or making someone a real part of your life What if we all realise that it takes a whole village to raise a child Whatever


As sheep producers, we are integral members of the American lamb supply chain that provides safe, high-quality, and flavorful eating experiences for consumers of all ages. This video is the first in a five-part series emphasizing lamb quality and is funded by the American Lamb Board and Premier One Supplies. The United States has a broad spectrum of breeds, management strategies, and marketing options for sheep producers. A primary driver of sheep operation profitability is the efficient gain of lean meat protein that is merchandised as lamb or for an aged animal as mutton. An analysis of an operation's commitment to American lamb quality can be achieved through benchmarking and the improvement of lamb carcass characteristics. Beginning with the end in mind is a theme for the ALB and Premier One lamb quality video series.  Primary evaluations of lamb carcass characteristics include measurements of muscularity and trimness that provide an indication of cutability and retail yield. Upon slaughter, head, pelt, and internal organs are removed, yielding slightly more than 50% of live weight as the carcass weight. Working with your local butcher, you may have the opportunity to inspect and evaluate the result of your labor at a processing facility. Initial indications of lamb cutability are evaluated based on the shape and color of the carcass. Trim lambs will produce a more shapely carcass that has indentations between the leg and loin and rib and shoulder. As an animal reaches a more advanced degree of finish, the fat is deposited and creates a more rounded, boat-like shape. Also, animals with less fat covering will show a greater amount of bluing or exposed muscle. Overall, we strive for a light finish that is uniformly distributed over the carcass. Carcass shape can also provide indications of muscularity. The most prominent region to look at is the shape of the leg. A wider, thicker and more bulging leg is a carcass attribute that correlates with carcass conformation, a component of USDA quality grade, and utilized as a benchmark. Overall, carcass conformation provides us with an increased expectation of the lean meat lamb produced from an individual carcass. A process termed ribbing is not commonly conducted at large U.S. commercial processing plants but can be requested with cooperation from your local processing plant. In order to rib a lamb, count from the inside of the carcass with the point of your knife 1 through 12 ribs. You will use the point of your knife from inside the body cavity to identify the separation between the 12th and 13th thoracic vertebra. Wiggle the knife between the vertebral discs and gentle pressure can be used to separate between the 12th and 13th rib. You can poke until you find that soft spot. We line it up. The knife is pushed through the body cavity. And you can move to the dorsal or front side to insert your knife with pressure down on the rib and cut back. This exposes the rib eye at the 12th and 13th rib interface. We can now gather a greater amount of information to benchmark lamb cutability. A ruler can be used to measure 12th rib back fat from the edge of the rib eye muscle to the edge of the exterior fat. The location to measure is 50% between both edges of the longissimus dorsi muscle. And both left and right can be measured and averaged. This measurement is used to determine USDA yield grade that will be more comprehensively explained in a subsequent video. Body wall fat thickness is another indication of trimness recorded 5 inches from the midline of the carcass. Take a ruler and identify 5 inches and make a mark.  Rib eye area is now our greatest available indicator of muscling and expected retail meat yield. Using a specially designed grid, place it over the interface of the rib eye and count each dot.  Thus, we add up the number of dots and divide by 20 for a total area in square inches.  This is the gold standard that producers can utilize to evaluate lamb carcass characteristics. Those that have access to a ribbed lamb carcass, such as direct sellers, can benchmark their expected lamb carcass cutability and work toward their own flock improvements. Utilizing carcass characteristics information provides sheep producers the opportunity to quantify the cutability of lambs produced on your operation. As an astute sheep producer, it is an exciting chance to make the connection of what sheep we produce and the American lamb that reaches the plates of consumers of all ages. A huge thank you to the American Lamb Board and Premier One Supplies.


It's story time children. Two friends are walking in the woods together. Let's call them TF and TC. TC spots this odd structure and becomes very excited. A fairy ring, a fairy ring, he exclaims, TF is skeptical. TC points out the geometric precision of the circle, clear signs of intelligent intent. A designer made this, and the only logical explanation is some kind of magical being This is clearly the work of fairies, he says. Now TF is a scientist, and he suspects that fairies make a very poor explanation for circular arrangements of mushrooms. But he's also a skeptic, which means he suspends judgment until evidence can be produced. He asks TC, what evidence is there that fairies exist? TC responds, this fairy circle is evidence. No natural explanation exists for it. It's clearly the product of intelligence. Therefore, fairies exist, and they make fairy circles. TF sees a flaw in this thinking. By what mechanism do the fairies make the mushrooms grow in this pattern, he asks? Magic, replies TC. Fairies are known for their magical control over nature. Can we replicate that in a controlled setting? asks TF. Of course not silly. It's magic. You can't control magic, replies TC. TF is perplexed. You're using a fairies of the gap explanation, he points out. There might be other explanations that would better fit the evidence, and provide a testable mechanism. TC responds, a bit grumply. Yeah, but you don't need to know the mechanism to accept that the fairy ring is unexplainable by natural forces. Therefore some fairy-like being made the fairy ring, but it's clearly the product of intelligence. Nature doesn't produce such structures. TF remains unconvinced. When he gets home, he does his research on fairy circles. He reads about how fungal mycelia spread outward, sprouting the fruiting structure of the mushroom at their periphery. Armed with this explanation, TF takes a shovel and locates the mycelium in the center of every fairy ring he comes across. He colonizes a little patch of dirt in a sealed container with some fungus and watches over several months as the fairy ring forms. He's discovered an empirical mechanism, as well as a model that is both predictive and explanatory, and all without resorting to a supernatural cause. This does not mean that fairies don't exist. It doesn't mean that fairies can't create circles of mushrooms. It does mean that we don't need fairies to explain fairy circles. Natural forces are sufficient to explain them. That's all a scientist needs to know. That's the end of storytime. Now for the lesson. There's a progression of understanding in science. TC noticed an anomaly. That's something we don't presently have an explanation for. The problem was that he filled in the gap in our knowledge was something he made up. He later switched back and said that it didn't matter what was in the gap. We just know that our present knowledge isn't sufficient. Therefore something was at work that was unknowable or unlike anything we've encountered before. Did it help his understanding to jump to that conclusion or did it actually lead him to a dead end? I think the latter. Perhaps TC set up camp there in the woods with a high-speed camera and special infrared lighting, hoping to catch a glimpse of a fairy at work. Should we fault him for that? Not really. He's testing a hypothesis. But it's not a rationally-based hypothesis. It's science, yes, but not very good science.  I imagine after some time he will find some very interesting anomalies on his film of the fairy circle. Perhaps he'll detect a blur or strange reflection or a glowing spot. It might turn out to be easily explainable by other causes, but maybe it won't. Maybe he'll eventually decide that all these anomalies point in a single direction, the existence of fairies. He will be absolutely convinced because of all the anomalies detected by his scientific study. Hopefully by now everyone is starting to spot the analogy. Substitute for fairies any field of paranormal or supernatural-based research. Some of you were no doubt thinking of intelligent design creationism, and it absolutely applies. But it also applies to paranormal research of all kinds. Ghosts, cryptozoology, ESP, remote viewing, and alien visitation. They may use modern scientific instruments, t-tests, and anovis, and they may be conducted by real scientists.  It's not really hypothesis testing. It's anomaly observing. They are no closer to understanding the forces at work than when they started. Take, for example, the Gansfeld experiments, which purport to test the effectiveness of telepathy.  A friend, just outside the chamber, watches provocative images on a TV, and the person in the isolation chamber must correctly identify what the image is from a series of four images. There have been over the years some very interesting results from this series of experiments, repeated at sites around the world. It's a mainstay of parapsychological research. Some experiments show anomalous results, especially older experiments before a series of reforms fix certain design flaws. In some studies, the person identifies the correct image about 32% of the time, rather than the predicted 25% by random chance. What do we make of the extra 7%? Here's where we separate the scientists from the fairy chasers. A scientist would say, what an interesting anomaly. We should try to find a credible mechanism. A fairy chaser says that this is proof of telepathy, and we should try to find applications for this newly discovered power. This kind of thinking is called psi of the gaps. There's an assumption that any unexplainable phenomenon is therefore attributable to remarkable paranormal mind powers. These mind powers violate the known laws of physics. So the parapsychologists are using scientific methods, scientific tests, valid statistics, but they manage to miss the fundamental problem with their research.  They've even gone so far as to use functional MRI to study brain regions, but no matter how much they analyze the receiver or sender of the signal, unless the signal itself is testable, why add it to the model? Does positing an invisible undetectable force increase our ability to explain the anomaly? Why psi? Why not invisible undetectable fairies whispering in our ears, or time-traveling photons, or virtually any other conceivable mechanism? For comparison with this kind of anomaly-based hypothesis, let's take the discovery of DNA as the source of heredity. Some of you are thinking of Watson and Crick, but no, that was DNA's structure. This work comes earlier. We start with Mindel and his piece. We knew that heredity in plants followed a two-character system that was highly predictable. We observed the interesting anomaly, but unfortunately he was not able to take it any further. In 1928, Griffith found that when he he killed a pathogenic bacteria, then mixed the resulting lysate with non-pathogenic bacteria of the same type, the pathogenicity was transferred by what he called the transforming principle. This established that heredity can be transmitted by dead organisms. Again, we have an anomaly, but slightly more information. Next came Avery McLeod and McCarty in 1944. They repeated Griffith's experiment, but this time they treated the lysate with a DNA's, an enzyme that destroys DNA. This blocked the transforming principle from transferring pathogenicity to the non-pathogenic bacteria. Now we have very strong positive evidence that DNA is associated with heredity. Next comes Hershey and Chase, 1950. They labeled the virus of bacteria with radioisotopes. They labeled the proteins with sulfur-35 and the DNA with phosphorus-32. The viruses were known to transfer their genome to the bacteria, making those bacteria capable of producing more virus. If the transforming principle was protein, the bacteria would contain the S-35, if DNA, P-32. The energies of those two isotopes are distinctive. The experiment revealed that DNA was the material of heredity. All that remained was to discover the structure and interaction of DNA to explain how it was capable of transmitting the hereditary information. That's where Watson and Crick finally entered the picture, making their celebrated discovery in 1953. Now maybe someday, the mechanism of telepathy will be discovered using the same type of experimental design as DNA. Maybe some quantum phenomenon will be discovered at the macro level, or a wave that passes through the little dimensions between atoms. But until that time, Psi is an anomaly, not an explanation. I, for one, dread the day we can harness the power of the mind to affect changes at a distance. Knowing the history of how humans use their new inventions, I suspect that it will be the beginning of a dark era for humanity. On the other hand, I've always wondered what my dog is thinking when he starts barking at the ceiling. Perhaps I'll finally find out. Fairies, perhaps? Thanks for watching.


This paper proposes an improved version of the GFYOLOV7 network for detecting the status of bounce locks in a substation. It uses the mobile Viteem module to enhance the feature extraction capabilities of the backbone network, while also incorporating the CBAM feature attention mechanism and two types of attention modules to further reduce the network size and increase its accuracy. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network achieves a detection accuracy of 97.8% with a reduced network weight and a slight decrease in detection speed. This makes it suitable for use in real-time applications such as substation monitoring. This article was authored by Yang Wang, Xiao Fengzhang, Long Meili, and others.


to the session on Masking Security and Efficiency. It's hard to read. Thank you. So there's three talks. The first talk is Reducing and Masking Implementation as Effective Security Order with Setup Manipulations and an Explanation based on Externally Amplified Couplings. So the work is by Ithama Levy, David E. Belizia and Ithama will be giving a talk. Thank you for the introduction. Do you hear me? At the back? Okay. So yeah, I will talk about, maybe it's too loud. So I will present our work and it was important to know that it was supported by the ERC SOAR project and the reassure project. So the motivation is clear. Masking is well understood. Such an analysis measure and basically we split a sensitive variable into these shares where D minus one of those are random and we do the computation on the shared values only and we have the independent assumption where we need to fulfill which basically means that we need that the shared induced leakage will be independent and then they will merge linearly into form the total leakage from the device and basically if you will take a simple example with one bit shared across two shares and we draw the conditional leakage distribution then we will get two scenarios according to the secret and we see that the mean is independent in the secret whereas the second the statistical moment depends on the secret and actually this scales up quite nicely in masking so if we will have D shares then we will need to estimate the D statistical moment and basically that means that the data complexity of an adversary grows exponentially with D and however and we denote by the lowest key dependence statistical moment the security order and concretely though it is quite hard to achieve those designs as we saw in the session yesterday so we have glitches which means that different shares might have different propagation delays within the system and we have memory transitions where a shared might be loaded into a register and then in the consequence cycle we might have a value which depends on a different share loaded to register and then we might have some leakage induced from this register which merge the shared and basically these type of non-idealities can be kept under control in the synthesis or design time so for example threshold implementation can use non-completeness to prevent from glitches propagation and transition based leakages can be mitigated by doubling registers or adding refresh etc so we denote those by a logical recombination since they can be prevented and formulated as logical conditions and sorry and so recalling yesterday session 6 in this talk I will talk about something else which is called couplings it was recently reported by Tomadek Knud okay so basically it implies that we have some electrical dependencies between the shares in our design they can be resistive or capacitive I will talk about it in a second so with this motivation we understand that we have some defaults such as glitches and transitions where we know how to handle them we even have tools to do so such as masquerade for Elmo for simulation however at the physical level we have those couplings and basically we don't know their extent how we can handle those so I will start my talk so what are couplings? basically it's electrical dependencies between shares within the design they can be capacitive so mainly it will be affected by the distance between the shares they can be resistive so mainly dominated by the power grid of the device and the distance again between the shares the problem is that those couplings induce glitches which are not so linear and not so nice and they are all ultra technology dependent so it is quite hard to formulate and model etc so what we can control really depends on the platform if it's software or hardware but basically mainly the distance between the shares the shares and the power grid of the device so in the context of site channel analysis tomatic node put forward that even when these designs are implemented correctly in respect to glitches and transitions masking can really suffer from those couplings and how we show that it was by placing shares in different locations in the FPGA so basically tweaking the distance between the shares by that to get more or less coupling and in some cases it was hard to get significant couplings so they needed to iterate a share in order to increase its leakage and then to get more coupling so typically those kind of tweaks is something which is quite hard for an adversary to do right once a design is made and designers will typically aim to prevent so this led us to quite a natural question even though we understand these couplings are practical is there a real threat without internal amplification so can we do something from externally so we saw this basic example and let's talk about physics so basically an on resistance in a standard technology so the current which is flowing to a shared the resistance, the effective resistance which it's implies something like 0.1 to 1 kilo standard power grid on a device is maybe two magnitudes of order smaller so basically our ideal model of an ideal power network which fits this distribution works quite nicely in a standard case so we ask ourselves can we as an adversary add something externally to break this symmetry so basically we wrote down like basic and simplified equations and we see that the leakage with such an external let's say resistor will induce some linear factors and the recombination factor what we denote by beta and it will be multiplied by some non-linear element okay so in this case we will get non-symmetric distributions which means that we have some information in lower statistical moments okay so we had some approximations here but basically if we write down the equations and try to understand what we are doing then if we want to get more amplification we can either reduce the external voltage however this has some negative effects for example reducing the voltage will imply to reduce the signal to noise ratio and then some point even the device will simply not work so we can alternatively increase the external resistance in order to get more couplings so if we do that at some point the device will not work again we might need to simultaneously increase the voltage to put the device in a functional mode so the message here is even with this simplified model there is no trivial answer to understand what is the worst case scenario it highly depends on the physics and for a certification lab basically this implies that the exploration space is quite huge for those couplings and then we try to generalize the model to these shares and to see what we get so we wrote down the equations and as expected we got that the leakage will depend on all statistical moments now this is not something not expected because we actually solved Maxwell equations and even with this simplified model we can expect that all statistical moments will leak and the only question is what is their extent or how can we get these amplitudes to be significant so our goal was to examine whether setup manipulation can reduce the effective security order and our explanation to that is based on these externally amplified couplings and the approach we used was to try and falsify this phenomena and to see what we get and to understand whether the amplitudes of these lower statistical moments can be made significant to reveal information and we wanted to move on from a detection-based approach which was taken in previous work to an exploitation-based approach and for that we used moment-correlating profiling DPA and the sole reason is that with moment-correlating profiling DPA we can actually see the contribution of each statistical moment and to see if we can get effective information out of it we had two test cases of software and hardware and in the hardware case we examined the AES-128 domain-oriented masking design on a Spartan-6 Sakura G board and on the software side we used a two-shared bit-slice implementation of the Bar-Fetal design on an Atmel Cortex-M4 device so these are commercial off-the-shelf devices and we didn't yet explore these effects for AES-6 or specialized devices and so you have all the information here and in the paper things which are important to note is that we used quite aggressive external resistance external voltage levels basically it means the device was on the verge of not functioning correctly in some of the scenarios so this is not like standard resistors and voltage levels that you would work with these devices and moreover we needed to keep the measurement environment quite clean and noisily and monitored and we needed to remove many of the onboard capacitors to get our hypothesis to work well so one last point before some results is that the hardware implementation was an S-Box parallel design so we couldn't really get to see the distributions because they are very complicated however on the software side we had like this nice and serial implementation which means that we can actually pinpoint a point in time and see the distribution for example for one bit licking so as I showed earlier these are the modeled conditional leakage distributions where the situation is ideal the power grid is perfect and then we took our software implementation and we had like a no-omplification scenario so one-ohm standard resistor standard supply voltages and we collected data and draw the distributions and tried to see what we get so we see that our distributions on the right side on the measurement world were quite symmetric and very similar to the modeled world whereas when we started to amplify so we used quite aggressive values like 20 ohm resistors with 1.55 volts as a supply we see that we get the asymmetry required in the distribution on the right lower side of the screen so basically this gave us a bit of assurance in the model that we have and the effect that we see with externally amplified couplings and from that we moved on to some sanity check so this is just one voltage scenario 1.2 volts we see on the left a t-test of the first order and on the right a t-test of the second order and we have many curves here so the set of curves with the baseline notation there is just different measurement equipment that we see and when we tweak the internals of the hardware design so the spacing between the shares we see this blue curve which then shows us that with an internal amplification we can get something from the device and then when we aggressively play with the external setup we can get significant leakage from the device and then going to a moment correlating profiling DPA we see here the first moment in different scenarios according to, as a function of the number of traces so first of all we see that there were cases that we weren't able to retrieve the secret key and after amplification we were able to retrieve the secret key and not only that we increased the correlation values by a factor of 10 which then explains that it was done with far less traces and there were cases where we already saw some leakage in the first moment maybe there is some internal amplification already in the device but when we do aggressive amplification we get it far faster and far stronger with stronger amplitudes and to conclude this set of experiment we perform the success rate across 100 experiment in different external voltage and resistor sites so you see here the success rate across the number of samples and so from the right hand side which means we do not touch the device we work in nominal conditions to the left side you see that external amplification is significant the success rate goes to 1 quite fast okay so on the software side we see quite similar results actually on software we do expect that we will get significant internal amplification because if you think about it in a software design there is a shared resistor that goes all the way to the ALU so basically it means that you already have some internal amplification to work with so an open challenge and I will conclude with that is that we only checked of course the second order and we don't know really how it would scale for more shares so we know how the distributions look like for three and four shares and then we plugged that into our model with some reasonable values for external amplification and we looked on how it's supposed to behave and clearly we will see that there is some asymmetry in the distributions and we can expect that there will be some information to extract the only question is how significant can we make the amplitudes of these couplings so with that I will draw some conclusions so set of manipulation can be or external amplified coupling can give a significant impact can lead to a significant impact on the security order not only on the noise level as we traditionally assumed and we demonstrate that off the shelf devices are sensitive so it leaves open directions to understand whether it also goes for ASICs or specialized devices and how would actually the security order reduction scale with D for this kind of effect and relating to the talks from the masking session yesterday I think it is an interesting open problem to see how we can actually model external or extended probes that really reflect such an adversary and things we can do I mean this is already something quite hard to model so it is an open challenge and relating to the earlier talk that we saw in the previous section on leakage attacks so basically I think that this is a very relevant thing because if we have such amplification it will be far more easy to verify and its effect will be more relevant on leakage currents of devices and I will conclude my talk with that so please if you have questions So are there any questions? Yes? Thanks for your presentation You made all your measurements through power consumption measurements? Again I didn't hear you Sorry? If you can repeat I didn't hear you You made all your experiments with power consumption measurements? Yes Do you have any idea how you could do that for like your amplification and your analog processing for electromagnetic measurements? For which kind of measurements? E-M measurements So basically you need to be active in some sort so if you need to put something on the power lines to generate this amplification and you want to do it with E-M then you need to somehow bypass you need to generate amplification with E-M if it's on the power grid so on the power grid you can do that also with capacitance if you have a capacitance on board then you can affect the capacitor to generate those kind of behaviors but if you strictly speak about E-M in the conventional way I don't think it's possible to do that Time for another quick question I have one Are your data sets available freely? Again please Are your data sets freely available? So there is no data set right? It's just designs But measurements Yeah but measurements it's easy to get right? I mean yes of course it's easy to upload With that let's thank the speaker again


Yo, what's going on children of the corn? It is Friday another day of life. So life's good man. Life is good All right, so some of you guys have been asking me for a while to react to Sotr's fallout All right, so we're on the springman's production 2021 channel shout out to him. We're gonna be reacting to this video Hello everyone and welcome back to the BBC I am Wilbert there Audrey You may also know me as the Reverend W. Audrey the author of the railway series books today I'll continue on documenting new events that took place on Sotr on to July 4th July 4th Or better known as the Brendon Bay Blast Brendon Bay The incident shook the entire world as thousands of people several locomotives Rolling stock and vehicles lost their lives Me and my team have managed to find all timetable sheets and Interviewed the survivors who experienced and witnessed the horrors of the deadly incident in their eyes I've asked a retired solo fireman Sydney Sanders to give us the journal on where he wrote down Many events that had happened. We've also interviewed two coaches whom you may know them as Annie and Clarabel This is the event of Percy's unfortunate predicament All right, let's begin. Oh man. I know this is gonna be nuts. Oh That's Annie right there. Yo, what the heck is that thing bro? Okay, we got Percy You think everything will be okay, don't worry Percy as soon as we get to the mainland everyone will be safe Then there was trouble Dude, what the heck happened? That's what I said Is that the beast I That's Percy, right?  He just crashed.  He has those John anymore Percy's unfortunate predicament Do that was very unfortunate after the chapter Percy though All right, so for our next video we're gonna be reacting to the 1411 experiment on the recording's official solder follow clip by Tidmouth Thunderbolt Engine known as Oliver has been acquired Beaten up a bit after being derailed by Harold and Herbert area and birth to the locals the ironworks engines Left on siding outside the main building Experiment 1411 dash to engine has been injected with a dosage Complained about nausea and a pain internally We put the engine to sleep and we'll be doing some further research. It didn't tell us it like hit the static It's like SCP 1411 dash three researchers have tasked Harold and Herbert to block engines from entering Engine has started the show signs of awakening Test on nearby flat car proved successful after knocking it on its side and about one swift movement Engine has been given anesthetics after terminating the test 1411-4 Circulation in the face is ceased Engines last faced is a concern expression new host seems to have taken over Ten rolls of groan and lengthen are able to hold itself off the ground We're really making major progress now 1411-5 Face is now removable Exposing the mouth and teeth look at all this sharp teeth can come out of the mouth now That's so cool. I'm engine can now control eyes by shoving tendrils into the back of balls and using them like servos I Would want to be battery Chapin's gone missing Blood dripping from his mouth pretty much answered our question We lured the ironworks engines in and got him ready for the test They were horrified One of them tried running into it and the other reversed One trying to escape derailed and was torn in half Oil was dripping everywhere and there was a fire Engine went after the second one and compressed the front half killing it instantly Test was successful Scrap will be sold later. Oh 1411-7 Diesel 10 was prepped for combat test. So what is our final combat test before mission is operational Diesel was brought in and combat commenced The like a fighter you guys do that right calling it multiple names creature beast monster But the engine got the upper hand Engine ripped off the hydraulic claw and the roof and tore off a buffer Out diesel 10 was powerless and begged for mercy Apologizing to steam engines in general Engine took the fin under the claw and jammed it into the middle of detent's face We've decided no mercy beast. All right, so that's the beast 1411-8 Engine number eight arrived at night was taken care of Beast rip parts off and attacked it after backing it into the buffers 1411-9 Toad break van the monitor This will help us be able to figure out Dude, we can't didn't finish what he's saying because of the static All right, well that was interesting. All right you guys well those were some solder fallout videos If you guys have any other videos you want me to watch let me know down in the comments Thank you all for watching. Thank you all for the amazing support and I will see you on the next one