Hello we are already 20 hours in a thong and For some already slept so It's a morning, but some are still Australia, I think they're then the day is ending right? Yeah, that's still got a few good hours for a square. Yeah Well for once it's late Okay, so We have quite a few people in the chat. That's hello everyone that should cover. I think Mostly Europe and Australia also So Are you to Also participating in a thong how did are you doing? I'm not participating this time because my team a lot of my team which is a small team decided They didn't want to participate this time. So we're actually working on it On the Welsh profiles and cleaning up some profiles We'd look at some of the jet compile Profiles Yeah, well, I identified some unconnected profiles earlier and That is to connect to all of them. That's good cool, I Notice that quite a few people in the England project the the mighty oaks team Quite a few of them are managing to find connections when they're adding people. So that's good Well, I I don't I I'm adding mice. I'm increasing my cc7. So for my great-great-great parents, I'm adding siblings and so on but I Didn't make any connection additional Because in Slovenia, there's really not a lot of profiles I had a first cousin enjoying wiki tree this year So I'm I need to get his His other side of his family added up and I know some of them are actually on wiki trees I need to get them connected at some point Yeah, it's different when those are closer relatives That you're adding yeah Well, they're gonna be in my cc7 because they cuz because of his connection. So I've got to get them connected Yeah Yeah, well, oh Okay, I just checked the cc7 histogram on the scores. We can maybe show it a bit share screen Entire It's not about how we had the school too Okay, and let's place us like this Okay so Here on the report the score sheet you you have a cc7 Histogram that shows it updates every five minutes. I think although that now it should be every one hour Because it uses Connection finder and there the data is updated There is every half an hour. So but we can see how some users have some participants Already increased their cc7 So this is a long list. So if you are looking for yourself, it's better to use search function Okay, and here I am Okay three That's correct Somebody said they were gonna add some People on to somebody that's in my tree This song so that might be my cc7 might go up even if I don't Others are working for you Mmm, so how you read this Charts, so here you have first is Victory ID of a participant Then you have Minimum and maximum number. I think those are these two Where you can see you and here the third number is the difference. So Because the graph is Histogram is always the same size. So you actually has have to check the numbers to see who did more So here 33 profiles were added to cc7 somewhere And only in the first five hours of the phone now here this One shade is daily bar and these are The one one blue and the other blue are Every four hours. So you can kind of navigate When something happened Usually there are some jumps Quite few people got I've seen a couple that were over a hundred that they've added or somebody's idea Yeah, but it's not necessary I mean if you have a hundred here that Most likely means that you connect it whole Part of existing trees. So you just added one connection probably Here we have 230 although no this may be since it's In little steps, it's probably it was although there are some jumps And if you hover on Bar you actually get the time slot for that bar and the total number So you can actually check the difference. So here it was ten thousand nine hundred 34 and the next hour 58 so 20 profiles were added in this hour Okay, so this is Monitored for the whole tone for all participants and the one that don't have a chart didn't increase their cc7 so They still I don't know why I think if there is no change, I don't even draw a histogram so once I do remember the Numbers, but I don't draw the graph at the chart if there is no change since it's nothing to draw Okay, so that was that was the histogram CC7 Okay Well, how we have to We do have Word that you have to type and that is relatives to participate in the random draw so Everybody I Okay, we already have one to And in the meantime, I can we can announce the Random draw Active members for a t-shirt or Mac probably I'm not really sure but I Did this beforehand and here it goes it is I Caruso from team Italy Congratulations Active now Do you know what needs to be done? Do they have to I think You will contact them, right? Yeah, that's all So That is the random draw we know Oh, I just wanted to check if there is something interesting going on in chat and all I can see is a relative They were talking about the CC7s earlier Yeah on the last chat those people were asking about normalized score Mm-hmm. Is there's that? Does that type 24 hours before it starts? Yeah, I usually don't initialize the Normalized scores Before I just start after one day, I probably usually start that scoring because beforehand it jumps a lot since new users are adding their first profile and then if someone new starts to At profiles it changes the number the average is a lot so Usually maybe after this tone. I will this hangout. I will Initialize them Yeah, come who was who is asking about best someone did the last Oh, why is it showing normalized? Okay, but now with the divisions there anyway, they are split to The teams are grouped by their size, so We have three winners actually in a large medium and small teams And speaking of it we can have a look of the normalized of the Divisions, so we have the three divisions in the small teams And they are Equal is almost equally sized 20 to 13 teams So the division 2 has 13 teams and first and 1 and 3 have 12 teams on them And These are the limits are I think Division 1 is up to 15 members From 15 to 25 members in the team is division 2 and division 3 is More than 25 members on the team and those are all And the big teams known for years There is no new team up here Is the newest one but newest but they will probably form from people that were in some So in division one South African spring Springbooks box are in the lead with 700 profiles Followed by globetrotors Austria, oh, we are good. We are on my team is on 6th place cool. I Have only three profiles in this number, but that's better than nothing In division 2 to German genies are in the lead with 1700 Proces with 1300 and Kiwi crew right next to them six profiles difference Here so but the day is coming to the end Okay And in division three Bellachia roots are in the lead with 5600 Mighty oaks are following with half of that 2300 legacy hairs with 1500 and Three more teams are also over one thousand already So we have six nine teams I already reached one thousand profiles That's cool so Check how many user are already participated so 623 out of seven I think 760 participants are registered I think like that. So that's a good number. I think yeah, very good number The usual one 100 profiles were done already with 90 users One thousand is not reached yet. Okay. It's not even a day John yesterday really started strong he had 100 profiles in 10 minutes That was amazing But then okay, it's stopped Actually, you can for a user you can Check so let's copy his name You also have user histogram here that is showing how the profiles were added by our and Here again, you can search for a User and here we can see 140 pro John added 140 for profiles in first hour then so that was Prepared beforehand and then now he is doing a standard 40 an hour, which is much more normal number Yeah So this is an interesting view if you want to check for yourself How you're doing? I Think it's with a lot of the apps that have been Done. It's can be a lot quicker to add quite a lot of profiles now and then what it used to be We had to type everything in Yeah, it's actually I mean Adding a profile is quite a big fast operation. I mean you need one minute to add profiles once you have the necessary data It's finding the information especially especially here in Slovenia since the Church books are not indexed. So you have to search page by page Yeah One of the slow days for some of these people that have got their family all up on family search or ancestry or something Okay, so I think everyone wrote Relatives so if someone did Now it's the last It's We are going to have a draw so right relatives if you haven't already And I have to find the Here okay, so 28 people and their relatives anymore 30 entries Yeah, so there this is the word and don't misspell it Capitalization is not important. I think Okay, so now I think we have everyone so let's go I mean we just in between so Great Last person that posted on the chat Okay, I Think I have to write this summer right Yeah And do it afterward Doesn't look like anyone's asked any questions about anything By now they should they'd know everything. I mean come on. We are doing this for a few years now three times a year Yeah, I think here they a lot of information is exchanged in this court so mostly Most of the problems are resolved there Okay, I think we did how we have to tell the total total number also Where is that here Important if people want to know now we're doing Yeah, we will probably have a guessing again I don't know well to later today. I think usually it starts And at the moment we have 32,229 profiles Well, let's have a look So To get the proof to the previous tons you need you just remove the you the last ending of the URL and here you have all the old ones so we can hear now open all Last three for instance So last year we had 95 thousand and we are one thirteen almost not yet not completely but So we will probably have something similar to the last on by the number seven with less participants And then and The April one last year it was seventy six thousand and January one 95 also Suspect you get more people during the winter period in the northern house Participating and you do it in the summer. Well, I think it's very much connected to the weather so if it's because I think I already noticed that if the weather was bad People are then doing other things and I don't spend so much time entering profiles So we're yeah, we are in 90,000 number. I think We will the rate will continue approximately the same Yeah Usually the first day is stronger because People prepare something to start with Enter those quickly, but then second and third are Approximately the same and also the histogram here is standard usually two thousand on the When the US is up and during their night, it's around seven five hundred. So next four hours, I think are the slowest Yeah, what I'd be surprised.


African drums are talking through the long night over vast forests of mangrove and mahogany the drum notes hover in brooding mystery like the souls of dead warriors called from eternity by the ghostly rhythm of the ceremonial drum is the chant of the juju grove the liturgy of the jungle listen they bring you a story of Africa professor Anton Edwards and his little party of explorers in Africa descend into an extinct volcano and find a strange race of people the only way for them to regain the outside world is evidently through what is called the passage of the rock a dark forbidding cavern whose yawning mouth is set in the cliffside and through which at certain seasons the great apes roam out of them goodbye to the queen and her people the professor Lorna Jack and guru enter the cave mouth the first torch is lighted suddenly guru sharp eyes make out the figure of a man leaning against the wall just ahead of them the professor calls but receiving no answer they advance keeping the silent figure covered with their rifles hold the torch higher Jack girls right he's dead no I saw him move torch flickering that's all my dear are you sure father well I'll make sure I look out keep away what what happened that body must have been standing there for years started to crumble as I touched it huh well let's get on that was horrible how could the things stand there all that time sir goodness only knows Jack notice the gradual ascent of the floor professor wonder what part of the country will be in when we get out of the other end they think it'll be anywhere near our camp with all the stores I don't see how it can be I think we're traveling in the opposite direction anything so too but we must do all we can to remember the point where we emerge that's vital I want to leave a party from the academy back here and if I can't find the place I turned open my mouth we have enough evidence of our discovery as the only evidence I shall ever rely on is to let them see the place with their own eyes father what are those little pin points of light sparkling from the walls and feeling even hey let's examine one of them Jack yeah torch closer have to use a flashlight I guess well you would notice those things wouldn't you trust a woman to see diamonds a mile off diamond George that would pay for an expedition back here wouldn't it yes their diamonds all right at least this one is can't make an impression on it with a knife dig it out father I'd like to get out with why have you got a hammer and jizzle can't you dig around it with a knife that's all it rock it is a hard volcanic rock at that but can't we take any with it afraid not my dear we'd have to blast them up come on let's keep moving isn't there any way we can get some of them Jack no I don't think so dear what I'm good over here what I speak you're kidding me well let's get on folks there must be an underground river in front of us I can hear it now it must feed the river that gives the city back there it's water supply as I always wondered where it came from I thought another torture this one's practically burned out all right you notice we've been making a gradual ascent all the time yes and I'm about you for a rest I think we'll take a spell in a moment well here's your river and girl and here's where the rope comes in handy let's see about 20 feet of cars I guess it's a very deep you people take a rest while I test it what do you see on the world no seabreamer smell a mamba crocodile say what's wrong sir we're gonna say he can smell crocodiles but how could they get down under here probably float it down with the river pull the torch a fire I don't see anything put your flashlight on as well on it nothing I can see that probably a crock past here recently well there's a large rock out the middle of the stream two good jumps and I can get the rope across one no rock now not mamba rock moving get back to crack it out keep that demon owner it's rising slowly the light did it here's waking it what a huge being great Scott I've never seen their head as large as that before capital everyone he's drifting this way on a mamba local yes it's seen us well I'll have to shoot it keep the light steady here take my flashlight Jack okay sir yeah he's the only place don't think I got him properly he back it might try to climb on no it's moving with the stream into the tunnel there there he goes too bad I thought we were going to have some steaks put in there so did the crocodile Jack so we're even they'll put the flashlights out we must save the batteries one now now now what is it in the world there's something moving over there sir the other side of the water who comes to disturb my solitude who comes for Pete's sake who is it one now it is wife vote devil who is it Thomas with light answer me we are friends who travel through the mountains seeking an outlet to the passage of the rock taking an outlet and it's an old woman I think she's blind at least she's not looking at it her head's cocked on one side listening he's not muttering an answer or must I get my Apes upon the old Apes old mother of time there are no priests left in the city that lies without the rock what is that out there is no priest left the people have cast them forth and peace reigns in the city of the rock then the day has come at last it was written there be peace in the island why seek here now please we are of the outside world and journeying back to our people so the stranger it was written I like that I may see the path over the water so I put the torch on sir no just keep the light from shining directly on her face evidently she can see in the dark not used to light feeling at the bottom of the wall with her feet there must be a path of some sort there yeah base of the wall just out enough for a foothold which woman good one up she's become devil tongue well I hope the good devils tell her the shores away out of this place and that I may know the couple sir that's all right Jack I've seen these people before they have to make contact their sense of touch is better than our eyes as it was written then I have not waited in vain the property is about to be fulfilled and I shall be free to return then is there an outlet to this passage old mother is there an outlet have I not waited upon thy coming to show me the way to lead the out of the path of the sleep that killed I now work heading into it did I'll say I'll work journeying back to my people yes old mother their cities lie many days March beyond this rock many days now I and many days beyond that again for before the lie path of danger my hand has not yet put aside the sword how far shall we journey before the light of the sun shall warm us again the sun take no thought of the sun is the moon that holdeth thy destiny I the moon beware of the moon this but the moon will rise and set in spite of me old mother and in spite of my child my child what is this prophecy to do with my child speak woman and forget your riddles no harm shall the fall thy daughter no no harm be her scratch both her hand that I may see more clearly put your hand out order better be careful sir I don't like this somehow there speaks divorce no it is not thy daughter the moon has longing eyes upon but this young man who is near to her this gets worse and worse one on earth is she talking about sir I haven't the faintest idea Jack but evidently the future holds some excitement for us and it's all connected with the moon in some way well now moon daughter may be look little one up for marry her well that sounds more sensible what did you know say there is an African myth which says that at certain seasons the moon sends his daughter to the earth to find husbands for themselves so when will suggest it's the daughter of the moon who is going to cast longing eyes upon Jack well that's certainly more tangible I give a lot to get a good look at the moon right now the moon thou shall see the moon is light beyond the sleep that killed and that's why it's beyond the water come follow me let's go people take hold of my belt Lorna you follow her Jack and the guru bring up the rear okay sir careful careful everyone the ledges very narrow at your cells against the wall and walk sideways noise those those are apes apes right ahead of us Jack


This paper examines three different metal organic frameworks MOFs, UIO67, UU1, and ZIF8 grown on CAF2 windows. The growth mechanisms of each MOF were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, SEM. The authors found that UIO67 followed a Volmer Weber growth mechanism, while UU1 and ZIF8 followed a similar growth pattern. Additionally, the authors used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTR, to examine the effects of methanol exposure on the MOFs. They found that UIO67 became inaccessible to carbon monoxide, CO, upon exposure to methanol, while UU1 and ZIF8 remained unaffected. Finally, the authors concluded that this technique could be used to study other MOFs in situ, allowing for more detailed analysis of their properties. This article was authored by Lawrence D. B. Mannmaker, Kristia Jabour, Miko Laos-Mikolopoulos, and others.


Funny story, so I found out about the Darktreeout test from you, and I was on a double date, and we made my friend's girl take it, right? She got a 99 Narcissism, so the next day they broke up. It was too much of a red flag for him. Yeah, and you can also tell, like some people are like, Tar, are you gonna break up with the girl just on the test? I'm like, no. When the test shows someone's a 99 Narcissist, you start connecting the dots with the behavior right in front of you. Narcissists, high Narcissism, they found now those people are missing gray matter and a portion. Now these fMRI machines, you're missing a certain type of brain tissue. Wow. So you can't even fix it.


It's infinitely sad that somewhere in the corner there's no, Dima is not looking at me and not asking sarcastic questions about my presentation. Well, I have many personal memories of Dima, but I will probably save them and tell about them on the other occasion, maybe tomorrow. And my talk refers to, well, there will be several concrete results in what I will be talking about. But most importantly, I want to stress that there's a huge field of non-equilibrium field theories which are physically very important and which we understand very poorly. We just scratched the surface of this. And as I believe it's fundamental for our understanding of the problems of the cosmological constant or of cosmic acceleration. It's fundamental for our understanding of turbulence. It's fundamental for our understanding of hierarchy problem in the standard model. So it is a, let me formulate now what the essence and what kind of problems there are. In the problem of the cosmological constant is that in the universe we have two scales. One is its size, I call it infrared scale. The other is the plunk length. What we expect from, if we use some naive equilibrium field theory and calculate the cosmological constant, we typically would get the result that it is, it has a scale L minus two ultraviolet scale. It has plunk size. We will obtain the answer that it is of the plunk size. However, in reality, cosmic acceleration tells us that it is of the order of infrared scale. And the difference between the two is a huge number, 10 to the 60. And that's the problem basically. Now, there was an analogous problem although it was never considered as a problem in the 19th century. We had Avogadro number, a huge number which measures, which roughly speaking relates the scale of molecular physics to the scale of everyday life. And there is some analogy between this ratio of scales and the Avogadro number, but I will probably not expand on this. Another problem with two scales is, so I just, to summarize what I said, it's just that we have the enigma of two scales, two hugely different scales. Now, and so it's interesting to see whether we have some other examples of this. And indeed we do, we have the picture of Kolmogorov turbulence, Kolmogorov cascade, which is not completely correct but it's qualitatively, qualitatively it is correct with some, in any case we have the ratio of infrared and ultraviolet scales which is of the order of some power of Reynolds number. It could be very large also. And the most interesting physics of turbulence develops between the two scales which is called the inertial range. Now, another example of two large scales is the fact that in the standard model we have the hierarchy problems and I will probably say something about that later. Now I shall skip a few simple exercises in non-equilibrium field theory. I only want to, we don't have much time. But I want to convey one feature of non-equilibrium green functions in comparison with the standard green functions to which we get used to. Non-equilibrium green functions which arise when you have the different in and out state than the system develops. It's not remains the same. I define like that. And they do satisfy operator product expansion and all the usual properties. However, if we try to calculate the S matrix, suppose we do, we want to calculate the S matrix. For that, we have to take some time to sometimes of two plus infinity sometimes to minus infinity. And then our field theory textbooks would tell you that the S matrix is the result of this limiting procedure. Modules to some uninteresting factors is just the S matrix. Which satisfies, that's unimportant, which satisfies the usual rules of unitarity, positivity, et cetera. Now, what happens in the non-unitary theory is that when we calculate according to the previous rule the sum of probability we take the S matrix, we will get the answer which is greater than one. So the naive unitarity is actually broken. The reason for that, I shall explain the reason in a moment, but I just go back. Yes. The reason for that is roughly speaking, I'm going to expand on it, is roughly speaking, oh yeah, I have a pointer, that while the green functions, which satisfies equations of motion and all the usual properties, is the ratio of these two matrix elements. The S matrix should be actually, because of this, the amplitude we obtain from the green function is a relative amplitude. It is a probability provided that vacuum doesn't break down. And one of the questions which I will leave unanswered, unfortunately, is maybe we can interpret it as a space-time interpretation of non-unitary fields. Whether we can make use of non-unitary CFTs, which are important and beautiful, but that's unclear. What is important is that another feature of this non-equilibrium approach which I am developing. Now is that the usual cutting rules for which provide us with unitarity are not satisfied in this case. Namely, the non-equilibrium Feynman diagrams are basically the same as the usual Feynman diagrams, except that the time is too valued. We will be talking about the double-valued contours in time a little later, but at the moment it's enough to say that the so-called Schwinger-Keldersch technique, which replaces Feynman diagrams in the non-equilibrium case, the technique which provides us with in or out-out green functions, is that you draw the same diagrams but you associate plus or minus with each vertex. Now, we can try to derive perturbatively the unitarity condition, the optical theorem, which tells us that the imaginary part of the amplitude is actually a product of left and right amplitudes. And indeed it is so here, this gives us the amplitude which is complex conjugate to this one and we have the normal unitarity. But there could be some anomalous pieces in non-equilibrium, which I call spiders, which basically means that vacuum is decaying. Those spiders are very obviously in the stable case than the vacuum is stable, those spiders are equal to zero. But so absence of spiders is a requirement for permanence. And here I can't resist temptation to quote to you some character from the very famous Russian novel who said that, well, people think that eternity is something grandiose.  But so in fact, eternity probably requires the absence of spiders, contrary to this opinion. But who knows? Well, that's not important. Now, let me give you one more preparatory examples to them, which is very well known. The example of non-equilibrium phenomena, which displays, you see, maybe I should have explained it at the beginning, but my point is that very different non-equilibrium phenomena, they are related by the technique and by the ideology which we are using to describe them. And that's why in order to develop the intuition, it's very important to actually collect and analyze as many examples as you can. So that's the explanation of the fact that I'm actually considering some well-known things, but in a slightly viewing them at a slightly different angle. So let's consider production of particles by the constant electric field, the problem which was analyzed in thousands and thousands of papers, but what interests, and let me first very briefly describe how it is solved. So let's suppose that we have the Klein-Gordon equation as written here, we will take vector potential, the one x component of vector potential to be ET approximately, and when K is large, we take the mode, it's easy to see that the, WKB condition is satisfied, and this is approximately the wave function, and then there is a breakdown of WKB when K is of this order. After that, we have again WKB, but we have not a single exponential, but two exponentials, two waves running in opposite direction. And we calculate the induced current, and it's very simple, this induced current, it's, I forgot to put the reflection coefficient here, which is written here, so there is a coefficient in front, and there is the only difference from the equilibrium, if you calculate equilibrium current, which is in-out matrix element, it will be the same formula, but without this sub-function, and it will be zero. However, the in-current is generated only by the generated particles, and they are generated in this region. As a result, you get the current proportional to the vector potential. Without, as you see, it's very, you don't need to calculate anything to get this, and this presents kind of a new anomaly, and it is actually quite interesting because for the constant electric field, we have time-translation symmetry, obviously, in our problem, and this time-translation symmetry will tell us that the current must be zero. Instead, we get a current which is linearly rising with time, and this is obviously the spontaneous symmetry breaking in the sense that the things become dependent of their past. There's a high non-locality in time. Now, there's an interesting feature which I mentioned very briefly on the blackboard, I guess. Do we have an answer? Oh, thank you. That we can do the calculation in two ways. As I said here, the calculation was done in the gauge AET, A0 is zero. In the second gauge, we can take A0 equal to EX, A1 equal to zero. The results will be different. The difference between two results is related to the fact that if you start in order to get a well-defined problem, you have to start with vector potentials which goes to zero in time and in space, and then you are diabetically turn that approach to the constant electric field. Turns out that in the non-equilibrium situation, the another manifestation of this sensitivity is that the answer depends on the order of limits. In one, if you first take space dimensions to infinity, you get one answer in one gauge. If you take time dimension first, then you get another result. So we have the non-commutative limits. Generally, the non-commutative limits, I think, is the, was always historically the source of highest confusions in theoretical physics. Well, starting from Boltzmann times. Well, it's not all. You see that we got the correction to the polarization or vacuum polarization proportional to time, and therefore we have some infrared divergence. It is possible to see, I will not be doing this, but it is possible to see that if you calculate some non-equilibrium green function using this diagram technique, using this Katkowski, modified Katkowski rules for the Schwinger-Kelch diagrams, you will obtain something interesting. Namely, that well-defined, massive field theory possess the green functions, not only the expectation of current, but all the normal green functions have unusual infrared divergences, proportional to the time scale, proportional to the time scale and to the time from the beginning, so to say. The time from the beginning enters explicitly the formula. And that's one of the summation. I don't know what will happen after summation of these divergences, and that's one of the open questions. And once again, you will never notice those infrared divergences, and people never notice them. If you calculate the in-out matrix element, the Feynman, so to say, amplitudes, but physical amplitudes, which are in-in matrix element, they are full of them.  So, there's one more comment on this thing. One more comment on this thing is that you can calculate, you can calculate the, in a higher dimensional space, say. Normally we teach students that we have to look only in-out in order to describe physical processes. Why are we looking on things in- Yeah, because you never told the students that they are living in expanding universe. When you tell, when you uncover this surprise to them, they will have to change. What? Subject. Good, maybe. Okay. Yeah, one more point about this, and I will move to the next part, is that if you perform similar calculation in a static field, then you will get the induced density proportional to this formula. Actually, it was thought of my teacher, Arkady McDowell, tried similar formulas many times, trying to derive it from Thomas Fermi approximations and so on. I was always skeptical and I was wrong because, well, he never, as far as I know, considered this exponential factor, but otherwise it seems that we have a very unusual vacuum polarization. Normal vacuum polarization is just, is just the dependence, things depend on the field strength only, while here they depend on vector potential, which is unusual. And I shall just mention, because I don't have time to go into this, although it's quite interesting, that very similar phenomena occur, some phenomena which are related to creation of particles and so on, occur in condensed matter. Well, there is, of course, the naive, the obvious part of it is that there is a zener breakdown which is just particle production, but I mean something more than that. There is a thing called the excitonic insulators in which instabilities due basically to this large back reaction play a fundamental role. And that's, I think, maybe an interesting analogy for the cosmological constant problem to keep in mind. But we don't have time for this. Let me go to the case. Still remember the name, the excitonic insulator. Let me now switch to the case which really interests me, and this is the deseter space. That's, of course, the deseter space is highly interesting because of cosmic acceleration. And it's basically analytic continuation from a sphere. It's, well, it's all written here. You just take a sphere, you make analytic continuation, and you, we are considering massive fields, massive quantum fields on this sphere. And of course, when you have a sphere, you have massive fields, it's, there are no surprises there. It's stable, perturbation theory is working well. Nothing happens. So one might think that we can do the calculation in the deseter space, which, by the way, mathematicians, to mathematics terminology, the deseter space is the image, it's kind of anachronistic, it's, in fact, imaginable by Chesky space, the anti-deseter space is the usual by Chesky space. Anyway, let's look at the metric. Let's write the metric on a sphere in this form now, which after changing coordinates become the metric like that. And you have to consider the only thing which makes physical sense here is the region inside the horizon. Horizon is r equals one by definition. And when r is less than one, it's a complete Euclidean space. And as I said, there is that temptation to calculate things on a sphere and then analytically continue it at the very end, analytically continue it to the deseter space. We can try the same strategy with the black hole. You see the black hole has very similar, in many respects, metric, very similar metric. And in the Euclidean black hole, you have to consider only the space that there is no such thing as region inside the horizon. The complete space is just r greater than 12. And this is geometrically the Euclidean cigar, very well known thing. And again, there are some instabilities which, for the black hole, which I will not discuss, which are not relevant for me now. But basically, if you take a scalar field, everything is stable. And important point is that in this way, which is the way Samsung students would be analyzing this, they would miss a very important physics. There is no sign of evaporation. That's one thing. Then we make this no signs because everything is stable. No corrections through the mass of the black hole. Now, if we're also this metric, which I wrote before, which was nice, complete Euclidean metric, which is chadezically complete space, it's not so anymore when you analytically continue. So you cannot really, you are dealing with an incomplete Lorentzian space. And in this case, unitarity will be lost, generally speaking, because when particles can disappear, so something should be done differently.  And now I shall explain very briefly what really happened and how the system should be treated. So this is the Euclidean, when we integrate our tau, our angle, it was one of the angles in spherical coordinates. We integrate from minus pi to pi, and those crosses mean that we want to calculate some correlation. This is precisely like calculating some many-body system at thermal equilibrium, in which case you use the Matsubara technique and integrate from zero to beta in the usual case. Here the temperature will be two pi in these units, and you integrate it like that. Now we perform analytic continuation. We want correlation functions at the real times. And for that, you have to deform the contour, and the contour becomes like that. This is almost the Schwinger-Keldersch technique. You have the time contour, and you integrate along the time contour, which is here. So the Schwinger-Keldersch technique would correspond to this contour, not to this one. And this contour, which is physical, this is what is obtained by analytic continuation from the Matsubara, roughly speaking, and it's called the Bain-Kadanoff contour. They actually assumed in these systems, they considered it was equivalent to this one, but it's not equivalent in general. And for our case, the difference is important. You can actually deform this contour, for example, like that. And this will be, in this case, you can represent things as describing this other part of the contour, describes the interior of the black hole. So this one describes only the exterior. In any case, that's a matter of interpretation, but what is not a matter of interpretation is that the correct correlators should be calculated in this way. Mm-hmm. And, well, that basically repeats what I was saying, that the other problem with this Euclidean thing is that it describes only the region, very limited region, and this breaks unitarity. We can improve it a little bit by considering the expanding universe, which corresponds to, we remove the condition that foreign minus and leave the condition foreign plus, it's still incomplete. But what we can do is we can try to attach the Minkowski spaces. We can try to complete it to make it jadezically complete. And we can do it by considering the following sandwich. Let's look at what happens if we're instead of the, instead of purely expanding universe, let's assume that there was a Minkowski space in the infinite past, then there was an expansion, and then we will find something, and we will now answer this question, what something it will be. So we have this sandwich between two Minkowski spaces. We have the expanding DeSitter space. It's easy to see, that's just, of course, the concrete form is unimportant. It's just an example of what you can take. And it's easy to see that with this sandwich is a complete space, although it does not satisfy the Einstein equation, of course, but we do not care now about the Einstein. We just say that let's see how the quantum fields will behave in this or that metric. So once again, you can use the, justifiably use the WKB, and it can be used for large enough case, then you have a single wave once again. And the reflected way appears after it appears when K becomes smaller than, when K becomes of the order of A of T, WKB breaks, after that WKB restores again. It's like a stopping point. And then you get two exponentials, the reflected exponential appears. And now we can ask the following question. What will happen if we actually go to time to infinity? So we started with the safe haven of the Minkowski space. Then there was exponential expanding universe. Then we ended up with the Minkowski space again, but the Minkowski space, which will be generally in the excited states, the field will not be the safe. So the general, you can calculate the green function very easily and it contains two terms. It contains the first term like that, and the second term which is oscillating very rapidly, because T and T prime goes to infinity. So with any coarse-graining, the second term is removed, and we are left with the first term. But what is the meaning of the first term? You can easily calculate the beta, and you find that the beta is given by the Bohr's formula with a temperature, with a Gibbons-Huykin temperature. So what we find is that we started with a pure state, and we effectively evolved into the thermal state, which is not pure. That's in the context of the black hole, that's what's called the information paradox. But there's no paradox, here the paradoxes result very simply. Indeed, this part does not correspond to the pure state. However, the full green function is, it does correspond to the, it's just in the pure state, which is, which was obtained by the unity evolution from the initial state, from the vacuum. However, for any reasonable observer, any observer is a coarse-grainer. So for him it will look like a thermal state, and it will be looking as if information is lost. Of course, yeah, certainly not the fault of the space, spaces above any faults. Okay, now we have another feature here, what we expect now, we expect if we create so many particles and they have gravitational attraction, we expect some instabilities, which is still remained to be seen. But I want to stress that there is a standard view that when you have expanding universe, everything dilutes and nothing remains, no instability remains. In fact, I think what happens is that since you have permanent creation of particles, the density is not disappearing. What is, we have not dilution, but we have approach to the particles become more and more non-relativistic. So it's basically we end up with static particles. As in the limit of large time. But there is this continuous creation which will prevent them. The question is, the question is that those particles become highly degenerate and all of them will have zero momentum, the momentum contribution, momentum tends to zero. And so it's probably, perhaps, it's the way to understand the entropy of the the center space. But just because of the infrared shift, the particles become non-relativistic. So that's what is written here. That there is a standard view. It's an interesting view to just think that we have cases with infinite blue shift like we do in the anti-disseter space. And this blue shift in anti-disseter space is responsible for, it is responsible for the ADS-CFT gauge-string correspondence in general. How it is responsible for gauge-string correspondence. Very simply, because of this scale factor, the mass of the open string is proportional to this. So all massive modes for the open string go away. As a result, in such space with infinite blue shift, the string theory, we have closed strings which have a tower of states, but we also have open strings attached to the boundary. And these open strings, they basically have only massive, only massive modes. All massive modes go away. And so this is for the anti-disseter. For the disseter, we have infinite redshift and that perhaps creates horizon entropy. But that remains to be seen more explicitly. I will now briefly mention one more view which shows that we must expect instabilities and the quantum instabilities in the disseter case. By the way, I should have started, I should have said already that classically the stability of the disseter space, it was, of course, studied very in all possible details by people, and the conclusion is that for small enough perturbations, it is stable. However, in quantum theory, my claim is that it is unstable, so it's just impossible to have a tool when you try to, that's a possible explanation of why we don't see the huge cosmological constant. It simply is unstable. And that's another small calculation which shows basically the same thing. Let's consider the vacuum energy. Let's calculate the vacuum energy and let's do it in the following way. We have some classical metric, we have perturbation and we want to find the effective energy. And what the calculation in the disseter shows is that this is basically the expression for this diagram. Then for, this is done for the Pange Davis vacuum, but for all other states, it's even worse. The Pange Davis, in a sense, is the least unstable vacuum, I would say, put it this way. And it turns out that indeed this is, there's not zero imaginary part. Now, again, let's now go to complete, as I said, it's, I think, quite important to consider the globally complete, the geodesically complete spaces. And those sandwiches, they were geodesically complete, but it would be more interesting for us to start with the Einstein theory to have some solution of Einstein theory and then see what happens to it. And the solution, as of course, very well known, the solution is the global disseter space, which you also obtain from a sphere by some simple analytic continuation and changes of variables. And that's the expression for the metric. And as I said, already it's stable and defined. Let's see what happens to this disseter symmetry in quantum theory. Well, first of all, it's very important whether this space has, of course, a huge symmetry inherited from a sphere. We started on a sphere, then we analytically continued. And of course, all those rotations which were present on a sphere, they don't go anywhere, they just get analytically continued. So it has this huge symmetry. In particular, if you calculate the expectation value, n is the point on the sphere or on this hyperboloid, better to say, this phi square must be constant because of all points of the sphere are equivalent. If you calculate energy momentum tensor, once again, it's some trivial answer if the symmetry is present. So basically, the symmetry makes it impossible to have interesting physics. Its back reaction is always small. Now, however, my point will be, once again, as it was with the electromagnetic production, my point will be that this symmetry is spontaneously broken and we do have a large back reaction in this problem. It is, there is a convenient way to calculate things in the global space. Let me explain what is written here. We have the Penrose diagram, which is just a cylinder in those coordinates. It's a cylinder. And we want, the first thing is that, suppose we want to calculate the one point function. The red boundary corresponds to the inside of this red triangle, the space inside this red triangle is the decider space, is a Poincaré patch turned on its head. The Poincaré patch itself, by the way, would be the same triangle but reversed. So here you see, it describes contracting universe. This is the past. And the universe is big. And in the future it becomes a point. So this is the contraction. This, of course, people never consider this incorrectly because it's hugely unstable. It's not global decider is stable but contracting Poincaré patch is hugely unstable. Even classically. But we see a strange thing which I don't know how to interpret but that's a calculation of fact. That if we want to know the one point function inside the decider universe or two point function with not large separation, we can do the calculation in the contracting universe because not in the global. And that simplifies things. Because when you calculate using Schwinger-Kelder's technique, this technique, unlike Feynman's, is causal. Namely, there are only all the vertices of Schwinger-Kelder diagrams contributing to this one point function will lie all inside the past light cone. But this past light cone lies inside the boundary of the anti-Poincaré patch. Anti-Poincaré, I mean, the Poincaré would be obtained by changing the future into past. And that gives us some calculation advantages because it's very easy. Poincaré metric is, of course, very simple to deal with. And you can perform the calculation. I will only show you... Yeah, I will give you just the spirit of this calculation. You can formulate those... Schwinger-Kelder's rules by using arrows. I called it slings and arrows of time. Each particle has its individual arrow of time. And I hope the quotation is not lost here. You recognize some hidden quotations. But anyway, if you don't, don't worry, it will not impede your progress. Anyway, the rule is that this is the green function and you associate with outgoing arrow with H, with incoming H star. And you calculate diagrams. I will probably skip this part. It's just straightforward calculation of these Feynman diagrams. The important thing is that you get the scaling behavior like that. And as a result, I will give you the result. The result is that the correction to the green function... The correction to the green function contains two terms, which are both logarithmically divergent. They contain explicitly... I should have said this first. When you calculate those diagrams, you see explicitly logarithmic infrared divergence. Again, there is an unsolved problem of summing up in the leading log approximation of all these divergences that have not been done. But the divergences themselves can be interpreted in a nice way. They can be interpreted as the fact that, first of all, you obtain some nonzero because of them. The correction to the green function is such that it can be interpreted as having some nonzero occupation number and some rotation angle. So, matter of fact, the so-called alpha vacuums have been considered before by people and without any... just as possible solutions, possible green functions, not related to this calculation. And they have some weird properties. But here I have... And so because of that, people, as I understand, basically never use them. Here I have no choice when you just do the calculation to obtain those alpha vacuums. Here it's like... This is the logarithm I obtain. Epsilon is the infrared cutoff. Tau is the conformal time. And as I said, we have the fog space over this vacuum. And that's basically the answer. But it shows that back reaction is... if you calculate the matrix elements of the say, energy momentum tensor, the back reaction will be large. Okay. There is some hint that something strange is going on. When you calculate... When you take these first corrections and you do the calculation of singularities on the horizon, you obtain a singularity not at the horizon, but at the antipodal points which are related to the horizon. In any case, there is some topic to be explored. There is certainly something going on. There is this singularity at z equal minus one, which I sketched here, but it's probably we don't have time to discuss the way to obtain these singularities. That's just an interesting point. Yikida, when I started this... What? Oh, good, good, good. Now we will cover turbulence in the standard model. Not yet. So this is the brief picture. There is a picture of what happens in the leading log approximation. As I said, I haven't solved this problem, but I know which diagram, the interpretation of the diagrams which are giving these leading logs. And these diagrams are in remarkable... They have remarkable similarity to the diagrams in the theory of turbulence. Basically, the ansatz, which goes through those diagrams, is this occupation number which depends on the logarithm and some rotations, these alpha rotations, which also depend on the logarithm. And you have to write the kinetic equation, and this kinetic equation contains various vertices. Basically, what is responsible for the instability of the decision space is this A-type vertices, because it is just another picture of a spider, I mentioned, of creation from the vacuum. And this is just an example of the logarithmic term which you obtain from the kinetic equation. Unfortunately, it's not solved, so I don't know the answer for those occupation numbers. Let me just finish with the... Maybe not quite finished. What it all means for the standard picture of inflation. In the standard picture of inflation, we have to consider the... Well, the simplest model of inflation is the model where you have gravity, you have the Einstein term, and you have a scalar field there in floton. And one assumes that the cosmological constant is zero. So one assumes that, say, v of zero is zero. And then one finds some self-consistent solutions for classical solutions for this system. The question which probably should be raised is that why... There is always the lowest, the most stable solution of this equation, namely the Minkowski vacuum with a field equal to zero. In other words, nothing. So why we have... Who and why pumped this field so that it started in the excited state? Why should it be started in the excited state? That's slightly philosophical question. It's not a really... You can really ignore such philosophical questions, but in a different mood you may ask them. So that's some problem, I think. Another problem which I will not mention is that those instabilities we discussed before will be present in this model also. But in fact, what I just wanted to stress is that the calculations we did showed that actually the... If you add the cosmological constant, and it should be added somehow, then there is no choice. The system must evolve. It cannot be staying in the decider. The decider space is not sustainable. It will be decaying. It will be producing various instabilities and so on. So it's in contrast with this picture with the zero cosmological constant. So in this case it's known that Einstein said that his biggest blunder was the introduction of the cosmological constant. And now we see that he was right because it was the cosmological constant which created the universe. So I think I shall stop here. If we go to turbulence, it will take us another seminar. Okay, I shall stop here. Questions? What is the interpretation of those parallel singularities? From which? From the parallel singularities. The production of massive particles. Yes. So could you think about those singularities like linear recognition, degeneracy, and then it's so, degeneracy of what? Well, you see, those interesting letters there just like they indicate that they are secular. They probably should be called secular terms, actually, because they simply means that you, as a system, well, let me, let's look at the simplest case when you produce massive particles. When you produce massive particles, the current, as I said, becomes proportional to time. It can be interpreted in different ways. For instance, you can say that you form, if you produce particles of fermions, they tend to form a fermacy. And in the fermacy, you get some infrared divergences coming from, you have gapless excitations as a result. But in the, basically, I would say that, like in all cases, those secular terms are indication of instability. Like, for example, in normal mechanics, secular terms arise because you have some resonances, and resonances can lead either to chaos or to decay or to various things. So that, and that's purely kinetic phenomenon. As I said, there's no infrared divergences or secular terms in the just standard in-out amplitudes. It's homological. We need to pay attention to this part of that. What? All right. I want to ask about another singularity, or maybe it's the same singularity. You mentioned the singularities which are formed close to the horizon. Could you... I don't know. I mean, could those singular... First of all, the question is, are those singularities behind the horizon? Well, let me... It's a bit complicated. And another part of the question is, could there be a hint there at the final state of the decay? Because you didn't tell us what is the final... Yeah, if you think that I keep it to myself, you are wrong. Well, maybe I missed that. That's another way to put it. And yeah, that was... Yeah, well, that's a tough question. You see, what I... So far, I just strictly speaking what I see is just the singularity. I started with the green function, which depends on this variable z and n prime. This green function has the so-called bunch data's green function. It has singularity on the coinciding points. Now, it turns out, and the reasons I don't really know, don't really understand very well, that there is another singularity at z equals minus 1 is generated. It is actually the singularity if you use the Poincare coordinates. Then I think you can calculate that it is singularity when two points... Then one point crosses the horizon. If you have two points, let's take this here, then you get a singular contribution then one point... You have singularity when they coincide and then one when you cross the horizon. So you need to cross the horizon, too, right? Yeah, you see, I am very back about it, but I really noticed some interesting calculational things, which the details I will display to your pleasure. But I don't have any intuition of what it means, whether it means the fire. It sounds superficially like fire walls, which people are discussing, which I think they are discussing in the wrong way, but I don't have much to offer instead of it.


Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics Engineering, Walchand Institute of Technology in Sallapur, welcome you for this session. At the end of this session, students can simplify the purely capacitive circuit for AC supply. Now, so purely capacitive circuit means if we consider a one capacitor connected to AC supply, so AC supply is connected to this capacitor, C is the capacitance in Farad, this AC voltage V equal to Vm sin omega t is connected across this capacitor, where V is the instantaneous voltage, Vm is the maximum voltage, omega is the angular frequency and t is the time. This AC voltage is connected across this capacitor in this session we are going to discuss about the current relation with this voltage. If we connect this AC voltage how this capacitor works, so before going to that first let us discuss about this capacitor. This capacitor is nothing but the two conducting plates connected together in between that the dielectric material is provided, so two conducting plates are there, if we connect here the DC voltage the capacitor charges to this voltage V. So, due to this positive of the battery all the positive charges accumulate on this plate and here the negative charges accumulates. Here we can draw the charging process like this, so voltage across this capacitor develops like this. So, at the starting maximum current flows through this and when the full voltage developed across this capacitor current stops through this circuit, so we can say that in this capacitive circuit this DC blocks because when this capacitor charges to this voltage no current flows through the circuit. So, we can say this capacitor blocks DC, this is the AC cycle if we connect this AC cycle to this capacitor, this capacitor fully charges to this maximum voltage then again the discharging process is there due to this decrease in voltage is there. So, again here charging and discharging process is there, so continuous current flows through the circuit, so we can say that capacitor passes AC that is why we can use these capacitors in filter circuits. Now, if we connect this AC voltage V equal to Vm sin omega t to this capacitor, this Q charges move through the circuit which is given by Q equal to C into V. So, this Vc is the voltage developed across this capacitor, this Vc is nothing but this applied voltage Vm sin omega t. So, we can write down this equation as C into this V is nothing but Vm sin omega t Vm sin omega t. So, here we will get the equation Q equal to C Vm sin omega t. Now, differentiate this equation with respect to time, so by differentiating this equation so differentiate this equation with respect to time. So, we will get the equation dQ by dt equal to C Vm derivative of this sin omega t is omega cos omega t. So, we can rewrite down this equation as dQ by dt is rate of flow of charges is given by current I Vm divided by this omega c we can write down as 1 by omega c here and this cos omega t we can write down as sin omega t plus pi by 2. So, 1 by omega c is nothing but 1 by 2 pi fc is xc that is called as capacitive reactance. This capacitive reactance is the opposition of the capacitor for change in voltage, so that is measured in terms of ohms and this xc if we use here Vm by xc Vm by xc is given by maximum current that is I m. So, if we replace this term by I m we will get the current equation as I equal to I m sin omega t plus pi by 2. So, this is the current equation this is the voltage equation compare that both here you will get the angle omega t plus pi by 2 where pi by 2 is the phase difference for this voltage and current and this plus sign indicates that current is leading to this voltage by 90 degree. Now, we can draw the cycles and then also we can draw the phasor diagram for this. So, here time voltage or current we are going to consider on this y axis. So, voltage is the reference cycle current leads to the current leads the voltage by 90 degree. So, current cycle starts its cycle before this voltage by 90 degree. So, this is the angle pi by 2 radians or 90 degree. So, you can draw this current cycle like this. So, current leads the voltage by 90 degree. We can also draw the phasor diagram. So, if we consider here the voltage on the reference x axis then current leads here this is the direction of the leading. So, this current leads the voltage by 90 degree. Now, you can calculate the instantaneous power for this P equal to V into I, V is given by V m sin omega t, I is given by I m sin omega t plus pi by 2. So, V m I m sin omega t into cos omega t. This sin omega t plus pi by 2 is nothing but cos omega t. Again by using formula we can write down here V m I m by 2 sin 2 omega t. So, this is the power equation for this circuit. So, this 2 omega t indicates that power cycle has the double frequency than the voltage cycle. We can also prove this by graphically. So, see here this is the voltage cycle, this is the current cycle, current leads the voltage by 90 degree, current leads the voltage by 90 degree. Now, if we want to draw the power cycles make the 4 parts of this voltage cycles. So, these are the 4 parts of the voltage cycle. Now, see here product of voltage and current is the power. So, voltage and current both are positive. So, here we will get the product is positive here, voltage is positive, current is negative. So, product is negative here. Again both voltage and current is negative. So, product is positive here, here this current is positive, but voltage is negative. So, product is again negative here. So, 1 voltage cycle has the 2 power cycles. So, here 2 positive cycles and 2 negative cycles are there. So, average power for this we can calculate this average power equal to 0. Sin omega t average of that is also 0. Graphically you can calculate that average power for this is also 0. Now, pause the video and think why capacitor is used in filter circuit. So, what is the answer? Capacitor blocks DC and passes AC that is why capacitor is used in filter circuit. You can refer the book fundamentals of electrical engineering and electronics by B. L. Thareja. Thank you.


And I also completely disagree with the idea that capitalism is materialistic, quite the opposite. Capitalism is the only system in human history to allow space for true spirituality, because it doesn't tell you what you must achieve, what you must do. All capitalism says is, we're going to leave you free, go do what you think is good for you, what you believe is going to achieve your values. And those values don't have to be material. And again, I said, I could have gone to Wall Street, made a lot of money, and I chose to be a teacher, so I chose a less material value, and I chose to have a spiritual experience. And I think capitalism and spirituality again go together. There's no accident that the 19th century, the most capitalist century in a sense, was also the one in which we produced some of the greatest artworks, particularly music that we've ever produced, because they go hand in hand. Freedom encourages material creation, but it also encourages spiritual creation.


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So I've been thinking, I've been doing a lot of metaphorical thinking lately, you know how grad school kind of does that too. So I've been framing my thinking around two metaphors, seeds and bridges. Because I've been thinking about that idea of seeds in terms of the seeds that we plant. And I've been thinking about bridges because they represent this journey, this journey that we journeys between one thing and another and transitions and in teaching we're so often in that space. So seeds and bridges and also because I started thinking about bridges also because of this Dylan William quote from embedded formative assessment The bridge between teaching and learning. It's had me thinking a lot trying to make sense of that so I'm calling this A narrative journey of seeds planted and bridges crossed so I'd like to tell you that story of my first report cards My first year of teaching was in a grade six seven classroom in the city The experience was transformative to say the least I graduated from teachers college with honors and I had abundant confidence in my abilities I was hired partway through the school year and walked into an established classroom that taught me how little I knew The reality of my responsibility to this group of skewed students scared the hell out of me I set to work implementing all the strategies I'd learned in university as I struggled to make sense of the complexities of classroom life I reassured myself that I had all of the latest instructional theory to rely on and the students would benefit from my expertise Alice stood out right away It was obvious within the first hour that she was shunned by the other students She was quiet mosey and withdrawn Set apart by a refusal of the others to acknowledge her presence Academically, she was a below average student Her face was often hidden behind her long bangs as she toiled quietly at her desk She was never invited to participate in group projects for fear that she wouldn't contribute or she'd bring down the marks for the group I made up my mind to do what I could to increase her self-esteem and to help her obtain some status in the classroom I created group projects that allowed for a variety of representations of learning I encouraged her to submit a drawing and a poem to the student newspaper and to share her ideas with others She began to respond to this encouragement and I was hopeful I'd see an increase in her confidence I can still see myself sitting in that first classroom preparing to write my first report cards It's late at night the empty desks in the darkened classroom were arranged in neat rows silent without their inhabitants I'm bathed in a pool of light at my desk, which is covered with books and papers They're stacked up and they're falling off the edges and I've surrounded myself with all the notebooks and assignments I can find for each student. So I have my marks book full of nice neat rows of black and red numbers I have a file folder and I have notes So my attention is constantly shifting from the marks book to the notebook to the file folders to the scraps of paper As I'm desperately trying to review the evidence in front of me I start with the easy ones first the top students And my desperation calms as I fall into a comfortable pattern of calculating and averaging scores in my record book Then entering marks and comments on the official form I begin to feel confident in my ability to complete this process I have the data required to justify my grades My administrator and the parents will have no doubts about the validity of my judgment. I tell myself The students will recognize that their efforts have earned them their grades and they'll have no justification to question them As part of my teacher training at the university I was taught all about accurate scoring the science of test construction and the bell curve My mentors and fellow teachers admonished me to mark absolutely everything This way they said I can be sure of my ability to justify the letter grades. I give my students So I've created and marked exams quizzes projects and assignments all for the purpose of gathering evidence for this moment writing the report cards When I look along the row of marks I have for alice I see them neatly laid out five out of 10 12 out of 20 four out of 10 13 out of 30 No matter how many times I add and divide with my calculator. I end up with the same dismal averages 52 in math 55 in language arts 48 in social studies I have to reassure myself that the numbers in the book don't lie If I've kept faithful records and I have then she's earned these marks Even though I've spent all term encouraging her Helping her to see the things that she's learning to do I'm forced to record c minus D and f into my book The marks don't lie my colleagues would tell me to rely on my judgment. The student is below average That's all there is to it. I have to fail her Although I tell myself these things I can't help but feel sick about the whole process and my palms are sweating and my stomach's churning And I feel hot right up through the roots of my hair Reluctantly, I write the marks on the front of the report card and try to write some encouraging comments on the back But I can't get her face out of my mind that look of disbelief. I expect I'll see when she looks at her report card Or will it be a look of resignation? I sigh deeply put the books away and gather the materials to calculate grades for the next student So this may this story may have connected for you in some way And this is all just my own story But I think that there are many points of connection between all of our careers that I'm hopeful will will cause you To reflect in some interesting ways And this really in many ways I felt was a story about those tensions that we feel When we have to try and work enact those roles as a coach and as a judge You know assessment's been used as such a big umbrella term But really there's so many different facets of it So I had to learn to separate assessment and evaluation so that I could think about those supporting coaching things In a different way in a different space in a different time than these evaluation judgment things So that's really what I was thinking about as I wrote that story and what I learned about myself when I decided to write it and of course I was Had more questions and I really kept coming back to this. What is this impact? I'm having on my students. What was that impact on Alice? I can imagine it Am I hurting my students when I evaluate them? Do I have a choice about that? Can it be different? Well, it's been a long journey to try and figure out what that might be I couldn't believe it because I hadn't opened it for years I found this card in there. This was two days ago. I found this little card That first year was very stressful. My learning assistance teacher knew it was really stressful She gave me this card. I don't know if you can see on the left side It's a farsight cartoon the institute for the study of emotional stress And the guy's not flying out the window and the guy inside says hey, I feel better already So in the inside it says feel better. I'm going to try to read this. I don't know if you can you probably can't see it very well This will be hard to read just a second Page I know the students. Oh, this is going to be hard to read I know the students in your class feel better having spent this past year with you I've seen great change in them both as a class and individually. Here's what kicked me. She says Alice Who now thinks of herself as capable? And the rest but I can't read it I'll show it to you if you want to see it But that was from the learning assistance teacher and I found that three days ago I just couldn't believe it who knew how you know, Alice has been in my head for a lot of years now The other really weird thing that happened Is Alice the only person who's ever gotten in touch with me from that first year Alice facebooked me A year ago I won't be able to read this one either. So I will have to let you read it. Thank you very much You can read it if you want linda. I don't think I can do it Alice works in a daycare with a toddler group. She got married in 2004 Um, I also have one daughter who is two and working. She's working on a second child. Hopefully Hopefully not the two-year-old You were the first teacher to take the time with each child to really get to know them That meant so much to me that you are the reason I work with young children Thank you so much for coming into my life when you did


Join me and my co-hosts every Saturday at 10 a.m. and 7 p.m. Pacific for cartoons and movies at the 50th Street Studio Twitch Channel. See you there Greetings everybody. Welcome. This is 30 second sci-fi. My name is Keith I'm going to talk to you this week about Star maker by Olaf Stapledon and it's a predecessor novel The Last and First Men. I Over the years of making 30 second sci-fi I Get comparatively little feedback very few comments and even fewer requests for books to review But of the books that I have received requests to review Star maker comes in second number one is Dune For many years I had a copy of Star maker sitting on my bedside table intending to read it I finally got around to listening to a couple of audiobooks and I have to tell you these two books are a couple of the biggest disappointments in my Science-fiction reading career, which is many decades long now First I do have to say that Stapledon Earns his reputation as one of the unknown fathers of science fiction. His imagination was amazing. He wrote these books in the 1930s and He went Whole hog. These books are actually very dry Histories of the entire future of the universe all the way to the end of the universe in both cases Where he describes the the nature of the human race how it changes how it evolves how it encounters other races the the living godlike creatures that control the universe and His imagination Wow, so fertile. He clearly understood evolution and he clearly understood modern cosmology I mean clearly the problem is and This happened to me with both books I got very near to the end just one or two chapters away from the end and then gave up on them in both cases It was because the books turned Christian There was Jesus all over these books and I finally I Finally gave up on them in disgust because that that doesn't make good science fiction Christian mythology Written by someone who believes it Makes for very bad fiction and very bad science and I just had to give up on them And that's all there is to it Thank you for watching. I hope you come back next week Please become a sponsor to help me make more videos Follow the link on screen and in the description below where you can make a monthly pledge or a one-time donation And we will see you next time. Bye