I'm the trust manager for the Pegwis Surrender Claim Trust, we're a community fund trust in Pegwis First Nation. Currently we're sitting at $135 million in the trust, which is a result of the illegal surrender of our initial reserve St. Peter's by Selkirk Manitoba. And the move from St. Peter's to our current day Pegwis, which is about 200 kilometers, moved north into the United States. As a result of the loss of the lands, the loss of the economy, loss of our culture, we were compensated with $126 million. And from that, what we've been able to do is take a look at why the trust is there, what does the trust want to do, what does the community want to do. And it's a community fund trust, so it's grants, grants that the community can apply for. And one of the components is that youth education, cultural language. Those are some of the areas. And as trust manager for the last three years, what I've been doing is going around to the community and to the members, to the membership, be it in Winnipeg, Selkirk, Pegwis, and providing them with information on what the Surrender Claim Trust is about, who we are, why we have it. But what we found is we have to start talking about our history. Who we are as Anishinaabe people. Where is St. Peter's? As we talk to students in the high school, talk to students at the universities, they don't realize or weren't taught our history. And that wasn't in the school system. So we want to share that with them about their vast cultural history, their heritage, where they came from, what it's all about, so that we have a better understanding and they have a better understanding of who they are. Where did they come from? What is their sense of identity? And creating that sense of identity we find gives them the self-esteem, gives them the confidence, gives them the foundation to go further, to do more, because they have that strong base in terms of who they are and where they've come from. So we provide that type of information to them. And at the same time, we also provide opportunities. We do community grants. So students come in, youth come in, community members come in, band departments come in, apply for grants for projects, programming, infrastructure, depending on what they want to do. And we support them. So what we see there is we see a lot of people coming in, getting these grants, and we build resources from that so we can see who's doing what in the community. And we can share that with other community members, with visitors, with people that want that information. If they want to find out who's a good artist that can bead, that can paint, who's doing what, programming in the community? So from that, we find out who's doing what. And so we're a source of resources for the community and for other people too. And what we've been also doing is comprehensive community planning. With the $126 million that the Surrender Claim received from the federal government, we also received $65 million in treaty land entitlement, trust monies too. So with almost $200 million coming into the community, the trustees needed to know what community plans were. So we have $200 million. What are we going to do with it? What's the plans? What's our vision? Where are we going? How are we going to get there? And who's going to prepare us to get there? So we have to make sure we inform the community members, educate, share, but also get their knowledge. Because as we talk to different community members, we're finding their skills, their gifts, we're finding their ideas. And so we want other people to be aware of that too so that we know kind of where we're going, where we're heading. And that'll give the government a sense of a path, a path that they can take us down, that we can walk together, that we can get where we're going based on the community's decisions. And from that, we see it it'll be, it's a, it's not an easy path, but it's a path that we've determined together that we know where we want to go. So we can see the vision and we want to get there. So that's what we're also working on too. We're trying to get that community engagement going. We're trying to get the resources together. We're trying to get the community talking about where they want to be. We do some sessions, information sessions about who we are, where we came from, what we're currently doing and why we're here, but also we talk about the future, about where we're going, where do they want to be, what careers are available within the community, within the trust industry, within the investment industry, within the community as a whole, whether it be Winnipeg, Pegwis, Selkirk, wherever Pegwis has lands and wherever Pegwis members are. So that's one of the, kind of one of the big things that we try to do. At the same time too, we try to do some financial literacy in terms of who wants to be a millionaire. So as community members, we let them know that they're millionaires. They have $135 million in Surrender Trust money currently and they have $50 million in TLE monies. So what are they going to do with it? It's your responsibility. It's your money. You have to know how to handle it. You have to know how to manage it and you have to know what you're going to do with it. So we do a session on that so it makes them aware of what they need to be, what they should be aware of as millionaires and what they could be doing with the money and hopefully give them some ideas in terms of maybe, you know, I'll start applying to the trust or I'll become a trustee or I'll become a trust manager or I'll go to university college and I'll pursue this and then come back and I can do some work for the community. So we're trying to inspire and motivate with the information we have but also with the funding that's available through the trust and the management of the monies that we have here. What we started doing is we started doing community engagement sessions at the community hall with the community as a whole and to bring the community members and we had to find ways to motivate them, to inspire them to come. So we started doing, we do lunch, we do door prizes but we also do speakers and we invite community members in to speak on areas of interest that they have. That way they bring themselves they bring their families they bring their coworkers in and we start getting a lot more people involved but we also start using local resources so we start looking within. So one of the models we have is community strength comes from within. So we start looking within the community because we have about 12,000 members in Pegwis and so there must be someone that can do what needs to be done or has those resources or those skills. So we started doing that and as we continued with those sessions we started realizing that we have to change the way things are going. We have to inspire change but the best way probably would be to go through the youth, go through the students. Let's start with them. So we started with their history letting them know who they are. We started bringing in elders talking about the teachings about the way things were but we had our own systems in place and we have to acknowledge those. We have to honor them and we have to recognize them. So we started doing that and then we started talking to the students about what they can do, about the power that they have, the opportunities that they have, the things that they can do. And one of the things we did with the grade 12 students specifically and related to the trusts was we started taking them to national conferences. We have the A4A Canada National Conference. We have the National Aboriginal Trust Office Conference and these were conferences where they can see what opportunities are out there. They can see a bigger world outside of Pegwis. They can meet a lot more people out there and start to get to know what other opportunities are there. They can meet vice presidents, presidents of investment management firms. They can meet heads of banking companies. They can meet so many people including other First Nations, other communities and finding out what's going on there that we have a lot of similarities in place and that these people are just another person.  They're no different. So we wanted to open up their eyes to the world and let them see what's out there. But we also wanted to engage them. We didn't just want to send them to the conference or to the sessions. We had to motivate them. So we gave them something like a scavenger hunt, questions to ask, people to pursue, people to take pictures of. One of the examples is they went to A4E Canada National Conference in Halifax. We took the group there. Further scavenger hunt, they had to find Terry Goodtrack and take a selfie with him. But first they had to figure out who Terry Goodtrack was and then to figure out what he looked like. And then I forgot to tell Terry that the kids were coming. So I saw him and he says, all these kids from Pegwis are coming up to me to take a selfie with me. It makes me feel so important. So it was fun. It was cute. We also had them work with one of the trade booth. So we arranged for some of the trade booths to take them in for half an hour to an hour. Show them how to engage, show them how to market the resources that were there. Show them how to make people feel comfortable and invite them in. And hopefully that would kind of make them feel confident about themselves and make them feel good. So those were some of the things. They also had to talk to people from different areas and provide them with a small gift a pin from Pegwis and would say, thank you. It's a pleasure to meet you, introduce themselves and hope they'll see them again. So those types of things we wanted them to be actively engaged in so that they weren't sitting in the workshop, sitting in the conference, and also getting involved in all of the activities that are there. So it kept them busy and it was nice to hear some of the feedback from the delegates and from the organizers that they enjoyed having the students there and they enjoyed seeing them involved. So I think that was probably one of the things that initiated the youth concept with A4W Canada to have them more involved and invite the youth. But with A4W Canada we also have the Youth Award winners. It was MNP Youth Award. We tried to get Pegwis students to apply as they can. So we did happen to have one of them that was awarded, was recognized one year. So they took him to the conference. They took him on a tour. His comments were, he met so many people there. So many institutions, banks, institutions, some of the universities, colleges were asking him to apply to their programs. So it was nice to see and it made him feel good that people were interested in him, but also that he wasn't aware of what was there. So it was nice to meet all those people. He met the lieutenant governor. He met a few of the chiefs there. So he had a good time. So it was a good experience for him to take back to the community that they too can apply, try and get the awards and take this opportunity to get to know a whole bunch of people. And it's a big world out there. As much as Pegwis is the center of my universe, it's nice to be out there too. One of the things I found growing up in Pegwis is my parents were my dad was a pulp cutter, seasonal labor. My mother was a janitor at the hospital. She instilled in us that you had to get an education. We don't want you working in the bush with us. We don't want you working as a janitor. We want you to get a good education so you can become independent. You can be comfortable. You can have your own life. That was okay. That was great. But at the same time, they didn't teach us anything about who we are in terms of our identity as a National Bay people. They didn't teach us the language. They, told to go to church, Anglican church. We didn't have any cultural teachings. We did have stories. But it was stories that had been passed on from them. But it wasn't promoted that it was part of our culture that was being taught. It was more of warnings. Don't wander out off late at night. Stay away from the river type of thing. These spirits will get you. So that's how our group is go to school. Go to school or go to work. Those are your two options. So it wasn't until I got to university that I started realizing that as an indigenous person I have a history. I have a culture. I have a whole bunch of ancestors behind me and what they did. That wasn't shared with us until we got to college or university. That's when we started finding out there was a way of life. We didn't have these schools. We didn't have these textbooks. We didn't have this type of teaching. There was a whole different way of learning, a whole different way of teachings that were there before and including the language. So that was an eye-opener. But at the same time, too, I find that Pegwis is really colonized and part of it was a transfer from the St. Peter's to Pegwis. It was push the schools, push the churches, no language taught, no culture taught, no dancing taught, no ceremonies. These were all pushed down. They were all buried. It wasn't until later that people started realizing that, hey, we had a way of life that was that's good and that's still there. But it's buried. So it started making its appearance. So I thought that I was book smart. I could go like, you know, get a couple of degrees and graduate, graduate high school, graduate university. And, you know, this would be great. But what I didn't realize until later that I didn't know anything about who I was as an Indigenous person. I didn't know my culture, didn't know my culture, didn't know my language. Took the classes. But again, it's the academic classes.  You still have to participate in it. So what I was able to do later on was start, was trying to find out more about it. So I'd be sitting down with some of the cultural innovators, the ones that were starting to push the culture, starting to realize that, you know, we had, we have all these, all these ceremonies we have, all these things that we should do this way of life that's starting to make comeback. And by starting to spend more time with them, including the hunters and gathers group in Pegwis, they would take young men and teach them hunter safety, firearms acquisition, how to look after winter survival, summer survival, how to look after equipment so that they'd be able to look after themselves, teach them about trapping, teach them about how to take care of animals, how to harvest animals, plants. It was from there that I started realizing that our ancestors were really smart. They knew the land, they knew the animals, they knew the trees, they knew the plants, and that what I guess what we've been doing is taking that knowledge, but accrediting it to someone else. And we're not giving them the recognition that they should receive that we did have a wonderful, a wonderful way of life. Our ancestors knew a lot. So realizing that, that was great. But at the same time too, when I look at the treaties, when I look at the work that they did with another nation, it's like they were really smart, they really thought ahead. So when you talk about going seven generations ahead, going towards for those yet unborn, I start to see it. I've been starting to see it now. So I take a look at the Salkirk Treaty, I take a look at treaty number one. I take a look at some of the treaties and the thinking. The thinking that's there that went behind it and the forethought. So when I was working in Indian Affairs, the some of the staff there were, well this contract should be over, it should be finished. You know, we've paid enough. But it's no, it regardless if you've paid enough, that's not what was signed. It was supposed to be until until the water stop flowing. And I guess at that time the probably European nation never realized that it was going to be forever, or hopefully forever. So those types of things, those types of thoughts are starting to are starting to make me realize that there was a lot of planning, a lot of thinking that went into into negotiations from our ancestors and our elders. It wasn't it wasn't kind of imposed on them. They had their input. But at the same time, too, we have to acknowledge the teachings there the way they did things. And we're starting to see it now, too. We have a really strong land-based education system in Pegwas and we're seeing in other First Nations and other communities, too, that it's not all classroom based education anymore. We have to get the students, we have to get the children out onto the land, out working with the community members. We have to bring the elders in. We have to bring those people with their gifts in because we have to find what those gifts are within these children and so they can honor them recognize them but also acknowledge the gifts that they have because it's important to know what your purpose is, who you are and what you're good at. You're here for a reason. One of the things we find is with the spirit names and someone gets their spirit names. There's a reason behind why they have that name and there's a meaning to it and that seems to ground them. It gives them a good sense of who they are and why they're that way. It also gives them the opportunity, too, to give them a strong sense of identity. And then from that there, it helps on their path. But for the education part, we have to involve the students in more than just classroom based education. They have to get out there, they have to be involved and they have to participate but we also have to recognize that there's different ways of learning. We can, as we sit with the elders when we ask them questions, we can't ask pointed questions. It's hard to talk and give them a straight answer. So it's nice to sit there and listen to them, listen to their stories and then it starts to come out and they start telling us more than we actually wanted to know at the time, to learn. We start finding out more so it's, we need that opportunity to sit with people and just have them share their experiences but not just the elders, too, that we're finding as we're talking to the students talking to the children and listening to them that we have to get down to their level and work with them at that level so that we can listen to them. And I have to sit back every once in a while and try not to tell them what I want them to do or what I expect from them. I want them to tell me what they want and that's part of our community engagement, too, is talking to them or listening to them about what they want to do and how can we help them do what they want to do, not what we think they should be doing. So it's it's been a good eye-opener but it's also been it's been refreshing I think to see that there is a lot of motivation there's a lot of vision there but we just have to bring it out we just have to give them that opportunity to share that. As I look forward for the next 10, 15 years into the near future what I'm currently seeing right now is that a sense of acknowledgement appreciation for who we are as Anishinaabe people some see it, some don't because we still have that colonial attitude where it's it's not it's not appreciated, it's not understood and it's something that we haven't been doing for a long time there's still that battle between Christianity and the traditionalists in the community at the same time we do have a lot of the traditionalists who are maybe pursuing ceremonies but it's we're not exactly sure if it's let's say the Anishinaabe ceremony or ceremony they may have adopted from somewhere else it's starting to get a little mixed so we have to we don't have to but we need to look at what we're doing and who we are understanding who we are and where we're coming from so that we don't start bringing in too many different things and mudding the water, changing things but being on the same page but there is a lot of that coming, there's a lot of that starting and people are starting to go back to the old ways, they're starting to go back to the ceremonies and they're looking for a sense of meaning from that we're seeing a resurgence in the language, we're starting to see people starting to get their spirit names being one of the main things is going to the medicine people and seeking the healing but also seeking the identity trying to figure out who they are why are they here and giving them a good sense of identity so they can move forward from that it's also an appreciation of who they are but what I see is pride I see some pride in those that as they speak in the community they start to recognize introduce themselves by their spirit names and then they start talking in the English language we do have some elders now that can come to the community meetings and can speak in Ojibwe and do their prayers do a presentation just to show the community that it's possible they didn't have it before, they weren't taught before but they've learned the language and they've been able to share it now and they're taking pride in that we're starting to see a lot of children with Ojibwe Ojibwe or some some traditional name now so that's starting to get into the system now so that it's not biblical names anymore or so we're starting to see a lot of that happening so it's nice to see that we're starting to do that some of the changes yet is we still have to change our government our government system we're still Indian Indian Act based elected chief and council for two years doesn't give them much time to lead the community for those two years it doesn't give us much time to grow and develop because of the lack of consistency in governance so we do need to change that but at the same time we shouldn't be relying on the chief and council to govern the community it has to be the community leaders it has to be the departments they should administrative departments we need to start taking the responsibility but also the leadership to show the community where they want to go, what they want to do and the chief and council can support them they can walk with them but they don't have to be the ones telling them what to do, where to go and how to do it the community needs to do that the community needs to step up and be involved in that area we started recognizing our community leaders in Pegwis and these are people that are doing great things without without the appointment without receiving any kind of a payment for the work that they do but because they want to do it they're doing it for the community they're doing it for the family they're doing it because they have the skills they have the gifts for it and it's nice to see those people being recognized and honored for what they've done so we need to do more of that acknowledging who we have in the community and the skills and the gifts that they have at the same time we know that chief and council do still do need some recognition because we do rely on them we have to rely on them to support us to provide the advice to I guess take the next step with the government usually with the federal government, provincial government there but we do need our community leaders to be involved we also need to make sure that communication is open among the community people need to know what's going on we have social media but we need to know from the government side and from the administrative side what's happening in the community it builds trust the more you know but what's going on it gives you a better sense of what the community is doing and who's doing what so when you hear good things about people acknowledge it record it, put it out there so that we can take pride in what's happening it doesn't have to be the provincial the federal awards it could be something good that's happening where it makes you feel good and we start building on that on that pride and also it's nice to acknowledge it too as a person if you receive something and someone mentions it it makes you feel good about what you've done and it's also a confirmation of the good that you're doing so hopefully motivate the person to continue doing what they're doing those are some of the things that I'd like to see within the community we do need that comprehensive community plan to continue where the community lets us know what they want to do and we come together in the different areas to figure out where we're going and then how we're going to get there and continue those discussions and continue those discussions but yet still involve all the community members be it on reserve, off reserve and the different groups there so we need input from everyone so that we know where we're going


What's up everybody, Jason here for Jasper's Case Breaks dot com. We just sold out 2022, clearly Donnerous. One box break, random divisions, number 17 guys, and again, if you bought a spot early, early birds, bought one of the first five spots to get a chance to win a free spot, guys. So here we go, here's the first five there, dice roll will be for the free spots and the break. So roll is a six out of five, 11 times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11. 11 times, five, six, 11, tris, have the odds buddy, there you go. Now we're gonna go 11 times, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, wow. Michael Hansen down to Bobby. All right, 11 times here, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11. 11 times, 11, 11, AFC West, down to the AFC East. All right, Michael with the AFC West, Tristan with the NFC South, AFC North. Row with the NFC East. Tristan with the NFC West, NFC North, AFC South, and then Bobby with the AFC East. Steven got the 49ers, baby. Man, let's go, Steven. Biggest team off the board, guys. Let's get a big birdie. All right, guys, I'm assuming that trades in. We got Austin Eckler, somehow. And nice, having a great season this year, but a Derek Stingley Jr. 40, I think it looks like a 48 out of 49. And that's going to go to the AFC South, which is Tristan.  Jameson Williams to 99, and AFC North. All right, guys, well, no birdie here, but nice little box here, though. I'll post up another one if you guys want to run it back. jaskyscasebreaks.com.


Hello and welcome to our presentation about our project proposal, hashtag openteach, professional development for open online educators. My name is Dr. Orna Farrell. I'd like to introduce my project team. Dr. James Brunton is co-leading the project. Professor Groni Cannell, Dr. Aiman Costello, Samantha Trevazgas, our student team member, and Dr. Enda Donilon. You can see on the slide there he's not here, he's unavailable today. So the project is intra-institutional involving academic staff and students from Open Education and the Institute of Education in Dublin City University. The Open Education unit provides online distance degrees to part-time students through our DCU connected platform. Professor Martin Weller, over to the side there, from the Open University has agreed to act as a critical friend to our project. So why is this project important? The project is important because it addresses the challenge of effectively supporting the professional development of part-time educators involved in online higher education. Specifically, the project aims to develop the digital and pedagogical competencies of the 90 DCU connected online teachers. This will enable our teachers to create a positive and supportive and engaging learning experience for our students. What will we do? Good question. So we're going to start off by conducting an analysis of the professional development needs of our online teachers, followed by a critical synthesis of the relevant literature. Then we will design and create a suite of open access evidence-based digital guides on best practice for open online teaching. We will then use the guides to develop a short online course which will be piloted, evaluated and adapted. The resources will follow an open first philosophical approach and will be creative commons licensed. I'll hand over to Samantha now. So providing a positive engaging and supportive learning experience is one of the key aims of this project. Our philosophy is that learning is a partnership between teachers and learners. This is supported by a student-centered approach to learning design and the student voice will be informed of the project through the involvement of an open education student, myself, Samantha Vazquez, as part of the project team. Students will be actively engaged throughout the project in phase one needs analysis, in the phase three evaluation of course pilot and in the phase four course project evaluation. Hi, my name is Eamon Costello and I'm going to give you a brief overview of the project plan and the key deliverables. And then my colleague James will go into these in some more detail. So we plan to conduct the project in four phases. Firstly, we will conduct needs analysis and critical senses of the literature to help inform our approach. Following this in phase two we will design and develop a set of digital guides for online teachers. In phase three we will pilot an open short open online course using the guides and we will evaluate and adapt the guides at this stage. And then finally in phase four we will concentrate on the dissemination and impact evaluation of the project. So what are the key deliverables that we aim to produce and share with the sector in this project? The first one in quarter one is the establishment of the project web space and the digital media channels to help communicate and share what we're doing as we go along. And the publication of the needs analysis report. In quarter two we will publish the senses of the literature. And then in quarter three we will pilot the open online course and we will update the digital guides. Then in quarter four we will publish the evaluation report of the project and we will publish the digital guides again updated following a cycle of feedback. And we'll make all our publications and other dissemination results for activities available on the project website and through our digital social channels. So to go into a little more detail on those phases. In phase one we will formalize the project team including the recruitment of a learning designer. We will conduct that needs analysis and we will begin the critical synthesis of the literature that will inform our work in later phases of the project. The needs analysis focuses on the professional development requirements of our team of 90 part time open online educators who come from diverse backgrounds in academia and industry and they teach in a variety of subject areas, humanities, management, psychology, information technology. The methodology that we're going to use for that needs analysis is a questionnaire focusing on current teaching practice and then a number of focus groups with our online teachers and students to establish what the needs are. Get a look at what the perceptions are of current support, what people like, what opportunities they see for improvement. The critical literature synthesis will be conducted using a systematic approach targeting literature on effective online teaching practice. In phase two the literature synthesis will complete and that along with the needs analysis data will inform and shape the open teach digital guides to best practice for online teaching. This diagram shows our indicative list of the topic areas that we would focus on in those guides but obviously that will evolve as we do the needs analysis and conduct the literature synthesis. The digital guides will be then combined into a short online course using the seven C's approach to learning design. The project maps onto the national professional development framework as a structured non accredited professional development activity which will support the development of competencies and skills in a number of domains. The table here shows the specific domain elements that the project maps to. For example open online pedagogy maps to the domains of professional knowledge and skills and personal digital capacity. In phase three the first draft of the digital guides will be published on the project web space and a pilot of the short online course will be run involving staff from DCU and from other institutions and also involving students so that we can get their feedback directly on how the course runs and what's in it. The pilot course will reside in our DCU connected online learning platform loop and we estimate it will take approximately 14 hours over two weeks to complete. The course is based around the project guides that we're going to produce. For each section of the course a discussion forum will be made available to enable participants to interact and discuss what they are learning and in addition to that two synchronous sessions will run over the two weeks in order to give a space to the educators to explore ideas and share practice. Based on feedback we get on the course we will then further refine the course and the associated digital guides such that updated digital guides can be disseminated as open educational resources in phase four. So in quarter four we'll conduct a project evaluation. This will be conducted following Patton's utilisation focused approach which is a pragmatic approach which focuses on targeted evaluation questions so those are our two evaluation questions currently. How has the hashtag open teach course affected online teachers perceptions of their practice and how has the hashtag open teach course affected online students perceptions of engagement of online teachers. The data will be collected through focus groups with online teachers and online students then analysed and compiled into a project evaluation report. So an additional you know one of the outputs of quarter four. The dissemination plan for the project you may have noticed the hashtag in the title. So obviously social media play a large role in the dissemination but also in the interactions during the course pilot. So it is anticipated that we'll have this social layer on Twitter using the hashtag in fact I tweeted from the hashtag this morning on the train on the way here. So it'll be a dissemination approach but also it will be a way of interacting getting feedback sharing the resources with the sector. And you know if there's feedback perhaps on the first draft through Twitter we can then use that to update the digital guides as well. In addition we will also use the website to share the resources which as we've mentioned will be open educational resources and anyone can reuse adapt share under the Creative Commons licensing and also we'll disseminate through conferences and publications in order to reach the professional communities in Ireland and further afield. We will also hold two open webinars over the course of the project and the idea of those webinars is to encourage dialogue, discussion maybe even garner feedback on the project resources and they'll be open to everyone so hopefully we'll get a good take up of those. So I'll hand over now to Gronja. Thanks Auna. We expect there will be both short term and long term impact of this project and as Auna has already indicated awareness will be developed through our dissemination plan we're very active on social media we do plan to use Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook etc extensively. Sectorial engagement and impact will be measured by the analytics from the project website and interactions with the Twitter hashtag. Dialogue will be fostered through our dissemination activities such as conference presentations and the two open webinars that Auna mentioned. The impact of the project on teachers and learners will be assessed through the project evaluation and we're delighted to have Samantha involved and we planned to involve other students during the course of the project. If funded we think this project can support sectoral development of online teaching best practice and sustainability will be ensured through utilizing the national forums web space and hosting which will be continued after the end of the project and we plan to embed the project resources very much into our own CPD structures. This is very much at the heart of what we want to do there's a real need in terms of supporting and developing our 90-odd part-time tutors and we also will explore the possibility of accrediting the course post the project through DCU. So to finish I think this quote is a very powerful one empower staff to create discover and engage in meaningful personal and professional development and we think this is very much at the heart of what our project is about. Thank you for listening.


Another country where oil prices have an effect of Mexico, that is the focus of our next panel. I'd like to invite our panelists up, Dr. Duncan Wood, Dr. Concepcion Verdugo, and Eric Lacombe, will be our moderator. This is Eric with us. There he is. Hi, Eric. Welcome. It's good to be with you today. As Tom mentioned, my name is Eric Lacombe from Jubilee, USA. We've been working closely with global financial integrity over the last few years, as GFI has really done groundbreaking and truly revolutionary work on the issue of illicit financial flows. In terms of our organization, we approach the issue rather specifically. We cut our teeth as Jubilee in the early 2000s, late 1990s, looking at debt restructuring. But the reality of it is, is you can't address debt issues if you're not also dealing with revenue issues. And that's what brought us in the late 2000s into working more specifically on issues like illicit financial flows, trade misinvoicing, and also corporate tax avoidance. Because at the end of the day, these issues have a very specific impact on budgets. And from our perspective as a religious coalition working to end poverty, it has very powerful implications on the poor and the vulnerable. So today we're going to continue that conversation on illicit financial flows, looking specifically at Mexico, and we really couldn't have two better people with us to be able to help us frame and engage in this conversation today. I know you have their bios, but I'd like to introduce both of them, Dr. Duncan Wood, who's the director of the Mexico Institute at the Wilson Center. And we'll also be hearing from Dr. Concepcion Verdugo-Yepes, who's an economist at the International Monetary Fund. In a moment, Duncan's going to begin his comments and partly what he's going to share with us is really looking at how issues around money laundering in terms of Mexico need to be addressed and really in what context they should be addressed. We'll also hear some complimentary comments from Concepcion, who really is looking at the issues of mitigating risk, as well as some of the root causes of these issues we're looking at in the context of Mexico. So let me turn it over to Dr. Duncan Wood. Thank you, Eric. Good morning, everybody. It was a great delight to receive the invitation to come and participate at this event. It's an issue that we at the Mexico Institute have been following for a number of years. We've published a couple of papers over the years on the issue of money laundering and U.S.-Mexico cooperation on money laundering. Unfortunately, I am not the Mexico Institute's expert. I just happened to run the outfit. Eric Olson, who does some work on money laundering, is dashing out to the airport right now for a trip that I'll join him on later on to Mexico's southern border. So I'm afraid you'll have to do with sloppy seconds as far as we can. And I was quite happy to make the enormous journey from 1300 Pennsylvania over to here today. Some general comments, first of all, about how U.S.-Mexico cooperation on issues of security have developed in recent years. And I see that there are three defining factors for how that has worked. First of all is the trust factor. Traditionally, Mexico and the United States have structured their security relations in an environment or a climate of very, very low trust. The Mexicans don't trust the Americans because the Americans invaded Mexico and took half of their territory. That's the short version of the story, okay? U.S.-Mexico relations for dummies. That has begun to change in recent years, as there's been the rapprochement, of course, brought on by the NAFTA-integrated production systems, et cetera. And of course, the major step forward that happened under Felipe Calderón and his war against organized crime. The trust that was built up during the Calderón administration from 2006 to 2012, however, was severely cut back when the new Mexican administration came in in 2012 under Enrique Pena Nieto, which was a return to power of the pre, the revolutionary institutional party in Mexico. Still one of my favorite party names around the world. You can be revolutionary yet institutional at the same time. The only better one in my experience was when Canada had the Progressive Conservative Party. That was fabulous. But those trust levels were kind of scaled back, and all of a sudden the United States found itself in a situation where Mexicans once again were questioning U.S. motives. What is it that the Americans want? And how do we structure our official relations so that we, on the Mexican side, can centralize and control every information, every bit of information that flows between the two countries? Now of course, from the U.S. perspective, when there was the rapprochement in the early 2000s, and particularly under Calderón, there was a level from the U.S. side as well, which was we don't know who we're talking to. And time and time again in conversations with U.S. officials, you'd hear I don't really know how much information I want to share with my Mexican counterpart because I don't know whether they are in fact part of the problem rather than part of the solution. Over the period of the Calderón administration, that changed a great deal, and the United States agencies were able to identify reliable, trustworthy counterparts on the Mexican side. They went to the board, but they found key agencies and key individuals in those agencies that could be trusted. So trust is always going to be an issue. The second factor, which I think defines all of this, is capacity. Of course, Mexico has faced a real challenge in terms of building up the institutional capacity, as well as the expertise, the human capital, et cetera, that they need to really engage in a sustained fight against illicit financial flows and money laundering from organized crime in particular. And the United States and Mexico have worked very closely in recent years on trying to strengthen that institutional capacity. That's a factor I'll come back to later on. And lastly, of course, the changing security agenda. The changing security agenda between the two countries that, you know, back in the 1970s, 1980s, was very much looked at as being, well, we need to keep the gringos out of Mexican territory because look what happened last time to, oh my God, we need the gringos' help to actually fight organized crime so now we have organized crime which is the major security threat to our country. It's no longer about territory. It's no longer about national security. It's about trying to deal with internal threats. And that, I think, has been a defining factor and we'll continue to see that marking the relationship over illicit financial flows. So that historical enmity and anti-Yanquismo, as they call it in Mexico, has been transformed under Calderón to a focus on the war on organized crime. Obviously, the Merida Initiative in that, which has four main pillars. One is disruption of organized crime. Second is institutional strengthening. Third is building resilient communities. And I'll talk a little bit about that later on. And fourthly, a focus on the border, building a 21st century border. And of course, some of the bulk cash transfers that we see in the U.S.-Mexico relationship actually occur right there at the border and efforts to try to shore that up. Hurricane Katrina was also a major factor in strengthening trust levels between the two countries, as Mexican troops crossed over into the United States for the first time in many, many years, but on a disaster relief mission. The factor that we saw under Enrique Pena Nieto at the beginning of the administration, the centralization, trying to make all security flows intelligence flows go through one central window, a single window for intelligence sharing, has loosened in the past 12 to 15 months. And in fact, we're seeing a great deal more intelligence sharing. Now, we saw, of course, the great coup of capturing El Chapo, which was a major step forward for the bilateral relationship because it depended upon U.S. sharing intelligence with Mexico. And then we saw the escape of El Chapo, which is a huge blow. And once again, U.S. authorities are saying, well, who can we really trust in the Mexican government? There's a great deal of uncertainty over the scale of drug money going to Mexico. I think it's one of the things that Concepcion's going to talk about. Some Mexican officials have estimated $50 billion a year. Others have said, some analysts have said between $19 billion and $39 billion. The NDIC says that Mexico is the primary placement country for U.S. dirty money. The State Department estimates $19 to $29 billion a year from drugs money. We see, of course, the Wacovia case from a few years ago where there was a forfeiture of $110 million. Now, that was over a number of years, but it gives you an idea of the scale of money that is moving from the United States to Mexico. And, of course, it moves in multiple ways. You have electronic transfers, bulk cash, in kind, et cetera. And, of course, you have the extra added complication of the massive amounts of remittances from migrant communities in the United States back to their home communities in Mexico. And, you know, latest estimates put in the low $20 billion a year. Most of that is, of course, legal, but it complicates the relationship while I'm trying to understand the scale just by, because we don't know how much of that is not legal. How much of it is sort of through a straw-transfer system of many small transfers? U.S.-Mexico anti-money laundering efforts in recent years, well, of course, they're both signatories to major international agreements. We've seen a close cooperation between the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network in the United States and Mexican authorities. In fact, Mexico is the only other country, according to my sources in the Mexican government, where the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network has an attaché. And, of course, the Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera, which is the Mexican counterpart, has attachés in the United States. A Financial Crimes Enforcement Network also has the Southwest Border Executive Steering Group, which focuses on financial, illicit financial flows across the Southwest border. We've seen increased training and technology transfers through the Merida Initiative. We've seen agreements between state attorneys general, as well as the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, and the Mexican version of the SEC, the CNBV, or the Comisión Nacional Bancaria de Valores, which is the regulatory authority in Mexico. And we've seen a close cooperation on criminal investigations. The Wacovia case was a result of a cooperation between the Mexican Attorney General, the Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera, and DEA. Mexico itself has passed three major pieces of anti-money laundering legislation in recent years, 2010, 2013, and 2012. And the Finance Ministry, the Asienda in Mexico, and the Bank Regulator have put in place a new Know Your Customer regulations and standards. I'll just say a couple of comments to close, and then hopefully we can come back in the Q&A. One of the reasons why it's so difficult to understand the extent of the impact of illicit financial flows in the Mexican economy is because the scale of the bilateral economic relationship between Mexico and the United States, not just the remittances that I mentioned earlier on, but now, of course, trade levels between the two countries are up over half a trillion dollars a year. That's a massive growth from the origins of the NAFTA. We're now seeing, you know, more than a billion dollars a day flying between the two countries. We also have to put in the factor that the Mexican economy is much, much bigger than it used to be. And so these illicit financial flows, although they're big in absolute terms, they're very small in relative terms compared to the bilateral relationship and to the Mexican economy. And lastly on that, the Mexican informal economy is enormous. I mean, by some estimates, it's as much as 60% of GDP. So we actually don't know how big the informal economy is. It's very difficult to actually work out how illicit financial flows play into that. And when we're talking about trying to stop the flows, how do you actually distinguish between money laundering activities and the spending of that money as it comes back into Mexico? How do you, and maybe other panelists have dealt with this, but how do you actually seize monies that are being spent, let's say, on a night of drinking with your friends in the organized crime group or a couple of hours with some Eastern European dancers in a Mexican strip club? How do you actually deal with that kind of money laundering which is going through the informal economy? And of course the last factor which is most of the profits from drug money get reinvested into the operation. Mexican drug cartels are sophisticated organizations. They're businesses. They're transnational criminal businesses. And so they're investing not just in product, but they're investing in new communication transportations. They're investigating in human capital. I mean, if you look at the accounts of these drug organizations, it's fascinating. Some of them are paying therapy for their hit men. And you actually see this in their accounts. It's fascinating, you know, two hours with Dr. So-and-So, because this guy had post-traumatic stress after killing a few guys. That's the kind of thing which, you know, it really begins to complicate it when you think we try to shut things down. I will end there with just the question. If we're talking about organized crime and if we're talking about, you know, money laundering, is in fact stopping the money, the answer here. I know that the focus of the study has been on development issues, but I would say that both development issues and organized crime would be better served by an overall strengthening of institutions in the country. Thank you. Sorry about that. Thank you, Duncan. No, that's fine. Concepcion. Good morning. Thank you. First, let me thank Mr. Baker and his team for organizing this highly topical conference and for inviting me to participate. Today, I will talk about potential sources of illicit flows in Mexico and the integration of these flows in the financial system and the economy. Based on academic studies and official reports, let me give you a snapshot of how complex and dynamic potential illicit flows from and to Mexico can be. Mexico is a major drug-producing and transit nation. It has powerful drug cartels involved in the production and trafficking of drugs, including transshipment of cocaine from South America to the United States and Europe, which are the two main drug trafficking consumer markets. The largest source of money laundering and illicit funds in Mexico is believed to be associated with illicit drug trafficking. However, other illegal activities such as human trafficking, extortion, corruption could also be generating illicit flows. The complexity of money laundering in Mexico has increased as criminal organizations expand their influence and develop new methods to launder these illicit funds, including through linkages with other criminal groups based in other countries. According to the 2008 Mexico's Mutual Evaluation Report, no estimates are available of the level of money laundering in Mexico originating from drug trafficking and other proceeds generating crimes. We understand that attempts to generate such estimates may have been hindered by the difficulty to develop and appropriate methodology and by insufficient, reliable, empirical evidence. It is not possible to obtain reliable estimates on the amount of drugs proceeds generated in consuming countries that are transferred directly to Mexico. Money laundering in Mexico is believed to be carried out using a variety of schemes and institutions. In the placement, a stage of money laundering, bull cash smuggling from the United States, including through the use of personal carriers, malls, has traditionally been believed to be commonly used. However, provided Mexico has established and implemented regulations to limit the deposit of U.S. dollars in cash within the country's financial system, this scheme could become less attractive. For the specific case of illicit proceeds being sent in cash from the U.S. to Mexico, once they enter the later country, illicit funds can be structured and integrated into the local financial system and the economy in different ways. Some of these funds may be re-exported to other countries or two offshore financial centers. For example, in 2008, a case involved the seizure of millions of U.S. dollars in cash being exported from Mexico to Colombia via Panama. A major Colombian drug trafficker based in Brazil arrested and disclosed the use of a network of legal entities to launder U.S. source drug proceeds via Mexico. Operation TACO involved the laundering of 236 million euros in drugs proceeds from Spain to Mexico through the export of precious metals by a network of Spanish, Colombian and Mexican nationals. These cases illustrate the magnitude of illicit resources controlled by criminal organizations as well as the complexity of their international operations. Money laundering affects a number of financial intermediaries including foreign currency operators. Licensed cash as a cambios, as netroscambiarios, money remittance firms and banks. While the transfer of remittances through established financial intermediaries can reduce the incidence of cash smuggling, the volume and speed of these electronic transfers also create important money laundering risk and management challenges for financial institutions. Criminals are also believed to use offshore financial centers to launder illicit funds. They transfer cash using personal couriers. In some cases, according to Mexico's mutual evaluation report, funds originated from the U.S. are transported directly to Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia. Some investigations include cases against political exposed persons, accused of corruption and who have invested large sums of money in the coastal zone of some Mexican states. Some political exposed persons have been used from men and trust to hold their property. The integration of illicit funds in the Mexican economy and the financial sector take many forms. This includes, for example, the purchase of book studios, automobiles and real estate. Criminals also use bank accounts to launder their funds, including through structuring transactions and make significant investments under the names of family members, adopting methods and structurers similar to those used in the business and industrial sectors. What I have described in general shows the complexity of the sources, drivers and patterns of illicit flows in Mexico and the difficulty to get a clear understanding of the scale, the direction, the motivation and the impact of illicit flows from and to Mexico. In this regard, I want to emphasize that the complexity of calculating the flows associated with illicit and criminal activity should not be underestimated. In this context, in 2011, Peter Pedroni and I analyzed the illicit drug trade in the case of Peru. This pointed to the transnational nature of most illicit drug transactions, the difficulties we found with attributing profit shares to individual jurisdictions and, in general, how difficult it was to implement the methodology and to manage the data that we are using in Peru. All of this was hampering the assessment of the size of the flows and their economic impact. In particular, available methodologies are unable to disentangle, to unpackage the flows associated with these interrelated and criminal activities. Drug production is related to arms trafficking, money laundering, smuggling and corruption. And they take place across one or more multiple borders, which is the case of Mexico and the case of Peru and the case of Colombia. This inability to isolate these specific flows results in significant levels of double counting. Of these categories, the outflow of the proceeds of corruption would appear to be the closest to the core concept of illicit financial flows and indeed represents a serious problem of significant negative development impact. However, conflating that with the proceeds of drug trafficking deriving from transactions in criminal markets and outward capital flows, some from legitimate economic justifications, in my opinion, raise a lot of analytical difficulties. In the case of Mexico, we should welcome the finalization of the National Risk Assessment, which is an important tool that help countries to assess their money laundering and the financing of terrorism risk. A critical component involves estimating money laundering threat being the proceeds of crime that need to be laundered. You may ask why it's important. As we all know, the implementation of regulatory standards, global regulatory standards and economic and trade sanctions has been enhanced in recent years, including, due to major economies interested in increasing the transparency of financial transactions to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing risks. The implementation of the risk-based approach to IML measure is a key feature of the FATA standard revised in 2012. This requires countries to establish what the countries risk and context are to understand risk and build their system on that basis. Mexico will be evaluated against the new FATA standard in 2016. This is a great opportunity for Mexican authorities to show the level to which they have identified, assessed and understood the money laundering and terrorist financing risk for their country. Based on this IMLCFT National Risk Assessment, in terms of which countries identify and rate higher or lower their risk, to ensure that their IMLCFT regime adequately prevents and mitigates such risk. Such an IMLCFT National Risk Assessment which I understand is in process of being finalized and without prejudging the results of the National Risk Assessment could help Mexico in the following. First, to implement further effective measures to dissuade the cross-border transportation of cash, illicit, origin and use. Could also help to implement supervisory and other control mechanisms in place for preventing the financial institutions that provide money services, cash businesses to banks, like banks, monitor meters, casas de cambia, centros cambiarios, casas de bolsa that are used for illicit cash movements are improving. In particular, to discuss the supervisory arrangements for the thousands of centros cambiarios. Also, the country, after the National Risk Assessment, should fully implement IMLCFT risk-based supervision frameworks across all financial sectors based on money laundering terrorist financing risk identified by Mexican authorities. The country should also take steps to subject domestic political exposed persons to enhanced customer due diligence and require financial and non-financial institutions to take reasonable measures to establish the source of funds and wealth and to subject political exposed persons who have been entrusted with public functions to the same enhanced due diligence measures as foreign political exposed persons. Thank you, Concepcion. So, we'd like to open it up for questions and comments for our two panelists. And actually, while we're starting to pass that around, I do have a question I want to throw out to both of you. You know, I was struck by some common themes in both of your presentations. In particular, I know, Concepcion, you noted how complex the situation is, you actually noted, Duncan, that when we're looking at Mexico there might not be as much of an illicit financial flow problem but an institution-building problem. I guess in terms of the money laundering situation and how that is unique or not unique to the Mexican situation, I'd like to ask you to perhaps reiterate if we are interested in curbing illicit financial flows, what are the one or two primary institution-building things that should happen right away within the Mexican context? Does that make sense? Yeah. Yeah, so I'm asking you just to prioritize, lay out what those one or two things are. Let me begin with a bright spot of what's happening in Mexico that gives us some hope on what can be built. And that is that right now conversations about the rule of law in general dominate the Mexican news, it dominates sort of the conversation about Mexico internationally, and it's not just about drug cartels now. Now it's about politically exposed persons. Now it's about governors of states in Mexico. It's about, of course, as high as the president himself. We had a very considerable conflict of interest scandal at the end of 2014 which is dragged on throughout this year involving the president's wife, her famous Casablanca, her White House in a very ritzy area of Mexico City, which appears to have been given to her or sold to her at a very, very low rate of interest by a major construction firm which has received huge contracts both from the state of Mexico where the president was governor beforehand and now from the government of the country of Mexico. We've seen other corruption scandals or conflict of interest scandals since then and we're all aware that there are many other scandals that are bubbling just underneath the surface and the information, the intelligence hasn't really been gathered yet. But what this has sparked off in Mexican society is a sense of outrage over corruption, conflict of interest and a desire on the part of civil society. And by civil society I mean both the protesters in the street and think tanks and NGOs who are working behind the scenes to really try to gather the information that we need to have a clear idea on corruption and the scale of corruption throughout Mexico. The recent successes of discovering or uncovering corruption first of all in Brazil the Petrobras scandal and now in Guatemala have caused a huge reaction in Mexico. Mexican civil society has said look, if a country like Guatemala can put their president in jail or their ex-president I guess why aren't we doing the same thing? When they saw what happened with the Petrobras scandal they said well we've got the largest national oil company in the Americas what's going on with that? We all know there's corruption within Pemex but we don't know the scale of it we don't know any of the details. There are corruption scandals all the time in Pemex and people are prosecuted and people are put away or they're not but there have always been small cases involving maybe a couple of million dollars nothing really big nothing like the Petrobras scandal and we're waiting to see what happens with that. So that's a real bright spot right now is that society is mobilized society is focusing on this and in particular civil society think tanks like Mexico Evalúa which is a very very important civil society organization which really tries to push the government towards higher levels of transparency Transparencia Mexicana which is the Mexican branch of Transparencia International also doing a good job and not just on the critical side of things Transparencia Mexicana is working with for example the national publicly owned electricity utility the CFE to try to increase the levels of transparency in contracts that are signed by the electricity utility this is a very positive thing and I think that if we can build that capacity within civil society and I know that that's certainly part of US Mexico collaboration is strengthening the community in civil society at the same time as we strengthen the enforcement side of things then we'll be making progress and just lastly before I turn it over to Concepción we had a research fellow with us this summer at the Wilson Center at the Mexico Institute who was trying to understand why anti-corruption efforts have been more effective in the United States than in Mexico and of course there's a myriad of reasons but after conversations with many different government and civil society organizations here he came down to sort of three factors he said one a strong and independent judiciary now Mexico of course is going through a massive judicial reform right now the deadline for that implementation is 2016 they're not going to make that deadline and the implementation has been very uneven across the country but that's one institution where we need to work more on second a strong and independent media or press so that you actually are able to harness the outrage of civil society and to really expose so you need investigative journalism and there's not a strong tradition of investigative journalism in Mexico in fact one of the scandals of this year was Carmen Aristegui the White House or the Casablanca scandal was forced out of her position at one of the networks and it's widely suspected there was pressure from the government the third factor which he points to Marco Fernandez points to is a professional public service this is one of the factors that I think we forget about a lot of the time when we focus on corruption and rule of law in general Mexico's public service especially on the chain is highly politicized and so you see massive turnover and you also see that those people are dependent or beholden to their superiors way up the line for their jobs which means that they are much less likely to turn against them they're much less likely to expose them and so work that has been underway in Mexico for over a decade now to try to professionalize the public service in fact has achieved very very little but the public is a little bit more attentional sorry for my stand up I fully agree with Duncan I will propose three types of measures first of all to stress the IMLCFT regime to stress and to make the system effective the second will be to take action on the anti-corruption side and the third is to finalize the judicial reform that the Mexicans are undertaken in June 2015 we published a working paper on the crime and the economy on Mexican states that they have co-authored with Peter Pedroni and Shin Wei Hu and we have recommended the country to undertake the judicial reform because this is very important if you want to be effective in your fight against crime in the country I'm very brief but I mean these are the key the key messages for the country but I'm not sure whether having a strong IML regime anti-corruption measures and judicial reforms are enough I think that you need to have strong institutions and to improve the national coordination among institutions in Mexico I think this is key for Mexicans to be all in the same path thank you I think we have a few questions from the audience so we're here first thanks very much and thanks obviously to Concha and to Dr. Wood for their presentations my name is Jose Luis Tain I'm from the National Council at the IMF but I would like to speak with my previous hat as a representative of the Mexican government for AML-CFT issues both at the Calderon and the Peñanito administrations so Dr. Wood is obviously a very well informed person and he has provided a very comprehensive and clear picture of a part of the situation with regards to Mexican and U.S. authorities I would only like to focus on the AML-CFT efforts in particular which is the area of which I'm aware of and in that regard highlight that as Dr. Wood has explained the relationship during the Calderon administration was very strong but in that particular topic during the Peñanito administration I can tell you that it has actually strengthened and I can give just a few examples the amount the number of policy initiatives has increased the amount of information sharing has increased and for the first time under the Peñanito administration there was actually joint investigations and successful prosecutions and that was actually recognized by the Ecumen Group which is the one that assesses a few cases per year and determine that there was a joint case Mexico-U.S. which was the best case for the 2013 another issue was raised by Concha in the sense that governments have to focus and this includes the Mexican government on the institutions and in that regard I know that there has been a strong attempt to keep a public civil service within the AML-CFT areas at least if not at the first level at the second and third levels there is also a big effort and recommendations and that includes working on comprehensive national risk assessment and which should be finalized soon last I would only like to highlight important work that is being done by global financial integrity there might be some objections towards the methodology by some parties but the reality is that they have taken a very complex and important task which is trying to understand in numbers which is the impact of money laundering and therefore the importance of addressing that issue I think the microphone is coming down what Defcar chief economist GFI what we found that in the case of Mexico is one of the major drivers of illicit flows to what extent since trade based money laundering is a concern to what extent I am not sure about the details the AML-CFT to what extent does the AML-CFT regime address this issue of trade based money laundering as far as Mexico is concerned can you enlighten us on this issue um the AML regime has a number of recommendations that the country needs to be compliant against um in my understanding and you can correct me if I'm wrong but I think there are some recommendations in place like know your customer that need to be implemented not only in financial institutions but also on non-financial institutions and in particular the recommendation 5 what was the previous recommendation 5 where everybody doing a transaction in a with a financial institution or non-financial institution needs to provide some information about what the person is doing, what's the origin what is the source and I think this is the most important recommendation to help fighting the trade based money laundering maybe Jose Luis you want to add something and I apologize because I didn't hear the full question but I understand it's related to trade based money laundering I mean in that in that regard what Concha was mentioning there's definitely know your customer due diligence regulations in place in terms of the FADF and there has been an important effort for what I understand from the different supervisors to make sure that the regulated entities are implementing them and I can also say from an operational side that there's a very close communication between the relevant authorities such as the FIU and the tax authority to address trade based money laundering because indeed it is one of the main typologies that is being observed in the country IMF provides technical assistance the IMF provides technical assistance on customs reform if trade is and I'm sure it is a major problem in Mexico could not the IMF take a more proactive approach and say that there are gains to be made from Mexico implementing comprehensive customs reform in order to attack this problem of illicit flows so the fund is directly involved in this area well I think that in 2016 the fund will be evaluating Mexico and if this problem is raised during the conversation of the discussion of the evaluation of the country probably the IMF or the assessors will raise these recommendations and if it's needed the IMF could provide technical assistance to the country in this area but I think the discussion needs to be taken place during the mutual evaluation report I mean probably the assessors will see that the trade based money laundering is one of the major drivers and then they will discuss whether the country has the meteons in place to address this and it's the moment also the assessors will see whether in the national risk assessment trade based money laundering is included and what's the scale of the problem so I think it's the moment it's up coming so very ignorant question about the trade misinvoicing and the figure that you have for 2012 is $80 billion out of and that's money that's inflows into Mexico yeah this is on page 59 I'm just looking at it $80 billion of trade misinvoicing out of a total export Mexico's total exports are what around $70 billion I'd say globally so that's we're looking at which figure so I'm looking here on table 2 page 59 2012 inflows trade misinvoicing $79.839 billion yes so that's almost 20% of Mexican trade sorry Mexican exports 0.4% of GDP exports would be yes I would export plus imports I'm just looking at the inflows it seems like a huge figure if it's 20% of all Mexican exports are misinvoiced or rather surprise me because the thing is that you see after what we found is that after after misinvoicing is in fact gone up before and after because I'm thinking that that's why I raised the question of customs reform it could well be the fact that the volume of trade has taken off exponentially like you yourself have noted but I'm wondering whether customs resources and training have kept pace with that huge increase in trade between the United States and Mexico so it's entirely possible that they are not able to keep pace with the increasing demands of a globalized trade right but again what I think it's very important is to have this in the agenda I mean that this is considered one of the risks in the country so the national risk assessment should be including this as an important risk and this will help the assessors to understand whether the country has the mitigants in place to fight this problem I think we have a question over here Hi Hello I'm a zoologist and I look at all of the stuff that's been talked about today from an ecological perspective Duncan did you say something about the amount of money going into Mexico illicitly flowing into Mexico is about an additional half trillion dollars in the last certain period of time but you can catch that? No, what we've seen is that bilateral trade between Mexico and the states has increased to over half a trillion dollars a year that's formal trade between the two countries Okay, did you say what the illicit amount going into it? The problem is we don't really have a good estimate they vary from around 19 billion dollars a year up to some Mexican authorities have quoted 50 billion dollars a year State Department says between 19 and 29 billion dollars a year but they're not sure, that's a pretty big range there and it's just it's very very difficult to get a handle on it now that that's based upon the value of drugs that come from Mexico that are sold in the United States and this is why I think we have to take those numbers with a little bit of caution because let's say that the money that's coming back is around let's be generous, let's say it's 30 billion dollars a year that money of course is then spent on a lot of things it's spent upon your human capital, your human resources it's spent upon product so a lot of it, as Concepcion indicated goes not to Mexico but goes to a third country either which is the source country of cocaine for example, or to an offshore financial center which is then redistributed to pay for the product and then we think about all of the other costs that are involved I mentioned this earlier on but if you look at an organization like the Sinaloa Cartel it's a very very sophisticated organization they put a lot of money and planning into things like building tunnels not just to get El Chapo out of jail but more importantly to get the product underneath the U.S. border another reason why walls don't really work because you get long ladders and deeper tunnels but that's these are businesses and they're constantly looking at ways to reinvest the profits to make more money in the future so what kind of alternative can you offer if you're going to stop a flow this big and you're dealing with a place where the income, the average income is so low and you're talking about taking away what is a major source of income you're talking about killing a big employer I think the point that you made there is a very very good one now nobody would want to say that the cartels are the answer to development but what you do find in places like Sinaloa and if you go to the city of Culeacan okay and you hear all of the great stories about people are in the restaurant Los Arcos and you know a local drug lord comes in the owner of the restaurant takes away his cell phones locks the doors and says you're not allowed to leave until he's finished his meal when he leaves he pays everybody's bill and everybody has a great story to tell when you go to the local communities the local community says we don't actually want to do illicit work but it pays a hell of a lot better than growing corn you know when you go up to the mountains of Guerrero and you speak to the campesinos up there they can grow poppies up there which is a much much better cash crop for them than anything that they can sell legally and so when you talk to people and I mean after the El Chapo escape people were saying we're glad he's out of jail this guy did more for us than the Mexican government has ever done and that you know you don't want to exaggerate that but yes if you begin to interrupt the flow of money then are you actually going to have a negative impact particularly at the local micro level well can I follow up on these questions on our paper the paper we published on the impact of crime on the economy we found that in some states the impact was negative in some impact in some states the impact was positive and negative so there are many nuances what we found is that in those Mexican states where the construction so the construction versus GDP was higher the impact of crime was less important but if we think about what is involving construction we also have money from criminal activities going to the construction GDP so just to understand a little bit how it goes at the state level at the Mexican state level and it was very interesting for us to understand that we could isolate the response from crime in the economy on the construction sector interesting question Raymond Baker John Casara who was with us yesterday and is a former customs agent last week in a different context made an estimate to us that our attempts to get cash that is moved from the United States to Mexico arising from the drug trade is estimated to succeed only to the extent $0.25 on the $100 that's a quarter of 1% success rate I've thought about that figure ever since then and I can only imagine that level of failure is it intentional on the part of the United States is it are we making a minimal effort to curtail this for some political reason I don't know how you operate a program with that low level of success rate and pretend that you have a program in place at all how do you explain this? this is a really interesting point I think I've got the figure from 2012 the United States seized $2.5 billion okay now that's a tiny percentage of all of the illicit financial flows the United Kingdom in the same period seized around 317 million pounds okay and it was estimated to be exponentially much much bigger than that so if you think about what countries with functioning institutions can do they're only capturing a tiny percentage of it what can we really expect from countries like Mexico and remember Mexico is not Guatemala Mexico is a country where things work pretty well when I moved to Mexico in the late 1990s I like any other obnoxious expat we're saying oh my god there's so many things that don't work in this country and a Mexican colleague of mine came up to me and said Duncan the question is not why isn't Mexico more like the United States is why isn't it more like Guatemala and he said we are doing very well here given the circumstances and he was absolutely right so you begin to go down and say well is this a battle that we're fighting and dedicating significant resources to we have no chance of winning it's kind of like the battle against or the war against email you know you're never going to win that war but you keep fighting it day after day and in many cases it's a war of attrition in many cases you try to minimize your losses and maybe that's what it's about but yeah I mean ultimately they're going to find ways of doing it in the same way but in the same way that financial institutions legal financial institutions will always find a way around regulations because that's the nature of the beast it's about business it's about making money just one question just one comment I want to make you can reconcile your figures with our figures simple fact that these numbers here are derived from worldwide sources not just US so there you go I mean so there are two different numbers so I know we're close to closing but we did start a few moments late maybe we can just get one last round of questions or comments from the audience and then we'll ask Concepcion and Duncan to give us their final comments we had it great well is there anything you'd like to add in terms of the conversation yeah I think here there is missing a point Mexico so the homicides rates in Mexico are lower than in other Central American countries I think it's very important to raise this issue to put things in context the second is in flows illicit flows going to Mexico are also originating in other countries I mean you have the chocks to the economy in Mexico are originated at different points so you have two different kinds of chocks created internationally and the ones created internally because of the changes in policy wars against cartels and everything so I mean it's not only Mexico that needs to take action I think other countries need to take action to fight illicit flows and just to build on what you were saying on Iran I think that the strengthening of the judicial system in Mexico is going to be the single most important reform we can talk about the energy reform in Mexico we can talk about telecoms reform but the judicial reform is the single most important one across the board I mean even including economic development I would say in the country ultimately it's about guaranteeing contracts in many cases and you look at the challenges of that and you look at the way that that sort of applies directly to cases of corruption it's amazing that when Walmart committed its acts of corruption in Mexico it was not prosecuted in Mexico it's been prosecuted in U.S. courts and has paid the prices going through the hell of the review process Governor Yarrington from Tamalipas has not been convicted, has not been accused in Mexico but he's under indictment in the United States for receiving drug money and the fact is until you can begin to see these kind of cases being tried within Mexican courts we're not even close to getting there and that's again why the judicial reform matters so much Well thanks again to Global Financial Integrity for pulling this conversation together today and let's have a round of applause for Dr. Concepcion and Dr. Duncan for what they shared Thank you very much I want to quickly thank our panelists again Dr. Verdugo Dr. Wood and Eric Lacompe for moderating the panel we're going to break one hour for lunch, we'll start again at 2.20 Thanks


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss properties of indefinite integrals. The first property is, as we know that process of differentiation and integration are inverses of each other. So we get that d by dx of integral fx dx is equal to fx and integral f dash x dx is equal to fx plus c. And this c is any arbitrary constant. The next property is two indefinite integrals with the same derivative lead to the same family of curves and so they are equivalent. Property is integral fx plus gx dx is equal to integral fx dx plus integral gx dx. Then we have for any real number k integral k fx dx is equal to k into integral fx dx. Then next we have the properties 3 and 4 can be generalized to finite number of functions f1 f2 and so on up to fn and real numbers k1 k2 and so on up to kn. Giving integral k1 f1 x plus k2 f2 x plus and so on up to kn fn x dx is equal to k1 integral f1 x dx plus k2 integral f2 x dx plus and so on up to kn. Let's try and find out the value of i equal to integral 2x square plus e to the power x dx. Here we have two functions in the integrand 2x square is one function and e to the power x is the second function. Now using this third property according to which we have integral fx plus gx dx is equal to integral fx dx plus integral gx dx. We get that i is equal to integral 2x square dx plus integral e to the power x dx. Now for this integral we will use this fourth property which says that for any real number k integral k fx dx is equal to k into integral fx dx. So this becomes equal to 2 integral x square dx plus integral ex dx. Now this is equal to 2x cube upon 3 plus e to the power x plus c. That is we have i is equal to 2 upon 3x cube plus e to the power x plus c where the c is the constant of integration. Thus this is how we use the properties of indefinite integrals to find the value of the integrals. Next we shall discuss the comparison between differentiation and integration. First of all we have that both are operations on functions. So this is a kind of similarity. Then next we have both satisfy the property of linearity according to which we have d by dx of k1 f1x plus k2 f2x is equal to k1 d by dx of f1x plus k2 d by dx of f2x. And integral k1 f1x plus k2 f2x dx is equal to k1 integral f1x dx plus k2 integral f2x dx. Here these k1 k2 are the constants and we know that all functions are not differentiable and also all functions are not integrable. Next we have derivative of a function when it exists is a unique function and integral of a function is unique to an additive constant. That is the two integrals of a function differ by a constant. Next is when a polynomial function p is differentiated the result is a polynomial whose degree is 1 less than the degree of p. When a polynomial function is integrated the result is a polynomial whose degree is 1 more than that of p. Next we have we can speak of the derivative at a point but we never speak of the integral at a point. Then integral of a function is always over an interval on which the integral is defined. Then the derivative of a function has a geometrical meaning namely slope of the tangent to the corresponding curve at a point and the indefinite integral of a function represents a family of curves. This completes the session. Hopefully you have understood the properties of indefinite integral and the comparison between differentiation and integration.


Calcitriol, do you know who this is? It's someone you know. Calcitriol is your friend and you know it because it's actually vitamin, vitamin D3. And you probably are thinking how can you secrete or how can calcitonin, no, that's our next one. How can parathyroid hormone affect calcitriol? And I'm going to tell you how it does this. First of all, let's figure out how calcitriol does its thing. Have you heard of the connection between the lovely sunshine and vitamin D? In fact, sunshine is necessary for producing, let's take in this green person, a calcitriol precursor in the skin, which then travels to, I'm going to draw you a little, what's it called? Pictionary, what is this? Okay, I'll give you a little hint. But of course, this is the liver. This little precursor was built in the skin and it travels to the liver and it gets turned into something else and then guess where it travels? That thing travels, okay, this one will be easier. Pictionary, that one's easy. To the kidney where now we get our functional vitamin D3. This is calcitriol and it's functional. Okay, calcitriol, what does it actually do? Well, one of the most important things that it does is it increases absorption of calcium in the gut. So there are calcium transporters called calcium binding proteins that get what? Exocytost or placed into the luminal membrane in the intestinal tract and increase calcium absorption from the digestive system. This is why the argument is, dude, you got to have your vitamin D in order to get your calcium. Let's add vitamin D to milk so we can absorb the calcium and milk even better. In addition to this, calcitriol increases absorption or reabsorption of calcium in the proximal convoluted tubule. Kidney's coming back at you. So if you have low calcium, you're going to produce calcitriol which will increase calcium reabsorption, increases blood calcium levels, increases absorption of calcium in the gut. My Wi-Fi is unsecure. Thank you very much for telling me that. I think that's everything that you need to know about this. Am I right? How do you feel? Shall we finish it up strong with the... Both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone are increasing calcium concentrations in the blood. I think we should have someone who's doing the opposite if we're going to maintain homeostatic balance. Perhaps. Let's talk about calcitonin.


Statistics and Excel, height statistical inference data practice problem, got data, let's get stuck into it with statistics and Excel, or one note in this case, but we'll still talk about Excel too. You're not required to, but if you have access to one note, we're in the icon left-hand side, one note presentation, 1013 height statistical inference data Excel problem tab. You're also uploading transcripts to one note, so you could use the immersive reader tool, you can change the languages if you so choose, and then be able to either read or listen to the presentation in multiple different languages using the time stamps to tie them into the presentations. One note desktop version here, our data on the left-hand side, measuring the heights of individuals of human beings in the units of inches.