Look how cute you are. Hey friends, how are you all diddly doing? I am excited but I'm also sad. So it's time for another episode of Wrapped Up.  If you're new, some of my books are Wrapped Up. These are the my releases that I owned, 2021 releases that I owned in December at the start of December last year. Wrapped them up, we unwrap one or two and I read them in the vlog, essentially. Now I'm excited because I love Wrapped Up. I love and hate it. I love it but I hate the suspense. I was still so sick. But I'm sad because this is going to be our last episode for a little while. It's going to go on here just for October and November. This is the worst. This is the worst. This is the worst. Yeah. It will come back though as a weekly series in December. So get excited. Yeah, I haven't figured out yet how I want it to be. I don't know. We made you 2020 releases again. We made you something different. Every year I want to revamp it in a way but I can't figure out how I'm going to revamp it this year. So anyways, these are the books. I unwrap one. If I'm not 100% feeling it, I let myself wrap a second and we choose between them. But sometimes I'm feeling the first one. Right. Initially, as soon as I was looking, this is the one that interested me. This is so momentous. This is it. After this, they're all going to get unwrapped. If I don't feel this, you can unwrap another. Otherwise, if I am excited by this, we're reading this. Oh, okay. We're going to unwrap another one. It is The Neighbour's Secrets. This is a book for the month one that I got. And I haven't had a lot of people speak about it. I do have the audiobook for this. I will read this if I have to because it kind of reminds me of Big Little Lies, which I loved. I gave Big Little Lies five stars recently. So I will read it if I have to. I will. Maybe, no, I will. But not feeling it initially. It's hard. This is tricky. I got so lucky last time. That one. No, we're going to go for that one. We're going for Fairleaf. Do I want that? I'm getting nervous, but I'm starting to get a bit shaky, you know? No. That one. That one. That one. What is this last one? It's another Book of the Month one I can already tell. Okay, this is Keeper of the Night by Kylie Lee Baker. I'm excited for this as well, but I'm reading some other big fantasies this month. I'm not going to swear anything for you, but there's such big fantasies that I'm not sure whether... I mean, you already have seen that actually. My reading vlog doing the Dragon of Public and the Burning God actually. I just realized you have seen it. They're so daunting to me, and like, I feel like they're just going to take all of my fantasy brain to read them. So I think I'm going to go with The Neighbor's Secret. I think we're going to read this. I have the audiobook. I don't know much about it, so I'm intrigued to see what I think. It'll be a fairly quick read. So yeah, I'm excited.  I will literally be on cloud nine because I've been wanting more of that kind of vibe. Okay, hi. So I am 100 pages in to The Neighbor's Secret. Firstly, can I just say, I just finished... I don't know, you're a bit crooked actually. Hang on. I just finished The Dragon of Public and the Burning God for my most recent vlog. And let me tell you, that took it out of me. This is exactly what I need. Mom drama. I love it. I actually, I love it. I love that. I don't really like domestic thrillers in the sense that I'm not a big fan of like husband and wife thrillers. I find them a bit like, I don't know, boring. But I discovered when I read Big Little Lies, I have a thing for like suburbia mom drama. That is interesting to me. They always, they never fail to bring just the campiest spice you've ever had. So yeah, I'm really enjoying this. We're following three perspectives, again very similar to Big Little Lies. We're following Lena, who is now kind of a recluse, something tragic happened to her family 15 years ago. And then we're following two women who are in this book club, Annie, who supposedly has like a dark past, and Jen, whose son is troubled. And they're trying to, you know, figure it out and help him, her and her husband. It seems like he may be a sociopath. It's kind of, it's an opposite. I just love the drama. Like just don't, I just love it. All of the individual mysteries that these women have going on are really, really interesting to me. What happened in Lena's past with her husband, it seems, and it drove her daughter away. What happened in Annie's past, and she's now befriended Lena and is trying to get her to come to this book club. And there's stuff going on with her daughter. And then Jen, like what's happening with her son, what's, what's he going to do within the book? Because that's not going to be like, be in the book if he's not going to end up doing something. He just like stabbed at the start of the book, he stabs all of his classmates in the hand. I'm really, really enjoying it. It's exactly what I need right now. Like I needed something that could just let my brain relax. There's emails on this, which the emails are really fun. Like they're just that, they're just that little bit of mixed media that I need. It always sends me from the head of the book book club. And it's kind of like talking about what book they're reading. And it's just like, it's just painting a picture of the audio book narrator is really good. She's really putting her whole into this. Like she's like, let me just like put every acting fiber into narrating this audio book. Because the way that she narrates all different characters, you know, puts on these like, Oh my God, like these voices is just making it such a fun reading experience. And like I said, it's what I need right now. So I'm really enjoying the audio book. Listen, it's not going to be a five star. I don't think it's going to be five star. It's not like the most like expertly written thing in the world. But I am enjoying it. I needed a quick fun read. So yeah, I'm going to head off and read some more. And I'll check in with you when I have some more thoughts. Pages into the neighbor's secret. Listen, I'm flying through her. I'm still really enjoying it.  It is it literally is trying to be it because at the start of this, you've we've got an anonymous perspective, talking about how at the end of this book, there's a party and someone dies. Okay, I'm going to read you out the opening in the first page. I saw the two of them leave the party. They were five minutes apart, but they each slipped through the back gate and into the woods the same way, quick as foxes like they didn't want to be seen. I could think of no appropriate reason for them to sneak off together. But I told myself it was none of my business. Since they found the body, I've been replaying what I saw, what happened between them out where no one could hear. I think it was murder.  And the emails, the book of emails is just a way of having the like alternate perspective, the kind of Greek chorus that big little life has. Excuse me. It's a car alarm going off outside. I get too hot at the moment. It's still pretty hot in the UK to shut my windows when I'm filming because the ring light makes me so hot. So apologies for any noises to hear. It will be autumn soon. Like it is autumn kind of not technically, but we're all in autumn vibes on back tube.  Like the writing isn't as good. The characters aren't as compelling. The mysteries aren't as compelling, but I'm still having a good time. You know what I mean? I've been looking for stuff like this. So I'm not complaining. We've had a lot of reveals. We've had a lot of secrets revealed. And let me tell you, they're a little bit juicy. They're a little bit juicy. I wasn't expecting these secrets. One of the characters in particular, she's been up to stuff. She's been up to stuff that I really was not expecting. And it's a really interesting perspective to read amongst all the suburbia. So I still think this is good.  I think the book club at the centre of this is also a fun addition because like, I've been to suburbia mum's book club before when I was very young. Actually, we're not really suburbia. But I did tell a bit of a lie there. But anyway, my mum had a book club with some of her mum friends. So I totally know the vibe. I know everyone brings snacks. Like, I know the vibe. So I just think it's a fun setting to put in the middle of all of this. And I do think the mysteries that each of these three women have got, they're kind of converging and connecting. And I think they're all really interesting. I hadn't predicted any of the reveals. And that's not that I'm really trying to. I'm kind of just letting myself be taken along for the ride. But I hadn't predicted any of them. And I'm still having a really good time. So, yeah, it's like, fine. It's not, you know, the best thing I've ever read. But I'm having a good time. Now, I think I'm going to try and start packing for holiday as much as I really don't want to. And I kind of want to leave it to tomorrow. I don't know. I'm going to edit this vlog so far. And then I'm going to start packing for my holiday. It's currently Sunday. I'm going on holiday Tuesday morning. But it's a really early flight. So we're going tomorrow afternoon to stay at a hotel near the airport. So I've got to pack by tomorrow afternoon. And we still have to run some errands tomorrow, like I'm getting some euros out. So I might as well make a start tonight. If I can have the energy later once I've edited the vlog so far, whilst I have the audio book, because it's kind of the perfect thing to listen to whilst you pack. So the thing that's holding me off is I need to put my shoes at the bottom of the case. And I haven't decided what shoes I'm taking yet. I'll get over yourself, love. Silly car. That's the only reason because clothes is easy. Just folding clothes mindlessly. But I haven't decided what shoes to take. Okay, morning. I have not started packing yet. I'm going to start. I'm going to pack once. I mean, it won't take me that long. It's fine. But anyway, I finished Labour Secret last night and this morning. And I really enjoyed it. I'm going to give it a four star. This was, like, again, I feel like I got lucky with this a couple of wrapped ups ago when I read Love and Other Natural Disasters where, like, the book I'm reading is not the best book in the world, right? They were both four stars. But I had a great time reading them and they were exactly what I needed in the moment. Like this was exactly what I needed to read. And I don't think I would have read this anytime soon if not for wrapped up. So that's like the beauty of wrapped up is it forces me to read these kind of books. I generally think I may have never read this. But it was the perfect thing for me to read right now.  It is. But I think it knows it is and that's fine. I've been looking for more books like Big Little Elias and I'm glad this delivered. It gave me what I wanted. Not as good, not nearly as good, but still interesting. And a lot of good twists in this. There were so many twists in what we thought was happening because you kept getting fed, like, little bits of information in a really good way where it kept making you switch what you think is happening. And I did not see the end in coming. I really didn't see any of these twists coming. So I think that's a testament to this being like, it's an okay book. It's a good book. I would recommend the audio book if you're interested in it. If you're interested in mom's suburbia book clubs, like that kind of situation. I also forgot to mention there's like a vandal going around and like doing vandalism. Like, oh, did I mention that? I can't remember. I don't know. But that's like a big part of the plot is there's this vandal, terrorizing, you know, the sweet society in which we live. But it's not a massive part. I'd say the bigger part of the book is these three women and how their lives intersect. And yeah, generally everything that I kept thinking, oh, okay, that's what's happening there. It would present information to you that you thought was like 100% reliable. It wasn't something that was a mystery. Like they'd present information to you maybe about the past, whatever that would make you think, okay, that's what's happened, but we need to find out more information. And then lately you find out, actually, no, you got it wrong. It tricked you. You naughty, naughty. You teasing me. You naughty, naughty.  So yeah, I really enjoyed it. I'll be open to reading more thrillers by this author. And it was exactly what I needed right now. The audio book's great. It was really interesting. Towards the end, also the chapters started getting shorter and shorter, like only like a page long. And I just thought the pacing was really good. So I had a great time reading this. This is a really short vlog, I think because this isn't like, you know, a particularly complex book to hold up a whole vlog on its own. But that's what you signed up for with Wrapped Up. So I hope you enjoyed this last episode of Wrapped Up ever. No, it'll be back in December in some kind of new iteration, which I haven't figured out yet. I think it deserves a two month break. But listen, I got lucky with this. I genuinely feel like the universe looked down on me and said, this is what you're gonna need to read after going through the trauma that is the Dragon Republic and the Man and God.  But thank you guys so much for watching this video. If you got onto the end, what should we comment? Comment just the Bookstack emoji for the book club. The book club is one of my favorite aspects of this book and how everything kind of comes back to it. So yeah, comment like the Bookstack emoji if you got to the end. Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you very soon in another video. Bye.


So today is one of our Hallmark events for Pride Month. This is our Pride Walk and Celebration Day. We've had a great turnout. At least 200 people have showed up to walk around the track and between each walk we talk about a diversity issue or an individual's challenge as they've moved through to discover themselves and plug into the military. It's just been really a great event and I would tell you over the last 10 minutes I've learned a lot already. So this is just, it's exceeded our expectations today. It was the first gay pride parade in New York City. We've got to work with one another. We've got to understand one another. We've got to be inclusive with one another because as you know if you're a service member on the battlefield it doesn't matter. We are there to back up each other. We're there to fight with one another. We're here to win America's wars. So diversity and inclusion is absolutely a hallmark and a fundamental value of the United States military.


The Texans just ran out of running back to attempt a go-ahead field goal in the fourth quarter of a tied game. Check this out.


This is Steentech Hawaii. Community matters here. Happy Aloha Friday. Welcome to Perspectives on Global Justice, Steentech Hawaii Program. This is your host Beatrice Cantelmo. December 15th is designated as the Bill of Rights Day in the United States. Day of Remembrance of the Democratic Peaceful Action by which these rights were gained. I must say peaceful because it was a gnarly and bitter battle over the ratification of the U.S. Constitution for quite a few years and so many objections raised by anti-feralists in exhausting meetings and compromises before the amendments were able to be rectified on December 15th of 1791. I invited to take some time to become internally familiarized with at least the fasting amendments of the U.S. Constitution and also hold conversations with your loved ones, neighbors, classmates and students about the meaning of each amendment. Take some time individually and collectively to reassess the present meaning in their living worth in today's American society. And if you enjoy your personal freedoms and rights and having clear limitations on the government power in the judicial and other proceedings and specifically declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution shall remain reserved for the states and the people then I hope you will find new and additional ways to mobilize for both freedom and human rights in this country and across the globe. Today's Perspectives on Global Justice program episode will be devoted to address an extremely marginalized group of society not only in the United States but across the globe, sex workers. Some refer to them as prostitutes, whores or hookers, and many other names. But we will talk about the history of criminalization of sex workers globally in the United States, discuss the main reasons why and how criminalizing consenting sex adults who wish to engage in consenting sex work jeopardizes their most basic human rights to safety, protection and access to health as well as their rights of living life free from being further marginalized and persecuted. We will do a brief overview of where Hawaii is at as a state as far as current laws pertaining to sex work is concerned as well as past and current efforts made by local and national social justice activists to amend current laws in the state of Hawaii. So the sex work between consenting adults can be decriminalized and their human rights be also equally respected and protected. But we will also talk about the difference between sex trafficking and sex work between consenting adults which are very distinct from each other because a lot of people mix them up and also because it's not the same thing and in fact in our state in 2015 our legislature changed its laws to make it so it's conflated between sex work and sex trafficking. Despite the fact of the testimony of Amnesty International which is the largest and one of the most respected human rights organizations on the globe pointing out the differences between both sex work and consenting adults and sex trafficking survivors as well as the human rights issues that the state of Hawaii would be violating by not making such distinctions not providing training and guidelines to law enforcement and members of the criminal justice system to differentiate between both groups. I cannot think of a more special guest to join us to have this conversation today than Miss Tracy Ryan. Tracy is the Executive Director of Harm Reduction Hawaii and she's also a fierce applicator in human rights of our state. She has done significant work in the fields of harm reduction advocacy in the state of Hawaii as well and she's been working very hard to also advocate for the decriminalization of sex work between consenting adults in the state of Hawaii. We've got a lot to cover and I want to make sure to also highlight the Hawaii Harm Reduction Conference which is just around the corner on January 9th of 2018. On that note, welcome to our program. Thank you for having me on the show. Absolutely. So we have a lot of things to cover and why don't we start with the conference which is just around the corner so that our viewers can get a little taste of what the conference is about its history and what are we going to cover this year? Alright, well the Harm Reduction Hawaii is a local nonprofit and its chief activity is to put on conferences mostly attended by social workers and social service providers which discuss usually a variety of issues homelessness, addiction, sex work is often part of them but other things as well. This is a special conference kind of fitting into our usual every two year harm reduction conferences. It's mainly going to focus on this one topic. It's called Deconstructing Sex Work and Sex Trafficking. It's going to be held January 9th of this coming year at the Almona Hotel in the Banquet section, the Hibiscus Ballroom in some of the smaller rooms and people who are interested should visit the website which is just Google Harm Reduction Hawaii and click on the website that says Conference 2017 and they will go to a tab for special events. So again, Harm Reduction Hawaii Conference 2017 website and click on special events and everything you need to know is there. Right, so that's wonderful because today we are going to be talking a little bit about the basic differences between sex trafficking and sex work between consenting adults because I think a lot of people mix them up, they think it's the same or they don't understand the difference. Could we have a picture with I went to Google today like most people can do to get a definition of human trafficking and so I picked one from the United Nations because I think they set the tone globally for how we look at this and so the definition from the United Nations is that human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring a receipt of passes by improper means such as force, abduction, fraud or coercion for any improper use including labour of sexual exploitation. So Tracy, I know that when we do our advocacy work here in the state of Hawaii and I think across the globe, across the nation we have a lot of people who make this confusion between the distinction and consider sex work, sex trafficking. Why is that? Because the federal government in 2001 has started putting out hundreds of millions of dollars to promote the idea that sex work is sex trafficking because some people have as a political point of view that we should be abolishing all prostitution by saying that it is all sex trafficking but it kind of undermines our American system of justice first of all because it disregards the need to have evidence in criminal cases and it also puts people into various defined boxes and defines their characters and what they're doing without knowing the individual themselves and what they're actually doing and what their actual life experiences are. So there's a box for someone who purchases sex which is called John often and that's defined a certain way and the individual situation is not part of that definition. There's a box for someone who sells sex and that's being defined as someone who is either being controlled by some vicious controller or someone who is so terribly desperate they can't do anything else and is desperate to leave prostitution. Okay so then we're getting into boxes we're not looking at evidence of those things and we're not looking at individual stories or listening to anyone telling their own truthful story that doesn't fit into the box.  So if you compare both definitions we clearly see that sex work does not meet the threshold of sex trafficking Of course not, I mean it's simple it's a simple thing do we understand the meaning of force, fraud and coercion or not? They have common language definitions if we simply apply those and look at actual evidence we're fine, we won't have this discussion but that's not how people are proceeding currently they're prosecuting a lot of the people who are managing massage parlors and that's locally going on as a way of say taking the profit out of prostitution they're not finding that the women who are working there are being forced or coerced at all however this is part of their effort apparently to fight sex trafficking to arrest and prosecute people who clearly aren't abusing or enforcing other people or using minors at all so it's a problematic activity I think they like the both of us have followed very closely the changes in the state legislation in 2015 on how by law now there is a completion a definition that sex work and human trafficking are the same and so it really gives room for criminalization of sex work because the assumption is that a sex worker is being trafficked or being a sex worker is a crime of trafficking too I'm not sure about the definition that you're referring to because what they did was they took the statute called promoting prostitution in the first degree which described a person who did the things we talked about in terms of trafficking in terms of forced fraud or promoting the prostitution of a minor and they changed the title of it from promoting prostitution in the first degree to sex trafficking that's what they did so now there is a definition of sex trafficking which is separate from the definition they're using for promoting prostitution because now they have promoting prostitution in the first degree as anyone who profits from prostitution fraud, coercion minors, or at all in that other statute which is a lesser crime but it's still ten years in prison is the one that the law enforcement seem to be spending all their time pursuing rather than sex trafficking which I gather is harder for them to make cases well the thing is I think that part of the problem that I see as a social justice advocate not only in this country but across the globe when it comes to the criminalization aspect of sex walker is the lack of education number one in the definition of both groups but also how systems create new problems that really put more hardship for a person for example who is a sex walker without considering the ramifications in their lives so like Amnesty International for example they've done a very lengthy study across the globe on the conditions of sex walkers and what were the issues that they were struggling with and across the globe when you criminalize a profession like this and marginalizes there are a couple of issues there the abuse of law enforcement which I'm sure you can talk about it the lack of access that they are prevented from having with regards to health care cause I think a lot of sex walkers do know want to be targeted and reported you know for being a sex walker when they go to the doctor and there's also the issue of safety because if you're really trying to you know walk to combat sex trafficking it's least likely that when you put a profession like sex walk underground that people will come forward all people in this country have to do is understand the situation we had during the prohibition of alcohol to realize that when you create a black market economy and anything take over abuse rules and everything is worse for everybody so the criminalization of sex work is not helping people who are trafficking victims one iota it's hurting a lot of other people who are not trafficking victims it doesn't do any good for anybody absolutely and plus it does not address the rights that sex walkers have to have the same access to respect and protection and value that a sex trafficked individual would have in the human rights of sex traffickers i'm sorry the sex trafficked individuals is as important as the human rights of someone who is a sex walker and i think that that's what's the disconnect is still as a society yeah because currently we have established a two tiered system for people who commit acts of prostitution if you claim that you're a sex trafficking victim to the police you might avoid going to jail you may not have a criminal conviction and if you do have one you can probably get it cleared from your record which is very important in getting on with your life if you're not claiming sex trafficking victim you get to go to jail you get to be shamed because you did something deliberately on your own you get to have a criminal record and create all sorts of problems in your life so it's it's unless there's a deliberate effort to get people to falsely claim sex trafficking status this situation makes no sense and it's very deceitful so we're going to take a quick break and get back at this conversation hello everyone I'm DeSoto Brown the co-host of human humane architecture on Think Tech Hawaii every other Tuesday at 4pm and with the show's host Martin Desbang we discuss architecture here in the Hawaiian Islands and how it not only affects the way we live but other aspects of our life not only here in Hawaii but internationally as well so join us for human humane architecture every other Tuesday at 4pm on Think Tech Hawaii what on the list is who's going to drive it's nice to know you're going to get home alive plan for fun and responsibility choose the DT captain of our team it's the DT for every game day a sign a designated driver welcome back to Perspectives on Global Justice Think Tech Hawaii program this is Beatrice Contelmore and I'm back with Tracy Ryan so Tracy we were talking about how the laws really have been changing and it's actually quite deceitful to set people into that place of if you're caught doing sex work and it's a crime here you're also being given a choice to declare that you were sex trafficked and so you have all of these bonuses for the rescuing industry the issue of providing a two tiered system is problematic one of the presenters at our conference will discuss a labor trafficking case from about 15 years ago up in Canada where she interviewed a bunch of people who allegedly had been human trafficked into Canada from China but after they were denied asylum in Canada and they were going to go back she interviewed them and all of them said they lied about being trafficked 100% of her sample because they wanted the benefit that doesn't help our system at all this criminalization of prostitution unless you're a sex trafficking victim doesn't work if you don't think that sex trafficking victims should be prosecuted and they absolutely shouldn't then why are we prosecuting consensual people who are not being trafficked by anyone it doesn't make any sense well the thing is you have a system that is trying to help sex traffickers but I don't think that they are doing in the right way one of the issues that Amnesty have brought globally and it's actually I think the state of Hawaii was the first state in this nation to actually have the money provided during legislative session during a time that was very crucial to address the differences between sex trafficking and sex work and to say look you shouldn't do this because number one the very distinct groups you can't conflate them because then you're starting to run into all of these problems in the human right violations too and you're still not helping sex workers thrive and their human rights are being violated and you're not helping sex traffickers individuals either unfortunately the testimony is given to a legislative body which is responsive to whatever amount of fear and hysteria exist among their constituents and not really particularly interested in any kind of reason or logic or facts which are presented in testimony so it's our job as people who want to deal with problems of human trafficking in a logical way and not hurt consensual sex workers to try to get a better conversation going which is part of the reason we're doing this conference we want people to come together from around the state people who can sit around and talk civilly explain their points of view and what they see is problematic and work out a better system than what we have because what we have right now is no good and part of this is education and that's the starting point and I think talking about anything that has to do with sex is very difficult you know it is a taboo I think in most societies and it's something that I bring up frequently when we're talking about trafficking because as you know in amnesty is very aware that human trafficking exists in a lot of areas in sweatshops on these fishing boats we're hearing about and farm labor various even domestic services you know maids and butlers could be victimized in non sex trafficking situations but of all of these things let's go out and make being a maid a crime or arrest everyone who hires farm labor because you know because there is trafficking there you know but our solution to sex trafficking is let's abolish the whole industry and the only reason that it seems to make a difference is because people are seeing sex is something that is just distinctly different and have an issue with it and some of the stuff that I've read from some of the people who are promoting this you know that this prostitution is slavery idea when you start reading it it sounds like warmed over Victorian advice that mothers gave to their daughters about the horrors of the wedding night that the whole idea of having sex with a man is something that you had to bear in order to be a good wife and mother you know this very strange idea in our modern context for people to think this way but a lot of people who are describing themselves as feminists are using very much the same argument that this is a sex is a harmful thing in its in and of itself to women if it involves a man but I think also that there is the assumption that sex work is only primarily done by women we have men in the industry we have out of it exactly and so we need to broaden the perspective on sexuality and sex and the truth of the marriage actually a couple months ago I had to do a training that would address the differences between sex trafficking and sex work and I've given an example of just a couple that you know live together they did share the money but the wife really didn't work much so the guy had more money so she kind of got an allowance but without explaining that part of it we're really explaining what the relationship and what their you know his desire of like how often he wanted to have sex buses you know what how reality was of like no it's not happening and then I described also an example of just a couple that met you know for sex exchange in the sex work industry and people could not differentiate and that was exactly the point if you are two or more consenting adults and you have decided that you're going to engage in a sexual activity and you know you're all in agreement with what that's going to be it's nobody's business and you know but we still particularly in a state you know we talked about it being Bill of Rights Day just things which aren't in the Constitution Bill of Rights are the words from the Declaration of Independence saying life, liberty or the pursuit of happiness not in the Constitution but they are in the state of Hawaii's Constitution so in the state of Hawaii people are guaranteed liberty so that's the default position so for the state to come in and the legislature to pass a law against anything they should have a burden to prove that this law is doing good to show that it's necessary to show that it's reducing harms and not creating harms but they don't seem to feel they have any burden at all actually let's talk a little bit about the burden because the part of being really charged with sexual because you have a criminal racket so I actually read this really quickly so the implications of that and the collateral consequences so evictions deny of public housing benefits no access to students or financial aid unlimited employment options loss of child custody and even risk of deputation and those are just a legal problem and these are just a legal problem not the social ones of having that shame you may not really find a husband it's maybe alienated from your family and all sorts of other jobs teaching positions etc may follow you around but what is basically a crime of a 10 second conversation between two adults on a public street at 2 in the morning that's the crime that most people are carrying around for decades affecting their later life and that is the one thing I think we need to also focus in terms of the decriminalization aspect of it is look at all the burden that we could lift off of sex workers who actually are consenting adults who are engaging in sex work knowingfully and eye control of their situation too I think there is this perception that they are cultured, very poor marginalized and it's like they could be but it's like there are people who practice what's called survival sex who are selling sex who are basically really hardcore addicts and these people are not being trafficked by anybody because traffickers are not hardcore addicts because they don't generate much money or their teenage runaways again by definition by some definitions everyone under 18 is a sex trafficking victim but most of minors who are selling sex are not being controlled they are mostly runaways who are doing survival sex so it's still something there's a lot of problems with it but we need to understand that the services and the reaction to it is as you said there are plenty of women adult women, transgender people men who are selling sex simply it's money they're making money on it just like people do with all sorts of jobs they may not love the job, they may not hate the job but it's what it is, it's labor and for these people we need to allow them to make that choice to make their living to not arrest them and certainly not try to arrest all of their clients to try and save them which is some people's idea of being helpful we're helping you by arresting the clients that cutting off my income is not helping me for children under the age of 18 or younger adults teenagers under the age of 18 I think the part that's very hard even with survival sex is that by law they are not considered that age to make that decision but I do agree with you that children under the age of 18 who are engaged in the sex work industry should never be criminalized for it? I think that the change we made in the law recently that made it a violation subject to family court for people under 18 selling sex was good the logic was continuing to make it a crime for adults which is backwards from every other rule we have about young people for smoking, for drinking, for a hundred other things what's legal for adults is not for children, here it's more legal for children than for adults just bizarre I can't believe how quickly our program you know went through 30 minutes just like that people remember to come to the conference and to register at that website that we mentioned we'll be in good shape may this be the first of many visits that you pay us and thank you so much for being here for your expertise and your passion and thank our viewers and see you next Friday, we hope


Everyone already knows about the Super Nintendo Sega Genesis bit wars of the early 90s, but there were other consoles around at the time as well, trying to grab a piece of the market, like the TurboGrafx, the CD-i, and the Neo Geo. Now, my only experiences with Neo Geo came in two forms. One was getting lucky enough to see their arcade cabinets in the wild, and the other was simply gawking at how much the console and the cartridges cost. Unless your family was filthy rich, or you were just lucky when it came to accessing arcade cabinets, you didn't get much exposure to the Neo Geo, but if you owned a Super Nintendo or a Genesis for that matter, you at least got to play some of the ports of these games. So let's take a look and see if these versions of these SNK fighting games are worth playing today. I should note quickly that SNK themselves did not port these games, that was handled by a company called Takara, with the exception of World Heroes 2 which was ported by Saras. What I'm going to do here is take a quick look at each game, with two things in particular I want to point out for each, how the fighting system works, and simply if the SNES port is any good. I'll go in alphabetical order starting with Art of Fighting. The arcade game is a perfectly good fighting game, but the Super Nintendo port is just okay. Now, I know a lot of these fighting games all seem like carbon copies of each other, but each of these games in this video do something a little different, and Art of Fighting is no exception. There's an emphasis here on dodging, using a forward dash and a backward dash, and it's implemented the same way as it is in most beat'em ups, where it's just forward or back twice quickly. You can also do a desperation move once your health gets to a certain threshold, as long as you have something left in your spirit meter which is below the power meter up top. If you get a moment, you can also recharge your spirit meter yourself by holding X and Y. Overall, however, the controls are a bit more simplified, since there's only one button each for punch, kick, throw, and for taunting. You gotta hold the R button in order to use a power move, kind of like the turbo in NBA Jam. It's a story mode and a versus mode, but the story mode only allows you to play as two different characters, where there's twelve in versus mode. The feel of the combat here in Art of Fighting, however, is just strange. Everything is floaty like you're fighting on the moon or something. The graphics are good, and they manage to capture some of the scaling that the arcade game has, which is pretty impressive, and the music is good too, but the combat just lacks a certain gravity to it, so to speak. The Genesis version is largely the same, but it doesn't have any of the scaling, and the SNES sound design is a lot better. So yeah, the Super Nintendo port isn't great, but it's not bad either. It's an okay game, and the cartridge is always cheap, but it's not the best on this list. The SNES also receives a port of the sequel, Ryukou no Ken 2, or Art of Fighting 2, but it never left Japan.  However, if you're expecting a faithful arcade port, you'll be disappointed, because this is not bad. This does have sprite scaling, which is pretty dang impressive, even more so than the first game, but the physics here are just strange, which makes it hard to anticipate things, and the control input also feels a bit wonky, and just feels clumsy to try and execute any special moves. So yeah, again, this is a perfectly decent fighting game if you just stumble upon it in the wild, but just don't expect it to be an accurate representation of the original Art of Fighting 2. Next we move on to the Fatal Fury series, which received three games on the Super Nintendo, Fatal Fury, Fatal Fury 2, and Fatal Fury Special, and as you might guess, the one worth playing today is the last game, Fatal Fury Special. I'll say right off the bat you should pass on the first Fatal Fury port for Super Nintendo, because it's not that it's bad, it just doesn't feature what makes Fatal Fury unique, so it comes across as just another generic fighting game. I will say for what it's worth, Genesis Edition is better than the SNES version, because it's truer to the arcade original. Fatal Fury 2 gets the series' training in a better direction on Super Nintendo anyway, because that edition does feature what makes these games stand out, and that's being able to fight in both the foreground and the background. At the time, this was a pretty major innovation, both in terms of graphics and sprite scaling, and with fighting strategy as well, allowing you to utilize special moves in combinations that will bounce your opponent from one plane to the other. It's pretty dang cool. The Genesis version of this game is similar and is pretty good as well. However, as I said earlier, Fatal Fury Special is the way you want to go here. It's essentially a retooled and upgraded version of Fatal Fury 2 with 16 playable characters instead of 8, including Geese Howard, the villain of the first game. I should also mention quickly that if you're into fighting games with a story, the Fatal Fury games are surprisingly pretty good in that department for what it's worth. Both Fatal Fury 2 and Special have buttons assigned to light punch and kick and heavy punch and kick, with the L and R buttons allowing you to jump between the foreground and the background, although like I alluded to earlier, sometimes you'll be sent to a different plane against your will, thanks to a devastating combo from your opponent. Also, holding down and forward allows you to move forward while ducking, which is something not many other fighting games can do. You can also hit the back button twice to jump backward to avoid a special move, that's a nice touch. And in addition, there's desperation moves as well. They're really hard to pull off, but it's pretty cool that they're there. The special moves here are pretty standard, just a rolling corner on the D-pad and pressing an attack button, but the desperation moves are a lot more complicated. Again, Fatal Fury 2 is good, but you're better off with Fatal Fury 2 Special, it's just a more polished game with a much larger roster. No, they don't really compare to how smooth the controls of the original games are or how good they look and sound, but they're still good ports all considered and they're worth checking out if you're into fighting games. Next is King of the Monsters, and this is pretty much what you see is what you get. As a fighting game, it's pretty limited. There's only six characters and just four in the Genesis and Super Nintendo editions, and there's not much in the way of special moves, but that's hardly the point. This is a game designed for spectacle. The visuals and sound design of the original arcade game are so freaking cool, and of course it helps that you can destroy all your surroundings in addition to your opponent. The Super Nintendo port, however... uh, well, it tries. It tries its little heart out, but it's just not very good. It's got that sluggish early Super Nintendo feel to it, with blocky, sludgy graphics and controls that are slow to respond, and it definitely lacks the oomph of the original. So this is an easy call. Stay away from the Super Nintendo port. King of the Monsters did get a sequel, King of the Monsters 2, and this is more of a side-scrolling beat'em-up than a fighting game. Again, this isn't going to measure up to the arcade version, but still the format and structure here allow you to do what everyone wants to do when you're able to control a giant monster. Rec anything and everything. At the conclusion of each level is a one-on-one battle with another monster. It's not exactly Fatal Fury levels of depth here, but it's good enough for what it is. I would recommend checking this one out. It's like a combination of a wrestling game, a beat'em-up, and a one-on-one fighting game. In a way, it's like the antithesis of the other games in this video because it's just simple button-mashing fun. Samurai Showdown has about a gazillion games to its name, but it started all the way back in 1993, and both the Super Nintendo and Psychogenesis received ports of the original arcade game. What makes this series stand out is that it is one of, if not the first, utilize weapon-based combat, featuring a variety of swords and staffs and other stuff across 12 different characters. This is one of those fighting games where I can't possibly give it justice given the time I've allotted here. There's a ton going on beneath the surface involving timing and psychology, and suffice to say it's a really well-made game. The Super Nintendo Edition, however, well, it's a perfectly okay fighting game on its own as long as you completely ignore that it's supposed to be an arcade port because it does a really poor job representing its source material. Sure, the game looks great, but the character sprites are tiny, they removed lots of attack animations, and it makes the combat kinda wonky, and the controls are tough to get used to. Just like the first Fatal Fury game, if you wanna play this one on a 16-bit home console, you're better off with the Genesis version. The Super Nintendo version is okay on its own, but compared to what it's supposed to be a port of, it's pretty bad. Either way, you're better off playing this on the MAME emulator or the Neo Geo AES. Last, we've got two World Heroes games, and do you like Street Fighter Clones? Because here we got a couple of Street Fighter Clones. Granted, they're actually pretty decent Street Fighter Clones. I mean, they beat the hell out of stuff like Street Combat, but still, I mean, you've got the Ryu character in Hanzu, the look-alike Ken character in Fuma, and there's the guy who rips off both Dalsim and M. Bison with Brocken, and it goes on from there with eight different characters. The moves are exactly what you'd expect, and the combat is easy pick-up-and-play stuff with hardly anything new or different here.  Anyway, both this edition and the Sega Genesis versions are stayaways, only because there's just much better out there to choose from. I will say, though, World Heroes 2 is a bit better. Yeah, there's still not a lot here that makes it stand out from the pack other than the deathmatch settings, but still, there's 14 different characters here, and the combat is more polished compared to the first game, making this one much more player-friendly, which is, you know, pretty important considering the fact that they're going for a pick-up-and-play style here. Again, it's standard stuff as far as SNK fighting games go, only with Street Fighter Special Move commands, so if that's what you're looking for, then here you go. It's not amongst the top 10 fighting games on the system, but it's still pretty decent. So to sum up, once again, I gotta reiterate that you're obviously better off playing these games on the MAME emulator or on their original hardware, but if I had to pick the best games of the bunch, I'd go with Fatal Fury 2 or Fatal Fury Special, with King of the Monsters 2 being a fun playthrough as well. And I wanna thank you for watching, and I hope you have a great rest of your day.


So, thanks. So, all right, my name is Kenneth Gears and I work for NCIS, kind of like the TV show, but not quite like the TV show. I'm going to give the first slide to the cyber czar, and this is not the American cyber czar, it's the Russian cyber czar. So, I just gave this presentation to the Russian delegation, and the Russian cyber czar, his presentation was about that an asteroid is flying toward planet Earth, and we all need to come together to save each other and the planet before it hits the Earth, and he's talking about the threat of cyber attacks and cyber warfare. So, but he's a great guy, and he stayed up with us till 3.30 in the morning, us researchers, a couple of nights drinking, and so it was my experience at the NATO Cyber Center in Estonia prepared me well for the Russian presentation conferences, which are really quite a lot about drinking. So, I'm going to start in World War II and just talk, you know, a little bit from the perspective of the boat. I think all of us are in the boat together, and that's what I told the Russians, and we're looking toward the future. Last year, I took my kids to this beach, Omaha Beach, and you're sitting on the beach, it's beautiful and quiet, and it's kind of hard to imagine that not so long ago, really it was the scariest place on Earth, and it was sort of a pivot in history, which much turned, but this is a good place to start the presentation because you can see this superficial layer always has underneath it quite an important technical layer that we can't forget about. So, this is the ENIAC, the first electric computer, and it was built in early 1940s, and the hope was that it would calculate ballistic missile trajectories faster than a human could with pencil and paper, and it did. It worked very well 300,000 times faster than a person with pencil and paper. And so, anything this powerful, you know, is going in the national security space to be fought over among, I mean, imagine a couple of kids with a toy, right? Well, imagine nation states with this kind of power at their disposal. This is the enigma machine, and you may also know about Project Ultra, which was the allied effort to break the German codes so that we could see what the Germans' plans were during the war. Now, when Winston Churchill met the King of England after the war, he said it's due to Project Ultra that we won the war, and many analysts feel that the breaking of the German codes shortened the war by about two years. So, a little bit on the history of weapons development, you know, you're trying to go longer, faster, farther from a safe distance, you know, but Charles Babbage in the 1800s, he said, look, you know, there is going to be an information revolution that's going to change everything. This is the, on the bottom left, one of his mechanical computers. And then in the 1990s, we all get this power ourselves at home in our pocket. You know, now on your cell phone, of course, you've got more processing power than everyone had around the world during World War II. So, some people, you know, they shop online. Some people play chess online. There's a whole class of people around the world. When they look at the internet, this is what they see. They see a zero-sum power game in which, you know, they're constantly trying to either take space or defend space. And this, you know, this phrase, the advanced persistent threat. One of the ways to think about it is that a military or foreign intelligence organization has, or domestic intelligence organization, they have a job description, which is to hack networks and to own networks and computers. And if somebody dies or retires or gets transferred, takes a new job, somebody else is going to sit in that seat. And that's what really makes the difference between, say, a lone hacker and a professional organization. But this is the way they're looking at the internet. There's leadership. There's weapons. There's media. And they're constantly doing national security calculations around it. So, we're just going to look at 10 things that I think are really important areas to look at about cyber conflict. And we're going to see what Sun Tzu has to say about them and see going forward how we can use the art of war. And the art of war is a lot about peace if you haven't read it. And Sun Tzu says war is actually the last thing you want to do. So, first is the environment. Look, I think the internet is you can configure it any way you want, right? It's artificial. It's made by people. And one of the things that is currently hot topic in international cyber conferences is the difference between maybe, for lack of a better description, east and west today and how they view a malicious cyber attack that involves code that attacks, say, a device on the internet and malicious content, which a lot of times when authoritarian governments are talking about a cyber attack, they are talking about content that they do not like that challenges their government's position. And so, this comes up quite frequently now in international cyber conferences and it's something to be aware of. Sun Tzu says these ten quotes will be directly from the art of war. It says, the natural formation of the country is your, as a soldier, best ally. So, this constitutes the test of a great general if you can understand and so forth. If you are a potential cyber commander or hacker or a cyber defender, this is something that you can think about and take as advice from Sun Tzu. This is the Stasi, so the East German intelligence service and the quite famous during the Cold War, they were the most rigorous, the harshest intelligence service and so every letter that would come through, they would steam it open and read it and steam it back closed. And this is the extreme end of surveillance. And I think this is much more difficult in the internet era but don't underestimate the power, I think, of governments and organizations even though it's quite hard to do seemingly to duplicate that feat with internet communications. So, this is Burma in 19, I'm sorry, 2007 when they had pro-democracy protests. The government just decided to turn off the internet for about two weeks because as soon as they started cracking down on protesters, everyone's taking pictures with their digital cameras and flying across the internet and the government said, you know, we are far behind in this game and they pulled the plug, proving that the internet does have borders that can be sealed. So, here's just some thoughts on a cyber battalion. I'm working on this list with the great Rolof Temming, the guy who's founded SensePost in Poterva and so we're working on a paper on this. The top three you can say are very close from a historical perspective, you know, you need intelligence, you're going to need special forces and what you hackers call social engineering, I think, spies who have been around for a long time, they know as human intelligence, right? These things are very close but the bottom four, you know, if I'm the cyber commander and I need to get across a bridge, you know, I need a combat engineering battalion. In cyber war, I need somebody who can code me something today to get me across a digital river. An infantry, and this Rolof is writing about this, a network penetrator. This is the equivalent of somebody who kicks in a door, who forces their way into a hostile territory. And then lastly, weapons. Today we can see that information itself has become a weapon and it can accomplish any number of goals pushing information out in terms of propaganda and also even such as critical infrastructure attack. It's well known already that you can with code alone, you can destroy a piece of physical infrastructure. So I'm from a NATO environment. I spent four years at the NATO cyber center in Estonia from 7 to 11, 2000s. And so this is some of the stuff we're looking at. How do we help NATO to secure this stuff? And you can get a sense of how difficult it is. So these are a shot of the deployments in Afghanistan. And you might not know this, but NATO has zero troops, no troops at all. All they are is contributions from the nations that are part of NATO. So you put them all together on an ad hoc basis and they have different languages and different equipment. You name it, different perspectives, trying to get them all to work together, even the the most wizardly system administrator in the room I think would have some difficulty here. This is Kosovo. So you can see there's 24 NATO nations and also 10 non-NATO nations that volunteer to take part in this peacekeeping mission. Bringing them together and letting them communicate with one another toward some goal is quite difficult. I think to some extent it's important, this is the map of the world today. I just want to give you a small bit of encouragement. I think that never before have you in your seat today have had so much power, right? You know, historically governments had a monopoly on the use of force, on publications, the telling of history. But now, not only do you get real-time information, but you can push it back and say whatever you want to say and write your own story. And so what this means is that I think you're going to see, we're all going to see, in the next two, three decades, borders redrawn on this planet, right? Maybe green, not green, violent, nonviolent, carnivore, vegetarian. But the internet absolutely has the power to redraw borders. And so this is important time to think about that and I think this is a good map of the world today. So two, technology is moving so quickly. I think even if you are the director of the most powerful intelligence organization on the planet, it's a difficult time to sleep with both eyes closed. Is it not? Because you cannot be sure what your adversary has in terms of infrastructure, in terms of attack and defense capabilities. How many kinds of sequel injection attacks are there? You need to start defending classes of attacks and also reading Sun Tzu who says, there's a lot of great quotes in the book on defense. This is a good one. The art of war teaches not to rely on the likelihood of the enemy doing anything, but rather on the fact that you've made your own position unassailable. And this is really, really good advice. So if you think about how quickly everything is moving in cyber just in terms of infrastructure, but also attack and defense, you know, in 2007, the cyber attacks, basically they followed the chaos in the streets. That came first. The cyber attacks came after. One year later in Estonia, most of the analysis was about cyber attacks supporting ongoing military operations. They were simultaneous with each other. Soon after that, you have the Arab Spring Start in which most of the analysis is talking about how the internet and Facebook and Twitter are pushing the revolution, right? And this is how quickly everything is moving. And I think from a national security perspective, I sit in Washington, you know, you need to think of the internet itself as such a powerful player. And that's why governments around the world who have poor human rights records, authoritarian in nature, they are looking at the Arab Spring with great concern, because those question marks are going to get that list of question marks is going to get longer and longer and Arab Spring is far from over. So three, the proximity of adversaries, I think, really, everyone is a neighbor in cyberspace, right? And so this gives extraordinary opportunities for attackers. This is a great time to be a cyber spy. Mostly about connectivity and even closed networks are rarely truly closed, if ever, right? So there's always some kind of connectivity that can be exploited. From another perspective, cyber attacks have been compared to aerial assaults or submarine launches, special forces raids. The idea is to take advantage of surprise and anonymity in order to conduct an attack. Seizing cyber ground, I think, this is real interesting if you're thinking about traditional military doctrine, how do you take that hill and hold it? In cyberspace, it's really difficult to make a good translation of the traditional military requirement of taking and holding ground. What does that mean in cyberspace? In fact, it was almost always quite different. So here's a quote from Sun Tzu's Ordovore, and the general is great if you can design it so that the attacker doesn't know what to hit and on defense if the attacker doesn't know what to attack. And this is good advice. Who are these guys? These are representatives from philosophy and religion and military and politics and literature, and all of these guys said something very close to the pen is mightier than the sword. So I think just as we should reconsider everything in light of the internet today, this old phrase is well worth thinking about. And these two examples we can look at are WikiLeaks and Stuxnet, I think, because WikiLeaks has proven that the life term of a secret is shorter than ever. And this is great from a historical perspective. If your government is committing human rights abuses or war crimes, the idea that that is going to go undetected for very long is increasingly difficult to sustain. And about Stuxnet is really code alone has become a weapon. And these two things in fact have, I would say, even merged. And now you're never quite sure if the information is a pen or a sword. But one of the ways to look at this is to say via the internet now you can push everything out today. If I were to find Obama's birth certificate or something, I can push it out and it goes to the entire world today to prove this or to prove that. And never before has there been anything like the internet to state your case, to make your argument, to convince somebody of anything. And then in the other direction you can say, who are my adversaries out there? Who's the girl I'd like to date? Who is the country I'd like to attack? Who is the party that's bothering me? And you can find their presence on the internet and attack them there. So in this case, you know, with Stuxnet you're talking about one of the most hardened networks on the planet and they know that every intelligence service around would like to attack them and still, and it's not connected to the internet, and still somebody was able to get code inside internally on the network. So with Wikileaks there was a study done at the University of Colorado that said there's a ton of great information from military side to be published, particularly in Afghanistan. But on the strategic side, you know, you'd have to count quite a few documents to say that there was a strategic paradigm shift, if you will. But with Stuxnet I think it's quite clear. We can all see, you've seen it in the paper recently, we've crossed a certain Rubicon there, right? In which, you know, if you're thinking that, okay, the lights in New York City could go out tonight because somebody on the other side of the world has hacked in and turned it off.  So before, I think the unpredictability, we really don't know where the internet is going, the future, I don't know if it's unscripted, but it's at least unknown from our perspective, right? And for attackers, this would seem like an ideal environment in which to operate, but at the same time, I think it's important to think that from a hacker's perspective, it's difficult to know if your attack is going to succeed until you pull the trigger. And you're never quite sure too if the defender might be watching you from some perspective and have a defense in place. And so I think from a defensive side, you can think about building some home field advantage around this fact, even if it's only redundancy out of band communications in order to cross-check information, the integrity of your network.  And I think on the defensive side of cybersecurity, you should really think in this way, and how can I hide so that nobody will be able to find me if they come into the network, right? And so this is important, and this is really good advice. So I was in Dungeons & Dragons Club when I was little, I'm sure some of you were too, right there. And this is what complexity looked like, and it was already very complex because there was so much imagination in it. And this is a true story very quickly. I had a character die a long time ago, and I was so upset about it. And I said, the character had a wife, and they had a son, and they're going to inherit all of these supplies, right, all of the swords and stuff. And the Dungeon Master looked at me, and he said, I give that a 2% chance of any kind of truth. And I took the 10-sided dice, and I rolled a zero and a two, right? Exactly. But if you think about the complexity today, that first box of Dungeons & Dragons sold 1,000 copies. Today there's 10 million users on World of Warcraft, and accounts on World of Warcraft are often more valuable than credit card information, right, because you can sell that stuff for real money. It's not just that, it's all of the stuff that's taking place underneath the hood, right? And one of the quotes that didn't make this 10 from Sun Tzu, he said, I can tell you who's going to win a battle if you tell me the number of calculations each commander has undertaken before the battle has been fought. And so here's Orville Wright in 1901, and I'm sure he thought this was a fairly complex machine, and this is the cockpit of the new A380. And I'm sure that it would be difficult to count the number of memory banks and processors and network connections in that machine. So one more thing from Dungeons & Dragons, and everybody in here we can divide ourselves into somewhere on the alignment matrix and if you disagree with my alignment, we can talk about it later tonight over a drink.  You have the same kind of alignment on the internet. I think you have Skynet who wants to take us all down maybe in the future. You have the Khan Academies and Ted Talks and Singularity University, you know, which are trying to steer technology in the right direction.  So the advantage, there's a lot of talk about the advantage today of an attacker over a defender, and there's a lot of truth in that for sure, but I think to a certain degree it's like piracy, you know, it's, you know, hackers are like pirates and then they can catch you with your pants down, right, and they can sail away, and so the question is is whether you can turn tactical advantage into strategic advantage, and I think the answer is yes, but it requires, you know, a sustained effort and some history and momentum on your side.  So let's look at a current event, Syria, and see what's going on in the news today. This is a shot from 2007, and you may have seen this before, but if you're not familiar with it, the Israeli Air Force bombed an alleged nuclear reactor in Syria, and it's widely suspected that a cyber attack played a role in taking down the Syrian air defense, and it doesn't take much thought to think that this is absolutely possible, right? All you have to do is your reconnaissance up front, figure out who needs to talk to whom at what time, and you can slow that process down long enough for an attack to take place, especially in the Middle East where everything is a very small neighborhood. So here is an attack, and I like this. This is the Syrian Ministry of Defense home page. So it says to the Syrian people, the world stands with you against the brutal regime, etc. All tyrants will fall, thanks to your bravery, Bashar al-Assad is next. To the Syrian military, you are responsible for protecting the Syrian people. Rise up against your regime, right? This is amazing, right? This is the home page of your own organization telling you to do something against your own government, and so this is amazing to think of the possibilities. You might not know this, but there was a big uprising in Syria in 1982 in which about 20 to 30,000 people are estimated to have died. That's about twice the number of people who've died over the past, you know, 18 months in Syria today, and nobody really knew about it because what, because why? The internet did not exist. So here's quotes from the New York Times, you know, they cut all telephone and road communications, and there were no reporters, right? So it took a long time for the information to filter out. So I visited Hema, this is a picture of Hema, Syria. I visited in 1988, and I was walking down the main road in Syria, and as I walked, this guy started walking next to me, and he just started telling me the story of what happened in 1982. And so compare that to today when if you have a Twitter account, you can follow any number of live streams from the scene of battle today. Very different. And one way to look at it is that transparency encourages accountability, and accountability encourages responsibility on the part of governments. And the internet is going to play, and is already playing a huge role in encouraging the responsibility of governments. And I realize this is not a great case study, but I think the internet is serving hopefully the people well. So flexibility, there has never been anything more flexible than a cyber attack, right? It's best thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. But on the terms of espionage, I am absolutely sure. I mean, I'm on the defensive side.  The destruction of Stuxnet, I think the most powerful thing is just using the internet, the amplification power of the internet, the peer review power of the internet, the network perspective to put information out there. I mean, it's just like the quality of encryption, right? You can't have something provide you have to throw it out there and let everybody attack it and make sure it's solid and good mathematics. From the perspective of the internet to push propaganda.  You can hit the soldiers, you can hit their transportation, you can hit their food, you can hit their logistics, you can hit their family, you know, he would be impressed. Here is a case of the Chechen conflict with Russia in the 1990s from the very beginning of the World Wide Web. They were pushing out propaganda and then they were collecting money all over the world and then buying weapons inside the area of conflict.  Here's cyber war in Georgia. I think actually a better case study is even 1991 when the coalition, you know, defeated a million man Iraqi army with very few casualties. I think that's when Russia and China looked, you know, and said, hmm, you know, we need to catch up with what the West is doing in terms of networking their forces. If you've seen this, we just had the 23rd anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre and this is the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It opened at 234698 and you can see the numbers but basically the Shanghai Stock Exchange opened on the top number and it closed at that many points down, right? So even it was based on millions and millions of trades during the day and you couldn't possibly arrange this, somehow these numbers showed up to remind people in China of 1989. You probably saw this in the news today or yesterday and the Iranian nuclear program is having more problems and their computers are all going to max volume and they're playing Thunderstruck by ACDC. So a cyber attack is basically anything you want it to be and let's go back to Dungeons and Dragons. I think it's imagination, it's timing, it's creativity but there is no one that is alike there like snowflakes. So attribution, this is huge, right? Because you can't prosecute, you can't deter, you can't retaliate if you don't know who is attacking you and so the other thing about this is that the ease of entry onto the cyber battlefield means that the number of potential adversaries is much greater. So this is actually has a compounding effect on figuring out who attacking you is not easy. I do think though if in the event we ever do see a real cyber war it will be clear who the attacker is because one of the things that normal citizens don't think about is governments have a lot at their disposal. They have signals intelligence, they have human intelligence, they have money, they have embassies overseas, etc. in order to determine attribution. So this is a great quote from Sun Tzu. Why is general forages on the enemy and one cartload of the enemies is worth 20 of your own and this is perfect for cyber because essentially hackers are stealing the credentials of a insider, right? And so then they kind of become a virtual spy in the other camp and I think this is really important for assistive administrators to look at it this way and to assume that they may have a cyber spy in their camp at any given time. I think for traditional spies this attribution problem is not so surprising because if you've seen this senior Palestinian figure that was assassinated in the Middle East about six months ago, you saw the team of assassins they looked like a family from South Carolina out to play tennis. This guy in Bulgaria the other day who was the suicide bomber on the bus against the Israeli tourists, I mean he had a Michigan driver's license. You know he looked very nondescript young backpacker and so from a traditional standpoint this issue is not new. Most wars around the world don't have 24 seven embedded reporters. You really there's a lot going on in the world that is quite low on attribution. These guys are the black hand in Serbia and before you think that the non-state actors aren't that powerful and they're even more powerful today by the way but this is in 1911 so they had played a critical role in pushing the world into World War one in which many millions of people were killed and also by the way there was a black hand 2.0 in 1999 when the NATO had the war of Rikosovo there was a hacker group that was attacking NATO during the conflict and actually had some tangible modest but tangible successes in their hacking efforts. Here's the EP3 that went down in China and you had patriotic hackers on both sides of the Pacific hitting each other. There was there was hacker portals, there was a China killer, a USA killer and the dynamic here that's interesting is that this means that you all can play a role in attacking and defending your country absolutely with no chain of command and no approval by anybody. It's only your personal nationalist pride as offended you know and so you're out there fighting and from a national security perspective from the government perspective that means that you don't necessarily have a monopoly on the use of force or on the level of tension or on the sort of the range of diplomatic options perhaps. So here's the soldier that was moved in Tallinn and if you know this story you know they wanted to move it out and the cyber attacks came back at them from from pro-russian elements and the issue here really is pride you know I mean if you know anything about Russia and Russian history you do not say anything bad about their role in World War II or offend them in this way. I mean it's like you showing up and somebody's dancing with your spouse you know at an event you know you are not going to be happy and so the Russians were very upset about this for from their perspective very legitimate reasons and so the point is though is there's a lot of nation-state hacking that could go on that is well outside the sort of the purview of government even within NATO so you have the Greeks and the Turks these are hacker groups you know in Belgium you have the the Francophones and the Flemish you know and here you've got the Michigan and Ohio State and there's no end to the divisions you can find in which you will probably find some level of hacking going on wherever there's tension in the real world there's tension in cyberspace if you haven't seen this is very interesting there's a lot between Iran and Russia Russia and Israel on in terms of conflict and so you're starting to see people post their picture to the web and saying hey you know I disagree with my government I don't want war I want peace so you can see that Iranians will never bomb you and look at this woman from Iran who fired back you know we don't want the bomb we want democracy we're your friends and here is a couple that found love and they're holding up their passports so from a national security perspective again you have to consider the power of people and non-state actors to contribute to the the level of tension that they would otherwise probably like to control cyber wars can be very quiet right you could imagine maybe a a decent size conflict taking place via the internet that nobody knows about except for the direct participants in the conflict right because there's no smoking hole and there's nothing you know it's a really geek versus geek here and so the Pentagon is trying to establish some level of deterrence policy and they're saying you know we could imagine attacking back in in real in physical world cyber attack I don't think we won't do it but it's difficult that's a difficult proportionality to work out and when you when you're calculating sort of especially the use of force there's a lot of lawyers in the room and they have to really think is this a proportional response to a the attack that we have received and what one final point on that the private sector I think is probably absolutely not ready to deal with a foreign intelligence service attacking their network and so if you think that these two countries might go to war and so they need to start undermining their electrical grids or their water systems this this is an interesting point and of course this in the paper today as well how much should the government require of the private sector in terms of computer security and it's a good question so divine art of subtlety and secrecy we learn to be invisible and audible and hold the enemy's fate in our hands this is really good so I could offer you something here I was at the NATO cyber center for for four years and and next year I'm going to play maybe a lead analyst role as well in the 2013 cyber defense exercise that they're going to run out of Estonia and five years ago this was a couple of guys in and beer and it has grown enormously now it's going to be the fifth iteration next year last year they had 350 people working on this and you can see the level of detail these this is built by the Swedish equivalent of DARPA here they put together a whole sort of model all these tables there is I think 12 12 factories there and the engineers in Sweden were quite sure that these are in terms of hardware and software quite realistic these are electricity plants and and what we did was we ran a test and we we we said okay these are terrorist hackers targeting these plants so this is getting bigger and bigger every year last year they had 350 people and so it should grow so contact me if you might be interested in participating in 2013 cyber defense exercise so Al Jazeera the economist and popular mechanics all very recently have had drone specific reporting talking about the the the evolution you know now the military has robots that can swim slither fly hop and and they're also being given some level of autonomy to make decisions on their own and you know that it's only a matter of time before you know lethal weapons with sort of autonomous thinking and decision making are here and if you haven't seen ghost in the shell watch it because taking place in the year 2029 in which case you have a very powerful cyborg you know this elite force but it's not just the it's not just the the fear that that this technology will be abused or will even operate outside its parameters in this show they look at the the issue of an unknown hacker taking control of that technology so you so in theory you have to think that foreign intelligence service would like to take control of your missile and fire it against your own city and at least in theory that has to be possible so subjectivity I think you know I'm on cyber defense at NCIS and and the there's just so much work to do you we have two lawyers that sit with us because they're you know they're trying to make sure that we you know operate within the law but then everything from the collection of data to the analysis of data reporting all of that are there's huge obstacles in order to to complete any cyber investigation and in terms of bomb or battle damage assessments you know you can say well okay they came in and they stole all of our new you know submarine data they did that's terrible what did they what exactly did they take well we're not quite sure because it was all encrypted okay and then they say well are they still on the network we don't think so you know can they get back into the network we're not sure you know these are very common answers right and it's very difficult to know you know necessarily the level of threat can they make it can they take advantage of that information can it be used against us all of that information is very difficult and it's from the there's a lot of subjective also thinking going on in terms of the the scale of the threat and so effects based you know well if nothing happens in the real world we might be okay you know if the light turns on every time i flip the switch great and if my pay keeps coming in to my account well i'm not going to worry right because i can still buy groceries um and so that could provide you some comfort but this violates the most important or the at least the most famous quote from sunsues art of war if you know the enemy and know yourself you need not fear the result of a hundred battles and i think even knowing your own network very well is a challenge enough but your knowing your enemy is even harder so there's a book i published last year it's free download from the nato cybercenter site i look at four areas deterrence this is difficult very difficult because if you you're deterrent your threat has to be credible uh and it's not credible because of these twin challenges of asymmetry and anonymity uh that take place quite often in cyberspace arms control if we can't prevent cyber attacks can we limit cyber weapons this also is very difficult because you need to be able to prohibit something specifically and how and it's very hard to define malicious code so it's very hard to prohibit it and then who can expect cyberspace it's too big there's 500 million computers in the united states um that are uh connected to the internet technology can you develop technology to the extent that you solve these problems and i think the answer is no let's give ipv6 the benefit of the doubt and saying okay it's a technical solution to a technical problem that's great because if you have a political solution to a technical problem you're not really solving the problem and let's say that ip sec and the infinite number of ip addresses will improve security because you can label things and you can track them and you can authenticate better uh vent surf recently said if he could do everything over again he would put authentication sort of uh on the top of the agenda um but i think even if we had every solution uh people would then drop out of the system voluntarily uh because we we we need some privacy we need some ability to anonymize our communications because you're never quite sure of government is going to be friendly in the future here's just one graphic from the book but basically it shows that that i looked at nine areas five problems and four solutions and and i colored them by uh by influence and by by hue here and you can see that anonymity i think is the dominant factor in the system and so if you want to change the uh the uh dynamic of strategic cyber security that's the key piece you want to change the the thing around which everything else turns because if you know who the bad guy is you can deter them you can prosecute them and retaliate against them in theory so then we come to art of war if you can't if you can't do any of the above uh then you need to improve your doctrine you need to realign your your people your training and your practices in order to deal with this threat and here i think the art of war does provide quite a lot of helpful support in terms of objectivity the strategy tactics etc uh in order to guide your forces and morale and so and so forth but the battlefield this is new i think the the the new part is is the the the the terrain on which cyber battles are taking place and this this is this new especially it's a whole generation that is going to have to be replaced before you get somebody in the white house you know who who has a networking background and understands uh code morality is the final one uh the final piece and then i think so far there's few inhibitions to cyber attack i think we're all sort of at a place like we're in the garden of eden again you know the internet has sort of changed everything and so now we're all looking at these shiny bright apples right and we're all really tempted and i'm talking about in part cyber espionage today you know what there's such a high return on investment uh via the internet but none of us would give it up because we've all benefited so much from it right from learning on the internet uh and and what what we gain in terms of being connected to the internet um and so far really the lawyers like at the cyber center in solan uh they would say if nobody dies this is not an attack right and this is interesting from the astonian perspective they're very interested in being a part of nato and getting defend your defense from the alliance uh but attacks are different these days cyber attacks look very different than tanks crossing the border uh but the lawyers so far are saying no and and actually later this year i can put in a plug for this the the cyber center at cambridge university is going to publish an update to the laws of war uh based on cyber attack and defense and and internet security issues but i think over time this is going to change hopefully it doesn't uh but if we see attacks that affect critical infrastructure and affect people uh in their way of life uh then you will see governments come together this is not without precedent and this process problems are not impossible to solve uh hijacking airline hijacking used to be a problem chemical weapons used to be uh um quite everywhere on the planet and today about 98 percent of the world governments are party to the chemical weapons convention and so they're all being destroyed um so it's really important to think about you know if if the lights started going out in new york city uh tomorrow uh you would probably see world leaders come together within three or four days and start to try and figure out some solution um look at these two quotes from the art of war so uh supreme excellence without fighting the best thing of all is to take your enemy whole and intact so it's it's wrong to think of sun sue or the art of war as as a um too aggressive um in fact sun sue says uh fighting is the very last thing you should do there is a whole theory around the just war concept and it is surprisingly complicated so let's also like ipv6 give some of these things the benefit of the doubt and saying okay you could have a just cause you could distinguish between military and civilian that's really a key aspect and of course in cyber that's hard but i want to get down to the bottom uh in particular we talked about prohibition but declaration of war you might remember a couple years ago the the former ci director gave the keynote at black hat in which he said that um he said why might it be uh okay to bomb a factory but not to hack it right nobody said anything everybody waited and he said the reason is is because you can choose to bomb a factory tomorrow he said you cannot choose to hack a factory tomorrow he said hacking a factory takes months if not years of painstaking subversion right and he said no if you think about this for the long term uh this is unsustainable and this is a recipe for chaos and a recipe for a lot of wasted time and money and so he suggested a couple years ago that looking forward with we might think financial sector um electricity grids areas that we come that governments would come together and say are off limits to cyber attack now may not be uh possible in your opinion but this may lie in our future uh but the problem is i think a declaration of war or a declaration of surrender very hard to imagine in in cyberspace i know these ones and zeros are kind of blunt instruments to look at these issues but we only have so much time here so another area is confidence building measures uh that that you know this is what cyber diplomats or diplomats who look at cyber are thinking about right now and this this is just five things that i put down uh that are possibilities but you may have your own ideas uh but i promise you within the state department today they're they're looking at these issues and wondering which ones are feasible uh and which ones uh we we could implement and so this they range from a non-aggression pact uh to joint investigations uh you know you could imagine a an incident response team that is on call 24 7 that is staffed by you know one person from every country in the world that would be pretty cheap right in terms of human resources but perhaps you bring them all together uh and then it's quite a statement as far as uh cyber defense so we started with world war two let's end with world war two uh and keep our eye on the prize and uh and particularly peace and security for the future uh and and to the extent we must look at the art of war uh to help us understand cyber conflict and negotiate cyber conflict we want to think about where we're going and how to get there which is which is beyond uh conflict thank you