Hello and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following problem today. Show that the relation r in the set A of points in a plane given by r is equal to p,q so that distance of the point p from the origin is same as the distance from the point q from the origin is an equivalence relation. Further, show that the set of all points related to the point p is not equal to 0,0 in the circle passing through p with origin as center. Now let us discuss the solution. Let o denote the origin of the given plane. Then r is equal to p,q so that o p is equal to o q. Now let us check for reflexivity. For any point p in the set A, p is equal to o p which implies p,p belongs to r for all p belongs to a. Therefore, r is reflexive. Now let us check for symmetry. Let p and q be two points in the set A because A is equal to points in a plane. p,q belongs to r by definition of r which implies o p is equal to o q, which implies o q is equal to o p which implies q p belongs to r. Thus, p,q belongs to r which implies q p belongs to r for all p,q belongs to a. Therefore, r is symmetric. Now let us check for transitivity. Let p,q and s be three points in the set A. Then p,q belongs to r and q,s belongs to r which implies o p is equal to o q and o q is equal to o s which implies o p is equal to o s which implies p,s belongs to r.  Hence, r is an equivalence relation. Now let us discuss the second part of our problem. Let p be a fixed point in set A and q be another fixed point such that p,q belongs to r which implies o p is equal to o q which implies q moves in the plane in such a way that its distance from the origin that is 0,0 is always the same and is equal to o p which implies locus of q is a circle whose center is the origin and radius is o p. Thus, set of all points related to p is the circle passing through p and its center is the origin. I hope you understood this problem. Bye and have a nice day.


for a shoot, a presentation of folks and a scene in the National Anthem. A case of your threats, joke or let the 18th wing to stand up to them. To the airmen of the 18th maintenance crew to be prepped and delivered these beautiful airmen.


In this video, we will discuss how to pick right chart for right values here. So, let us start with the activity. We saw a description of some basic plots like bar chart, pie chart, stack bar chart or histogram, box plot something like that. Now, given this knowledge of basic charts, select the suitable plots for the below requirements. For example, what chart you will select for comparison? What chart you will select for showing a distribution? And if you want to compute a correlation between A and B, what particular chart you will use it? And if you want to represent a variable which changes over time, what kind of chart you use? Please pass this video and write down your answers for each of these values and these are all the requirements and I assume the video to continue. For comparison, we know that we can use bar chart or stack bar chart. We saw that you can compare with bar chart is easy. For distribution, we can use histogram. Also, you can show distribution using scatter plot, histogram is good. Or line chart, you can show the distribution using line chart and histogram combined box plot. For correlation, scatter plot is very good because it will show you all the data scattered across 2 axis or 3 axis. Then you will have correlation built from that. Or you can see whether there is a relation between value A and value B. Also, the line and stack column chart such as line chart with column chart, the same the bar chart is called a stacked column chart can be used. So, there is a difference between bar chart, stacked column chart. I just want to clarify the difference here. So, what is column chart? So, when you say bar chart, when we see in the excel sheet, we see the bar chart of values A and value B, something like that. This bar chart is called column chart. The bar chart in a vertical is called bar chart. So, there are 2 different names. So, if you can see someone saying that column chart, it is okay. Again, it is a simple bar chart in a column representation, in a bar chart in vertical, it is called bar chart. So, what it says is line chart and stacked bar chart. So, stacked bar chart is this, no need to be like final percentage, there is lack of bar chart. So, if you have line chart, which you show the average value, also this value, so the line chart will move like that and this the value might move like that. So, you can combine line chart and a stacked bar chart to show the correlation also. For the change over time, you can use line chart or area chart. We have not discussed about area chart, but you can check that what is area chart. Area chart also can be used to show the change over time. And line chart, we discussed that line chart will be useful to show how the variable values changing over different time or for different grades or different groups or something like that. Or if you want to show the part of old, we saw that pie chart will be useful to show the part of old as a pie chart, which says how much the value of A is to the complete total value like 30 percentage or something like that. Also, you can use bar chart for that. So, we discussed a very basic charts and you might know all these charts already you have seen it, but we discussed very basic charts and we discussed where these charts are used. But if you want to know more about different kind of charts, not just basic charts. There are a lot of websites, we talk about data visualization, which data to pick, which to pick analytics. But I recommend this website. So, the website is D3JS, initially the website is created for JavaScript. But the author, that is the one of this website is created a similar page for Python and also R. Let us look at what this website does. So, if you look at the chart types, all different chart types are given in this website, like a violin chart, violin chart or area chart or histogram and box plot everything. So, if you want to know what are the types, so you can pick a chart based on scatter plot, eat map or histogram, box plot or rich graph. Let us look at what is data visualization. When you look at data visualization, you can explore here. You can select what type of data you have if it is numeric data and you will see this kind of variation 3. And if you have one numeric value, you can use histogram or density plot. If you have two numerical value, what kind of chart you can use? If you have three numeric value, what is the chart you can use? So, you can select based on this chart. For example, if I select scatter plot, it tells about scatter plot in a pop up, let us go and see what is scatter plot. It gives you the scatter plot and what it is used for and the different variation of scatter plot. And it also there is a variation of scatter plot in a histogram and what are the mistakes people make, what are the mistake people make when you use the scatter plot. Interestingly, when you look at this video, the code is given. The code is generally for JavaScript. But if you want to go and use the code for Python, let us go and look at the Python gallery. And let us look at this chart scatter plot. And in Python, the author used multiple libraries. So, when a C bond is library, pandas are the library. So, you can use one of these library, if you do not want to C bond, you can use other library as given script for everything. So, here there is a script which can be used to create these kind of plots. I mentioned that you can use Excel to create basic plots. If you want more better looking plots or more modern plots, you can go and use these scripts from this website. And let us look at the one Python gallery. We have sort of chart type scatter plot histogram network, bar plot density and others. And this is all gallery. I would suggest you to go and check the data to visualization and pick the chart based on your type and requirement. And you can look at the script, if you can use the script in your script language can be JavaScript or Python or R. Also, you can see the examples is given examples of how we compare different values like the Airbnb price in France. So, how we use the different plots to show the difference between these two values and how you are predicting something. So, I request you to check this website and understand more about charts and check the scripts if you want to use it. If you do not want to use scripts, fine. At least understand what is the chart is about, which data type should be used for which chart and everything. So, you have any doubt this website can be go to place. So, in this video, we talked about which chart is you should select for your data. We talked very basic plots and very how to use basic plots to show correlation or distribution or something. Also, I request everyone to go and check the website I showed in the last slide. Thank you.


Thank you. I would like to start by thanking the organizers for inviting me to be a part of this wonderful academic program. So, why should we speaking on MRI safety today in this 20th MRI teaching course? So, as you know, MRI is safe, but if something goes wrong, as it says, it can go very wrong. As far as safety concerns, if MRI is concerned, you remember the famous unfortunate case actually, he was back three years back when a man died in Mumbai's hospital. I was stuck to the MRI machine for four hours, actually was an attendant to a patient who was to undergo an MRI. Unfortunately, scum that once again highlighted this serious safety issues of MRI. It actually dates back to 2001 and nearly two decades of past, you'll see that a six-year-old boy died of skull injury during MRI. And this is what actually prompted the American College of Radiology at that time to develop a new ribbon panel of MRI experts, which included radiologists, physicians, PhDs, technologists and representatives from corporate after years in the law profession. And they published the white paper on MR safety in 2002, actually, which was the first document. And this was subsequently revised in 2013 and forms the basis of the current recommendations, right? So coming to MR safety, actually, there are a lot of issues which can occur as far as MR safety is concerned, which includes projectile injuries, which I just mentioned a while ago. This could also include issues with implant, quenching of MR, use of MR contrast, medical emergencies, heating, serration in graduates, and acoustic noise as well. So I'm going to take you through them one by one, okay? So let me introduce to those magnetic fields. You can have three different types of effects. One is because of a static magnetic field of the magnet. This is what give rise to the devices, implants and projectile kind of injuries. Second would be the effects because of the radio frequency pulses and this leads to heating of tissues and thermal injuries. And then is the magnetic field gradient, which can cause nerve stimulation injuries or acoustic noise. Let's start with the effects of static magnetic field first. So as you know, as seen in this picture, there's a coil around the axis of the board, right? And the magnetic field inside the board is nearly 10,000 to 100,000 times the magnitude on the Earth's surface. So as you know, this is a mostly liquid helium and once established, the main magnetic field remains on for several hundreds of years. There's a 5G line, which as per the US FDA 2005 norms, which is usually marked inside the MR gendries in all the US, right? As you can see, there's a red line here at my own Institute here. So this is the upper limit where the field strength is of no potential concern for the general public. The field really drops to point triple 05 tons, but this does not safeguard against projectile incident. So this terminology should be aware of a 5G line. The effects of static magnetic field causing safety issues is because of the attraction of the ferromagnetic material towards the magnet. And this can call projectile injuries or biological changes. So if the magnetic field strength is less, you don't have no serious cardiovascular effects. They might mild increase in ambiguity waves, but above 2TT, above 2 Tesla of MRI magnet strength, they have been reports of fatigue, headaches, hypertension, irritability, and problems in imaging in sickle cell and immune patients has been reported. Now projectile injuries, these are ferromagnetic metal objects, and hence attractive to the metallic board. And of course, this is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field strength, higher the field strength, higher the chances of projectile injury, distance from the magnet, how near it is to the magnet, and the mass of the object, right? Now you can have various devices or implants, which can cause projectile injury. This include aneurysmal clips, spinal fusion devices, cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, hearing aids, heart valve processes, dental implants, vascular and cardiac strength before six weeks. So we have certain safety recommendations for this. You need to have an installation of metallic detector at the entrance of the MR imaging suite, so that it beeps whenever something metallic goes inside.  And importantly, educate all the healthcare personnel and associated staff about the possible hazards with ferromagnetic materials. We have MRI facility zones in safety recommendations, right? So we have four clearly labelled distinct zones. I'm going to show you what they are. And this is to restrict the potential ferromagnetic materials in MRI scanner room. The four zones are labelled one to four and assesses progressive. So zone one is freely accessible to generally public and usually just outside the MR environment, right? Outside the MR environment. Zone two is actually the interface between the outside and the inside magnet and usually includes reception, patient waiting area, toilets, nursing station, patient history room, right? Now zone three or four are the restricted zone and only screen people allowed entry into this. It's where you need to be very strict with this. And this should be clearly demarcated with a notice. Zone four is actually the magnet room. And it is marked with a red line and lighted sign which shows the magnet is on. So in line of sight of level two personal and MR technologist and there should be video cameras to monitor the patient head in. It should be equipped with MR compatible resuscitation equipment and 5G line should be clearly marked. So after the static field just looked at the effect of the changing the gradient field, as you know, they we have gradient coils and so magnetic field gradients to encode the MR signal. And we have rapidly changing currents for microscopic movements and coils. You can have a caustic noise that is knocking and buzzing sounds and peripheral nerve stimulation. So caustic injury, there is a potential for permanent hearing impairment and temporary hearing impairment has been reported. In fact, FDA has set up a limit of 140 decibels MR per system. And if you're doing with a hearing protection, that's around 99 decibels. So temporary hearing loss has been documented in patients who underwent routine MR imaging examinations without protective devices. So this is your standard MR 108, whether rock concert will be around 120 decibels, right? So again, as far as safety recommendations for caustic injuries concern, use of disposable earplugs are recommended or over the ear headphones or defenders. This can attenuate the sounds by 10 to 30 decibels. The earplugs are must in all units, all right? When peripheral neurostimulation effects, you can have arms and legs, specifically showing pain and needles or severe pain. And every recommends that decibel per dislodged pen be set to levels that do not result in peripheral neurostimulation without a specific right. This is great at greater risk for those involving the high bandwidth rate outside. Rapid gradient switching. Magnetophosphines, what are these? These are an equational phenomenon. Patient will note unusual visual disturbances during MR scanning. We'll have stars in one eye or light flashes. And the result by induction from changing gradient feeds. While radiofrequency heating is the biological effect of radiofrequency absorption, right? Maximum at the surface and minimum at the center of the body. And again, every has defined the limit the body core increase of one degree. Had if the hand degree, if the hand increases to 38 degrees Celsius trunk 39 and extremities increase to 40 degrees. This is a upper limit of the prescribed FDA limit for it, right? Of course, we have specific absorption rates, calculation FDA has defined limits for whole bodies where it should not be more than four. And rest all of the cases 1.5 watts per kilogram. Now burns have been reported as well. External objects, coil ECG leads can form conductive loops and heat up the tissue. And specifically, it might be an issue with transdermal patches with traces of aluminum. It should be removed or away from the coil. Tattoos might be an issue, especially darker rings which are rich in iron oxide can cause to local skin build the tanks. So safety recommendations includes proper screening of patients. Change out of street clothes, avoid skin contact, no crosslights, no arms on hips, no cross arms. Don't coil the cables, keeping them in straight line, lower star wherever possible, manufacture protein padding and eyes and ears on patient at all times. As well as pediatrics is concerned, this, this is a slightly different ballgame, right? The kids are more vulnerable to anxiety. So you would have sedation. Your kids might need sedation at times. You can use of a mock MRI scan, let me show you one. Then motion artifacts again, will be an issue and sedation would be required and go in neonates. You need to have ear plugs in all kids, neonates. So as I said, sedation and monitoring is an important topic for pediatrics and this is essential for good quality images and proper sedation would be required in children for a good quality MRI, right? But for all these ones, remember temperature monitoring is very important and resuscitation equipment should always be ready. Same thing. So this is a mock MRI scan and this can alleviate need for sedation, especially in the kids who are a bit more receptive and then the age group of let's say five to ten years, right? Really, no, it familiarizes the child with the procedure and the child can lie down comfortably during the scan and probably avoid sedation at times. And as I have already said, acoustic noise in neonates is because of immature anatomical development. There's increased response to acoustic stimuli and can elicit autonomic instability in both terms and preterms and you must use an ear plug in all units, right? What about pregnancy and MR exposure as yet no harmful biological effects of MRI has been reported but the FDA recommends if the normalizing imaging like ultrasound is suboptimal or if the information to be gained by MR would have required more invasive testing like radiography, CT scan or angiography. In that case, MR is susceptible. For healthcare practitioner pregnancies, they're permitted to work no issues. For patient pregnancies, MR is risk-free during pregnancy but MR contrast agents should not be routinely performed to pregnant patients. I'll come back to that later. What about effects of high field MR? So what is a high field MR? Anything more than 70s? Tesla is an ultra high field or UHF MR as it's called now. So the first system was the Tesla system at Ohio in 1998, nearly 22 years back. And the first seven Tesla system with approval as a medical device actually entered the market in 2017, four years back, believe that. So as far as high field MR is concerned, so you need to talk about we need to consider the signal to noise ratio, specific absorption ratio and physiological side effects, right? So this is a proven common to each of these when we're dealing with a very high field magnetic strengths. Physiological effects would include of course transitory effects like business, noisier, elevated T-waves, acoustic noise. And local SARS can differ in heating may result in local side burning. This is the major limitation with the high field. Moving on to contrast agents in MRI. Now these are designed to reduce relaxation times, most even T2. We are basically using post contrast T1 images. And generally based contrast agents is the most commonly used. We can have linear ones or microcyclic, ionic or non-ionic, right? This is a whole list of the brand names, the chemical name and the structures, right? Remember get a butyrol is the only contrast agent approved for use in children less than two years initially. The adverse effects to MR contrast agents includes mild, moderate and severe. The severe would include arrhythmia, diffuse edema and hypoxia and of course contrast patients. And of course nephrogenic systemic fibrolysis. One thing I forgot to mention here that if given a choice we should go in for a macrocyclic non-ionic contrast rather than a linear contrast. We'll see that later. So nephrogenic systemic fibrolysis is typically described in patients with renal insufficiency, right? It is characterized by thickening, induration and tightening of the skin with subcutaneous edema. This is how the skin would look like. In severe cases you can have joint contractures and immobility. So it is more described with non-ionic linear and then ionic linear and then macrocyclic, right? But majority of times with very high doses or multiple doses in the short period of time that too linear contrast agents. So now classification of contrast agent by the American College of Radiology Committee on Drug and Contrast Media and the EMA European Medicine Agency in the US Now three categories are described based on the association with the nephrogenic systemic fibrolysis. We have a group one which have been described as having the maximum effect with the NSF for the nephrogenic systemic fibrolysis. So these are by and large stopped or contraindicated. Group two is the one more commonly recommended which includes multi-hands, prohams, guttural and ghetto-waste. While group three are still newer agents with limited data and limited applications. So these are the European medicine agencies, the EMA band contrast agents in Europe. They are still in use in other parts of the world. But these are the ones, linear ones with far more effects of NSF specifically. So they are not recommended now. These need to be known. I think we all need to be aware of the chokes questionnaire. There are six questions. Even if you don't know the EGFR or the estimated renal function test, or the correct renal function test, you can ask this six questions and all six are nine. 94% of the patient would have a normal serum. So this is one way of doing it in an emergency setting if you do not have access to the lab values and estimated GFR rates. So the ACR guidelines and contrast use specifically in chronic kidney disease. So in patients with EGFR are really less than 30. So group 1s are contraindicated. Group 1 is again contraindicated if it is less than 30 northern dialysis. The first one was in dialysis. And group 2 agents are usually preferred. That is the bottom line as far as the ACR guidelines go if the EGFR is less than 30. Contrast deposition in brain has been now being increasingly reported. These are like dose dependent signal hyperintensity in the tentative nucleus and clover's pallidus on unenhanced scans. And reported in patients with normal renal function actually. This has been reported again with the linear groups ghetto-diamide and ghetto-pentate. Has not been directly linked to adverse health effects but FDA had given a warning in 2017 specifically in children who want to go to repeated MR scans with contrast like oncology patients, human group patients who would require repeated three monthly or six monthly or yearly contrast examinations. So can MR contrast be used in pregnant or lactating mothers? So there are lack of control studies but studies have found increased risk in first trimesters. There's no adverse effects on fetus as of now. And so ACR recommends the group 2 agents, not group 1, group 2 agents with least possible dose with very documented risk benefit analysis and preferably after first semester. Remember in first semester of pregnancy it's not recommended to give contrast. After first semester of pregnancy if the risk benefit analysis has been done then the group 2 agents with least possible dose. Lactating mothers there is no no issue at all. You can use contrast code. What about implants and MRI? So device safety and MRI actually first introduced by STM International in 2005 has been like 16 years now. So as of now the what are the norms is like you have for all implants three different categories have been defined whether they are MR-safe, MR-conditional, MR-unsafe, right? And data on majority of the devices available on www.mrysafety.com. You can just go and have a look. So either your device is going to be MR-safe, go ahead, no issues, it's going to be MR-conditional, they don't do specific conditions of use or MR-unsafe, you cannot use it, right? So appropriately and accordingly the signals have been demarcated in the color code green, yellow and red, right? So these are the different examples of MR-safety as you can see this is green, the IV line says MR-conditional, some pacemakers and MR-unsafe, scalpel or the member talic ones. So MR-conditional, the patients can be scanned with MR-conditional like ECG leads, pulse monitors, cardiac monitors, right? Intercontinental aneurysm clips, well certain types of intercontinental aneurysm clips like those made from martinistic stainless steels that were earlier used. Now these steels, stainless steels are not used nowadays intercontinental clips. So these were clips made later than 1980, do not use this, right? So you can use a plain CT or radiograph to confirm whether a clip is present or not, although the newer ones do not use this, but the older intercontinental aneurysm clips, if they are still there, that is a contraindication. So you need to have a specific information with the original package material, obtain written documentation and considerations should also be given to the static magnetic field strength. On the other hand, cardiac implantable electronic devices including cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, loop recorders, or temporary transmittance pacing comes in it. These are conditional in use, right? And the heart rhythm society guidelines has approved them. Cardiac pacemakers is MR-conditional. So class one is a strong recommendation that has only context of an institutional workflow. While class two recommendation is MR- non-conditional systems perform MR-i in the absence of fractured epicardial or abundant leads. So this is important, right? So as far as these guidelines, if the device is MR-conditional, go ahead. If it is not, their lead abnormalities do not perform MR. If there are no lead abnormalities, but pacemakers dependent, then you need to proceed with questions still whether you need to keep it on or you would need to remove it and then turn it on again. You might have to call the cardiac guy sometimes for it, right? So as far as cochlear implants are concerned, again the implants made earlier than 2010 are mostly labelled as unsafe. The recent cochlear implants containing an internal magnet have both USFDA and ASTM marketing. If they have manufacturers, they're pretty okay to use. So as you can see there, this is a cochlear implant on a plane radiograph. This is the radio frequency antenna. This is the external speech processor and this is the electrode width. This is the components of your senior radiography. So MR- conditional cochlear implants are there, yes, right? And the head wrap on a splint is often used during MR imaging. And after completion of the examination, this is important for cochlear implants specifically. You remove this splint. External speech processor is again inserted to check the functionality and you can again do a radiograph to confirm the position of the magnet, okay? As far as orthopedic implants are concerned, most that have undergone nailing or plating do not have any significant displacement. So if there's an orthopedic implant which is fixed nicely, right, they are not loose. They can be used in a 1.5 Tesla magnet and granny setting, but they should be properly fixed and are passive. That's the main thing. Implant displacement and radio frequency heating otherwise is the major concern with orthopedic implants. So implants absolutely contraindicated for MR would be cardiac pacemakers with abundant or fractured leads, temporary transvenous pacemaker leads, the temporary ones, okay? Interagonal and resumed clips with martinistic steel as component and cochlear implants manufactured before 2011. Moveable metallic implants or piercings anywhere in the body which are movable. Patients with suspected pellets or shrapnels visit the eye and insulin infusion pumps or drug delivery pumps with metallic components. So we need to be careful about. As far as emergencies in MR room is concerned, our MR suite should be equipped with emergency medical equipment on a crash card, but the response, the medical emergency response should not be conducted in the zone four. You bring the patient outside to a designated area to provide medical care, right? Now MR coenching is a very important term which you must be aware of. Now this is a process where there's a sudden loss of absolute zero of temperature in the magnetic coils so that they cease to be superconducting and become resistive. The quenching causes helium to escape from the crash and bath extremely rapidly. Now this can happen accidentally or in an emergency by activating the quench button. There is a quench button in each MR, right? So if you accidentally press it or in an emergency press it, there is a certain loss of absolute zero of the temperature in the magnetic coils. So what happens the liquid helium which is at minus 269 degrees centigrade boils off to become a gas with a high expansion ratio. So this is vented outside the building via the quench pipe so there is a risk of asphyxiation, frostbite and damaged MR system. So if the pipe fails there may be a build-up of pressure in the MR scanner room itself, right? As seen here. So what to do in the event of a quench? So open the scanner room, evacuate the scanner room safely and oxygen monitoring it from where. So I would like to conclude by saying the proper training of MR personnel working in MR suite is very important and it should really be emphasized and re-emphasized. Familiarity with the missile effect of the ferromagnetic materials should be made aware to all the staff working there. We should try to reduce the caustic noise whenever possible, specifically in units by using ear plugs. Look for radio frequency heating. Communicate well with the patient. Try to minimize sedition issues with pediatric patients and develop or use a good screening questionnaire for contrast implants allergies and pregnancy. Thank you. If there are any questions you can email me or ask me at any time. Thank you so much.


view Laura take my hand it's amazing but the snow coming off those peaks is a bad sign the trail leads up the mountain we'll have a good view of the valley beyond from the summit all right let's take it easy here it's crazy we just need to keep moving even if we don't find anything up here your dad would be proud i know but i have a good feeling about this this might be the kind of god for second place i do it storm's getting closer we have a couple hours at most should be enough time we're almost to the top what do you think we're close to something donor i can feel it just his last stretch to the top let's see what's up there keep close to the wall okay


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We are again with Trump Week. This is like the low point of the week in some ways, and in some ways it's the high point of the week. You know, it depends on how you look at it. I'm Jay Fidel here on Think Tech, and Tim Apichella joins me. Cynthia Sinclair is on assignment trying to recover from a cold. Good morning, Jay. Good morning, Tim. The best of times or was the worst of times? Exactly, but maybe it seems like the worst. Can I just, you know, make a sort of overall conclusory type of statement? The title of our show is, Sorry, but Don't Get Your Hopes Up Too High, because, you know, what we have is a couple of things that work against, you know, the grain. Sure, we have evidence. I think Adam Schiff is right in not taking or waiting for new evidence, because that wait's going to be a long time in succubate. You know, if you want new evidence, you're going to have to wait for the courts to rule, and the Trump camp will appeal it to the Supreme Court. We won't hear from them on any of this until the summer at best, and by then it'll be too late to do anything. So they've got to move with what they've got. You've got to make that call. I think the call is right. But even with that, no indication that the Senate's going to flip on this. No indication that, you know, the trial will be a legitimate trial, though. They'll try Biden and his son. That's the trial. That's what the trial will be about. It won't be about Trump. And of course, they'll quit Trump. So where are we then? In the meantime, Trump is spending, you know, many tens of hundreds of millions of dollars, and that'll increase as day goes by for social media, which is the way to influence his base. And before you know it, you know, his base will be just as solid as it can be, no matter what he does. Extraordinary. It's like group madness. And by the time we get to November of 2020, he's going to be all sucked in for the election, and there's a fair chance he's going to win the election. Even if he doesn't win the election, he's going to call it a rig job, and he's going to stay in the White House, despite what Bill Maher says in his show. So at that point, he's going to be in for second term. And don't get your hopes too high, because that second term is going to be a real disaster. He will do everything and anything that he wants, and no one will be able to control him in any way. Right now, you realize that most of the legislation, most of the governmental act, are his alone. That's what he does. Him and the stuges around him, the yes men that he has created in his government. Congress isn't doing anything, really. Rebuttal? Rebuttal. Your last name's Fidel, not Nostradamus. Okay. I do not think it's going to go the way you've kind of portrayed. I think that this is going to be a close election. There is a possibility he will prevail, but I don't think it's a given. And I don't want to be in that campus as it's a foregone conclusion. Let's assume he loses. What happens then? You think he's going to walk away from the White House? Yes. He's going to come up with this. It was a rig job. Of course, he can just, as he did in the last election before he got the nomination, he was decrying. It was a rigged election until it became a rigged election in his favor. So he was correct. It was a rigged election. It just happened to be, the Russians helped him out quite a bit. So my rebuttal is I think that there is going to be enough interest in voters that have seen this president for who he is.  I think you're going to have those who've never registered before register and vote. From your lips to God's ears, the other wildcard here is the non-evidence part of the national conversation. For example, Bolton writes a book, and the book is highly critical of Trump and reveals things that are astounding, worse than we've ever heard before. It's not under oath. It's not in a Senate or rather a House or Senate hearing room. It's just a book. But it's in the national conversation. The press will cover it. It is as if it were an official pronouncement, and the result will be that Trump will take a big hit by a book like that. There'll be other books, other revelations, other criticisms of him between now and November. You don't think so? I think we're at the point where it doesn't matter.  Now, we're talking about a very small sliver of those who are open to ideas, open to data information that is not one camp or the other. By the way, that's the percentage of people that if you want to defeat Trump, that's the target market you have to hit. Yeah, the independents, the swing votes. There could be some Republicans in there too that are dischanted with Donald Trump. So this is a very slim margin, but for the 40%, maybe even higher of the Republicans, they're in their silo. It's over. It doesn't matter. Again, the Fifth Avenue scenario. It's so interesting that there's so much disinformation around. So the polls actually show that most people would like to see him impeached and removed. 50%. Yeah. Latest poll. Yeah. But he says, that's not true. He says, actually, there are more people that think he should be acquitted. They think it's all a witch hunt. And he lies. It's not true. That's not true. But he repeats it. Every time he makes a statement, and the press let him say that. And I really think that the press are suckers through anything he might say, because it's all hot news. And they don't necessarily stop him and criticize him right on the spot. Maybe later. I don't know why they're covering it. It's not right on the spot. Because if you're going to correct something, correct it right away. Yeah. You don't do that. So it sinks in. And I think there are people out there that have heard it many times. And they say, oh, yeah, well, the polls must be favoring him, even though it's a lie. And these lies, that's another wild card. He's going to keep on doing the lies and the outrageous things. And people are going to buy into it because he repeats it. And repeating without immediate correction gets into the national consciousness. That's one of the most effective rhetorical techniques you can use. Yeah. An epititio martes studiorum. Look that up. Yeah. Me too. So what has happened lately? You made a list. Now, the thing with the Secretary of the Navy and the war crimes, very troubling. Very troubling. It goes back to the case of the deserter, where he said the deserter ought to be shot even though the deserter was tried. And I say, deserter, that's not the case. It hasn't really finished yet. So we couldn't even say that that was a conviction that would stick. But what happened is that he exercised command influence, which is not appropriate. And in this case, he pardoned a couple, three seals for murderous activities. And you say to yourself, where does that take us? Where does it take the seals? Where does it take the Navy? Where does it take our whole military? And where does it take the people we're fighting with when you make a war crime not a war crime? What do you think? Well, I think Richard Spencer said it best. He recently fired Navy Secretary. And that is, you are affecting the chain of command, both up and down, number one. And you are basically letting him get away with it. And these are things that will demoralize the ranks of all military branches. It's not just the Navy. When you can have a president intercede into the minutiae of this process and basically yank him out of it and say, he's my guy. He's a great hero. Well, he's not a great hero. He's done horrific things. It was a question whether or not he actually killed the prisoner of war versus he stabbed him after he was already dead. And he said, look at my knife work. This guy, by the way, Garrett's last nickname was Blade. So these are war crimes. And why would the president of the United States basically take someone like that and lift them up as a shiny object and put them on a pedestal? For his base, Tim, for his base. There are people out there that want to see that. Well, there's a lot of people in the military that are part of his base. I can't imagine anyone in the military thinking this is a good idea to take this deplorable individual who basically is guilty of a war crime and elevate them to the status of national hero. A lot of people in the military support Trump, whatever he does. Not just because he's technically the commander-in-chief, because they like his machoism. And this is machoism embedded in ignorance is what it is. But anyway, OK, that's a bad one. And that's going to get us in trouble with the enemy. Because the enemy is going to say, oh, there's no more war crimes. We can do what we want. Let's do what Trump pardoned. Because now fair game. It's all fair game. Remember, Trump in his campaign said, I support waterboarding. I support much worse than waterboarding. So you're right. He's basically throwing the Geneva Convention in the trash can. And would you like to be in an armed conflict, became a new choice of your own, become a prisoner of war, and be subject to some kind of treatment other than the Geneva Convention? Throw a lot of a bad movie, a bad movie. Anyway, that's very troubling on a legal point of view. It is. And on the Navy point of view, on the military point of view, and on a foreign relations point of view. OK, next one. Just to tag on, I'd be interested in the interview people who are veterans that are Trump supporters to get their opinion about this very subject and see what they say. Because there's a part of me that says they understand the chain of command. They understand the ethics of serving in the military and a code of honor and duty. And I'd like to get their opinion on what they specifically could think about this. You know, this could be a thing where he's dividing officers and men. I mean, West Point, for example, would never condone this. None of the military academies would condone this. But if he finds support, it's among the men in the field, the ones who are scared, who engage in whatever the rules of engagement. And the ones that may not follow orders to take them out of office? Yeah, I don't know. I'm being facetious right now. It's calculated for divisiveness also. OK, I guess we can't go too much further without talking about Ukraine.  And she says, watch out. Why? She was prescient. She knew what was going to happen. And it's really sad that it did happen almost immediately after she spoke. So now we've got Kennedy and others coming up with all of this stuff about how, in fact, Ukraine was the one who roiled the 2016 election. What are they talking about? It's made up. It's lies. Well, it is fascinating that the Republicans are carrying the water on this conspiracy, which they know is not true. Kennedy actually did walk back his statement about Ukraine's Ukraine. We really don't know who it is. And you don't know. Well, he walked back and said, you know what? I was wrong. I was wrong about that. It was Russia that interfered with the 2016 election. But then he still tried to cast doubt as we really don't quite know that we do know it was Russia. Yeah, could have been anybody. So why carry the water for Donald Trump on this issue, other than blind loyalty? And I'm not sure the correction means that much, because it's the first impression that people take away. They may not. It's like the correction in the newspaper. It's got one line at the bottom of the column where the headline was this, the correction was that. The same thing here that people know about the correction. He's already fatted into the conversation. And a lot of people just buy it, and that's the end of that. But we have more lies, more misinformation. I think I asked this in the last program we had is, what would Donald Trump's motivation to take this away from Russia's front door and dump it onto Ukraine's? Well, that's what Russia wants us to do. I mean, honestly, blame Ukraine. OK, so it goes back to what's the connection between Russia and Donald Trump? I mean, do we have a causal connection there? Do we have between Russia and Trump? Yes. You want a short answer on that? Yes. Yes. Yes, OK. I mean, it emerges more clearly all the time, but not to the Republicans. I'm sorry. OK, now it's amazing that he stopped this entire staff in the White House from testifying in these hearings.  It's never happened before. At the worst, in early practice, these people have appeared, and then if there was one question that they were concerned about, they would not answer that. Fifth Amendment would have you, privilege. We've never seen so much claim of privilege as we have these days. But now he's told them not to appear, not to turn over any documents. It's extraordinary. When it gets to the courts, at least to the judges who were pre-Trump judges, I think we have to see it that way, pre-Trump judges. Because judges, conservative judges who were appointed by Trump, and hundreds of them have, and McDonald's has like a factory, I'm sorry, Ms. McConnell has a factory confirming them immediately, same-day service. So now McGahn is told not to testify. They subpoena him with a congressional subpoena. And it goes to the federal courts. And the federal courts rule in his favor. I'm not sure, I don't remember whether it was this district court or the circuit court. But the federal courts rule in his favor. And of course, Trump will appeal to the Supreme Court. So where are we with that? Well, look at the statement from Donald Trump as soon as that decision was rendered. He goes, oh, I would love to have all of them testify. I support all of that. That's a lie. Of course it's a lie, because, but he says, but we're doing this for future presidents. Really? That's what he said. We're preventing this from happening for the benefit of future presidents. I'm not sure of that. You know, I would just wish he would remember that the Constitution was developed for future presidents, himself included.  He wants them all to testify. He's okay with that. Not true.  He's told them that they can't. And they haven't shown up. And we never get the first base. And it's remarkable that we never can bring them down. And it doesn't even solve the problem of what would happen if they said Fifth Amendment or if they said, you know, it was privileged whatever the law may be on that. Because if they said that and they refused to testify in a given question, we'd go back to court. We'd be in court forever. You know, litigating these objections to the question. What have you looked at? And so I think the democratic leadership is right. Don't press it. You're not getting anywhere with it because we can't spend our lives in court, especially with a ticking time bomb in the election in November.  It would be those individuals who had firsthand knowledge or interaction with Donald Trump as it pertains to the Ukraine bribery scheme. Yeah. It's shown to the satisfaction of a reasonable person, I think. And, you know, I think they will write up articles and they'll pass the articles and they'll pass it out to the Senate. That will be a correct decision based on the evidence that's available. But the other part of it is this horrendous obstruction. He obstructed everything in the Mueller investigation.  He told people not to appear, not to respond, not to provide documents in the Mueller investigation. And Mueller let it go again. And I think he's probably right in that because it would have taken him forever to litigate all that stuff going forward. The Mueller investigation would still be going on for years litigating with Trump and his friends about what he could get or not get. So we have that now. Seems to me, though, that that is itself obstruction. That is absolutely obstruction. And you don't need a court to tell you that. You can make up your congressional mind that that's obstruction. If he doesn't like it, he can take it up. And if that's obstruction, it's an article. That is a huge article in these impeachment articles as far as I'm concerned. So the question is, what does it matter? I mean, we've got to persuade all the Republicans in the Senate, or a majority of those 22 of them, that have to vote in favor of the impeachment. Do you think if the testimonies of McVaney and Pompeo and Giuliani, if that was known and that evidence came out, do you think that would sway them? I don't think it would sway them, even if there was a causal connection, a direct connection between Donald Trump and the withholding of the $400 million for the arms for Ukraine, I'm not even sure that would sway them. Well, remember, even if they show up, they're not necessarily going to answer truthfully. They're not necessarily going to answer at all. They'll claim privilege. And if they give documents, how do we know those? You don't trust these people. How do we know those documents? They're all the documents, and they haven't been changed in some way. We've seen that, like those transcripts quote, or summary transcripts.  Anyway, what I'm saying is I agree with you. These guys show up. It doesn't mean that much, because we're not going to get legitimate testimony from them. On the other hand, I would say they do hold the keys to the kingdom. Otherwise, he would have let them show up before. That's correct. And I think if all be known, if Bolton writes his book and tells all, I'd be very damaging to Trump, and so for the others. But I wouldn't wait. I wouldn't hold my breath for any of that. So going back to the title of the show. Sorry, but you don't get your hopes up too high. Yeah, well, and then I subtitled Moving Into the Seventh Inning on Impeachment. We're at the Seventh Inning here, but I wouldn't get my hopes up too high. OK, let's switch a little bit to the court ruling on the tax returns. It's in the Supreme Court now. And I think it was Roberts wrote a one-liner saying staying temporarily, but he didn't say how long it was going to stay. It could be months and months. And the law is clear. He's got no exemption or anything like that. He's creating new law. And they are giving him a break on giving him temporary pass here. And I guess they realized that there must be something in there that's very damaging. So if they can, all of them, can hold it back from public disclosure until November, they can help him on the election. We'll see if I'm right. But I think that was not necessarily good news. You have two courts. There was a second circuit and a court of rather the federal district judge and the second circuit in New York. Both said, given the tax returns, the Supreme Court said, wait, this is probably an example of what we're going to see in the future. The Supreme Court has been turned, weaponized, politicized. And Ruth Bader Ginsburg is not feeling so well. It makes it worse yet. Before you know it, it'll be six conservatives and three liberals. And the Supreme Court will not be a reliable or an organization in which people can have confidence of their decisions or their clarity. So it troubles me what happened with that temporary hold on the second circuit. Well, what is temporary? I mean, there was no rationale behind the stay. I mean, I don't remember reading any particular rationale. Fiat to stay, that's all. And that was it. So what would be an appropriate time for that to be withheld? A decision on this. Only they know. Well, that should be scrutinized. Not a good sign. There should be some scrutiny out to what is the rationale. Well, the press should be watching that like a hawk. They should be, yeah. This is something they can't forget. Because I think those tax returns are going to reveal things that are going to be truly remarkable. Do you think we see them before the election? I hope we will. I hope we, the public, will see them. There's the possibility that we will never see them, that it'll only be with a subpoenaing power, which is the New York prosecutor of the New York District Attorney. So not clear. And there is a fair possibility that nobody's going to see them until after the election. Well, the state of New York has it. Do they not? No. They pay a tax, like a New York tax, based on your federal returns each and every year, just like Hawaii. That's true. But the subpoena is to the accounting firm. I understand, but there's more than one. I always tell them they can't go in the front, or go in the back door. If that's closed, go through the window. Yeah, that's a very good point. It's there. It's in the government's hands, the state government's hands. OK, I do want to mention that we're back in Syria with more troops than we had there before. And we're fighting now shoulder to shoulder with the Kurds. It's like double think. It's out of the Orwellian book 1984, which a friend of mine is reading. He said it's very, very hard to read it, because it's a play on what's going on right now. We should all read 1984 again. Double think. And here's double think. It's like a month ago, we were going this way, crazy, lurching, and now we're back doing this, but more, doubling down on what existed before we turned it upside down. What is going on here? What kind of foreign policy is this? Was the State Department consulted? Was the military consulted? Was anybody consulted? This is one man's sole proprietorship government. And it's worthy of great discussion in the press. I don't think it's getting enough discussion. I guess the question is, again, what's this impact on the military, the chain of command? And why do you have a joint chiefs of staff if they're not going to be consulted about this stuff? Maybe they were. Maybe they were, but no, no, no, for sure. Hasn't been reported or properly reported. So bizarre. And the guy in the field must be shaking his head. Just like that scene with the American troops leaving Syria on one side of the road and new troops coming up with American flags flying on the other side of the road. What? Anyway, the other interesting lie is that Trump said that Giuliani was not operating under his direction. That's kind of hard to walk back. But you know, that 38% will believe him wholeheartedly. I hate to say it. And they're in their silos, and they're in their information bubble. And they're drinking the Donald Trump Kool-Aid. They're 38% of this country. They'll believe every word of that. And I find that tragically sad, because he has said so many times, go talk to Rudy, or Rudy's my guy. And how many times have he said that Rudy's working for me here? And now he walks it back. To what point does Rudy Giuliani go, hey, wait a minute. You're not going to set me up for prosecution from New York or don't throw me into the bus. And he made a casual comment about, well, if he does try to throw me in the bus, I've got an insurance program. Now, that might have been for physical harm that being run over by a bus. No, I know, I understand. Or that could be, I got the goods on you, so watch what you're doing. Well, I could bring Trump down, I'm sure, right now, any day. But did we see that play out in front of us, that there was a threat from Giuliani back to Trump? No, not yet. I don't know. Yeah, hard to say.  Amazon had the deal, $10 billion, and there's more to follow. And Trump got mad at Bezos because of articles in the Washington Post, again, his attack on the press. So he somehow switched it over from Amazon to Microsoft. Great blow to Amazon. And Amazon was the best qualified contractor. You were better than Microsoft for this. Amazon was prepared to hire 25,000 employees in a 10-year period in the Washington area. Now, Amazon had about 48% of the market share for the cloud technology, Microsoft 15.5. So Microsoft, it's why Amazon claims there was unmistakable bias in political intervention. So we'll see. They're lodging a complaint against it. I know, they sued. Yeah. Okay, but my favorite thing this week, I don't have time for all our points, I am so sorry. My favorite thing this week was the story about Amelia, Northern Texas, Northern Virginia. Remember, Virginia went blue in recent elections. Governor is now a Democrat. Lots of people in the legislature are Democrat. I think the Democrats control the legislature there. However, the story about this town, county, in the northern part of Virginia, which declared itself a Second Amendment sanctuary city, or county, rather. And then, as and when the governor, the new governor, who has sworn to adopt, to encourage the adoption of uncontrolled measures, tries to enforce those measures against this county, they won't enforce them. The sheriffs there, the law enforcement aid will not enforce them. And the people don't want them. So they say they're a sanctuary. They're not gonna do what the state does. Now that's bad. And that's a divisiveness within the state of Virginia. But in the article that reported it, it found out that New Mexico had the same problem. And in fact, the majority of counties, the majority of counties in New Mexico have likewise declared themselves Second Amendment sanctuaries. They're not going to enforce gun control. And I think it was another state, too. I wanna say Illinois. Same thing. Many, many counties in that state. And there are other states, too. So what's really frightening here is that we have a divisiveness on gun control.  Where is this coming from? I mean, I think this is one of those divisive things that comes from Facebook. It's impossible without Facebook. People in rural areas, Facebook is their news. And it's sorta like Fox News. And we have a problem. It's the divisive of this. It's the gun control. And it's all Trump. This is the cultural war. And this is one aspect of that cultural war, that abortion, taxation. These are cultural war issues. And I guarantee you that, that one is never gonna go away soon. It's just not. So that's why Donald Trump, again, people don't always vote in their best interests for financial reasons. Sometimes they vote for cultural issues. And that's what I believe Donald Trump got in the office in the first place. And if he's going to remain, it will probably be over cultural issues and certainly not on sound policies. Some people believe the country's coming apart. I do. And so, when we met this morning, you told me, well, Trump did something good. Can you talk about that? Briefly, he signed in the law. House Bill 724, basically, outlying or being a crime to torture any animal or depicting video of the torture of any animal. So, good for him. But of all the things that we're involved with, was this a distraction? Or would this make good sense to do it? I'm glad he signed it into law. I'm pleased. I think that was a good thing. And I give him a thumbs up on it. But again, is it just to placate critics and show everyone what a great president he is? I don't have the answer for that, but I'm glad he did it. I'm very happy he did it. It reminds me of his vaping thing, you know? So, he came out against vaping. And I don't know if he's advancing legislation or what, but now he's made some statements. In the middle of all this mess we've been describing, he's gonna help make legislation or some kind of rules at federal level about vaping. Say to myself, what is that about? Does he care? Does he care about vaping? Does he care about animal rights? Does he care about that? I don't think so. In fact, is the world's coming apart?  You have terrible news in the paper every day about how climate change is affecting everybody, everywhere, and he's doing vaping and animal rights. Well, a lot of animal owners. Yeah, well, it's political for the animal owners who they must get a thrill out of that, but the fact is the world's coming apart. And I just do not understand how people can be distracted. There's all distraction. This is his way of sort of a change up pitch. It's not sincere. It's not long term. It's not with the specific thing intended. It's something else. And so, I don't know if they've been taken seriously on that. The end of the line, the real bottom line here is that he's doing all these incredibly destructive things. And when he does something good, or apparently good, even for a small group of people, you say, what? What's this about? Well, expect a lot more between now and November 2020. That's all I think. And watch every week just more. Getting to be an application. Thank you, Tim. Thank you, Jay. Watch out. Happy Thanksgiving. Happy Thanksgiving. And we'll see you in the future. See you. Yeah, see you next week, I think.


Today's episode is sponsored by Squarespace Do you think I'm a good photographer? Yes Did someone say you weren't? Not with their words They wrote it down on a piece of paper and then slid it over to me So technically they did say it with their words. Why are you beating off around my question? I'm not even talking about it, I answered the question, I'm not beating off around it. Did you mean it? Yes. Okay, it just seems like you're kind of unsure. It's not that I'm unsure, it's just that you kind of just... Say it, coward! Dude, you lack creative direction, okay? Either go full Edward Hopper or crazy photographer YouTuber Like you can't go in between, it just doesn't work Until you get one of those, you're never gonna be great No one's gonna buy your prints when you're dead, and that could be soon Have you looked at yourself? Sorry man, sorry No, I think I needed to hear that Yeah Wait, do you think I'm a good photographer? No Um, updates I can probably think of a few. Here's the most relevant update I'm f***ing tired. Believe it or not, another year has passed us by And I still haven't produced a book like I said I would So I guess I'm just a lying crybaby bitch Regarding the book on this channel, lately it's been all quiet On the western front, or at least the book front And just like that literary classic, it is quite possible that I won't be happy with my own published works Until I'm dead Long story short, I'm still working on it Without getting into too many details, some things have changed And now the book has the potential to be even more jam-packed with photos So that's why it's taking a while Well that and creative constipation And real constipation, why not throw that in there too It will be a book, not a zine And worry not, there will undoubtedly be a video about it once I finish it Hopefully this year But I said the same thing last year so Don't get your hopes up about the book or Honestly anything I'm working on several cool videos, two or three of them have already been shot And three of them are currently in production Some seemingly almost indefinitely One of the videos is of course Echocrome Christmas 4 A cult favorite What cult that is and if it in fact does exist is not relevant I'm sort of in pre-production on a really big video right now It's gonna be a huge undertaking for sure For some reason my head, heart, gut, and sphincter are all telling me It'll be somewhere around four hours long There's no telling if this video will actually come to fruition but It's in the works Two of the videos I've already shot actually take place in the exact same location I'll leave all the nitty gritty details to Future Jason Who has to figure all that shit out Basically Caleb and I went to a really cool location But we both kind of felt like we didn't have the right gear with us So we made a separate video a month later when we went back I have a half-shot video about a cool camera from the 50s That Monica and I actually MacGyvered the crap out of to get working Sadly the day that it came time to test it In an unrelated coincidence The internal mechanisms literally shit themselves and jammed up the camera I found a repair guy who was willing to take on the job And he's doing a fantastic CLA and repair right now But it's not easy So the whole process has taken about half a year But yeah, I'm pretty excited for that video to see the light of day Or at least the light of your cell phone screen while you're taking a dump at work Not to flex too hard because I don't have any muscles and I might hurt myself But I have a couple rare film stocks that were kindly submitted by some viewers You probably already know who you are And of course I'll be doing videos on those Lastly Caleb, the man that you saw in the opening sketch Caleb and I have been thinking about doing a podcast together We've been thinking about it for quite a while We have a really good name for it and we're basically on the same page about everything But I wanted to put that out there and kind of gauge interest If that's something you guys would want to see We've talked about possibly making it sort of a limited thing like 10 episodes maybe We've also talked extensively about making it a video podcast with occasional guests So yeah, where do you land with all this? I know that there's an ocean of podcasts out there But maybe we could bring something new to the table I don't know Lastly, before this video ends, I'd like to thank today's sponsor, Squarespace Has your outdated website always stood in the way of your personal happiness? Yep, me too I was once like you until I found Squarespace Squarespace is an all-in-one website building platform All-in-one means there are no plugins, patches, downloads, or annoying updates that you need to keep an eye out for You simply log in and get to work building your dream website using Squarespace's native user interface Building from the ground up is easy with Squarespace's hundreds of template options that reflect a sense of modern, yet professional design Depending on what you're looking for And if you run into any snags, Squarespace offers 24-7 award-winning customer support So what are you waiting for? If you're ready to build a website, you can start a free trial today at squarespace.com slash grainydays And if you use the code grainydays at checkout, you can get 10% off your first purchase Yo, it's me, Jason, your favorite fashionista Today we're gonna do a super quick home office tour, which is really just our two-bedroom apartment Which I live in and pretty much never leave like a recluse But not the cool, mysterious kind of recluse, like Bruce Wayne and the Dark Knight Rises More like Gollum This is one of the many shells we have from IKEA There's several cameras on here, including the Pentax 6x7, the Polaroid SX-70, TX-1, couple of my point shoots It's also home to really bad cable management There's also a bunch of Monica's awards, which are proudly on display instead of my awards Just kidding, I've never won anything This is a very expired Polaroid that was sent to me in a pack by Zane Pollard Which I shot in the Salton Sea Zane fixed up my Polaroid SX-70, so I'm eternally grateful for that Of course, right next to it is the magazine cover for Dr. Edwin Land Hi, Baxter Hi Right across the hallway we have the infamous cat keyboard Homeowners, if you're ever looking to drive up the property value, look no further Meow, meow, meow, meow Good boy This is a second bedroom that we converted into a home office, which I share with Monica Though mostly I use it nowadays You may recognize this view because it's where I record most of my talking head stuff This is my desk, my workstation, where I spend most of my time And only ever really leave to go reheat some leftovers and eat them hunched over my keyboard like a rat Whether it's doing research, editing videos, editing scans, participating in violent scorched earth campaigns over eBay bidding This is where the magic happens Solo, one of the greatest movies ever made Next to my computer is the kind of like film scanning areas This is where I scan all my film and just do a bunch of various film photography crap Best lover I got this for myself to remind myself to stay humble Down below the film desk is my film freezer I wanted a freezer with a glass door so I could watch all my babies in cryo sleep It is currently filled with a sh** load of 35mm film Because I can't seem to go through that stuff fast enough This is another shelving area that features a few books and some cameras Oops, that's not supposed to be in there Up here we have two shelves with a bunch of just lenses for different systems So on and so forth I see a lot of comments about people saying that one earthquake will make this entire thing just collapse and get destroyed But let's be honest, one earthquake and this entire apartment complex will be destroyed Alright, here in the bedroom, this is my bed where all my sleep paralysis demons visit me every night This is where Baxter sleeps And this is where I sleep This is Moon in my room Which is a simulation of what it's like to have a celestial body inside your bedroom Without the gravitational damage that would occur This was a gift from Monica several years ago Which I'm now realizing she might have gotten me Because she thinks I'm a baby who needs a night light This is my vinyl record collection that was kindly bestowed down upon me by my mom My two favorite records that I purchased are Strange Trails by Lord Oran And of course the Blade Runner 2049 soundtrack Which I'll oftentimes put on when I'm trying to fall asleep Though the motorcycle revving sound often jolts me awake and makes me ready to fight More The print above my vinyl records is a print by at small woodland things on Instagram She does a bunch of these like flat lay photos where she forges a bunch of interesting colored mushrooms And other things from the woods and kind of makes beautiful photos So I ordered one and I think it's a fine addition You should go follow her on Instagram Edward Hopper Well, that's it for the home office tour Now get the hell out of my apartment


Bazaar versus bazaar. Due to their similar pronunciation, these two words are easily confused in English. Let's take a closer look. The word bazaar refers to a market usually found in the Middle East. For example, the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world. Bazaar, on the other hand, is an adjective and a synonym for strange. Let's use it in a sentence. Everyone stared at the student who wore the bazaar outfit to school. I am sure the difference is clear now. That's it for today. See you next time.


What's happening guys? So when you visualize a rich person in your head, there's probably a few things that you think of. You might think that the person inherited all of their money from their parents, or maybe they got a high-paying job from family connections. Or maybe they won the lottery or got incredibly lucky. I'm rich! And then the few people that came from nothing and they're self-made got there by being ruthless. Why make trillions when we could make... Billions? Or maybe they were just in the right place at the right time and they got rich overnight on a lucky investment. What?! But when you really look into it, the truth is that statistics show that none of these things are true. And in this video, I'm going to go over the top five ways that people actually become rich. But before we get into that, never forget that the true way to get rich, because it's really good karma, is to always remember to smash the like button. Smash! Against Bath and Shield. So I did a ton of research for this video. I went over hours and hours of different studies and surveys and all kinds of things to find the five most common paths to actually getting rich. And most of this list is based off of the two Thomases, Thomas Stanley and Thomas Corley, who have studied the habits of millionaires for decades. And two really great books I recommend are Rich Habits, Poor Habits, and The Millionaire Next Door. So number five on this list is going to be virtuosos or top experts in their field. So when I was studying millionaires, this made up about 7% of the overall total amount of self-made millionaires. And this one is a little bit broad, but it basically is made up of people who are at the top of their field and whatever they do. For instance, you could be a knowledge-based virtuoso such as a doctor, a lawyer, or someone with a PhD. Now this takes a very long time. For instance, becoming a medical doctor will take eight years of studying and then usually like a three to seven year long residency. So that's like 15 years of your life before you start making the really good money.  It's also extremely expensive. A lot of doctors, for instance, will go $300,000 in debt and they don't start making good money until they get into their mid-30s. So this definitely isn't the path for everyone, but if you're someone who's very book smart, for instance, this might be a really good choice for you.  So let's say, for instance, that you decide you want to be a medical doctor. Well, this is one of the best ones on the list just because this is a path that's already been paved. A lot of the other ones on this list, you have a very low chance of success. But when it comes to being a medical doctor, the path has already been paved, you kind of just have to put the time and the work in. And if you're someone who's just very naturally book smart, maybe you have a photographic memory, for instance, you can leverage your natural abilities to make a really good income. This is sort of like the nerdy equivalent of being a professional basketball player if you were born with genetics that are going to make you freakishly athletic and seven feet tall. It's a tough, expensive and very long path, but eventually it will lead you to the promised land. Now the other type of virtuoso that's in this category is more of a skill-based virtuoso. And this is someone who devotes themselves to many years of deliberate practice in order to master a particular skill that a lot of people value. You could say that professional athletes, consultants and also high-level freelancers could fall under this category. You could also say that authors, artists or people who are at the top of their field and they write books or manuals on how to get better at whatever they do could fall under this category as well. Basically, anybody that specializes in something that a lot of people are willing to pay good money for. So depending on what you specialize in, this one could take a lot less time than the knowledge-based virtuoso takes because you don't have to go through, you know, 15 years of med school in order to start making money. But on the other hand, it's a lot harder to prove yourself and you don't have the same credentials that you would get in the other path. Overall, I think the virtuoso has the second easiest path to becoming rich out of all the ones that are on this list. But I think the upside isn't as high as most of the other ones and it'll also take a lot longer. Number four on the list is going to be a big company executive. This one comes in at about 18% and it's all about climbing the corporate ladder. And there is a ton of money to be made in big corporations if you are someone who has the skills to make that corporation even more money. Now, this could go all the way up to being a CEO of a company, but it doesn't have to actually get that high. Depending on which company you work for, you could easily get rich just by becoming a vice president, for instance. An example of this is Jeremy Burton made nearly 10 million a year working for the global data company EMC. But a lot of the times this isn't all about the salary that you make. A lot of the wealth that you build working for these big companies is going to come from stock compensation. And by that, I mean, along with your salary, you'll likely get paid out stock for the company as well, which incentivizes the workers to work even harder. This is a win-win situation for everyone involved, and it tends to make executives work harder and do a better job. But that's kind of the downside of going this route is you're probably going to be working somewhere between 60 and 80 hours a week. There's going to be a lot of traveling. You're going to be working during vacations and holidays. And this also means that if the company struggles for whatever reason, you are also going to struggle. There's also a lot of politics involved in a position like this. Everybody's going to try to climb up the ladder and get to those high positions. So they're going to want to take credit when things go well, and they're going to want to blame others when things go wrong. You also have to spend a considerable amount of time and effort networking with other people who are in your field. Now, in order to stand out in a big company like this, you want to establish yourself as an expert in something. Whatever you're an expert in, you want that to be a very important thing that a lot of people need. You want to become the person that whenever they have a problem with that particular thing, they always come to you and you always have the answer. If you do this, you're going to be completely invaluable to your company. They'll never fire you and chances are other companies will probably fight for you as well. Now, on average, this path takes an average of about 22 years to get a net worth of around 3.4 million. That's pretty solid and it would lead to you being able to retire in your 40s. Overall, I'd say this is probably the second hardest path in order to become wealthy, but I think it's a really good option for certain types of people. Now, you can work for a really big established company. That's probably the best choice, but if you want to, you can also try to work for a startup. That way, there's more risk involved, but also chances are there's more reward because they're going to give you more stock equity in the company and they might even give you a partnership. And this is a really great option for you if you're somewhat business savvy and entrepreneurial, but you're not the type of person that wants to go out on your own.  And this is unlike the next one on the list, which is going to be an entrepreneur where there's no one telling you what to do. You just have to be self-directed and figure everything out for yourself. Number three on the list is going to be a type of entrepreneur, which is going to be the small business entrepreneur. Now, I'm actually going to split this one into two different categories. This comes in at about a 51% split with entrepreneurs, meaning 51% of millionaires got that way by becoming an entrepreneur. However, I'm splitting it into two different ones and there's no way to really tell which one creates more. And I think this one is the third hardest path, which means it's also the third easiest path. It's kind of right there in the middle and that is the small business entrepreneur. So this could include opening a real estate agency, starting a chain of restaurants, starting a plumbing business, or maybe you start a business that transfers things or manufactures stuff, or maybe you start a bunch of nail salons or boba shops. The big point here is that you're starting a company with a business model that's already established and proven. You're not trying to disrupt an industry or anything like that. And a lot of the time, this isn't going to be a very sexy business. You're not going to be changing the world. You're not going to be making a billion dollars. You're not going to be saving the dolphins. But a lot of the times businesses like this are really overlooked because everybody else is chasing the shiny object. They're trying to become the next Elon Musk or they're trying to become an Instagram influencer. And this is more about starting a practical business that solves real problems that tons of different people are having on a day-to-day basis. And the way that a lot of people break into this is they start their own business from scratch. They get a loan in order to start the business or they buy an existing business. And I think a really great example of this is one of my favorite fast food restaurants, which is in and out. It started off as a small business, just one single shop in Irvine, California. And now it's expanded all across the West Coast. Now, most of the times small businesses like this are not going to become multi-billion dollar companies like in and out did, but there's a really good chance that they can become multi-million dollar companies. Number two on the list is going to be the other type of entrepreneur. And again, I'm splitting this into two, but this comes in at about 51% of total millionaires. This is the second type, which is the dreamer entrepreneur. Now, generally speaking, they're going to have a smaller chance of success than the one we just talked about. But on the other hand, their upside is much higher. If you follow this route, you could potentially make tens, if not hundreds of millions of dollars early on in life. But like I said, the chances of success are very low and even the internet's favorite business icon and meme Lord had this to say about starting a business. Starting a company is like eating glass and starting into the abyss. This is without a doubt the most difficult way of getting rich, but it also has the highest upside. This combined with the small business entrepreneur did come in at about 51% of all millionaires on the list. So this is the most likely way of becoming wealthy. Starting a new blockchain, creating the next YouTube, disrupting the finance industry like Robin Hood. These are all hot. These are the types of businesses that can truly change the world. And I also group into this group newer types of business models that offer a certain lifestyle. You can save the turtles. You can live a laptop lifestyle. You can be a famous Instagram influencer. This is the type of business that a ton of people would really gravitate towards because it seems so sexy. And because of that, there's going to be a ton of competition. This group also had the highest average net worth at about 7.4 million and it didn't take them nearly as long to get there as well. However, many things are going to suffer. There's going to be a ton of financial stress, generally relationships with your significant other friends as well as family members. All of those things are going to suffer. Overall, this is still a great option for certain types of people, but don't forget this is without a doubt the most difficult path on the list. You have to be willing to work ridiculously hard. We're talking 80 to 100 hours a week. You have to be self-directed and you have to be willing to put yourself through a ton of pain with no end in sight. Number one on the list and this one came in at 49% of all of the people who became wealthy is the saver investor. Now this one is my favorite one on the entire list because it's not only the easiest one, but it's also the most flexible. And what I mean by that is it's very flexible because it can be paired with any of the other ones on this list. You can become a doctor, a lawyer and also be a saver investor. You can become a vice president of a company and also be a saver investor. You can also start a small business or a super hot business and at the same time save and invest on the side. And really there's no excuse to not be in this category because it's the most common path to wealth. It's really easy and it doesn't limit what you can do in any way. But I recommend diversifying your money across the entire market and not just investing in whatever the hottest stock is. If you open a Roth IRA at 18 years old, for instance, you invest $500 a month. By the time you retire, you're going to have over $3 million. Let's say you start a job at 22 years old and you watch some of my other videos and you realize that, you know, in order for you to be the most happy, you need to make about $75,000 a year and your company offers a 5% 401K match. By the time you retire, you're going to have over $3 million. You can also go the path of getting a bunch of rental properties or you can diversify your money across the entire market using index funds, which is my favorite way of investing. And if you do that, you'll probably retire with over $10 million. And there's so many stories out there of janitors and secretaries getting rich from investing even though they had a low income. And the best thing about this one is literally anyone can do it. It doesn't matter what kind of background you come from or what kind of job you have.  It really doesn't matter. Anyone can build wealth by investing properly. I think you can probably tell that this one is my personal favorite on the list, but go ahead and check out my other videos right here. I made them just for you. Smash the like button, hit the subscribe button, ring little notification bell and then comment down below any thoughts on this video or ideas for other videos. Thank you so much for watching and bye for now.


So, I'm pleased to introduce next, Trang Le, a postdoc here at the University of Pennsylvania, and Trang will be speaking about a package to build interpretable decision tree visualizations. Thank you, Trang. Thank you, Stefan. Great. So, my name is Trang. I'm a postdoc with Jason Moore at Penn, and I'm excited to share with everyone the new package Tree Heater for visualizing decision trees, and this is my first package ever written for visualizations, so I'm really looking forward to a lot of feedback from everyone. And I just tweeted out a link to the slide deck, so if you want to follow along feel free to do it there. Okay, so the tagline for this package reads, your decision tree may be cool, but what if I tell you you can make it hot? And you do that by incorporating a heat map into your decision tree. So, really the idea comes from looking at heat maps, and I've been doing that a lot, and I thought instead of looking at the clustering of the samples and the features using hierarchical clustering, what if we do this grouping using decision trees? And so, really the idea comes from the heat map side, not the decision tree side. But here we are. And before we go any further, and most of you probably already know this about decision trees, and especially if you attended the tidy model workshop yesterday by Alson Hill, probably a quick one, then you probably know that decision trees are essentially just very simple tree-based machine learning model that gives you prediction of the labels based on the features. Okay, so before we go into what Tree Heater actually does, let me walk you through a few tools, like tool and tool sets that currently we have in R for drawing these decision trees. And the first is our part plot. You have probably seen this earlier in Daniella Witten's talk, where she showed like this decision tree where at the node you have the condition, and if your sample satisfies this condition, you go to the left, if not you go to the right, and then eventually you arrive at the Tomono node or a leaf node where there's a label for your sample and also kind of shows you, I think with the shading here, how confident the model is at predicting that label for the sample. The this network package is also really, really cool to drawing a lot of network structure, but also especially this tree. There are some decision trees in this case. On the left, you see here is actually regression tree, and let me hide that. So in this case, I think they're trying to predict the pedal length from the iris dataset. Plot party function from party kit is great because not only it shows you the feature name, it also shows you the corresponding key value, so that shows like how important that feature is in predicting the final outcome. And at the leaf node here, it's a bit hard to see, but it shows you the number of the samples in that leaf node and the error corresponding with it. You can even draw histograms at the leaf node. And gg party is another package that goes one step further allows you to do say in here histogram or density plot in the inner nodes and scatter plots on the leaf nodes. And I just want to give one more mention to a Python library called DTreeViz, which does really nice plots. And I really like the idea here where you have histograms, stack histograms on the inner nodes and pie charts at the leaf nodes. And what's important here is that with these pie charts, you can kind of see how many samples are there in each of these leaf nodes and how accurate they are. Okay, so what's different in TreeHeater? This is a decision tree model that is predicting the penguin species from using the everyone's most beloved pome of penguins data set. And at the end, at the leaf node here, we see that this is the heat map on the rows we have the features. And each of the very, very thin columns you see here is a sample or penguin. So I think that some of the most important information from this visualization really can be immediately seen. So for example, you can see immediately how big each of these leaf nodes are and where the misclassifications are.  So those are the things that you can draw from this type of visualization. And the core function of TreeHeater is called heat tree. The main argument can be an object of, it can be a party object or a party object. And so what that means is that you compute your tree using, you know, either the party kit package, or you can use our part to compete the tree and then convert it into the party object using as party. You can also use party to know to define your manual tree. So you literally draw that I'll show you an example in a little bit. Or you can just feed it a data frame. And in that case, you would need to supply a target label so that TreeHeater can automatically like computing the conditional tree for you predicting that particular target outcome. And because this is our medicine, I wanted to apply this TreeHeater to a clinical reset. In this case, this data set contains three 351 blood samples of patients who were admitted to the Tangier Hospital in Wuhan, China from January 10th to February 18th. And the task here is to predict whether they survived or not from COVID-19. And there were three features that were selected using their important score from an activity Bruce model, which are laxative dihydrogenase, which is or LDH, the lymphocyte levels, and also high sensitivity seroactive protein or CRP. And so what you want to do is really just put in the code of data frame, make sure it's all clean and in the tidy form format. But all you need to do is put that in and make you find that, okay, I want to predict the outcome. And this is your result. So once again, we see that these three variables are very important variables in predicting the trees itself. But looking at the heat map, you can kind of already see that, oh, wow, looks like the patients who did not survive with these seeds have very high level of LDH and CRP in their blood samples. So that's something that immediate Julie jumps out at you. Oh, and I forgot to mention that each of these leaf nodes here are labeled based on the majority votes and colored so as to correlate with the actual the true outcome. And within the heat map, the lighter the color is the higher value it is. And there's some scaling happening here. And I can get to that later in the question. And but you know, say you don't want to look at the heat map, you really just want a tree, then you can get that as well just defining beats equals NA. And there are many, many other options that you can do with this in the vignette. Lastly, I just want to show how this looks a little insane. But it's just a way to draw out your decision tree. And this is using party kits in tax. And so you can say, like, you put this node next to the other one, it's the kid of this one on the right, so on and so forth. And to just kind of make your own custom tree as well. And there's some statistics that you can bring with it. Okay, so I invite you to browse the vignette. There's a lot of things you can do. You can kind of adjust all these nodes if you want to add more meaningful statistics here, foods and key values, more labeling legends and whatnot, not showing any, you know, outcome at all and just really literally the tree, choose whatever features you want, how do you apply it to regression data, all of that in here. So that's all I have. I think my boss is in more for helping me throughout this and brainstorming every little piece. This is built on, you know, do you plot to party kit and do you party? And I learned a lot about the heat maps on the heat map package. So yeah, I'll stop here and take any questions. Thank you. Chang, this is super neat. And I think as Peter pointed out, very mixed these decision trees really interpretable. So I think this is a great visualization. Thank you. There's a few questions. So the first one was the one with the most upvotes is can you use this with the random forest? Okay, this is a great question. I thought about this before too. The thing with random forest is you have not just one tree but so many trees. So how, yeah, so there's, you know, if you can find a way to average it somehow and get together one single tree, then yes, after that, then you can just put in a tree heater and then it'll do it for you. But yeah, everyone wants random forest. Can you control colors of outcome labels or heat map palette? Yes. Yeah, if you go into going to the vignette, you see a lot of things that you can do with it. I kind of got over it a little bit. But yeah, like the second example here, I believe is, yeah, I changed the colors of the outcome a little bit here. I haven't done a lot of yeah, I think there's some changing in the heat map color as well. Yeah, so there you can do that. And if there's not a, you know, an option to do something just, you know, put an issue up and I'll be happy to take on the challenge. That's awesome. And then Isra is asking can we use this for omics data with large numbers of variables? Yeah, so it depends. I think that I have run this with, you know, about 5,000 features and it works like it runs within, you know, two minutes or less. But the thing is, you know, it's so much depends on how good your decisions are. So I have seen cases where the decision tree doesn't do very well, like, you know, it may classify this classification accuracy maybe like 70%. And it doesn't really, the patterns don't really jump out at you. And then in that case, I don't know how useful it is. So it depends on how good your decision trees are. And but, you know, with omics data, and talk about this with like any large scale data as well, there's many things that you can do to either class the features or select the features, whether randomly or non randomly. And you know, down sample the sample the number of observations or something that yeah so those things you can do to try to incorporate. Very cool, Trang. Thanks for an outstanding talk. Absolutely. Thanks so much, guys. Yep.