The Cavalcade of America, presented by DuPont. This evening, the DuPont Cavalcade presents a story featuring highlights in the early history of our country's most valuable mineral, King Coal. Of bituminous or soft coal, our nation possesses vast deposits. Of anthracite or hard coal, we have the Earth's greatest supply. It was the discovery and use of anthracite that constituted America's unique contribution to the history of coal. Our story of chemistry at the close of the broadcast deals with a new and remarkable improvement in the coal mining industry that makes it easier to give you better coal for your furnace. This chemical achievement is another splendid example of the DuPont Pledge. Better things for better living through chemistry. As an overture, Don Voorhees and the DuPont Cavalcade Orchestra play Let Me Whisper. Covered with massive forests and jungles of giant ferns. As these great forests toppled into swamps, this decaying vegetation was crushed deep into the earth and transformed by heat and mammoth pressure into deposits of carbon mineral, diamonds in South Africa, coal in Europe and Asia. Marco Polo found coal being used in the Orient. It was first chipped to London in 1240. The story of coal in America begins on a morning in 1679. The Franciscan friar and explorer Louis Hennepin and his voyageure are trampling out their campfire on the shores of the Illinois River. There. It fires out, my father. Then we'll get the canoe and paddle further down the river. There are still some members burning. The fire resists my best effort. It's not the sticks that are burning. They'll split those ashes away, Jean. That's one swell, Hennepin. You see? If those black rocks said, won't let the fire go out. They must be petrified wood, my father. Hard and blank. Yes, but not petrified wood. They're coal, Jean. Yes, like we burn in Europe. Have we any parchment left, Jean? I have a roll in my pouch. Get it for me. I must make a map of this place for my journal. We are not far from Fort Cracodur. That must be Récorde, Jean, with the date and the description of these hills and the river. And most of all, that there's coal here. The first historical mention of coal in America occurs in the journal of Father Louis Hennepin. As the colonies developed along the Atlantic seaboard, small deposits of bituminous or soft coal were found. And in the James River District of Virginia, the mines were opened. A few outcrops of anthracite were discovered in Rhode Island. And in 1766, more of this hard coal was unearthed in the Wyoming Valley of northern Pennsylvania by a group of Connecticut pioneers. It was first burned by Obadiah Gore, a Wilkes-Barre blacksmith in 1769. Bringing anthracite to the early American colonists was the work of the men of the school-kill valley of Pennsylvania. One day, a hunter named Neco Allen got excitedly into a tavern in Pottsville and approached the table where two men are sitting. Chewmaker, where's Stowe? Where do you hear? Why, it's Allen. What's the matter, Neco? I've got something important to tell you. Last night, I built a campfire under Ledger Rock. And I suppose it burned the whole mountain down. Oh, let him finish, where's Stowe? Thaw, Neco. Well, he's almost right, Chewmaker. When I woke up in the middle of the night, I saw a great light and the ledge was burning. Hot under July wind. Oh, you set fire to the trees. No, no, not the trees, the ledge. Ledger Rock, that's what was burning. Chewmaker's been more yards than any man in this town, Neco. This beats them all. Ledger Rock won't burn. Well, this one did, I tell you. That Ledger Rock was burning by itself. What was it like? Well, I couldn't tell the daylight. It was hard, shiny and black. Wait a minute. Black? Hard? Yeah, that's it. That sounds impossible. After all, there's no reason why it shouldn't be as true here as it is in the Wyoming Valley. What are you talking about, Weston? Well, up there, blacksmiths like me claim they burn rocks. Hard. Black, shiny rocks. They call it stone coal. You think Neco's found an outcropping here in the schoolkill valley? That's possible. The only thing is nobody but blacksmiths think it's worth it, Penny. Bill Murray found that out when he tried to sell some in Philadelphia. But it bonds, I tell you. Let's dig out some of this coal to see for ourselves. At first, Neco Allen's discovery of what later became known as anthracite coal caused little excitement. Weston, the blacksmith, successfully burned anthracite in his forge and it came into general use among blacksmiths in the schoolkill valley. Then Neco Allen and George Shoemaker formed a partnership but Allen retired from the enterprise because nobody but blacksmiths would buy anthracite coal. Shoemaker, however, persevered in the belief that the mineral would be brought to the attention of the public living beyond the valley. One morning in 1812, accompanied by Ben Williams, his team driver, he arrives in Philadelphia with nine wagon loads of hard coal and addresses a curious crowd on the street corner. Hold the horse steady, Ben. Get them in. Get them in, I have here. Nine wagon loads of stone coal from the schoolkill valley. I'll sell it cheap to anyone. No, you won't. We ran Bill Murray's out of Philadelphia but trying to do the same thing. But I tell you, it's practical. Not only do our blacksmiths burn it, but Mellon and Bishop used it in their own mill. They say it heats iron faster than any fuel will ever burn. Stone coal is a good fuel, I've tried it to know. It's a fool's fuel. That's all I've got. I like impasses here. Get out of town. Just to prove it, I'll even give it away. It'll burn. Just let me show you. Hey, just a minute, boys. Hey, stranger. Who are you anyway? My name's George Shoemaker. I am from Potsville. Well, that coal can't be worth anything if you want to give it away. My bless you, sir. I don't want to do that. But if I have to give it away to prove I'm honest, I'll do it. I like your spirits, Shoemaker. I'm Josiah White. Erskine Hazard and I have a wireworks plant up at Schoolkill 4. Well, I'm glad to meet you, Mr. White. I've heard of your firm. You say Mellon and Bishop burn this hard coal in their rolling mill? It heat made their iron pass through the rolls like lead. Well, sir, I believe I'll take a chance with your product. Yeah. Judging from the reaction of this crowd, I'd say you won't sell any of this hard coal in Philadelphia this morning. But send us a wagon load over to Schoolkill Falls. I'm going back there now. Well, thank you, Mr. White, and you won't be disappointed. And I hope not. Best way to see if that coal of yours is any good? Mr. Try it out. Yes, sir. Well, you know where to send it. I know. I know. Gentlemen, you saw Mr. White purchase a wagon load of this coal. Don't that convince you? You might be able to swindle him. Not us, though. Let's run the tricks throughout the town. Right. Come on. Whip up the team, Ben. We've got to get out of here. What about our other wagon leaving here? We'll send this one to White. Hurry. Gidak! Use your whip. We'll never get out of here alive. Yeah, right, sir. Stone, sir. Keep your head down. They're bad shots, thank heavens. We can get around this corner. We'll lose them. Hurry faster, sir. You better hang on going around this corner. I thought we'd turn over. Well, they're out of sight, anyway. This street's too crooked. Quick, Ben. Jump off the wagon. We'll hide. All right. Be careful, sir. Oh, there. Oh. Jump now. Follow me. There. Hurt yourself, Ben. No, sir. Follow me. Hurry. Behind these barrels. Won't they find us here? I hope not. Now, then, why? Ben's the wagon. It's down there. Come on, Ben. The wagon's jumping over. Come on. Find the dogs. We'll get them. Yeah, maybe they'll like it. They'll hide right beside the wagon. Don't see no sign of nowhere. Hey, come on, then. They must be down the stairs away. Or over to the next square by now. We're safe until nightfall, Ben. Just stay quiet. They jumped over our last wagon, though. How are we, sir? Mr. White is cold now, sir. We'll send him a load from Pottsville. We promised him one. He'll get it. Later that evening, George Shoemaker left Philadelphia. And in order to escape arrest, returned to Pottsville over a hazardous and deceptive route. Once home, however, he sent a wagon load of anthracite to White on Hazard at Schoolkill Falls. On receiving it, the workmen at this wire work attempted to kindle a fire on the plant's large furnace. To sell White and his partner, Erskine Hazard, watch the proceedings as the dawn light fails over the valley. Looks like you made a mistake at the firm's expense, sir. Maybe we ought to give this coal more of a chance. More of a chance? Well, other men have been trying to get it to burn all night. Nearly daylight. What more do you want? Shoemaker seemed so sure. Yeah, I dare say. But I have had enough of this foolishness. All right, Erskine. Well, boys, better give it up. Close the furnace door. We'll go home. Yes, sir. Shoemaker's a swindler. I'm going to get a warrant out for his arrest. He represented this hard stuff as being good when he sold it to you. Well, I wouldn't do that, Erskine. After all, I bought it of my own free will. He didn't force it on me. Well, nobody's going to make a fool of this firm. Well, don't worry. I'll pay for my mistake. Well, well, only hope we won't be the laughingstock of the whole valley. Hmm. Come on, men. Good night. Good night. Good night, boys. Good night. After you, Erskine. Wait till I lock the door. Ah. What a relief to breathe fresh air again. Even though the air is close in the furnace room, Erskine, I never mind trying an experiment. Well, that hard coal was a mighty disappointing experiment. Look to the sky. I guess we won't get much sleep. That's the white. Excuse me, Mr. White. Could I have the key to the furnace room? I left my jacket back there. Certainly. Yeah. There you are. Thank you. All right, now we'll wait for you. Yes, sir. Hey, don't forget to lock the door. I want to. It wasn't so at all. Well, I'm sorry to kept you boys up all night like this. Yes, sir. Tell you what, boys. All right.  You put in a good night's work. All right. All right. Huh? What is it, Jack? Come on back to the furnace room. Why? Is there anything wrong? All right. All right. Come on, we'll all go. Yeah. What's the trouble? The furnace. Just look through that door. What? The coal's burning. Yes. Desert. Yeah. I don't understand why we didn't give it a chance. As soon as we left it alone and closed the door, then it started to burn. That's all it needed. Discovering the value of hard coal, white and hazard, began using anthracite for industrial purposes, and became active pioneers in the distribution of hard coal throughout the Lehigh Valley. After purchasing a region that was to become famous as the March Chunk Mining District, they determined to ship anthracite to the leading cities of the East. Updating a charter from the legislature, they perfected the Lehigh Navigation Canal. For many years, hard coal was shipped over this and other canals in barges called coal arcs. However, in winter, many of the canals froze over, and shipments had to be suspended just when coal was needed most. This was a problem which the pioneers of American coal had to solve. Then, on August 8, 1829, another Allen, a ratio by name, talks with some of his friends in a shanty near Honesdale, Pennsylvania. We're ready for the demonstration now, gentlemen. The locomotive is all ready. Locomotive? Is that what they call that? Contraption standing out there on track? Yeah. A man named Stevenson invented it over in England. I had it shipped to Honesdale in parks. But what good will it do us? Gentlemen, we're all interested in shipping our coal. We know coal arcs are unreliable and wagons are too slow. That's true. I plan to haul our coal overland by locomotive as they do in England. How does it run? It's driven by steam. Probably blow up. I have no fear of that. But gentlemen, if I show you how it operates, how it runs over those tracks I built, then will you help me build some cars to haul the coal from the mines to the cities? Allen, if you show us, you know how to operate that thing. And it does run. The tracks don't cave in underneath it. We'll agree to adopt your plan. Come outside, gentlemen. All right. Oh, I'm not going near it. Whatever blows the pieces. Don't be afraid. The Sturbridge Lion won't bite. The Sturbridge Lion. Is that what they call it? Yes, the Sturbridge Lion. It comes from Sturbridge, England. Well, Jervis, is it fired? Ready to go? Yes, sir. Oh, Jervis here helped me put the locomotive together. Oh. Uh-huh. Well, any of you gentlemen want to ride with me on the first run? No one? I do, Mr. Allen. No, Jervis, you stay here. I want you to get some more grease for the rods. It'll need some when I return to Honesdale. Thanks, Jervis. Allen, it's up to you to prove this locomotive will run. If so, we told you we'd build cars for hauling coal. But we are not risking our necks in the meantime. It isn't easy to do this alone. Stand behind the boiler and pull the throttle, sir. I'll remember, Jervis. And you'll see I'm right, gentlemen. For your sake, Allen, we hope so, too. Well, at least it hasn't exploded. All right, it moves. It runs all by itself, too. Where? It's going faster. Look at that. First time one of them things ever been run in America. First locomotive to appear in the western hemisphere was operated not to carry passengers before shipping anthracite coal. Our nation has honored the Sturbridge Lion, preserving Horatio Allen's little locomotive with its giant smokestack in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. Railroads in the coal industry started to grow together. Where railroads went, man followed. Where man went, more coal deposits were found as the country expanded westward. It is early in the year 1844. A young man and his wife drive their covered wagon up to a tall colliery at Wolf Creek near Minersville, Pennsylvania, where a crowd is assembled. Oh, oh.  Just shy of eight miles, stranger. Thanks. We can get there before sunset, Betsy. We'd better hurry, then.  No, I'm going out west. That's nice-looking machinery. What is it? The colliery where we break up the coal after we get it out of the mine. Know anything about machinery, stranger? Well, I should. I used to be a mechanic in a textile mill back in Connecticut. Well, we don't know much about mechanical things on Wolf Creek. There's only one man here who really knows anything about that, Joe Batten. Mr. Batten. Here's a man you might like to meet. He's a mechanic. Indeed. What's your name, young man? Jim Owen, Mr. Batten. This is my wife. How do you do? Looking for work around here, Mr. Owen? Well, sir, to tell you the truth, I'm on my way out west. I figured I'd do a little prospecting. Might find gold. Are you from Minersville, Mr. Batten? No, no. I came over here from Philadelphia. Gideon Bastie, owner of this colliery, has installed an invention of mine for breaking coal into marketable sizes. As a mechanic, you might be interested in watching the demonstration. Sure would, sir. Good. Come along, then. We'll walk over closer to it. Let me help you out of the wagon, Ms. Owen. Hold. Do all these men work here, Mr. Batten? They represent other mines hereabouts. What is your invention, Mr. Batten? It's a device for getting coal ready for the market faster than it's ever been done before. It's a coal breaker. Yes. You see, when the coal is brought to the surface, it has to be broken up by hand. I know. Well, I've invented a system of cast iron rollers with projecting teeth. The mine material is sent through these rollers and dropped into a bin, like this one here at the side of the colliery. Then it's ready for shipment. Ready to start the demonstration, Joe? Yes, yes. We're all ready. Oh, Mr. and Mrs. Owen, and me, Gideon Bastie. I do. How do you do? Yes, we're ready, Gideon. All right, gentlemen. We'll start the demonstration, Mr. Batten, invention now. How long will it take, Mr. Batten? You'll see for yourself. You're ready up there, Pete? Yes, sir. Go ahead. Coming into the rollers now. Filling into the bin here. All broken up and ready to deliver. That's enough, Gideon. All right, Pete. Stop everything. It's amazing. Get the coal a whole lot faster this way. A wonderful invention. There's only one thing I'm worried about, Batten. Oh, like that. Suppose this machine should break down. You're the only one who knows anything about it. We couldn't repair it effectively. Mr. Owen. Yes, sir?  Yes, sir. What you see in that bin there isn't gold. And that's what you're looking for, I know. But I believe those hard, black, shiny rocks are greater than gold. They're greater than all the diamonds in the world. Gold and diamonds glitter, yes. But coal is more important than that. Coal makes the wheels go round. I understand, Mr. Batten. You're right. I'm a mechanic and I know how to handle machinery. We have come west a little ways, Jim. Maybe this is your opportunity. That's it, ma'am. An opportunity. Most of us wait a lifetime for it. Many of us don't see it when it's right before us. Will you work for us at the colliery, Mr. Owen? Take care of this coal breaker. Jim. Well, yes, Mr. Batten, I will. Looks like it's just my chance. You'll be proud someday. Someday when you see what coal means. You'll not only be helping to produce better coal, you'll be helping to build a nation. Modern coal breakers still utilize the principle of Joseph Batten's early invention in our country's great colliery. As the decades passed, anthracite and bituminous coal became the building power of modern civilization in furnishing power for the world's industry and providing the force whereby roaring trains thunder over millions of miles in every land and propelling giant liners across the seas and in giving us comfort in our homes. Coal has become a basic mineral in American life. This evening, Dupont salutes those pioneers whose efforts led to the development of our great coal industry in the cavalcade of America. As long as coal has been mined in America, the Dupont Company has helped make it possible for the consumer to heat his home at low cost by providing efficient explosives to blast great quantities of coal from the earth safely and economically. When anthracite coal comes out of the earth, a large amount of slate and other unburnable rock comes with it. In early days, the product of the mine had to be sorted out by hand. Boys were hired to sort through the lumps throwing the slate and rock aside, saving the coal. And then various mechanical devices were invented, none of them capable of doing a perfect job in removing the unburnable material from the coal. Now, after almost 100 years, this problem has been brought close to solution through a remarkable development by Dupont Research Chemists. As long ago as 1902, Dupont Research Chemists foresaw the possibility of an improved separating process which would depend not alone on mechanical devices, but on nature's law of specific gravity. This idea can be illustrated very simply by throwing a handful of wood chips and pebbles into a pan of water. What happened? Pebbles sink, chips float. Dupont experimentation over a period of 32 years centered around heavy liquids which would permit coal to float and let slate and other rocks sink, thus making a perfect separation due to the difference in specific gravity between coal and slate. The most difficult part of the job was to make and apply liquids that were not too costly and went over again without changing in any way. Another problem was to design equipment that would make the process workable. Success finally came in 1934. And it's certain that the possibility of using these so-called parting liquids marks one of the greatest forward steps ever taken in the whole mining industry. For the sink and float process can be used on materials such as iron and copper, as well as coal. Not only does Dupont's new sink and float process assure you that each load of coal you buy will be of uniform quality, but it means greater economy. For clean coal gives more heat per ton. This new process likewise helps do away with dust and dirt in the fuel. Clinkers in your furnace makes fewer ashes to carry out of the cellar and greatly reduces smoke and sulfur fumes. In spite of all these benefits, the new cleaning process doesn't raise the price of coal to the consumer. This achievement, the fruit of one-third of a century of Dupont research, fulfills in every way the Dupont pledge better things for better living through chemistry. The story of Dr. John Gorey and how he perfected the first mechanical ice refrigerating machine will be the subject of our broadcast when, next week at the same time, Dupont again presents the Civil Cade of America. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Nigeria's public debt stock is at least $33.1 trillion, according to data from the Debt Management Office. But in just a three-year period, covering July 18 to June 2021, the country recorded a fiscal deficit of $15.35 trillion. Plus TV Africa's Destiny Momo spoke to economic experts who say reducing the cost of governance is one of the things needed to stop the economy from sinking. That servicing, as earlier predicted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, is crowding out investment in infrastructure in Nigeria. Statistics from the Budget Office of the Federal Government shows a $15.4 trillion Naira deficit in three years. Just so you are aware, a fiscal deficit is a shortfall in a government's income compared with its spending. The government that has a fiscal deficit is spending beyond its revenue. Economic experts say Nigeria is getting it all wrong by burrowing to fund projects with little or no prospects of generating income, burrowing to pay salaries and funding elected and appointed officials beyond what it should. A country or an individual or any organization, there is not energy too much. But when one wants to spend too much, one naturally falls into burrowing because it will augment this expenditure or this lifestyle. Culture needs, especially when these things are not, if they were meant for capital expenditure or maybe for a central development or all that, we know that okay, they will equip the decision. Our situation gets worse when you consider the astronomical rise in debt servicing to revenue ratio. In an era where oil production levels and earnings are dwindling, after that the COVID-19 pandemic which is now in the third wave and has constricted the global economy leading to frenzied burrowing worldwide. Shelley and Shokpiton have ideas on how Nigeria can avert an economic collapse. The experts also add that the National Assembly should exercise greater rigor in scrutinizing and approving foreign loan requests from the executive. Destiny Momo for Plus TV Africa.


What's up everyone? It's your girl, Kenty here from Layton Sports Cards and I'm ripping a personal here for Michael D. We've got a brand new release of 2022 Panini Select WWE Hobby Box. Best of luck, Michael. Here we go. Oh, of course. Of course. I'm a Die Hard Stealer fan as well, but I would like him to have, you know, another at least winning season, at least, but I'll always support my team. It's a matter of fact of how bad I'll feel for my fiance of me screaming at the TV every Sunday. All right, here we go, Michael. Again. You want, hold on. I'm sorry. The water went down the wrong tube. If you'd like to get into some group rates of this tonight, Forrest will have some random pack style. We've got Red Rookie Von Wagner out of 149 and a ringside of Seth Frickin Rollins. I think like that one. Again, he's got 12 total breaks. Single boxes, random pack style almost sold out on those. So don't wait too long. We've got Gunther on the next 2.0, Red Premier of Roman Reigns. Nice one there for you, Mike. Out of 249 and Goldberg on the ringside. I keep wanting to say octagon side because it looks a lot like UFC. Not sure. Yeah, big Stealer fan. We've got Blue Eddie Guerrero on the premier level at a 2.99. Cactus Jack. So what do we have here? A signature selections auto of Finn Balor. First auto there. Rick Boogs on the silver. Boogs. I hope not Rob. I hope it's not a losing season. We've got Scope of Kevin Owens and Von Wagner Rookie. What Rob said, I second that. Filler. Tricolor Rookie, Grayson Waller. Cool one there. McIntyre. See a gold auto, that'd be sick. We saw a gold insert earlier. We haven't seen a tie dye yet either. We've got premier level Silver Finn Balor. Carter Rookie. Stereo. We've got signature selections auto of Cowboy. Bob Orton. Another signature selections. Tricolor Becky Lynch.  I feel like Chris. That's fun. Silver Rookie of Harlan's. I was watching, I turned on the NFL Network after I got home from the sports farm because it said it was playing the Patriots preseason game, but it definitely wasn't. It was some like Ultimate Warrior Scope in China like documentaries and it was about Joe Namath and how he was such a ladies man and stuff like that. I'm like, I guess. Filler, Tricolor of Diamond Dallas Page and Guerrero. I guess one of the big things back then is when he posed for like some type of skincare commercial and they showed legs and they didn't show who it like they were pretending it was a woman. He's like, if my legs look this good, just imagine what yours will look like using this. I'm like, oh my gosh, Seth Frickin Rollins on the patch here for you. That's the way to get someone's attention. That's funny though. Silver Rookie Von Wagner and some San Martino. Alright, Mike, that'll do it for your select box. Thanks again for hopping in and for your patience. We'll get this right out to you.


With the ongoing threat of terrorism, we all need to play a part by reporting anything suspicious. If something doesn't add up, speak up by calling the National Security Hotline on 1-800-123-400. Authorised by the Australian Government Camera.


Good afternoon pastor. Hey John welcome everybody to a random moment with Pastor David unfiltered today pastor I'd like to speak you speak with you about Biblical illiteracy and I want to read just a couple of bullet points that I have here We see that biblical literacies are a huge problem in the American church today people in churches May pay lip service to the importance of the Bible, but Largely, they do not read it. They're professing to know the word of God But they're in in reality illiterate Interesting facts on a survey that I came across it said 82% of Americans think that Those who God helps those who helps himself as actual Bible verse 12% think that Joan of Arc was Noah's wife 50% of graduating high school students think that Sodom and Gomorrah were actually husband and wife And it's embarrassing to To see that our church in the world that we live in today To see that the illiteracy among our churches is so prevalent and obviously there's so much work to do So pastor, what are your thoughts about biblical illiteracy in our church today? Well, I think that in general there is an Illiteracy and there are various reasons I would ascribe to that One may be just laziness. I think that we as a people are Not readers anyway. I mean look at it how it is today You don't have to read a book. Do you just get something and the book is read to you and People don't really carry books as much as they used to anymore We have a Bible Store a bookstore here on the campus and when we first put the bookstore on campus There there it was constantly flooded with people who were buying devotionals and Bibles and you name it and Over the course of the years, you know, what was at one time a 3000 square foot? bookstore that was Selling quite a quite a few Bibles and devotionals and all is now relegated to a section and we changed it into a Into a chapel because of that because people were not buying books. And so I think it's part of this generation the younger people Have a different way of acquiring information and all it's not that they don't read It's that much of what they do read when it's done at all is going to be online. And so When it comes to the church, there's a there's a lack of Just enjoying reading I think in general. That's just a general thing. I would say a second thing Would be that they may come from Church Congregation where the pastor does all the reading for them Doesn't even require them To even open their Bibles because even here in this fellowship The scriptures that I quote very often I just put on a screen so the people look up to the screen and see The scripture there, but they're not learning where these scriptures are in their own Bibles because we have in our fellowship a number of young believers and spiritually immature at this point believers and So I I see that even within the confines of this Calvary Chapel that I would say is Is built on the word of God. That's one of our our pillars here is the word so Yeah, there's a laziness. I think that sometimes the church itself doesn't really even preach I think that there are churches that have devalued scripture and its importance and never encouraged the people to follow along in their own Bibles and things of that nature john so Another thing I would think that's within the confines of that is there's a lot of people who there are a lot of people who do not believe that scripture is actually like you just said is Is actually inspired by God. It's interesting this upcoming sunday. I'm starting a new study I'm in the gospel of mark. I'm gonna do mark you know, uh, and uh It he has kind of a unique introduction Because it begins simply by saying in the beginning in the god. This is the beginning or the beginning of the gospel Of you know beginning of the gospel concerning jesus christ Who is the son of god? And then he immediately and it's a little different in his gospel than you find in others. He immediately goes straight into Without much fanfare Quoting malachi and isiah He's writing to a a roman group that mark was written to romans And these romans would not really be familiar with old testament scripture necessarily And yet he begins by quoting scripture to them. Why to introduce them To the fact that the messiah jesus is actually the subject of prophecy and then he introduces Through those two scriptures of malachi and isiah He introduces john the baptist who himself Jesus said was great.  If you don't read your bible and how do you know what he can do If you don't read your bible and so i believe that today there are quite a number of people Who have looked at the bible as simply another one of those old books that are not interesting and a lot of pastor quote-unquote pastors Have they know that and so what do they do they do magic tricks on on stage?  They want to hear all this Give me an update because i'm too lazy to watch the news and think for myself And i know that you're gonna know everything because you told us you do And that's kind of where the church is today. So You know, we have we have people who just don't hunger after the word and yet it's the word of god That we're to be hungry for and it's the word of god that Instructs us concerning the ways of god how to please god who god is who jesus is So, yeah, there is a biblical illiteracy In the pews and yes, i've i've read some of those those statements that that they're humorous to the believer In in in the ironic way of my goodness. This is where we're at now But because a lot of young people were not raised with devotions They were not raised in churches that taught them many are not even going to church anymore. The parents are too lazy or to Didn't value their souls enough to actually teach them about god There's no concern, you know, yeah, we've seen that we've we've seen that today. So Uh illiteracy is obviously within the ranks of the believers, but i would pray and hope that those who are watching this I hope you read your bibles. Yes. Yes and pastor. Thank you for that I think the church sometimes has done a good job spoon feeding spoon feeding the sheep And not allowing them to graze on their own on the word of god haven't made they're not hungry You know, you know, when a baby, uh, when a baby is hungry, they let you know And a lot of uh, a lot of christians don't seem to have that hunger They're not hungry and thirsty after the things of god So come to church on sunday. Come to church tomorrow. We're in the book of joe We're gonna we're getting close to closing and come with us to israel. Yes And so pastor, thank you so much for your time and thank you everybody for tuning in and we'll see you Wednesday at 7 p.m Sunday 8 30 a.m and 10 45. That's right. We'll be kicking off the book of mark. Amen. Thank you pastor.


Hey, good morning. Mark Twain said the coldest winter I ever saw was in the summer of San Francisco. And this is probably a unique conference where they're giving out hand warmers. I've been to all possible countries, like 45-plus countries around the world, coldest temperature, never seen a hand warmer, but in San Francisco. So Mark Twain is not dead. Long live Mark Twain. Anyway, open source. My name is Arun Gupta. I work for Amazon. I'm a principal open source technologist. I work with a lot of service teams across Amazon, helping them define and build their open source strategy. Open source embodies knowledge and experience that includes diversity and community. It allows you to spread the idea of farther and faster than anybody could imagine. How does that relate to banyan trees? What does that mean around banyan trees? Let's talk about that. My dad is 83 years old. He lives with us. Very fortunate for that part of it.  Let's talk about that for a second. Coconut palm trees, while typically reminds us of vacation, warm weather, nice place, have a deeply rooted system, very resilient. But when you sit underneath, does not provide shade to anybody because these are tall trees. As a matter of fact, if a coconut palm drops on your head, it can cause you to see this injury. So my dad correlates that to us being rude, not nice. So move on. The picture over here is what you see is of a mighty wax palm tree, which is in Kokuru Valley in Columbia. These are some of the tallest palm trees. One that you're seeing over here is about 200 feet tall. As a comparison, it's about 25 floor building. Banyan trees on the other side grows in the crevice of a host. They have prop roots that starts from the stem, and they grows down toward the ground and gets grounded at multiple places. It provides shade in the hot summer weather of India. And you won't be surprised if you see them near a temple. They have a lot of medicinal values as well. And that my dad correlates to always as being humble, that you have so many values. So the picture over here is the largest banyan tree in the world, which is in Kolkata, eastern part of India. And this one particularly is about 250 years old, spread over five acres, which is a Manhattan city block. So these trees can go really big. So growing old is inevitable for everybody. Growing up is optional.  And that's sort of the life lesson over here. Now, I've been wondering about this. I mean, I've known this lesson forever, actually. But then for a few months, I've been thinking about it. That's more like open source as well. So let's talk about it, how banyan trees and open source have a couple of common traits. Now, as we discussed, banyan trees provide shade to people in the hot summer weather of India. If you think about open source, anything and everything that you want to think about in any particular code is available in open source. Think about databases. It's an open source. Think about containers. It's an open source. Think about operating systems. There is something in the open source that is available. And if it's not available, then that is something that you can build upon and then enhance the value of it. So it really has a broad set of capabilities that is available that you can build upon very easily. Let's talk about another aspect here. In banyan trees, particularly, say, frugivore words, they pick up the seed, they drop the seeds all over the place, and these seeds then become the prop roots, which really grow down towards the ground. And it allows a tree to be grounded at multiple places. And because of these multiple grounded areas, it also gives you a rich set of nutrients that allows the tree to grow further. So that's the property of the banyan tree. Now, how does it correlate with open source, for example? Now, we adopt at Amazon, it's important that when we are building, we are building using open source. We always look at it that way. Open source gives you that ability to pick up something and build on top of that. It really allows that unconstrained idea propagation across the board, essentially. The way how software is being built these days, that is the prominent way. Take an example of Git, the nature of Git, that this is a distributed code system. The ability to create a feature branch, the ability to send a pull request, that really allows that unconstrained idea propagation where anybody can send a pull request. And I saw the numbers that Sid was talking about, really impressive statistics on how 35 new contributors are joining the project every day, how 2200 plus pull requests have been sent. And this is what allow to change the world one commit at a time, as a matter of fact, if you think about it. So in addition, there are open source licenses that provides resilience for that idea propagation. It allows an individual and organizations to propagate the idea the way they feel right without coordinating with the third central party. Because this is open source, you're allowed to modify, you're allowed to update, and you're allowed to make use of it. So, I mean, and that's the whole essence of, you know, how prop routes allow us to be grounded to be multiple places and how exactly open source allows that as well. Now, at Amazon, we look at builders. And open source really enables that. Because in open source, you know, you bring people in there, they're allowed to build, and it really brings that two-way equation. And we always look at the balance and a pragmatic approach towards open source, essentially.  And at Amazon, we always look at it, what is that the customer needs? Where is it that the customer needs help? We don't lead with what the coolest technology is. We look at solving customer pain points, and that is the technology that we start contributing towards, or we build a service around. Our customers love open source, and they ask us to help them innovate faster. So oftentimes, we will look at projects like Linux and Kubernetes, and we'll start contributing towards them. There are times when we create our own projects, and I'll give an example of that in a bit, Firecracker, which we contribute to the world. Or there are times where we contribute to projects that our customers have created like Netflix Spinnaker. And that's where we are contributing actively, building our AWS integrations. So there are different ways by which we contribute to these open source projects and further the innovation. Now, healthy communities are very important for the longevity of our OSS community, and we constantly seek different ways by which we can invest in the community, whether it's through sponsoring conferences, whether it's by having a booth, whether it's giving credits, and I'll talk about a couple of those items a little bit later in the presentation. A lot of the open source contributions that comes out of Amazon team, they come out because we want to reduce the technical debt. We don't want to have the maintenance burden. We want to have the upstream compatibility, and that's sort of the essence that we look at it on how we want to maintain that upstream compatibility. And last but not the least, one of the biggest benefits of open source is of course a lot more eyeballs on the source code. So for example, we release S2N, which is our Apache TLS implementation, and it gave us a lot more eyeballs and a much better quality. So really, leveraging that banyan tree of open source communities and growing it better and better. Let me take a specific example of an open source project or open source community and banyan tree analogy. At Amazon, security is job zero, followed very closely by operational efficiency. We are constantly seeking ways on how we can improve the operational efficiency of our services, and as we improve those efficiency, it reduces our cost, and then we pass on those cost savings to our customers. As a matter of fact, since 2006, we have reduced our prices 72 times, and none of the customers have complained, which is a good thing. Now, AWS Lambda and AWS Fargate are two of our compute services, and these are extremely popular services. AWS Lambda gives you where you bring your own function in a language of your choice, and we run it at scale. And similarly, AWS Fargate does that for a container. Now, AWS Lambda does trillions of executions every month. AWS Fargate runs tens of millions of containers every week. If we can achieve operational efficiency at that scale, that brings our price significantly down in terms of running the infrastructure. So we started looking at virtualization-based security, and that could be implemented in a language with safety properties, okay? So we had this problem. We looked out what is existing. Can we stand on the shoulder of others? Can we look at the tree that already exists? Can we build on something, or do we need to start creating something from scratch? So we looked at REST as a programming language that is known for system development. By the way, it's one of the most loved developer language by Stack Overflow. It is the most loved developer language. So by using REST, we can remove a set of vulnerability issues already, because that's how the language is designed. Then we looked at cross-VM, which is an open-source VMM that was built by Google to run Android applications in Chrome OS. And it turns out cross-VM and REST was written in REST. And so that proved a point that VMMs can be written in REST, and they are successful. So we took cross-VM and REST as sort of the seeds, and we created Firecracker out of it. But the use cases for cross-VM and Firecracker were different, so we quickly diverged away and started building the Firecracker code base. Now, Firecracker today provides startup time and density of containers, and virtualization-based security. And this is how we achieve operational efficiency for AWS Lambda in Firegrade. And this is really an open-source virtual machine manager at this point of time. Now, there is quite an active and diverse community around Firecracker. They want to include all kinds of different features, but Firecracker has this core set of tenets, and yet we want to make sure we grow that virtualization-based community. Now, how can we make it better and better? So we worked with Intel, Red Hat, Alibaba, and our other partners, created this community called as REST VMM. As part of REST VMM, this community has a bunch of components, common virtualization components. These are called as REST crates, and those crates are available so that the customers who want to build a specific VMM, they don't have to rewrite a lot of the common components, and they can leverage these and build on top of that. So that's the whole value proposition here. Now, Cloud Hypervisor, for example, is one of the open-source VMM that has been created using these REST VMM components. So we are already seeing that community growing, essentially. Let's take a look at another example. Cata Containers is an open-stack foundation project which was already doing virtualization-based security, but they were using QMU as their VMM. Now, one of their long-standing requests have been that we need a little bit lighter-waste VMM, essentially, so that it can achieve operational efficiency for them as well. So with the launch of Firecracker, we quickly collaborated with Cata Containers, and they provided integration to Firecracker, essentially, and now you can run Cata Containers using Firecracker in Kubernetes as a matter of fact. Similarly, it's all about that idea propagation and inspiring other communities as well. QMU, for example, they added a micro-VM machine type. Now, OSV and Unique are two communities that have always been existing. They basically compile your applications and compile them to Unikernels and run them lot more efficiently. Firecracker just added a bit more oxygen to the idea that it is possible and achieve a better operational efficiency by using that micro-VM type that was provided. Now, if you think about a bit of a renaissance that has happened over the years, essentially, virtualization containers, functions, you know, we've been very excited about this, and that's the real joy of open source, essentially. Now, VWorks have built a tool called as Ignite on top of Firecracker. When we built Firecracker, our original thought process was to leverage and increase operational efficiency, but then VWorks took it to the next level where they say we're going to achieve the operational efficiency for the end users as well. Using Firecracker, they can create a VM of cloud anywhere. They're using Kubernetes for orchestration. They're using GitOps for your source code management, and then they provide support for cloud-native tools and APIs. So this is sort of the way we look at it, you know, how that banyan tree around virtualization-based security is growing. Now, our interest certainly is to grow that community, and Firecracker is just one piece of it, and we are very excited to work with a lot of our partners on this. Let me give you an example of that explains how building and testing open source at scale is equally important, and how that builds confidence in customers to utilize open source.  We run tens of thousands of microservices using Java, and we realize the need that we need to build, create our own builds of OpenJDK. OpenJDK is a reference implementation of Java, so we started having the internal mirror of OpenJDK, building the code, running it at scale. And the important part is anytime you go to amazon.com or you're accessing a blob in Amazon S3, that is actually backed by OpenJDK build, and then we realize, hey, by the way, our external customer needs and internal customer needs are quite similar, because external customers are asking for a similar release as well. So all we had to do was basically added some more flavors to it, that TCK certification is important for them, they need a long term support, and a wide variety platform support. But I think the key part that I wanna talk about over here is, we built a package for builders that really embodies the build and test automation of open source at scale. And this is what builds confidence in customer. This is much more than TCK certification, which is just a compliance thing, as opposed to that, hey, this is actually working at scale. So if the moment you're going to amazon.com and there is a backing JDK endpoint running, I feel a lot more confident over here. Let me talk about a project that embodies open source methodology around machine learning on Kubernetes. Kubeflow is a project that was open sourced at a KubeCon around two years ago, 2017. And the way it started was, hey, there's Jupyter Hub that data scientists use for doing training and inference. There is TF job, or TensorFlow job, TensorFlow is a framework by which you do machine learning. It's a very popular framework. So TF job is how you do training, and then there is TF serving, which is how you do inference. But a lot of customers are working on it together, are working on it on their own silos, so there is an opportunity to collaborate over here. So then, this is where several open source companies came together and they created this project called Kubeflow, and this was launched in December, 2017. Now, as that crevice was formed, as that host, the tree was formed, along the journey of the open source project, several routes were planted. Oh, we need hyperparameter tuning, create cut-up. Oh, we need a Python SDK that does end-to-end deployment, training, inference using a Python SDK, and fairing was born. Oh, we need workflows, ML workflows. So then, Kubeflow pipeline was born. So Kubeflow is again a very classic example on how a banyan tree is grown. It starts with a simple need that we need to collaborate, and then the needs are being formed. And right now, we are very excited. I am actively engaged in the Kubeflow community. A lot of customers run Kubeflow on top of our Kubernetes service, and we are looking forward to the one-dot orderlies coming in the next few months. Now, all that is good. So I talked about Kubeflow particularly. One of the common customer asks for us is when they're running ML workloads on Kubernetes, for example, they're always asking us that my data scientists are using Jupyter Notebook, but I have a DevOps team, which is sort of the engineering team that takes it into production. How does that story align? How does that work? So that is called as MLOps, essentially. So I'm gonna show you a demo. It's basically a recording that's gonna start in the next screen. But essentially, what we're using is an open source stack. So essentially, this is Kubeflow installed on Amazon EKS. Amazon EKS is Amazon's Kubernetes implementation, which is upstream compliant. And then, of course, we are using GitLab for showing that entire MLOps story. It's a basic demo here, but you're gonna get a feeling here. So what we are showing you here is a Git repo where we have an mnist.py, which is what we are showing right now. In that mnist.py, this is basically the training code, pretty much taken as it is from upstream, made some changes so that arguments look great. And then we have an inference client. So one for training and another for inference. So we got two different Python files over there, and then we make sure that the files exist. Once we have the Python source code available, we, of course, need to create the Kubernetes manifest. So then I have mnist.training.yaml, and this is a Kubernetes manifest, and I got regions and access key IDs and all of these credentials specified in the file as environment variables could be done as Kubernetes secrets as well. But what you have is basically mnist.training.yaml here. And then the next thing I'm gonna have is a mnist inference.yaml. So he's talking about how those environment variables are specified in the file itself. So then we go back and let's take a look at my, not the inference client, but the inference.yaml.inference.yaml, actually. So this is my yaml because training is a one-time thing, so I create a Kubernetes part or a job, and the model is created and stored into S3, and now I have an inference.yaml, which has a service and a pod and all the Kubernetes manifest that needs to be generated, and then I have a simple Docker file, which is just inheriting from TensorFlow, and I got a main.py and a mnist.py. The main.py is how we GitLabify the entire sample. That's sort of my entry point, and what you're seeing is now main.py essentially, and this is basically taking all the environment variables and running it in the GitLab environment very seamlessly. And we of course have our GitLab.ci.yaml where my different stages are defined. So I have a simple validate stage, and you can see with the dot before that that this is commented, but this is how we basically tested the environment, that okay, I can run python mnist.py, that will generate my model, or I wanna train on the runner in which case the model is generated in my local environment. Again, being commented because this is not running in production essentially. And then I got my other usual stages. So build, and in this case, I'm building my model, and the model is being exported to a container registry. So this is my container registry that is shown on the screen. And that's where the model, that's where essentially my Docker image is being sitting using mnist. So now as part of train on Kubernetes, I'm gonna take the yaml file, and I'm gonna run the yaml file. Of course I need to install kubectl before that, and then I fire up the training job over there. And once the training job is done, essentially you have your model stored in a S3 bucket. And the inference is then gonna take the same model that is stored in S3 bucket and run the inference on it. So this is a separate stage. And again, the last stage is really the deploy where I'm saying, okay, inference done, and now I'm gonna run a client here, okay? The last stage is the test stage where I'm doing a kubectl port forward, which says, okay, my inference pod is running in the Kubernetes cluster, do the port forward, and I'm just gonna do a simple test around that. And that allows me to run the test. And then of course I have my usual cleanup stages and in the cleanup stages I remove the model, I remove the pod so that I can run it again and again multiple times if I need to. So this is all available on the GitHub repo and we'll be happy to share a link about this with you afterwards. So cleanup training, inference, and cleanup S3. So all of those cleanup tasks are done, essentially. And the last step is to of course remove the S3 bucket as well. And so what you're seeing is the GitLab interface now. I say build, which basically builds my Docker image and you're seeing the output over here. And the last step where you see is images pushed to my container registry. Then I say train on Kubernetes and as part of train on Kubernetes, my jobs are created. And you can see the last line says, MNIST training created. So that's basically my pod is being created and behind the scene is gonna create the model and save the model on my S3 bucket. Finally I say deploy and as part of deploy and I'm gonna say, okay, run my inference pod, which I can then refer. So the last line again shows MNIST inference running. So my inference pod is running because now I can do the inference as part of it later. And all of this is running behind the scene on an Amazon EKS cluster. So you can scale it any way you like. And the last step here is of course test. And as part of test, essentially what I'm doing is I'm just picking a random image from the test database. Not a right use case but picking a random image and saying, okay, hey, this is what it is. So in this case, for example, it says, the model thought this was a sandal and it was actually a sandal class five. So all we're using is an MNIST database to show you exactly how training and inference can be done end to end on a GitLab interface. And this is ML Ops. And by the way, this is a basic start only. This is only a launch line. This is where we wanna hear your feedback. How can we make it better? This is where we were thinking about, hey, data scientists don't operate on the Python level. They operate in a Jupyter notebook. How can I bring that interface from Jupyter notebook end to end seamless integration using GitLab?  Tools should not get in my way. Tools should get out of my way. One of the most common questions that customers ask us all the time is, how does Amazon deliver software? How does Amazon do things? How do you build for scalability, high availability, tolerance? And how do you rapidly deliver software at scale? So at Reinvent, we launched this thing called the Amazon Builders Library. This is really an open resource for anybody. And it gives a look under how Amazon builds software that underpins Amazon.com and AWS. These library is a bunch of articles that have been written by practitioners who are building software failing and then recovering and building resilience in the software on a regular basis. It's a very deep dive article that is, you'll be surprised in how many ways Pac-Man can fail if you're running in a distributed system. It's a very interesting article. I would highly recommend reading it. It's just a start and there is a lot more to go over here.  Build your banyan trees and plant the seeds wherever you want to. To that effect, we launched a program last year, late last year actually, and we want to give credits to any open source project that want to use AWS as an infrastructure. So, highly recommend, scan this QR code, just go fill up a form, tell us where you want to grow your banyan tree, how you want to grow your banyan tree, and how you're going to use AWS for the infrastructure. Very simple requirements. We just want an OSI approved license, preferably a nonprofit or a foundation. With that, I want to leave you with a list of references. You want to learn anything about open source at Amazon. This is opensource.amazon.com. Talk to us on social at AWS open, and if you want to either contribute or learn more about our contributions, we have a blog post as well. Thank you so much.


I opened an entire case of the New Legendary Collection 25th Anniversary and I ended up pulling every single new 25th Anniversary secret rare. Blue-eyes, so we'll see if we can pull an entire set of all six today. So, red-eyes, black dragon, that's nice. So we got the obelisk, that is obvious from the back. Okay, we got the Wing Dragon of Ra. Dark Magician, there we go. We have officially pulled everything except Slyther the Sky Dragon. All right, fourth display, is it the Slyther? Yes it is, we got the Slyther, that's the full set. All of the Starlight rares have been pulled. Let me know in the comments which of these is your favorite.


Good afternoon everybody. You're very welcome here today to a really fascinating topic. And I suppose you see it there, Ar amount becoming the world's first blockchain hub question mark, or indeed maybe a statement we'll see at the end. I think we all have heard about bloodchain but it's probably most associated with cryptocurrency. Ac mae'n gweithio y gallwch yn ymddangos, ymddangos, mae'n gweithio'r ysgol o'r profesor o'r ysgol, mae'n gweithio'r ysgol, mae'n gweithio'r ysgol a 9 o 10 o'r cyfnod o gyfnod cyfnod cyfnod. Ond yna, mae'n gweithio o'r blach oherwydd mae'n cyfnod cyfnod cyfnod oherwydd ymddangos. A yn ddweud, mae'n gweithio'r cyfnod cyfnod mae'n gweithio'r gweithio o'r model yma yn y brans ffarae o f więcej cael ei haes, ers arweithio'r gweithio, ysgol, ysgol, ymddangos yn ym thyf. Dyna dwi'n고fio'r gweithio. A mae'n gweithio'r gweithio. Dyna eich ffordd, dyna eich ysgol, ac mae'n ddweud ddarparu y cwrnod hynny er Whenever you are at the cool face, particularly looking at the application in terms of companies and startups and what is possible, can we do it? Can we have that critical mass? That is our own home, Ms Gerald from Enterprise Ireland and my, objetos Chathamry from the Department of Finance who is also looking at those issues, particularly at the policy area. Cyn gyda i'r rymdeg o'r cyfrannu o'r cyfrannu ar gyfer y newid? Byddwn ni'n bwysig o'r Llockchain Ireland a'r ymddangos, bod Ion i'r mya a'r rai ar y cyfrannu amweilio i'r mor gweithio yn y gyfrannu a'r cyfrannu sy'n byddwn ni'n cyfrannu o'r cyfrannu wath o'r cyfrannu yma, sydd eisiau werthynnwys, ymddir i'r bywg, ymddir o gyfnodd y byddai hwn yn ymddir.  Mae aelod yn ei urch. Gweithio ar y ddigwydd, ond yn estyn nhw'n anghylch gyda'r eith ag amser ond y gweithio ar hynny'n cael ei ddweud, cwm ehon o'n dechrau hynny'n byw iddo yn yma. Fy oedd y cyflef yn cyfrifysg yna, wedi ar gystafell ar gyfer mae'r ddechrau yn rhai gwyb sy'n gweithio'n ddweud ar draws-rwm Fyny, Ar hyn yw Llywodraeth Cyn Madame llawer o'r ddechrau, i ddaeth gweithio y cwestiwn, yng Nghymru'r ysgolion ym Gweithreduol, wedi'i gwneud, dywedig i'r hyn o'r dweithio'r gweithredu. Dedy'n gofynu. Gweithio'r gweithredu o'r ddechrau sy'n gofynu hwnnw, ac mae'r hyn yn beithio. Mae'n gwneud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud, I'm only a year and a half in Enterprise Ireland now so I actually don't know a huge amount about all the things we do because there's so many things. We're obviously a Government agency working with Irish companies to scale internationally. Over 5,000 businesses across many sectors. I think 70% of the companies we work with in our portfolio are technology driven and our focus is on innovation and innovative companies. We have 33 offices, we have about 600 people in the organisation, 33 offices internationally Ac rwy'n amlwg y clwnnwyr, mae'n cyfnod i Irish company fe gynnwys i'w wneud yn gynghwyl amgylcheddu ac rwy'n gweithio'n cymhwyl i'w gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Lai'r anhygoelau ar y gynhyrch y ffrindigol Cymru yn y bydd y cyfrannu 23b o cyfnod o'r ysbwrth, ac mae'r cyfrannu gweld â'r cyfrannu gweld. yn dderbyn â'r ysgolaeth sydd hyn yn ei bod yn credu pith yng Ngységwyd ei mewn hwn yn maen nhw'n newydd. Rwy'n meddwl mae'n ymwneud bod y nifer i fynd i fyfyddon ym mhwn hyn wedi'u fitn sydd peth yn diolch y sgol sydd yn ddiddordeb a y pethau'n ddigon i ymwyng ymddangos a hwn, oherwydd i'n cwestiyngau ar gyfer hwnnw mewn cyntraer.  Felly, yr unrhyw ymydd ymlaen o 1100 miliwn... ..ym ni'n unrhyw ymlaen. 90 hebysu unrhyw, fe unrhyw am hynod dod yn ymdangos digb... ..y'r uwch yw gallu bod ymlaen ymlaen y maen nhw yma... ..y'r rhaid i'r 1 petir oes ym水 ni. Y ffemaen nifer sefydliadau yn y gweithio... diwg wedi bod y prosesol iawn i gweithio i gael ei genellwch ein bod y bwrdd i'r cyfnod penhyrch, nad ym arddangos hwnnw, dda'i hynny'n 50 cyfnod cyffredinol sy'n gyfnod cyffredinol i hynny, lle mae'r gŵr hefyd sicrhau i ddiweddio'r cyfeiriaeth agnod yn cael ingybwynd yn bod yn ym gyfrifydd am y cwmpl o gyrfaen syniadau a'r growl syniadau a'r cyffredinol neu fydd wychydig deis Like a It Start funds, but we are, I suppose, the number one provider of funding to startups in the country. Then our focus is on innovation, so we work with a number of different partners and, Laura, you probably know a little more about all of these things than I do but I'll read what's on my slide. We work with technology centres, we support companies... I work with a portfolio of large and small companies, there are different departments in the organisation But we work with providing research and development grants to food companies the likes and then innovation vouchers which allows Irish companies to match partners with항 universities and research centres to get smaller pieces of work done. It helps those companies where they might not be at a scale yet where they would have employee numbers to be able to dedicate to a specific project like that. a dyna i ganddo i'r gynllun i dda i amddangos. Felly mae'n gweithio bod rhywbeth a dwi'n gweithio'r cyffredinol. Mae'r ddweud yn ddewg yma, mae'n ddweud cyffredinol yng Nghymru a'r Ffintech Cymru'r year yn deunio. Yn y ddweud, mae'n eu gwneud yn y llyfr o'r 2014 ac yn ddweud y 2017. Nid ydy'r ddweud yn teimlo, mae'n bwysig o'r Ffintech Cymru, cael y tuadau sy'n ddweud i'r syniag Ymnydd Yn yw'r 500 start-ups they start-ups in terms of volume in the deals. You look at a list like this you see why Combinator is one of the most successful accelerator programmes in the world and they make investments all around the world in early stage start ups we invested last year in 23 Fintech companies which are Irish companies based here at Dublin. Small team focusing on that so we are punching well above our weight in the scheme of things both in a number of sectors but also in Fintech and specifically. That's the conendrop with our own piece out of the way anyway. Why Ireland for blockchain? I agreed to talk here because I'm heavily involved in blockchain. I look after most of Entrypris Ireland's blockchain engagement from whatever shape or form that takes. Some of it is their internal strategy, where we work with the IDA in terms of a joint ICT strategy. Others is our work with research centres or early stage work that's being done with clients or it's direct investments in clients. There's any number of ways the organisation works with a number of different areas. My team looks after then our involvement with the IFS 2025 strategy, things like that. So I was very keen to have the chance to stand up here and have the conversation. What was interesting was when it got announced on social media that I was doing it, someone contacted me on LinkedIn and said obviously Ireland is not the first blockchain. There's Switzerland and there's Malta and there's any number of other places. To me it's a different approach or how we see it is a different approach. Myself and I are involved in a number of different initiatives here. Ireland has a strong track record of building innovative companies or having multinational innovative companies built out of Ireland. That is the focus of when we talk about it as a blockchain hub or what we like to call it as a centre of excellence. It's about having companies build significant projects or significant companies out of Ireland. It's not just that we have an open registry environment that allows companies to be based there for particular reason. This is about getting jobs on the ground and building significant companies and projects out of Ireland. The value I suppose, I'm here in a bit in Antwerth's Ireland now. We've gone on a journey ourselves so I took on A-Tech as my client from when I joined the company. At the time they were looking at doing an investment, an early stage seed investment. I was conscious that I'd done work in my previous role in Deutsche Bank with blockchain and others. I was fairly up to speed in things. I'm not hugely technical but I understood the application of it. There was a journey that the organisation needed to go on because typically everyone associated blockchain was cryptocurrency. For us to be able to do any sort of investment or any sort of significant involvement in that, it involved educating our own internal people and we've used, in that situation, we use expertise from the likes of Deloitte to come in and talk to our senior management to explain why blockchain is not Bitcoin and that typically was the main question, is it not Bitcoin? It was actually a year ago now almost to the week at the Blockchain for Finance conference last year that there were two companies there which had I suppose guided that they were being supported by Antwerth's Ireland that were involved in cryptocurrency at the time and that made noise because that wasn't technically the truth. Both companies had engaged with Antwerth's Ireland but not in the way they've been portrayed so we asked that to be corrected and then subsequently the newspaper articles that came out on the back of it whereby we were not supporting these types of companies which wasn't accurate and ironically this we got a phone call from the Irish Embassy in Thailand to say oh why are we supporting companies doing cryptocurrency because you know it's banned over in Thailand. So we've gone on a journey in the last 12 months which ultimately led to two big announcements that we made there in June of this year which was our investment in Atec. So Atec was Antwerth's Ireland's first investment in blockchain firm but it's also one of the first companies in the world that has two government investments so we co-led that investment with the Singapore government or the Singapore equivalent of Antwerth's Ireland SG Innovate. You know we both recognised the quality of the team and the opportunity there and were very supportive of Niall and Joseph and the team but it was I suppose it was the kind of tipping point of our journey as an organisation whereby we got you know we can see the value of it we're able to clearly say well this is not bitcoin obviously people now know that in Antwerth's Ireland which is a good thing but also all of the wider it allowed us as an organisation then to have the conversation around well you know we like we love blockchain as a technology and as a potential technology of the future for a lot of our companies and the application of that but it also meant that we had to have asked ourselves serious questions around things like ICOs and cryptocurrency do we work with a company that makes bitcoin ATMs I spoke to a company like that recently I did four million turnover these sort of questions that hadn't come up before we don't have policies in place around them and it was it meant that the organisation had to go through a large learning curve I presented to one of our committees on blockchain and cryptocurrencies and ICOs during that committee while I was presenting with two people on the committee who I could see out of the corner of my eye ask each other what is ICO and one of them is googling it while I'm explaining it so it's been a long journey over the last year but so I mentioned our competitive start funds we launched one there in June at MoneyConf but this was a specific typically we do a fintech fund of about half a million a year we made the conscious decision this year to increase the amount to be invested to open it up to a wider range of companies but specifically to move out of fintech and into what we've classed as deep tech but specifically around blockchain to try and get some of those blockchain ideas off the ground I mean I think I think maybe 12% or up to nearly 20% of the applications that came in were blockchain focus which was great and I mean is that like the organisation is in a position now when we're keen to so we've supported four investments in blockchain companies since we did our first one in June so we're making significant progress in that and also then our wider support and the wider initiatives we're involved in coming back to the why Ireland piece like I said it's not a how you know we're behind the likes of Switzerland or Malta are these places it's it's not a apples and apples sort of thing to me Ireland is strong because it has you know it's ranked number one for SMEs and innovation and we have all of the large financial services companies here and the born and the internet companies here and that's not just because of the tax rate that's because of the talent it's because of what they potentially can build here and it's access to the European market that's why companies come here or build companies out of here and that is what we want to focus on you know in terms of becoming a blockchain centre of excellence and similarly from financial services point of view you know where the fourth largest is exported in the EU of financial services all valuable things that point towards why Ireland is a very good place to build your company out of or to you know be a really good place to locate your head office for or your international head office for multinational those things are still the reason why Ireland why I believe Ireland has an opportunity here in the next couple of years to be a hope for blockchain we want Irish companies the likes of aitech to be building their international business out of Ireland but we want the large multinational cities and visors and all these that are doing research innovation here we want them to focus their blockchain work out of Ireland and that's some of the initiatives that we're working on and it all ultimately from an Irish point of view when we're talking to people in the market at all is around collaboration that's the announcement around blockchain Ireland of which there's a number of key people involved in blockchain women Ireland there's a number of initiatives where people are actively working together to say well how can we get make Ireland the centre of excellence in the space but fundamentally it's one of the key value propositions for us when we're talking to international guests around Ireland because in very few other countries in the world can you get senior executives from Facebook or Google or these in in the room with our Irish clients you know that happens we facilitate that regularly the idea facilitate it regularly and you don't get that level of exposure I suppose to key decision makers at an international level in many other countries and that's kind of where we see one of the unique value propositions about Ireland in terms of both blockchain and all other kind of technologies this is I mean it's probably changed since I put this together and I've added some to it it's it's somewhat reflective of the ecosystem and I suppose the reason I'm using the slide is because it shows the range of companies so I look at blockchain and I look at the range of companies in it for its Ireland support and international companies that are based here and the kind of breadth of sectors that are involved in and that's where the value is in this technology and that's applicable across multiple sectors and also it has a very key use case in some of the sectors where we are very strong like food you know agriculture construction all of these things you know we're some really interesting companies both early stage and large there I'm probably leaving out half a dozen and I may have some wrong I'm not sure but there's a lot of activity going on there's more coming there's more to talk about multinationals coming here and exchanges being built here and a lot so I mean in six months time this will probably have twice as many companies hopefully and twice as many Irish companies and that's just a slide I suppose on all the different non-financial technology based blockchain use cases which like I said I feel is a natural follow-on from the previous one to show that it's the range of opportunities that blockchain can be applicable to and then when you take into account all of the sectors that are here and all of the areas that Ireland is strong as a country I think Ireland has a very strong opportunity to be a center of excellence here for blockchain it requires a lot of work and there is an opportunity that will I believe be missed if stuff is not done on it in the next couple of years I believe and I think my echo it that there's a lot of work going on together of what I hope is the right people to try to drive that forward and does every week there seems to be positive news coming out in the blockchain space directed towards Ireland so we hope to continue on that and I think I'll leave it there actually that's it and we'll take questions after Maia's on her piece. That's great thanks very much. Thanks for showing how very clear this is a dynamic area of the range of opportunity so it's constantly changing and at the heart of this as own has alluded to as Maia's Santa Maria who's head of the financial advisory team within the shareholding and financial advisory division of in the division department of finance and own if you think enterprise Ireland is maybe a little bit conservative I think the image of the department of finance would be somewhat similar if not but they've got the right person here in Maia because she's involved in a lot of collaborative things like blockchain Ireland which really is bringing people together working with own the idea and lots of other bodies and I'm delighted that Laura Clifford and myself are involved with Maia on blockchain women Ireland as well so Maia it's over to you. I'm in good company there I have to say thanks that was a great presentation I think it's going to be very tough to follow up with the boring piece I say of the next 10 minutes. I'd like to maybe to start my like five minutes chat to you I didn't prepare any slides because I think the topic is a heavy note as it is. I just wanted to quote really quote effectively I was lucky enough to attend Mark Carney's Whitaker conference last last Friday and I was taken aback by his choice of quote from Tika Whitaker himself where he actually mentioned how important he was to the work that he was doing as governor Tika Whitaker's words around adaptability how being adaptable was effectively a scenic one on for economic growth and there was me thinking here our words altered or written and published like back over there 50 years ago and how important it is that we remained exactly that adaptable and what does it mean that we come and we begin where we are adaptable and he was able to use that in the in the context of being ready for the fourth industrial revolution so effectively how do we remain adaptable well how do we actually adapt ourselves to remain able to to really face up and work with technological advances and it's particularly really really important in in the space clearly of public administration of public services and in the case of department of finance so how can the department of finance help economic growth and certainly at least not be an obstacle unless it understands a new technology like blockchain and this is what the the working group is trying to do. I was very lucky to be here think was March feels like a long time ago at this stage and at that point in time we had just got signed off with the working group to to kick off and I just wanted to use these five minutes to let you know what we've been working with not just attending conferences but hopefully doing some work as well the the working group on virtual currencies and blockchain technology two very different things was approved by the minister back in in early March and we set ourselves to at least deliver some quick wins not because they were quick but they were wins but certainly things that we definitely needed that we definitely thought that they were that we needed to actually have them and secured them straight away and they were particularly around providing clarity to consumers to investors and businesses there were a few things that we felt there was we could do something about quickly and these were things like creating a landing page within the department of finance so you go into the department of finance you put in virtual currencies blockchain there's a there's a page there with links to all those things at a minimum that from a regularly perspective are important to the Irish blockchain ecosystem both important for investors but also sorry for consumers I'd say but also for investors yeah particularly maybe clearly looking at fdi some of the links there and I don't want to you know to to um to spoil it but you having the pleasure to go and check our website and these are linking it so for example the central bank um warnings that were issued in December and January in relation to investing in cryptocurrencies um the ccpc did a really very interesting piece as well about investing cryptocurrencies um there was some um worked on sorry there's uh at um European level in relation to vat applicable to a um bitcoin sales actually Liam's nodding there he knows that well so it was something simple it wasn't a token gesture but we kind of feel comfortable there's now way it plays you can direct to people to say listen that's definitely there um other things that we wanted to to do um straight away a kick off isn't the first and the first 90 days of the working group um was effectively also increasing um provide the grounding work the grounding work to a clearer landscape for the blockchain ecosystem in Ireland um so what does it mean um what does it look like are we talking about two companies are we talking about half a million people are we what are we talking about it's always been hard to actually put a put our heads and hands around it okay because it's new it's not really a sector so how do we get involved with plugging in and getting um the ecosystem together because without knowing what people are talking about or they're worried about we can't as policy makers get a feel forward we need to look at so the first initiative on that was to be able to to work with the likes of the idea and enterprise Ireland as part of the um back then it was called the Irish blockchain experts group now it's called blockchain Ireland and uh being able part of the um strategic group in delivering the uh the blockchain Ireland website um was you know was was high in the genders all for us why is that important because when you look on ecosystem you need to be aware of all the different parts so only sitting down looking at it is just not about um what companies are working this space but looking at the gaps that there might be in the ecosystem so what do we have in terms of research um what do we have in terms of education do we have enough um post grants um coming in with a lot of level of education do we have the the right information data points um do we have the right support in terms of them um supporting um startups financial interest in around ICOs what about what are legal firms doing about about about this technology and that was um that was the certainly our intention behind supporting the uh the blockchain Ireland initiative and continue to support the blockchain Ireland initiative because of this because it really um allows us to look across the whole landscape and see where we can actually provide value if needed um finally as well um the the intention of the working group was to to provide um a platform for the Department of Finance um in relation to blockchain to reach out at European level and globally um in a coordinated manner and what I mean coordinated is um as you know from a traditional perspective the Department of Finance is set up in its divisions uh blockchain is is it's tricky in terms it it goes across all different divisions so there's an element of it that could be taxed there could be elements of it around AML there could be elements of it around the banking policy PSD2 so how do we actually weave a thread together that we're coordinating in terms of our understanding of digital current descriptive assets and so forth so that's what the working group has been it's been doing um since its creation um some tangible outcomes of that have been for example um um attending every OECD forum and uh just front table and um discussion in the last six months um around cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology that's been really really insightful for us particularly because it also brings countries from outside the European Union and some of them are very advanced in blockchain stages so we're thinking of the lax of Australia the lax of premuda for example um we are also involved at European level so there's an EC Observatory Forum um Ireland um has a representative particularly in the second working group the second working group is in relation to or discusses user cases so we've talked about about yeah there's a blockchain piece but what does it really mean for us what does it really mean for the companies can we use this what can we use it for so there's a one of the two working groups the second one as um as I mentioned is round user cases and we have uh an Irish representative attending those meetings there'll be two meetings going ahead there's one actually happening um the second week in um in October um and the intention is what use case from blockchain is um is provable is tangible that not only can be used for that where it's actually used in the member state but potentially that other member states in Europe can actually utilise and and roll out to to the wider European Union. At European level as well there've been discussions already um about ICO regulation without going into into details there's discussions about being being appended to the uh draft funding regulation so I guess um through the working group and engagement with the um with the uh the team in the department of finance who are in charge of reviewing the draft fund regulation so again making sure that we understand the technicalities of that technology and how is um how it's proposed to be regulated through through the draft regulation um this is what we did kind of already in the first three six months of the working group so of more interest to use like well what next what about going forward yeah um well the important thing about going forward is and I want to link it into the adaptability and also Conarland to be a blockchain hub well you can't build economic growth until you actually understand all the elements of the ecosystems how they interact with each other but also how each one of those elements is properly prepared to actually deliver this economic growth so if we look at it there's certainly an element of infrastructure so is Arland can be or can Arland be a hub from an infrastructure perspective in terms of a technology perspective can Arland be a blockchain hub by providing the right talent pipeline um can Arland be a blockchain hub by actually providing the right support to startups by actually providing support to enterprise through the uh to the adequate search um research pieces so that's the longer piece um and particularly from a department of mine's perspective our involvement here is what our policy and if appropriate do we need policy tweaks do we need to what do we do so that we don't um stump that or block that economic growth in any way short shape or form and um the european commission actually um raised this already a few months ago by highlighting the fact that sometimes regulation particularly regulation that's been written a long time ago potentially it actually works against the newest technology by being biased so this is something that we're conscious of and clearly is going to be a um a focal point of our work coming to the next step five or six months um good um it's kind of hard because regulation is like so uh so so boring no it's not um such an interesting topic it is um maybe just point just point at one final um when i we we were lucky enough to discuss this over lunch when people think of blockchain they just think about it in a big box and when we talk about regulation um i'm doing this piece of education about regulation on blockchain yeah which is we already have a lot of regulations for a lot of things so if regulation already stands potentially already is applicable to whatever it is that um we can do through blockchain when we're looking at regulation for blockchain what we're really trying to think here is do we need regulation for something that has come out being totally new around blockchain and that is in the realm at the moment of cryptocurrencies uh crypto funds of wallet providers yeah um even exchanges to a certain degree before we even come to discuss regulation around those very specifics we Ireland as a jurisdiction need to agree what do we think crypto crypto assets or digital currencies or cryptocurrencies actually are so if you look at all the other member states around europe um would there be um the department of finance would there be the central bank would there be any other supervisory regulatory body have come up with their own stance and they've said well we think that currencies are a unit of account or they've said we think it's an intangible assets or we think it's not legal tender but it is the type of digital asset currency stroke to this date and please correct me if i'm wrong because i have not as far as i know Ireland has not come to that point so the minute we crack that and we all agree to what that will be regulation if it's necessary will fall from that okay thank you


Hi and how are you all today? The question says find the intervals in which the function f given by fx is equal to 4x squared plus 1 upon x raised to the power 2 is increasing or decreasing. So here we are given the function as 4x squared plus 1 upon x raised to the power 2. Let us find out first derivative that will be x squared into 8x that is the derivative of the numerator minus numerator into derivative of the denominator whole upon denominator whole square. So it is further equal to x cube minus x cube minus upon x raised to the power 4 that is further equal to minus 2x upon x raised to the power 4 that is minus 2 upon x raised to the power 3. Now for increasing, decreasing function we put f dash x equal to 0. So in doing so we have minus 2 upon x cube equal to 0 this implies x is equal to, so therefore intervals are minus infinity to 0, 0 to infinity. Now in interval minus infinity to 0 we have f dash x positive and in interval 0 to infinity we have f dash x equal to negative. So thus we can write down that function is increasing in the interval minus infinity to 0, decreasing in interval 0 to infinity. Right, so this completes the session. Hope you understood the whole concept well. Enjoy it. Bye for now.