and know we will all be understanding. The second piece is to really make every effort to avoid jargon or technical terms and to make sure that we are checking in frequently for understanding. When you speak, we're gonna ask you to raise your hand first. This is gonna help us keep us low and thoughtful pace and also, when you're speaking especially if we end up having the translation, it's not just that we'll be taking turns but that you wanna think about having one short idea spoken at a time because the person translating has to remember everything that you've said and then translate it. So trying to speak in short bursts would be really helpful. The next one is to, if you tend to be a quieter person, we would like to make space for you to share more and if you're a person who tends to talk a lot, to encourage you to do some more listening today so that everyone can participate and to allow for silence when possible because sometimes in that silence, someone who might not share might feel more comfortable jumping in. The next one is to keep things private and don't push for more personal information or details or ask someone to prove a need that they've shared. The last one is to really make an effort to learn about personal and cultural values. One of the ways that we're going to do that is when you first speak, please introduce yourself with your pronouns. We're going to encourage you to stick to talking about your own experiences and to remember that ideas about right and wrong are usually more cultural values than anything else and they may be different between different individuals in the room. So be open to learning by asking lots of questions. So is there anything that anyone would like to add to that or questions or adjustments? And I think that in another meeting, Jim had just shared that everyone be assured that no matter what is shared or how much it is responded to in the meeting, each share is being carefully recorded and we're going to hold everyone's input as very important. And the other piece of that is just to remember that this is being recorded and will be made public. So if there's something that you don't want to share publicly, you're welcome to reach out to myself or Stephanie to share something that you'd like to just have be more anonymous. And we are currently recording and you can find that recording on YouTube. It's, if you went to YouTube, you could just look search for ECAC land use task group and it should show up and you may even get the other task group recorded sessions, which you're welcome to listen to and hear what they're doing as well. Okay, great. So, Caitlin, did you happen to hear anything back from Rosanna? No? All right, so we are gonna go over the homework responses that many of you all sent in. If you did not get a chance to send in a homework response yet, you're still welcome to do so. You can just feel free to send that to me anytime and all of them will be added together. But some of the highlights for those who did respond, just as a reminder, our questions were, where do you get your vegetables? Are you able to grow food where you live? What would make this better or easier? And how does local produce come into your life or not? There was a resounding support for the mobile market which we're gonna get to hear about more today. A lot of people are getting their produce and specifically their local fruits and vegetables from the mobile market. Many of the people who responded do not have the ability to grow food where they live and there was consistent feedback that that would be really helpful to have access to a place to grow food, whether that be at your home or a community garden. And many people mentioned that they also go to Stop and Shop and that they did not find a lot of local produce options at Stop and Shop. And then some people did respond that they are homeowners and that they are able to grow their own produce and that a few of the people who have the option don't actually use it right now, but they felt like if they had a community garden, they might be more interested in growing in that setting. So those were the responses that I had heard back. Is there anybody who didn't get your responses in or want to add to that presentation? So I didn't get my responses in because what I've been remiss in doing for a really long time is sending out the report from our Amherst Food Justice Planning process and a lot of the questions that you asked are answered in there. And I would say with that group, which I did ask those questions of repeatedly, it was kind of like a resounding, no, we don't have the space to grow our own food. And yes, it would be helpful to have the space to grow our own food. But yeah, I do, it's still on my to-do list to send that report. It's like ready to go. I just need to send it out to all the key stakeholders. So I'll have a lot more info for you coming up. Awesome, thanks, Caitlin. Romy, did you want to share those thoughts with the group or no pressure, if not, but? No, sure, I actually just emailed you, but all of my responses are pretty much exactly the same. I would love to get more local fruits and vegetables, but they are sold not in the normal like chore stores. So it is more of a headache, more of a hassle. And I would love to grow my own, but I also am a renter and that's not a possibility for me. And I was thinking not only would a community garden be great, but I think that those plots should be made available free of the charge that is offered at the local community gardens to renters, to entice them to be used. They should be subsidized. And I, you know, it's also, it's sort of a guilt thing, I think for a lot of us when we can't buy our local fruits and vegetables, you know, in a good way, in a bad way, but those are my responses. Marita, thanks, Romy. I think one of the things that I also noticed after I turned in my responses is that some people are mentioning that they would want to have more education about how to grow a garden. And there's some people who they do have the spaces don't really know how to do it. So doing some type of like community education for those people would be very helpful for them. And you could be the one to do that. Yeah. I love that. So I neglected to introduce myself. I'm Jim Newman. I prefer he, him and his pronouns. And so first, thanks everybody to come. That's great. Awesome to move into this next step in our meeting process. We have, so, I think what we'll do here is, Caitlin, I think what I'll do is I'll just talk briefly about the principles that we generated last time and then hand it to you, if you're up for it, but we can figure out what we want to do about talking about the mobile market. Is that, seem okay? Good. Sounds great. So in our conversation last time, we had generated some principles for to sort of guide us to how we want to work to go after the things we're trying to do. Today, we're probably gonna talk more about what things we actually want to do. But last time we used the time to really develop some strong ideas about how we do things. And so there, we listed four principles in the notes that we pulled together that really rose to the top. The first of those principles was to to foster stronger connections to nature for all residents and visitors through our local land, especially for use of color. And to some extent, this is, you know, Merida is just now again, to understand how to garden and to have that connection. The second is to prioritize equitable and convenient access to green and open spaces where people already live, work and play. In other words, to work to dismantle the barriers to access for access and use of natural lands. This was, there was quite a lot of discussion about this in the last meeting, which was really fantastic. And that was a very strong principle that came forward. The third is to use incentives to strategically encourage the things we want and to discourage the things we don't want. I love this, it's so clean and obvious. And that's part of what we're trying to figure out today is what do we want? What do we not want? And the fourth is to encourage responsible stewardship of our natural areas and systems, especially our farms, rivers and wetlands, which carry sort of enhanced importance in many ways to our natural systems. So before we get into the discussion of sort of the, we're gonna frame this discussion today as starting with a couple of what we're calling big moves, big moves, the things that we think are really important, make a big statement or we'll have a big effect. And we'll start with a couple so that we can kind of work through what effects do we think they have. But before we get to that, I am going to hand this to Kate a little bit to talk about the mode market. You can tell me, we can wait and do this in a little bit if your honey and Rosanna show up, but I'm nervous that they may have gotten way late doing something. Yeah, I'm thinking a little bit because we did have like a plan about how we were gonna talk about it. Well, we can just wait if you want. Yeah, maybe if we could, if there's sort of another place that might fit into the agenda, we could just wait and see a little bit, that would be great. Totally, totally works. Yeah, I don't, we have agendas to help us. Right, right. Because they're not helping us, hey. That sounds great. So maybe what we'll do is move to frame the big moves that we started to develop out of this conversation last time. And so the idea of big moves is that there are gonna be a couple of things that have to do with land use and natural systems that are important, big. Play a big role. They may encompass a number of different actions, but we can think of them as a one big thing. The first of those big moves was sort of the responsible renewable energy siting. And so there was a discussion about, forests and the importance of forests and not cutting down trees to put solar panels up and where might we site how do we meet our principles in doing this and yet increase the amount of solar energy to drive down our carbon emissions from our energy use. And then maybe there's some other characteristics like creating places where we can think about sort of community-based solar. The second is to increase the use of town, open space and green space for recreation. That a big item that came forward was that the sort of understanding, the knowledge, the process of using town, open space was not as widespread as we had thought and that there were a lot of barriers to that. And so how do we increase those barriers which has a lot of great secondary characteristics or important characteristics of, A, making people healthier, making them feel better but also increasing connection to the natural world which helps to make the natural systems more important and gain more importance within our decision-making process. So I know that Steve has something to say about the siting the renewable energy items. So Steve, would you like to jump into this right now? Yes, thank you. I'm Steve Roof. He, him pronouns. As I mentioned last time, I'm a professor at Hampshire College of Earth and Environmental Science and I've lived in Amherstow for decades, I think. So we've talked a lot about the values of open space the ECAC has also made a commitment and the town has agreed to the commitment and the town council passed the commitment and bring up my notes here. We are intending to reduce townwide greenhouse gas emissions 25% by 2025, that's four or five years from now, 50% by 2030, so within 10 years and 100% no later than 2050. Those are big goals. We don't know exactly how we're gonna get there but they're big goals. So I propose, it's a big idea, it's a controversial idea, I suspect that we build enough solar powered fields, PV arrays inside Amherst boundaries to generate 100% of the town's townwide electricity use. Generate electricity for everybody in town, university, town, residents, so on. Are we willing to do that? If I did some calculations this afternoon, I'm pretty sure these are about right. To do that, we would need to use about 500 acres of land. That's based on typical PV production per acre. 500 acres is about three quarters of a mile. Hampshire College property is about 800 acres so it would be two thirds of the area of Hampshire College pretty big patch of land. If we look at it in terms of the percent of conservation land in Amherst, it would be 10 to 11% of preserved conservation land that's open space plus protected forests like on the flanks of the Holyoke Range. So would we be willing as a community to commit to developing that much land in order to generate all of our own electricity locally in town? So great, great question. Does anybody have questions about sort of what Steve is talking about or thinking about, Bernard? Not so much a question but an initial response is yes, of course, we should do that. But the way I get there is to think about what would the alternative be? And all the negative impacts that implies. I'm already doing that on my farm because that's what I have control of. It makes sense financially, et cetera. So often as a general rule, thinking about many proposals as, well, what are the other conceivable alternatives? It doesn't make sense not to deal with climate change. The conceivable alternatives are so bad. So instead of it in a bubble, let's compare it to something. And I end up with several steps down the line. Yes, of course we should do that. Thanks Bernard, appreciate it. Romy or Merida, do you have any questions or thoughts that this sort of leads you to? Not questions but I thought about this actually for a while, I don't understand why we, I mean, legally, town by law wise, I understand why it is harder to do multiple use of certain land systems. But I think it might be beneficial to consider using the already developed roads and create solar panel coverage over roads. It would reduce need for snow plows, reduce potholes and road maintenance, reduce heating in places that have multiple roads or are parking lot areas, and would create a sort of kind of tourist attraction, you know, the solar tunnel streets. I love it, that's awesome. Merida, any questions or thoughts? No, I think that I agree with Bernard, I mean, with all the ideas, I agree with Bernard also, like seeing if there is another alternative way to before we go that route. And I think that's an interesting thought for the road coverings too, I never thought about that as well. Cool. So there's an interesting thing that Steve has sort of set up here, which is we're talking about sort of what are some of the big ideas around how we use land. Remember, this is the land use and natural systems group. And so how do we use land? And clearly thinking about solar production as one thing in one place, it's like a big thing the size of Hampshire College. Is probably now sort of the right thought. I think Romy's thought of like, okay, well, let's put it along sort of along streets and sort of around, it probably makes more sense as to how would it actually happen? But are there other ways that it might, that we might be able to think about this in terms of what we can do, say through zoning incentives or maybe, and when I say zoning incentives, what I mean is that in places, if things are being changed and land is being used differently, say there's a forest that's gonna about to be turned into some housing or there's a formerly a formal mall that's about to be turned into something else, that that action there's zoning that starts to govern those things. And so maybe there's a question that we can answer related to our principles around say, how do we strategically encourage the things we want and discourage the things we don't want? Are there ways to do that? Or maybe how do we encourage responsible stewardship of our natural areas and systems? And what does responsible mean in terms of those natural systems and those natural areas? And I'll offer some suggestions, but they're really only suggestions. Is responsible, making sure things are undisturbed or is responsible making sure that open areas are used as encouraged in open areas. What does responsibility really mean for us in this group relative to the sort of land that might be used in a large scale solar deployment as it were putting solar in a lot of places in town. So I have one thought about that. So for me, I just think there is a really important trade-off like, I hate seeing solar raise on large tracks of arable land. So to me responsible land stewardship and solar means putting solar in places where other uses aren't as possible for the land. So for example, brown fields or over parking lots or things like that. So something there about responsibility being about preserving some lands that have higher and better uses in a sense for the community and re and double using or triple using lands that are already disturbed. Gazikaya? Yeah, so I was just going to ask like, what are the downsides to, and it sounds like Caitlin was, I wondered Caitlin, if you could expand on what you mean by you hate to see them on something kind of land. I didn't catch the word you said. And then also I'm wondering, do we know of the specific ways in which like low income and community of color spaces are like negatively impacted by putting. Solar arrays or if that's, what questions should we be asking when we hear the idea of putting all these solar panels in? Caitlin, you wanna? Yeah, sorry. Respond to that first part of it. Yeah, so what I said, Gazikaya was, I hate to see solar arrays on arable land. So as in land that could be used for agriculture. I mean, I guess I would also say like land that could be used for outdoor recreation. And I think Jim put it really well when he said, if there's a higher and better use for the land, it feels like sort of stealing it away from that higher and better use to put a large solar array on it. Yeah, Marita? Yeah, I guess in response to what Gazikaya said, also for like, I feel like in lower income areas, there's a lot, what I was thinking of is like places for children to play. Like in areas where there's like she was saying about recreational areas. Cause I feel like that could be an issue for children in lower income areas. Like not having space to explore it and play. So I think that's a great, yeah, go ahead, Romy. Thanks, Marita. Sorry, no, please respond to what Marita just said. Nope, go ahead. You're on. Um, I was just going to say that, um, I mean, it sounds like the kind of debate here is happening around, you know, this zoning question of what is and isn't allowable because, you know, the solar panels fields have been found to actually increase biodiversity in an area because they protect, create shaded spaces, cooler spaces and spaces for animals to rest. So in a way, you know, those areas, if they're allowed to be multiple use can provide multiple uses, you know. So that's just a thought I had. I also agree that there are places that, you know, they make more sense, like Caitlin was saying, that where they can be more obviously sort of effective, but the idea that they ruin a nature scape is not scientifically, you know, I think aesthetically, yes, but scientifically is not 100% accurate. That's great. I'd be interested in Bernard's perspective on this because clearly you've done some of this work yourself on your farm. I'm gonna put you on the spot. Sorry, I'm mute on, but, um, yeah. Well, I put it on top of existing roofs, which, you know, nobody would argue is a terrible idea. I will bring up that UMass has been doing experiments with disperse arrays. The idea being you don't have total coverage of the land, you have them up on stilts and you can still grow things underneath. Now the results from a farmer's point of view are mixed. It's not as high production, but it does get at the idea of mixed use. In general, this kind of technology, I think it's best used or distributed and independent. So above roads and on every roof, it probably makes more sense than literally covering the Hampshire campus. But again, I don't know, the devil's in the details, but I think the goal is laudable and better than alternatives that we might end up with. So I'm already like, well, let's figure out how to get it done appropriately. I'm past arguing about whether we should get it done. Whether we should do it. Yeah. But on the farm, it's up. You did mention, and I'll just jump in with zoning kinds of things. For better or worse, we're in a capitalistic, whatever, putting dollar values gets things done. So for a developer that wants to put in a new building, it's very cheap and inexpensive for us to say, if you do it net carbon neutral or zero or net producer will let you go a story higher, will advance your permitting a year instead of waiting to go all through the deals of things that cost the town nothing, but our huge incentives. I haven't gotten to specific ideas of how does that apply to larger land uses? But in general, tying money to it, and I'll jump in with maybe we'll get to this, but a price on carbon is essential whether we impose it or somebody else. So we will tax penalize those producing more than X and we should be paying those that are saving or farmers land use specifically sequestering measurable amounts would really change the dynamic very effectively using our existing financial system. I'll be quiet and listen. Well, that was great. Thank you for, again, you know, I know that you have some experience both as a farmer and as a very nice team and doing some solar development and trying to figure out how these things work together in different ways. And those are in many ways the details that are what we're talking about. It's like, how does it work? I think the question of how, what effects solar development might have in rental communities or lower income communities? What do we wanna take care of? What do we wanna steward versus what do we, what can we potentially get? What are the benefits that are potentially available to lower income or rental renters within a setting like that? Now that this is a topic that comes up in the renewables group talking about community solar but I think we need to think about it in terms of how places are used and what we encourage to happen in places. And, you know, this is, you know, I think that that's the sort of the question that we're after is like, how do we best make these encouragements? Yeah, go ahead. I had one more thing just because I've done it at my farm is solar hot water. So if we talk about solar as PV, we can reduce the amount of electricity needed if we heat water directly, it's much cheaper but it has to be essentially on the buildings it's being used. It's currently nicely incentivized. So maybe just telling everybody that in my case it's a year payback, it's particularly good, but even several years it, I think it takes six or eight times the area of PV that you would need for solar thermal to heat the same amount of water and it's much cheaper. So thing, this is one big thing if it's done a lot that could reduce the total amount of electricity that's needed and therefore the acreage of PV that would be needed. I think it's worth going back to simpler 1970s tech to get the right job done for, let's say heating water. Thanks. Great, yeah, Kazikaya. I apologize, I just stepped away for a moment to call Rossani and Yohani and they're on their way. I'm glad we waited. Perfect, good. And I missed a few minutes there so I apologize if I'm repeating something but I was curious, someone mentioned putting them on roofs. Do we have enough roofs to get that square mileage if we could convince all the landlords and so forth? That's a really good question and I have not tried to calculate how much roof area is in, within the town of Amherst that might be suitable. I did have my students do this for activity at Hampshire College and we quickly discovered that not a lot of roofs of the buildings at Hampshire College were suitable. They didn't face the right direction, they were broken up or on some of the bigger buildings, the flat roofs, there's already a bunch of stuff up there, the heating and cooling equipment is mounted on the roofs. So we were surprised that there wasn't that much roof. Now, if we had really big malls like Hadley, that would be a really good location. But I think the good point is that in terms of encouraging and incentivizing, incentivize those roofs, barns can be good roofs, other warehouses could be good roofs. So that would definitely go with that first before covering more land, but be prepared that it's only gonna get us part way there. Stephanie, you need to turn up, sorry. Sorry, sorry about that. One of the challenges we've had with the towns rooftops is the age of the building and that roofs are of an age where they maybe need to be replaced before you can install solar, which is an additional expense, which isn't to say maybe that's something that can be incentivized as providing funding for people to restore their roofs or to update their roofs. There's that piece. And then the other piece I wanted to say is, I really think there's a real opportunity for parking lots in town. We have a lot of parking areas. Sorry, can you hear me? All of a sudden I... Okay. So I would say there's a lot of parking areas in town that really could be utilized for solar. I know that it's a little bit more expensive, but again, it just seems like that's an opportunity. I'm not in favor, as Caitlin said, I'm personally not in favor of using agricultural lands for solar. Stephanie, do you know if the proposal by the Sunrise Movement has made any progress that they proposed at least a study to put parking lot PV on some of the school grounds? If I remember correctly, is that? That's going through a process. I think that there may have been a meeting of the finance committee, I think, this week and I believe they were looking at that proposal, but I'm not sure how far it's gotten through the gauntlet yet. So unfortunately, I don't have an update. So perhaps there's a whole sort of... Action here, which is... And I'm trying to think. I know another community has done this really specifically. I know that Cambridge has done some, hey, fantastic. And to do, Johanny, lovely to see you. So maybe we pause for one moment and let Rosanna come in so that she can hear what to translate or if there we go. Thanks, Jim. Hola, Johanny. Hola, Rosanna. Y Rosanna, dinos cuando tú tienes todo la... Okay. Están por teléfono. Está bien. Ustedes están en mudo, los dos. Okay, ahora sí. Ahora sí. Okay. Hasta la que tú están en mudo también. Hi, hi to all. Sorry, I have another schedule in my mind at 6.30. Sorry for that. Thank you. Okay, so Jim, maybe if you want to give a little brief catch them up to what we're talking about and then we can go from there. Great. So I'm gonna catch up Rosanna and Johanny to our conversation right now, which is about putting solar panels in different places around town. Okay, you can go ahead, Jim. Just sort of built a kind of a vision and idea of how we decide where is the best place to put solar panels and where we need to not put solar panels to protect the land for what it is or what is happening there. So I would ask one question of Johanny and Rosanna about that, which is the places that you know or live in or near that are open spaces and you might be able to put solar panels there. Where would be good? Where would be bad? Yeah, Johanny said she didn't know about big spaces. And for me, I think is the best place. Well, is there farmers next to the... Is Hadley Road, I think is. I saw some solar panels in that place and I didn't saw other places. Okay, Johanny, she remembered now after I saw those panels. She remembered too about that. And other areas, big areas where big spaces, I think is the project that you have in mind, yes, in the Gulf area. Could be. Yeah, Johanny said that she's thinking in the Gulf area also, but she's worried that if people put solar panels, the community will not have enough space for creation areas. So she's thinking on that. I just have a question. Does anyone know what's happening with that Gulf course that I heard is closing in South Amherst? I figured that'd be like a great space. Let those guys catch up. Stephanie? So, yeah, Stephanie, you wanna answer that? Sure. There you are. So there's a separate company that's proposing the solar development, but that's only for a portion of the Gulf course. So there'll be more opportunity to do other things. And right now there's no real solid plan yet, but I know some of the things that were talked about were community gardens because we thought that would be something that would really be great and close by to the housing complexes. How's that? Great. So that's the perfect segue to, for us to take a little break and have a conversation about the mobile market. Ashwin, did you wanna tee that up? Sorry, wrong thing. Can I jump in one second? Yeah, please. Sorry. I just wanted to, Dave Zomek apologizes that he can't make the meeting because as I said, he was helping out with the elections and there's a lot happening regarding that this week. So he was unable to join us this evening, but he did want you all to know that he's sorry he couldn't make it. Great, thank you. Okay. So, Caitlin, Johani, Rosana, we're gonna turn over the meeting to you to tell us some stories about the mobile market. Yohani, queremos escuchar su voz, si está hablando en español no importa, queremos escuchar su voz. Sí, por favor. Rosana, so Rosana and Yohani and I talked about a little bit over email was, I thought I would give some context for sort of how this conversation got started and then Rosana would fill in a little bit about her connections and the role that she played in it and then Yohani can update us on what's going on with the mobile market now because she's definitely the closest to it. And actually I'm realizing I said that the wrong way around. We talked about you going first, Rosana. Yes, I'm going first. Thank you. For quite some time I could observe that the Latino community was an invisible population in the town. This population is characterized by being a working population with many hours of work during the day with many family responsibilities and with many needs to solve. Especially about food, transportation, language, health, et cetera. At the same time, the population prefer to remain also silent, anonymous. And this started when with Amherst family outreach we began to make community lunches after coordination or we decided to be partners because I was interested for people to be there, Latino people to be there and to share with other people. Because I was already working with community for years, I would accompany Latino families to these lunches so they can meet all the members of the community. And here, where we organize meetings to dialogue and also to make presentations on topics of interest or for us it is always a priority to maintain the confidentiality of people because they also ask for it. And that was one of the reasons that the people are trying to be sometimes invisible, yes. But then with Francine we talk over from her college and that was when we started having the community lunch together. When I started my work with healthy ham chair, this was a great opportunity to speak about all the needs, all of the community and the risk of food insecurity that many goes through and the great needs to empower the community so that it can find its own voice that we wanted and talk about what else then, for example, propose solutions and demand actions too after they are empowered. It is truly satisfying to work alongside the community and within it, it's empowerment. In this case, healthy ham chair is giving all its experience and resources so that this path continues to be built. That's it. So Kayleen has a lot of things to say on your honey too. Did you want to translate or summarize and translation what you just said for your honey? Yes. Okay, great. So for healthy ham chair's part, we had just finished doing this big food access planning process looking at the entire county and we collected a lot of data during that process. And the data definitely showed us that there were some significant challenges and amourst both related to healthy food not being available and accessible in the town of Amherst but also relating to people not being able to get to it. So transportation came up as a big challenge as well. But not due to anyone's particular fault, we tried to get folks from Amherst involved in the planning process and it didn't pan out. We didn't have any voices of Amherst residents involved in that initial food access planning process. And so basically we knew we had this data telling us there were challenges and we wanted to talk to people on the ground about that data and find out a little bit more about those challenges and how to address them. So I think someone at CES where Rosanna and I work said, Rosanna Salazar, she works so much with the Amherst community. You should really talk to her about how to get more Amherst residents involved in this conversation. So that's how Rosanna and I found this really awesome opportunity for collaboration in terms of being able to use the community lunch as a space to talk about issues related to food insecurity. And so from there, we got a bunch of information but we wanted to bring more of like the stakeholders and people who sort of pull the bigger levers around food systems into the conversation as well. So we did this Amherst food justice planning process where we, in addition to the folks we were speaking to at the community lunch, we also brought in professionals like Stephanie and others to participate in the conversation. And so we of course confirmed that a lot of what we were seeing was true about folks having trouble with accessing healthy food, there being transportation gaps. And we also learned about a lot of sort of intersecting factors such as structural racism and like fear and these other sort of economic instability and lack of access to jobs and things like that that were really compounding, I mean not compounding challenges around healthy food access. So the group came up with mobile farmers markets as one of the solutions or supported mobile farmers markets as one of the solutions they'd like to address these challenges and Healthy Hampshire had the experience of helping to launch mobile farmers markets and other communities. And so we were able to essentially get funding and start the conversation to make a mobile farmers market happen. So we continued to engage a lot of the folks we'd been talking to, we brought in some new partners to plan specifically for the mobile market. And one of the things, one of the goals that we heard loud and clear was that people wanted the mobile market to be an employment opportunity for folks in their communities. So we had the money and we had a lot of good input from people about what they wanted to see in the mobile market and we used that to develop a request for proposals to find someone to operate the Antlers mobile market. So we had three applicants to the request for proposals and the applicant that the group loved by far was Ryan Carb from Many Hands Farm Core who was really on board with the idea of using the mobile market, not only as an employment opportunity for the residents who have been involved in our conversations but also as a means to really shift some of the power that we were holding down and out to the community. And so Yohani got hired on as a mobile market manager which is why she's the person in this room who knows the most about the, how the mobile market's going now, so I will turn it over to her. As you said, continuing with Kelly Rosana, this project, this link with Kelly Rosana has given a lot of fruit to the mobile market. So it's a great project because the community is very grateful. We are also very grateful as a community to collaborate and also because of the work we can do in the same community, working with the community and at the same time also having a job. So it's an excellent project because the person didn't have access to fresh food, to be healthy and the best that is so close to their community where the person could, for example, they can walk, the person who is in our complex, the person here, for example, there are five complexes, the five complexes come to the same place to buy. We are located in two more complexes, also in Olympia, Adrai, in Bahrain and in Fort River. So all the people are very grateful to the community. I mean, it has expressed to us, the management, that it is something that they have not seen. I mean, it is something new, an excellent project that they want to continue and that in the next few years it is still better. I mean, that we continue to understand the same vegetables that the community and the people continue to collaborate so that that project continues to grow and apart from the mobile market we have more activities for the community. And that is a project that has been excellent. I mean, I can say that it has been excellent. Okay, gracias, Johanny. Well, para Johanny, esta ha sido una gran oportunidad y... Thank you. Todavía está hablando en español. Okay. Yes, yes, yes. Yeah. Well, for Johanny, this was a great opportunity and she feels that Kailin and Rosanna are doing a great job. They, the people are very grateful for this opportunity to have this opportunity and for this, this is an excellent project. They didn't have the communities or the people, they didn't have the fresh products around then. So many times the people has to walk to have these products available. And now they have four places in the community with the mobile market and this is, for her, this is amazing. These people are very enthusiastic that we could have these mobile markets the next year and the other years too. So she's very grateful for this opportunity because they have also jobs here. Okay, thanks. Yeah, that's it unless there's anything else you want us to hit upon. Jess, that Kailin, would you please take over all of Amherst and just help us coordinate it to have these projects in every way? It's not all sunshine and rainbows. Sometimes it's, you know, it's great. Sometimes it's really challenging but I think it's, you know, on the whole it's been a really, really awesome project to be involved in. Does anybody have questions or thoughts? One sec, Rosanna's translating. I did, actually I'll just jump in really quick because I'm reminded that Stephanie asked me today for some data on the mobile market which meant I kind of pulled it quickly but I'll give some sort of like quick stats. So 172 people have signed up for farm shares and this is as of week seven and as of that week, a total of about 3,700 additional produce items have been sold through all the cart sales in addition to what was given out in the farm, in the farm shares. And I will also say we did some qualitative surveys and the demographics of the mobile market you heavily toward communities of color and toward lower and moderate income communities than that population of Amherst overall. I think we now have a bunch of people raising their hands. So I'm not sure Marita, had you raised your hand and then Stephanie, it looks like Ashwin and Bernard. So I'm not sure what order we want to go in but. I think Bernard was in early. I thought this might be an appropriate time to add a brief perspective from the production side of the mobile market. The successful RSP went to many hands farm core that's the CSA on my farm. From a land use perspective, we could easily double quadruple even next year production. Probably do that a few years. It would take labor and community connections which are being done. I just heard about some of those. We would love to see those be iterated and expanded. But all of this is based on grant funding through Hampshire, healthy Hampshire, which is terrific, but it's fragile. If that goes away, these connections go away. So it also suggests the solution of finding sustainable funding sources to bridge the community needs and the production land use needs. I'm so sorry, I have to go and do dinner with Kitto. I'm so sorry to hop out late everyone, thank you. Thanks Bernard, that was great. Stephanie? I have to make sure this is okay and that it'll be funded, but through Caitlin, I just wanted to double check. But it sounds like Ryan has requested extending the season into October. And the town manager has given his approval. So it sounds like that will be extended and also Ryan was already wanting to know about next year. And I think the town manager is very supportive and thinks this is important and basically just asked him what days of the week he'd be wanting to do it next year. So it's really looking good for next year also. That's definitely a good opportunity for a shout out to the landholders who are making this mobile market possible, which include the town of Amherst, Amherst Regional Public Schools and the Wayfinders Community, I think they're a community development corporation, affordable housing developer. Ashwin, you wanna jump in? Yeah, I just had a question. Where can we find more information about the mobile market and especially where do we go to share information? So the best place is definitely Facebook. The Amherst mobile market has its own Facebook page. There is a page on the Money Hands Farm Corps website, but many hands web platform is a little more limited than what we're able to do with Facebook. So Facebook's the best. I just wanted to give Marita a chance to jump in. It sounds like you're having some phone difficulties. So if there's anything you wanna add before that. Yeah, I'm saying my phone isn't charging that well so I might cut out, but I'm not trying to leave abruptly. But no, I noticed that, because I live in South Amherst, I noticed that a lot of the community members that I talk to, they're very excited about the mobile food bank and it's been like a great, I think it's been a very great addition to the community and like getting people even out to talk to each other and like meet, even meet new people and like talk about different things that are going on in the community as well. So I think it's great that they're extending it and they're gonna have it next year as well. I really agree that the secondary like social and community aspect of it has probably meant the most to me. Like I see so many of my neighbors walking out and we can say hi and we can have a nice moment together and then talk about what we've picked up or what we're enjoying and it's just really felt like a nice community way to be together. I actually had another question. One of my neighbors asked, can anyone go or is it specifically for like lower income or is it for everybody in Amherst? Anybody can shop there. And... Please can you repeat? Oh yeah, anyone can shop at the mobile market and the staff speak English, Spanish and Korean. So say hablas, Daniel. Are we ready to go? Sorry, I'm okay. So again, this brings up the question of how we use land and what gets done in land in different settings. The question about the golf course came up and there are some questions about food production there, some questions about solar production and there might be some other things that could potentially happen in that area that is in pretty close to some important places. Ashwin, did you... This I believe was the topic that you were interested in talking about. I got it wrong earlier. Yeah, so what I was going to do is speak a little bit more about or speak briefly about the other kind of big move that we were contemplating. Oh, sorry, Rosanna, are you translating still? Or... Ashwin, you can translate yourself. Okay, yeah, fine. Okay, great. Great, so I saw that you were talking, so I wasn't sure. Okay, so Steve presented earlier one kind of big move that's likely to make it into the plan, which is to move towards having enough solar electricity production to generate all of our electricity in Amherst and we had a nice discussion about where that might be cited. The other kind of big move that came out of some of our previous discussions with some of you all was how to make sure that we have more and more accessible green space and open space for recreation. And so what I wanna do right now is open up a conversation about how we can get more green space, more open space, where we can have those things and how to deal with some of the barriers that people face to accessing those spaces. Some of those barriers are to do with transportation, being able to move around easily, some have to do with information, knowing where to go, others have to do with resources, having access to time, money, et cetera. And then there's other issues around feeling welcome, which of course are racialized in our society and indeed in our community. So I would love to hear and we would all love to hear any ideas that people have about how to think about this. And a big piece of it for me too is as the Energy and Climate Action Committee, we're interested in thinking about how to connect people with environmental issues, how to connect people with our goal of making a difference on climate change. But I think it's really important also to have people connected to land and have people with, give people many opportunities to connect to green and open spaces because that's how you get people involved in the process and how we can all feel like this space is ours together and that stewarding it well is something that we can do as a community. Okay, entonces en español. Mientras anteriormente Steve presentó el primer movimiento grande, el big move que estamos contemplando, yo no tengo nada tan concreto como él, pero la otra cosa aparte de lo que presentó él sobre la energía solar y como podemos avanzar hacia una sistema en que tenemos 100% de nuestra generación eléctrica hecho de una manera local. La otra cosa, el otro tema que salió de nuestras discusiones anteriores fue el tema de tener más espacio abierto, espacios verdes y más espacios verdes accesibles a todos los miembros de la comunidad. Entonces queremos invitar una discusión una conversación abierta sobre este tema y anteriormente identificamos varias barreras en cuanto al acceso, barreras diferentes y algunos tienen que ver con la transportación las maneras en que se puede movilizarse en nuestra comunidad y que pues se complica a muchas personas moverse dentro de la comunidad. Otras barreras también incluyen acceso a la información, simplemente saber o sabiendo pues dónde ir, dónde se puede ir para recrear, para disfrutar la naturaleza. No se sabe en muchas instancias y qué se puede hacer para superar esa barrera. También hay accesos a barreras en cuanto al acceso a recursos, dinero, tiempo y simplemente que no todos siempre se sienten bienvenidos incluidos en todos los espacios verdes. Muchas veces los espacios verdes son blanqueados, construidos, hablados de una manera que es para gente rico, rica o para gente blanca y no todos las comunidades de color, comunidades más pobres, se sienten bienvenidos incluidos en esos espacios. Entonces es importante conversar sobre las maneras que tenemos y las herramientas que podríamos utilizar para superar todas esas barreras. Y como comité de energía y acción climática, es súper importante para nosotros no solamente pensar en cuestiones de energía y el cambio climático, sino conectar esos temas al tema de tierra y asegurar que estamos todos pensando de una manera junta sobre nuestra conexión a la tierra, la manera en que estamos cuidando la tierra y el espacio. Y entonces queríamos abrir un poco la conversación para pensar en estos temas de una manera conjunta. Creo que eso es todo y lo voy a dejar ahí. I think that's it, I'll leave it there. Thanks. Thanks a ton. So let's ask the question, what should we do to make better, new, more accessible recreation space, green space within the town? Cozija. Something that I think we just bump up against in every single group is around transportation and our ability to influence transportation. I think that is a huge factor in accessing recreational space in our town, the lack of public transportation. I was gonna try to keep quiet and hear what other. Hold on a sec, Steve, just a sec. Okay, go ahead. Go ahead. I was gonna try to keep quiet and hear more what community members had to say, but I see Ashwin's question as two issues. One is, do we desire more public land, publicly accessible and or preserved land? And that's one question. And the separate question is the accessibility of that land. And I totally agree with what I'm gonna say. Kaya just said that transportation is a problem. Yet I think, I'm not sure, but I think there's a lot of land available that's close by that maybe people aren't aware of. So perhaps one strategy would be to help people become more aware of those parcels that are located within the town and within walking distance of the population centers. Before you jump in, Bernard, I just wanted to give us all a pause so that Rosana can process and think if she has anything to share herself other than just translating what we're all saying. Did you want to share anything, Rosana? Quere decir algo, Rosana? I think Ashwin, we're talking about many things and also about the barriers that is very important to overcome so people could have access to all of these resources that we have around the land. So how to do that? I think the plan, of course, the plan has to be in place. And also, the community has to participate all the communities around the town because every person, every family, every community has their own needs and we'll be great that we could write that and be aware that, oh, okay, this, so we have a lot of needs in place, so now we have to work how to give environments that these different communities needs to flourish together. Together, yes. Bernard? It just occurred to me that we might usefully parse Steve's distinction of questions further. The issue of transportation access, the question, do we want more public lands? I want to point out that publicly accessible lands need not be publicly owned lands, particularly for larger tract owners. And to make that happen, I think you need liability protection and perhaps funding, grant funding for installing trails, signage, a play structure for those interested in building those community connections. Great comments, Bernard. And especially from a landowner's perspective, working lands. Are there, anyone else have comments and thoughts about access, land type, land use in terms of getting people closer to the natural system, the nature in the town as well as bringing them together or strengthening the town as well, which has kind of been the theme to have seen. Are you good, Rosana, can I go? Okay. So, Healthy Hampshire and namely my colleague, Sarah has done some work around studying disability access of public open spaces and green spaces in Northampton. So, you know, that's Northampton. But one of the things she found in that project that I thought was really interesting was a lot of concern from folks who have low mobility or just sort of having like beautiful neighborhoods. So, you know, having a lot of trees and like being able to look out their window and see beautiful natural landscapes and things like that. So, I do think from an access perspective a lot of the time it is very, it's a matter of really like micro environment. Thank you, Lauren. Hold on, just a sec. Right, thanks. Hold on. Yep. Okay. Can I? Oh, yeah. Speak. Okay. There are, well, there are something very important around us that is the pandemic. So we can avoid that. So that change is changing our life. And also at this time in Amherst, there are people, the essential workers that we have in the town, they are suffering for this pandemic.  They are not working at this time. So, also, I don't know if, how we could introduce these topics in the plan or how to, through this plan also could help these people or to give some relief, some things that they need to be, I don't know, but I don't know if we could introduce these topics in the plan this is things that we have to think because now we have to incorporate this pandemic in all our plans and unfortunately, but how we could live with this or I don't know, at least for some time, hopefully. But these are changing many things around, yes? So there are restrictions for us to breathe. Yeah, there are many things. So it's only to think how we could help also through this plan around this situation. Okay, yeah, they will. Lauren? Sure, thanks everyone. I know we're getting done on time now, so I'll keep it short, but I just wanted to connect a few dots related to things that Ashwin brought up, things that Marita had brought up, who I know we lost a little early, and then what Rosana had just said, especially with so many parents at home with kids right now and having to figure out childcare in the context of the pandemic, having spaces where kids can play and it feels more important than ever and where they can be connected to nature as well, which can help keep us healthy at this time. So I wanted to make the connection between those things and what Ashwin was talking about earlier around how welcome people feel in spaces and to what Rosana was saying about how involving the community in planning processes can help to connect the needs of the community to how that open space ends up being used. So I didn't really have a specific takeaway, but just that these things are so interconnected and I really appreciated Rosana's final comment there around tying into the pandemic and thinking about how our open spaces can serve us well in this time as well. Yo, honey, you have any comments or thoughts about this? You've been listening a lot. Yo, honey, I said that, well, it's moving away I mean, I have two daughters, for me, if they are more grateful, for me it would be frustrating. But for a person who has a small child, it would be something bigger, where they don't have any help to solve that problem in five months. Yohani said that, well, it's very frustrated for families that are at home right now, especially with little children. There are families that have five, six people at home with two rooms only. So this is something that we can imagine, but it's very frustrated for people. And she has two daughters and she can imagine that if she's happening, for them that will be frustrated because they have to be inside the house without the possibility to go outside. So, yeah, she wanted to express these things. Apart from that, the economic level also affects a lot, because sometimes what they bring to the house, whether it's the mother or the father, whether it's the two of us who are infected, so you don't have to worry about them staying without their expenses and work. They don't know how to pay their billing, how to pay their house. So, on top of that, they also have to worry about being isolated and not being with their children. So, yeah, it's also the financial aspect is affecting all these families. People are desperate because they are at home with resources. They don't know how to pay the rent because they don't have jobs, because if they are living together, it's a family, both the parents are not able to work. So, this is a very difficult situation that people are living right now. And, yeah, also, there are times that they are in different rooms in quarantine and the kids are in the living room because they need to be separated. So, this is a lot of issues, a lot of things that involve these situations. Yeah, those, thank you, Johanny and Rosana, that the issues around what's happening right now and how hard it is to make ends meet, but also to just live is palpable. So, I know that we have to finish up and I just wanted to really appreciate Rosana for all the translation work and for everyone for sharing so honestly, I think, you know, while the committee has these really important goals around climate change, I hope that it will be that the committee will be able to really hold also that so many families are in desperation about tomorrow.  Thank you. I think it's time for us to go ahead and wrap up this conversation. I would like to thank your honey and Rosanna and Caitlin for putting together a lovely description really valuable description of the mobile market the process and the reality. I'd like to thank Stephen Ashwin for putting together some of the big moves for the thoughts today. And we will schedule another meeting the next the last meeting in about a month. We'll let everybody know as soon as we get it all figured out where we will talk more about how we're going to do the things that we're talking about doing. And what the pathways are to do those any final thoughts. I have one. I just want to say how much I appreciate you Jim and guys and Stephanie and Ashwin I just think you're doing and Lauren I know you're taking notes I think you're doing a really awesome job facilitating this group and I appreciate how much thought and planning and care is going into these meetings. Thank you everybody. I think we'll say good afternoon and we'll talk to you in a month. Thank you.


Okay, now another type of a structure we have is spinal structure fourth type spinal structure right on the spinal structures are the examples of any crystal spinal structures are the examples of any crystal with more than two types of ions spinal structures are the examples of ionic crystals with more than two types of ions these are the compound of these are the compounds of two different cations these are the compounds of two different cations in bracket you write down a two plus means we'll have a divalent cation and we'll have a trivalent cation a two plus and b three plus right and the compounds of two different cations a two plus and b three plus and oxide ion right o two minus ion the general formula for this type of a structure we have we have a b two and o four type a b two o four type right now further this spinal structure also have two different types here so in this one the first type you write down in in spinal structure we call it as normal spinal structure and the second one is inverse spinal structure normal spinal structure now in this the important point again the same position of anions and cationsium so in inverse spinal what happens o two minus has FCC packing or CCP packing next point one by eight one by eight of tetrahedral voids are occupied by are occupied by divalent metal ion metal ion that is a two plus we are assuming here divalent metal ion half of the half of the ovis octahedral voids are occupied by are occupied by trivalent ion that is b three plus so could you tell me how many a plus we have how many a plus how many b plus we have for a two plus and b three plus number of a two plus is what one one by eight into one sorry one by eight into eight that is equals to one one once again one by eight so number of the title what is one number of b three plus equals to number of octahedral void is four right and half of the octahedral void has been occupied so it is two could you tell me for o two minus number of o two minus is nothing but FCC packing so it is four so look at the ratio here what is the formula the formula is a b two oh that is a general formula okay a b two oh four this is the normal spinal structure now you have this information that how many octahedral void is vacant and how many octahedral void is occupied similarly for tetrahedral void you have the information right so they can ask you any question on this let me just give you a few examples here for example if I ask you the ratio of the ratio of TV divided by OV occupied occupied in spinal structure and when I write this spinal spinal structure it means this normal spinal structure could tell me the answer here how many tetrahedral voids are occupied one right see number of a two plus is one by eight into it one by eight of the tetrahedral void is occupied so one tetrahedral void is occupied and the number of octahedral void occupied is two so it is one by two okay they can also ask you TV by OV unoccupied in this TV by OV unoccupied that would be seven by two right seven is unoccupied and out of four two is occupied so two is unoccupied seven by two so all these questions are not tough just need to have this information that is it the second type of structure we have in this spinal structure we call it as inverse spinal structure B inverse spinal structure right down here also you see O2 minus we have no change O2 minus forms FCC packing FCC packing A2 plus the divalent cation this is also same one by eight of of TVs tetrahedral void but we have a difference in the position of trivalent ion okay it says that it is present in one by eight of TVs plus one by four of OV means this trivalent ion is present in both tetrahedral void and octahedral void if you copy this down one sec done so for number of O2 minus again you see here is four number of A2 plus is one by eight into eight that is one number of B3 plus one by eight into eight plus one by four into four and that is two okay and hence for this also the molecular formula is A B2 O4 but the arrangement of ions trivalent ions here is different tell me OV by TV occupied OV by TV unoccupied yes what is the answer two in both yes so number of OV occupied here is we have only one octahedral void occupied right one by two no is it yes one by two for yeah it's one by two one OV occupied and two TV one TV is taken up by the trivalent ion and other one is divalent ion right yeah so one by two here and similarly here also one and we have two take care of this thing in the question what they have asked have they asked for TV by OV or OV by TV okay take care of that they can bring any questions from this okay they can even mix inverse spinal and non and and normal spinal structure also okay so take care of that another type of structure after this spinal right down see the example of this is inverse spinal is Fe 304 Fe 304 remember we have done this in in the 11th grade we have two types of oxidation state of ion here right what is that right so one is divalent cation Fe 2 plus Fe O dot Fe 203 this is arranged in inverse spinal inverse spinal structure okay next slide down corundum structure two three four type no corundum the general formula of this type for this type of a structure is A2 O3 type A2 O3 type very common one you know it is Al 2 O3 example you see we have Al 2 O3 we have another structure of example is Fe 2 O3 the oxides of iron you see the previous one is Fe 304 another oxides of iron has inverse spinal structure but this one has corundum structure okay CR 2 O3 also has corundum structure okay right down in this the oxide iron that you have O2 minus it forms at CP arrangement at CP arrangement A3 plus present in two-third two-third of octahedral voids two-third of octahedral voids and then the formula is A2 O3 you can find out the number of A3 plus and O2 minus iron you will have the same formula you see here two-third of octahedral voids at CP arrangement what is the rank of this is it six right yes sir so oxygen is six and two-third of this ovis we know the number of ovis is nothing but the rank of the crystal unit cell so total number of ovis also six total number of tv's are six into 12th so here we have six ovis so out of six two-third is occupied so two-third into six that is four right so we have A4 O6 that is A2 O3 type structure clear sir actually in the wood design structure there why did we take it as four even there it should be six right this is the coordination number four I have taken okay I have written the rank of the this thing unit cell it is a coordination number yes sir that's right this is the corundum structure where this is also important well last one I write down that is structure of FeO another oxides of iron the structure of FeO after this we have one more that is the diamond structure of diamond structure of FeO and then diamond we'll see right down again here O2 minus O2 minus forms CCP packing in all these you see the anions occupy the lattice points right and cations occupies the void okay that's a general thing you can now understand here O2 minus forms CCP packing and Fe2 plus occupies all octahedral voids octahedral void it's look like looks like any cl type structure only okay but right down this oxide is found to be non stoichiometric but this oxide oxide is found to be non stoichiometric with the formula with the formula Fe 0.95 and 4 this molecule we call it as the steid WUS TIT steid okay non stoichiometric compound this is the this is the formula we have right on in this type some of the Fe2 plus iron divalent iron some of the Fe2 plus iron in octahedral void in octahedral void are replaced by Fe3 plus iron are replaced by Fe deficient sorry Fe3 plus iron 3 Fe2 plus iron and every 3 Fe2 plus iron would be replaced by every 3 Fe2 plus I'm sorry okay every 3 Fe2 plus iron would be replaced by Fe3 plus iron 2 Fe3 plus iron in order to maintain electrical neutrality in order to mean electrical neutrality just this point you have to memorize so what happens in this you see to maintain the electrical neutrality of the crystal 3 Fe2 plus iron is replaced by 2 Fe3 plus iron so that the charge will be balanced but in this way what happens 3 iron atom is replaced by 2 iron atom right that's why the system or the crystal becomes Fe or iron deficient crystal okay if you see the number of atoms then the crystal becomes iron deficient crystal and the last structure we have in this write down the structure of diamond once they have asked question on this or the packing efficiency of diamond okay the last one write down the structure of diamond write down diamonds has FCC structure it has FCC structure but along with this there are four more atoms present so FCC structure with four more atoms present in in alternate TVs alternate tetrahedral void tetrahedral okay so the number of carbon atom in diamond if you see the number of atoms or the rank if you count here for FCC it is 1 by FCC it is 4 so half into 6 plus 8 into 1 by 8 but along with this four atoms present in the tetrahedral void so the number of atoms or the rank is 8 the carbon atom write down next the carbon atom in tetrahedral void in tetrahedral void in tetrahedral void is in contact with its four surrounding carbon atoms its four surrounding carbon atoms hence the coordination number is four carbon atoms present in tetrahedral void is in contact with its four other nearest carbon atom coordination number is four next point the carbon atom in FCC lattice the carbon atom in FCC lattice do not touch each other if you look at the distance so the tetrahedral void and the corner atom the distance is root 3a by 4 so the relation of a is 2r is equals to root 3a the body diagonal and one fourth of it is root 3a by 4 so the tetrahedral void the corner atoms and the tetrahedral voids are in contact and this is the face centered atom we have three face centered atom right in the cube if you see have discussed last class also so this is the relation of a and r for this thing for diamond we have okay packing fraction you can find out easily the packing fraction is z effective is 8 so we'll write down 8 into 4 by 3 pi r cube divided by a cube a and r relation you already have you substituted and the answer that you get is 34 percent so once they have asked this question that what is the packing fraction of diamond okay it's 34 percent you can memorize this also otherwise position of atoms if you know you can calculate this easily so why would you say it doesn't touch each other the FCC lattice see in FCC lattice normally what happens the atoms are in contact right the face center and means along the body along the face diagonal if you see that's a 4 r equal to but in case of diamond the case is different the carbon atom is present at a tetrahedral void and here the space is not that much so it you know because of the presence of this atom the corner atoms and the face center atoms lose its contact okay so these two corner atoms and the tetrahedral voids are in contact these two are in contact okay here also in contact and here also it is important this one and this one in contact but this atom is not in touch with this see all these the thing we have it depends upon the radius of the atoms it's very difficult to explain this theoretically okay it depends upon the radius of the atom that how depending upon the radius we can have the distance over here right and hence we can say geometrically that whether these are in touch or not okay so in case of carbon atom what happens the placement of carbon atoms in the tetrahedral void because of this only these two atoms lose its contact that's why the carbon atom the diamond you know the structure of diamond is a bit different with the normal FCC lattice that we have and we have this relation of a and r because of this how do we get to know this structure for that we have different crystallographic you know system by which we can find out one of the method we have that we use is Bragg's law right that we'll discuss in the last we used to determine the interplanetal distance between the two layer in the structure so there are various technique by which we can find out the structure of the crystal so with that only we define the atoms or the structure of any crystal like we are discussing all this okay so logic if you ask me so why it is not in touch I don't have much to say frankly speaking the only reason is if the space here is not that enough then this will like we have in cscl the body centered atom push the outer atoms right and hence the atoms lose its contact so in diamond it does not have the normal structure like we have FCC these are not in contact the face center and the corner but all the face center and corner atoms with the atoms which is present in tetrahedral void they are in touch with yes sir okay so all these things you see whatever I have discussed so far I have just given you the information it's not like I'm not teaching anything to you but this is the information you should know the position of an an that is it and how do we get this positions by all those crystallographic technique that we have I wish we can know look at the structure of various crystals and okay so based on those studies these you know structures are given so these are the structures we have discussed all you know important one apart from this we have few more structures but that haven't they ask in the exam it's not given that's neighbors also so I'm not you know taking up those things now you look at this question which I was discussing initially this one you try yes so what is the answer you are getting all of you are getting a yeah a is correct the question is solid having rock salt structure if all the atoms I think one body diagonal plane are removed except the body center then the formula left in the unit set okay so all the atoms touching one body diagonal plane are removed so which plane it is talking about in another question the same thing right from the top edge and the diagonal your opposite bottom edge right so along this edge if you remove so we are removing a four cornered atoms four cornered atoms we are removing two edge centered atom we are removing that is it right except the body center okay so four cornered atoms but two face also yes face also two face center side adjacent volapase side volapase right two face center also we are removing okay so a is it's not given a is at the face center forming the face center it's not given so which atom you assume at the face center FCC arrangement b b rock salt okay fine so the contribution of b is what we have only four cornered atoms four into one by eight and we have four face center atoms four into one by two so two plus one we have five by two it is and a in the octahedral void so a is is we have two octahedral void so we have 12 edge centers 10 into one by four plus one so five by two plus one so it is seven by is it right so we are getting a seven b five which is which is a a seven b five the ratio is that only k so this is the one we have second one you see this is structure done 346 you are getting cscl has busy arrangements along the void ion it is in touch so we have two r plus plus two r minus is equals to root three a inter ionic distance which ian you are considering cs and cl cs plus and cl minus is it or two cl minus i think yes because two cl minus the distance is what either we can have root two a by two or a only because position of cl minus is what it is at the sorry it is at the corner only busy see we have no between two cl minus the edge length is a only correct that is the value of the edge length of the unit cell so obviously the question is about cs plus and cl minus so we need to find out root three a by two isn't it yes yes a value is given you can find out simply root three by two these are not difficult not difficult once you know the structure if you do not know the structure of cscl you won't be able to do it okay one more question i'll show you here for this one the answer is let's try this i'm coming one second yeah done a two we two oh three yeah yeah that's right roger now yeah now you've got it right roger padek i think you are missing something you check your calculation the answer is a b o three pradyoth see the the crystal should be neutral right a and b will have same a b o three so we can have will have various possibilities for part b yes a plus b should be six and then you can write down the possibilities that we have that is it yeah so how many different possibilities yeah that's right pradyoth how many different possibilities we have so um so o two minus is arranged in ccp so number of o two minus i'll write down directly is four one six of the tetrahedral voids are occupied by cations okay so cation a so number of a we don't know the charge on a right one six of the tetrahedral voids so it would be four into one by six a tetrahedral void we have so we have eight so we have eight into one by six that is four by three and for b it is four into one by three that is again four by three and hence the formula is a four by three b four by three o four right so it is a b o three type crystal we have here a b o three type crystal we have now you see we have oxide o two minus total negative charge is six here right total negative charge is c six so whatever the charge on a suppose a will have plus a we assume and b will have plus b and o we all know it is minus two three times so obviously a plus b should be six then only the molecule should be neutral the crystal will be neutral so we can have various possibilities we can have um a value as plus one b as plus five that is one possibility we can have a as plus two b as plus four another possibilities a as plus three b as plus three another possibilities a as plus four b as plus two and the last one is a we can take as plus five and b plus one so there are five possibilities we have we can have any one of the two uh one of the combinations given in the question right here the answer we can write any one of the three now in this till now they haven't asked but they can ask you numerical value question numbers there are a number of possible you know uh possible you know the charges the possible charges on a and b so that the crystal is this we have so suppose this question is an integer type then the answer for the second part would be okay so they can frame questions from this integer type one okay now the last two things uh we have to discuss in this chapter the first one is uh the imperfection in solids right uh and then the second one is bragg's law okay imperfection we have different different types completely theory okay just you need to know two things mainly they ask in imperfection of solids that is this schottky defect in frankle defect okay so we'll discuss that only before that we'll start bragg's law okay so next heading right down bragg's law so we have five two two


At one point I looked up the dimensions for all the vehicles but I'll say I know our heaviest container was about 10,000 pounds, the others were 5,000 but those are only like a fraction of how heavy our heaviest vehicle is. So right now our Charlie Battery personnel are on the island of Tinian and we're trying to ship out the final pieces to them that they need to conduct their operations. Our pacing items are the items that we were not mission capable without those. So our Avengers, our radars, our wrecker, our FLA or field ambulance, those are the pieces that we need to conduct our mission. It's really been eye-opening to me just how critical logistics are and specifically the S4 in the planning of any operation because without your equipment you can't do anything. I definitely feel like being out here, the soldiers I have with me are critical, whether or not they realize it, whether or not other people realize it, what we're doing keeps this operation afloat. It's really awesome for me because this is my first time getting to actually do port operations so it was really nice to see everything, how it, all the moving pieces went together and just the finished product of all of it.  I would say I definitely, at least me personally, I have a lot more confidence in what we've been doing and I think this exercise has really given our unit a lot of confidence seeing, you know, what we're good at, what we need to work on, some improvements. So I think as a whole it's been a really good experience to figure out our strong suits and our weak points.


We're all kind of very interested in curiosity and exploring unusual and creative ideas, and we all believe that we need a little bit more fun and play in our lives, and this particular project is an experiment in architectural design. Factory really relies on partnerships, and this whole project is in partnership with the Science and Tech Museum, Chio, City of Ottawa, and the Byron Market. You'll see thousands of balloons here, and really what we're playing with is we're playing with gravity, and this allows us to explore these two forces that are really mirror images of each other, attention and compression, they're really mirror images of each other, and through this playful act we're learning more about these forces. The Canada Science and Technology Museum is here today for the launch of Starlings One. This is the launch of Factory Lab, the street level science here in Ottawa. We're incredibly excited to be a part of this art and science mashup. It's all about driving curiosity in our community. There's lots of people here from Chio, and we're here to support the Museum of Science and Technology Factory. All these partners, we're creating an environment where really what we're saying is, great ideas can come from anywhere, and we want to encourage an environment of innovation and ideas.


Half the battle, G.I. Joburg, Strident, Sanitarium Productions, Jofan 82, Convergence Agents, Emergency Conference, Half the battle, Reporting in, Strident, Reporting in, Sanitarium Productions, Reporting in, G.I. Joburg, Reporting in, Jofan 82, Reporting in, Agents, we now have the complete code which is supposed to help us rescue put our Corps Commander 788. I'm going to use this Sergeant Savage Decoder Ring to decode this. When the secret is revealed, you may need to launch a combined assault on the Toy Master's secret base. Decode that message, Kevin. G.I. Joburg is ready to charge into the jaws of death! I already disliked this plan. Let's see, it says, under, use the finishing mask, Timmers. Oh, that doesn't make any sense. What a disappointment. The secret code was just a bunch of random words. Yeah, I agree. Total lost cause, guys. There must be some mistake, but I know I decoded it correctly. I don't get to attack something, I'm going to get Lank of the Mood in it. Maybe it's a code within a code, you know, like two levels of a code. Timmer's name isn't. That must mean something. I'm sure that's just a coincidence. I mean, Timmer is a very, very common name. Look, guys, I think we should just give up. Poor Steve is doomed to remain a captive of a super villain forever and ever. And our one plan to save him… well, that's over before I'd even stop and start it. Look, I'm really sad about this. No, really, I'm crying on the inside. Wait a minute. The words are out of order. If we put them in the right order, that will give us the answer. Finishing move. Under Timmer's Mask. Use the finishing move under Timmer's Mask. You're right, guys, it fits. Um, Timmer, is there something you'd like to tell us? No, I have absolutely no idea what it could mean. I think you're hiding something. Help with it. Okay, you win. The truth is, I have a deep dark secret that I've been hiding for 20 years. There was a time many years ago when I was a Mortal Kombat champion. Nobody could beat me. I left a trail of defeated opponents all over Belgium. You see, I had reached the next level. By analyzing all the fatality codes, I managed to come up with a finishing move that nobody could resist. Go on. As my reputation spread, combatants from far and wide would come to challenge me. And one by one, I beat them. It went on every day after every day until it got to the point when I could hear the word fight in my sleep. Then one day, I was just walking down the street, minding my own business. When I heard somebody behind me yell fight, I turned around ready to unleash my devastating attack and it was a six-year-old kid. Well, that's the thing that broke me, really. I just wandered into the nearest bar and I haven't used my power since. This is also at that time that I developed my severe drinking problem.  But if your finishing move is the only way to rescue HCC, then surely... Oh! I'm mad now. You thought I was mad before, but I am way madder now. You GI Joe, toy reviewers did not heed my warnings and now you must suffer the consequences. Wrong, Toy Master. We have the key to defeating you. I don't do you. Well, let's see you try that while you're in prison in a place like this. There will be no one left to review toys on the internet. Even if you trap us, you still lose. You'll never stop everybody from sharing the toys that they love. You see, when you kicked out Hooded Corps Commander 788, I didn't just call in these guys. I called in all the agents. What? The viewers of Comrade at Arms Hooded Corps Commander 788 has been kidnapped by Toy Master. I thought it fitting that I should review the first code review that I have ever seen as a child. Is the Ali Viper Version 2 and the comic book Jungle Fury? It may have literally been the last GI Joe I've ever seen. No, no. Cobra Assassin! What? No! We have to bang together, Joe fans. We just have to. Hooded Corps Commander will prevail. Can't really happen, eh? Hey, YouTube.  Part of the Tiger Force Convention, part of Colbert Conventions, part two supporting Hooded Corps Commander 788. This monster also has the classic B-movie sci-fi kind of feel to it, thanks to the twin bubble canopy and the ball shaped pie. I will not tolerate this. Even I have to kidnap a thousand reviewers. Oh, no! Kevin! God! The rest of you will follow. You monster! Say goodbye to all your fans. When they find out what happened to you, nobody will review a toy again! Now I'm gonna capture a Belgian. How awful. Just to let all those guys go. Or what? Or do something about it? Oh, that's rich. I'm hardly worried about threats from a guy who has the same shirt in every video. Hey, I'm watching between episodes. Say goodbye to the kids. Toy Master, there's something I want you to see. What's that? This. You did it. Excuse me. We all did it. We all came together to keep Cobra Month alive and to save the Jovers. Thank you, Kevin. You really went above and beyond the call. That means a lot to me. Thank you, Timmer. I saw what you did. You defeated the bad guy. Gravest thing I've ever seen. But, uh, tell me, ma'am, was that story about the six-year-old really true? Okay, not really. I cut a bit from Blazing Cells. The truth is, every time I do that move, I have to do it by vomiting. It's, um, kinda gross. You couldn't have found a less disgusting way of rescuing me? Hey, it was the Doc's idea. By the way, speaking of disgusting, you were in there for an awful long time. What was the bathroom situation like? I, uh... Anyway, thank you, Strident, Jo-Fan, Sanitarian Productions, GI Joberg. What you did was remarkable and special. And thank you to everyone who contributed to Cobra Convergence while I was away. I always believed that this community could come together when it needed to. Nice to see you again, guy. You were the one missing? Man, I thought they were talking about somebody else. Hoodie, you made it! Doc, you escaped the Toy Master! It's easy to stay a step ahead when you know the future. Now, I need to borrow your communicator watch. Huh, okay. Oh, here, you can have these back. Alright. Well, goodbye, Hoodie. Goodbye, Joe Reviewers. I'll see you in the future. So, Cobra Convergence 2. Well done, everybody. I'm sure we'll all be back next year for Cobra Convergence 3, Cobra Harder. There's just one more bit of business. We've all done Cobra reviews, and now that you're back, you need to do one. That's right. You're not getting away without doing a Cobra review. Especially since you spent the entire month sitting on your butt, waiting to be rescued.  Good point. I'll get right on that. One HCC788 review coming right up. Yeah. Did you miss me? Do you have... I've had to do while you were gone. Do you have any... Sorry, I was kind of captured by a deranged supervillain. So, can I have my watch back?


I've called my talk today a cautionary tale, and it really has to do with a radical shift that happened in our practice with regard to housing that has taken place over the last five years or so. This is work that we've been involved in for the last 30 years or so, which ranges across a number of different scales, including these, which I discovered today are called half-built houses, but in South Africa we call core houses, and we built these well before Alejandro Aravena built theirs, so maybe we beat them to the draw. The project that we've been working on for the last 20 years is this project in Port Elizabeth, and it's a cautionary tale because when we started off, this is housing subsidized government subsidized housing. The house was 48 square meters, and its cost was about $5.5,000 equivalent. In 20 years, we've been waiting to build these houses for 20 years, the size of the house has dropped from 48 square meters to 32 square meters, and the price has tripled. It's just impossible in my country to build government-sponsored housing anymore. We have to look at alternative means. The greatest housing provision in our country is in the informal sector, and we've focused our attention over the last five years or so on that sector, and we look at doing the minimum we can with the maximum effect, and we see our role as an irritant role, something that's going to irritate and stimulate. This is a project, for example, that we've built just recently in a place I live in, outside Cape Town in Harpe, which is an informal settlement, but built very beautifully. The question that we looked at in this settlement was how to provide services in an informal settlement, and as we all know, if you try and do that, you lose between 40 and 45 percent of your housing stock, and it becomes prohibitively expensive to replace that housing stock. The idea we used was the idea of the electricity pole, which is, in fact, the least destructive way of providing services in informal settlements. That led to this idea of the energy tree, which we developed. We're building prototypes of it now, which creates a new ground plan above the surface of the settlement. It comes metagrad at one point. You have a new surface on which to grow things. You can collect water, and it also becomes an energy supply point where you can have recycled water and methane gas generation. It creates an entirely different kind of environment. Instead of planting trees, what we do is we build trees. The trees that we build are energy machines that can do all kinds of work. As I said before, I think that it can have some significant impact. This is the settlement that I'm talking about outside Cape Town, and that would be the impact of these energy trees simulating what would be effectively a tree planting exercise. In the process, we can reverse entirely the flows of energy in and out of that community. This is the prototype that we're building in Cape Town at the moment. The second project is the one that we did as part of the Urban Exchanger Program, which we did in collaboration with a very fine architect from Berlin, T.U. Berlin, Irana Hale, who is here today. It really had a look at this issue again in South Africa of how do we deal with the question of informal housing where our government has promised every single poor family in the country access to a free house, but the government is increasingly unable to meet that need. What we have in these settlements like this settlement here is a condition of what we call acute temperness. In other words, people live in shacks, and they're waiting for a government house. Sometimes they've waited for up to 25, 30 years. They're not going to get the government house, but they don't do anything about improving the house that they live in. So the idea that we developed in collaboration with an NGO and a local community is to build what we call the Tafel house. It's a table house. It's four legs with a concrete slab. The greatest difficulty that these people have is to extend upwards. So what we've done is we build the Tafel house. They then move their shack onto the first floor and build a permanent house on the ground floor. And in that way, I'm sorry about this, the settlement can develop in this kind of way. We went through a very extensive technical development of the process. I don't know what's going on. I put this in because I wanted to say to you just very quickly. I know I'm running out of time. We're architects. We're interested only in architecture. I'm not interested in developing clean water supply to poor people. I'm not interested in negotiating the rest of my life with communities over what they want. We treat everyone the same. Whether we're working for a government agency or a poor community, talk to them, find out what they need, and then try and find a way of dealing with it. We don't treat poor people any differently from the other people that we deal with in our everyday life as architects. A very inventive way of making a way of pouring concrete. But the proud householder at the bottom over there, she is now, unfortunately, I don't have any photographs, but she has now moved her house to the top and is busy building a permanent structure on the ground floor. These tarfall houses cost the equivalent of about $500, which is easily manageable if we can get a small bank stop. Thank you. Joe, that was a very strong statement. We do architecture. We don't do water supply systems and so on. Alejandro Arauvena had talked about synthesis, the fact that architects are, in a sense, trained to do something which other professionals aren't. So would you say that this synthesis still needs to remain within the realm of tectonics, building craft, or can it not extend into the social sphere as Julia and Rosanna were doing? Look, I mean, I'm interested in the discipline of architecture. And I think architecture has a very clear disciplinary identity. And I think we're always going to have people who are going to know the boundaries and try and extend those boundaries. But I think that in a way, as a discipline, we've lost a huge amount of energy over the last 20, 30 years by extending these boundaries to broadly. So I'm really interested in bringing those boundaries back to those things that we know that constitute the project of architecture. And that doesn't stop me from designing a little tarfall hersey, but we designed it exquisitely. And it's beautifully proportioned. And that is what I wanted to do. And it's provided an opportunity, obviously, for other people to extend their homes and so on. So it's a cautionary note. It's a sense for me to say, let's remind ourselves that we're architects. There are issues that have to be dealt with. Let's deal with those issues, but let's deal with them within the discipline that we know well and that we love. You wanted to respond? Debate. I think, I think I'm gonna respectfully disagree. And I think the thing is that kind of attitude, I think has delivered 2% of the global housing stock. And so I'm not too fast, actually, if my work is perceived as architecture or not. But I think that if we want to engage with the majority world, you know, the sort of term that was brought to the forefront yesterday, we have to extend the boundaries of the discipline. Because if and so that's on one level. And I think also the discipline is under threat anyway. I think the capitalist market has delivered that how architecture gets delivered is through these kind of design and build contracts, which actually the profession, I think is struggling to operate in. So I think from both sides, from a kind of top down and bottom up, the discipline as it stands, it either needs to, I mean, I don't know, I'll leave it at that. Can I just respond to that if I may? I think Julie, I agree with you. I think that you can do all those things that you're talking about as an architect. I don't see why that there's a built in contradiction or position. I think that you don't have to only build, design build houses for speculators. You can work in shack settlements like we are, you can work in a range of other areas. I'm just talking about keeping disciplinary knowledge at the forefront of all the actions that one takes. That's all.