Hey everybody, welcome back to magicwarthodoxy. My name is David and this is a Magic Review. Hey today we're going to look at Spirald from Jimmy Strange. What is Spirald? Spirald is a trick you can do with a Sharpie marker where you take it and give it a twist. You want to see the trailer? This is it. Spirald from Jimmy Strange. A couple questions we always ask about all of our Magic Reviews and the first of which is what's in the box? What's in the box?  Just the gimmick and you're going to get a piece of elastic so that you can make a pull and you're going to get the download code to the video and the video is 27 minutes long. Is it what I thought? It's absolutely what I thought and it's what you think too because they show you everything in the video. There's really nothing else to think about. I mean you're getting a custom-made Sharpie marker that's been twisted in the middle so that it gives the appearance that somehow through magic you are able to twist the molecules and create this weird optical piece of art. Also, if you've ever purchased the Luber lens from Paul Harris Presents you know that this kind of receives some inspiration from that. Paul Harris does teach you how to make a twisted pen in his Luber lens directions however you don't get any directions about how to make one out of a Sharpie especially one that doesn't have any burn marks or obvious meltings. So I think what Jimmy Strange has made here is a beautiful piece. How are the angles? The angles on this are good. I don't really don't know how they could be bad. I mean there's really nothing to catch or find or see. There's no moving parts. There's nothing you're trying to camouflage other than the center of where the twist is and that's easily covered by your fingertips. Can it be inspected? Of course afterwards that's the point. You want to hand it out. You want them to inspect it. They can even take the cap off. They can even write with it. I would think that the earlier point would be somewhere in your routine you've used a normal Sharpie marker right whether it be through magic and you've done a card trick and you've had to assign their name to a card. You've taken that normal pen that they've already held which means they've already inspected it. You've put it away. They've said hey do one more thing and then you pull out your spiral gimmick and you say all right let's just do one more thing with this pen. Bam. Okay so let's do overall quality and production value of the video. It's pretty rough. The entire video is probably a camera or a phone mounted onto a table tripod and you're just seeing the tabletop and then the performer's hands and you're hearing his voice. I don't think I ever saw anything different in the entire video like the camera never moved and you never see the performer's face okay so it's just the hands and overdubbed voice of the entire over the entire thing. What's taught on the video through the 27 minutes you're going to learn a trick with a business card.  Jimmy Strange does say that this was inspired by the Paul Harris effect and so I think if you're already doing that and if you have a luber lens you're definitely going to want to pick this up. Is it well made? It is well made. I can't imagine trying to melt or make or form a sharpie marker like this on my own without breaking it ruining the writing creating possible scorch marks burn blackness right so it's it's great I think it's a wonderful product. Does it require any practice? Does it require any setup? No there's no setup to this. There's no reset to this. There's no practicing to this. It is what it is. Positives all right sort of the positives to spiraled. Jimmy Strange has finally made the twisting pen effect relevant for the working magician. If you use a sharpie marker in your act this is the trick you want to purchase. Negatives all right so what are the negatives you know like we say around here there's negatives to everything. These are just the negatives that I see that don't have to be the negatives that you see. Not so much a negative not really so much as a negative as just so much an observation. Obviously we understand that Jimmy Strange is borrowing heavily from Paul Harris's luber lens effect and you know this is just his version of it and he's trying to give you some alternate handlings but I think in reality the best way to do this effect is with Paul Harris's effect and so if you're purchasing this trick definitely make sure that you have a luber lens in your shopping cart as well. Is it worth your money? You know what it's only 16 bucks. 16 bucks is not a lot of money and when you think about it a sharpie marker probably already costs what a dollar and so the rest of it is going to be you're going to get the quality video to give you some ideas and then of course you're getting just the precision that can make this pen look like this and it's crazy so I think if you do magic with a sharpie marker you're definitely going to want to add this to your routine. Who would like this? Like I said people that use sharpie markers I mean how many magicians already use a sharpie marker and to add this into your routine it's going to be smooth and seamless. All right so that is spiraled from Jimmy Strange. I want to thank Murphy's Magic for allowing me to have this trick so that I could do an unbiased review for you and if you would like to purchase this trick for yourself you can find it from your very favorite Murphy's Magic dealer. Thanks, bye.


Hi, I'm Bob Terrio and I come to you from the Unceded Territories of the Qualicum and Comox First Nations and thank them for the use of their lands. If you've been listening to the Arraycast podcast over the last couple months, you'll know that me and a number of other people have been working to overhaul the J. Wiki. Frankly, it's a task that's long overdue and it will require the entire community to accomplish it. That's why I'm talking to you now. Over the next couple of months, I'm going to be doing a weekly series of video that will tell you the changes that we're making in the updates that we're doing to it as well as giving you opportunities to participate in that process. This is the first video in that series. To begin, why do the J. Wiki require revamping in the first place? Well, the J. Wiki is a bit of a sprawly thing that has grown whenever there was interest in a particular topic. Unfortunately, this meant that there was less follow-up on the pages to ensure that the information was current once the interest had moved on. A counter example to this is NuVoc, which has been supported as an important resource for J programmers and NuVoc is certainly one of the foundations that we'll build upon. Another issue is that outside of NuVoc, it can be difficult to locate the information you want and even harder to find your way back to it if you do locate it. We hope to change that as we revamp the wiki, but in the meantime, we can suggest a few tricks that might be useful in using the wiki as it is now. First, did you know that there's a custom J. Wiki search panel written by Chris Burke that allows you to search the wiki specifically for J terms? You can even do a reject search using this tool. It sits on the sidebar which is available on every single page of the wiki and yet few people are aware of it. You can do a search for J idioms, such as plus insert, and it will return these from wherever they're located in the wiki. And a second secret that Chris shared with me recently. When you find a page that is useful, bookmark it in your browser so you can quickly find it again. It is a simple trick, but it's the best way to quickly recapture the knowledge that you've found and in the process you will start to develop an incredible useful history of what you find valuable in the wiki, which will be important when we look for information required to improve the navigation tools for everyone. The last thing that I'll show you came about through the efforts of a team headed by Joe Bogner and Wil Gajate, and that is the J Playground. What is a J Playground, you ask? Well, it's a way to play with J without having to download or install any program on your computer. It's a self-contained version of J that will run in your browser. Over the next few months, it will become more developed as we explore the many plans that we have for it. That's the most important part, your responses. If you are already a user of the J wiki, you can leave your comments there. If you're not a user of the J wiki, consider becoming one. It's as easy as sending us an email and we can give you access to it. And at the very least, you can leave messages on these videos, leave your comments on these videos. And don't be thinking that if you're not an experienced J user, you don't have a value. In fact, if you are not an experienced J user, you have even more value to us because you have fresh eyes. Your first impressions can tell us exactly where the challenges are when you come to learning J. And that can make things a lot easier for people as they follow along. So look forward to talking to you on future videos, showing you some of the stuff that we've done and your participation. And I wish you every success in your journey in learning J.


When I heard what the Japs did to Crump, I knew I could never surrender. I knew what would happen if I got caught. There were a couple of things I wanted to live for. But deciding to keep on living didn't solve the problem of how I was going to live. So far, I've been lucky with the natives, I admit. But the reward on me had been raised to 1,000 yen and the Chamours was starting. I never knew when one of them might decide to feed his family by taking me into the Japs. And then Joe told me about the one man he said I could trust. A man named Antonio Atero. I went north to Antonio's land. Early one morning, he and I sailed a cliff that rose sheer from the sea, and there on a ledge high above a gondola, he showed me a cave which would be my new home. Do you see him, Mr. Treed? He runs him out along the coast. There's a gondola, having a point. So nice. That's a great deal. He'll learn in more ways than once. What do you mean? Isn't that salt from Japs chips over there? Ah, it must be. Well, I really have the inside open, but they're up to it. If I ever get a chance to use it. Yes, yes, you will. You will see everything. But how high are we on this? Well, if you fall, you'll fall 300 feet. I wouldn't have fallen if I were you. No, I'll remember that. Well, I guess I'll start getting settled. And I will go home to my wife, and she gets worried to do something right. I will see you one week from today, Mr. Treed. Yes, I'll see you one week from today, Mr. Treed. You're back early. It's only been two days. Yes. Yes, I thought I must see how you are. Oh, I'm all right. This is a lesson. Yes, I see that you are. I also thought it was new. Good news? No. Your friend, Tyson. They got him. And your friend, Tyson, and Mr. Johnson. They came to the hut where your friends were living. The friends had no guns. They came out to the hut with their hands up. They just shot them through the hut. Oh, Treed. What a lousy time. Mr. Treed, you are all that is left of the merits on the island of Guam. Yes. Yes, I'm the last. A long time I was sick at heart. I was afraid of everything. I slept with my gun by my hand. I still woke up often, straining to hear what I thought was someone climbing my cliff. Stove it away in my gear was an alarm clock. I took it apart, fixed it, so the alarm would ring at any time. When I stepped off from a private tree and made a cord 300 feet long, I strung a cord from the button of the alarm clock to a tree at the base of the cliff. There was a tree that had to be grabbed by anyone staring at the cliff. That was what I wanted. I had an alarm system now. Now one could steal a cliff without warning me. That goes, I wonder who put the gun. Who is it? It's me, Antonio. Oh, Antonio. Did I surprise you, Mr. Treed? No one can surprise me now. I thought I had something. Is it the bell? Let me show you. You see this clock? See, when you pull on that little tree, the bell rings. You'll make things like a robin's and crook's. I'm kind of proud of this one myself. What brings you up on Sunday, Antonio? Is there something wrong? There is another notice put up everywhere by the Jeff about you. What does it say? Anybody suspected of helping you just shot. That's not exactly news. You knew that when you put me in. They noticed that they killed a man who helped you and his family, his wives and children, his wife and children. The Jeff will also kill one hundred tomorrow from a district in which you are found. Districts. My wife, she worried. She said, I'm not... Did you find it, Antonio? Well, I said, I guess. I kind of hate you. Well, will you help me pack my stuff? No, I'm not. You think I'm sorry to you? No. It's just that I'm not going to let you take any more risks from me. But where will you go? I'll continue, Mr. Police. Well, it's better for me to be killed than you and your whole family. Mr. Police, no. No matter what my wife says, you cannot do it. I cannot let you go. It's my wife and my children. He needs many other sides.  For as long as you are here, we know the Americans will come back. That is our only hope. Well, I did it. In a way, from then on, I was no longer a hunted animal. I trusted someone. I had a friend. The Japs were still scouring the island for me, but I watched and waited for the American Navy. It was the thing I lived for. But all I saw were Japs ship steaming into the harbor, Jap guns being set up along the cliffs. I saw and remembered. A year passed and another year. And then on June 11th, 1944, for the minute I heard that I knew they were American planes, it was the proudest day of my life. They came over and bombed again and again. And on the 15th of the battle, standing off the island of the ground, I saw the American Navy. The planes had given me my first wild hope, but the good old Navy would get me out. And each day from then on, American destroyers passed my lookout, tickling the island. I made two flags from a roll of gold bandage. And each day stood from dawn to dark in the highest point of land, waving my flags until my arms ached, shouting myself wistless, another week, nearly a month, and no one on the ship was part of this. It was July 10th when I remembered something I had learned to do in case of shipwreck attacks. I ran to my coat and took out a small hand there. And as I sat in the late afternoon sun, flashing the lights from the mirror across the bridge of the destroyer, I said over and over again, God, make them see me this time. They have to. They should see me. The flashes of light from that cliff can you make out what they're saying? Yes, yes. Batterials done. Agile point. Also, gun and place link to me at a rate eight point. This is good to know. Is there more? And more information. Can you take me aboard? Who is we? I wonder. It might be a success. Well, we'll chance it. They took me aboard. I couldn't even wait long enough to tell Antonio that that worried me. On board ship, I got new clothes, the shave, haircut, and the mountain impact thing. And then before the Marines had landed on Guam, I was shipped back to the United States. The Navy had plans for me. I made speeches at the Legion of Merit Medal. This was very exciting. But all the time I was worried about Antonio and my other friends in Guam. And then the Navy sent me back on a tour of beauty. Hey, Antonio! Antonio Attila! You calling me, Mr. What's the matter, Antonio? Don't you know me with a haircut? Street, street! It's Mr. Street! It's good to see you. I talked the Navy into sending me back. It's swell. I know you're okay. Yes, we are good, but it was closed.  I was stationed on Guam a good long time before the war. But it wasn't until I was hiding out for two and a half years that I really knew the island. Yes, you're so much, so much of it. You're crawling on over the island on your hands and knees. No, no, I mean that I really knew your people. But you're morons. I learned a lot from you, Antonio. Then? But your people are as loyal and brave as any people that live under the American flag. You made me a hero back home, Antonio. But I know the people of Guam are the real heroes. Not me.  Fighter planes fly 400 miles per hour and the shooting star, the new jet plane now going into quantity production, reported it topped 700 miles per hour. When the pilot of a plane traveling that fast pulls out of the dive or makes even a moderately sharp turn, it's like reaching the bottom of a dip on a roller coaster. He's jammed down at his feet. The blood in his body is forced down into his legs so that they swell from almost twice their size. The paint blacks out only for a couple of seconds, but in those seconds he can crash or an enemy fighter can shoot him down. So army fighter pilots now wear an anti-blackout suit under their other flying clothes. It looks like a football suit with lacings and leg pads. When the dive or makes a sharp turn, parts of the suit are automatically pumped full of air, hugging the pilot tightly around the lower part of his body and clapping down on his legs to keep the blood where it belongs. Wearing the suit, he doesn't black out. Naval aviators wear regular summer all nylon coveralls which incorporate anti-blackout features. The Army and Navy have been working on blackout suits for years. About a year ago, during an airstrike in Palau, one of them is an experiment, but they were so hot and uncomfortable that the pilots didn't like them. They had to be redesigned for lightness. The suits they used today are unbelievable light. One weighs three pounds. Another weighs only 12 ounces. The answer is DuPont Nylon which combines great strength and toughness with extreme lightness and weight. DuPont Chemists who provided a world with a new material in nylon weren't looking for nylon. They were searching for knowledge and in this case, knowledge about giant molecules and the way small molecules can be hooked together to make them. Out of their spiritual research, out of their months of patient investigation, out of their proved knowledge and the fact that the DuPont Company was willing to venture millions of dollars and weight years if necessary for any return, gained nylon. Because of nylon, these light weight blackout suits are possible and dozens of other things the Army and Navy would find it difficult to replace. Here is a forceful illustration of the value of pure research. Research seeking knowledge for its own safety. Research out of which are many of the DuPont Company's better things for better living through chemistry. Next week the DuPont Cavalcade will bring you one of Hollywood's loveliest stars one who deserves the high place she holds in your affection, Miss Irene Dunn. Irene Dunn will appear in a new radio play about the adventurous young American woman physician, Dr. Catherine Neal Dale, who braved the unknown to fight for 40 years superstition and disease in the foreign countries. Listen again next Monday night to Irene Dunn in Doctora in Mexico on the DuPont Cavalcade of America. Testimores stars tonight's DuPont Cavalcade may colorably be seen in the new Columbia picture rough, tough and ready. Music for tonight was composed and conducted by Robert Ambruster. Our Cavalcade play was written by Martha Wyschenbrand. It was based on the book Robinson Crusoe, U.S.N. by George Creed and Blake Clark. This is game written inviting you to listen again next week to Doctora in Mexico starring Irene Dunn on the Cavalcade of America brought to you by the DuPont Company of Wellington, Delaware. This is the National Broadcasting Company.


Hey everyone welcome back to Nintendo Prime and oh boy. We have a banger for you today I actually was gonna save this video For next week because I will be gone all next week the video content won't be gone, but I'll be gone But I couldn't wait. We have some breaking Leaks news whatever I'm gonna explain what I know about the situation for breath of the wild to Some of this stuff is absolutely amazing. I did share some of it here in prime game If I didn't share all of it nor why I'm really really confident to call this a leak Rather than a rumor, which is obviously two different things You know the distinction between a rumor and a leak is a leak is something that we can actually trace back in and Verify the source where is a rumor is sort of hey, none of us really know We're just trusting hearsay from another person Rather than getting it directly from the person involved with it And in this case this actually comes from somebody who worked on breath of the wild to or Was working or did work wouldn't be surprised if there or maybe let go after this nugget of information got out But hey, they put it out there themselves Maybe not thinking anything of it and it's not like the biggest leaks of the world, but it is actually Vitally important for the game. So before we get into this news. I want to remind you. Hey, I appreciate all of you Thank you so much for showing up the prime gaming fest if you were there You don't know what I'm talking about you guys can just forget I even mentioned it I would appreciate if you would subscribe to the channel and let's get into this breaking Zelda news So I'm reading this off inverse. Although. This isn't where it came from. They just give a good description of it And I want to scroll down because yeah, I think I've credit the switch for actually saw this before spit force I forgot it up. Let's just get right to the leak Well, we'll get to exactly who the leak comes from here in a moment. So the leak states the following So the leakers the 3d artist and with that in mind She mentioned animating sequences related to the first time the player picks up the Sheikah slate This also caused fans to jump to the conclusion of a possible playable Zelda Zelda has the Sheikah slate by the end of Breath of the Wild So it raises the question of why Link would have it back in his possession Switch force one of the channels that cover this Raised the possibility of Zelda being a playable character Which by the way so has every single fan since the very first trailer of the game We see Zelda in action in Hyrule Warriors. So it's not totally out of the question Also, by the way, she's like the phantom and then our glass spear tracks that kind of stuff. Anyways, whatever Link mutated arm seem to replace the Sheikah slate in Breath of the Wild sequel trailers So it'll be interesting to see how the two powers complement each other or if his arm is related to the Sheikah slate Zelda also could have dropped the Seikah slate the Sheikah slate when she fell back in a black hole in the E3 2021 trailer Who knows? Yeah, it's one of those things that if Link has both we've never seen it He hasn't had it in any of the trailers. The Liger also mentioned working on a roaring dragon and flying dragon animation Which could be related to unreleased title for Breath of the Wild too. Alright new game plus Breath of the Wild Seagull might also incorporate new game plus which would be a first For the Legend of Zelda series new game plus is a feature that enables players to carry over progress like stats weapons and other items into a new Playthrough so that it's easier to explore areas you might have missed and replay specific moments without grinding through the same content Again, again, this is just describing what new game plus is always meant in other games related to new game plus Link will apparently look different at the end of Breath of the Wild switch force notes that this could be lost in translation and Probably the last clear detail mentioned in the league considering looked different can mean a number of things from changing outfits to links arm Returning to normal switch force also pointed out that he could look different if new game plus enabled playing as other characters like Zelda however, he admits at the end of the video that he doesn't think playable as all that is likely et cetera This is all opinions obviously of switch force, but the thing is we know a bit more than just with switch force put out there So the original league did actually come from the Chinese version of Twitter And the Twitter handle behind it was a verified user who works at Nintendo so That's a thing this user also has since deleted the tweets related after the news broke We're calling them tweets. It's not really tweets still Chinese could be you know, why is it on a Chinese one when that went when they're busy You know working in Japan for Nintendo. They could have originated from China, of course So they just happened to have a Chinese Twitter account Look at the end of the day This obviously is information that Nintendo didn't want out there. None of it is also the most damning Stuff that exists on the internet, right? Like there's there's so much worse that could leak Such as exact story details exactly what's happening What we get out of this is that new game plus is in the game Which we've never really had in this other game and then obviously the sheikah slate is back in some way the sheikah slate is back I don't know how I don't know why we could speculate Zelda is it link what's going on? We don't know all we know is the sheikah slate is back And it would be really interesting enough one point late in the game Link could somehow use the arm abilities and the sheikah slate abilities at the same time I think that would be rather rather interesting then obviously some dragon animations being mentioned We know dragons existed in Breath of the Wild not a surprise they'd be back in breath while to be really cool If there's some cool aerial combat You remember all those patents with link falling through the air shooting arrows and doing all these crazy things that Sounded like it definitely was a breath of the wild to patent Hey, that sounds really badass and maybe fighting some of these dragons midair Could be a use case for these patents assuming that you even need to fight them And there's a lot of theories around those dragons and what they represent and are they actually evil a lot of that stuff So I'm just really excited for the prospect of breath of the wild to it any Morsel any detail we can get on breath of the wild to I want to provide to you guys again I was gonna save this video, but you know what the rest of the internet is Slowly picking up on this story So I wanted to throw it out there and as a kind of a final note the toss here at the end yesterday Let's just update on yesterday's story. There was a Fire emblem rumor sort of thrown out there by Emily Rogers. She doesn't for her It's not a rumor, but since we can't verify this and see that it's you know who it came from We just go with calling her rumor where the new fire emblem game is done And I'll let you can go watch my video for a recap on that if you want you know But one thing to note is that it does appear that screenshots may have leaked for the game These screenshots are from an early build of fire emblem the new fire emblem game And are in Chinese and Emily Rogers actually responded You know when people ask her if these are real or not to be about all maybe from a mobile game or something And she basically said they look like really mean they line up with everything I know I haven't seen these screenshots and they definitely look like they're from an old version of the game They definitely look like they're obviously from a Chinese version of the game But you know she said hey, you know, they could be fake, but you know, I'm looking at them And I think they're probably real and she obviously admitted she had never seen them before so hey look You know that's just further evidence, you know You guys can sound off. I mean early builds are always gonna look a bit rough So if you think that this is not fire emblem, that's fine A lot of people are starting to think it is so let me know you think about this down in the comments below I am Nathaniel Ruffeljant from Nintendo Prime. I want to thank you so much for for tuning in I'm just really excited to bring this news to you today Probably one of maybe a couple videos we got today I don't know I have to start getting content ready for when I'm gone But you guys are amazing and awesome and I hope you guys have a wonderful rest of your day Probably catch you guys at least tonight on the Nintendo Prime podcast at 8 p.m. Central time on Nintendo Academy We'll be on and somebody else to be determined. So thank you guys and I'll catch you later


On which rests the government of the United States is the Constitution. Like most important political documents, the Constitution is subject to interpretation. That is one of its great strengths. The Constitution is not a legal stretch of it, it is firm and yet flexible enough to meet the needs of an ever-growing, ever-changing nation. Naturally the question arises, who is to say what the Constitution means? Who is to say, for example, whether a law enacted by Congress is constitutional or whether it is not? Congress? The President? The judiciary? The question arose during the very infancy of the Republic. It brought face-to-face two eminent statesmen who have profoundly affected America, as we know it today, President Thomas Jefferson and Chief Justice John Marshall. What Jefferson said was this, the voice of the people is supreme. Let the people decide through their elected representatives what the Constitution means and what it means not. What John Marshall said, on the other hand, was this, the Constitution itself intends for the federal judiciary to make that decision, men who are appointed to the bench for life and who therefore stand above party strife and political turmoil. The difference of opinion of the two men on this crucial issue was resolved within the framework of a case known as Marbury versus Madison, a case which was heard before the Supreme Court in 1803 and which led to one of the most important decisions ever made by that court. Sometime during the fall of 1801, four men decided to pay a visit to the United States Department of State. The four men's names were Marbury, Ramsey, Harper, and Hull. President Adams, during the very last days of his administration, had nominated them as justices of the peace for the District of Columbia. The Senate had confirmed them. President Adams had signed their commissions and the then Secretary of State, John Marshall, had affixed to the commissions the seal of the United States. However, in the great flurry of activities during John Adams' exit from the political stage, these commissions had disappeared. Jefferson's Republicans were in power now. Thomas Jefferson was president and James Madison, Secretary of State. And the commissions of Marbury, Ramsey, Harper, and Hull had still not turned up. General, I'm Mr. Marbury, William Marbury. I'm Mr. Ramsey, Mr. Harper, Mr. Hull. We're here to see the Secretary of State. On what business? We'd prefer to put that directly to Mr. Madison. Mr. Madison has given instructions, very strict instructions, that he be informed of his visit to his business before they are admitted. Very well then. We're here to inquire into the whereabouts of four commissions. Commissions for these gentlemen and myself as justices of the peace of the District of Columbia. The whereabouts? That's right, the whereabouts. We know that they were signed by the President on the seal, but they were never delivered to us. If you'll wait a moment, gentlemen. He'll see us. He won't. If he doesn't, I'll make him jump. You mark my words. Make him jump? There's little chance of that. You keep forgetting, Marbury, we lost the election. Mr. Jefferson is in charge now, and he'll play the tune, and we Federalists will do the jumping. We lost those commissions when we lost the election, and that is that. Well, I don't think that is that. We have a legal right to those commissions. Doesn't matter which party owns that desk. Marbury, let's go home. Not until he sees us. Gentlemen, I'm Mr. Wagner, the Chief Clerk. The Secretary has urgent business and cannot see you. He has directed me to talk to you. I'm at your service, gentlemen. Mr. Wagner, this matter concerns the Secretary himself. He cannot be disturbed. I'm sorry. If you will be so kind as to state your business. Mr. Wagner. The four of us were nominated by President Adams as Justices of the Peace for the District of Columbia. Four were President Adams. The nominations were confirmed by the Senate. They were signed by the President, but they were never delivered to them. I know nothing about that. Nor I'm sure there's anyone else here. At least of all, Mr. Madison. You're aware, of course, that he didn't take office until May. I know that. However, Mr. Wagner. The commissions were last seen on a table in the State Department. Now, Mr. Madison is in charge of that department, and we intend to hold him responsible. I doubt that he'll accept that responsibility. Just so we don't misunderstand each other, Mr. Wagner. The withholding of an official document of the United States, a commission of office, is a crime for which a man is punishable under the law, even if that man is the Secretary of State. You're not considering, are you, taking the Secretary of State to court? Yes, we are, Mr. Wagner. As a matter of fact, we will take him to court, if that's what it takes to force this department to produce our commission. You don't think any man is above the law, do you? The Secretary of State? The President himself. Now, Mr. Wagner, are you going to tell us about our commissions or not? I know nothing about them, sir. Nothing at all. Marbury and his companions would file a petition in the Supreme Court. What they demanded specifically was that the Secretary of State, James Madison, be forced by an order from that court to hand over to them the commissions to which they felt themselves entitled. The power to issue such an order, they knew, had been given to the Supreme Court by the Judiciary Act of 1789. The court then consisted of six men, Chief Justice John Marshall, Justice Alfred Moore, Justice William Patterson, Justice William Cushing, Justice Bouchard Washington, and Justice Samuel Chase, all appointed by either George Washington or John Adams. Let us assume the men have a case. Question. Is there a statute which would empower this court to hear it? There is. Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789. The language, Mr. Patterson? Section 13, Mr. Chief Justice, authorizes us to issue court orders in cases warranted by the principles and usages of the law to any persons holding office under the authority of the United States. Then we can issue an order to the Secretary of State directing him to produce these commissions. It's the case, Lawrence. I feel constrained to point out that this case should be decided to hear it. And should we have reason to find from Marbury that this case will set us on a collision course with President Jefferson now that he and his Republicans are in power? Good. Good. Only a matter of time until they lay an ax to this court. The last remnant of their Federalist opposition. Now we have a chance to head them off. Only to be accused of acting from political motives. No, Mr. Chase. We would be furnishing Mr. Jefferson with ammunition. Irrelevant. Whether we furnish him or not, he carries enough political cant in his head with which to load his cannon until the day of doom. We can't furnish him with ammunition. Mr. Marshall? Yes. Assuredly, this court has no business meddling with the executive or with his cabinet members. On the other hand, if Mr. Marbury is entitled to his commission and if it's been wrongfully withheld from him, yes, this court has certain responsibilities. Which I, for one, am willing to live up to. Thank heavens, Mr. Giles. There are some matters that broke no opinion. There's only one way to bake a tartar from ours. This is it. I thank God, Mr. President. No need to make a light of it, Mr. Congressman. It's heaven. This. Mr. Marvison. Mr. President. What is that paper you have in your hand, Mr. Marvison? It's an order from the Supreme Court. What order? I've been asked to show cause why I should not be directed by the Supreme Court to produce certain commissions. Commissions as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia, the names of Marbury, Harper, Ramsey. Ignore it. Ignore the order. Nothing further? Nothing. My friend, the Chief Justice, what could have been more plain in the world than that he was just waiting for this opportunity? To strike at you. Yes, Mr. President. To strike at the executive authority of this government. It's plain as day that he intends to furnish the opposition an opportunity to abuse you, to vilify you.  You have been attacked, Mr. President. Strike back. These commissions, Mr. President, do you know anything about them? I found them on the table in the State Department when I took office. I forbade their delivery. You hadn't arrived yet? Ah. You find this irregular? Consider it. 42 commissions that Matt Adams crowded into the last hour of his administration. 42. And all of them picked from among my worst enemies. And with the simple motive of preventing me from staffing my administration with my own people, what else was I to do? Except for the life appointments which are irrevocable, I've treated them as a nullity. Expedient, but not altogether legal. What else could I do for so many years has this republic been under federalist rule? For so many years have we labored to drive them from the government. And now that we've done it, we have routed them from the legislature, routed them from the executive. They hang on thanks to Mr. Adams. They hang on to the judiciary. Black fleas from old black it. And the worst of it is we must feed and care for them while they try to strike down safe in their own fortress. To strike down and ruin all the works of republicans. They must pay. Move. Counter move, Mr. President. Repeal the Circuit Court Act. Repeal the entire judicial system. At one blow, we shall terminate all present office holders, create a new system entirely, and cut back the power of the courts to its proper limits. The people govern, not the courts. Well, that's madness, Mr. Giles. The judiciary system is perfectly adequate. It will suffice to replace its present articles. Is it madness, Mr. President? Yes, Mr. Giles, it is. But in my present frame of mind, it's also a very tempting idea. Not practicable, but it is tempting. Circuit Court Act. Yes, I wish to see it repealed. As to replacing the present occupants of the judiciary. I think you're quite right, Mr. Madison. Yes. Let's keep our eyes open for any opportunities to impeach. Two or three of these gentlemen, I think. That might have quite a good impression. That is not enough. Well, I shall not try to destroy the federal judiciary, Mr. Giles. Although I wish to see its power curved, the Constitution prescribes that the three branches of the government balance each other, not as to dominate the other. If we permit the Supreme Court to concern itself with the business of the legislature and of the executive, we shall have conceded to them the right to control this business. And that is inconsistent with every idea of good government. Thomas Jefferson viewed the Supreme Court's action in behalf of William Marbury as an attack upon the executive. He retaliated first by means of the Congress. Under his direction, Congress repealed an important piece of federalist legislation, the Circuit Court Act of 1801. Congress then suspended the June and August terms of the Supreme Court. Next came impeachment proceedings against a federal judge by the name of Pickering. And finally, there were rumors that Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase was marked for a similar fate. The rights of the individuals at stake, yes, of course, but there's a great deal more to it. The independence of this court is at stake. The independence of this court is provided by the Constitution. It's no longer merely a legal question that concerns us here. Congress has seen thoroughly to that, and I presume under Mr. Jefferson's prompting, if we take it up now, we do political battle. However, the prospect of that may strike anyone else. I find it extremely distasteful. I find it hopeless. We are in midst of a battle. Yes, a battle which we cannot win. If we find for Mr. Marbury and order Mr. Madison to produce this accursed commission, what will happen? Nothing. Mr. Madison will simply ignore us. As we have no way to enforce our decisions, we shall have established ourselves as in irrelevancy. If, on the other hand, we find against Mr. Marbury, it will be said that we have vindicated the president. Because we fear his anger. Ridiculous. Quite so. No, we're damned either way. I've always thought that the greatest scourge in angry heaven could inflict on a sinning and ungrateful people would be a ignorant, a corrupt, or a dependent judiciary. This court must give honorable proof of its independence, or it'll be said we don't deserve it. We're not and never should be in the business of making political warfare. Peace doesn't come from the absence of conflict, Mr. Washington, but from the ability to cope with it. If a wrong has been committed, and if the Constitution authorizes us to act on it, does anyone claim that the secretary, or even the president, is above the law? And if they have violated the law, gentlemen, consider. Where can a man turn for the protection of his rights, but to our courts of justice? Arguments in Marbury versus Madison were heard before the Supreme Court in February of 1803. Charles Lee represented Marbury and his companions. The secretary of state gentlemen is not above the law. Where he acts as an agent of the president, under the direct orders of the president, he may not be responsible to the courts. But he is also a public servant to the people of the United States. As such, he has duties which are assigned to him, not by the president, but by the law. In the execution of these duties, he is independent of all control, except the control of the law. The people can compel him to do these duties. And if he refuses, he must answer to the courts. Now, we do not wish to punish Mr. Madison for his refusal to surrender to Mr. Marbury, the commission to which unquestionably he is entitled. We wish to protect Mr. Marbury and to see that he gets what is due him. This objective can be achieved by means of a court order to Mr. Madison demanding that he forthwith produce the commission which will install Mr. Marbury in the office for which he was nominated by President Adams and in which the Senate confirmed him. If a court order of this nature can be issued at all by this court, it can be issued to the secretary of state. The act of Congress gives this court the power to award it in cases warranted by the principles and usages of the law to any persons holding office under the authority of the United States. Gentlemen, I think the case warrants it. On its face, the case had nothing to do with the question as to whose interpretation of the Constitution was the binding one. Yet Chief Justice Marshall made it the springboard for a crucially significant pronouncement on just that matter. He did so by questioning the constitutionality of the very act of Congress which had empowered the court to hear the case in the first place. Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789. Well, can there be any doubt that Marbury is entitled to his commission? Surely we can agree on that. Are we maintaining that for such a document it should take effect, that it suffices for it to be signed by the president and to be sealed? That the act of delivery is irrelevant? The commission is valid from the moment it is signed and sealed. I think, you remind me of a fellow I had in the witness box, Mr. Chase. Great many years ago. Kept answering my questions with, I think. So I said to him, don't think. Tell us what you know. He replied, well, I'm not a lawyer. I can't talk without thinking. Now, three questions need to be answered in this order. Number one, has Marbury a right to the commission which he's claiming? Number two, if he has a right to said commission and that right has been violated to the laws of the land offering protection? Number three, if the laws of the land offering protection, what can we do for? Now, can we direct Madison to produce the commission due him? Can we? Of course we can. We heard this case precisely because section 13 of the Judiciary Act gave us the power to act, if necessary, in such manner. All right, question one. I think we have an agreement here. This commission was signed, it was sealed, it is valid. Then we must have agreement on question two as well. If the commission is valid, if Marbury has a legal right to the Office of Justice of the Peace, then refusal to deliver that commission is a plain violation of that right for which the law of the land offers him protection. Agreed, gentlemen? Now for the crucial question. Can the situation be remedied by an order from this court directing Mr. Madison to surrender the commission to Mr. Marbury? I thought that was agreed on from the beginning. Section 13 of the Judiciary Act empowers us to issue just such an order. It'll be ignored. Yes, but the law is clear. Is it really, Mr. Patterson? Is there any question of that? Might be. Of whether it is clear? Of whether it is clearly the law? Nothing clear, it was passed by Congress, signed by the President. Well, I've studied this section 13 closely. I've also refreshed my memory and, incidentally, my respect for that very excellent instrument, our Constitution. And? The Constitution says that we have jurisdiction in cases such as this. Article 3, Section 2. But the case must come to us on appeal from our lower court, gentlemen. Here. Look it up for yourself, Mr. Washington. Yes, of course. Marbury v. Madison did not come to us on appeal, gentlemen. It originated in this court. Perfect. We have no jurisdiction. The case is closed. Not quite. Oh? Section 13 of the Judiciary Act is in conflict with the Constitution. I propose we make the point. How so? By declaring it unconstitution. Section 13 presumes to give us jurisdiction where the Constitution plainly says we don't have it. I disagree, Mr. Chief Justice. I disagree. Section 13 merely says that we can issue a court order, quote, in cases warranted by the principles and usages of the law. It does not specify the nature of the case. It does not say in cases which originate in this court, nor does it say in cases which come to this court on appeal. Section 13 merely says in cases warranted by the principles and usages of the law. So, Section 13 need not be construed as conflicting with the Constitution. All depends on how we interpret it. Mr. Patterson, can Section 13 be interpreted as giving us jurisdiction in a case like this that originates in this court? Yes, of course. Then, it is in conflict with the Constitution, but we don't have to interpret it that way. But we can. And I urge that we do so. That we find Section 13 unconstitutional and that we so declare it. Gentlemen, I ask for your consent. Why is it not enough to say that we have no jurisdiction? Why go further? Why claim this day, Mr. Patterson? It's perfectly extraordinary. A declaration of independence, Mr. Patterson. By declaring Section 13 unconstitutional an act passed by Congress and signed in the law by the President, this court will have staked its claim to the right to say to the legislative and to the executive what the Constitution means and what it means not. Mr. Patterson, we shall have stated emphatically that it is the province of the judiciary department to say what the law is. What puzzles me, Mr. Marshall, is when we decided to hear this case on the basis of this Section 13 and when you first laid eyes on it, did you decide then that it was unconstitutional? Did it encourage you then that we might use this case? Sometimes our best opportunities come wrapped in our worst problems. It's always been my belief that the only way to safeguard the Constitution was to put it in the hands of the judiciary, not in the hands of the legislative, not of the executive, after all. The Constitution is either superior to the law, unchangeable by ordinary means or it's on the level of ordinary legislative acts. Can we change whenever the legislative or the executive is pleased to change it? This be the case. If, say, the legislature were in a position to change the Constitution whenever it pleased, but then a written Constitution would be merely an absurd attempt to limit the power which, or which by its very nature, is illimitable. Certainly, all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and paramount law of the nation. And consequently, the theory of every such government must be that an act of the legislature repugnant to the Constitution is void. John Marshall's decision in Marbury versus Madison was as follows. He said, the Constitution does not empower the Supreme Court to issue a direct order to Mr. Madison to produce the commission to which Mr. Marbury is legally entitled. In other words, he said, we have no jurisdiction in this case. But then he went a step further. He said, Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 purports to give the court a power which the Constitution, in fact, does not give it. Section 13, therefore, is unconstitutional. What on the surface looked like inter-party wrangling were used by Marshall to resolve a great political issue? The question, who is to say what the Constitution means, was answered. The Supreme Court, said John Marshall. President Jefferson disagreed. I disagree, yes. Of course I disagree. Why should the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court only have the right to tell us what the Constitution means? The Constitution, which Mr. Marshall so cherished, wills that the three branches of the government are equal. Equal, Mr. Madison. It is the Judiciary Branch's province to tell us what the law is, claims Mr. Marshall, on what grounds. I ask you, on what grounds isn't that much in our Constitution to justify Mr. Marshall's claim? Let each branch of the government decide within the framework of the duties assigned by the Constitution for itself. And for itself only. What the Constitution means and what it means not. No, that is proper. That is, in conformance for the principle of equality of the three branches. And if there had to be, there had to be one branch to interpret the Constitution for the others. I say, let it be Congress. President Jefferson won his battle against Marbury and his companions. They never received their commissions. Chief Justice John Marshall, however, won the war to establish the Supreme Court as the final arbiter of the meaning of the Constitution. He declared for the first time an act of Congress signed into law by the President as unconstitutional. The right of the courts to pass on the constitutionality of laws, the principle of judicial review, was not new. It had been exercised before at the state level. In Marbury versus Madison, John Marshall extended it to encompass federal law. In so doing, he established the right of the Supreme Court of the United States to say what the Constitution means and what it means not. To the government of the states and to the federal government as well. Marbury versus Madison taught America that the Constitution cannot be ignored in settling great political issues. It stressed the limitations on governmental power provided by the instrument. And it affirmed the constitutional duty of the Supreme Court to decide if and when the political branches of government exceeded their constitutional bounds.


I had a very good night's rest over at this very lovely rest stop on the side of the road. This is the eastbound side and Yeah, just looking out over Las Cruces. I just makes me wonder how far I will get today I'm gonna go pick up Claire bear in a couple days so basically I have about I would say Shoot, I don't know 700 miles 600 miles So we got to go stock up this morning. So let's go to that. Let's go do that first Place to fill up. That's kind of what I do when I'm on these longer drives is playing my Stops, but that ever does happen. Here's a good tip is to just fill enough up To get to the next spot where there's you know cheaper fuel, especially on long road trips You don't need to fill up 55 gallons 30 gallons that enough to get into the next spot Fantastic meeting you. Thanks again for the book. See you again on the road somewhere the price on Gas buddy 269. It was claiming to be 239 This is an example of what can happen once in a while.  There's even truckers over here fueling up So it happens once in a while you got to watch out So basically all you got to do is just go back and then just kind of zoom out Which it doesn't make sense either right all the other prices in the neighborhood are 269 There's really no reason to lie because they even at 269. It's a pretty I don't want to say a good price But a pretty low price. So just zoom out search this area See if there's anything cheaper going on here. It looks like 310 Let's go a little bit further west because I still got about 150 miles in the tank 265 so definitely not gonna shop here because they're just shady Human beings so let's see if there is a competitor close by Looks like there's something around the corner for 265 so I'm gonna go to this place here Murphy and Fill up and continue heading east but just a heads up. I wanted to warn you about gas buddy because it's user-submitted It's not accurate and people do take advantage of the system occasionally occasionally is a Very rare instance, but when it does happen make sure to leave a negative review like I did because that's That's just not right. This could be super petty, but I just reported that Previous Valero at four bucks a gallon Just to mess with them. They mess with me Little little bit of their own medicine. So Add that to my advice if you find some place. That's drastically wrong and the reviews say that a lying just mess with them but it put it a dollar more and You know, I think it's fair Texas icon over here the wise I've just been driving and driving and driving since this morning well That was probably the most exciting thing today doesn't surprise Assuming that the roads will be drivable tomorrow. I guess there was some kind of snowstorm ice storm They came through and they had to pull over because the roads were you know Well moist and I couldn't tell how cold it was outside. It was freezing though.  Thanks so much for watching