Well, good morning. I suppose the one thing about this panel is this one is very much gender-independent in topic-wise, because we're talking about technology, and technology doesn't really have a gender per se, I suppose, but a little bit of audience participation just to start with, and then I'll introduce the topic groups. Who has, and I'm sure almost, who has a smartphone, all right? Okay, I want you to close your eyes for about 10 seconds, and imagine that the only thing you could do on your smartphone is make a telephone call, send an SMS message, or play a very simple game called Snake, all right? Now I know a lot of you would be breaking out in a sweat at the moment at the thought of that, because, you know, you wouldn't be able to use Facebook or Instagram or anything like that, but the reality is in the year 2000, that was our world as far as the technology of smartphones was concerned. I remember when I first started my masters in IT, there was a topic that we did called Future Technology and Social Impact, and I remember quite vividly watching a series of concept videos of this thing that they, I don't even think it had the name smartphone at the time, but they showed what would life be like if we had a mobile connected device which had computing power and all those sort of things, and 16, 17 years on, all of that and more has become a reality to all of us and many, many people in the world have two or three of these devices, let alone just one. So back in the year 2000, if we were having this discussion, maybe the smartphone would be, what is the next big thing in technology? So hopefully in today's session, I would like these highly experienced people that I have the honour of leading this morning to help us decide or give us some information about what maybe three, four, five new technologies that are going to change the world in the next five or so years and we can keep an eye out on them just for interest sake or maybe even might spark an idea of some sort of new entrepreneurial venture for you today. So the other thing, as I was researching this group, I discovered that collectively our panel members have over 80, that's eight zero years of experience, yes I think that is actually worthy of applause, either creating new technology or using new technology to create a business. So in alphabetical order, because I found no other sensible way to sort of do them without sort of showing some favouritism, we have, I'm not even going to attempt to pronounce your last name. It's fanatic, you can do it. Can I? Okay, Bhattacharya. Perfect. Oh, very good. Dr. Badushi Bhattacharya, I was a little bit reticent at this because when I heard about your background, I thought, oh awesome, she's a rocket scientist and I thought, oh I better not say that, she might feel a bit offended and then I read your bio and you officially classify yourself as a rocket scientist and as a guy that sort of loves space stuff, that's pretty awesome as far as I'm concerned.  Most of the very popular space missions from NASA that you've heard of, Bhattushi's had her fingers somewhere involved in parts of those missions. And she currently is the CEO and founder of the Austropreneur's Hub, which is Asia's first space technology incubator, and the CEO and founder of the Bhattacharya Space Enterprises, which is an organization which helps educate and train people in space science and related technologies. We have Beverly DeLore, she's a computer scientist with experience in software engineering and management roles around software engineering. She's the head of technology at Space Mob, which is a co-working space, which you might think what technology is involved there. The whole thing that makes Space Mob different is that they deeply embed aspects of technology in how the members of the co-working space can work and interact with the space itself. And then we have, I was going, I had here Doctor, but I just suddenly found out it's soon to be Doctor, soon to be Doctor Oshikana, who seems to have packed an amazing amount of things in a ridiculously short career. She's an author, consultant, advisor, editor, and entrepreneur. Have I missed anything? No, totally unfocused. And she started her career in the financial services industry, advising very large financial service companies on how to automate many aspects of the financial trading processes. And she advises governments and companies on issues around technology and social and economic impact. And she's currently the CEO and founder of ADO, which is an artificial intelligence advisory firm and incubator. And she also founded 21C Girls in Singapore. And I like the story about how that happened as well. And we finally, we have Natalie Ting. She's a software engineer and entrepreneur. She briefly worked in the telecommunications industry and then went straight off into a little startup at the time, but suddenly had a very big impact, a company called Moby Pocket. And they were one of the founding companies in the e-reader technologies back in the early 2000s. And then a little online retailer you may have heard of called Amazon decided that their technology was pretty darn cool and bought it. And then she moved off into, because entrepreneurism seems to be her thing, moved into a couple of other companies and she's now with Upvise, which is a cloud based software as a service application for businesses. So what I thought we'd start off with, we'd start with the present. So what do you think is, what technology or technologies do you think is having the greatest impact on society today? Definitely? Or whoever wants to start? Yeah, I think, I mean right now, because we're in the co-working space, so I think definitely anything that interacts with the space, the physical space. So this is like IoT stuff, right? I think these are the things that we can definitely use in my current industry right now, where we can incorporate devices that monitors the usage of the space, probably even temperature, or even the smell of the whole office. So for me, that's something that's very right now. IoT, and also artificial intelligence, because IoT's are just the eyes and the ears, they said, of technology that gathers this information and data. So you need something to analyze all this data and make it more intelligent, which is the artificial intelligence. So all this data will just be very much analyzed by this artificial intelligence programs or applications out there. Yeah, I would say that, at the present, we think that there are two main things. One is the mobile phone, despite people thinking it's kind of a last century tool, is actually much more powerful now, and is responsible for a lot of the data that we're getting, and a lot of the way we connect to emerging market consumers. And apart from that, the other thing is that data, and naturally leading into artificial intelligence. How are you collecting data and what are you doing with it? I've been just consistently impressed with some of the innovations that I'm seeing from health care to agriculture to transportation. And I think there's enormous amounts of potential there. And every time you think it's the future, you realize that it sees already right now. So in that sense, we are talking near future, present near future, even in this panel, I think, to a degree. Thanks. Well, I think I'd like to say that it's first internet and then mobile, and to put everything into a more historical perspective. I know everybody here has a phone, and you can't, as you were saying, imagine that before this, you had phones just to call people. So first internet, that happened. The very first network, networks connecting people around the world was around in the 1960s, ARPANET, the US military. It really existed, so that was 60, 50, 1960s. Just to show you that things take time and technology. Quite often the technologies exist, the physics, the science are already there, but it takes a maturing of the whole environment in terms of, for the internet to become what we use every day and to change our lives, it took, so 1995 is Amazon. I don't know if anybody can remember that, but Amazon is now just above 20 years old. Before that, we, our generation, lived with no e-mail.  It all happened really very fast over the past 20 years.  If you take a really, you know, more bit of background on this, it has changed our lives so much because it makes us a global world.  You didn't have access to any information easily.  And it's useful in so many areas, well, especially in coding, software, when you're looking up a problem. There's always someone somewhere in the world who said exactly that same very specific technical problem, so you find the answer instantly. Way back when you had your problem in your little office, trying to figure out how to fix that bug, maybe take a few weeks to figure out either on your own or trying to discuss with someone. So it's changed our lives because it makes people, companies go so much faster with all the information that we have at our fingertips. And it's changed our lives because we can communicate all over the world with anyone, someone in France, someone in Singapore, someone you can work on different continents. And you can also have these kind of... You don't have to work in a traditional way anymore in a company, like you all go to the same place and you all just work together there. You can actually have more agile kind of companies where you'll have... And that's what we do in our advice right now. We're based in Singapore, but we work with Australia, we work with Europe, France, we work with people in the US. And it's completely changed the way companies work. So internet, I think, is really the first major technology that has an impact today. And after internet came, of course, the mobile. And that's not that long ago, too, because when we started Upvise 10 years ago, there was no iPhone. So we started our company. There was those Nokia phones. I don't know if anybody knows the brand anymore. It was the major... Nokia was the major phone manufacturer from Finland, and they were number one, and no one had anything else under Nokia. But you could only just call, you could type your... It was called T1, you know, you had a predictive text. But people would make a really good job of that, actually. You could type your... Like today you use a WhatsApp or whatever, but you would type all your messages just with nine... The nine keys, and you'd make up all your words like that. So that was only maybe 10 years ago. It's happened so fast, and it's had such a huge impact on what we do. And even 10 years ago you would be using Facebook maybe just on your computer, because it was not on mobile yet. Now, you know, everyone uses your mobile for everything. I think it's just to put it in perspective. It's all happened very fast in the past 20 years. But the major impacts are from the internet and the mobile internet. So, thanks everybody for coming out for giving us your Saturday morning, your whole day Saturday actually. The program here looks really great, and I wish I could stay and attend some of the sessions myself this afternoon, but we're doing another training workshop. In terms of what I think has been the most major change in the past, I'll just even go back more than a few decades, just in the past few centuries for all of humanity, is our access to information. So, that has done so much, not just on a technical level, but on a social level, on a psychological level, to put us on a whole different mindset. If you think about your average 10-year-old today and how much they know, if you compare that to a scholar from the Middle Ages, somebody from a renowned university, that 10-year-old kid has access to and knows more stuff than the scholar would have back in the Middle Ages. We talk about pop culture, the kids, anywhere you go on vacation, you hear the same exact songs in the restaurants. We all have access to the same information, the same cultural norms, and I think that's really what's revolutionized things, and we're at a really exciting point right now in terms of human civilization just to the point where everybody globally is coming online. We've got, and I have to bring in space, we've got satellites that are providing internet across the planet to rural areas of Africa, to all over Asia, South America, and that is going to be a game changer. So, anybody in this room who's under the age of 40, I think 20 years from now, for you guys, you'll be working in a very different world. Those of us who are a little older will still be working, but I think what you will see and the world that you will be part of is very different because of just the incredible amount of information that you just have right there in your phone. So, it's a really, real game changer and I'm pretty excited about the future. Thank you. Yeah, I think the, Natalie's point about the internet, like just creating that foundation of connectivity that everything else is based on, and I've read a bit about history of science and you look at the history of science and certain things, there's always a, a technology had to be developed before a scientist could then discover something new which led to a new technology being developed which led to another scientist discovering something new. So, I suppose on that point, what do you think are sort of those, you know, expanding on say, the internet and things like that. What are those foundational technologies that we either are emerging now or we, you know, that you've heard of that are coming around the corner that will be the basis for that whatever the next big thing that we're going to tell everyone is so they'll make a million dollars at the end of the thing. So, what's happening? Okay, in my opinion, I may be biased. I think artificial intelligence is now going to become a commodity that has to be processed. And right now, you need a lot of experts to process it. So, I'll give you an example. One of the platforms that we're building is a micro insurance platform for Asian farmers. So, Asian farmers are very vulnerable. They live on one dollar to four dollars a day and in the Philippines, for instance, they're 20 to 25 typhoons a year. But nobody will give them credit and nobody will give them insurance because it's very hard to estimate the destruction. Even the largest microfinance bank has to go and send hundreds of people there to manually check how much crop was destroyed. But we are using satellite imagery. So, we are using hyperspectral imaging, microwave imaging, thermal imaging to understand and do early loss detection. But for us at the moment, that means subscribing to very expensive satellite imagery but then also we have five experts in our team who are computer vision experts and then SAR experts and other kinds of satellite image processing experts. I think what we'll see now is that as more people make cloud-based platforms, we'll see kind of a commodification of this. And then I'll have to find a new business model, but it's all for the good, right? We're all kind of running ahead and the technology is automating everything. So one of the things is that we are constantly in a disruptive mode. I think maybe space is the only thing where you have a lot of time still because it's still early days, maybe, kind of.  So I think that's a kind of a mindset thing, but also it's a the commodification of everything that you build and to be okay with that and not to be married to anything that you build is something that can't be disrupted, I think is really important. Yeah, so I think for my case, I think your question is more like what should be in place first before this advent of things happen? I think always the reservations for companies or even governments is cost. Like, transitioning from an old platform to the new platform can cost a lot. And given that, I think having more players, more providers of such services would lower the cost, and that's the good thing because technology will allow us to do that. I mean, if more people, so for example, IoT devices, if more people are developing these devices, then governments or companies can have a way to do this, like roll it out easily. And cloud, she mentioned about cloud.  They are like cloud services, services that you can just subscribe to, and then you can just use it in your company. And that basically lower the cost of maintenance, lower the cost of training people, and I think that's the first thing. I think having more players, having more people creating the basics of technology so that we can advance more and help people more to advance in that area that they wanted to pursue is what we need to have. So in my area, when mobile clouds was really past technology now, I think VR, virtual reality is really promising. It's been a lot of progress over the past two, three years. The first VR headsets were quite expensive and Mark Zuckerberg came in, Facebook bought up Oculus and Samsung now you can actually buy relatively inexpensively now. You can get Samsung Deer VR headset put in your smartphone, so you don't have to buy both, you use your smartphone as the engine for the VR headset. And more and more you're seeing interesting usages of VR. The first, of course, is in entertainment games, all the 3D experience movies that are in 3D and my kids love it because we bought the first version, the second version of the Samsung Gear headset and you can see your... So that was two years ago the first version, you could just see the sample, media, nice movies, you're on a helicopter and then suddenly you have someone overcoming above you, so it's really exciting all those things, but those were just samples and now I just looked into it again and in the new version you can actually, so many apps that came up, you can film your own 3D movies and view them in your headset and you can even go to Tizer Us and you buy a Google Cardboard VR headset, it goes for like $30, $36 and it's a VR headset, so you can view all your 3D pictures or videos, you can install a whole set of, there's hundreds of apps nowadays and applications will have an impact I was saying obviously video games and movies, but also, you can imagine in professional areas like in construction, like what we do in advice, you could imagine that the guy who's on the field needs to maybe follow a procedure, a safety procedure quality process instead of just looking it up on his phone and using a rather small screen and clumsy interface, you could have your headset and view the complete procedure in a much more comfortable way you could imagine also if you want to visit because we have an application in our suite which is defect tracking in apartments or new condo units when you want to track all the different defects that, you know, you just take a picture and then you send it back to the owner to say, oh, this apartment there's a problem here, but you could imagine viewing your virtually viewing visiting an apartment visiting any place and then filming your own your own to report on what you see, you could use you could film your own 3D movie and then send it back for reporting. So I mean I think there's a lot of potential in 3D and VR and obviously a lot of the major players are into it right now so I think we're going to see a lot coming up there. Okay, so this is where I get to talk about space. I get very excited when anybody asks me about space or my kids so great to be here. Let me ask you guys a question and I'll just tell you ahead of time the number of people that say yes to this over the past 3 years in Singapore has gone up in a way that's really been impressive. How many people here have thought about being an astronaut either now or in your childhood or have considered space as a potential career path? Wow that's awesome. So it used to be I would get maybe one or two people raising their hands I don't know if they were embarrassed or if it was really just not the case that they saw space as a feasible thing for the future but for those of you who raised your hands and for everybody else what I really want to convey is space technology is real, it's happening and it's global and we have a really great opportunity for Singapore to get involved at this point. So space tourism this group probably knows Elon Musk and SpaceX I don't have to explain who he is you know Elon is sending people to the moon to fly around the moon in 2018 he's talking about putting people on Mars by say 2030, 2035 even if he doesn't get there by 2030 or 35 the number of innovations he's going to need are going to have to come from you guys. People are going to have to come up with sensors, software psychological tools sociological methods to manage people traveling in space for so long and all of this has to happen very soon because if we want to meet our goals we have to have the tech in place and my hope is that everybody here gets themselves into a position where they have tech that can be acquired and built upon by people like Elon Musk and Richard Branson and all the others so I would say space tourism is happening and it's going to be a thing and I'd say the next five years and the other thing I want to talk about is asteroid mining I don't know how much you guys know about asteroids but they're from the early solar system so the minerals that are in asteroids are very easy to mine they're not geologically processed like on earth they have to grind stuff up, yeah so that's right it's very pure in space and we know what the rocks are made of because we have telescopes we can take measurements and do spectroscopy if you spend let's just say ten million dollars getting up there and you're able to bring back a billion dollars with a B with a material you're going to come out doing very well and all of this is possible because we have the miniaturization of electronics you talk about your cell phone being the size of a computer from 40 years ago we have satellites you can hold in your hand that weigh 1.3 kg that are up there taking images of the kind that Aisha was talking about this is happening right now and I really really do hope that you guys take space seriously as a career and if you want to talk to me about this afterwards I'll just go on and on I better stop I would definitely definitely add that this is an incredible area for young people to get involved in you know being an artificial intelligence I often ask the question about automation and the loss of jobs with this space and space tourism, asteroid mining this all represents a whole new area of jobs for us as the traditional jobs are getting automated so my kids are coming to you can I ask you a question too is there a change that wants to be an astrophysicist so what can you do we have a number of workshops that we run we have one at the art science museum on the 8th of July that we're running on CubeSats and if she knows a little bit of programming then that might be a really good opportunity for her and I'm happy to talk to anybody who wants to know about being an astrophysicist and in this particular context if you want to know what it's like to be a female the only pregnant female in a room of 20 men then I can share lots of stories with you guys I've been given the sign which is winded up now so I'm going to ask the hypothetically put your money where your mouth is question so I know Natalie will have the direct experience of this but just Jeff Bezos just asked Alexa to buy whole foods for him or something something like that so let's just hypothetically say Jeff Bezos has decided to buy out your particular current ventures and you've all been given a billion dollar payout so you've had a big holiday because you've worked very hard and you can't let go of the entrepreneur or the spirit which new emerging technology do you invest your money in? I can start so we are doing space education, space training at this point and we're also trying to bring together the ecosystem not just in Singapore but in Asia in general so I would take that billion after I'd spent some on the vacation and I would really go into funding our incubator because we have so many ideas that come to us even in Singapore where 5.5 million people here you can't believe the number of people who send us emails saying I have an idea for space tech so we could just fund that I think we just go amazing places so that was where I put it well I'd put it in AI because I think it's really the area where we have not really reached the full potential yet and there's so much to do I get this question a lot what would you do if you had a billion dollars? I still do this exact same thing and I think all of us would because we love what we do and artificial intelligence we're just starting now but AI for impact and I think we do a lot of stuff for people we do it around smart cities sustainable transportation and as a company that has a luxury as we grow bigger to choose the kind of products we do more in health care we do more for the poor farmers of the world and I think really bringing up the bottom billion and really making a difference to their quality of life through artificial intelligence and democratizing access to those services and infrastructure is a dream of mine whether I get those billion or not I'm doing it first I'll buy an island islands basically but I think two things I really believe in IoT I think the World Economic Forum in their white paper on the fourth industry revolution is that right now we have 18 billion devices of IoT devices around in 2025 they are projecting it to be around 80 billion so that's how big this industry is going to be and for me that's a very steady growth actually it's exponential growth from 18 billion right now so I think that's a very good technology to focus on because one I think as an engineer I'm still coding like 80% of my day every day I think for me it's more of why I went through this I want to help solve problems and I think IoT can do that for even at homes like in your your freeges you don't buy freeges every one year usually it's 10 years, 5 years but having these devices like the amazon dash buttons can add intelligence to your old freeges or can add intelligence to your old washing machines and that's good that's something that I'm very excited about that it's going to be a long way to go in that the other thing is advanced automation of robots and humans shouldn't be a question at all it could be a collaboration of human-robot collaboration so right now they're doing or inventing machineries that help people to be stronger like people operating these machines to be strong, to lift up heavy things and I'd like to see that because right now here in Singapore if you go to McDonald's you go that all this kiosk has been replaced by this kiosk and it doesn't have to be like that it can be a collaboration between humans and robots so I think that for me is a very exciting field that I'm happy that people are looking into that kind of collaboration so yeah I'm just excited about it I'd just like to add one last thing which is that in AI and anything that deals with information you have to be very careful about cyber security so even though none of us are in that field that is critical and then the other one for AI especially is beneficial AI making sure that we are in control of the algorithms so ethical ethics okay so thank you very much so I will now if you got your list handy so we've got artificial intelligence robots and internet of things augmented reality virtual reality and space technology are the things that we should be looking out for in the next five years so thank you very much to my panel members it's been an honor and thank you to Eva for organizing this group of people for me to chair Dr. Bedushi if you don't mind helping us with the lucky draw thank you again Dr. Bedushi Aisha, Nali, Beverly and Steve for sending us through this conversation about what's next in technology and how we can leverage it and create innovative spaces in our startups and innovative ideas and how we can make a change in the world I only wonder in 20 years if we have the same event what would we be talking about on the panel then


Everybody for us tier ripping 2022 origins football hobby 16 bucks full case number 13 random divisions You can always find these results at late in sports cards calm. Good luck everybody. Let's get started. All right. Good luck, everybody Bosses for twice tonight. Nice He's legit Acres you got Algiers rookie for the Falcons NFC South Locket NFC West of 199 Wilson AFC West to 299 AFC South rookie patch Travon Walker 61 out of 99 NFC North Romeo Dobbs rookie on card auto and redemption goes to the NFC East Brian Robinson, Jr. Rookie Jumbo, Jersey Auto NFC East Elijah Moore AFC East to 299 Deontay Johnson to 199 AFC North Zach Wilson patch card 36 or 49 AFC East AFC East again rookie auto 13 out of 25 Eric Izucan ma Dolphins EZE to 25 and NFC East Johan Totts and rookie Jumbo, Jersey Auto rookie Greg Dulcich AFC West NFC East Terry McLauren to 199 NFC South Leonard for net to 299 NFC North rookie patch Christian Watson 194 of 199 AFC East rookie on card auto one of one James Cook Lyle are with the AFC East with a James Cook one of one There we go. Congrats on that and the redemption is Traylon Berks AFC South rookie Jumbo, Jersey Auto AFC South Traylon Berks Romeo Dobbs rookie NFC North Antonio Gibson and 99 NFC East and Alvin Camaro to 299 NFC South Yeah, they really do in this product Oh Hobbs They don't give any indication on the back of the card rookie patch Chris Olava to 199 NFC South Danny Gray to 99 rookie auto NFC West Nine of 99 and a redemption again here This time you've got AFC North rookie Jumbo, Jersey Auto Kyle Hamilton What's the victory beam? Sounds like something I'm missing out on Gross Yeah, Josh Allen AFC East to 199 James Conner NFC West to 299 NFC North Christian Watson rookie patch 44 of 199 this time NFC West again with another rookie on card auto Tyrion Davis Price Oh, it's one of the greatest thing ever well, then I didn't see what this is all about Hasan Haskins rookie Jumbo, Jersey Auto AFC South A giant purple being in the sky That's pretty amazing actually I would say the magic should steal that and do just a giant blue beam, but Straight up the straight up copying Magic got to do something like that though Najee Harris AFC North to 299 NFC East Terry McLauren to 50 NFC West Kyle Murray 5 out of 49 hometown roots patch card AFC West is a mere white rookie auto On card and AFC East Breeze Hall rookie Jumbo, Jersey Auto AFC East It's the color on the Jumbo Jersey autos now Got an eighton Hudson's in rookie NFC North Antonio Gibson to 75 NFC East and NFC West George Kittle to 99 NFC South rookie Jumbo patch Drake London to 199 It always does Hobbs. It always does Danny Gray NFC West rookie on card auto Redemption again Kyle Hamilton rookie Jumbo Jersey Auto AFC North They're now referring to the team and the fans as the beam team All I think of is beam team insert now I'm with you Vaughn And that's just the curse of being in the cards though. You hear things like that and all you think was cards There's a ridder rookie variation for the NFC South NFC West Debo to 199 and NFC South Chris Godwin to 299 Hatch car 22 a 25 Dallas gutter for the uh For the NFC East From Britain, South Dakota NFC West rookie patch Trey McBride 41 of 75 Good time to get this NFC North Christian Watson Romeo Dobbs 1 of 49 rookie dual patch auto booklet Sick one for Adam and with the NFC North That's a beauty Watson and Dobbs right there Both those guys are good Carson strong rookie jersey auto Eagles NFC East Eagle Harmon IR. Oh my god injuries AFC North Najee Harris to 299 God Josh Allen to 50 AFC East Max Crosby Jersey card AFC West 1999 AFC North rookie auto Kyle Hamilton And then AFC East rookie jumbo jersey auto eric ezucanma Moving on past halfway point Still looking for a case hit NFC West George Kittle to 299 And AFC South James Robinson to 99 AFC East Jersey card Michael Carter 31 of 99 AFC East sauce gardener rookie auto to 99 Closing tonight. That's kind of weird on Thursday And AFC South Alec Pierce rookie jumbo patch auto 14 out of 25 That's a weird rag Matt Ryan AFC South 87 of 99 NFC West hella locket 252 of 299 NFC South rookie patch Matt Corral 61 of 75 AFC South rookie auto Hassan Haskins Get a big hit here Something big Trey McBride rookie jumbo jersey auto NFC West rookie Matt Corral NFC South got Kirk Cousins to 50 NFC North James Winston to 75 NFC South Ed Reed patch card 18 out of 25 for the AFC North Damian Pierce rookie on card auto for the AFC South Bailey zappy rookie jumbo jersey auto AFC East nice zappy Brady zappy zap attack Here we go. That's all time out right here Rookie variation Aiden Hutchinson NFC North Derek Henry AFC South 2 of 99 And AFC South Michael payment jr. To 99 to 299 T Higgins jersey card 71 to 99 AFC North Aiden Hutchinson rookie on card auto NFC North And vilish jones jr. Rookie jumbo jersey auto NFC North Oh, yeah extended bidding that means I guess that means if you already bid on the car then you can bid on it through Like the next one Day or so I forget how it works never actually bid on anything on a pwcc or I The Falcons NFC South Michael Thomas NFC South to 99 and Kyle Pitts NFC South to 199 Almond Ross St. Brown patch cards seven out of 10 NFC North Nice little number there lions NFC North Wondell Robinson rookie on card auto NFC East Trey McBride again here NFC West rookie jumbo jersey auto come on We haven't seen a lot of big receivers QB's come on now Tough case so far guys for the most part Try and finish us some nice cards here. Hopefully for us Thomas you got a rookie George Pickens AFC North AFC East Elijah more to 75 and NFC West Debo Samuel little 199 AFC North jersey Jerome badass 32 of 99 On card rookie auto AFC West Isaiah Spiller And NFC West terry and davis price rookie jumbo jersey auto John met you the third rookie for the AFC south. We got a blank slate A rookie drake london nice card NFC south Congrats NFC south on the london Givante Williams to 199 AFC West and AFC north nodgy harris at 299 NFC West rookie patch is terry and davis price 27 of 99 On card rookie auto Calvin Austin the third AFC north non numbered Man, there's a big rookie on the back and Malik Willis rpa 97 of 99 AFC south nice Malik Willis on the back. There we go Overall still not the best case. Unfortunately guys. We'll do a recap here with our relics So we had terry and davis price Jerome badass almond ross st. Brown t. Higgins ed reed matt corral Michael carter max crossby tramac bride Dallas goddard drake london keiler murray christian watson chris olave christian watson zack wilson travon walker All right, and all the autos now calvin awesom the third isas spiller terry and davis price tramac bride wandale robinson vealish jones jr adan hutchinson bailey zappy damian pierce terry mcbride or got terry mcbride tramac bride Hassan haskins sas gardener alec pierce erike zakanma kyle hamilton karson strong redemption afc north kyle hamilton rookie jumbo jersey auto danie gray brice halls amir white Hassan haskins terry and davis price kyle hamilton again redemption danie gray trailon berks rookie jersey auto redemption afc south jahan dotson erike zakanma romeo dobs nfc east redemption was brian robinson jr rookie jumbo jersey auto in packers dual book nfc north watson and dobs the 49 ricky dual patch auto book yeah herman i don't think it's gonna go for that much honestly god rpa to 99 malik willis there you go afc south and one of one rookie on card auto james cook afc east And that's gonna do it. Thanks everybody select coming up


Honourable Alfred Prospe, Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Rural Development. Honourable Sean Edward, Minister for Education. From the Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco, councillor Mr. Said El-Milahi. From the External Affairs Ministry, Ms. Nancy Nicholas, Head of Political and Economic Department. Ms. Dalia Clement, Foreign Services Officer with specific responsibility for the Kingdom of Morocco. The Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco, Ms. Kinsley Frances Brown, Foreign Services Officer. From the Department of Agriculture, the Deputy Permanent Secretary, Ms. Soraya Niles Regis, the Chairman of the NFTO, Mr. Larry Andrew, Head of our Communications Unit, Ms. Amanda Fey-Clock, Staff of the Extension Advisory Services Division, especially invited farmers and other guests. Good morning. It is my pleasure today to have the privilege of chairing today's ceremony. It's one where we are recognizing the contribution of the Kingdom of Morocco to the development of the agricultural sector here in St. Lucia. This particular event is part of what is called the Soil Fertility Mapping Project that is funded by the Kingdom of Morocco. Now some of you probably have no idea what it is about, so I want to take maybe just three minutes to give you a synopsis of what this particular project is all about. So this is a project that dates back all the way to 2014, and essentially stems out of a recognition that in order for us to maintain productivity in the agricultural sector, the management of soil and plant nutrients is really, really important. And as part of this process of integrated plant nutrition, as part of the process of maintaining soil fertility and soil health, the Kingdom of Morocco became part of a project that was being implemented in a few Caribbean territories, and among those Caribbean territories included Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Kitts, to mention a few. It was recognized that among the many challenges that farmers in those territories face is maintaining productivity through proper plant health. The global objectives of the project include reinforcement of scientific and technical partnerships between Morocco and the St. Lucia and the other islands in the agricultural sector. It also integrated rational management for fertilizers for durable increase in productivity and quality of agricultural products. A further output was to maximize farmers' profits and enhance farming efficiency while maintaining good environmental stewardship. Some of the more specific objectives of this particular project was to design and develop an information system and soil database for local and national decision makers. It also looked at developing fertilizer recommendations for major crops and establish appropriate fertilizer programs. And today's ceremony is part of this specific objective of developing specific fertilizer recommendations. The project also sought to elaborate the geo-reference soil fertility information and expert system for the country, enhance human and technical capacity of farmers, extension agents and developers in terms of soil information and fertility monitoring and management. And finally, in terms of specific objectives, the project sought to enforce the extension system in devising soil fertility and fertilization guidelines for major crops. Today's event is one of perhaps three such events in the past where the Kingdom of Morocco has supplied fertilizers to St. Lucia as part of a soil fertility project. This particular project consisted of eight work packages. And I think it would be important for you to be aware of what those work packages were. The first one was soil mapping. The soil mapping sought to look at all literature that was available in terms of what has happened in the past, in terms of mapping our soils and the fertility across the island. The second one was a soil fertility assessment and mapping. During that process, there were samples collected across the island and these samples were tested at laboratories. And that information was sent to the Kingdom of Morocco where recommendations were made for the specific fertilizers, including that which we will be receiving and distributing today. A third work package was the development of fertilizer recommendation for crops. So the various crops were identified and very specific fertilizer ratios were made, recommendations were made for specific fertilizer ratios. A fourth work package included development of soil fertility information and export system for St. Lucia, including a GIS fertilization system. What this is intended to do is that a user of the system could go in, identify their particular location and get up to date information in terms of the condition of the soil, the fertility of the soil and the recommendations in terms of what would be the best fertilizer recommendation for that specific location. The fifth work package also looked at training and human capacity building. And for that particular component, St. Lucia has enjoyed some training in Morocco. Some of our technicians have enjoyed visiting Morocco and getting firsthand experiences at the laboratories at some of the universities. And we are thankful for that. The sixth work package included technical capacity building and looked at strengthening our plant laboratories, strengthening and spending, making investments in GIS equipment and so on and so forth. Of course, the seventh work package, sorry, was communication and results dissemination. And we have had some dissemination in the past. We are going to continue with the information dissemination to ensure that across the island, persons are aware of these investments that are being made by the Kingdom of Morocco in our agricultural sector. And of course, the final work package included project monitoring and evaluation, which is a critical component of any project that we are implementing. And so today we want to say a big thank you to the Kingdom of Morocco for funding and supporting this initiative. As I said, from all the way 2014 up till now, we are still receiving investments in that particular area. And so we'd like to say a big thank you on the behalf of the government and the people of St. Lucia. So without further ado, it is my distinct pleasure to invite to offer some brief remarks today. Our councillor, Mr. Seid el-Mellahi. It's a great pleasure for me to attend today's handover ceremony of Moroccan fertilizers donation, relating to the year 2020. In the framework of the implementation of the technical bilateral cooperation programs between the Kingdom of Morocco and St. Lucia for the year 2020 and the commitments made by this embassy in St. Lucia, the Moroccan government has donated a consignment of 3,924 bucks of fertilizer to St. Lucia. On behalf of His Excellency, Ambassador of the Kingdom of Morocco in St. Lucia, I would like to formally hand over the donated fertilizer to the government of St. Lucia for distribution to the local farmers. Ladies and gentlemen, agriculture and food have always been a priority for Morocco's economic and social development. The agriculture and food sectors play an essential role for the Moroccan economy, together with fisheries and forestry. Agriculture accounts for nearly 13% of growth domestic product, more than in most of other economies in the southern Mediterranean. The agriculture and food sectors are strategic sectors for the economic inclusion in Morocco and not only for young people living in rural areas. These sectors also hold considerable potential for women's economic empowerment. These dynamics contributed to putting sustainable agriculture and food production among the priority of the country's economic and social development. Over the past years, Morocco and St. Lucia have shown a strong common will to consolidate cooperation and partnership ties in the political, economic, security and cultural fields, taking advantage of the enormous potential for cooperation and the assets offered by their geographic, geo-strategic position between the Atlantic and the Caribbean Ocean, as well as the dynamics of their respective economies. The last decade has been exceptional in all respects. The cooperation relations between Morocco and St. Lucia have experienced in recent years a significant dynamic in various areas. In this regard, I applaud the achievement in agricultural sector in St. Lucia and the fruitful results of practical cooperation between Morocco and St. Lucia. I hope that donation will further strengthen the capacity of St. Lucia for agricultural development and benefit farmers. Morocco is fully committed to provide assistance and support for the economic and social development of St. Lucia and will continue to work with St. Lucia to deepen solidarity and cooperation. I am confident that Morocco and St. Lucia practical cooperation in various fields, including food security, will be pushed to a new height and bring more benefits to our two peoples. In conclusion, I would like to express my warm and sincere thanks to you all present here with us this morning. Okay, thank you. Let me say that I'm extremely pleased to be here and I'd like to thank the Ministry of Agriculture for inviting me to be part of this morning's ceremony. I know this, Mr. Jabatis, introduced me as the Minister of Education. I'm happy to be the Minister of Education. I love being the Minister responsible for education. But this morning, you would forgive me if I tell you, I'm a much happier parliamentary representative than a Minister of Education in a setting like this. The reason being, I have represented for 11 years a constituency that is predominantly agriculture-based as far as economic activities are concerned. And bananas and farming generally is still the mainstay of the rural economy in Dennery North and I can say the Dennery Basin by extension. And so any time the government of St. Lucia, whether acting alone or in partnership with friendly governments, finds itself in a position where it can make resources available to farmers, it is something I would always support whether it's by having a presence at a ceremony like this or being a voice of advocacy in the parliament and elsewhere. So today, I want to say thank you on behalf of the constituents and farmers of Dennery North and by extension the government of St. Lucia. And I'm sure the Minister and persons taking the podium after me will also express their gratitude to the government and people of Morocco. In an environment like today's, it is extremely important for small island developing states like St. Lucia to strengthen and deepen the relationships we have with countries that are better placed to assist us. We are at our wit's end as a government trying to meet our monthly wage commitments. Every single month, the government of St. Lucia is paying $48 million to pay salaries. $41 million for mainstream public servants and another $7 million for the statutory entities. And don't forget, we are still picking up the pieces as far as COVID is concerned. And operating in a COVID-induced environment has been extremely difficult. But I am not afraid, I'm not perturbed because I know we are a resilient people. But any form of help and assistance we can get from friendly governments, we must appreciate, we must value. We must value because they too would have had the challenges. COVID did not spare any country, small or large, developed or developing. Everybody had the challenges. For the government of Morocco to find resources in this challenging environment and make available to us, we have to appreciate it. We have to value the gesture. And the farmers here today, I want to say to you that it is not another of the many donations from the government and it's because we pay tax, we are entitled. We are getting the resources, as I said, against a backdrop of extremely difficult circumstances and we must value, we must appreciate and we must make good on whatever is being presented to us today. And so, excellency, on behalf of my cabinet colleagues and I'm sure the minister will speak to that. I want to thank you immensely for this gesture and I'm hoping that the bilateral cooperation that we've enjoyed with your government and people will continue to bear fruit for both countries. Thank you very much and let us have a wonderful day. Now I was given a speech to read but I guess some of my ministry staff would understand I'm not very comfortable reading all the time. But I must say just like my cabinet colleague mentioned, it's a pleasure to be here, to really be part of this hand in over ceremony this morning. It's been one year since I was given this portfolio as the minister for agriculture and every single meeting I attended with farmers groups and other persons in the agricultural sector, the call was made by my government to give support to the farmers in terms of fertilizer. And I'm happy today that I'm receiving on behalf of the government of St. Lucia 3924 bags of fertilizer that will go to our farmers. I remember having a discussion with the Deputy PS and came well in terms of a strategy or plan as to how to distribute the fertilizers because we do not have enough fertilizers for every single farmer in the country and what is more importantly is that we have various blends. So I'm hearing that there are four different ratios so one farmer may not be able to get one bag because the one bag on its own will not deliver the type of nutrients or the level of nutrients that is required by the farmer. So we may have to give farmers four but at the end of the day some farmers will not get. So we have to come up with a plan as to how best to do it because just imagine farmers for years have been calling on government to give support because of the high cost of fertilizers. And I understand the concerns and like my colleague minister mentioned the fiscal situation of the government is not right for us to be able to get the funds to be able to assist the farmers. So this is why this 3924 bags of fertilizer I hope will go a long way to assist the farmers in meeting their production targets. Like Kim well mentioned our soils are degrading very rapidly and I remember visiting a few banana farms last year and a few farmers were saying that even the fertilizers that they use are not meeting the type of yields or not resulting in the type of yields and production on the farm because our soils are getting very acidic and even when you apply the NPK like we have been doing in the past it may not be able to give the farmers that level of production and this is why our Morroco Soils Fertility Project revealed that type of information that was provided to the Morroco government and based on that we were able to prepare blends or the appropriate blends of fertilizer that would help us to deal with our problems. I want to see how happy I am and I want to thank the government of Morroco for the support it has given to the farmers. I want to make a special appeal to the government maybe next year to try to double the amount or triple the amount so that all our farmers can be happy and comfortable in terms of getting the right quantities. I know it is going to help in some way but I know very, very shortly after we distribute the fertilizers I will get the call that Minisagricall by Yonset Farmer sell a lot of Farmer pageant I know that this is something I have to deal with but we cannot have 3,924 bags of fertilizer and expect to give it to 5,000 farmers. We have to also bear in mind a farmer will not leave Souffre François Jacques or Chausel to get here to collect one bag of fertilizer so we have to find ways to be able to reach out to them in terms of getting those fertilizers to them. So we have discussed that at the ministry level but at the end of the day I am hoping that our farmers will be happy and they will make very good use of the fertilizer.


Students in the classroom pay very close attention to who is teaching but particularly for minorities they're looking for an example. Starting an academic career in engineering is challenging in so many ways and then there are additional challenges that some underrepresented minority faculty face. We want the Hispanic, the black, another population to understand the challenges that we all face. We need to be able to give the confidence to the next generation how you as a faculty, as a scientist, adapt to solve some of these problems. We come from different backgrounds and it's important that we share our experiences because then that leads to different perspectives, new innovation, creativity. In the College of Engineering we strive to really help everyone from diverse backgrounds be included. Programs like Black Trail Blazers in Engineering, Latinx, basically we're wanting to help increase the number of underrepresented faculty at institutions like Purdue. This workshop has one focus and that focus is to attract new faculty to academia. So we reach out to graduate students and postdocs that are interested in teaching at a university. Some of the benefits of participating in a program like this is not only networking but getting the type of information that you need to help put together a quality faculty application. You're not sure how you transition from being a PhD and how you're succeeding as a faculty which is a big transition. So this type of workshop gives the students that opportunity to bridge that gap. As a PhD student you know a lot about research, you know a lot about writing and reading but you aren't too privy on how to put together an application package, how to write a grant. This is how you teach a class. This is how you hire a student, how we negotiate a salary. There's also sessions to hear from first-year assistant professors, how to make the transition. There's keynote sessions and then there's some social sessions that occur where you can just socialize and interact with some of the other participants. This has been the best workshop I have ever been at or participated on because of how well organized it was, how deep in content, how deep in important things that we needed to know as grad students. The whole thing is beneficial. My personal favorites were hearing the inspirational talks and keynotes by some just renowned speakers. We get program managers from the top U.S. federal government funding agencies, National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense. After due we bring in the department heads. I mean we have the department head talking to fellows and that interaction to see them asking them questions is very special. Students were asking questions and answering questions from each other, you know. It was not so much now I'm talking to the professor in civil engineering but it was I'm talking to someone that is one of my peers that maybe could be a colleague in the future. I wasn't planning to apply, my mentor motivated me looking back it was the best decision that I've made. I got to meet folks in the field of science and engineering in general that were representative of our population. We created a very close community. The workshop allowed us to interact between all of us, the students that participated and also with all the invited speakers. You have a network, you have a family, including at Purdue, that you could tap into later. You have all of us behind it. That's unique. We want to prepare engineers of the future so that if they choose to come to Purdue great but this is a need nationwide. The planning of this workshop because it's the first time that the two organizations are coming together there's going to be special events for Latin and African Americans on what are the challenges, what are the needs and what is required if you want to be a faculty at a major institution.


Ike Turner and Tina Turner's former LA residents was once retro as can be, but more recently it was transformed into something much more modern. While their marriage was reportedly marked with violence and abuse at Tina's expense, the one-time couple once lived in a nearly 3,000 square foot ranch-style property full of odd details like mirrored ceilings and even a Florida-ceiling rock waterfall in the corner of the living room. Apparently these features you'd only find in the 60s era were all Ike's idea and things like the green kitchen remained that way for decades, no wonder.


Our Honourable Prime Minister Srinarendra Modiji had launched the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Urban in the year 2015 to provide housing for all in urban areas by the year 2022. It always shocked and saddened me that in a nation like ours, several people do not have their own home. We have been working to solve this situation in the form of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanised states in the country with an urban population of more than 48%. Our late Honourable Chief Minister Parachi Thalaivayamma had unveiled the vision 2023 document which envisages slum-free cities in Tamil Nadu by 2023. Under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Urban, sanction has been accorded to construct 6,95,387 houses in Tamil Nadu. The scheme is being implemented efficiently under the able leadership of our Honourable Chief Minister and Honourable Deputy Chief Minister. Today, four projects completed under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Urban have been inaugurated at Veerapundi in Tirupur, 1280 houses at Tirukumaran Nagar in Tirupur, 1248 houses at Rajakur Phase 2 in Madurai, 1088 houses and at Irangalur in Trichy, 528 houses have been constructed. The houses in these projects are being allocated to persons residing along the river banks, other waterways and the homeless poor. These houses consist of a hall, a bedroom, a kitchen, a bathroom and a toilet. These projects include an Anganwadi Centre, a library, a vampire shop, other shops and a sewage treatment plant. All these coordinated efforts by the Union and the state government are aimed at ensuring a self-sustainable housing environment.


The biggest problem facing the world today is that we are lacking God. I mean, God is the ultimate answer, and I think sometimes we can say, yeah, yeah, I know, but really the election that's coming up or the tax laws or, you know, fixing education. And we are called to address all of these problems, but we will not be able to do it unless we are first rooted in God and communion with God and building up the foundation of Christian culture as a way of life that flows from our faith. That is actually what will enable us to save civilization.


Yes, my name is Michael Legg. I'm a PhD student at university. I'm quite glad I'm going last, to be honest, because there's been some amazing, incredible, deeply scientific research that's just blown my mind these last few hours, and I'm going to just go really low tech for the next 15 minutes, so bear with me, forgive me. So, for context, I'm entering the final year of my PhD project, which examines the treatment of the dead in the Iron Age of Eastern England, so Adele Cup is that bit, I'm doing that bit over there. Through a combination of osteological techniques, macroscopic toponymy, and archaeological theory, I am discussing demography and health as well as post-mortem treatment and what this may tell us about regional Iron Age society. So, this paper is actually covering a really small sort of subset of my larger PhD project. Most of what I do is infumations. This would be the disarticulated bone. I don't want to waste time reiterating what Adele said with regards to the Iron Age, so yes, the Iron Age covers 800 BC to about a generation after 43 AD. My study region is the area in purple, which broadly covers the modern-day counties of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Suffolk, Hertfordshire, Essex and Kent, and within this period, same as within Adele's region, you find tiny fragments or larger fragments of disarticulated bone in pretty much every imaginable context. They are found in all site types. They are found in pits, ditches, in roundhouse gullys, in wells. Everywhere you think you might find little bits of human bone, they are there. And since at least 1970, it's been widely suggested that these people have been placed on excarnation platforms that are being exposed outside. And more recently, arguments have come up to combat this here and some of these authors have been discussing it quite a while. And as Adele has just explained for the west of the country, so what I've been trying to do is see if these conclusions, if these arguments are applicable for my study region, because most of the research has been done in sort of here and across. And which parts of people are being deposited? Are there patterns in their selection choices of what really interests me? And what taffonomic evidence is left macroscopically on the bone that might tell us about the various postmortem processes that are being undertaken? So the material under study amounts to 75 assemblages totaling around 395 bones or deposits, representing the majority of all the dysarticulated bone from my study region. Examinations all undertaken at the storage location using 20 times and 10 times hand lenses with USB microscopes built in cameras to confirm or disprove more questionable modifications and taffonomic alterations. And I was looking for signs of weathering, trampling, gnawering, abrasion, fractures, polishing, cut marks, chop marks, bone working, according to established criteria like the FFI scores and their entire weathering stages. So this is my geographic distribution. Bones from the Cambridgeshire region make up about 40% of the total, but there's also a fair representation in Lincolnshire and Hertfordshire and Kent. On the map each pin represents one assemblage, the bigger the pin the more material found within that assemblage. So Norfolk and Suffolk on the coast, pretty much nothing. I would suggest I'm pretty sure that this is a result of quite acidic soils having a serious effect on my material here. But there appears to be a sort of conglomeration of heavy activity, heavy occupation in this region representing southern Cambridgeshire, eastern Hertfordshire, northern Hertfordshire, and I think that's real as a conglomeration. So this graph shows the number of bones identifiable to each element over the entire assemblage of 400 bone fragments and it's pretty clear that they're mostly skulls. It's pretty much all skulls. There's 152 instances of cranial bones. The next thing would be femora, but there's only 52 femoral bones. Even if you collect together all the sort of major long bones into one long bone category, you still only have 129 of those compared to 152 skulls and at least nearly every site in the region has at least one skull fragment somewhere. I should also point out as well that if you find five fragments of a parietal in a pit, that's one on this graph. That's not five. It's not sort of over-representing the fragmentary nature of the skull. Obviously there's issues with this. Smaller bones, less distinctive bones are more likely to get lost or to be ignored. Certain elements might not survive as well. A scapulae, for example, they're probably under-represented here. But I think there's a real pattern. I think there's selecting skulls and that's something that Johanna said. You have movement of particular bone skulls being taken out of the back end. I think that's what we have here as well. I wondered if other factors are playing a role in which bones are being chosen. I looked at sidedness and that appears not really to have much of an effect. 47% of those that could be sided were from the left, 53% from the right. Sets is a little bit trickier. In the adult bones of those that I could set, it initially appears that there's more male than female at 60-40 split, but the numbers of those are really quite small. And I think what really you have here is that more male, more masculine characteristics are easier to identify in fragmented remains and that you may have an overestimation. I don't think it's statistically really that relevant. Age, though, does seem to be a clear selection factor. Those individuals under about three years of age are better represented than any other sub-adult period. I think this may be because identifying neonate bones to a specific age group is easier than it would be for older children, especially if you don't have fusion centres. But adults of over 20 years are overwhelmingly what we are finding here. Actual to follow me, and there's really not that much. In looking for signs of sub-area exposure or the lack of signs of sub-area exposure, I was expecting to find whether in noro, trampoline, erosion, some indications that these bones have been left open to the elements. Of the 395 bones, 11 were weathered, all to stage one to two, which is if it's a climate, but a temperate climate. Of those, none had any other signs of any other modification. Another nine bones had gnawing marks, mostly rodent. Of those, one was also trampled, and that's the only trampled bone from the whole assemblage. So only 20 had any sign of natural taffanomic modification. Taffanomic overprinting is going to be a factor here, especially with the weathered material. Obviously, you have to deal with the taffanomic paradox of the stuff that may have been more extensively modified and more extensively affected, may not have survived at all. All but one of the gnawed bones were long bones, because that's kind of expected. It's much less likely that a cranial bone is going to be gnawed, and most of it is cranial bones. But the weathered bones are around a 50-50 split. So what about other modifications? Cut marks were present on 25 bones, four of which were also chopped, and seven in total had chopped marks. So already more elements have evidence of human manipulation than they do of natural modification. 13 elements were worked in some way beyond one or two cut marks. Seven of these were also cut and fired, but also polished, and some of these work bones were turned into objects, or digging tools in some cases, or bowls, or pendants in things like that. 31 bones were polished, and in most, if not all cases, it appears to be the result of handling and curation rather than the action of water or natural sources, because the same bones also have cut marks, they also have been shaped and chopped and worked. So this is a femur that you can't sell on the screen so much on my screen, trust me, it looks better. But it's been smooth and polished to a point in the end, and you also have these cut marks part of the way along. So generally, what we're seeing is that the majority of the surviving material is made up of adult cranial bones, of both sexes, 73% are completely unaltered, and of those that are, human manipulation is far more common than natural technical alteration, I'm really sorry about how blurry those photos are. So what's going on? And it seems that here, as with other better studied parts of the country, in line with the conclusions that Adele's found using far more high-tech methods than me, people in the Iron Age are not being exposed outside, they are being protected during decay, and then manipulated later on. A few of these bones have been radiocarbon dated, and there are cases of curation. Several of them have produced dates decidedly earlier than the contextual surroundings, so I have cases of incubations in ditches with skull fragments dotted along and with, and the skull fragments date to 80 to 200 years earlier than the incubations that they have been placed with. The buildings were in Lincolnshire, and in Helpringham Fenn, they are perforating cranial fragments for suspension. This is a frontal, it's the wrong way up, but this is cut marks along here, and these appear to be waste fragments from cutting along here to create a bowl or a container of some kind. Skulls are found over and over, manipulated, retained, so far from exposure what we have is protection and a selection of bones for a complex postmortem process. One final point to support this idea in gathering all this data, as I said, I'm also dealing with a lot of information, information in pits, information in ditches. I don't get middens in the same ways that you get in the west, but I found at least 12 examples of semi-articulated and incomplete information. So, one example from Kent contained 50% of an adult male skeleton with the head, the left arm and the left leg missing. Another one from Bedfordshire contained the body of a neonate, again with no head, and the right arm was also missing. Another one from Essex, the crouched incubation of an adult male, no skull, but there were loose teeth found in the grave and the rest of the skeleton was complete. So, this might tie in with what Edel Trowd and Anastrid were saying about the revisitation for different purposes, because they're not revisiting to take artifacts and to move things, they're revisiting, I think, to take elements. And I believe that these kind of incomplete burials are what's left over from the process of a primary burial as part of a protracted postmortem process involving the exhumation of skulls or other important or valuable elements after defleshing for reuse and reuse and curation. And that's why the taffanomic markers on these burials are so rare.