Thank you so much for this opportunity and today I want to talk about a very controversial topic on single parent food. It's a topic that many share away from and it's mostly because it's surrounded by stigma especially in our African society and you and especially single motherhood has more stigma as compared to single fatherhood. But today more and more it's a reality that more and more people are finding themselves in single-led households including teenagers you know who experience early teenage pregnancies and today I would like to look at the bright side by examining some of the advantages of single parenthood. Yes I am actually looking at advantages of single parenthood. I know very controversial. I like to think that when children are in single parenthood or in single-led households they get undivided attention because one parent is giving is giving each child attention as opposed to when parents are in in a traditional family setup where sometimes a parent feels like they don't have to put in their best because that parent will definitely jump in for them. Another one is the freedom to make decisions. We know families where people have grown up and parents are fighting about decisions concerning the child and when you're a single parent you tend to make decisions by yourself so you want so you anything concerning your child you are the sole decision maker for them. Then in some cases single parents can actually be very good role models. We have seen cases where children are growing up in very very harsh environments where parents keep fighting where there's a lot of abuse but because you're in a single-led household children don't necessarily have to look at parents having a lot of arguments and this brings a lot of this and a stress-free environment for the kids. There's also the aspect of independence and responsibility where children become members you know as a parent in in a single-led household because you can't do everything you tend to assign responsibilities to your children and this brings about an aspect of independence and responsibility in their lives. There's also a sense of belonging whereby you see a lot of single parents depending on the society to help raise their kids you know you're depending on your friends or your family members you're depending on uncles and aunties to be mother figures to be father figures and I think this brings about single children brought about in single-parenthood societies wanting to surround themselves with people.  Like I said this is a very controversial topic but today I just wanted to say that single-parenthood does not have to be stigmatized they are actually advantages to be a single parent and it's okay to be a single parent. any thoughts? I agree with you and by the way I don't think you're advocating for single I think you're advocating for making the best of your single-parenthood. I'm sure you're not advocating for people you know getting married and then going away to be a single parent because that's a better idea. I mean I totally agree with you and that's basically make lemon days of your lemons and we've had stories of loads of loads of people, motivational speakers you know what business leaders that grow up with just their mothers you know mostly more often than not is you know mothers and they got very good training you know so I agree that if that's what you have you can make the best of it and there's always you know silver lining nervous tissue that you are. On the flip side of it I actually have I believe very strongly that it's better to be a single parent than to be in an abusive relationship you know so what has been stigmatized is you know also you're going to go and raise your child by yourself I mean you know in the meantime discouraging the woman more often than not from walking away from abuse you know I think that you know but the man in some cases yeah walking away from abuse but I believe very strongly that people should be encouraged you know to walk away from abuse and then try and raise their children by themselves absolutely. So it was controversial because it was like she was defending single parents but you have clarified and I think that's what she actually meant but what the thing is about parenting is that we should always be intentional about parenting whether you're single or you're double but the thing is two good heads are always better than one so I mean so it's not about staying married really it's better for the two good heads to take care of a child than one good head but if you now find yourself being the one good head whether the male or the female because sometimes it happens the other way around where it's the guy who is a single parent just make the best of it because ultimately at the end of time you're going to be held responsible for your child whether it turns out right or not you're going to be the one losing sleep going to church everything you're going to the mosque everything to pray for the child to be fine so you have to be intentional about your parenting whether you're single or you're not single I think that's what this whole those whole thing suffices and you're trying to say also that there's hope for parents who are single and taking care of children so I think that was a good one and thank you so much for that well actually in our society it's the pressure is more on the single people girls let me use the language because if a girl becomes pregnant and she is not yet married it's natural in our society they will put pressure on her family will say how come you are pregnant where's the man and all those things even if she knows that she's in a toxic relationship with the man or the boy wherever in the name of saving her face and the shame of the family she would prefer to go into that marriage and she will suffer so it's okay if you are sure and you know in your hearts of hearts that um that relationship is toxic it's better you count your losses and then take care of your child and yourself and keep a sane mind and be responsible as a parent whether you are married or you are or married you should if you are married and you have children you should be intentional about parenting if you are single and you're not married and you have a child or children you should also be intentional about being responsible parents to your children uh life coaches yeah yeah thank you everybody has said really interesting points it's really about just removing that stigmatization and it's not even just about single parenting like Ann has said there are a lot of things that you know the Nigerian culture you know uh the way we process things we put a lot of stigma and a lot of things and this whole stigma you know drives people to make the wrong decisions or like um um Gila said oh should I go and look for a man to attach myself with so I don't appear stigmatized so I think let's begin to you know talk more right um if you have any single person in your corner support them I have one in my corner and I'm always supporting going checking out what has to be doing this I'm always supporting because I know that I know that they can feel oh they've left me everybody has left me you know they're not supposed to be to just marry her you know even religiously speaking like um um Toli said in the previous banter you know even um church leaders the the the mox you know we all have a role to play and not saying oh um because you're now you're you're I mean you're paying all manner of scriptures and all those things support people love people and it's very important to remove that stigma that helps that person to really deal with that process you know and turn out really right I think it's the same that kills them not the single exactly so is that thing where I mean in closing is that thing where once a foundation is is shake it there's a problem if the reason why you're married a man it's because you pregnant for him or you have a child for him the premise is already wrong yeah so there's a strong you know possibility that you might you know struggle with um with marriage itself yeah all right so Juliet is coming up next with a very interesting topic please stay tuned


Hey guys, you know in this crazy time that we're having right now. It's March 2020 I am surprised I have anything in this box that I've managed to use up or that I found that's dried up or anything else But I have managed to continue on with our project pan art supply style despite all of that craziness that's going on and if you don't know what I'm referring to Research 2020 the year 2020 and you'll find out that's all I want to say about that anyway, this month my pursuit continues to use things up and Purge things to get rid of things try things that I have in my stash that I haven't touched in a million years if at all One of the things that sticks out right on top is the easy cast resin now. I do use it This particular box was so old. It was turning yellow so I did use the rest of it up and Made some coasters last night They're gonna need another Layer of resin on them, but I'm gonna use another resin that I have hopefully it works I don't know but anyway, I use that up.  I used it on a tote bag I will insert a prescription. Hello.  I've said tote bag. I'm not sure I like the way it turned out, but I did get it done So that was great and then found a bunch of colors that I had that were dried up Besides so I don't use fabric paint a lot. So I'm not even sure why I had any to begin with I had some dry flowers and seashells just a little bit that I was able to use up Making the coasters with the yellowed resin. So that was great and I used up a few tubes of acrylic paint There's actually quite a few tubes in here. I'm working on a big canvas So I used all of these tubes of acrylic paint up and I also was able to go through and use I think so use up some pens So I've got two gel pens that were dried out and I got mad at them So I threw them in here and then this pen which is just completely got no ink in it and It's just yeah, it's dead. I could get a new thing. I'm not going to I've got so many pens. I don't need it.  So project plan our pan arts play style We're gonna continue going through our stash and getting rid of things and using up what we have What have you managed to use up or have found in your art room that? you love or that you forgot you had or That maybe you're just trying new supplies as part of this project and that you Put in a corner and forgot we're there and you're like wow, why haven't I used that before? I would love to know what those are and if you have a routine for using up supplies and Trying them and purging a particular way of doing things that works for you Let's share in the description below leave something in the comments below If you're part of my group a life of art and self-expression we can start a conversation about this over there I'd love to have that happen and that's it for this month. I think We're gonna continue on this for the whole year. So I'm gonna see what else I can get up to and get rid of Maybe We're gonna see how far I get. I don't know. Anyway, that's it for now. Don't forget to like share and subscribe Let's start that conversation and above all go out and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it And I'll see you later. Bye guys


I thought he was going to kill us because he said to get ready to say bye. What? You're about to be signed down?  What? Your PC was shut down in one minute in no way. Is that real? Hey everyone, Realistic Gaming here and welcome back to another video. And happy Friday by the way. Oh, we got Oddy. God, what just happened there? Seems like Garfield was chilling. Oddy just came through and he jumped scared of us for some reason. I don't freaking know. Oh yeah, and by the way, this game is called Garfield's Tribulation. It is a Garfield Daddy XD game and it's made by this little dev team called the Lasagna Factory. Oh, a rat. Oh my God, bro. It's about to attack me. Wait, I shouldn't be scared. I'm a cat, bro. I should have ate that thing. Oh look, it's actually chasing the worm. Oh, what? What? Is that Kermit? No, bro, he's chasing me in a way. Go into the table. Go into... Okay, actually saved me. Thank you table. Alright, nice. So, let's advance. It looks so funny when he jumps. Oh, look at little Garfield.  Seems like that was John, but it seemed like he was a ghost or something, bro. Alright, I just pretend that didn't happen and let's keep on going, Garfield. Oh, what?  Dude, oh, these head. No way, bro. John has to be behind this. Ain't no way. Okay, error, ROM, corrupted. Please download another ROM. Or check if your ROM has the right requirements. Error 1-1. What? Okay, I press okay. Okay, so it turned gray. Okay, I think I know what's going on.  It's different. It's like a whole different game on the second time around. Okay, it looks the same. I guess it's not... Okay, I take that back.  Dude, what? The damage has already been done. Oh my God, why is there so many? Dude, it opened so many pages. The damage has been done. Okay, I get it, bro. The damage is done. Oh, it said something else. You didn't even care for him. Oh my God, okay, so he was letting us... He was giving a message to us, basically. Oh, look at the house.  What? This is EXE mode, bro. This is EXE mode, bro. Right, you are alone. Well, thank you for stating the obvious. Why would he care for you at all? Hey, because I'm a cat, bro.  Okay, those are hurtful words, dude. He wants to refill pain. That's why he left you. He needs to chill out, dude. Whoever's speaking to me. Ghost, demon, whatever you are. Chill out, bro. I got feelings, too. Oh, look at that. It's the spirit of John. Uh, I guess let's go up to him. Garfield's eyes are like so big. There he is. The illusion you thought was real. It's time to say goodbye. Oh, no, what?  John, don't do it, please. Oh, no, he actually vanished. I thought he was going to kill us because he said get ready to say bye. What? You're about to be signed down? You went to the shutdown in one minute? What? Your PC was shut down in one minute? No way. Is that real? But I'm still here. Oh, my God, the notes are back. I wonder if there's another message. Okay, there isn't. Okay, so I think my PC is actually going to shut down because this game is literally insane, man. I don't know what to do. I'm in panic mode right now, man. Okay, so the crazy part is that it actually did restart my PC. I did not expect it to actually go through with it and restart my PC. It's kind of scary to think of it because it's like, is someone watching my computer? I don't know, man, it's creepy. All right, cool. Okay, now we're like in a different place. I think we're in heaven because from what we just previously seen. Oh, my God. We had John. There you go. We had John pop up and he's like, he took us out of the way. He took us, bro. He just grabbed us and snatched us up. Okay. What? Where am I going? Oh, who is that?  They don't even got a face no more. Oh, holy moly, bro. That's not Odie, is it? Who is that? I'm not sure who that is. I haven't watched Garfield in a long time, dude. All right. Oh, great. Oh, you got a Garfield. You got a chunky boy. Nice. Do it for the lasagna. That's what I'm talking about. Okay, so let's just keep walking a little Garfield and hopefully we'll bump into demonic John because he is on EXE mode. And there he is. Oh, there you are. Looks like you didn't end up like Odie, huh? But now there's no coming back.  Where am I supposed to run to? I can't even run anywhere.  Oh, he turned us into lasagna. No way. He turned me and Odie into lasagna. What Garfield loved so much. He was fulfilled and turned into a freakin lasagna, bro. That is pretty evil, man. You took the guy and what he loved the most and you turned him into it. That's evil. Okay, so I've been staring at a blank screen for like five minutes hoping something would happen. I'm going to close it and I'm going to open it again. Let's see if it changes anything. I'm hoping. And maybe that was the end because I did read something about that. It was a demo. Oh, wait. Okay, we're back. I wonder if it's different. I'm going to check. Now just check it, man. Here's the double check, you know. Alright, there we go. Then we come across the little Odie. Poor little Odie, bro. Why did he do him like that?  I don't think this is Odie. Or it might be. I don't know. Yes, be sad, Garfield. That is your friend. What if I go back? That's messed up, dude. He was sad. Now he's happy. I don't understand Garfield's emotions.  I like the secret door.  There's nothing back there. Great. Now we got to go turn around, go back the other way where we came from. Step over our dead friend again. And I'm really hoping it's different when we come across Chang. So, let's do this real quick. Oh! Oh my god, almost fell there. Come on, bro. Just pretend it's a roadblock. You got this. There you go. Alright, cool. Okay, so at the top right, I see like the paw, the cat paw symbol, and then the dog bone. I don't know what that means. Alright, here goes.  You're crazy, bro. I literally jumped over him and he still snatched me, bro. I don't know how. It doesn't make any sense. Okay, so I guess it's the same. It kind of looks like a hot dog. But it's supposed to be lasagna, because Garfield loves lasagna, you know. Alright, so I guess that's really the end of this Garfield EXE or Garfield Tribulation, whatever you want to call it. Shout out to the devs. It was pretty cool. I haven't played an EXE game in a while, and this made me love EXE games again, because it was well made. I did read that it took him like years to finish this, so I'll leave the game down below, the link to it so you guys could go support him, play it, download it, all that good stuff. And yeah, thank you all for watching, and have a great rest of your weekend.


What was your read on that ball in the ninth inning that led you trying to get to third there the battery I thought the situation of the game. He was gonna try and make a play at the plate I saw the ball up in the air and They're baseman in a nice play jump jumped up through me out and I got to know the situation better Yeah, I wasn't trying to get thrown out to score the run. I was trying to get on third for the top of the order Get the run across easier and you know, I was already in scoring position. So I was a bad read and Happy retired the game, but no can happen This is a different look we haven't really faced a guy like that in a long time So this is a different look and he was able to spot his pitches up He's getting us to chase a little bit and he made good pitches when he needed to Yeah, I mean all because they probably would have walked DJ right to try and get the or something but Yeah, anytime you got our big guys up and DJ any of anybody on top of the order with burners in scoring position can't get thrown out during that situation and Yeah, it's just a bonehead play and battery I'll learn from it. It won't happen again Connor for left taking accountability reading the situation hindsight's 20-20 But knowing if he could have gotten judge up could have been first and second with one out Yeah, I'd like the last line that he just said right made a mistake bonehead play I got to learn from it. I have to get better and it never happened again That's obviously what the Yankee coaching staff has to talk to him about this is what should have happened What were you thinking now? Let's move on. You've been playing better You know making some errors in the field, but again swung the bat a little bit better tonight But Jack accountability, you know this because you always ask these tough questions be accountable Address it move on and get better I was about to say his analysis was blunter and more to the point than anything We have said boneheaded play bad read have to learn from it It can't happen again and to John's point He came out and answered the questions about it because that is a pivotal play in this game Yes, he did deliver the hit that put Gallo in position to eventually score But that was a bad read and you have to know the situation in the game And you just simply can't allow that to happen


What's going on YouTube?  I didn't really get to record. So now that we're back at the shop. I'm recording a lot more So I also got a new lens. I'm using it right now. Let me know like so clear This video This Katie came in he hasn't got cut in like a few months. I used to do a mohawk on him He's got like a curly top mid fade and it came out very nice. I liked it a lot He liked it a lot. So that's all that matters, right customers always right Let me know what you guys think in the comment section below and yeah What is good YouTube? I am back with another video I know it's been too long and I'm sorry for the wait guys But we back and let's get started my client he has a lot of hair he hasn't got cut since the whole Quarantine about like two months, maybe a month and a half So what I'm doing I'm just picking out the hair to make sure that I get it even cut because when you pick out the hair or you comb the hair it Makes everything easier especially with the guard that you want to use to you know Make it more smoother so it doesn't get caught on the hair So I am using a one-and-a-half guard here to take off the bulk on the side because I am gonna be eventually doing a fade So I'm just doing this to take off the bulk so I can see what I am cutting You don't have to do this I just do it because I want to see every guideline That I am doing because it makes the haircut way more smoother and the transition looks so much better when you can See what you're actually cutting. So just make sure I you don't have to use a one-and-a-half I do because you can clipper of a comb it so much easier You can use a two or three whatever is best and comfortable for you guys. I suggest that So to start off the bald line.  I have two of these ones are my hitters and ones are the ones I make just from my ball line So I suggest you don't make your ball lines with sharp clippers and also Make sure that the the lines or the guidelines bar lines, whatever you want to do your guideline Especially make sure that they're straight you guys makes it so much easier So for the guideline, I'm gonna be using all the way open on my clipper with my magic clips wall magic clips I'm making the guideline about half an inch up to an inch It depends on how you guys want to do it. I kind of want to keep like a tight Ish blend so I'm not making it too big because I kind of want room to to make the fade and want to make it just kind of Kind of not really stretch that much, but you'll see at the end of the video how I how I did it So make sure that the guideline is straight So this part is gonna be a little bit trickier for the new barbers out there I am gonna be closing my lever all the way Clothes and I'm gonna be shaping up the hair. I'm only doing this just to see Just to clear up some space So what you want to do is that you see the hair that is hanging over you just want to go straight up You don't want to do nothing else.  I have mine you guys have yours. So find your little niche and Yeah, do that So for this step, we have our number one guard on our magic clips You want to make your guideline about half an inch As soon as I get to the top of where I want my guideline to stop I flick out because I don't want to make a hard line because it can be really hard to take out So I am flicking out and as you see it's not really like a hard line up there because I did a one and a half You remember that right to take off the book on the side in the beginning of the cut So now all I got to do from there is blend up from that So I'm just making my guideline right now. Make sure that it is straight half an inch. You guys are ready Now to take off that weight up top, I'm gonna be using my one and a half The corners just to you know Take out that dark spot so it could be so much more smooth and the transition will be nice So again, I am doing the flick out method I'm flicking up into the hair because I don't want to make a hard line and also want to keep the shape So one and a half corner to take out the dark spots and we smooth y'all So for this part right here I'm using my zero guard on my magic clips to take out that last dark spot As you can see I had the lever all the open and it kind of took it out So I'm gonna be using halfway then close I am using my corners a lot, but I do it all the time especially in tapers and phase It is important to use corners. I know I say it a lot you guys It could be annoying for me saying it because you guys hear it all the time, but Just think about it when you use the corner of it You have more control of the clippers instead of using the full blade so you have more control of what you want to cut by using the edges of the blade, so Just keep that in mind you guys because This is it comes in handy especially when you're cutting hair and it saves a lot of more time Just watch you guys will know when you got me when you've been cutting hair as long as I have You start to figure out tricks to make it go faster and look nice at the same time So I know you guys are thinking why is his hair already lined up So I thought I had my camera on on this part, but I didn't so let me just backtrack and say that How to do the lineup? I'm sure most you guys would like know how to do a lineup So I don't really have to explain it, but I'm gonna do it anyways I like starting from the middle and then working my way from the left to the right or right to the left So that way it all come meet up in the middle and it just all come out straight It started instead of starting from one side if one side could be higher than the other and then it won't meet up in The middle then you're gonna have to push somebody back and that's something you don't want to do So I start from the middle then make my way from side to side So yeah, you guys and I'm sorry if my if my camera or not my camera My mic sounds a little inconsistent. I just got a new mic and I'm trying to figure out how the settings and everything how it works So bear with me you guys. Thank you So for the enhancements part, I know he doesn't need it. His hairline is already crispy But I'm doing it anyways to give that little So I am putting the enhancements the way I do line up my hair I start from the middle and then work my way from left to right I don't know what the pain is called. I think something kiss. I'm not too sure So the technique how I use my spray. I kind of pull it a little bit further back and I kind of just you know Tap it. I don't want to Make it way way too dark right here.  So Yeah, just make sure that the enhancement is straight and there you go The video is almost over. I thank you guys so much for watching. Please like comment and subscribe I appreciate a lot my Instagrams to be at the top left of the screen as you guys can see it So, uh, please please stay tuned for my next video. It's coming soon Let me know what you guys think about the cut in the conversation below I appreciate you guys a lot. Stay tuned Ireland. I'm out


We need to calculate the distance between our earthquake and each station that recorded the tsunami So the way to do that is to use the great circle path formula and Here is the formula, okay? The cosine of the distance equals the following So in this formula a is the latitude of one of our stations We'll call the latitude of the earthquake b is the latitude of the other point here a Latitude b latitude and c is the difference between their longitudes take the absolute value of that So you're gonna take the sine of this number the sine of this number Now you're gonna take the cosine of this number and the cosine of this number and you're gonna subtract the longitudes from each other It doesn't matter which because you're gonna take the absolute value of that and Take the cosine of that multiply all the co-signs together multiply the signs together add those to And then you have to take the inverse cosine of the answer and you look at the distance in degrees, then you multiply by 1, 1, 1.32, and you look at the distance in kilometers. Now, here are the things that I want to point out that are important. It is important that you know that when you calculate the distance between two points on the surface of a sphere, you need to use the great circle path formula. And I think it's important that you know what that formula is, and I wrote it down right here. But this class is not really meant to be about calculator skills. So if you can automate this in a spreadsheet program or whatever, or you know of a website that will calculate it for you, then that's what you should use because it will actually minimize the errors of you typing stuff in. I've found a good website that works, and this is it. I've given you the link to this in the course five pages. But you need to be smart about using websites just like you would if you were looking up information on a website. And that is, you should do a couple of problems yourself and trust your own math and then check if the website gives you the same answer or not. And I have checked with this one. So here I've entered in the latitude and longitude of the earthquake and the latitude and longitude of our station, and it gives me the distance. It is important when you use a website like this one that if you have points that are in west longitude or south latitude that you enter them in here as negative numbers or else you won't get the right answer.  Alright, that's all there is to it.


And residents of Ondo and Iqiti states have protested the abandonment of the Akure-Adu Iqiti Road by contractors handling the project. They accused the contractor of doing so despite being awarded the 22 billion-hour project and mobilized by the federal government in 2020. The protest lasted for more than three hours and caused heavy traffic along the road linking Ondo and Iqiti states. Guari cannot be blamed for this road. The road has been awarded since last year and mobilization has been given to the contractor. And one was expected that once a job is given to you, which others competed for, and by luck or whatever way, you were able to have it. One was expected to, with immediate effort, mobilize to decide. You are pressmen. You can drive through this road. Since last year, that this road has been awarded, there's nothing to show for it on this road. One of the policies that is associated with this road, if a contractor has been mobilized 15 months ago and has not done anything significant that we can see, to attest that, yes, he's ready to work, we are calling on Mr. President to get this contract to evolve from Datata and Savu and give to a contractor that's willing and able to have that theoretical and technical know-how to do it. But we can't see anything for you to apply from a career to a door. It will take not less than two hours, at times one and a half hours. And the road is very bad. And I believe that that is the, because of the nature of this road that has led to all this atrocity kidnapping and a lot of evil that are happening in this road. We are begging the federal government to come and do something about this road, to repair this road in no distance time. It's getting to worse.


Our family farm here is about 1,000 acres and we've got pecan trees, cattle, and some hay meadows here. And we've got a rice and soybean row crop farm and about 800 head cattle cow-calf operation. And it's me, my dad, his two brothers, and my two brothers. We purchased this property and started in 2018 and planted our first 4,000 pecan trees in 2019. Of course, installed the irrigation here, planted Bermuda grass between the trees. And in 2020 we planted an additional 2,000 trees. We have six different varieties and as you can see this winter, we heavily pruned the trees back to one central leader and we continue to spray them, fertilize them, do irrigation. And over the next couple of years we'll be improving our irrigation for bigger trees as they get bigger. And we also plan to plant about another 20, 30 acres worth of pecan trees here behind this to kind of get to about 6,500 trees. And then after that, I guess we'll wait until year seven or eight when it's time to start harvesting trees and learn from there. Well, we've got some pretty good neighbors here in Conway County with Billy Welchman and Crash Crothers and now Johnny Mouse that got pecan trees and Mr. Foshee that got pecan trees and been successful at it. So we kind of talk with those guys and learn and see what they do and we've also been involved with Oklahoma State University and the Noble Research Institute in Oklahoma. And a lot of those guys are very, you know, the pecan industry is very helpful. Usually you can pick up the phone and call somebody if you've got a question. And just, yeah, the support in the industry has been very helpful. We're about 15 minutes from Pedigee Mountain, which has about 800,000 visitors a year vision the state park. And you know, my wife's an elementary school teacher and we've got two young kids and they like learning about it. And so we've kind of talked about the agritourism aspect of the pecan farm for people come out and enjoy the farm and kind of see what we got going on and let people learn more about agriculture. Definitely the pecan farm is a long term investment.  And I'm 35, you know, I've got an eight-year-old and a four-year-old. So this is definitely something hopefully that they will keep going.  And so, yeah, this is definitely something that we've kind of, you know, this farm, this ground has been kind of the same family for a long time. We're able to purchase it in different tracks and put it back together. And that's what we're hoping to kind of help this back to one farm and, you know, have here for, you know, hopefully a couple generations to enjoy.


Well, first of all, I want to thank the Ancestral Health Society for the opportunity to talk here. The title is Are We Carnivore? Not where we carnivores, but in the present tense. So of course we are not carnivores running around hunting animals, but the question that I ask is are we still be biologically adapted to be carnivores. So and then if we are what does it mean in terms of protein consumption? What would be ideal sort of ideal or safe protein consumption for us, but that will come right at the end. First of all, let's see if we are carnivores. This chart here is adopted from a paper by Sylvia Smith and colleagues that was published in April, this year in science, and it shocked me and I hope that you will also be beautifully shocked. It describes the increase in body size or body weight in terrestrial animals, excluding bats. I don't know why they did that, but anyway. And they were really interested in the in the recent period relatively speaking of 126,000 years ago until now and the future, but they were kind enough to provide this data from 65 million years ago when the dialenazoles went extinct and the mammals started to become the dominant family. So at the beginning we were all we had the only rodents which weighed maybe a hundred grams or so and as you can see there is a constant increase in the size of mammals and this is to be expected. You think about the dinosaurs was so big and they were there for 120 million years or so. So the the earth can support big animals and apparently it happens as part of a larger scheme of evolution. So 62 million years later you find a group of a large mammals averaging 550 kilos and that's big. It's big because for that to happen you have to have quite a few species that weigh much more than 550 to offset the ones that weigh the rodents for instance. So so you're talking about and and we know that elephants that weigh about three times the size of elephants today. So huge, huge animals and quite a few, quite a few species. And so if you connect to the 2.5 that's the data they give. If you connect the 2.5 million to the 126 million there's your drop of about 80, over 80 percent. So because at that time it was only a hundred and this is in Africa and by the way Africa the decline in Africa was higher than the decline in other continents, although Africa is a big continent is not supposed to happen in big continents. So we don't know exactly what happened in the meantime between 2.5 and and 0.1. But we can guess because 2.5 million is when humans appeared. I'm talking humans, all the homos for me are humans. Homo habilis and then Homo erectus and Homo erectus appeared about 1.8 million years ago. And 1.5 million years ago, there's a big change in the hyper carnivores guild. A lot of species disappeared from this guild and the Verdelein and the Lewis speculate that this is because humans, Homo erectus in this case, entered the guild. And you see in the sites, in Homo erectus sites very large animals, elephants and similar, not similar size, small size, but very large sized animals with signs that of hunting, getting the first access to the animal. So I think it's quite convincing that that this decline in size, by the way today is 10. So you have today an average size, which is 2% of the size that the average size that was in two and a half million years ago. I can't think of any other reason why it would drop like that. So, but this is still an association. So we have to get to see if we can strengthen the evidence with some more. But first of all, first of all, I must spend some time discussing another implication of that slide and this is what it means to all the, for instance, the work of Lorene Codain. Because Lorene Codain gathered data on hunter-gatherers, recent hunter-gatherers, yeah, and I can tell you that the whole paleo-anthropology industry is using these numbers. But as you can see, he was using numbers for groups that were facing animals that on average are 2% of the size of the animals that were in the paleolithic. So it's just it's just not the same thing. So I think this is misleading. The whole ethnographic record as far as the quantity of meat in comparison to plants, I think we just forget about it. I'll show you some more, some more data on this. This is like two papers where they actually don't even take the average of the ethnographic data. They just take one tribe, the Hadza and use it to justify evolution two and a half million years ago. Anyway, if you look at the Hadza, I read a lot about the Hadza. If you look at the Hadza, they don't even have 10 kilograms average. If they don't have elephants in the territory, there are no rhinos, there are no hippos. These are animals that they used to hunt before. Now, this is the elephants is about a hundred year situation because as you know in Africa about a hundred years ago people started to kill elephants by the thousands to get ivory. So today you can find elephants only in game research and this is the situation with the Hadza and the chart shows the caloric return on hunting larger animals compared to small animals. So hunting a large animal and this is not the very large animal because this is again ethnographic information. So you're talking large animals is maybe, I don't know, a buffalo. So the caloric return on time is four times for larger animals compared to small animals and small animals are very close to tubers in the return. So that's in a situation like that the whole, they have to be reorganized. The whole thing has to be reorganized compared to the Paleolithic and and they do. Now Baobab tree is a very important tree for the Hadza. They consume 18% of their calories come from the fruit and the seeds and about 14% come from bees that make their home on these trees and the reason they use these trees is this is the highest tree in Africa it's about 30 meters high it can be. So they escape predators of the of the honey of course by being high. So about third of the non-meat. Now they are consuming about 60% non-meat and about 40% meat. So about half of the non-meat calories come from this tree. Well, it so happened that elephants don't like Baobab trees. And I'll just read you first of all about elephants and trees. It's a small, let me see if I can read that. African bush elephants in Kruger National Park uproot up to 1500 adult trees per elephant per year. Okay, these guys work for a day. Adult. And then what happens is that elephant reduce wood is species cover by 15 to 95% So really, and this is the name of the paper, elephants create savannas. So when there are no elephants sorry, so when there are no elephants the landscape changes completely and it so happens that the picture on the right is an elephant finishing off a Baobab tree. They drink the water, this tree contains a lot of water and in dry periods they like to drink the water so they just kill the tree. Game reserves notice that as the elephant population recover, the Baobab population declined. So in tourist like Baobab trees, maybe more than elephants, I'm not sure. So they got researchers to look into it. And if you read the paper they call elephants, they call Baobab predators. This is the name they sign to elephants. So just imagine a situation where the Hadza don't have these Baobab trees, but have elephants and rhinos and and other large animals and I leave you to guess what to think, how would their diet look like? So forget about this all this information about its irrelevant. So if we want to know what people ate, archaeology is the place and the answers are short about everything. Everything edible. So seeds and tubers and fruits and and of course everything that's it's alive but this is not really interesting for our question. The more interesting is what is the relation between the food, the animal food and the plant food and unfortunately I spent about six years reading thousands of papers in archaeology and the answer is not there. There's one that I have to give that is directly archaeology can supply some answers and this is the accumulation of nitrogen isotope 15. It gets accumulated as the trophic level go up so carnivores have more of it than herbivores. And what you do is you come to a site and you try to get cull again from the human remains, from the carnivores in the area, from the herbivores in the area and to measure the isotope 15 and in all these cases humans have the same amount as carnivores. So some cases even higher but there's some anyway. The objection that other researchers has to it is that still they could have eaten about 50% of plants they don't register so much because plants don't have a lot of protein. What I think they forget is that this protein comes with fat. So if it's an animal that has 50% protein and 50% fat there's not much room left for plants. Anyway this is what it is and so after spending so many years in archaeology I came to the conclusion that actually the answer is in biology. And I'm not a biologist so my interpretations are open to you know debate like any other interpretation. I ran it by a biologist Raffi Sert if you know some people know him and you know, but all the responsibility of course is mine. So I started to look for for papers that will give me some information about the level of carnivory from our own body. So you have genes, you have metabolism, you have morphology, pathology. I believe that I just scratched the surface. There are many more pieces of evidence that will be found in the future I'm sure. So here's the first one. Most of you know it I think. This is the structure of the stomach. Our our large intestine is 70% shorter than if we had chimpanzee, our size. And the small intestines are longer. So this structure is is really an adaptation in the direction of carnivores. And it's very significant because another question we can ask but the same really rephrase the question of carnivory is how specialized we are. What was our evolution towards specialization? Because nobody thinks that we are specialized to consume plants. So specialization in humans is if you find sign of specialization, it means specialization towards carnivory. And specialization is evident when food, when your your adaptation is actually preventing you from getting another type of food. Because you can have adaptations they don't. Let's say adaptation to running which I'll show later. Yeah, you can run, get more animals, but still doesn't interrupt your ability to to obtain plants. But this one actually is very very indicative because there are very few plants without a lot of fiber in the wild. So it immediately reduces the caloric exploitation that you can make for plants by a very significant amount. So I think this is quite a quite an in the eye. By the way, the the skull on the top is there to show that this adaptation was already happening in Homo erectus. And you can see it because the size of the mandible and the size and the shape of the teeth. The mastication system prepared the food for the gut. So if it's smaller then the food is more concentrated. Okay. It's not fibrous. Fibrous demands different type of flat, flat teeth to grind it. Anyway, this adaptation was already there apparently with the Homo erectus. Another type that is I think also quite well known is the adaptation to running that the Bramble and the Lieberman found. Of course, you don't run to get plants. They don't escape. So yeah, and also so they think it's an adaptation type of hunting that's called endurance hunting. It's debatable because endurance hunting demand very special conditions. Type of soil that you can see the tracks. It exists. People do it. But whether it was really the main method of hunting, I'm not sure. But it also adapts us to walking and walking. Efficient walking is very important. For a predator, for a carnivore, because the home range of carnivores is much higher than that of omnivores. So you have to deal with a larger home range. So here's another one. Another one that I think is quite known is this shoulder. The adaptation of shoulder. If you ask, if you get a chimpanzee to throw a stone, he will throw it like five meters, ten meters. He just sees his hands are built to climb trees and not to throw something. So we are adapted to throwing. This is the whole shoulder is adapted and there are changes. serious changes in the shoulder to allow us to throw. And this in a way is also an indication of specialization because this adaptation prevents us from climbing, not prevents totally, but interrupting us in climbing trees. So forget about the foods. Another adaptation, I hope I won't bore you with too many adaptations. I'm just giving part of them here. The rest are in my PhD thesis. So another adaptation, and this is this adaptation in my opinion can be also interpreted as a consumption, as an adaptation for consumption of large prey specifically. We have about three times to four or five times the amount of fat compared to chimpanzees. And we are lucky in the sense that carrying fat doesn't reduce our fitness in hunting and in escaping because we don't escape. We'll never ever run faster than a predator or faster than a prey. So we don't we don't use fast in fastness, no speed. So it allows us to carry larger reserves. A hunter gatherer, when you measure his daily expenditure, energetic expenditure and divided by the amount of fat that he has, can live about three weeks without eating. A woman can live double that amount. Women have more fat than men. So three weeks is actually, in my opinion, is adaptation to hunting of animals that are scarcer than smaller animals. Larger animals are less abundant. This is a law of nature. And so to get large animals, probably the intervals between the hunting is higher. So this is an adaptation to that as far as I'm concerned. The next one also is quite known. I will be very quick with it. You can spend some time on it. Apparently the number of copies of the salivary amylase gene, ME1, changes in societies, or it's high in societies, the consumed starch and is lower in societies that don't consume starch. Chimpanzees have two copies and we range from two to 16 copies. And this allows starch consumers to release the amylase enzyme and degrade the starch to sugar. Announcing to the pancreas that sugar is coming. The mere fact that we have this range actually points to a situation where it's not fixed. So normally genes that are there for a lot of time get fixed. And so it may point to the situation where it's a very short term adaptation. Another genetic adaptation is to the consumption of tubers. And only groups, the consumer, a lot of tubers have this adaptation. It adapts you to detoxify glycosides, and it adapts you to synthesize folic acid, which tubers are very poor. So, and by the way, this is more important than you think, because if you look at the papers of most of the people who support a high plant diet during the Paleolithic, they rely on tubers. They think this is what they ate, because tubers are not toxic. Tubers can be found throughout the year. Tubers, blah, blah, blah. But apparently we're not adapted to eat it. And by the way, the heads of themselves don't consume a lot of tubers. For them, it's the less preferable food, tubers. They like best honey, and then meat, and then I think this is a barbeque business. Okay, now from Paleo, from Pathology, Pathology. These are of course cavities from caries, and the earliest finding of this situation is in Morocco 15,000 years ago. So, it means to me that there was no high starch consumption before that, because these cavities are associated with high starch consumption. In this case, it was acorn. You can see on the right, these are the teeth and mandible of the recent Homo sapiens from Morocco 300,000 years ago. Look at the perfect teeth. And this is what you find in many teeth. There are quite a few teeth, because teeth preserve much better than bones. So there are thousands of teeth that were found in archaeological sites, and most of them are perfect. Okay. Now, come three adaptations that I love the most, because I don't have to interpret a lot. What the researchers did in all three is dividing this phenomena into groups. So carnivores have this type and omnivores have that type. And what do you know? Humans fall always into the carnivore group. The first one is aged weaning. We wean in two, two and a half years, and the chimpanzee wean at five to seven years. So carnivores wean early. And this is not surprising, because carnivores wean to a food that is very similar to the milk, to the mother milk. You have protein and you have fat. So, but primates wean them to consume starch and not starch, but fiber and sugars. Completely different diets, so they have to take much more time to adapt to it. So, as I said, humans fall right into the carnivore group and this is what the researchers, Pesuni and colleagues write. Our findings highlight the emergency of carnivory as a process fundamentally determining human evolution. Okay. Music to my ears. Confirmation bias. Another one that's something that you never expect or even bother to check is the number and size of the fat cells. It turns out that carnivores have a higher number of smaller fat cells to contain the same amount of fat. Omnivores have a lower number of larger fat cells.  In the end, what they get, what they feed on is short chain fatty acids. So, so there you have it and this is what's done in humans, by the way, have the highest number and the smallest cells. So, very, what? Very squarely in the predator, so I have to go fast. So, but I like to read it. Music. Humans are adopted to a diet in which lipids and proteins, rather than carbohydrates, make a major contribution to the energy supply. Okay, so again, okay, we'll be quick. Stomacosidity. Stomacosidity is also indicative of whether you are carnivore or herbivore or herbivore because carnivores have to deal with the higher level of pathogens and scavengers, of course, even higher level. So where are we? We had the highest level of acidity among the 50-something animals that were checked. So, the conclusion of the researchers was that we were maybe more scavengers than we thought. But actually, if you look at the humans, a very special kind of carnivore. They take the prey and they sit on it and they take it, they don't leave it where they find it. They take it to a central place and they consume it for days and weeks. An elephant can last for months, two months. Large animals can last for weeks, days. So, so it's like a sort of scavenging on your prey. That's why we have a large high load of pathogens and that's why it's an adaptation. And this is very expensive adaptation to carry to carry acid, high acidity in your stomach. First of all, to produce the acidity is very energetic, demanding process. And then you have to align the stomach with it. So, it's a very indicative, boy, this sounds fast. So, this is the summation of what I found, including other things that I did mention. I found two that could be interpreted against carnivore. That's debatable completely, but I don't want to go into them. Twelve that support carnivore. Seven that support low plant, like this T situation that doesn't prove carnivore, but it supports low plant. Eleven plus maybe four that support specialization. And ten that support that all these adaptations were already in Homo erectus. So, I have to get quickly today. Okay, I will just cut this one very short. Humans, and this is going back to archaeology. Humans are a very specialized hunter in the sense that they are targeting fat. And you can find it from four different patterns in the prey that you find in their sights. I won't go into it. It's very interesting, but maybe in another lecture. But they all prove very, very strongly that fat is like a must for them. I just give the last example, the last one, which is really crazy, extracting fat from bones. To extract fat from bones in paleolithic situation, you have to dig a hole, cover it with skin, break the bone into small pieces. This is not an easy job. It demands a lot of energy.  You bring stones. They have to be big stones because small stones don't hold to the heat. So you put them in the fire, and then when they are hot, you put them in the water. You boil the boil, and you wait, and like I'm sure some of you, at least I think many of you have actually done already, and the fat float. Now what happens is these stones break because they go from hot to cold, from cold to hot.  So you have to get further, further away from the site to get these large stones. All of this to get something like 6% of the fat in the animal that is stored in the bones. So this actually happened. Only you see it only in the end of the paleolithic. And in my opinion it shows that they were very short of fat with smaller animals, but that's another lecture. So this is the last one. It's a chart that I'll try to explain. I hope you have time for that. The bottom line, the X axis, shows the amount of fat, caloric terms in the animal. So let's say an elephant has about 60% of the calories as fat and 40% as protein.  So on the Y axis, you have the percentage of calories that you have to get from non-protein sources. So it's plants, carbohydrates and fat from plants, or fat from other animals which you use and you use only the fat. Why? Because we are limited in the amount of protein that we can consume. The limit is about between 35 and 50% of our calories. We don't know. Nobody knows. But there is a limit. It's proven that what's called the rabbit starvation, where people that feed on too much protein actually die. So let's say the limit is 50%. What it means is that if you catch an animal that's 50% fat and 50% protein, you are at zero. You don't need any supplement from other sources. You got all your calories.  Now, this is not 10%, but this is beside the point. It comes up to about 17%.  Dry periods, these guys don't have more than 10% or 5% fat. Just imagine it's a nightmare. So, and then you have to complete like 30% from other sources. Now, this previous slide where I'll show you that they're so desperate for fat means that they could not get it from plants. If they could get it from plants, they were not so, and this concentration of fatty animals is energetically expensive.  They don't hunt others. They go around, they encounter an animal. It doesn't have fat. They just leave it. So it's very energetically expensive to have this kind of strategy. So it means to me that plants were very scarce. They did eat plants. I showed you in one of the first slides. But it means to me that they were always on the protein limit. Whatever it was, if it's 35% or if it's 50%, most of the time, I think almost 100% of the time, because protein is not a problem. You can get protein easy. Fat is the problem. And completing the 50% is the problem. So the conclusion. The conclusion is that we for about a million and a half years ate a lot of protein. We ate 35% to 50% of our calories from protein. What does it mean for us today? That's an open question. Whether it's actually ideal for us to be on the edge all the time, on the limit, I don't know. But it certainly points to safety. For me, the whole paleo template is a safety template. It's not supposed to point us to the ideal diet. It's supposed to teach us safety in a situation where we don't know a lot about it.  Today the average consumption is about 15% protein. I think in the States it's 12%. So it's quite safe to double your consumption of protein. 35% comes to about 4 grams per kilogram body weight. Just remember the RDA is 0.8. So how far are we?  And of course the benefit depends on what you exclude. Because what you include is quite safe. And I'm not talking about all the people that need, you know, the sarcopenia business and everything. So my conclusion is eat more protein. Thank you. Oh, I have a nice one. I have a nice one. I love elephants.


I'm Bruno Girard and I'm coordinating the system-wide livestock program which is in fact a system-wide and eco-regional program of the CG and in fact it was created about 15 years ago to build synergies between crop research and livestock research. It does include in fact 12 CG centers and the program coordinate and fund solar research projects in crop livestock integration. This week we'll have an important meeting of the Livestock Program Group. Livestock Program Group is the steering committee of the system-wide livestock program and we have representative of 12 CG centers coming for this meeting and then we'll review the progress of our research but also discuss strategic issues. An important one is the CG change in fact and we don't know what will happen with the system-wide and eco-regional programs in the future but we believe that with our research we are well placed to take a leading role in some of the system research. Research topic of this meeting would be very much on pressure on biomass use in systems. We'll discuss a lot in future plans of our research in four regions West Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa and South Asia and we'll in fact look at tradeoff in the use of crop residues. Most systems are mixed systems and in fact you can use your residues to feed livestock but you can also use your residues to sustain your soils, keep mulch on the soils and protect your soils against erosion. There's tradeoff in using your residues in the systems because you have the immediate return of using your residues to feed the livestock and you have the long-term sustainability issues and those are not trivial questions and in fact 6 CG centers will tackle that in the next two years and we'll have strategic research in those four regions according to that. Understanding a little bit better how those systems evolve and how people allocate their results at the farm level and at the system level.


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The Cavalcade of America starring Lionel Barrymore Tonight the DuPont company brings you return to glory starring Lionel Barrymore on the Cavalcade of America Lionel Barrymore appears by arrangement with Metro Golden mayor producers of the unfinished dance starring Margaret O'Brien Turn to glory starring Lionel Barrymore as John Quincy Adams on the Cavalcade of America Mr. Richardson you suggest that I should run for Congress an ex-president why not mr. Adams father yes Charles I wouldn't consider it if I were you it would be undignified even degrading sir Excuse me sir, but it was my thoughts you would elevate the office without degrading yourself. Mr. Richardson Charles you're both wrong The office needs no elevation as you call it but father too to serve in the lower house of Congress If the people ask me I'd be glad to serve as a town clerk Then you'll accept mr. Adams on one condition sir, and that is I will be responsible to no party To no section, but only to my conscience and the nation That was an early fall day in the year 1830 in the old family home at Quincy, Massachusetts Two years before my husband John Quincy Adams had left the White House Defeated by Andrew Jackson and now well now he was going back to Washington as a congressman So he felt he was not a failure that the people wanted him needed him But there were others in Congress who thought otherwise Well gentlemen, we're agreed on this then unquestionably report good No more petitions, especially those asking for the abolition of slavery It's better for Congress in the country if they're left on red arm mr. Marshall what what about John Quincy Adams? There'll be no trouble with him. He's happy enough to be back in public service. Well, I don't know a next president exactly Holding on to a remnant of former glory He's an old man confused by president Jackson's easy victory two years ago No gentlemen, we have nothing to fear from John Quincy Adams the old war horse has lost his fire Be careful here. He comes Well gentlemen from Massachusetts. Good morning, mr. Adams Good morning gentlemen. Glad you came along mr. Adams. There's something we should like to talk over with you Oh, fine. Mr. Marshall fine by what is it mr. Adams? It's probably been obvious to you too that Congress has reached the limit of its patience too many petitions. You know understand Why I didn't notice after you've been here for a while mr. Adams. You'll see what we mean, but what about the people? They sent us here. It's their right. Of course of course, but many petitions should go on red For the good of Congress of the Union for instance, why disturb the South over this so-called right to petition It's better to let sleeping dogs lie There you understand of course Excellent I see we're all going to get along very well now. Shall we go into session John Adams John Adams? What is it excuse me? I should like a word with me. Mr. Adams is just about to go into session just a moment Just a moment. What is it sir? I have a petition a petition now see here So I can teach the John Adams to present this humble petition to Congress one moment You're a quaker aren't you? I am sir from, Pennsylvania then why not ask your own representative to read it sir exactly mr Marshall and now sir if you'll excuse us if it please be our representative is afraid to read it, huh? What's that afraid? Well, what's it for? Let me see it all come along mr. Adams It's probably another petition for the abolition of slavery. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. That's just what it is It asks for the abolition of the slave trade here in the district of Columbia And then for the abolition of slavery our representative is afraid we abolitionists will lend by destroying the union of these two my but The cannot favor slavery. I hate slavery sir all kinds But under the Constitution Congress can do nothing short of his war powers to abolish slavery I disagree with you sir. Oh, of course. You're very right mr. Adams, and now sir if you will excuse just a moment I said I disagree and I do But I think this citizen should have the right to have his petition presented before Congress And since his own representative won't do it, I shall read it for him. What is there some joke mr. Adams? Since when has the people's right to petition Congress become a joke?  I thank you. Good day Mr. Adams you didn't mean that we had an understanding sir. We did I understood you, but I'm afraid you misunderstood me I am duty bound to present any and all petitions now if you will excuse me gentlemen. I'm late Nothing nothing at all, but he's going to read that petition cause he is let him He's still hanging on to that remnant of glory he'll let go soon enough or We'll find a way to stop it But that petition wasn't the only one my husband read as the days went by he read many more He gave his allegiance to no party or section, but only to the people themselves Then one day in the house Mr. Speaker mr. Speaker I have a petition to read This is a petition asking for the abolition of slavery not another one no Thank you, sir This petition quotes the declaration of independence that all men are created free and equal Well the gentleman from Massachusetts yield for a question I yield for a question I should like to know his views on slavery my view sir are of no consequence. I Am here solely to serve the people of this country their right to petition Congress on any subject is part of their freedom I will read these petitions as long as they're sent to me Massachusetts yield for a minute I yield but only for a minute this will take only a minute Mr. Speaker, I move that hereafter this house reject unread all petitions regarding slavery Gentlemen the very first article of our bill of rights guarantees the right of the people to petition the government for redress of grievances Deny that privilege and next a free press will be denied and then free speech will be denied In the end, we shall lose all our liberties The house rejects without reading all petitions regarding slavery Resolution just passed as a gag in the mouth of free speech It is a direct violation of the Constitution, but it's a rule just the same now mr. And I'll fight that until my dying breath to have such a gag rule wiped out John fought against the gag rule Weeks went into months and he would not give up Like a malicious litany the words of his opponents smashed against him that gentlemen from Massachusetts is out of order Forgets there is a rule against reading that petition Gentlemen from Massachusetts knows rule number 25 prohibits this petition Petition against slavery I watched him tire him I saw the lines on his face deepen the shadows and resized darken Then one night, you know what time it is No, I don't think I do. It's almost a light outside. You've been working all night. I didn't notice There's so much to be done so much I can't my dear not so long as the people send me these petitions to be read Are there any on slavery? You'll read them the first sentence at least I talk fast, you know and what I say must go into the records But these petitions there What are you going to say John? This isn't a petition. Oh Louisa give that to me. You weren't going to tell me about this letter There's no reason to a threat against your life now John How many of these have you received? Now now now the writers are just cranks.  This is not worth the worry John. You've got to stop. No, no Louisa. No, no, no Let someone else fight now. You've done enough. No man ever does enough Louisa Tyranny and oppression find their way easily through any crack in the armor of democracy The gag rule is that crack For my sake John, please for my sake Wish you hadn't said that you won't think of yourself. That's right Nor even of you now John I Hate to say that Because I love you more than anything in the world of wisdom, but No matter what comes or whom it may hurt. I'll keep on fighting And he kept fighting and he received more letters threatening his life Then one night he went against John Quincy himself Adams Good evening gentlemen. Mr. Adams. Good evening, sir. This Adams. It's a surprise see you here Judging by the reception it must be senator clay will you join me at my table, sir? Thank you No, senator. I didn't come here to enjoy myself, but for quite a different reason.  I'm sorry, but I have business elsewhere Your discrepancy matches your tactics Sir, I could wish you were a younger man. Yeah, gentlemen, please never mind senator I'm sure mr. Marshall remembers my age. I do sir. Please excuse me great What I have to say won't take long then get it over with This is not the floor of the house where parliamentary rules protect you and keep others bored by your so-called eloquence Today I received another letter threatening my life Are you accusing me mr. Adams? I am not Whatever weapons you choose sir. I am sure they would not be anonymous. I shall cherish that praise from you, sir He's do but Even if the writer of those letters were in this room now, I Should still say what I came here to say. Mr. Adams, please. I will not be silenced The letters don't worry me at all gentlemen, but they do cause my wife extreme anxiety However Even that will not stop me from continuing my fight someday. You will go too far mr. Adams and God grant It's in the right direction. No one need to you sir. You're drawing your own loose. Perhaps. I am mr. Marshall But so far it's not tight enough to choke off my voice Please sit with me a moment. All right senator. Hey, my business is over They're waiting for you to make one false move on slip length since they can't silence you any other way You'll try to get rid of your son or ship from office. No, perhaps perhaps But even in that event I will not stop what I said out to do Kill that gag rule You are listening to return to glory Starring Lionel Barrymore as John Quincy Adams on the cavalcade of America Sponsored by the DuPont company maker of better things for better living through chemistry Elected to Congress ex-president John Quincy Adams fights against the gag rule prohibiting the reading of petitions on slavery But slavery is not the issue. It is the right of Americans to petition that is being endangered by the rule as The second part of our story opens his wife Louisa continues Time passed and the people heard what John was doing He gains some supporters Each time his motion for repeal of the gag rule was put before the house There were one or two more in favor Then one day in the house when he had the floor. I Have a petition from 46 citizens of Haverhill, Massachusetts Praying for the peaceable dissolution of the Union I'll have the floor and I intend to keep it The reference of this petition to a select committee with instructions to report why the petition should not be granted Satisfied mr. Marshall in merely bringing this petition before us. You are guilty of high treason contempt of this house and guilty of a high breach of privilege I Asked for its rejection by a committee I move the honorable John Quincy Adams deserves expulsion from Congress for giving aid and comfort to the enemies of the Union aid and comfort to those who would dissolve it I Get this speaker. I have the floor Let the clerk read the last sentence of the first paragraph from the Declaration of Independence Let him read it But when a long train of abuses and usurpations Pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right their duty to throw off such government and to provide new guards for their future security Let no one seek to destroy this government But it is our right and our duty to preserve its liberties There would be no such right if the people lost the power of tradition Gentlemen, there will be foreign Desperate ins and ideologies that will seek to destroy us But I say to you that we will lose the power to defend ourselves against those if we stifle the right to defend ourselves against our own oppression Crush the right to petition Destroy it if you will but at the same time take the words that were just read by the clerk and do this to me Mr. Speaker If the gentleman from Massachusetts withdraws the petition, I'll withdraw the resolution for his expulsion I will not withdraw single word expel me if you like but not one word of any petition will I withdraw He was not expelled but the fight weakened him did what his enemies could not forced him to rest But the people had heard and they did answer as we took a trip around the country John loved so much I'm sick But if you have petitions Send them to me. I am ploy. You send them to me. It's your right as Americans The same everywhere and the people's voice was heard John planned to continue the fight as soon as he got back, but sickness stopped him Yes, John you're supposed to be sleeping I don't feel like it lie back dear. I want my clothes. What'd you do with them? You're staying where you are. I have worn you Louisa as soon as you're out of this room I'll go to Congress as I am don't you want to get well, but I'm not sick It's time for your medicine. I'll get John what did you do with it? He's had a vile taste My throw it into the fireplace. I can get more no doubt. No doubt Louisa.   I tell you I'm not sick But he was and it wasn't bounce before he went back to Washington to Congress I Remember that day one of the members had the floor then John entered There was a stir every eye in the house turned to watch as he walked slowly down the aisle toward his seat The members stopped speaking as one man the house got to its feet Stood for the man who not too long before they had fought against I wish to thank the members of the house for their curtsy Welcome back, mr. Adams. Thank you. Thank you Am I in order for a motion mr. Speaker chair will entertain your motion mr. Adams. No petitions mr. Adams As a matter of fact sir, I have a portfolio full of them and I intend to read them later First I move that house rule number 25 the gag rule be stricken out It has been moved and seconded that this house strikeout rule 25 those in favor Motion to carry you've won your fight. Not I mr. Johnson Gentlemen my young colleague mr. Andrew Johnson has Just said that I won my fight. That's not true You gentlemen You've won because you've remembered that liberty is more than just a word Freedom means that we Americans will always be guaranteed the right to say so if we think something wrong But this freedom must be guarded today and tomorrow and by everybody May God grant us the courage and strength forever to fight for it Thank You mr. Barrymore Ladies and gentlemen Lionel Barrymore will return in just a moment with a very important message for you now here is gained with men Today the American Chemical Society Opens its 112th national meeting in New York The knowledge and skill of these chemists both men and women Have helped to bring us many of the good things of life. We now regard as everyday conveniences At one time or another for instance more than 200 of our own DuPont chemists and engineers Worked to perfect what is known today as DuPont nylon You may be surprised to hear that nylon is a fiber is finding many uses as an industrial material The same built-in ruggedness which makes it so good for stockings is a value in industrial jobs In a textile mill in New England to name one such job Nylon rope is being used to drive belts to transmit power Where the old ropes lasted only about seven weeks? The nylon ones are still running after 16 months Filter cloth the screen products like flour and cornstarch is now made of this DuPont fiber Which lasts four and five times as long as the form of material But perhaps the toughest job we've heard of so far is something the laundrymen are doing with this tough baby nylon When you send your clothes to the laundry, they are kept separate from other people's clothes by putting them into special laundry bags on nets These nets are washed over and over again all day long It would be hard to imagine any tougher test for any material Laundromen tell us nylon nets are lasting four times longer on the average than any others. They were ever able to find Here's an interesting comment on the eagerness with which Americans try and accept new products This new fiber which first captivated women because of its delicate beauty and wearability and hosiery Because it is one of the toughest fibers ever placed at the service of industry will benefit you in many ways If you would like a booklet telling how DuPont nylon is made and how to take care of it We'll be glad to send you one free of charge Just right to the radio section DuPont Wilmington Delaware and asked for the booklet about DuPont nylon Which is of course one of DuPont's better things for better living through chemistry Constitution is one hundred and sixty years old this week On Wednesday Constitution Day a special train is scheduled to begin a nationwide tour in Philadelphia The cradle of American liberty. It's called the freedom train and it will visit 300 American cities during the next 12 months A board of scores of priceless documents which have created and which guarantee our American freedom Jefferson's own draft of the Declaration of Independence George Washington's own copy of the Constitution and our American bill of rights For more than 10 years the DuPont Cavalcade of America has urged Americans to rededicate themselves to the great ideals of our American heritage Now is the time to refresh our memories To talk with our families and friends about what it means to be an American as Adam said Freedom must be guarded today and tomorrow by everybody Freedom is everybody's job Five velvet awkward like all American women could not legally vote in a national election But there was no law that prevented her from becoming president of the United States Next week the DuPont Cavalcade of America presents Virginia Bruce as velvet awkward Who accepted the nomination for the nation's highest office and won her fight for women's rights? Remember next Monday night Virginia Bruce is the girl who ran for president on the DuPont Cavalcade of America The music for the DuPont Cavalcade is composed and conducted by Robert armbruster Tonight Cavalcade was written by Garrett Porter Jane Morgan played the part of Louisa Adams This is Frank Bingman inviting you to listen next week to the girl who ran for president Starring Virginia Bruce on the Cavalcade of America brought to you by the DuPont Company of Wilmington, Delaware