All right, good morning and welcome to this week's edition of Encompass Live. I am your host, Krista Burns, here at the Nebraska Library Commission. Encompass Live is the commission's weekly online event. We are a webinar, a webcast, an online show. The terminology is up for debate, what we call these things. But whatever you want to call us, we are here live online. Hopefully only good things you call us. Bad things. We're here live online every Wednesday morning at 10 a.m. Central Time. The show is recorded, however, so if you're unable to join us on Wednesday mornings, that's fine. You can always go to our website and watch recordings of any of our previous shows. And I'll show you where that is at the end of today's show. We post recording if there are any slides or documents or handouts that are included from presentations and links to websites that were mentioned during presentations or all gathered together into an archive spot. Both the show, the live show and the recordings are free and open to anyone to watch. So please do share with any of your colleagues, friends, neighbors, family, whoever you think might be interested in any of our topics. They are welcome to join us live on Wednesdays or watch any of our recordings. We do a mixture of things here on Encompass Live, book reviews, mini-training sessions, demos, interviews. Basically the only criteria is that it's something library-related. Either something libraries are doing, some could be of use to libraries, some new resource or service that could be of use to them. Sometimes we're a little outside the box thinking, but we always link it back to libraries. That's our focus here. We have Nebraska Library Commission staff that do presentations and we sometimes have guest speakers and today we have a mixture of that. To my left here is Richard Miller, who is our library development director here at the Nebraska Library Commission. And to his left is Reggie Carlson, who's from the Nebraska Community Foundation. She's the communications director there. And we also on the line, two libraries that are going to be chatting in a little later and we'll get to them and introduce them later on, I suppose. Yeah, we'll talk about this. And what we're going to be discussing this morning is getting money specifically grants for small town libraries, public libraries in Nebraska. And I'll just hand it over to you guys to take it over, Roy, and explain what's going on. Okay, well Reggie and I decided we do kind of a question and answer format. And for those of you who know me, you'll be surprised that I'm not doing most of the talking today. It's going to be Reggie. I'm going to ask the questions and she's going to give the answers because actually she's a little bit closer to the money than I am anyway. So Reggie Carlson and I have worked together and she just told me she's been there nine years. I can't believe how fast this has passed. I worked with her predecessor as well when these Coots Bennett donor advised fund monies first became available, but it's really gotten rolling during her time here. So we'll do a question and answer format. I'm going to ask the questions and she's going to give you all the information you need to know about these grants. All right, so Reggie, can you tell us what the Coots Bennett donor advised fund grants are first of all? Yes, but first first, I'm going to explain to everybody how you really pronounce the name and that is the Coots Bennett donor advised fund. And it's, you know, it takes a while. You said Croix. Croix. Did I say it right? I think not. I think you said Croix. All right, I'll change my pronunciation. But almost every phone call that I get is about the Croots Bennett donor advised fund. But it's Croix. So think of, oh my gosh. Oh, Croix. Oh, Croix. Anyway, these are these are grants that are made possible through an endowment that was established by the late Shirley Croix Bennett, who is a lifelong educator. She believed that everyone should have access to a world of information. And she specifically intended for the funds to support small town, small town libraries, libraries that have populations of 3,000 or less. And so in a nutshell, that's what the Croix Bennett donor advised funds are. Very good. Okay, there. Okay. Well, before we get into the details of the grants themselves, could you explain a little bit about what the term donor advised fund means and how that works through your operation? Okay, briefly, like almost all community foundations in the United States, the Nebraska Community Foundation offers people with charitable intentions the opportunity to set up a fund within our organization. So a donor makes a tax deductible, charitable contribution, usually fairly significant, and that establishes a fund that then the Nebraska Community Foundation administers. That money is held or within our foundation, and the donor or his or her advisors can determine what charitable organizations they'd like to support. So they let the Nebraska Community Foundation know, we handle the distribution of the funds. And one of the reasons that people choose to use a donor advised fund instead of a private foundation is that we do all the paperwork. We do all of the tax reporting and all the auditing and all of the receiving and all of that stuff that could really overwhelm some of the small town community leaders that are running these programs. And so our donor advisors then are left to do the fund part, and that is just granting the money. Well, in the description of the program today, we mentioned that the nieces and nephews of Shirley Croites are involved in this whole thing. And can you describe how their decision making about these helps to fulfill the wishes of the donor, Shirley? Right. At Nebraska Community Foundation and any community foundation, donor intent is the number one concern that we have. So before Shirley died, she made it very clear in her will that she wanted to establish a fund that would be advised by her first surviving siblings, but then her nieces and nephews. And she made it clear also that she wanted to help small town libraries. However, she did not want to cause an undue burden on her family for an unreasonable number of years or forever, which is what an endowment is. It's a permanent fund. So Nebraska Community Foundation suggested that she set up what we call a turn endowment. And that means that the money is held within our foundation for a number of years, and in this case, it's about 10 years. But then the funds are spent out. So the funds are invested, the earnings on those investments are used to make grants every year. And in addition, I should mention that Shirley did not expect her nieces and her nephews to be experts in funding libraries. And so they asked Nebraska Community Foundation to administer the program. And also, they asked that the library commission provide guidance to the fund advisors. And so that's how this whole thing works. Richard and I worked together with the nieces and nephews to provide the grants once a year. Okay, yeah, it's fun too. I really enjoy meeting them. I forget their names from year to year, but then they reacquaint me with their names. They're a great bunch of people. They all are from, I would say, South Central Nebraska. Yeah. Donaldson, St. Paul. Are any of them in Harvard anymore, where she went to? No. No, okay. Well, I understand that there are three categories of grants. And if you could spend some time reviewing those, we'd appreciate it. Why can't I get this to her? Use the right arrow. All right. Thank you. All right, tell us about the three categories of grants, if you would, please. Okay, three categories. There's planning grants, and those lead to accreditation. Enhancement grants, and they lead to those are for enhancing library services and programs. And facility grants, which of course, like it sounds, is used for renovating or restoring or rehabilitating your current facilities. Let's first talk about the planning grants. Excuse me, that time of year. Planning grants are for non-accredited public libraries, and the money must be used to work toward accreditation. Activities that could be funded would include education, planning, collaboration. Very importantly, the money could be used to support salary or stipend for personnel to extend your library hours, which is so often very necessary to get accredited. It can also be used to help support additional hours of staff time who are working on accreditation requirements and planning and meetings. So that is what the kind of activities that planning grants go to. There's a $500 minimum that you can apply for, and you can apply for up to $2,500. It's a very generous one-to-one match, $1 in court-spendent funding, $1 in local funding. In this particular category, in-kind matches cannot be allowed, meaning that your volunteer board members cannot count for your in-kind match. The time frame is multi-year grants are possible, and you say, why would you need multi-year grants for planning to tell you that some of our libraries do? And so if your planning process, it takes more than one year, we will invite a proposal if you can show us the need. The second category of... Let me talk for just a minute about that, if I could. We have had two public libraries in our state so far, one of which had never been accredited, which became accredited through this. One of which had actually lost their accreditation through, I won't go into the ugly details, but they actually regained their accreditation. And so this is really, really interesting. And Reggie mentioned in particular that often the open hours and staffing is often the thing that gets the libraries into difficulty with trying to become accredited. And this is so helpful in doing that. I'm so glad that the nieces and nephews and Reggie and Jeff over at the group said, yeah, we'll do this, because this is something that leading these smaller libraries to accreditation results in so many benefits for them. So I really applaud the folks for doing that. Right. And at the time that the Courtspennet donor advice fund was established, I think that there was almost 100 libraries that were not accredited at the time. But so I don't know, I'm hoping that that number decreases. Okay, so we move on. Okay, the second group of grants are enhancement grants. And these are four accredited libraries, you have to be accredited. And they're used to create community education and outreach programs and services. We especially look at services that benefit low income individuals or families or new Americans or underserved populations. These grant monies can be used for existing programs or new programs. And the thing you want to consider, however, is that routine costs such as utilities and general maintenance are not eligible. Microfilming and digitization project proposals at this time are not eligible as well. The other thing is that equipment such as computers and software programs are not eligible unless they are only a component part of a much larger project. So I guess an example would be a Makers program, a Makers Club program in a library that was having a volunteer or a stipend person come in and run a program and was purchasing equipment to help, to make that program possible, to help kids learn how to program computers and do digital printing and that sort of thing. So in that case, the computer program and software wasn't the focus of the program. The focus of the program was the teaching of the kids. So I'm hoping that was clear. Oh yeah, that was clear. Let me talk for just a minute about both the planning grants and the enhancement grants. Talk about the multi-year grants. And one of the reasons that that's really a good thing is that let's suppose, for example, that you want to move your library toward accreditation or that you want to start a new program under these enhancement grants. Well, if you want to sustain that over time, getting your local to come up with additional funding that becomes part of the library's budget, you often can't do that within one year or less than a year. So that's why the multi-year grants are really good. So we really appreciate the fact that you guys are allowing that. Right. And so often what you need to do is show success before somebody's willing to invest in ongoing success. And so enhancement grants can be helpful that way, I believe. And is it in Valley that Valley was able to hire a part-time youth program specialist this past summer and using a grant from Quartz Bennett Donor Advice Fund. And the program was so successful that she is thinking that maybe next year, maybe the year after that, she can get those fundings from the sit, from the village to make that part of the regular budget. Yeah, this is a good way of showing that the service is needed and wanted by the community. If they see that using the grant to get that person to run that program, look at what happened now, maybe we should keep it going. Just to look at the numbers, the increase in patronage and that sort of thing. Yeah, we originally planned to have Valley on the presentation today, but unfortunately for us, but fortunately for her, she's traveling. She's on vacation, so she couldn't do it. But it's a great photosmanship, too. Yeah. For this particular area of grants, the annual amount that you need to be looking at is you need to be applying for at least $1,000, but you can apply for up to a maximum of $20,000. And once again, a very generous match of one-to-one. In this particular area, 50% of the match can be in-kind. So if you've got volunteers running your program, you may be able to count those volunteer hours as part of your local match. And yes, multi-year grants are allowed. The next one is facility grants. And it's interesting, when we first did our first round of grant making, and I believe that was 2012, when the first grants went out, almost all of them were for facilities. And as the years have gone by, we're seeing more and more enhancement grants. And I don't know if people just couldn't think of ideas at the time, or if they just immediately thought of facility improvement when it came to asking for money. But anyway, facility grants are for accredited libraries only. They're for the construction of a new facility or rehabbing an existing facility. There is some preference given to libraries that have a historic, the Carnegie Libraries. However, the Fund Advisory Committee understands that sometimes rehabbing an old building just simply is not reasonable. And it's much more efficient and effective and will meet the needs better and more effectively if a new facility is built. And so they're aware of that. They also look at programs that are libraries that have a long-term sustainability plan. Very important to them. So the grant minimum that you can request is $5,000. The maximum, again, is $20,000. Generous match of one-to-one, but in-kind matches are not allowed. So if you've got a great volunteer who's willing to pour your cement, that's terrific, but we can't count as ours. We can buy the cement. One important thing to remember about facility grants, because sometimes these projects take a long time. You may be doing parts of the project at one point in time and then continuing on and continuing on. The Courts-Venant Donor Advice Fund cannot fund costs that have already been incurred. In other words, if you've already built this room and paid the vendor for it, we cannot reimburse you for those costs. So that's a requirement. Anything else on that? I don't think so. We've had a good number of libraries that have participated in this whole thing. In fact, I talked to Reggie about this and we haven't got this straight yet. I think one thing that would really be useful is on our website at the commission if we maybe have a historical record of which libraries have received which grants and how much. I think that would really be good. So I think we'll work that out sometime after the show is over. We have that grants database. This isn't part of that that we have? No, no, no, because that's only for grants from the commission. Since we have the link to Courts-Venant, I said it right again, to Courts-Venant, but I was just thinking that maybe we could have a list there just at that point. So we'll talk about that. It can be done. All right. Well, now that we have a pretty good understanding of the three categories of grants, why don't you talk to us about how the process works, what the due dates are, and all of that sort of thing, Reggie? All right.  That was not the intention here. All you have to do is if you think that you have an eligible project after you've downloaded, listen to this program, you can download the guidelines in the short application form from our website, and you can get to that download area from the commission's website as well. And we'll talk about that at the end of the program when we talk about contact information. Anyway, the short application mainly just establishes whether your library is a public library, whether the funds are going to the library or the library foundation. So it has to be a public library or a 501c3 charitable organization like a library foundation. And it's very important that you are accredited if you are applying for either the enhancement of the facility grants and non-accredited libraries can only apply for planning grants at this point in time. Basically, all you have to do in this short application that you download is explain the purpose of the project, the total budget, how you plan to raise or commit to the matching funds. Short applications are due October 1st, and what will happen is if you are eligible and the project seems reasonable, we'll invite you to submit a full proposal. And what that full proposal is is just providing a little bit more detail, more detailed budget, just offering the same explanation in the short proposal, but just expanding on it a little bit. And that long proposal or full proposal is not due until January. I think one of the things I'd say as we've worked with the nieces and nephews over the years is that that idea of demonstrating actual and real and solid local support is very important to them. Because when they look at these applications, they get recommendations from us here at the commission and from Reggie and so forth, but I can tell that over the years they have said, is this really something that is likely to be sustained, likely to be supported? Is there real support in the local community for this? And I think that's important to them, so be very careful about that. Right. The other thing I would say is especially for facilities, grants, if you can submit copies of actual bids on things, the nieces and nephews appreciate that because once again, we're not experts on putting up drywall, and so it really is helpful if you can have bids. You don't have to do that for the short application. That will come when you submit your full application in January. I've noticed also that they're very practical people, so they don't go much for show. They want to see actual information. All right. Well, let's see. We're going to talk to libraries now, aren't we? Yeah, I think that's it. Let me just double check what's our next slide. Yeah, we're going to talk to libraries first. For those of you, probably you'd most likely go to our website at the Nebraska Library Commission. There are flyout menus from the left-hand side. Notice there's a flyout menu under grants, funding, an e-rate, and Krista has put a big red arrow right there on the Croix Bennett Donor Advised Fund grants so you can get to it from there or you can go to the website from the Nebraska Community Foundation. And that will bring you to that link that's on the previous slide. And actually, when you click on that, it actually pops right out to... Yeah, just go back one. Did you go back? Whoops. Yeah, oops. Yeah. Yeah, too many. Keep going. There. There. We actually directly write into their page. All right. Now, if we decide to put up a list of who's actually received it, that might change. At some point, we may then have an intermittent page that'll list that. Sure. It'll get you to something about it. Okay. We're going to talk to those two people who have been nicely hanging on for so long from a couple of libraries that received the grants. And as I told you, Valley is not on here, but Reggie wanted to tell us who is on and who's going to be speaking to us today. Okay. Well, from Genoa. Yep. We've got Tammy Thiem. Is that how you pronounce your name, Tammy? No, it's Tammy Thiem. Thiem. Okay. Well, I had that wrong. Tammy Thiem. Hi. Hi. Good to visit with you again. Yes. This is Genoa Public Library. Tammy, you'll be talking about the grant that they received in February 2016 for $2,000. And I'll let you talk about the program yourself. And we will also be talking to Anne Quigley in Valentine about their Facilities Improvement Grant. So, do we want to, Tammy? Do we want to talk to Tammy first? Sure. Go ahead, Tammy. Take it away. Good morning. I am the Library Director at Genoa Public Library and we were fortunate enough to get a grant. What our goal was was to have a maker space. We had such a successful children's programming that the children wanted more to do. So, we had a wonderful space beneath the windows. We had a window seat made by the local shock class at Twin River High School. So, all we had to pay for were the materials and it had a front open storage. So, we bought containers that would fit in there. And for those containers, we purchased things such as Legos, Megformers, Play-Doh, Snap Circuits, fashion plates, Polar Beads, Sparrow Spark, Ozobot Zoob, plus many other things. These were all STEM type items. Science, Technology, Engineering, Math, things that will enhance their creativity and creative thinking. We also purchased several board games. These we use during our reading programs for the older children for getting the game. The games promote strategy, logical thinking, and then there's other games such as Apples to Apples where if you're familiar with it, it has word definitions. So, it's a sneaky way of getting them to learn during the summer. We'd like to incorporate some sort of family board game nights with these games come wintertime. We purchased books for babies, kids. These come with a bib and a board book and different pamphlets talking about how wonderful it is to reach your children and a card that they can exchange for a real library card. Try to promote reading early for community members. Back to the makerspace items. We have kids come in here every day and sometimes we'll have, for a small town of a thousand people and community members, we'll have 14 to 20 kids come in to do different activities just on their own. And the great thing about that is once the kids come in, they'll check out library books. Kids who may normally would not have come in and they also tell their friends because we have different kids come in all the time. And what's exciting is without the grant, there's no way our regular library budget would have been able to sustain or get this kind of thing. So, I am very appreciative of it. Any questions? Can you talk about that window seat storage thing that we're looking at right now with a little girl sitting on it? Yes, this is what our Twin River shop class built. It cost about $67 for all the materials. And I have to get some pillows because it's a popular spot for the kids to kick back and read or play or sit and visit. It has storage in the front so it fits plastic containers really nicely with the lids to separate all the different makerspace items. Well, I have been to your library and I know it's quite small so I think the extra storage for that particular purpose was really a great idea you guys had. Thank you. Sure. Hey, you know what? The kids are really cute there in Genoa, too. Absolutely. Who is this? Can you see that photo? That's not my library. Oh, this might be a picture of the Itzwicham Valley that we're in there. We weren't supposed to. Oh, okay. I don't know. Is that one of your kids? No, not that one. Well, the kids must be cute in Valley also.  A lot of great children's programming going on in the last couple of years. I'm really, really pleased to have these creative people thinking about the kids in their community. And Tammy, it's so nice to be able to know how to pronounce your last name along with Croix Bennett. Now we can say Tammy Thiem. Sorry about that. Oh, that's fine. Can I mention one more thing? Sure. Okay. I happen to be also the library that had the unfortunate ugly experience with losing accreditation. Yeah. Right. And you got one of these grants, and what happened? I was able to dedicate a whole lot of time to getting all my ducks in a row and applying for it and succeeded. Not only did I succeed, but we were accredited at the silver level, which is huge for our small library. And because of the accreditation, that's what made applying for the enhancement grant possible. Let me point out also that this loss of accreditation had nothing to do with Tammy. She kind of came on board and things were falling apart, which we didn't know about before she came on board. So she's the one who got it restored through the planning grant and through all the efforts of her and her staff. We do have a question for you, Tammy. That's why I went back to this slide that described the grant, because I'm not sure if you haven't answered yet. That's why I wanted to go back to this one. Someone wants to know, we're wondering if you're able to get local support to keep the makerspace activities going and to continue to upgrade the materials. Now, I see this says that the project completion date is supposed to be not to the end of this year. So are you even beyond to that point yet or? I do still have some funds to purchase. I already got the main things I wanted. So now I'm being very selective. Now that I've learned what the children enjoy, I know what more to gear towards. And yes, I've very much promoted between newspaper articles and Facebook, and I talk to the city council regularly so that they know what's going on. So I have pictures out there. Parents really help promote it. So people in the community, they really appreciate it. So I really think that will help encourage the budget for the city to allow the budget to be increased to keep this going, to enhance it, ongoing rate to keep supporting it. Tammy, let me go off on one more tangent here, which I think is interesting. Why don't you talk for just a minute about your activities within the Three Rivers library system? Yes, I'm also the system peer coordinator for a five county group, Antelope Boone, Madison, Nanson Platt, and this is kind of a new venture we're doing. But what it is, try to promote different learning activities for directors and staff. Try to promote carpooling to make it easier to go to. Try to make the director meetings very viable and exciting and learning experiences for everybody, increase networking, and it's just nice to have someone locally within the group go to people to open up communication and networking for all the directors. Now, Tammy is the first and so far only one of these people for the Three Rivers library system. One of the reasons that Anika Ramirez, the system director, felt this was necessary is that her office, of course, is down at Omaha, and there are a whole bunch of public libraries up there in the northeast part of the state. So they came up with this plan about having the peer coordinators. Is that what you call it? Yes, system peer coordinator. Do you know have they come up with any additional ones at this point, or are you still it? I've not heard that they have gotten anybody else on board yet. Okay, so you're the pioneer. So you're going to set the standard for everybody, right, Tammy? No, that's right. Okay. All right, let's go on to Valentine if we could. And Kristen is going to try to take us through the photos, which are not all from there. There we go. Hello, Anne. This is Reggie. Hello. Good morning. Good to talk to you again. Thanks.  I'm laughing at this completion date. That's pretty funny. Yeah, I think that we just put it off a little bit because you ran into some problems with, especially with weather in completing the project, wasn't it? I should have changed that. And I'm sorry, because we did, we changed that on your grant agreement. And I just, this is one of those copy paste errors that pop up every now and then. But it's nice to understand. I can be adjusted. Yeah, absolutely. If you don't get something done by the time chat with you, it's okay. We can adjust things. Yeah, we heard that. I mean, it was nice that we had a nice wet summer last year, but it does put a cramp on certain things. But just tell us about your project and, because you certainly have more quotes to do it than I am. This was probably the project that gave this librarian gray hair. I haven't been for that. In 2010, we did a renovation of the interior of the library where in which we gutted the library, everything was out of the library. And then we started again and put new shelving and new flooring and stuff like that in here. That wasn't as difficult as the front entrance, which was a much smaller project. But it was a terrific trial and it made me extremely nervous. And just from the fact that things did not happen according to my timeline. I really like to watch that. And I had to learn to adapt and adapt again and again. But anyway, the project, we had kind of an unsafe almost entrance to the library with concrete steps and a handicapped ramp. But the handicapped ramp was a little steep. It didn't have a railing that really helped anyone. It was not usable. I have a friend that is in a wheelchair. And he showed me that, you know, as far as anything with the handrail on that ramp, it did not help him at all. Also, interestingly enough, his grandfather needed a walker. And it was steep enough that the handrail on the ramp didn't really help him with the walker, didn't make him feel safe. So we hired an architect to redesign the front. You can see from the picture too that there was some spalling and some dark mold in the corners of the old steps. And so it really did. You can't see from this picture that's up there right now about that you can't see the ramp too much. But the handicapped ramp railing was just a little bit low. So it didn't provide anybody with any security or support as they were coming into the library and especially leaving it as they felt like the grade was just, for some reason, a little steep. So we had an architect come take a look at that and redesign and draw. And he made up a project manual with some renovations that have now been almost complete, almost. We're right at the edge of being done. Which we took off all of that handicapped ramp. We took off all of that. So yeah, what you see there is everything being gone from the front entrance. And our dirt pile. And is this the gray hair portion of the project? This was the gray hair portion of the project. As they started jackhammering that away, I worried about the windows breaking.  What I will say that was, oh, you see the bricks that he's working on in this slide? Those were delayed. They came out of Georgia. And part of our delay was that the bricks were delayed like two weeks. So we just were sitting there with a dirt pile and no bricks to get going. The footings were all poured and everything was ready, but no bricks. So we waited two weeks for bricks. Anyway, that's now kind of you see some completed pictures there. The other piece I didn't tell you about in the earlier photograph were the railings as they went down the steps. And you can see these new railings where people have a chance now to grab a hold of those. And they have assistance going all the way down before the railings were completely ineffective for anybody that needed to use a cane or a walker and they wanted to come up the steps. It was pretty difficult to have the support of a railing. So now with this new enhancement, they do have railing help all the way to the top.  There was something non-standard about the tread. I don't know what that was. I don't know what depth or height or something. Did you really? Yeah, I don't know what that was about. Of course, I'm not too coordinated, but it really was very strange coming in there. Well, yeah. Yeah, I didn't know that.  And his parents didn't really realize that he kind of started to cry and they picked him up and carried him halfway down the block. And the next thing we knew, our security cameras were showing this family running into the library with this kid with blood everywhere. So we even had to call an ambulance for him. And he was not hurt badly, but you know how a head wound will bleed. Scared the parents to death and I'll tell you it scared us to death too. So hopefully we won't have that again. But anyway, as you see, the grade there from now the handicapped entrance is very easily accessible. They built that up so there's no need for a railing now. And my friend who is in a wheelchair has told me over and over and over, this is just great. It's so much, much easier to navigate. So we have plantings in now, landscaping done. We have new benches that were just installed. One of the benches has a crack in it so needs to be replaced and that's our last thing that we're going to do. So there's benches in front of the wall and benches out kind of at the end of the handicapped ramp where people can sit down and enjoy the shade of the tree. It's really, it's very, very pleasant now. And I have to tell you the renovation you guys did in 2010, the interior of your library is absolutely gorgeous. And now the front looks like it finally meets the interior. Well, it does and it's really, we have a really pleasant little library. We have the, is it the National Star Party here right now? There are lots of these people come in during the day, they're from all over, and they're just stunned when you can't believe this little library. So it's really, it's really a nice interior. People are very comfortable in it and now the exterior looks terrific too. It's wonderful. And one of the things that the Croix Foundation helped us do, I mean hiring the architect was very comforting and I would suggest anybody doing any kind of renovation to a facility have good engineers and architects, you know, designing and helping you with your project. Because when you get into a small town sometimes you only have one cement plant or one, you know, construction manager and they want to do things their way and I can say no, in the project manual he really had it designed for this particular reason. And so that project manual was worth its weight in gold. It was expensive to do it that way, but it was worth every penny because I could just show the plans to the construction manager and he could say, oh yeah, okay, all right, we'll build that this way. Okay, we'll put the, we'll pour it this way. And that was extremely helpful and very comforting to me because I certainly don't know about cement mixes and how much to put into their concoction to make it correct. I have no clue. So that was all taken care of in this project manual. That's an excellent idea. I was wondering about as you were talking about the ramp and obviously the original one, and maybe it was built before was not because of the grade, not ADA compliant. If people were afraid of getting down it, was it like being too steep? That's something too. I think that the architects are going to know it needs to be at this certain angle. Otherwise it's not in compliance and it's not useful. Well, you know, they can, they can see things too.  Are you sure we're not going to need our hand railing? And he said, no, you won't. And I'm like, are you sure? I just could not, I could not get that into my head that that grade would be so comfortable and so gradual the way they have that extended out there that it would not need a railing because all I could see was that descent down the old one, which I don't know if it was ADA compliant or not, or if it was grandfathered in, I don't, I don't know. But, and I don't even know for sure when that was added to the facility, the original facility, but I do know that it was not particularly user-friendly. I helped many people, I helped many people down that old ramp and I stood in front of their walker to keep it from sliding away from them. Wow. And one question or one comment about your, I think about the project manual and so forth.  And when you have that construction manual, you can just say to the construction guy, do it this way, and then he will. That's a wonderful, a wonderful object lesson, I think. Well, it is, it was worth the expense of doing it through an architect. And, you know, the other thing, when you live in rural Nebraska in the middle of nowhere, you don't even have an architect in your community. So I happened to, in my first years of college, work for a firm, and I have a good friend, he's now since retired from his firm, but he comes by and visits us once in a while, and I asked him about it once when he was here. And so this was his firm that did some of this for me, and they did some of it the early parts of that, as much as they could for free, in deference to my old friend, and then, you know, did begin to charge us for their time and the production of their project manual. But it was worth every penny. Okay, good advice. And I would also say that the production of, or having a production manual would certainly be eligible for funding from the Courts Bennett donor advice fund. I mean, it doesn't have to be bricks and mortar. It can be design, architectural drawings, all of those things. Well, also with a production, with a project manual like this, you have some really good estimates for your expenses. And even if some of those are, you know, go over a little bit or under a little bit, you still have a pretty good idea of what the project is going to generally cost as a whole. So the project manual was almost my Bible during that time because we used it over and over and over. And actually, they just came in and got it the other day when they were installing a bench for me and said, where was this supposed to go? And I could pull the project manual, I could pull that project manual out and say, well, here you go. And they could see right away where that was supposed to be installed. And you have an idea of how much the total project budget was? Yeah, 65,000. 65,000, yeah. Well, it looks nice. It does look very nice. And I need to say two things. One's a great thank you to the Quartz Foundation, Quartz Bennett Foundation for allowing us to, or partnering with us in this project because we would not have been able to do it without them. And the second thing is that it's very wonderful to work with people like Reggie when I can call her and say, I'm not going to get this thing done by my deadline. We were nowhere near done, but I mean, we're almost a year later. At one point during this project when you saw the big dirt pile in the front, we had a rainstorm that was unbelievable in Valentine.  And it's probably about, it probably comes out about up to my chest. That's how big it is. It's a big, heavy piece of equipment. It was in the middle of that place right by the front door. They were tamping down the dirt as they were firming everything down. That was almost completely underwater. Oh, dear. Yeah. I mean, they had a trench kind of there. And I looked out during that rainstorm. And I mean, the only thing I could see were the handles of that where the guys would hold onto the handle. I thought, oh my God, here's this expensive piece of equipment and it's nearly underwater. It was crazy, crazy. That's how much rain that we had that time. So that delayed them. I mean, they had to get rid of all that water. And it delayed the project as well. But the other thing is that I could say that we had a really wonderful experience was one of the family members was driving through Valentine just a month or so ago. Coming from South Dakota, I believe. Maybe they were on vacation. And because I had sent pictures updating Reggie on what we were trying to get done, he had the pictures in his phone and recognized that he had seen these pictures. So he did a U-turn and came back to the library. And I was right in the middle of a board meeting with our board of trustees. So he pops in and he goes, hi, I am, and I can't remember his first name. Was it Russ? I think so. Was it Russ? I think so. Yeah, it would be Russ. Sounds like a character, yeah. Well, no.  So I was able, it just was a shock, but he had seen the photographs on his that you had shared with them on his phone, and he saw the library, and he thought, well, I'm going to stop in and see him. So I took him out and walked him around through the project a little bit, and was able to introduce him to the board of trustees. So that was really a fun moment. Good. How serendipitous. Yeah. Well, Ann and Tammy, thank you for your time, and Reggie, can you share with our listeners today the essential contact information about these grants? The essential contact information is, my name is Reggie Carlson, and really the best way to get a hold of me rather than phone is just to email me, and that is our Carlson at n-e-b-c-o-m-n-f-o-u-n-d dot org. You can download all of the guidelines and the short application form if you go to NebraskaHometown.org slash fund slash Croix hyphen Bennett. And we'll just leave that up there for a minute if people want to write that down. And there's a little bit of information about Shirley there, and then you can download the materials that you'll need. And once again, I'm really encouraging a lot of libraries to apply. We were a little bit low last year for some reason. And so we have over $80,000 a year that we can grant out. In fact, the advisors have complete control over how much they want to... There's no stipulation in Shirley Croix Bennett's will that says you grant out so much per year. So, I mean, if you've got a great project, please do apply. And you've got a couple months to work on it, so get going. Before we wrap up, does anyone have any last-minute questions for anybody, for Reggie or Richard or... Anne or Tammy, if you want to ask any last-minute questions, get them in now. I just want to thank Reggie for everything that she does over there, too, and for all the good that this fund is doing for public libraries. And Shirley Croix Bennett. I mean, she's not with us anymore, but she gave $700,000 for the use of this thing, and that's really quite wonderful. And you can get to the same information by going to our website, where we showed you that earlier. There's a little bit of information when you get there about Shirley herself. We must have been a really interesting lady, so we thank her. All right. And actually, I think what we'll do is... I can talk right over to there. I'll just go back here and show you. This is on our website, Library Commissions Grants, and it pops out right over here. And... There she is. There, Shirley. So this has all the information, all the applications, and you even have a list here of who got the grants for this year. So you got two ways to get to it, so you have no excuse not to send in grants, right? Anything you need to apply, and then Reggie's info here, of course. All right. It doesn't look like any urgent last-minute questions have come in, which is cool. That will wrap it up for this week's show. It has been recorded. And, well, it is being recorded still, as we're wrapping up. And it will be here on our website. This is the Encompass Live website. And Encompass Live is the only thing called that that I found on the Internet, so you can just Google us. It comes up here to our website here. And all of our archives are here underneath all of our upcoming shows. And this one will be posted in the last week's show. I think we had about the same as we have now. Yeah. The recording will be here, just like the link is here. The presentation, this PowerPoint will be loaded up there. And link to the website for the fund on the Nebraska Community Foundation page. We'll have all of that there available for you. Probably by this afternoon, as long as YouTube cooperates with its processing and uploading of things. So that wraps up today's show. I hope you join us next week when our topic is clouding up. How to use cloud storage? Craig Lefteroff, who is our technology innovation librarian here at the Nebraska Library Commission, will talk about how to use cloud resources. This is not going to end up in the sky, but things saved and held elsewhere for you that you can access and be able to use things remotely from all over the place. Google Drive, Dropbox, other ones. So Craig will be with us here next week. That's next week's show. And you can see our upcoming shows here as well. Go ahead and sign up for any of those. We're always adding new. I've got a couple in the works already for September as soon as I have things finalized. Those dates will be added as well. So keep it on our website. It is on Facebook.  There we go. You can log into over there. And I wish this would go away. It doesn't. See what's coming up. You can say I do a reminder for the current show for today. And whenever the recordings are available, I post here as well. Wait. Not now.  Just get rid of you. So that wraps it up for today. Thank you, everyone, for attending. Thank you, Ann, Tammy, Reggie, Richard. That's everyone. Yes. Cool. All right. And just let me see. Nothing last minute has come in. Always check that before I go. So that wraps it up for today's show. Bye-bye. Bye, everyone.


look at the camera isn't it so nice well don't look too much who is this you want to be on this mask you have to come home with me to do that if i had a macaw like you i would name you tj silvers it's not yucca it's not yucky they ask you how you are you just have to say that you're fine you're not really fine but you just can't get into it hello my fellow snippers blighters and hatchlings guess what we are about to do something really fun i took a detour i wasn't planning on doing this today i am outside of the perfect parrot i thought i would get a little unmasked moment with you guys because of course when i go in there i'm going to be all masked up in this beautiful mask in our store on parent station but what's really fun is going into bird stores maybe we'll get to meet some birds that you guys haven't seen before i don't know obviously i won't be sniffing on them and kissing on them but let's just see what they have in there i'm meeting some friends here who are going to come along there they are right now my one friend anna loves animals so that's why she's down to come to the bird store today and michelle's always down to do whatever we're doing so that's the mojo here we go let's mask up all right all right all right okay masking up just so you guys know like the originals of these masks were like really tight on some people and now they're longer so i have to put a knot on one side but they're in our store and i love them oh no i knew there was something about this i just messed up my car i knew this is the spot i parked in last time anna's gonna be very excited to see some of these i'm about to die are you about to die look at how beautiful they are look how gorgeous okay he was looking at me the this guy right here what is what is that called let's see what kind of business oh okay this guy i think we we became friends and he was leaning forward like he wanted me to touch him or pick him up but i don't know what to do well he's pretty big so you wouldn't make an attempt with me come over look at how beautiful looking look at how beautiful that's been beautiful do you want to come here please well yes i think i could let me think about it you want to come home with me we can cuddle i'm totally ready to cuddle with you you want to cuddle beautiful eyes look at you playing with the best boys in the world how are you doing we're good how are you tell us more about joey from friends in the world yeah how are you doing hello you want to say hi to anna how are you doing isn't he cute hi baby look how gorgeous you are hi baby oh you're so delicate are you like my nails uh-oh are you so beautiful are you so like one thing you guys never want to do is move fast at a bird see it came to me and like i had like a sense of it wasn't like i love the little tongue yeah do you want to hold the bird yeah see me in this hand okay look i'm using a decoy look where the nails are all over here come always keep calm the bird's very inquisitive a lot of it anna loves animals so she's willing to take a hit to the hat it'll be a great story i'll tell everybody up here in my hat i don't obviously anna doesn't come over my house i don't i need to come over more yeah i'll just have eight yeah okay that's actually you can't do that i actually need to wear this oh my god he's knolling my ear oh my god this is a very gentle bird i usually only let men that take me out to dinner do that honey oh my goodness i don't know why i don't have enough left this in my life what kind of bird is this good job you both don't know what to do i know beautiful right yes these are like this female look like this the males are green beautiful now you just gotta do it with confidence you can't get scared or the bird will fall telling me she's telling me that's like this pulling she exactly will tell you right here see you want to establish control with a bird because otherwise they like they'll be chewing my shirt and this and that but if i go oh no you don't have a choice you're stepping up and they then they understand that's a good girl yeah you're gonna relax the shoulder you can always relax because they have their own sense of balance in this situation two things you could do you could either kneel down calmly and then the bird will step onto the perch you'd have to like sit down or i can take the bird for you but the bird's really excited about okay okay no no you're good you're good okay there we go all right look at the camera isn't it so nice well don't look too much who is this you want to be on this mask you have to come home with me to do that if i had a macaw like you i would name you tj silvers okay guys because i can never resist and i know they destroy them in two minutes but i love buying these at our local bird stores for kody and merlin because you know merlin likes his tent i got him in the look wow that's my finger well for you he obviously destroys it and just so you guys know um you don't have to put if you are trying to avoid cloth impaction for birds that chew it you don't have to put this part in it michelle's here she's gonna help me choose one for merlin because merlin's her favorite boyfriend bird okay let's see what we have here amazon one oh that one's pretty good but merlin like camo he might kind of fits it kind of does it merlin should we go like this one i think so i think it screams merlin and what do we want to get for kody i like the pink one for kody i like oh well if you look at you of course you'd of course i like it too yeah let's get those okay i was thinking of getting a cute little thing for the finches they want their privacy i can tell yes but i don't know what to get for them i wonder if i hung this because they wouldn't really chew it would they but people are avoiding is like the fuzzies for the birds that chew see all this fuzzy you want to have things made out of cotton and stuff look at you look what i did look at you i did it all by myself what do you think was the main thing i'm getting that bird on you right when you told me to put my arm right there so there's no option but to step up yeah that's right so i did that that'll work yeah it worked and now she won't get down and well that's another skill how to get them down okay so do you want the bird down or no yeah let's figure it out now just because my arms getting tired and they're heavy huh yeah okay so with birds like that birds prefer to step up than step down oh so you gotta get away as you could get lower okay okay okay so this is like you now have yourself hold this michelle you now have michelle's got so much to hold you now have yourself at a difficult angle for the bird to step up so you want to be parallel okay and once you get the bird the bird's really obsessed she's really letting my jacket but you're still above the perch do you see yeah okay so now go closer gotta come closer okay okay that's not working for you because it's just because she's not paying attention i think okay so you're gonna have to have more control which means this has got to go and michelle's are just kidding like a tiktok video i did it i did it that's it you have to have more control so you didn't have the other thing in your hand and you're feeling like this and then she looked and then all of a sudden she saw divert the attention and let me help you pour michelle over here fantastic job michelle you're next here give me all that okay do you want to practice step up with this beautiful motha oh that one or you want to oh well we know that you're good with african look at this now once once they're on your arm lift up remove them away from their place now that looks like bc that finger's not strong enough that bird needs two fingers there you go you have to keep their weight in mind and physics okay now do you want to practice putting the bird down okay go back go to a comfortable spot okay lower lower than the first or lower than the first and perpendicular always got to be perpendicular well okay there you go good job sometimes i forget how hard it is for people to also put birds back you're such an expert it's well no it's just it's not even that it's just like honestly forgetting that these are important things too so for the finches we have what this one this one what do you think yeah this one's pretty good let's go with this one what kind of bird is this michelle african gray uh-huh how do you know but it looks what's different about this african gray the head seems smaller okay but what's very significantly different about this african gray look at the face uh-huh what's different about the face it looks like smaller i don't know okay look at the color of something that's very different on this gray the eyes are different yep do you know why no because this is a baby oh so the eyes are still gray i would love to take you home and call you my own and name you garfield all right guys so that was the perfect pair we're gonna go home and see how the birdies love our stuff so should we give him his tent yeah merlin do you want your chance you know merlin we expected something a little different of you


Good day, fellow investors. Welcome to the stock market news with a long term twist. This week's big topic was DEVOS and mostly for investors, most importantly, Ray Dalio and Seth Klarman. Seth Klarman came out with his letter warning investors. Ray Dalio was talking about his macro predictions about stock market going down, crashing. I'll show you how we are already in a bear market, so that actually happened. And this is very important to understand the risks of the market. Something that people, and we'll see later Seth Klarman talking about it, people really don't grasp after such a long period of stocks only going up. So the topics for today will be about the risks that might impact in the future the stock market that are impacting the stock market and the risks that we have to keep in mind from social tensions, the economy, debt of the economy, China, the US relationships, the gap issue, the current Goldilocks period that is creating a feeling of high confidence both in Europe and in the United States. And I will try to use as much data as possible to attach facts to what Ray Dalio and Seth Klarman have been saying so that you can make your picture of the risks and the reward and later we will finish with how to invest. Because when you put everything into a personal perspective, that will give you clear answers on what to do, when to do and how to do it. Because after all, it's all about you. And the mission of this channel is to improve your financial well-being by limiting your risks and possibly increasing your returns. However, to do that, you must think about the risks. So let's see what these guys have to say about the investing risks in the current market. Social tensions. As Seth Klarman wrote in his letter, it is not hard to imagine worsening social unrest among a generation that is falling behind economically and feels betrayed by a massive national debt that was incurred without any obvious benefit to them. So there is a big wealth gap. There is huge debt piles. And we will see later that the US national debt has really exploded. The debt per citizen is, in this case, 66, almost 67,000. Debt per taxpayer is closing in on 180,000 per US citizen. And as Klarman says, this debt we will see later with the wealth gaps and everything hasn't brought much benefit to most US citizens. And this is a big, big risk for Klarman over the long term, even if nobody is thinking about this for now. Further, Daileo goes deeper and discusses, okay, things might change over the next decade. We have now already some House representatives talking about 70% income taxes on those that make 10 million. And these people are already seeing, okay, this might happen. This might impact the future. We are now in lower taxes. Taxes might go up. People forget that in the 60s, 70s, taxes were corporate taxes were above 50% in the United States. Further, on the debt Klarman wrote, for one thing, he details the way virtually every developed country has taken on mounting debt since the financial crisis, a trend that he says could lead to financial panic. He cites the increasing ratio of government debt to gross domestic product from 2008 to 2017 to a point exceeding 100% in the United States and nearing that figure in France, Canada, Britain and Spain. So if we look how the government debt in relation to GDP exploded over the last 10 years, this means also that, okay, the debt is okay if it's higher, if interest rates are close to zero. But if and when interest rates go up, governments will be burdened by this a lot. And this will lead to trouble because the governments will have to increase taxes to pay this debt because the economy didn't grow at 50, 60% or 100% as the debt did. And that's a big, big, huge risk for the economy, for the system. And Klarman says that the seeds of the next major financial crisis or the one after that may well be found in today's sovereign debt levels. And he says that there is no way to know how much debt is too much. But America will inevitably reach an inflection point where up on a suddenly more skeptical debt market will refuse to continue to lend to asset rates we can afford. Low interest rates, you can afford that. High interest rates, you can't afford that. By the time such a crisis hits it will likely be too late to get our house in order. And that's the key risk I think for the next decade are government debts and the huge debt piles that have been created to get out of the previous financial crisis. So they added more debt to the system to solve the previous problem which was caused by too much debt and too much leverage. So it's a very tricky position here. And we must think, okay, how are we going to position ourselves given the risks that we'll probably materialize over the next five to ten years. Perhaps nothing will happen in the next 12 months. As Delio said, we are still in the seven, eight inning. The stock market is a little bit wobbly but they are now saying 2020 will be a slowdown for all economies globally and that might impact stocks in general. But we'll see later that stocks have already been impacted which is a big warning signal. Let's continue. Then we have other risks, China and the US. Nobody knows what will happen there. There is a big range of possibilities from conflict to cooperation. However, at a great panel in Davos, Delio and others commented how productivity growth, which is the key when it comes to businesses, long-term productivity growth is happening in China and it's highly likely it will grow at 5, 4, 3% over the next decades which will have a huge impact on the global economy. So yes, there is risk but you have to always look, okay, risk and positives. China is a top-down economy controlling everything, dictating what their citizens have to do, which is a completely different system than a bottom-up economy of the United States of the Western world. China is continuing to grow. If there is a fire, they just run immediately to put it out oppositely to what the Western world does. So we have to really always balance the risk and reward there. And the most likely thing is that China will continue to grow over the next one, two decades and that it will be the leading economy of the world, something to think when it comes to investing. Also, we don't know, Claremont says that there might be an isolated America as the post-World War II international order continued to erode. The markets ignored the longer-term implications of a more isolated America, a world increasingly adrift and global leadership up for grabs. So something to keep in mind, okay, how will this look long-term? Sanctions we discussed in Russia, okay, they're not buying equipment to drill from American companies as they did. They are now developing that equipment in-house, which leads to, okay, they are losing, the Americans are losing their market. So over the long-term, there are always two sides to sanctions. On the stock market, Ray Dalio says how most people are levered long, long stocks, long equities, long bonds, everybody is long. And the last 10 years of stocks can only go up, up, and up, really created the situation where most people, most pension funds, most everything is long stocks. However, the risks as the stock market goes up, and as we enter the late part of the cycle, the risks increase. And that is what people forget to think about. Further, another big risk for the environment is the wealth gap, the increasing wealth gap that we have to really start thinking about for the next decade, because it might hit us hard. If we look at household wealth in the US, the richest 10% of families went from 20% of wealth to 50% in 2013. So the rich got richer, the poorest 50% of families didn't go anywhere, and the families between the top 10% and the poorest, so 80% just increased a little bit their wealth. Similarly, top 1% huge increase in wealth and the inequality in wealth really approaches the levels of the 1920s, the roaring 1920s, which led into a depression and everything that followed. Median household network by quintiles, the first and second quintile, so 20, 20%, 40% is practically nothing, and the top 20% is really rich with a net worth of approximately 600,000. If we look at the share of total assets by asset category, the poor, the bottom 90% of the population has 73.5% of the debt. So how are they going to drive the economy? How are they going to increase productivity, increase spending when they are already so burdened by the debt? And the top 1% has 49% of the stocks, 41% of the stocks are under the next 9%, so the rest, the bottom 90% has just 9% of the stock market, which is crazy and a big wealth gap that might lead to issues in the future. Just to keep a positive attitude, Raylio says that he hopes that he will be positively surprised in the next 10 years, which is always a possibility. We always have to think, okay, this can happen, this can happen, these are the risks, they don't need to materialize, they might materialize, and that's the key when it comes to investing.  It simply means, okay, it didn't happen, that's life, and that's the key when it comes to investing. You have to invest in a way that you don't lose and that you are protected for whatever happens and take advantage of the upside as much as possible. Gambling usually, if the bad thing happens, isn't a great way to invest. So that's the key message, and the key message here is, okay, how can I not gamble what I have, so not risk what I need in order to get higher, get better returns and improve my financial life. So how to invest and keeping the risks in mind? Individuals, professional investors and financiers are prone to project their own recent experiences into the future, said Claremont wrote. So when adversity is absent, like it was in the last 10 years, investors become complacent. They assume good times will continue and they grow careless about risk, perceiving it through rose-colored lenses. And this is crucial to understand because it is important to perceive, to implement the risks that might happen in the future into your investing strategy, not what has happened in the last 10 years, because that has happened and it is unlikely that it will replicate. It is possible that the SAP 500 jumps another 200% in the next 10 years, but it is unlikely, the biggest likelihood that it goes sideways, drops 40-50%, goes up, goes down, anything can happen. And that's what you have to implement now in your investing strategies. To continue with Claremont, I'm convinced as an investor that the world I live in every day has gotten more short-term oriented. The pressure on the game changed the game. Some investors are too quick to demand ephemeral fixes. Why aren't you restructuring? Why aren't you doing a spin-off? Why aren't you buying back stock? So, yes, after nine, 10 years of zero interest rates, after everybody has got a high fix on debt, they are doing very short-term investment thinking, doing buybacks, taking on short-term cheap debt to do buybacks that might become expensive debt in the future, which leads to risks and increases the risk of the market. And the risks have already been materializing in some places, which tells you, okay, things are not that good. Ford Motor Company is down 44% over the last five years. That's a huge decline. Kraft Heinz was down 40% over 2018. That's another big, big decline for a very important stock. Ford, Kraft, for very important stocks that discuss the economy, how things are working. And you might say, okay, parts of the market are really in a bear market. China has been 20% down last year. So that's something to put into perspective. Okay, not everything is looking that good. Not everything is great because these are big, big hits for those people that were invested in such stocks. And this is material for every portfolio. And you have to be careful, okay, what will happen in the next 10 years so that I don't lose money like the investors in Ford, which we knew higher interest rates, slowing down economy, the economy reaching the limit in productivity will do bad for the car industry. And that has been reflected in the stock price. Speaking of Kraft Heinz, tomorrow I'll do an analysis of a stock as it is down 40%. It still pays a dividend. It has a lower low PE ratio. So is it a buy or not? We will dig into the company. I will show you my ways of analyzing such a businesses and whether that is what I am looking for when it comes to investing. Looking forward to your comments on the risks of the stock market. How are you positioned? Thanks for watching and I'll see you tomorrow with Kraft Heinz analysis.


We are more relaxed with the time now, so because we managed to basically make up for some of them this time. Okay, let's proceed with your talk. Okay. Okay, good afternoon everyone. So today, I will present a part of a larger work which is called Controlling Particle Currents with Evaporation and Resetting. And I've done this work with the supervision of Edgar and my other supervisor, Andrea Gambassi and collaboration of Shamik Gupta. So I go straight forward to the model. And so I consider a Brownian particle which diffuses on interval minus LL. It starts from a position X0. And then we add the periodic boundary condition at the edges of this interval. So minus L and L become topologically equivalent. This means that each time the particle crosses the L edge, it comes back to the other side and whichever side. On top of this motion, we add another mechanism which is a resetting. In particular, we consider the region minus AA which is marked by yellow color. And you can see that in this region, there is a constant rate R in which the particle can be taken and brought to the position X of R, that is the resetting position. And so in general, this type of problem are well-described by a master equation. And which of course describes the time evolution of a probability density of particle. In particular, for our problem, we have three contribution to this master equation. The first one is the usual diffusion. The second is a loss term which keeps track of the particle that leave the yellow area and because of resetting. And then we have the last term which is again termed to the position X of R and it is proportional to the fraction of a particle that are reset at time T. So this equation in principle, you can use it for any potential, I mean for any resetting rate space dependent. And of course, then you add the constraint of a periodic boundary condition which is for our problem. Then there is let's say a natural question that arises from this type of treatment in the case of a finite size system such as periodic boundary conditions in which we ask ourselves, how does resetting occur? In particular, we know that let's say as the problem is structured that resetting is instantaneous. This means that each time a particle in the interval minus a a is reset to the position X of R, this phenomenon happens instantaneously. Then we might have two possible way of reaching this point X of R which is clockwise or counterclockwise. This allows us to define a protocol that is a resetting protocols which tells us for each time a particle reset which is the probability to go left or to go right. In particular, here I present an example of a resetting protocol. And we can see this is the shortest path protocol which means that in general, each time a particle we can see for example, the first picture on the top. We have that a particle resetting at the point X can reach the point X of R into possible paths. The first one has length X minus X of R while the other is just the complementary and which is the protocol which induces the particle to reach X of R with the shortest path. So in the first example, so the first picture on the top we have the particle moves clockwise and in the second picture we have counterclockwise movement of the particle. So this is, let's say, it's an important property of the system. It can be basically reassured in what is called caging virus. In particular, as we have already said, this type of resetting is instantaneous. This means that the probability density of particle will be completely independent, insensitive to how particle is set because it just depends on the position of the particle and not how particle is set. On the other side, we have infinite possible protocols that is we can generate infinite possible currents in our system. And this converges to a unique property that is a gaging variance for our probability distribution. In particular, we can have for the same probability distribution infinity many possible currents. This can be also understood mathematically by just employing the master equation. In particular, since the probability is always conserved at this time, we can define a total conserved current, which is called j tot, and which is the sum of two currents. One is the usual diffusive current given by fixed load and is given like third equation. And then there is the last the second contribution to the total current is the resetting current. This resetting current can be analytically computed by integrating the right hand side of the master equation. And this leads immediately to the question at the bottom of the page. So we have that the resetting current at position X at time t is equal to a space independent constant, which depends only on time plus a contribution which comes from integrating the probability density. So as we can see, this space independent constant is what generates these infinitely many possible currents because once you fix the protocol, it automatically fixes this constant. Of course, this is just, so the fixing a protocol is equivalent to fixing the resetting current in a point on the ring. Of course, you can change minus L with another point on the ring, but then you have just to modify the extreme of integration in this formula. So recapitulating, you have that for any protocol, you can define a resetting current, which is different and vice versa for any fixed constant in this resetting current you can generate, you can associate a protocol. And here I show you the stationary current in the case of the short path protocol. This means that we are taking the limit of really large time when the quantities do not depend anymore on time. And of course, since we are on a one dimensional system, the current will be also space independent. And this means that we can plot the value of the total current in the figure A, the quantity J, which is our J tot as a function of different parameters of our problem. In this case, we have the resetting point and the different values of the resetting grade. So as we can see, this current is completely symmetric with respect to the origin. So one can just stick to the, let's say, right part of this plot and see that. So in this case, we have a particle that resets according to shortest path protocol. So each time a particle resets inside this gray area, it will stick inside this gray area. Whatever, the shortest path is always inside this gray area. So this means that particle are confined inside the resetting region. On the other side, so this means that whenever you increase your resetting grade, the particle will be more constrained inside this resetting area. This is why this green line is completely flat because there is no current and which means that the particle are basically stuck in that region. Then whenever you move, let's say in a plot, always in plot A from XR over A equal from one to three. So right outside the gray area to the first peak, you have that the current increases because the resetting pushes away particle along the shortest path, which still is the one that connects the gray area to the resetting point. When the resetting point reaches this peak in correspondence to XR over A equal three approximately, you see that there is a second contribution to the current which comes from particles that reset not along the positive side but also from the other side making a tool. This means that we'll have two source of current which we'll have negative contribution and this will reduce what will suppress the current. So here we present also the comparison with the simulation in figure B for a particular choice of a resetting rate. Then I also show here the probability distribution. Let's say these are two snapshots of the probability density of particle and for the same parameter except the resetting point which is marked by the vertical blue line. In particular in the first picture, we have the resetting point is outside the gray area that is the resetting region. And this means that each time there is a complete depletion of particles inside the resetting region. So the particles are pushed away from the resetting region and we have a peak outside the resetting region correspondence of the resetting point. Moreover, this is a feature of problems with resetting and the probability density as a casp and correspondence of the resetting point. Then there is in the second figure, we have instead the case in which the resetting point is inside the gray area, the resetting region. And in this case, the probability density is actually picked inside this region. And yes? Generally at about minute 12, are you wrapping up? Yes, yes, I'm wrapping up. Okay, great. Okay, so finally, like conclusion, I, what is nice about this problem is that we can see how topological constraints, so the fact that we don't have an open geometry but a ring, modifies the features of a system. And in particular, we see how it is possible to generate infinitely many currents in which we have complete control. And we see how all these currents, let's say, converge to the same probability distribution. Well, thank you very much for the nice talk and observing the time. Since questions are fun, let's have one quick question. Okay. I have a question. Okay, Alina, go on, please. Thank you for your talk. So I had a question about the resetting. Is it possible to envision a resetting which happens in an oscillatory manner? So it goes forward, then back, then more forward, then back, then eventually hits the original position. Oh, okay. Yes, resetting. I think maybe if you want, you can generalize the idea by adding a noise to the resetting position. Like generalizing not resetting position as a delta pointed in X bar, but as a distribution that you can do. Yes. Because I'm thinking of, let's say, applications that I have in mind where that's more likely to be realistically happening when you have like a particle moving in a bath, in a media. Yes. It's very unlikely that you'd have instantaneous resetting without collisions, right? Yes, yes. So anyway, Joseph's curious. Thanks. Yes, yes, you can do that, of course. Great. Thank you very much for the question too. So the next question is,


The driver of a car that hit a Bemidji school bus causing multiple injuries has been cited for careless driving. According to Beltrami County Sheriff Phil Hodaap, 29-year-old Thomas Lee Nielsen of Chattanooga, Tennessee, was given the citation after a sheriff's deputy consulted with the county attorney's office. The charge is a misdemeanor which is punishable by imprisonment of up to 90 days of fine of up to $1,000 or both. Sheriff Hodaap says that there could be additional charges in the coming weeks as law enforcement finalized their investigation. The school bus was traveling southbound on Irvin Avenue shortly before 8 a.m. Nielsen, the driver of the passenger car, had been eastbound on South Mobile Lake Road and drove through the stop sign and struck the school bus in the right side. This caused the school bus to lose control and roll on its side in the ditch. Two children were pinned inside the bus and one had to be extricated by Bemidji Fire and Rescue. Several students suffered minor injuries from the crash. Five who were obviously injured were transported by ground ambulance to the emergency department at Sanford and one was transferred by air ambulance. Now as representative for Sanford Health said that no anyone who gave permission for media organizations to know their condition status had been released from the medical center as of Wednesday night. It could be other people still at the hospital that were injured but the hospital would not confirm that information due to confidentiality. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.