Cuba's health care system is parasitical on the United States. Just like your health care system is parasitical in the United States. You have cheap drugs here, drugs I mean the pharmaceutical type, right? You have cheap drugs here, why? Because your government negotiates with drug companies and they drive the price down so that the drug companies barely making a profit over them. So how does the drug company have enough money to do research and development for new drugs? It charges us, Americans. We basically are subsidizing all research and development for the entire planet in pharmaceuticals. The whole world is free writing, if you know what free writing is, it means you get the benefit without paying the cost of American consumers when it comes to health care. So, you know, you need to go visit these countries and really study them and don't believe a word Michael Moore says.


And we'll do desk of Lady Aida. Hey everybody, it's a happy Sunday, Easter Sunday, desk of Lady Aida time. Me, Lady Aida, here with me, Mr. Lady Aida on camera control. And just wrapping up a weekend and a week of doing some electronics. It's April, time to spring into action, as it were. Yeah, let's jump right in. What are you working on this week with Lady Aida? So I'm having more fun with keyboard stuff.  And in the store we have our Neo-Key breakouts and we also have our Neo-Key feather wings. Let's go to the overhead and I'll just show off some of these keyboards that I've been playing with.  I think this example in particular, one second. Uh-oh. This has the kale sockets that you can plug in. And I think I have this on a feather RP2040 and just having it, it's actually a copy and paste keyboard because I saw that the stack overflowed like a if or full joke. So I was like, okay, well, let's just try making that. So I made that using this feather wing, so two keys. We did get some cool keycap colors. So in addition to like the classic kind of translucent smoke and translucent clear, I also got, let me see some colors. They got some, some like Eastery pastel colors, some yellow and got some blue color keycaps. So these are standard MX compatible keycap colors and these are symmetric, which I kind of like. So it's, you know, you can plug them in any which way. And they don't, let's get this moving better, yeah. So they can plug them in any which way and they're symmetric. So, you know, a couple of colors. I got like pinks and purples and blues and stuff, but these are kind of a peeps color. So I got those. I also came back to, you know, I started designing this a few weeks ago and sort of just never got around to finishing the firmware. There was actually a bit of a bug I had in the code. So here I've got four keys, right, four keys. And then here is a SAM D09, which is a Cortex M0 processor that I'm just using as a, you know, it reads the keys and it lights up the neopixels. And let me plug this in so I can demo. It does basically iSquared C to NeoPixel, so you can have neopixels on and keyboard reading. So, you know, this is called like the CESA protocol that we've got and it's basically just, you know, let's have a chip and it's an iSquared C to whatever converter.  This is a 48 megahertz processor with 16K of flash and I think maybe a K of RAM or something. And, you know, it's got eight multiple ADCs. It's got lots of GPIOs. It's got timers. You know, it's a full much controller, right? It's a full chip and it's only like 50, 60 cents. So if I can program, if I'm making enough of something, programming the chip to do my iSquared C to whatever conversion is easier than, you know, there's actually no iSquared C in NeoPixel converters. So the fact that this can, you know, drive NeoPixels as well as read GPIO makes it kind of sweet. So I spent a little bit of time in that code base. You know, it's a small chip and so we don't use Arduino, we use just a make file with SimSys, which is the Cortex-M0, you know, code control base. It's all lower level control, but that means it can fit quite a lot of code into this little chip. So I got the little, this little breakout working. So you have iSquared C coming in from both sides here and chain them. And so in this case, I even have, you know, two of these next to each other. I built two protocol breakouts and they're just, they're wired up to a Qt Pi. So Qt Pi is plugged into these and I've got all these nice keys. So I just basically spent all weekend just kind of like clicking these really fast because I did find an edge case where if I had an IRQ coming in while I'm processing the IRQ, you know, very common thing that happens if you're processing an IRQ and you don't have mutexes, you know, you can end up in a kind of a weird state when you're processing two IRQs at the same time.   So this is just doing a little, you know, this code is running on Arduino reading the key presses and then writing the NeoPixel. And then in addition, I went back to an old project which was a rotary encoder to iSquared C converter also using that same chip, the same DO9, but this one, again, doing rotary encoder reading.  You really need to have a timer, deal with them. You know, it's best to have one interrupt and then you're constantly pulling the pins and you can't keep track of all the states and you do the debounding, it's a lot of work. So having multiple rotary encoders over iSquared C could be kind of nice, right? Because it handles all the reading in the state and you just ask it, what's your current position and it'll tell you. So for example, in this demo, keys coming apart, so I've got, you know, if I hold this down, it presses the keys and then I can rotate the rotary encoder and it'll change the color offset for this rainbow. So this is reading the rotary encoder over iSquared C and then there's also a push button which you can read, although my code doesn't do anything with it. But I think this is kind of fun because you could, you know, this has three address pins, you could connect eight rotary encoders up and again, all over iSquared C, which I think will be quite handy. So just using the plain rotary encoder here with a button, but maybe I'll get to an RGB encoder as well. And I also extended the code while again while, you know, if I'm in a code base, I'm like all the things that I wanna do, I kind of go and try to do them all at once. So here, I've got my devs set up, so I've got that same DO9 processor here, hooked up through SWD to my J-Link, so I can debug it. Wonderful having a J-Link because you can do step debugging of this processor and that's how I found that IRQ bug is, you know, I- I'll give you a focus, I don't know, I think the- No focus? Yeah. Okay, there we go. Okay. The same DO9 is fun to step debug with the J-Link.  So for, you know, if you're not used to using a debug, I really do recommend getting one, just saves you hours and hours of time. J-Link's on my favorite, although people use OpenOCD. Totally cool. I just like J-Link's, but wired up here so I'm programming and debugging this chip and then I hooked up multiple rotary encoders. So in this case, I actually have three rotary encoders. There's one, two, and then here's the third one. So three rotary encoders, wired up to the same DO9 and then I've got, you know, our basic Arduino here and then I twist this and you can see the neopixel over there changes and this one will change now too. And yeah, as I twist them, it's going through the rainbow colors. So, you know, this was actually supporting four rotary encoders, but I removed one because I wanted to show it off. So this just shows, you know, I can have actually my code supports up to 16 rotary encoders on one same DO9, which is really wonderful. Again, an off the shelf I squared C or SPI to rotary encoder chip is like $3. Why? When you can just have a microcontroller do it. So that'll be exciting.  You know, I could probably do one where it's like four rotary encoders and then you could plug it in over I squared C and use that to read multiple rotary encoders with maybe a neopixel or something. So that's cool. So I finished that, which is great. You know, the reason that can have so many rotary encoders is again, I'm not using pin interrupts. I have one timer interrupt that's going off every like 10 milliseconds. And I use that to sample all the pins. Do the math. It's fine because rotary encoders, they don't move that fast. If you sample once every 10 milliseconds, you'll catch every edge humans aren't moving that fast. Maybe if it was a robotic encoder, that'd be different, but not for this. Okay, any questions? Nope, so far. Okay, cool. So yeah, a lot of like, you know, I'm doing like a lot of mechanical stuff here. So I've got those rotary encoders and then yeah, so this is the rotary encoder breakout. And so the rotary encoder plugs in here. You see, I have to kind of do it at a 45 degree angle. That was the only way to make it fit because I wanted this to be one inch by one inch. So a little chip on the middle and then I squared C on either side. I also got my Trinkie PCBs. So this is my rotary encoder to Trinkie. So remember this, we actually showed this off. So I made a couple of fixes and this is ready to do a final prototype and then maybe manufacturer. And then I've also got NeoKey Trinkie. So this is like one key. So if I remove this key, I can show this, this is a one mechanical key. So it goes like this, cookie, cookie. This doesn't use a socket. One, because it would just like come undone immediately. And second, because there's only enough room for a socket. So I think, you know, for mechanical stability and overall satisfaction, best to just solder in the key into place and that'll, they'll give you good support. So you can have this be your like escape key. If you have like an old Mac and you want like an escape key because they deleted it for some reason, you got an extra key. And then Phil had an idea for a slide Trinkie. So this actually doesn't work.  But I got a little extender, USB extender cable and you know, plug it in. And actually, no, like it bends a little bit but I think it'll be fine. Maybe I'll use an extra, extra thick PCB. But I think this will be okay. So that's like a little slide, slide to USB converter. Kind of cool, kind of weird, right? Interesting. So these are Trinkies. And so the next thing I was going to do is, you know, this being done, which is kind of a challenge because we're ordering code or like I said, they're difficult. I thought I could maybe make a version that had a potentiometer instead. So here's, you know, rotary encoders, potentiometers look kind of similar. But what if I made, you know, if I swapped this out and this isn't gonna fit exactly but you know, it'll be a little bit like that. And then, you know, for microcontrollers that don't have analog inputs, you would be able to plug I squared C into a potentiometer thing. I think that could be use cases. I know it's not as incredibly useful as a rotary encoder but I think there are, there are still situations where you're like, look, I want, you know, potentiometer and I don't want to, I don't have an ADC because I've got a single board Linux computer or a propeller chip or whatever, some chip that doesn't have analog digital converter and you just want it easy panel mounted. So the next step is I'm gonna try to get a potentiometer and the thing about the potentiometer is I want, you know, we have some in the shop that they're really like big. So I wanted one that was nice and slim that would fit, you know, maybe close to this footprint because this would make it only one inch by one inch, very compact and convenient. Not like this gigantic potentiometer which we stuck in the shop and I do like them, but these square body ones. So these I have left over actually from the Zoxbox builds from like 15 years ago but I thought this would make for a good, great search is how to get these square body potentiometers. All right, every single week, the great search brought to you by Digikey and Lady Edda, she used all her powers of engineering to show you how to search for things on digikey.com. Okay, and don't forget if in this year of part shortages, if there's a part you're looking for an alternative, let me know. I will help you out find an alternative component. But this week, you know, I was working on this rotary encoder break at board and this is kind of a standard Bourne's Peck 11 rotary encoder with a little switch in it. And I wanted to make a version of this board that was not a rotary encoder, but a potentiometer. So rotary encoder, you know, it goes all the way around, round, round, round, but you don't know where you are, right?  You have to kind of count the clicks. Whereas a potentiometer, it doesn't go all the way around. It only goes, let me see if I can move this. Potentiometer doesn't go all the way around. It goes, you know, minimum, maximum. So you can't go around more than I think, you know, usually 270 or 300 degrees. You know, almost a full circle, but not quite. You do know where you are, which is kind of nice. Like you know exactly what position you're at. They're nice and smooth, but you don't get that full rotation. So, you know, there's times when you want a rotary encoder for full rotation.  So the rotary encoder bodies that we're used to are these square bodies. There's a switch and then the three pins. We're not gonna find something that's probably the same. They're very similar looking, but they're not quite the same size body. That's okay. There are standard size bodies for rotary encoders or about 12 millimeters, you know, 12.5 millimeters. And for potentiometers, they're, you know, about nine millimeters, 10 millimeters square body. And that's just sort of a standardish size. That said, I do watch out potentiometers do vary quite a bit from type to type. There's almost more variation I find in potentiometer sizes than rotary encoders. A lot of people really, they make rotary encoders, they make them in this standard size. The length of the knob may change, whether it's a panel mount or not, but the overall shape and pinout is the same. Potentiometers, I've found quite a bit of variation. So let's take a look. We want a low cost linear 10K resistor without a detent in the center. Get a very bog standard potentiometer that will PCB solder into our breakout like so. And give us a nice strong mechanical connection, especially having these side nubs. Okay. All right, you want a good night computer? Yeah, I was going to my computer. So let's go to Digikey. Oh, while we're at it, I was, you know, one of the things I was looking at when I was searching on Digikey is, if you look for potentiometer, you'll see potentiometers and Rio stats. And like, you might be wondering like, what's a Rio stat? I was like, yeah, what is a Rio stat? A Rio stat is a adjustable value resistor, which is different than a potentiometer. Potentiometer has the top and the bottom and then the middle goes between the two. So you do have a variable resistor, right? But it's only like, you've got two variable resistors, the bottom half and the top half, whereas a Rio stat is only two pans. And as you turn it, the resistance changes. So not good for voltage divider, but much, but good for changing how much current is going through something or the bias load or whatever of your device. So in our case, we're looking for a potentiometer, but they do often get categorized with Rio stats, but Rio stat, two-pin potentiometer, three-pin, you want three-pin. So I'll say that there's a couple other options. There's some wheel potentiometer, trim potentiometer. Trim potentiometer is tricky because it's like, which one do you want and when? So trimmer pots are almost always the surface mount component. They can be through a hole, but they tend to be surface mount or through a hole and they're small. And you use a screwdriver to adjust the value. They're the same idea, but there isn't like a knob that you twist. Usually it's like a little, you can see here like a screwdriver end. Use your screwdriver and you use to twist it. They're called trimmers because they are used to trim a value.  The trimmer will let you tweak it and then you set it and forget it. It's not something that users are constantly messing with. And so there are some cases which will want trimmers. Maybe one day we'll go into a trimmer potentiometer video, but for now we're not looking for a trimmer. We want something with a knob. So that's the difference. There's the slide potentiometers again. That's the kind I showed earlier in this video. It's, you slide it up and down. When I look at that, we're looking for rotary. Okay. So what's interesting to me is actually there aren't as many potentiometers as I thought. There's only 10,000 different potentiometers. We did a lot, but like not as many as I would have imagined considering how often they're used. I think there's like a lot of like standards. So let's go with active. Potentiometers. And then let's go with normally stocking. Now, usually I would pick in stock, but because there's so many part shortages, I'm going to go with normally stocking and then we'll see what comes up. And if necessary, we can, we'll order a variation on it. So for resistance ohms, so there's a lot of resistance values available for potentiometers, but I'm gonna select 10K. And here's the thing. Doesn't actually matter for my use case what the resistance is because I'm doing a voltage divider. So it could be anywhere from 1K to 100K. However, any potentiometer that's made is going to be available in 10K. It's just such a standard value that what I want to do is find like the series, the family of potentiometers, I'll search for 10K. And then if it happens to be out of stock, I can always get the 5K or 100 or whatever. But 10K is like the standard, gold standard potentiometer values. So let's go with 10K. All right, so next up, number of turns. So if you have a precision potentiometer, you can get one that they turn more. It's like a screw basically. It still doesn't go around forever. Eventually do run out of turns. It's mostly a precision thing you spend more for it. I'm looking for something simple, low cost, just twist back and forth. So I'm gonna go with one turn. So that really cuts down the number of availability. Next up is number of gangs. It's like, is this part of like a crew? Now, the number of gangs is how many potentiometers are ganged up on top of each other, like stacked up to make a, you know, like if you have a double gang, that means you can do stereo, right? Because you can adjust two voltages at the same time. Again, in this case it's not necessary, but I will, I'll show you what it looks like. So this is a two gang. So see how there, it looks like, it literally looks like just two potentiometers stacked up on top of each other with six holes total. Those are two independent potentiometers ganged on top. Again, you know, this is useful. Often it's two for stereo. So you have a left channel, right channel, and you twist this and you'd be changing both channels at the same time. But like I said, you know, then this is another double gang one, but this one is two hole. It's very cool. But again, we're not, we don't need that. So let's go with a single gang. Okay, so now we're down to 300. So adjustment type, rear side, top, use defined. I want the top adjust standard. I wasn't gonna select the dash just in case, you know, something is not fully categorized. Side adjust, by the way, is like this.  And this is also perpendicular. Let me see if I can find, this is, there's a lot of perpendicular ones. This is a top adjust, right? So I found the PCB, it's on the top, and that's what I'm looking for. So let's search for top adjust. And then taper, linear logarithmic versus logarithmic. Logarithmic is used for audio applications or sometimes biasing applications where you need to, where you don't want the resistance to be linear. In my case, I do want it to be linear. I want the 50% point to be 50%, not 10%, one way or the other. So I'm going to pick a linear taper. Okay, great. So now we're down to only 90 or so options. Okay, so then, you know, we're starting to look, okay, this is kind of a weird one. This is kind of also a little bit unusual. It's not something like this. This looks like a good potentiometer. We'll go like this one. But this is a multiple pins, you see how many pins there are. I only want one potentiometer. I don't know if that's possible to say. Oh, for switches. Detent, a detent is the center. So sometimes, especially if you're doing audio applications where you want left and right balance, the center will have a detent so people can tell when you're at 50%. In my case, I don't want either of these. I don't want a switch. I just want a plane, centiometer. And then surface mount, denouille, panel mount, through hole. In this case, I want through hole and also panel mount. Why panel mount? Sometimes the categorizes panel mount if they have panel mount bushing and they are also through hole. So in that case, you really, I really do want all three options to get everything that can solder into a PCB. Okay, so then, yeah. So this is like panel mount because it really does look like it's a panel mount but this would also be considered panel mount and this would also be considered panel mount even though you see it's a through hole potentiometer. All right, so let's see. Next step, let's look at PC pins versus solder lug. Solder lug would be a panel mount that doesn't plug into a PCB. So I want the PC pins. And then for actuator type, you know, remember we talked with rotary encoders, they're T18, 18 tooth, and they're flatted. Those are the two most common for rotary encoders. Now it turns out that potentiometers are even more options, including this kind, which is, sorry, they're slotted. Sorry, this kind, which is slotted. Here you go. So you see at the top, there's a little, I would normally consider this a trim pot but it's under potentiometers. I don't want slotted, I want something that fits the large knobs. So I want flatted or knurled, or knurled or slotted or knob. I think those are good. But I don't want slots, I want ones that look like this. There you go. So now we're talking about like standard potentiometers. This one is a T18. This one you see is a flattant, a D-shaft. This is also, I think a D-shaft. This also looks like a D-shaft. Okay, so now we're kind of at the point where we can look in what, nothing else here is really that important to me. So now let's look at pricing. Let's just sort by price. So this is kind of a Pitchama that we stock. It's a standard, this very inexpensive round-bodied one. I actually don't want this because Cia Dix, it's exposed. I like the ones that are a little bit more sealed. It won't make a huge difference if it's being in enclosure but for my purposes, I don't, I'm a little nervous about having it exposed. So let's look at this one. Okay, so let's look at the data sheet. Oops, sorry. Okay, so this is a kind of standard potentiometer. Looks like it's available in two lengths and two styles. That sounds so bad. Although this one has a, it's a little short bodied. Kind of like the look of this one. This is a Bornes one and one thing I really like about it is it's got 6,000 stock. It's kind of nice. So let's check this out. Looks good. Remember it's got the T18 looks like or otherwise knurled top. Not sure actually that is T18. I'm gonna have to grab some and then compare it to a potentiometer. It looks like it has even more knurls than normal. So I'll probably get a couple of these. This one's pretty good. So I'll keep that one. And then, oh, I like this one too. This one looks good. Couple hundred in stock. This one has a D-shaft. So I'm probably gonna get a couple of each. They're really inexpensive, but you know, they're 50 cents a piece or so. Potentiometers are like, thankfully very inexpensive. I think I'm going to, I'm gonna start with this one because I like that it's kind of like the most popular potentiometer on Digikey. So this is what I'm gonna start with. The PTV series, 10K ohm carbon linear. And you know, start with this. And again, the physical sizes of all these are very similar. I'll pick this and then I'll find the shaft length and type that I like. But so far this looks really good. I like it's got a sealed connection here. It's got a nice body with two mounting slots and a fairly good sized actuator. So this is, this is my great search pick, the PTV 09A series. All right, that's a great search. That's right. Where? Okay, a couple of quick questions. Yeah, sure. We'll bounce a couple of comments to the two gangs are good for cross fading. And then someone said, I guess when you were looking at the standard nuts for the potentiometers, is that the standard one that you showed or is there other ones? Standard nuts. Is that the standard enough for potentiometers? I guess it was, how's the? There's different sizes for the panel mount nuts. So that's not guaranteed. The knobs are pretty standard. But the mounting hardware is gonna be like, as you saw somewhere M7, somewhere M9. Now, no wheel, way to know for sure. It's lighty. That's it, 30 minutes on mark. All right, thanks everybody. We'll see everybody during the week. It's a great discovery, Ada. Tune in this week. We've got some exciting new products coming out. We've got the Funhouse and we've got RP2040 itsy-bitsies and cutie pie parts in stock, ready to fabricate. So we'll probably be fabricating some of those this week.  You like this stuff?  Check out. That's right. ATC will be in the store soon. Some of the stuff you saw from a month ago is in the store now. So you can always- You always know what's happening. You always know what's happening. All right, that's this great, Ada. Thanks, everybody.


Are you not sure how to repair or glue something ceramic that broke today? We're going to show you how Hey there njrude22.com here with another how-to vlog today We're gonna have some fun with some basic gluing skills today We will cover the most fundamental aspects of basic gluing in this informative how-to tutorial. Let's get started Today we're gonna do something a little more complicated.  We're gonna talk about the glues real quick you know ceramic is very porous and Since this has a lot of pieces. This is very forgiving. You can use almost any kind of glue with this I personally think epoxy is the best glue because you mix two Compounds together and it creates a chemical reaction and becomes very strong These other glues are not quite that way But I hate using epoxy. It's a big mess. It's complicated I just not complicated, but it's just a mess. All right, so you have various glues you can use there's this regular lock tight Super glue which I've had a lot of success with it works Without water and then you have this gorilla glue minis. These are great They also work if you're using a porous surface, you don't need water if you if you're gluing like metal and other non porous surfaces You can add a little water and that'll aid in the curing process, but I'm not going to do that either today We're going to use something called gorilla clear grip contact adhesive this bonds also But it in this case they recommend you glue both surfaces and wait a couple minutes for it to You know start its reaction with the air and then you then it'll make a stronger bond when you Connect it or you know put them put it back together and another important piece when gluing anything almost is Having a grip. These are called Irwin quick grips. I absolutely love these things They I have a lot of them you can never have enough keep them in all your Work areas in your house, and you'll never go running around for them but what I like to do is I like to test the The grip first just to go through a Go through the motions here. So when you're using something round like this It's it can be a little tricky and wobbly. So I like to go through the motions first just to make sure it's in and then basically Just go through a dry run with no how literally a dry run with no With no glue on and this see see there you go I'm kind of happy with the way that came in always use a bigger grip than you really need because you'll have more surface area on These little pads so that seems to the dry run seems to work. So what I'm going to do now Real quick is I'm going to put glue on both surfaces to get it Ready to go and I'll smooth it out a little on each side You may want to have a wet rag handy because there'll be some over spill And I'm going to put some on this this little piece here Spread it out It'll spread itself out when you put the Clamp on So I'll let that sit for a minute. You really should clean the tip off before you screw the The cap back on this will help keep it from getting all gunky. Hey, what's going on here?  I'm using it only because of the light situation now, but the light the lens is no good So I've waited about I don't know 30 seconds or so that I'm impatient here. So I'm just going to put this piece back on once I think that it has a Once it's incorrectly. I'm going to wipe a little bit of the extra glue off before I put the clamp on because I have room I really hate this camera lens, but I'm going to make sure it's set in pretty good Should use a wet rag really, but I don't really care. This is not mine So I'm going to set it so it's perfect. There's no once I think it's I Didn't clean it good enough I'm going to put the clamp on like I did before Worst lens ever really okay So that's all set now And I'll let that dry for the the instructions say a couple hours and buddy I think it cures within 24. So this little piece will be just like new but don't forget the the type of surface this lens really is the worst is We'll dictate what kind of glue You use I'm going to change the lens for my next video which is going to be fixing a battery tester So if you like please hit the subscribe button and all these bells and all that and I'll see you on the next video Have a nice day


Hello, and welcome to this presentation of the ARM Cortex-M7 Core, which is embedded in all products of the STM32H7 microcontrollers family. The Cortex-M7 Core is part of the ARM Cortex-M group of 32-bit RISC cores. It implements the ARM V7EM architecture. It features a six-stage pipeline and in-order dual-issue superscaler with single and double precision floating point unit and SIMD support. The performance of the Cortex-M7 Core is much closer to that of a digital signal processor than the Cortex-M4 Core. It can execute load and store operations in parallel with arithmetic operations with zero overhead on loops. The Cortex-M7 Core directly interfaces with tightly coupled memories or TCMs for very low interrupt latency, resulting in a more deterministic execution. STM32H7 microcontrollers integrate an ARM Cortex-M7 Core in order to benefit from the improved performance of the Cortex-M processors architecture and particularly of the high level of performance in low power modes. The Cortex-M7 Core delivers more performance than the Cortex-M4 Core, thanks to an enhanced architecture bringing increased processing capabilities. To enable this performance improvement, let's look at the three units which are responsible for executing instructions, starting with the pre-fetch unit or PFU and then the data processing unit or DPU in conjunction with the load store unit or LSU. The pre-fetch unit or PFU provides one 64-bit instruction per cycle to the data processing unit or DPU. It includes a buffer of four entries of 64 bits each to enable fetching ahead of the DPU. Add branch target address cache or BTAC for single cycle branch prediction. The Cortex-M7 Core has a six-stage dual-issue pipeline for efficient operation. It brings the ability to process two instructions in parallel if certain criteria are fulfilled. The data processing unit or DPU is split into several pipes. Two ALUs with one ALU capable of executing SIMD operations. A single MAC pipeline with one MAC per cycle capability and one floating point pipe supporting single and double precision operation. When an instruction reaches the issue stage, it is split into micro-operations based on the needed operation and registers used. It is then issued to the appropriate blocks further in the processing pipe. Forwarding of flags from the DPU to the PFU allows early resolution of direct branches in the decoder and first execution stages of the pipeline. The load store unit or LSU provides either dual 32-bit load channels or a single 64-bit store channel with store buffering to increase store throughput. The compiler hides the complexity of the core pipeline and optimizes code to take advantage of this architecture. Compared to the Cortex-M4 Core, the most important advantage is that code can read dual 32-bit values, double load with one instruction, and in parallel process the previous two data on the MAC pipe. The Cortex-M7 Core is more efficient with long sequences of computations. As a branch can also be dual-issued, it can be executed in parallel with computation. Branch target address cache or BTAC predicts whether the branch can be taken or not and reacts accordingly. It remembers the conditions and based on the processing, it predicts the next address to fetch. Tightly coupled memories or TCMs are dedicated memories directly connected to the processor, but not through a bus, so avoiding arbitration and latencies for frequently executed code. Tightly coupled memories for instructions, ITCM and data DTCM allow static mapping of important data and instructions to be accessed over these interfaces. This can be the case for the vector table, the interrupt service routines, and certain time-critical control loops that are executed often and require low latency and deterministic execution time. The AHBS provides a means for DMAs to access any of the tightly coupled RAMs. STM32H7 devices also implement ECC protection on TCM memories. The ITCM RAM has one 64-bit memory interface to satisfy core fetch bandwidth. STM32H7 microcontrollers enable access to 64 kilobyte SRAM over the ITCM interface. The DTCM RAM has two 32-bit memory interfaces to ensure more parallelism on request. Software can use up to 128 kilobytes of SRAM for critical data. ITCM enables 12 clock cycles interrupt latency, which is achieved when code is placed in ITCM and data in DTCM. The AHBS is a 32-bit AMBA3 AHB light slave interface. It provides system access, as for example, DMAs to the ITCM and DTCM. The AHBS supports simultaneous system and processor access requests. Here are some situations where you might want to use the ITCM RAM and DTCM RAM. Compared to the Cortex-M4 core, where several AHB buses are needed for parallel transactions with a memory system, the Cortex-M7 core integrates a single AXI master bus. The AXI master or AXIM interface is part of the bus interface unit, or BIU. It is a 64-bit wide AXI interface that connects the CPU to internal and external memories. It can be used for instruction fetches, data cache line fills and evictions, non-cashable, normal type memory data accesses, and device and strongly ordered type data accesses. STM32H7 microcontrollers integrate an AXI bus matrix to take advantage of the Cortex-M7 AXIM interface. The AXI decorrelates the access request from the data phase, so the request is independent from its corresponding data. If the memory has latencies, this separation makes the bus available to perform a new request if no functional relationship exists between the two requests. For example, instruction fetch and data fetch are performed in parallel. In addition to the AXI interface, the Cortex-M7 core integrates optional instruction and data caches for efficient memory access. If the cache is enabled, any access that is not for a TCM or the AHB interface is managed by the appropriate cache controller. In case of a cache hit, data is fetched or written to cache RAMs if the cache ability criteria is fulfilled. When the cache is disabled or non-cashable or shared memory attributes are set, the accesses are performed directly to the memory using the AXI interface. The STM32H7 microcontroller implements 16 kilobytes for instruction and data caches with ECC protection on cache RAMs. The L1 cache on STM32H7 offers fast access to frequently used code and data from the next level of lower speed memories such as external memories. Both caches use a line length of 256 bits or 32 bytes using a four-way set associative scheme for data cache and two-way set associative scheme for the instruction cache. A set is a group of contiguous lines aligned with an appropriate boundary, 64 bytes for two-way, 128 bytes for four-way. Sets allow for a faster search for an address to determine if it is cached or not. The cached instructions or data are fetched from external memory using the AXI interface. No hardware coherency is supported. Software needs to manage cache maintenance by invalidating and cleaning cache lines before use. Or an easier way to maintain data coherency is to mark regions as shared. It prevents these regions from being cached in decache, but this will result in lower performance since all accesses go to next level memory. On STM32H7 devices, the Cache RAM ECC protection uses the SEC-DED algorithm. Cache RAM protection is managed by the core and is enabled by default after a reset. Cache configurations must be changed only when the caches are turned off. A cache flush must be performed after changing the ECC protection settings. The cache RAMs implement seven ECC bits for instruction tag, data tag, and data. 8-bit ECC code is used for instruction cache RAM. The ECC protection allows the Cortex-M7 to recover from a RAM error detected in runtime. The recovery uses a cache clean and invalidate mechanism. For dirty data cache lines, if the data cannot be corrected, then the error is non-recoverable. The write-through policy can be used to avoid data loss. The L2 cache is always coherent with the L1 cache. This is a summary of the cache RAM ECC protection and recoverable errors. Three solutions exist to overcome cache coherency issues when different masters, for example, DMAs, share the same memory buffers as the core. The first solution is to mark regions as shared to prevent these regions from being cached in decache. The second solution is to clean or invalidate the cache when software passes or gets control over memory buffers. There are CMSIS functions to do all steps to clean and or invalidate caches. The third solution is to use a write-through policy for write-only memory buffers where the CPU is the data producer. In the Cortex-M7 core, the memory protection unit or MPU is used to configure the behavior of the cache controllers and the AXIM interface and force access rules and separate processes. The memory protection unit or MPU in the STM32H7 microcontroller offers support for 16 independent memory regions with independent configurable attributes for access permission, for read-write permissions in privileged, unprivileged modes, execute permission, executable region or region prohibited for instruction fetch, and cache policy. The STM32H7 microcontrollers design benefits from the new features of the Cortex-M7 core, such as memory interfaces, the cache system that compensates slow memories and superscalar architecture, to offer high processing bandwidth for every application while keeping good responsiveness. For more details, please refer to these application notes and the Cortex-M7 programming manual available at www.st.com. Also, visit the ARM website, in which you will find more information about the Cortex-M7 core.


الحمد لله رب العالمين له الحمد الحسن والثناء الجميل وشدوى الله إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له يقول الحق وهو يهد السبيل وشدوى أن سيدنا ونبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وأصحابه والتابعين لهم بحسان إلى يوم الدين أما بعل إن شاء الله تعالى we're going to carry on المدخل إلى علوم القرآن الكريم the introduction that we were doing to the science of Quran إلى علوم القرآن so we were doing المدخل إلى علوم القرآن الكريم an introduction to the science of the Quran today we mentioned last first week four weeks ago we spoke about the علوم القرآن is the science of the Quran that's what we said we said علوم القرآن and we said many things fall under that we said many things fall under it one of the things that fall under the علوم القرآن is اسباب النزول اسباب النزول means the reason of revelation اسباب is reason and نزول is revelation is it it's R-A right or R-E R-E-V I was right the first time is it like that so revelation reason of revelation اسباب is the singular is سبب and اسباب is the plural the scholars they gave importance to this subject we'll speak about why but the scholars they gave a lot of importance to the discussion of this science اسباب النزول if you look at the self they either authored particular books on it just this topic alone and some what they did was they mentioned it in their books of علوم القرآن for example the scholars that wrote on it is عليم المديني who is the sheikh of who عليم المديني he is the teacher of who he is the teacher of عليم المديني and عليم المديني is the man that Bukhari said I never belittled myself in the presence of anybody in the presence of عليم المديني I felt small when I sat in front of him because of his knowledge and his understanding imagine Bukhari saying that to somebody are you with me brothers Bukhari was one person who all of his teachers they feared him when he came into the classroom his teachers were scared when he came into the classroom they were scared to do mistakes and some of them when Bukhari would walk in and they would see him they would open their notes and they would not read from their memory they would stop because he used to do استدراكات and تعكيبات on the teachers he would correct them to sheikh you know this is what's wrong some of them he took them back to there they took them back to their reference points he goes go look at your notes they went and they saw it they were like you're right we're wrong and they said that he did not reach the age of 10 he was 8 and 9 at this time رحمه الله him saying that I was scared of عليم المديني when I walked in I was small in his presence so he's a great Imam right he's a great Imam عليم المديني wrote a book on اسباب المزول there's reasons of revelation this shows you how serious the topic is also عليمام الواحدي عليمام عليمام الواحدي رحمه الله he has a book on اسباب المزول he wrote a book on it it's also present and it's عليمام ابن حجر عليمام ابن حجر he wrote a book on it عليمام زر كشي عليمام زر كشي عليمام السيوطي even at this time عليمام ابن مقبل عليمام مقبل عليمام مقبل ابن حادي عليمام مقبل رحمه الله he also wrote a book on اسباب المزول so scholars gave the time this topic of reason of the Quran and why and how in what context did this come down so we have these scholars عليمام الواحدي عليمام Ini عليمام الواحدي عليمام ابن حجر عل觉得alf عليمام زر كشي عليمام السيوطي عليمام مقبل cars these scholars are all written ويخبرونها بسبب الحقيقة أنهم رأيتها بشكل مهم هل أنت معي أخي؟ الآن سوف أتحدث عن الثلاثة موضوعية تطبيق الثلاثة من أسباب النزول تطبيق الثلاثة من what؟ سوف أتحدث عن القرآن من حيثه أسباب النزول قسمان القرآن في حالة أسباب النزول هناك القرآن في حالة حيثه أسباب النزول القرآن في حالة حيثه أسباب النزول يقومون بخلاله إلى دفعه قسمان نمو 1 لذا عندما نرى القرآن في حالة حيثه أسباب النزول مالي سلوصبه لدينا أسباب النزول ذلك لا يوجد any reason لا يوجد any reason for revelation يأتي قرآن ولكن لا يوجد any reason behind it فزن أن نعرف الملخة الثالثة جهة سبب مالي مالي سبب يعني فأذ الذي يجب أن يأتي بسبب أنه يأتي حسنا فأذ الذي يجب أن يأتي بسبب بسبب أنه يأتي ماذا سبب النزول حيث يعني؟ سأخبر أسباب النزول ماذا سبب النزول يعني؟ أسباب النزول يعني ما نزل that which came down يعني ما نزل that which came down من القرآن من القرآن أي شيء يأتي في القرآن ماذا ثم تنتهي? أمّا ما نزل القرآن بشأنه أي شيء يأتي بشأنه قرآن وقد فعله وقته وقعي يعني ما نزل أي شيء يأتي من القرآن عندما بحده في حلول هذا ، إنه مانزل القرآن الذي قد يساعد when it happened كما نعلم هذا القرآن يساعد كل problem there is there is not a problem that we have except the Quran has a solution for it and there is not an issue that we need guidance in except the Quran guides us إن هذا القرآن يهدي للتي هي أقوى هذا القرآن ستساعدنا إلى أفضل الأفضل سبب النزول ماذا ستساعد النزول أي حالة التي نحن ستساعدنا إلى أفضل لذلك دعني أتكلم what I just said أتكلم أحد هذه الأسباب النزول is a very important science الأسباب النزول who are the scholars that have written it عالي بن المدين رحمه الله الإمام الواحد رحمه الله الإمام بن حجر العسقلاني رحمه الله الإمام زركش رحمه الله الإمام جلال الدين الصيوط رحمه الله الإمام مقبل من هادي الوادع رحمه الله these scholars they went out of the way and they wrote books in this field and what is this show the seriousness of it and how important it is we spoke about that the second point that I spoke about is when we look at the Quran when we read the Quran in terms of سبب النزول it's two types ماله سبب that which has no reason or we don't know the reason for it okay and the second one is ماله سبب that which has a reason why it came down which we know are you with me brothers I mentioned that then I said what does سبب النزول mean what is the meaning of a سبب النزول سبب النزول is whatever comes down okay whatever comes down at a particular time due to an event okay due to an event now we're going to move on to examples of سبب النزول examples of what examples of سبب النزول the first example is غزوة بدر the battle of what the battle of بدر the battle of بدر صعابة رسول الله عليه السلام they were little in number the scholars they say they were 313 up to 319 that's the view that's how much the companions were okay and they're fighting an army of a thousand okay pay attention the صعابة they win this battle even though they are little in number الله says الله gave you victory in this battle even though you are little the صعابة they killed 70 in the battlefield and they took 70 as spoils of war okay now when the companions came to the city of Medina they have two things in their hands okay they have what two things what is the two things that they have from the battle of بدر the spoils of war the money, the clothing the horses that they took they got the أسراء and they also have the captives so الغنائم are the spoils of war and the أسراء are the captives the 70 that they took now the صعابة don't know what to do with it what do we do with these captives what do we do with the spoils of war الله سبحانه وتعالى he gave them an answer for both of those as for the issue of the غنائم الله تبارك وتعالى يسد وعلموا أن مغنيمتم من شيء فأن لله خمسه وللرسولي وللد القربة وليتامة الله يخبرونهم how to distribute it good okay what about the أسراء the captives that we have الله تبارك وتعالى he told them what to do with the captives that they have he said ما كان لنبي أن يكون له أسراء حتى يثخنا في الأرض تريدون عرض الدنيا والله يريدوا الأخرى الله سبحانه وتعالى he killed each and every one of them they follow the 70 that were killed in the battles they take the same ruling are you with me brothers so a ruling came pertaining to both of them a حكم came regarding what both of them this has a suburb so if we read that ayah we know the suburb of Muzum the reason why it came down was what the reason why it came down is in correlation to what the event was does that make sense brothers am I making sense very good another example is صورة المجادلة صورة المجادلة صورة المجادلة we mentioned the story of خولة بنتة علبة her and her husband أو سبن صامت خولة بنتة علبة was a woman who was married to أو سبن صامت and her husband أو سبن صامت أو سبن صامت and said to her أنت عليك ضحر أمي you are like my mother's back meaning the way I wouldn't desire my mother and I wouldn't want to do anything with my mother you are like that to me this in the sharia is called دهار it's different from طلاق it's called دهار after a while أو سبن صامت anger went he came to who he came back to his wife خولة بنتة علبة and she said get away from me والله here I'm going to take this issue صلى الله عليه وسلم so she ran and she went to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and she informed him of what happened and then came down قد سمع الله قولة التي تجاديلك في زوجها صورة المجادلة came صورة المجادلة it came so we now know that سبب نزول of this sura the beginning is what it's regarding the story of خولة بنتة علبة and her husband أوس ابن صامت رضي الله تعالى عن هم صورة التحريم the beginning صورة التحريم the beginning يا يو النبي لما تحرمه ما أحل الله لك صورة التحريم وعايز يقول تحريم the story the scholars mentioned is that the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم he used to he used to go past the house of who his wife ماريا he would go to her house and the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم she used to have honey he loved it so he would go by her even if it wasn't her night that day he would go by to get the honey and to eat the honey على كل حال عائشة and Hafsa were not pleased they didn't like what was happening because they're the wives of the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم as well they can see their day their day the prophet goes by her to eat honey and the prophet was a very clean individual so some of the narrations mentioned Hafsa عائشة said the day when he comes to me I will inform him that the odor and the smell that comes from his mouth is not nice and Hafsa you do the same so when the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم came عائشة said I don't like the smell that comes from your mouth and the messenger I don't even know he was very clean cleanliness was so when she said it he took him back and then Hafsa said it twice he made a decision he's not going to have the honey he said I'm not going to have this honey it's haram from me so when he stopped عائشة صلى الله عليه وسلم الله سبحانه وتعالى he said that down the story صورة صورة التحريم are we all together brothers الله is saying to him يا يون نبي you own prophet of Allah لم تحرم ما حال الله لك تبتغي مرضات عزواجه why are you doing this to please your wives something Allah made حلال for you are you with me this is something Allah permitted for you and you're making haram on yourself so you can please them are you with me brothers imagine the one who makes حلال that which is haram to please others are you with me brothers the messenger doesn't want to do something now that is حلال for him he left it to please his wives imagine the one who makes حلال that which is haram to please what to please others around him be careful and then these are examples of سبب النزول the reason why it came down we're now going to go into the forms of سبب النزول صورة اسباب النزول okay we're going to go into the صور the forms of اسباب النزول the اسباب النزول has two forms اسباب النزول it has two forms in two ways it comes the first one is the first one is an event happens okay a particular event takes place something happens the first one is an event happens and then what when it happens an ayah comes down in response to this particular event and the examples for that was all of this I gave you are you with me the issue of خولب خولب انت تعالب and her husband اسباب النزول it happened and then ayah came down the battle of better happened and then the ayah came down are you with me brothers the story of حفصة and ayah regarding the mess in the s.a.p happened are you with me brothers and then the surah came down that's the first one the issue happens the incident takes place and then the surah comes down regarding it the second one is the messenger is asked a question he is asked a question فتوة are you with me ولذلك العلام ابن القيم هذا كتابه are you with me are you there brothers are you with me ابن القيم has a كتابه this book is big within there there's a chapter where he brings the fatwa of the messenger s.a.p the prophet's verdict where he's asked questions and he answers them are you with me brothers we always hear the fatwa of the scholars right العلام ابن القيم he gathered all of the time somebody came to the messenger and asked the messenger a question and he answered it he put them together رحمه الله that's we're not talking about hadith now we're talking about ayat all the ayats you read in the Quran يسألونك they are asking you يسألونك they are asking you these are also أسباب نزول because they are regarding a question that was put to him are you with me brothers and sisters I hope you're on the same page with me the second type is جواب لسؤال نوجه إلي it's an answer to a question that was put to him صلى الله عليه وسلم does that make sense now we're going to move on to the next point which is which is الطريقة الموصلة the way to know أسباب نزول الطريقة الموصلة إلى معرفة أسباب نزول how could we know by looking at the narrations and everything how could we say okay this is a سباب نزول this is the reason of descending this is the reason why it came down how could we know الطريقة to the way to knowing the way to know أسباب نزول how to know the أسباب نزول again أسباب نزول لا مجالة للرأي فيه it's not based on opinions and it's not based upon independent reasoning that the scholar uses his brains No أسباب نزول is known through text it's known through what textually there's no HD had that and the scholar is striving hard and somebody thinking you know this can seem to be like this No it's not HD had what is it based on it's based upon الرواية صحيحة okay all of the سباب نزول they are pay attention you will never find a سباب نزول that's attributed to the prophet the messenger will never say this is why it came down never cross that out eliminate that the only way that سباب نزول is known is through the companions are you ready to say the companions are you with me we'll come to the تابعين the way that we know سباب نزول is through who the companions because it's it's a logical absurdity for the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم to say to his companions come here these spoils of war and these captives that we have the سباب نزول is this ayah they can see when the ayah comes down and the issue that was outstanding and the problem that they had they could see the relation between it already that the ayah came down in response to this issue are you with me brothers so the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم wouldn't say to them this is a سباب نزول he wouldn't say that to them because they are present and they can see it are you with me brothers so الطريقة the way to reach to knowing سباب نزول so الطريقة is a way الموصلة is to reach in knowing the سباب نزول in knowing the what سباب and نزول so the صحابes are are the ones who we know the سباب نزول through them okay the صحابes و لذلك when a sahabi says that this came down on this particular issue or this ayah came down when this incident was outstanding all of these are considered to be from what سباب نزول okay it's all considered to be from what سباب نزول and the scholars they they take that into consideration like if a sahabi does that what ruling does it take it takes as though the prophet said it in weight wise it takes that it's the way you deal with it is the way you deal with a hadith which is مرفوع meaning you deal with it the way you deal with the statement of a prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم does that make sense because the sahabes were not liars and they told you that this came down on this issue this now the scholars they say it's called مو قوف لفضن مر فور حكمن it's مو قوف لفضن the wording is attributed to the companions so wording of the companion مرفوع الحكمن means ruling wise so ruling wise it's like the prophet said it okay ruling wise like the prophet said it حديث مرفوع is whatever the prophet says does do صح so if the sahabi does something like he says something like this he says the سب المزول for this eye is this we say the sahabi said it but we give it the ruling we give it the what we give it the ruling of مرفوع are you the brothers am I making sense here so we can't just dismiss it because the companions said it you know it's حكم مرفوع now does that make sense the question here is another way that we can affirm سب المزول it's the second way is it's a تابعي the second way is what have you guys written this yeah it's a تابعي the second way it's a تابعي a تابعي is what the student of the companions we will take سب المزول from a تابعي the scholars they really discuss حكم الرواية تتابعي في أسباب المزول what is the ruling of a تابعي if he tries to submit to us سب المزول what's the ruling the strongest إن شاء الله تعالى it's that it's accepted with the following conditions if a تابعي transmits for us the information pertaining to a سب المزول will accept it with the following conditions number one the first condition for the تابعي is أن تكون العبارة صريحة that the wording that the تابعي is using it has to be clear it has to be clear for example he has to say هذه الآية to كده وكده وكده this verse is regarding this this this this has to be clear are you with me brothers we'll accept it that's the first condition that the way he tells us it has to be clear that he's talking about سب المزول and تكون العبارة صريحة في السببية it has to be clear it can't be like does he really mean that no I don't think he means that the reason why because some of the sometimes the companion might explain something on his own opinion are you with me brothers we don't want that we want it to be clear that he's talking about the reason of revelation number two number two is أن يكون الإسناد وصحيحة أن يكون الإسناد وصحيحة that the chain to this تابعي is authentic okay of course it's the same for the companion as well that this you're attributing to the تابعي it has to be authentic it has to be what? authentic it can't be weak number three أن يعبو دا بتا بعي اخر the third one is أن يعبو دا he is aib by another تابعي he has to be helped by and supported in this statement of his by another تابعي meaning another تابعي is also saying the same okay أن راب عنه and the fourth one is أن يكون التابعي من أيمة التفسير and the last one in شاء الله is he has to be from the أيمة التابعي أيمة التفسير he has to be a تابعي who is known to be from the scholars of تفسير and to be from the scholars of تفسير it means that he is taken from the other companions when we say أيمة التفسير meaning he took from other companions like مجاهد بالجبر طاوس بالكيسان أبو عالية الرياحي عكريمة سعيد بالجوير and others these are أئمة التفسير are you with me these are what they are أئمة التفسير because they took the تفسير from the صحابي with these four conditions with these four conditions with these four conditions also we'll accept the تابعي we'll accept the what تابعي is transmission of reason من أيمة التفسير yeah this one أن يعبده بتابعي الآخر أن يعبده I just want to mention the last point before we go for the mock exam yeah you guys excited yeah some of you guys smile اللهم لاريك that's the spirit keep it up why what's the benefit what's the benefit of learning all of this what benefit the سبب نزول حف and I'm going to conclude at that point إن شاء الله فاوائد the benefit what benefit does a person gain from learning سبب نزول the first one is بيان الحكمة you will learn the wisdom the wisdom of the legislation the wisdom behind it and how the شريع is observing the مصالحة المفاسد that the sharia is observing the benefit and the harms by studying سبب نزول you start to learn the wisdom in how the legislation works are you with me brothers إن شاء الله will become clear in the next points the second one is يوعينو it aids you على it aids you and supports you على فهم المراد in understanding the intent behind the verse are you with me brothers is example there were some companions who like the companion أثمانيبن مضعون they went into a house and they started to drink alcohol this was the time of أثمانيبن عفان are you with me brothers and so when they sat down and they drank alcohol أمر heard about it he was like how is that possible so أمر رضي العان وانت he sat with them he said hey he said bring them to me they were brought to him he said why are you drinking the alcohol for they said it's in the Quran that we can he said hey where is the father read it so they recited on him the ayah ليس على الذين آمنوا وعملوا الصالحاتي جناح فيما طعموا إذا متقوا it is not upon those who believe in Allah who come with piety it doesn't matter what they eat after they've come with that أسن آية في كتاب الله عثما sorry عمر solved the issue by saying no سببن مزول he ran back to the سببن مزول he said why he said this ayah came down regarding a people who used to drink alcohol with us who died before the prohibition came and the severe punishments came and then we asked the messenger he said our messenger of Allah our brothers used to drink alcohol with us who were drinking it and they died before the prohibition where are they this ayah came down are you with me brothers this ayah came down saying your brothers who died before the prohibition who came with the belief of Allah and the day of judgment and who were pious it doesn't matter what they ate does that make sense so what did he use to explain to explain سبن مزول إذا سببن مزول يوعينوا على فهم المرات it gives you an understanding of what of verses there are many examples we could give but we are not going to give now but that's one of the examples that scholars bring the third benefit that it gives is that you gain from it is تيسير الحفظ سير الحفظ it will help you with memorization when you know a verse where it came down on a story behind it what does it do for your brothers like for example I remember when I studied صورة التحريم and my dad told me the story it stuck with me so whenever I read صورة التحريم because I know the story and how it went it was easy for me to what to keep the memorizing understanding are you with me brothers so when you as a parent are making your children memorize the Quran it's always beneficial here and there sometimes to tell them the سبب ونزول of the ayah or what the ayah means because it will stick with the child and you will remember that story and so I remember I used to tell that story to everybody I meet if I was in a little gathering and with young kids I would always say can I tell you guys the story of صورة التحريم because I know you knew that so it helps memorization of the صورة and it also aids with what it also aids with the understanding as well that's the most important points that we need to know regarding the issue of سبب ونزول anything which I have said that was wrong or incorrect is from me and Shaytan and Allah's message are free from it سبحانك اللهم وبحمدك أشدو الله إلا إله إلا الله أستغفرك واتوب إلي so insha'Allah تعالى now we're going to start the mock exam it's going to be given out to everyone and it's a very easy mock exam insha'Allah تعالى it's nothing hard and then we can discuss the answers and you can ask me the questions once you finish insha'Allah تعالى I'm more than happy to discuss it with you بإذن الله الكلام go ahead موقوف ودارة موقف I did a mistake ya سبحان الله فضل say sorry can you repeat the question this is دس حديد but not because تابع أسلن he wasn't there for the event so his statement is talking about what he wasn't there for if he is hearing from a companion he's not going to state the companion here is him saying that this verse came down on this oh no no no all this is without him saying it we're talking about him independently saying that this I came down on this issue if he says a companion then it's a companion issue it takes us to the first one beautiful it's true you're right so this is the issue now this can you have more than one of course and can I come down more than once yes yes I can so this is we didn't go too much into the issue of some because the whole point is it's just a this introduction but there are more signs it can come down on many events that were all happening at the same time they all need an answer when Aya comes down and he answers all of them