we are looking at the steady state modeling of alternator that is synchronous machine. So let us continue with what we were discussing, we had written down a few equations, so we will start with those equations again, we had said that the stator voltage VaS is given by root of 2 by 3 into RS into IDS – XQS into IQS cos ? – RS into IQS – XDS IDS – XMD into IF – into sin ?, so this was one equation and then the second equation that we had was IAS is root of 2 by 3 times IDS cos ? – IQS sin ? and then we have the expression for the generator torque, electromagnetic torque TE is given by XMD into IF – into IQS plus LDS – LQS into IDS into IQS, so these are the three expressions that we landed up with when we tried to convert the DQ axis differential equations to the steady state formulation. In this steady state formulation we must understand that IDS IQS since they are the variables in the synchronous reference frame these quantities are essentially constants at steady state they are DC variables and IF – he is also a constant because the field current is excited with DC in the synchronous reference frame because the rotor is already rotating at synchronous field and in that reference frame we are exciting it with DC and therefore IF – he is constant in the synchronous reference frame. So with this what we had tried to do was to develop a phasor diagram because the synchronous machine is analyzed in steady state using phasor diagram, so what do we do with respect to the phasor diagrams in the last class we saw a brief review of phasors and therefore this expression ID cos ? is basically since ? is equal to ? synchronous multiplied by time what you have here is IAS is root of 2 by 3 times IDS x cos ? T – IQS x sin of ?S x T, so this itself represents a sinusoidally varying sinusoidal with respect to time right and since it is something that is varying sinusoidally with respect to time one can look at its RMS value and to get the RMS value you have to divide this by root 2 and therefore the RMS of this is then given by IDS by root 3 times cos ? ST or rather IDS by root 3 is the RMS value of the first term and IQS by root 3 is the RMS value of the second term. Since each of them are varying sinusoidally with respect to time we can represent each one as a phasor for example if we take let us draw the DQ axis and let this be the D axis and that is the Q axis it is of course rotating with synchronous speed but at any given instant let there be DQ axis position this way. Now this term is root 2 by 3 times multiplied by IDS cos ? T since it is a sinusoidally varying term we can represent this as a phasor and since it is just cos ? T this can be represented as a phasor lying along the D axis the length of the arrow would then be equal to the RMS value of this sinusoidally varying term and the RMS value is given by IDS by root 3 so let us call this as capital ID so this length is nothing but ID. Now if you look at the second term this is root 2 by 3 times multiplied by IQS sin ? T this is again sinusoidally varying but it is sin ? T and in the last lecture we saw how you can represent a term varying as sin ? T that too with a negative sign and therefore that term would then be represented by a phasor that can be drawn here so this length of this is then represented by the RMS value which is IQS by root 3 so let us call this as IQ if you draw the phasor of this variable IQ that then lies along the Q axis as it is here because it is – sin ? T and what this expression says that IAS is the sum of these two which means that we can write IAS phasor as ID plus J times IQ so ID is along the real axis because that term corresponds to cos ? T IQ is along the imaginary axis or the DX Q axis because it is a term that is – sin ? T which can alternatively be written as an ID phasor plus an IQ phasor where IQ is the phasor representation of the Q axis along the Q axis so this itself is IQ so the length is given by IQ the length is given by ID as a phasor one can represent these two terms as a phasor ID and a phasor IQ the phasor IQ lies along the Q axis the phasor ID lies along the DX now one must remember we have talked about space phasor earlier these are not space phasor these are since we are dealing with cos ? T sin ? T and so on these are time phasor we are drawing time phasor diagram and it is not really a space phasor diagram one can however give it a space phasor orientation because the DQ axis itself is rotating synchronously in along with the rotor and therefore one can interpret this but then nevertheless what we are looking at is since there is a variation with respect to time we are looking at it as a time phasor. So having written this that IA is the phasor sum of ID and IQ we will now go back to look at this expression itself now this expression also is some term multiplied by cos ? T and some other term multiplied by sin ? T and therefore VAS is again a sinusoidally varying term which therefore if you want the RMS value of the sinusoidally varying term you have to divide this by root 2 and once you do that if you club the IDS and IQS terms together there is a bracket missing here so let us now write VAS so the okay so VAS can be written as root of 2 by 3 multiplied by let us bring the similar terms together so you have RS x IDS cos ? – IQS ? so that is these two terms we are now we have taken and then you have – XQS IQS cos ? and then you have – XDS IDS sin ? and then you have – XMD x IF- x sin ? this is what we have now if you look at this expression this term RS multiplied by IDS cos ? – IQS sin ? we have already seen that IDS root of 2 by 3 multiplied by IDS cos ? – IQS sin ? is nothing but IAS and therefore we can write this as RS x IAS and then you have this next term which is XQS x IQS x cos ? multiplied by root of 2 by 3. Now what we had said earlier is IQS x sin ? is a phasor that is lying along this axis whose length is IQS by root 3 if we take the RMS you need to divide by this root 2 therefore what you are left with is IQS by root 3 and the phasor of IQ lies along the Q axis if that is so the description is – QS sin ? if we have the same length but lying along the – D axis that would then be written as IQS x – cos ? and therefore this term can be written as since it represents the same length but lying along – D axis which represents then a rotation by 90 degrees rotation of the Q phasor by 90 degrees can then be written as J x IQ phasor J x IQ because the Q axis phasor is rotated by 90 degrees and this is then XQS where the first term will then if you can write this as RS x IAS where this is the phasor VAS right. So VAS being RS x IAS in the phasor notation will simply be RS x phasor of IAS and here this is IQS x cos ? because that lies 90 degrees ahead – cos ? one can write it as J x IQS now let us come to this one you have IQS that is what we have written so here we go this is IDS x sin ? now IDS this representation as a phasor for IDS represents IDS cos ? and if this phasor is rotated by 90 degrees you would then get a phasor representation that has to be given as IDS sin ? with a – sin that is just the same as what you had here – IQS cos IQS x sin ? but now instead of IQS it is IDS and therefore this term can be represented as plus J x IDS J x IDS would be the phasor which represents – IDS sin ? x IDS and then you have this term this is also sinusoidally varying and that is the – sin ? term and this – sin ? term just like what we had in the case of IQS this is also – sin ? and therefore this was represented as a phasor along the Q axis similarly this term is also a – sin ? term and therefore that would also be represented along the Q axis and it is RMS value will be ? 2 x 3 x that RMS value is this amplitude divided by ? 2 and therefore if we represent an induced EMFE which is sinusoidally varying with respect to time given by the amplitude of 2 x 3 x XMD x IF dash the RMS value of that would then be given by XMD x IF dash x 3 since RMS value you have to divide by root 2 and therefore this term in phasor notation can simply be written as J x this number E because it J x the number E it is understood that it lies along the Q axis so this is then the phasor representation of the phase voltage that is applied which can then be used to construct phasor diagram we will do so in the moment but before we get to the phasor diagram itself we need to look at one more aspect the synchronous machine the synchronous machine as the case of any other machine can be made to work as a motor or it can be made to work in the generating mode if we remember we have all along been saying that we are basically making use of motor convention in developing these equations that means we are considering that currents into the windings are positive that means if I am going to draw a phasor like this and I consider this to be greater than 0 then it means that what I am really saying is this much current is flowing into the machine that is not the only thing because we are considering motor conventions and we have derived the expressions in that form torque that is developed is positive if it is a motor that means if the machine is really supplying some load torque making the load rotate by taking electrical input then this number Te if you evaluate from this expression it will turn out to be greater than 0 right so now let us look at the synchronous machine equations in a slightly different format we know that Vds we have Vds and Vqs Vds is basically given by Rs x Ids – xqs x Iqs okay and then Vqs is given by Rs x Iqs xds x Ids xmd x If this is what we have written earlier normally in synchronous machines the stator resistance drop is quite small and the machine when we are operating it connected to the infinite grid the phasor representation of the machine is normally drawn for the case where the machine is connected to the infinite grid infinite grid being infinite grid the supply voltage is always fixed frequency is always fixed and therefore Vds and Vqs would really be a representation of the phase the stator phase voltage that is applied and since it is applied from the grid the supply voltage remains fixed it does not change since we are looking at an infinite grid and because the resistance drop is small normally one can neglect the resistance drop so if you neglect the resistance drop this is the equation that we land up with Vds is simply proportional to Iqs and Vqs is proportional to or is equal to the sum of these two and we know that this is representative of the emf that is induced just now we have written some expressions where this represents the emf that is induced and let us therefore represented by the symbol E though really it has to be root 3 times V well we could write it as root 3 times V as well to maintain equality of symbols. Now imagine a situation where the synchronous machine is has just been synchronized to the grid so if it has you know that when you want to synchronize a machine to the grid it can be done only if the voltages induced in the synchronous machine are equal to the grid voltage is equal to the grid voltage only when these two are equal in phase sequence amplitude and frequency you can close the switch and synchronize it to the grid and therefore under that condition when all these three are equal and you close the switch the synchronous machine basically floats on the grid there is no flow of armature that is Ias in the machine Ias is 0 that means here Ids is 0 and Iqs is 0. So what we can see from this is under this condition when Ias is 0 and Ids is 0 and Iqs is 0 Vds becomes 0 and Vqs is directly equal to the induced Tms so that is the situation that exists when a machine is just synchronized to the grid and if you look at the expression for Te in the expression for Te what you see is Iqs is 0 when the machine is just synchronized as we have been discussing Ids and Iqs are 0 therefore Te is equal to 0 when the machine is just synchronized obviously because no flow of current is there. But what can be done in the synchronous machine you know that when you synchronize the machine you would have adjusted the field excitation so that you get the voltage that you want at the speed that is required. Now from that level of induced Tmf or from that level of field excitation that you have given after synchronizing one can either increase the field excitation or decrease the field excitation Ias dependent on is equal to Xmd x If by R3 at the instant of synchronization you would have fixed the field current at some value such that it generate rated voltage. Now you can try to increase the field excitation beyond that because the machine is synchronized to the grid the voltage at the phase at the output of the machine cannot change it is already connected to the grid that means Vqs cannot change why Vqs alone cannot change there is Vds as well and square root of Vds2 vqs2 is then nothing but the representation of Va therefore Va does not change one can argue maybe if you change the excitation Vds may change as well in addition to Vqs. But if you are just changing the field excitation one can look at the expression for Te now this torque is normally not so significant as the torque component due to this therefore let us say for a moment we neglect this portion then if you increase if field excitation alone Qs is not going to flow because of that or if you are not increasing the mechanical input Te still has to be 0 because Te has to be equal and opposite to the mechanical input shaft torque that is going to drive the generator under steady state and therefore if these two are equal this must be equal to 0 if we know is not equal to 0 because we are supplying some field current and therefore Iqs will have to be 0 if Iqs is 0 then Vds is obviously 0 and therefore this cannot change and Vds is 0 so if the stator voltage that is once it is connected to the grid if the stator voltage therefore has to be fixed what it really means is that Vqs remains fixed even though you attempt to change E by changing this excitation and how will that remain fixed that will therefore mean that some current Ids will have to start flowing if you change this value of E. So if you try to increase E then Ids which was 0 at the time of synchronization Ids must now start becoming negative if you try to decrease E Ids must become greater than 0 so that the sum is always equal to Vqs in normal operation you then have the resistive term as well but if the resistive term is going to be small then this behavior will still hold good. So what we can conclude is that we have derived the expressions for motor operation so may be let us try to divide this into 4 parts this represents motor operation motor mode in this mode if you try to over excite this machine that means field current is being increased from the level that was required for synchronization Ids will become negative so Ids is negative and we are looking at it as a synchronous motor that means the torque that is output from the machine must be greater than 0 TE must be greater than 0 if TE is greater than 0 you want Iqs to be greater than 0 if this is going to be a small component so if Ids is less than 0 and Iqs is greater than 0 you get the motoring mode of operation over excited motoring mode of operation over excited motoring mode of operation. Now on the other hand what one can do is under excite the machine how can you under excite after you synchronize the machine to the grid you would have done it with a certain field current now try to reduce the field current so if you reduce the field current E goes down and since Vqs has to be maintained at the same level Ids has to become greater than 0. So Ids greater than 0 is the case for an under excited synchronous motor or under excite synchronous machine and you want to look at it as a synchronous motor so Iqs is greater than 0 so using the conventions that we have used if we have a case where Ids is less than 0 and Iqs is greater than 0 one can say that we are looking at an over excited synchronous motor. If Ids is greater than 0 and Iqs is also greater than 0 we can say we are looking at it looking at the machine operating as a under excited synchronous motor we can alternatively look at a generator mode of operation there also one can have over excitation and under excitation an over excited generator synchronous generator in the convention that we have used would then mean Ids is still less than 0 because we are talking about an over excited case but it is a synchronous generator and the torque must therefore be negative in our convention and therefore Iqs has to be less than 0 and an under excited synchronous generator will then mean Ids is greater than 0 and Iqs is less than 0 so with these broad ranges that have been defined for Ids and Iqs one can now try to draw the phasor diagrams for the various modes of operation how does one do that so let us take the first case over excited synchronous motor so and let us write that over excited synchronous motor let us take the d and q axis so that is your dq axis as before this is d and that is q so we know that over excited synchronous motor Ids is less than 0 therefore d axis current would then be drawn here this is Ids is less than 0 so it has to be in the negative side and similarly Iqs is greater than 0 so we draw the q axis current here Iq and the sum of this Id plus jIq is then the armature current phasor that is Ia. Now the next thing is to look at this expression this expression says that Vas is Rs into Ias plus this plus this and j times e now j times e always has to lie along the q axis because we are taking the dq axis as reference j times e is a pure imaginary number so we will have j times e here I can represent it as a phasor itself with respect to time j time e and then to that you have to add j times Ids xds Ids is here now j times Ids will then be a phasor that leads Ids by 90 degrees and therefore we that would then be j times Ids xxds and then you have j times Iq xqs Iq is a phasor that is here j times Iq will lead it further by 90 degrees so j times Iqs xqs we are adding right you have e plus jId plus jIq and then you have to add plus R into I so R into I and the resultant this quantity is then your armature volt Vas so Vas is here and this angle is now called as the load angle which is normally given the symbol ? now this procedure gives you how this phasor diagram can be drawn where the location of the exact phasor will lie and the length of all these things will depend upon the actual magnitude of current that are flowing okay so this is an over excited synchronous machine similarly one can draw the phasor diagram for the synchronous motor similarly one can draw the phasor diagram for a synchronous generator so that is your d axis and q axis so as before we draw the phasors of Id and Iq first so here you have Ids is less than 0 and Iqs is also less than 0 so you have Ids here and Iqs here so the phasor of Ia will then lie here this is the phasor of Ia and then you have the induced emf is in all cases along the q axis and therefore you have the induced emf here that is E and now you need to add J times Ids x Xds so we had used yellow for that so let us use yellow and you have Ids here J times Ids will be a phasor that leads Ids by 90 degrees so J times Ids and then you have J times Iq x Xqs Iq is here and J times Iq will lead this by 90 degrees and therefore Iqs and then you need to add R x I is here so R x I will be in this direction in the same direction as this so this resultant is now your voltage Vas so in this way the phasor diagram can be drawn normally when you talk of the generator mode of operation as we have been saying many times earlier you consider that the flow of current out of the machine is greater than 0 that is the reference direction for current whereas what we have used is current into the winding being greater than 0 so if you consider the reference phasor in the other direction you will have to think of the phasor for armature that is Ia as this is your Ias generator convention whereas this is Ias motor convention right so in this manner one can draw the phasor diagram now obviously one can see that in the generator mode you have a larger emf and a smaller grid voltage because of the drop that is coming in from the induced emf to the grid of course that will depend on the excitation condition so let us now look at the next phasor diagram which is the over under excited synchronous motor so these diagrams correspond to the motoring mode and what we are going to draw here they correspond to the generator mode so the under excited synchronous motor the under excited synchronous motor has ids greater than 0 so ids is greater than 0 and then you have Iqs also greater than 0 so you have Iqs phasor here and the resultant of these two is the armature current so that is Iqs Ias and as before the induced emf is always along the q axis and therefore you draw the induced emf phasor here and induced after that your Ij times ids ids is here j times ids would be 90 degrees and j times ids therefore comes here and then you have j times Iqs so that comes here and then you have Rs x Ias Ias so Rs x Ias there and this resultant is then your voltage stator voltage Vas and this angle now becomes your load angle load angle is the angle that is between the stator voltage phasor and the induced emf phasor so in this case that would be the load angle so let us go to the next one the synchronous generator the under excited synchronous generator in the case of under excited synchronous generator what you have is ids greater than 0 and Iqs lesser than 0 so ids is greater than 0 Iqs is lesser than 0 so some of this is the armature current phasor that is here and as before the induced emf phasor is along the q axis and then you have j ids j times ids would be in this direction j times Iqs will be in this direction and then you have R x I that is here and therefore this will then be the stator phase voltage so this is e and this is j times id multiplied by xd this is j times Iq multiplied by xq and this is Ia times Ra this is all phasor so this would then be the phasor diagram and you have the load angle that is here so what we see is if the mode is that of a synchronous motor the load angle is positive this way and if the operation is that of a generator the load angle is negative this again is based on the convention that we are going to fall so in this manner one can try to draw the phasor diagrams of the machine we can I mean as in this case what we have done if you want to draw Ias in the generator convention that is just the negative of this and therefore the generator convention current would then be here this is Ias generator convention this is Ias in the motor convention now this is fine but normally when you want to draw the phasor diagram of a synchronous machine you do not know where the d and q axis are what we will know is the relationship between the phase voltage and the phase flow of current Va and Ia is what we would know we know for a we would know for example that the phase voltage if we take that as a reference we would know that the phase current may be it is acting in a lagging mode so we know that Vaas is here and we know that Ias is here so if this is the case how do you find out what is the magnitude of the induced Tms normally in the phasor diagram analysis one is interested to know what would be the induced Tms and what would be the load angle corresponding to a particular state of operation so if this is all that is known how do you construct the phasor diagram in order to find out where the induced Tms will be and how much it is so that can be done in a simple way in this manner what we do is we take this expression Vaas that is equal to Rs x Ias plus j xq x Iqs plus j e and then you have this term j times id xxd what we do is add a term j times id xxq and subtract this term j times id xxq so the net equation does not change and we can simplify this as Rs multiplied by Ias remember these are phasor so id plus j times e so we keep this here and now you have if you take this term these two terms you have j times xq into id plus Iq and then you have j times id xxd – xq so this equation simplifies like this now id plus Iq is nothing but Ia and therefore we can write this as Ia and so we write this as Rs x Ias or Ias plus j times xq into Ias plus j times e plus j times id xxd – x now what is interesting in this form of the expression is that you know that id lies along the d axis the phasor id lies along the d axis and therefore j times id must lie along the q axis and this j times e also lies along the q axis so both these term together lie along the q axis we know where Vas is and where if we take Vas as the reference phasor we know where Ias is because you can measure you know how much phas lag or phaselit that is going to be there so this term is nothing but Vas – Rs x Ias – j times xq x Ias is equal to this term so you know Vas and therefore you will know where Ias is so let us draw the phasor diagram in this manner so Vas is here and then let us say Ias is here – Rs Ias will be a phasor that is in the same sense as same angle as this but – and then jxq Ias will be a phasor 90 degree to Ias and because it is negative it would be in this direction so – jxq Ias this would then be at 90 degrees to this so once we reach this point we know that that is equal to this term and this term lies along the q axis and therefore this point must lie along the q axis so this axis is then the q axis and therefore 90 degrees to this must be the d axis and once you know d and q axis you can resolve this into id and iq and then construct the phasor diagram as we have done earlier so in this manner one can draw the phasor diagram from a set of measurements that are made even when we do not know where the d and q axis is in this case we started with the d and q axis drawn first whereas now we are able to arrive at where the d and q axis are and thereby finish the phasor diagram we will stop with this for today and continue in the next lecture.


We doing it. So this is not an actual paid review We bought this with our own money And what we're assembling here, you're gonna see in a second is the triple monitor stands that we've got throughout the office I've talked about it before as I've had it in my office But I'm doing a time-lapse video while Steve assembles it He chose here not the studio because this is where he dumped the boxes out and wasn't about to move them But once this is all put together, we're gonna kind of show you the process once it's assembled how it works how solid it is and It's just a nice way to hold the monitors on here Even if they're different sizes, which just also makes us interesting We have different size monitors that are going on here as well So well, he's gonna fish assembly and then we'll cover the details like a bow. Well, it looks like a bow Yeah, wow, yeah, but it doesn't give oh That's neat Yeah, so it's kind of cool. Hmm. All right. Well Let Eric do this and then yeah, if you made it, so yeah All right, so the triple stand is all assembled we have these monitors on it. No, they're not all three identical We happen to have this one and him gets a little bit older We ordered similar ones for the side, but they're all close enough They're all ACEs monitors, but that's not really the relevant part of this and before anyone complains about the cable management This is not the final resting place. We're still remodeling the back of our office a little bit and This will eventually go just like the one in the back does actually this one's going over to where Kyle sits Kyle's going to the back and none of that's really relevant But that's why we haven't really finished it While it's here, it's easy for me to show you the back of it and how everything articulates So each of the end monitors has its own articulating mount this adjusts height and Then it pivots left and right so the monitor can swing either way and then this adjustment here You loosen this and you can slide it back and forth to accommodate whichever size monitor you want. So this is all Very easy to adjust to whatever size monitors you have on here without a lot of fuss I really like this now one nice thing compared to when I got these years ago That I have in my office is this is much easier It has a lot more options for adjusting the height so you can center the monitors And it's just a simple Allen head screw.  There's two screws that hold it in It's not like it's a friction grip So you have to choose the height you want and you got the screw holes in the back here And then this just sits on like a ball cup style mount with a little tensioner So once you set this in for the best amount and you set the tension You can just a monitor all you want and then set it down So it gets exactly the angle you want and lock it in it doesn't have like I said as much motion as the ones on the end But that's the reason the ones on the ends have the motion is so this one doesn't have to so once this is set And you lock this down and you tighten a little Allen head here The monitor is set in in position and then you can move the other ones on there Also, you kind of notice that this curves around because it brings the monitor back around to you now For cable management you can run some of the cables up through this part here And then bring them all the way out back up at the top here If that's how you wanted to bring them like for a webcam you could set it up here But for the monitors themselves ideally you just use these clip them together and zip tie it once we have this in place We'll have it all manage cables And I've actually with my own zip tied them all across this back bar right here to keep everything nice and clean and out Of the way so it comes with the back now this base right here is a very heavy base now There's two ways you can mount this When you have this base, and I'll lift this up this little vanity cover This is bolted to the base, but the other option you have is removing the base and then bolting this right down flush to The table itself so you drill a hole through the table and you've got a bracket that goes underneath like a plate And then a screw that comes up from the bottom and screws into it to hold it there So you don't need the base in front of it in this case We're leaving the base in front of it because one well obviously this is not where it's permanently going to go To we like to be able to easily just pick it up and move it because of where it is going It makes it easier to rearrange in my office I went ahead and did roll the hole and mount it solid through it's a solid mount when you do it that way But it is nice having the base you just have to have this sitting out in front of it So even with the base in front of it, I'll move the keyboard out of the way here. It doesn't look bad It's it's so nice look and it makes it like I said We can actually move this around a little bit or even pick the whole thing up Which I'm not going to do by myself because that'll end in a disaster. I'm not getting on dropping things Definitely either take the monitors off or two person three person job to make sure you don't make a mess of all this But from an articulation standpoint these will swing way out of sync way Enlightenment the tricky part is because of the way this curves around is getting the height and everything just right And I probably messed it up here. We'll have to deal with that. He's the new guy that this is for and Well, I've now made a mess. That's okay. I don't have to fix this. That's his problem But it's not hard to get right. You just kind of keep moving them a little bit Get in the tension set now you can tighten each of these to make sure there's a Plenty of tension and get that height. So if you really want it dialed in it's a little, you know Time time sticking here because when you move it a little bit it pops back in place So you kind of got to move it and then let it go back in a place like that and then you can get it perfect But I've been using this monitor setup for quite a while very good for productivity and really solid I'll show you mine real quick. So I put the camera where I usually have my chair So you guys can get an idea of well what it looks like instead of when the webcam is pointing here This is 180 out if you watch any of the other tutorial videos So the webcams there and the triple monitor setup you can see it's really nice with the curved It brings it close to you So I'm not further away from this monitor when I sit here in the center so I can just pan easily back and forth I've seen some people go for the larger double up monitors But I don't like happen to look up all the time I find having everything across this plane of vision works really well for me with this and it's very Efficient now I didn't go for the stand because I'm not going to be moving things around so as you can see It's really clean. It's bolted right to the desk here and I have all the cable management So it comes up the back so there's nothing Showing under here. I have an office tour video. I've done before I can link it below To see how I did my cable management basically everything's just hidden Very tight up against here and I have the slide out with the keyboard and mouse Now the only thing different is I got the lights on to to show this better and generally when I'm working in my office I don't keep the lights on I only have a lot when I'm doing paperwork When I'm doing any actual work. It's like this But it's all very solid as you can see so it doesn't wiggle around setting things on my desk I'm leaning on my desk to get the monitors to move So general sitting here and typing on a keyboard no wiggle mobile. I guess this is very very solid Of course, this is a good Solid from like a countertop that we have mounted here against the wall So if you're interested in purchasing one of these I'll leave an amazon link in the description below But in terms of ones we've purchased we purchased a few of these they work wonderful I like the improved design makes them a little bit easier to tweak but honestly once these are in position I don't usually mess with them much mine's been there now coming up on like a year and a half Since we moved to this building and I put them there and I had them at my old office once I have adjusted them That's it tighten up the screws and just use them So is that something that I think really requires much tweaking once you have it in position Matter of fact, it's so painstaking once you want everything, you know, you get about your desk You want to perfect once it's perfect. I take everything really tight because I don't want anything to move But uh, if you have any questions concerns leave them in the comments below. Thanks Thanks for watching if you like this video go ahead and click the thumbs up Leave us some feedback below to let us know any details what you like and didn't like as well Because we love hearing the feedback or if you just want to say thanks leave a comment If you wanted to be notified of new videos as they come out go ahead and to subscribe and the bell icon That lets youtube know that you're interested in notifications. Hopefully they send them As we've learned with youtube Anyways, if you want to contract us for consulting services You go ahead and hit launch systems.com and you can reach out to us for all the projects that we can do And help you we work with a lot of uh small businesses it companies even some large companies And you can farm different work out to us or just hire us as a consultant to help design your network Also, if you want to help the channel in other ways, we have a patreon. We have affiliate links You'll find them in the description. You'll also find recommendations to other affiliate links And things you can sign up for on laurance systems.com. Once again, thanks for watching and i'll see you in the next video


Since the novel coronavirus first showed up in America in January 2020, the U.S. government has routinely impeded scientists and public health officials from coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. Early on, the Surgeon General admonished Americans for buying masks. You do not need to wear a medical mask like this one. People should not be walking around with masks. You're sure of it because people are listening really closely. There's no reason to be walking around with a mask. As recently as last August, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said people without symptoms don't necessarily need a test. The Food and Drug Administration stood in the way as independent labs worked to quickly develop COVID tests. And it wasn't until this spring that the agency finally approved an at-home test you could get without a prescription. But what about Operation Warp Speed, which even critics of the Trump administration praised for speeding up the development of COVID-19 vaccines? Government money isn't what brought us to the point of ending the pandemic via a new way of developing vaccines. Messenger RNA vaccines and a revolutionary new technology for dealing with future pandemics was underway long before Operation Warp Speed came into being. The horrors of the last year spurred humanity to quickly develop an unprecedentedly flexible and powerful toolkit that may well make COVID-19 the last true pandemic, writes reason science correspondent Ronald Bailey in his new cover story for the magazine. The amazing thing is we'll be able to forestall any further pandemics in the future because so many advancements in vaccines, treatments and so forth have come out of that. Now you can just slip any piece of genetic information into that lipid and you now have a vaccine. The COVID vaccines have not only proven to be safe, they came much faster than predicted. We hope to rush it to be able to have some impact on recycling in the next season. And like I said, that could be a year to a year and a half. I'm not changing any of the dates. But here's the really astonishing thing. Almost all of the time that it did take to bring the vaccines to market was due to safety testing and other governmental mandate. By January 13, 2020, only two days after the Chinese researchers shared the genetic sequence of the COVID-19 virus, the biotech company Moderna had devised the formula for its vaccine. BioNTech launched its COVID-19 vaccine program in January and had partnered with Pfizer to manufacture it by mid-March of last year. The first volunteer was injected with Moderna's vaccine on March 16, 2020, yet it was only approved by the FDA last December 17, a week after Pfizer's vaccine met the agency's approval. We have the model of being able to do this. It's plug and play. If we have another virus, comes along, we'll be able to identify very quickly genetics necessary to just plug it into the base of the vaccine and you could roll it out within three to four months, as opposed to a year. That the COVID vaccines have proven safe in clinical trials is strong evidence that future messenger RNA vaccines will also be safe as well. If we have another pandemic and another failure is regarded, it will be a policy failure. The technologies are there and what we just have to do is to have our bureaucracies get out of the way and let them be deployed in an expeditious way. Had the agency been faster off the mark and used human challenge trials and other innovative testing techniques, the vaccines could have been brought to market months earlier with no compromise in safety. Would the government allow a vaccine based on this plug and play model to be deployed not within months, but in a matter of weeks to stop the next pandemic in its tracks? That's an open question.


What do you got there? Nothing.  That's why we're in skype right now But it's for the new series rocket boys Which I don't know if you remember Has our dose to Jim in it This is what he was talking about in our interview a lot that he was very excited about and he loved working with the director It's a new web series that comes out on February 4th on Sony live With our don't if you haven't seen our interview with Jim, please go check that out. He's recently Wonderful guy loved talking to him Fantastic after so I'm very very excited about this But let's just get into it look forward to this three two one The lunatic brown kid is blowing up the courtyard again Rubber Robert Goddard 15 years early Karishma kar chukya tupayar. I can't do that There he is. Let's drink to that. I'll take it unfortunately. I'm our lane Who can tell me what this is Don't touch those up Japan ki vajay say I'm a rubber me Why don't you try using another material polyethylene sheets key tensile strength rubber say zada What was your major again natural science, sir, but I have a particular interest in physics Vikram Sarabhai to make brilliant scientists who do you my best to kill a character who's lack of a beer me or go in a car I'm a man. I'm a man. I'm just like gravity She puts lights on things. I didn't know about myself.  See you're the famous homie. And you are Varvana Irani, my whole name Barsis name I've ever heard in my life Oh miss are you to cost make a unit one career cost make a unit Proposting only lab. Yeah, I'm a rocket banana. That's up. That's up. I thought you missy bunkers. I wish I'd known you were the selfish man I am a selfish man Happy you've been assembling that rocket in your garage for months for years. In fact, I can't wait around For things to happen to me. The train is leaving the station my friend. Are you on it? Or have you been left behind? Punditji Mirai proposal here India's base program sir. He's what I'm a little bit. I think I'll hate Call so much. Hey, but it's been people liberation. I mean, I think he's not part of it Gentlemen, it's the proposal to make India's first atom bomb But I go homey Nehru said chip karma manner he could just cut it off Yeah, committee specific advisory committee. I just got calm head to advise the correct use of atomic energy But is what this is a result of a cut on the bomb They should come a re so they can die for any to sir. You got me. You can't be testing ever. I can't be those thoughts EPJ Abdul Kalam Oh, okay. Thank you That was a great end I obviously he's part of this story Yeah, good trailer very good trailer looks very very interesting looks very well done and I is this like the same story that I Feel like there's been like one or two other space films just recently that had they are But I think these are I think this is like the prequel to a lot of those space stories Yeah, that that was I think those stories that we had seen are the more about The race for the the moon and the race to get satellites and the race to do various things in space post 1960s and I think I think this is The beginnings of all rocket propulsion including obviously atomic energy being turned into a nuclear bomb I and I I agree. I thought this looks like it's the kind of film That's gonna be story dialogue character driven and it's a it's a it's a historical piece So we're gonna learn about these actual people doing these actual things. It's a web Yeah, yeah, I'm sorry. I meant that I meant that I knew that yeah So I think I can see why Jim would be excited to be a part of this absolutely. Yeah, absolutely to tell a true story and then Looks really well done in terms of like all the the sets and the time period and the acting all looks really really good It's it's cool to not see him be like the total asshole that he gets there and he often gets to play He's like, yeah, I think we've talked about it with our movies. I think it's exhausting I want to I don't want everybody to hate me all the time Yeah, it really does fall into that category that he and most of the actors we've spoken to like to be Challenged with something new. This is very new. A lot of people haven't seen him this way I think a lot of people will see this and they'll they'll do what you do You and I do sometimes or we watch something and then afterwards realize dude He wasn't by Padma. He wasn't he wasn't made in heaven he would yeah, and It's also wonderful to see all the new it seems like it's a lot now since sacred games started Basically it almost I mean, I don't know if they were the first first ones But they were one of the first big ones and then Miesoper came along and and and these ones that are like they kind of paved the way In their respective Netflix and Amazon and then a Netflix and Amazon, as you know invested a shit ton of money And also now so does Disney Disney and Sony and they're all investing so much in the OTT So now I think we're just gonna get it's gonna be like you're not gonna be able to keep up with all the series anymore Because there's just gonna be so many good series, which is wonderful Wonderful wonderful that it's at that point. It's not just a random one here or there You're gonna get a lot because it's it's like the the Wild Wild West Currently everybody really is a great Great analogy Corbin. It really is. It's a beautiful What it is it's a Wild Wild West and and it's really a renaissance I think I think we'll look back on it. We've talked about this before where the OTT platforms are giving Everybody the capacity to do some creative outlets not only in the quality but the quantity It's just great to see so many doors open for so many creators to do stuff Yeah, because it makes the competition is fierce. Yeah, and and it gives the opportunity to before it There weren't a lot of opportunities for people like even though there should have been Bunkers Nawaz Mono even obviously they've all done their own stuff, but normally they're like the villain or they're supporting and Like Jim right Jim obviously, I mean, you know, he's done lead stuff in the past Obviously, he's a guy that likes these certain roles and though those bigger roles you should go to bigger names as Goes now the OTT's it allows these artists to really be able to shine and be this the center of attention as they should be Absolutely, and it gives I think about the whole creative world behind a TV show in a film and all of the jobs This creates for the countless not just actors But all of the grips and the best boys and the engineers and the sound technicians and the editors and the craft Services people and the the orchestra who's part of the scoring and and it's just it makes me so happy to see Really good creative content coming from all over these platforms. It's really an exciting time Absolutely. Oh great. Let us know what you thought about this. Yeah, what should be the first of 2020 series that we watch I did hear that now one that we were like it looks like made in me as a per the love he was saying It's a real good series And it's only a bit episodes at 30 minutes each so it might be able to get through that pretty fast Well, which would be cool, but yeah, you guys let us know what should be our next series We still got obviously the scam as well to get to and all that, but yeah, let us know But once again, it would not be on YouTube outside of a series of you So just be aware of that. Let us know what the next series we should be down below


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. Question says, if tan 2a is equal to cot a minus 18 degrees, where 2a is an acute angle, find the value of a. First of all, let us understand that cot 90 minus theta is equal to tan theta, where theta is any acute angle in a right triangle. This is the key idea to solve the given question. Let us now start with the solution. We are given tan 2a is equal to cot a minus 18 degrees. Now we know 2a is an acute angle and we also know that tan theta is equal to cot 90 minus theta. Here value of theta is equal to 2a. So we can write tan 2a is equal to cot 90 degrees minus 2a. So we can write this implies cot 90 degrees minus 2a is equal to cot a minus 18 degrees. Now cot 90 degrees minus 2a is equal to cot a minus 18 degrees only when value of these two angles is equal. So this implies 90 degrees minus 2a is equal to a minus 18 degrees. Now adding 18 degrees on both the sides we get 108 degrees minus 2a is equal to a. Now adding 2a on both the sides we get 108 degrees is equal to 3a. Now dividing both the sides by 3 we get 36 degrees is equal to a or we can simply write it as a is equal to 36 degrees. So our required answer is angle a is equal to 36 degrees. This completes the session. Hope you understood the session. Take care. I'll have a nice day.


The National Broadcasting Company presents COUNTER SPY Harding COUNTER SPY Calling Washington United States COUNTER SPY Especially appointed to investigate and combat the enemies of our country both at home and abroad These COUNTER SPY reports to the American people are brought to you each week at this time. Now, the case of the spectrograph. Miss Phelps. Yes, Mr. Blake. When is Dr. Carthouse going to be here? Why, uh... He might at least be prompt. After all, we are his financial beggars. I know, Mr. Donner. As such, we're certainly entitled to better treatment than this. Of course, Mr. Fulton. Considering the fact that we've advanced close to $50,000 for his sonic research so far... Well, I know you have, gentlemen. Now, look, Miss Phelps, have you any idea where he is? Probably at Columbus Circle, 59th Street and Broadway. Oh, no, not again. More speeches? Well, Dr. Carthouse was feeling very good when he left here, and as you know, he usually makes speeches when he feels good. Yes, flowery ones, too, although you'll never guess it from the way he talks normally, abrupt to the point. But I'm not going to have my dignity trifled with any longer. If the doctor doesn't show up in five minutes, I'm going to consider the money I've invested so far in that nincompoop lost. And you and Blake can carry on with the financing if you're mad enough to do so. Now, Fulton, don't be... No, no, no, I mean it, Blake. I've had enough. What? Gladys. You should have been there. I made a great speech. A crowd of 30 people. I told them what I thought of the government. They were impressed. Doctor, your appointment... Oh, I see. All licking your chops, eh? That's what I mean, Blake. Now, see here, doctor, I'm a man of some importance in the banking world. I demand that I be treated with a measure of respect. Respect? You get that for brains, not money. There are no brains here except mine. And Gladys. My heaven, I've... Now, calm down, Fulton. Let's, let's at least see what the doctor has to show us. Yes. Now, Dr. Cardhouse, you promised us a demonstration of how far your sonic research had progressed. I keep my promises. Wait till I set up the laboratory, you'll see. Give me five minutes. Four, wait. It won't be long, Mr. Fulton. Give them some reading matter, Gladys, to keep them busy. Something not too difficult? Comic books. Ha. Good. All set. Come in and see. It's about time. This had better be good, Cardhouse. I'm sure it will be, gentlemen. Gladys, you come too. You've never seen this. Oh, thank you, Dr. Cardhouse. Close the door. All right, gentlemen, sit down. Yes. Let's see this. Good. Now, first, a preliminary demonstration. See this table backed by thick wood planks? I take this glass tumbler and put it on the table in front of the planks. You follow me? We have brains enough for that. I'm surprised. Now, here, this thing which looks like a radio, it produces sound waves with tremendous frequencies. It's made of, ha, you wouldn't understand. Just call it a sound box.  It sends out directional sound waves. Listen. Watch. See? Your ears hurt? I can barely hear now. Yes, but whatever, Dr. Cardhouse, shattering a glass is nothing new. A good, robust voice can do it, just holding a note long enough. Right, Blake. I showed you that for contrast with the real demonstration, which is coming now. Gladys. Oh, yes, Dr. Brush the glass off the table. Yes, sir. Now, the three of you. Look at this. A steel tube. Go on, take it. Pass it around. Hmm, heavy. Three-quarter inch steel armor plate. No question about it. Now, Fulton, be useful. Put the steel tube where the glass was. Like this? Right. I didn't think you were so smart, Fulton. I will not tolerate that.  Go on, Dr. Cardhouse. There's nothing more to say, Blake. Just listen. Watch again. You, what's the matter? Something go wrong, Dr. No, all the sound waves which are sent out now are too high for your ears to hear. Just watch the steel tube. Heavens. That's incredible. What did it? Sound waves. The demonstration is finished. Yes, but what did it?  How soon can it gain we put this to practical use? Why didn't it shatter those planks behind the steel tube? The planks have a higher degree of elasticity. They can absorb the sound waves. Steel is brittle. It can't. I'm working on a frequency to shatter wood now. This is frightening. Shattering armor plate like that? If this is developed on an industrial scale, there'll be plenty of practical use for it. Blake, I'm concerned with the war potential of a thing like this. Yes, Fulton's right. I think we should seek government protection for Dr. Cartos. Government protection? Well, did the plans and the formula for this device shouldn't be left unguarded wherever they are? The plans and the formula are here in my head when nobody can steal them. I don't like interference from my backers or government. I won't stand for snooping, prying. Now be reasonable, Dr. Cartos. No, I won't be. My feelings are clear. Jefferson said it best. Society in its worst state is a blessing. Government in its best state is a necessary evil. I must be free to work. No interference from you or the government. Take it or leave it. It doesn't give us much choice. No. Well then, go on as it is. And good night. Come on, gentlemen. An atmosphere of sanity. Good night. Good night, Mr. Cartos. Good night, Mr. Cartos. Good night, Mr. Cartos. Ruffled their fur. I'm glad it'll teach them that the brains are important. I feel good. It's late, Dr. Cartos. Oh, don't worry. I'm not going to make one. It's good to be independent. Remember that, Gladys. Good night. I'm going to bed. You straighten things up. I will, Dr. Cartos. Long distance. I'd like to place a call to Washington, D.C. The headquarters of the United States Counterpies. Yes, this is Sergei. Oh, hello. You sound very excited. Undoubtedly, this is a request for more money. What? Really? And what is this miracle, Dr. Cartos has done? Yes, yes. I'm listening. Go on. Oh, armor plate. Interesting if true. But you need more money. No. None. My dear sir, my government, my client feels he has paid enough without results. No. No. If what you say is true, obtain the formula and plans. How? With that I leave to your imagination. Get them to me and you will receive the final agreed upon sum, $100,000. Yes. Just send them by a commercial messenger. This business, the most ordinary means of transmission is usually the safest. I'll be expecting to hear from you. Good night, sir. Yes, what is it, Peter? My gosh, not him again. What's that, chief? Well, never mind. Put the call on my line. Then call Bowling Field and tell him to get the jet plane ready for a trip. Then come in here yourself. Hello? Hello? Hello? Ms. Phelps? Yes, is this Mr. Harding? Yes, it is. You're calling about Dr. Semyon Cothouse? Yes, Mr. Harding. I work with him. Yes, go on, Ms. Phelps. Well, Dr. Cothouse has just concluded a rather terrifying demonstration in the field of sonic power. I think he should be protected for his own sake. Does he know you're calling me? Oh, no, sir. I thought not. The doctor's a bit eccentric. Yes, that's a mild word, Ms. Phelps. You don't have to explain. I've had dealings with him before. Well, then you understand. He must know nothing of this. I thought perhaps that you could send an agent. Hold it, Peter. Well, Ms. Phelps? Yes. I'll come up to see you myself. I should be in New York in about two hours and a half. Oh, thank you, Mr. Harding. Where shall I meet you? Where are you now? At the doctor's home, 1232 West 82nd Street. All right. You'll be at the corner of 82nd Street and Columbus Avenue in exactly three hours. I'll pick you up in a car and you can tell me all about it while we drive around. I'll be there, Mr. Harding. Fine. Goodbye. Goodbye. Chief, what's this all about? A woman called from New York mentions a Dr. Cothouse and right away we're flying up there. Peter, I don't know what it's about. But the fact that it concerns Dr. Cothouse is enough for me. Where he's involved, I'd fly from here to Moscow via the Antarctic, if I had to. Who the dickens is he? The most brilliant and aggravating man I've ever dealt with.  Come on, let's get started. You mean that Dr. Cothouse made all these contributions toward the improvement of Raydown? I've never heard of him? Well, that's not surprising, Peter. You were in Europe in 1942 and 43, the period the counterspice dealt with him. Well, I should at least know the name. Oh, no. Dr. Cothouse is, shall we say, peculiar. He loads publicity and despises government. Our government? Oh, he's broadminded. Any government. He never officially worked for it. But the results of his research, too. How did we get them? Well, he brought them into us. But he never worked for us. We tried to, we had to guard him without letting him know that he was being guarded and financed him through apparently private sources. There must have been one headache to you. But tell me, why weren't his services just drafted for the government? That's easier said than done. He refused point blank to work. Of course, we could have had him arrested even shot, but that wouldn't have given us the benefit of his brain. That's true, Dave. You can't force a man to think, particularly not Dr. Cothouse. He literally doesn't give a hoot for anything or anybody. He's not at all reticent about announcing that fact. Unpleasant character. Oh, no, to the contrary. Very pleasant. And very difficult to guard. Our biggest job was protecting him from being mobbed. Mobbed? Yes. You see, he has a hobby, not stamps or model planes or anything normal. He likes to make speeches. What? He's in Union Square, denouncing communism. In the next days of the Chamber of Commerce meeting, denouncing capitalism. Un-character. Dr. Cothouse is just against. Doesn't make any difference what? He's against it. I'm looking forward to meeting him. Well, don't, Peter, because you won't. I haven't the faintest idea what he's doing. But if he learns we're interested in it, protecting him, interfering, as he calls it, he'll stop dead. I know, because that's just what he did when he found out our agents were guarding him during the war. That's why I haven't kept an agent on him regularly. The New York office keeps a once-a-month check on him. That's all. But just what is it that he'll stop doing? Chief, you don't even know yet. Well, I know if Dr. Semyon Cothouse is doing it, it's important. That's enough for me. Exactly what it is we'll learn in New York when we meet Miss Gladys Belts. It's true, Mr. Harding. I thought myself. He shattered a piece of armor plate. That's right, sir. Three-quarter inches thick. Chief, a thing like that could... Yes, I'm way ahead of you, Peter. Now listen, Miss Belts, did you tell anyone else you were calling us? No, sir. Chief, what are we waiting for? Why don't we just pick up this doctor and turn him over to the Department of Defense? Peter, I know the man we're dealing with. He'll come to the government all right, but when he's ready to and feels he's finished his research, and not a second before.  That I guarantee is starting right now. We're back at 82nd Street, chief. All right, Miss Belts, now you better get back to the doctor's house. We've been driving around for more than an hour. All right, Mr. Harding. And don't worry. We'll have a guard over him every minute from now on. Well, I've got a feeling I don't get any sleep tonight, chief. You don't, Peter. Stick here and keep your eye on that house she's going into until I send an agent to relieve you. Okay. Now, one thing you've got to make sure of, Peter, the doctor car house doesn't become suspicious of you. I haven't lost a trail yet, chief. Well, if car house finds out about you, we lose more than a trail. We lose the use of his brain, and that we can't pick up. I'll be... Hey. The girl's coming back. What? Mr. Harding, the laboratory. Dr. Carthouse, he's been murdered. You are listening to the case of the spectrograph on Counter-Spy. Tonight, the big show brings you the best in comedy, music, and drama with Tallulah Bankhead, Fred Holland, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Margaret Truman, Mindy Carson, Meredith Wilson, and many, many more. It's the big show, top Sunday-listening design for the entire family. And speaking of families, tonight means another delightful adventure for the Madcap Harris family and all their friends on the Phil Harris Alice Faye show. That's tonight over most of these NBC stations. Now, back to Counter-Spy. Well, Peters, you're dead all right. One shot in the temple. Dr. Carthouse, who's that? Now, please, please control yourself, Miss Phelps. We've got to find out who killed him, and you've got to help us. Yes. Yes, Mr. Harding, I know. The sense that was one of the three financial backers Miss Phelps told us about since they were the only ones that knew of the doctor's experiment. Yes, looks like it. Well, Peters, you take a look around the laboratory while I ask Miss Phelps some questions about this equipment here. All right. Miss Phelps, is this the device Dr. Carthouse used in his experiment, the thing he called a sound box? Yes, sir. No auto-working? No, sir. No one but Dr. Carthouse did. I see. Well, this machine over here with the endless roll of paper in it and the pencil marks on the paper. What's this? Well, that's a spectrograph, Mr. Harding. It draws a picture of sound waves. Dr. Carthouse used it to make the sound patterns of his research visual. Oh, yes. I've heard of the spectrograph. Hmm. That's funny. What is, Miss Phelps? That roll of paper in the spectrograph. I swear it was clean enough. I left here, but now it's all marked down. Oh, yeah. Now hold up, Peters. You mean someone's used this spectrograph? So it would seem. Exactly how does this work? I'm a little vague on the details. Well, that microphone on the desk is connected to the spectrograph. When you speak into it or make a noise in front of the microphone, that pencil apparatus on the spectrograph makes a line on the paper corresponding in lengths to the volume of the noise. Oh, I understand. Chief, that fits in with what I find. Part, Peters. Look, these marks on the desk, four of them, like rubber grippers on the bottom of a portable typewriter. Then this indentation in the desk blotter, circular, vague, could be a microphone stand. And here a piece of recording tape. What? With on the floor by the desk. A tape recorder, huh? And that's spectrograph news. What does it mean, Mr. Hart? Well, the recorder's pretty obvious. Whoever killed Dr. Cardhouse wanted his knowledge first. He knew the doctor kept nothing in writing, so he made him speak his piece and then shot him. I go along with that, Mr. Harting. Then we can assume that he talked into the microphone attached to the murderer's recorder and at the same time switched on his own microphone attached to that spectrograph. Chief, you mean the whole story is in those undecipherable pencil lines on that roll of paper? Well, I mean, it's worth the trouble to find out what is on that roll of spectrograph paper, something we're going to do right now. Hello? And who is it? David Harting, United States counterspies. Counterspies? Yes, I'm sorry to bother you at 2.30 in the morning, Commander Taggart. Oh, shoot, Mr. Harting. Well, now, in your radar and sonic research, you use an instrument known as the spectrograph, don't you? Yes. Yes, we do. Well, now, is there any method of reading the marks that are made by sound waves on the spectrograph tape? Oh, well, there are experts, yes, who can do it. Well, where can I find such a man? Well, if you give me a couple of days... Oh, no, that's too long, Commander. Isn't there any other way we can find out what a spectrograph tape is? Well, I might be able to make a talk. How? We have the apparatus in our naval laboratory here in New York if I had an enlarged photograph of the spectrograph tape. Well, we'll have it, Commander Taggart. If you'll go right down to the naval laboratory, I'll meet you there in 30 minutes. Officer of the day told me you were here. I'm David Harting. Oh, Mr. Harting, I must say you counters by certainly do things in a hurry. Oh, this is extremely urgent. Oh, fine. Do you have the enlargement of the spectrograph? Well, my assistant, Mr. Peters, is standing by at our counters by photo laboratory, and he'll rush right over with it just as soon as it's ready. Good. Well, then, I can take this time to show you how I may be able to make a talk. Yes, that's what I came for. Well, we use this device here, Mr. Harting. We're using a big electrically-lighted transparent drum, the sort of talking drum. Talking drum? Yes, Mr. Harting. You see that bank of electric cells outside the drum, photoelectric cells? Yes. Well, when we place strips of black paper or tape on the drum and revolve it, the photoelectric beam is broken, and a series of vibrations are transmitted to a speaker for as long a time as the beam set up by the photoelectric cells is broken. See, then theoretically, you can make paper talk without a human voice even being involved in the process. Well, that's just exactly what we've done, Mr. Harting. Look, I'll show you this test pattern we keep having. Yes, please do. First, I'll start the motor that turns the lighted drum. Here we are. You see, the drum revolves, but nothing happens because it's completely transparent. Now, here's the spectrogram reading which we use for laboratory tests. It's a hand-drawn picture of some spoken phrase, right? Right, Mr. Harting. And I'm sure you're familiar with the phrase of the thing. Now, here on this desk, this black tape cut up in odd shapes, it's an enlargement of this spectrogram already prepared in sections for mounting on the drum. I see you can walk. Well, I'll take this first section and mount it on the drum. Now, when I start the drum, listen to what happens when the part with the black tape on it passes over the photoelectric cells. That's remarkable. Wait. I'll mount the rest of this prepared laboratory tape on the drum, and there we are. Now, listen. I had a little laugh. His face was wet as snow. That's astounding, Commander. Do you think that by cutting up the enlarged spectrogram my assistant brings we'll be able to hear exactly what was said on it? I'm sure we will. Of course, the voices won't be recognized. Well, that's not too important if we can only get them... Hey, Honest Harting. The enlarged spectrogram. We had to enlarge it in sections. The roll of paper was so long. What about this, Commander Daggett? Can you work from this? Oh, my assistant, Mr. Peters. Yes, I think so. It'll take time, though. See, I'll have to cut it up and we can only get about 50 or 60 words on the drum at one time. Well, let's start at the beginning and get going. I want to know what those black lines say just as soon as possible. Here we are, Mr. Harting. The first section's all set up and ready to go. Turn it on. And pray that the voice of the murderer is on it. All right, here goes. Oh, good. That's right, Doctor.  Prayers answered. Yes, unless you tell your data to this microphone I set up.   I have no choice. Now, why the dickens doesn't he say the man's name? All right, I'll settle for. Move the mic closer. Blake. Blake. I'll have to cut out more of the spectrogram. All right, Mr. Harting. Chief Blake has a tape recording of that. I know, and we'd better move fast if we want to stop it from getting out of the country. Come on, Peters, let's go. Sergey, this is Blake. I told you, Blake, no more money without results. I've gotten results. What? Yes, they're on their way over to you by messenger now. So? You'll send the money right away. 100,000? When I'm sure I'll get it. You'll send the money right away. 100,000? When I'm satisfied the results are worth it. Well, then satisfy yourself fast because I need the money in a hurry. I'll be waiting to hear from you. Goodbye. Hello? Congratulations, Blake. Sergey, I was just going to call you. It took me some time. Well, do I get the money? It's on its way over to you by messenger now. You will get the remedy value of what you sent. After all, I am not technically qualified to judge what I heard on that tape. So be satisfied with half of the present. Our understanding was... Hold on, Sergey. There's someone at the door. Most likely the messenger with your money. I'll take it and be happy. I'll be in touch with you in the future. Goodbye. Sergey! Sergey! Just a minute. Package for Mr. Blake? Yes, that's me. Sign here. All right. There, and here's a dollar for your trouble. Just one out of the 50,000, Mr. Blake? What? You're not a very generous tipper. What the devil is this? Who are you to? United States counter-spies. It isn't every man we run errands for, Mr. Blake. You should be honored. I don't understand. What's this all about? The tape recording for Mr. Sergey Yacoro. We delivered it. You delivered it? After switching the one you sent for the one we made, especially for the purpose. I don't know what you're talking about. It's no use, Blake. We've known about you since early this morning. The only reason we didn't pick you up sooner is that we wanted to see to whom you dispose of that recording that you forced Dr. Cardhouse to dictate before you killed him. Killed him? That's right, Blake. You see, Mr. Yacoro's government will waste a lot of time trying to make something out of the recording we substituted, a fact which won't make us unhappy. So, Blake... Now, listen. I'll make a deal with you. I didn't kill Dr. Cardhouse, but I'll tell you everything. All about Sergey. He's the one that did the killing. Really? Yes, yes, yes. I swear it. Now, can we make a deal? No, Blake. For two reasons. In the first place, we don't want to arrest Yacoro. Keeping a known foreign agent under observation will give us a lot more leads than we could get out of him in prison. And in the second place, Dr. Cardhouse practically named you his murderer in a spectrogram recording he made. So get your hat and coat and come along, Blake. Well, it doesn't seem to be anything else from each... Look out, Peter. He's got a gun. Come on. Close chief. Yeah. Better call the ambulance, Peter. They can take care of Blake's last errand and see that he's delivered to his final resting place. Prison. Tune in every week. Same time. Same station, too. Counter spy. Listen next week for the exciting case of the smuggled schedule. Next week, we shall reveal for the first time why a certain small package was given one of the biggest guards in counter spy memory and how your counter spies went underground so that the wrong car would lead in the right direction. Listen to the case of the smuggled schedule on Counter Spy. Tonight's counter spy program originated in New York was directed by Marks B Lo, dramatized by Palmer Thompson and featured Don McLaughlin and Mandel Kramer. Lionel Rico speaking. Three chimes mean good times on NBC. Tonight, the big show, Radio's Greatest Spectacle, presents another broadcast in its NBC Sunday Night series. Your hour and a half of comedy, music and drama tonight includes Tallulah Bankhead, Fred Holland, Danny Thomas, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Mindy Carson, and many, many more. Theatre Guild on the air tonight brings you the radio premiere of the hit musical Carousel, starring Patrice Montell and Cornel Wild. Here, Margaret Truman and Doug Fairbanks Jr. on The Big Show today on NBC.


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So this is a 4k sample from the Galaxy Note 4 here in Marrakech. I'm looking for the Berber Market, open on Sundays, selling a bunch of strange stuff. It's going around here. Oh, it's a dead end. How about here? Maybe it's here? Oops. Also a dead end. Oops. What's your name? Oh, she's a man. I was going to say, it's Berber. Oh, I've been there. She's before. So where is the Berber Market? It's a black cat, but there's no Berber Market. Where is the Berber Market? Oh, it's for me, OK. Oh, OK. The Berber Market, do you know where it is? Berber Market? Yeah. Berber Market, with things selling markets and stuff. It's over there? Do you want to see it? OK. OK. I'm going there. OK. So it's down there on the left. So this might be a mosque. A mosque is like a conference center or something. It's going on this corner over there. And I've noticed that the sample length limit on the Galaxy Note 4 is five minutes. So this video is going to end. And YouTube doesn't allow for 4K video editing. If I edit a YouTube editor, it looks like it's just going to make a 1080p video. So this is it for now. This video is about to end. And you're here in Marrakesh, near the Berber Market.


All right. Hi, everyone. I will just skip the introduction because you see my name and you might have seen me before. I would like to start with a bit of a disclaimer. So I will be speaking about a very specific company, which is Intel at this part. This year is not about blaming anyone. It's not about saying or pointing out that something is very, very bad anywhere. This is really just about getting a clue of what we can understand from previous work or what I have personally looked into to understand what the Intel management engine is and what it's doing or what it can do. As I might have some errors in here, there will be a link to my GitHub repository later where you can also find all the slides so you can just file issues or make pull requests, which is even easier. So we'll just start with a hopefully brief introduction this time. I already gave a similar talk at C3 last year, like a month ago, with very bad timing actually. So I'm very sorry for that. I will therefore skip some of the parts ahead and there. Then I will speak about the perspective from the open source side about creating firmware and working with what we already have from vendors. Then I will give you some motivation why you should maybe look into what I looked into. I will start with how it actually started for me. Then I will give you lots of hints of directions where you could go. In the end, I will also come up with a brief conclusion. Hopefully I will make it there. So for the introduction part, you all might have already played around a bit with microcontrollers like the Arduino stuff and everything. And when people ask me about firmware and they want a very brief explanation of what it actually is, well, I point them to that. And I tell them that actually what you have in your laptop today is very much the very same thing as just playing with Arduino, except that you have 20 Arduinos in here. And of course, they all are connected together. So you have these are now 20 or more chips in your laptop. Or also if you work on servers or whatever machines, it's still the very same thing just with some minor differences. There are some components which are actually critical to the entire thing. That starts with what we know sometimes as the Southbridge or more general, the chipset, which kind of connects everything nowadays. Intel calls it the platform controller hub now because that's where all the controllers are coming together. There are two variants actually. So sometimes you have all the CPU cores also in the very same suck. Like in this example here in the picture, sometimes it's two separate chips. I will come to that later. But besides that, there is two things which actually seem like they have a lot of power and probably they shouldn't. So that's why we take a closer look here. One of them is the embedded controller, which on your laptop is for regulating battery management. For example, when you connect your charger, you will see an LED actually light up. And that even works without running an operating system. Why is that? Because there is an embedded controller actually doing that. Of course, you could also do that just in hardware directly. But there is much more to it. And this controller can also be connected to your keyboard and mouse. Sometimes it's even a dedicated chip. It can be connected to your TPM or a fingerprint sensor or whatever and also basically to everything else. There is also related work but more on that later. On servers, you have a very similar thing which is called the BMC, which you can use for power cycling or provisioning from outside. But usually, that's on a different network interface. And then there is something, which is the management engine, which is also kind of similar to that. And that's what we're focusing on today. But first, I would like to give a very, very brief perspective on the open source firmware side of things, starting with the list of projects. So we have projects you already heard about here. There is the Coreboot project, which you can use for initializing your hardware. For example, this laptop here is also running Coreboot now. Like many other devices, you might find at this event. Or people also ask us, and they want a Flash Coreboot on their device. So that can already take control of a lot of the laptop. Then there is the Linux Boot project, which can be used as a payload. We already heard about the HAT project, which is also kind of the Linux Boot approach. So you have a Linux kernel, and then you have some tools which are running on that kernel to then actually kick off your operating system. There is the Euro project, also very similar. It has its own tool, so it's similar in the approach. Then we have fire embedded controllers from Google for all the Chromebooks, open source firmware, actually. And the same thing as currently being done at System76, there are repositories online. You can find them on GitHub. Parts are on gitlab.com. Yeah, you will find it. Actually, the slides are also online, and you can just click through all the links. So all of what I'm listing somewhere is actually links behind it. So yeah, just follow them. For the baseboard management controllers on servers, we also have open source projects. There is OpenBMC and there is UBMC, also very similar actually to the Linux Boot approach. So you also have Linux kernel and just some tools which are then running on that kernel to actually control the system. OK, so let's look at the InterX 86 platforms a bit. So I mentioned sometimes you have everything in one sock. Sometimes you actually have two separate chips. People are, well, if you look back some years ago, we were used to knowing something called a CPU. There is something today which is very, very similar to that, which you can see in this picture. It's called the core processor now. There is slightly more than just a CPU in that. You can also see that it's also connected to other devices like your graphics card, for example. So that's where it's actually doing a bit more than really just processing. So yeah, it has relationships. And this is really just a very, very high level overview. Let's take a closer look at one platform, which is the Denverton platform. That's one of the few images actually where I could find a direct reference to the management engine, which is what we're looking at now. Here in the upper right corner, do I have a cursor here? No? Anyway, so in the upper right corner of this image, you see two engines managed, one of them mentioned. One of them is the management engine. One of them is called innovation engine. So what is it? The management engine, as we know it today, is basically just a microcontroller. So you can imagine something like Arduino. It's an AD51 instruction set. There have been multiple hardware versions over the time. I think this is now currently the third generation. So it's not changing very much. But there is still lots of difference among the implementations around it. It actually started with something that was called the active management technology, and that still exists today. So the first idea was to have something very, very similar to a baseboard management controller, but it's still part of the entire thing. So it's not on a dedicated chip or, well, it's actually integrated into everything. And it doesn't have its own NIC. You can still use the very one NIC, so the network interface controller, that you also use for other services. So sometimes people ask me, hey, what is this management actually? What is the engine? Is it dangerous? Does it really do everything that I heard about? Because there was references about web servers running in there, which is not untrue. And there is rumors about being capable of actually wiping your entire laptop from outside, which is also not completely untrue. So what's actually the case is, there is multiple versions of it for multiple purposes. And if you buy your whatever, ASO laptop or something for a few hundred euros, that's not very likely that you have those features in there, because they are not designed for consumers. More on that later. So now there's a bit more that was actually put in the management engine. And that's why today it's actually called CSME. So CS for Converged Security and Management Engine. I will briefly mention those security features as well. But first, let's look at the innovation engine. I've only found it in this very one picture I just showed you from what I have been told. HP Enterprise is actually using it for some purposes. And it's kind of really just a one-to-one copy of the management engine, which is why I'm mentioning this. So we can just monitor what's happening over time and see if they still exist side by side or if they diverge over time. But yeah, this is where it's starting now. But first, let's look at how the entire platform works together. So I just explained that we have lots of chips in our laptops. And one of them is actually the management engine. So it's actually part of one of your socks. What is it doing? When you power up on your laptop, there is a ROM in that chip. It's usually very, very tiny. And that's also true for many microcontrollers actually. They have something called a mask ROM or a boot ROM. So that's what's running initially. And it's quite common that you then load another image into RAM, which comes from somewhere else, to then keep running and do more things than really just the boot part. That's called RBE here. So RBE is the first phase, which is just after boot up. It's like ROM, boot, extension, or something like that. Then there is BOP, the bring up phase, which is supposed to launch the entire platform. So you should know that the management engine is also connected to all the other parts. We just heard about some core boot information, or also general firmware information for the host, which is also connected to lots of devices that needs to initialize stuff. So it's basically like you have multiple chips and multiple firmware images, which are all doing some initialization here and there. And they do not necessarily know about each other. So that's where sometimes Potentially Box come from. I see some nodding in the room. So yeah, if you keep looking into firmware, you might come across this also. Well, then eventually there is an operating system running in the management engine, but not in every version of the management engine, in some versions of the firmware of the management engine. This is really not necessary, because you don't really need it. For example, I, as a consumer, I don't provision my laptop at home from my whatever server. I just run my one operating system there, and I'm OK with that. It's not like I need to wipe it from outside or have some fresh images coming in. I just take some install medium from a USB stick or something. Well, if all that is done, the CPU research vector is actually triggered from what I know. It can be slightly different on some platforms. Some people thought it might be that the CPU is just on hold all the time and then released at this point. Now the CPU can start. It can load microcode updates, and it can just keep running the entire boot process, like what we know from all the other firmware initialization we just heard about, like what Coreboot is doing or what your vendor's UUFI is doing. And then side by side with that, there is another chip, which is also somewhere integrated, the Power Management Controller. It also gets firmware updates actually from the management engine part from what I looked at. It can be that it also differs a bit on platforms, but yeah, I mean, if you want to look more into it, you might figure out differences. And then there is the embedded controller, which is really just running side by side in a way, but it's also still connected to everything. So you have to also be able to talk to the embedded controller chip. So for example, if you look at the Coreboot project's source code, then you will also find references like, hey, here we're talking to the embedded controller. For example, to read out some sensors, so you know if the laptop is overheating, so maybe you need to scale on the CPU or something like that. All right, and then at some point you come across this. You might find this sticker on your laptop. It says something about Core i7 that sounds like the regular marketing stuff you hear. 9th generation, so a bit like was made in 2018, 17, 19. I don't know which exact year it is. And then there is this thing called vPro. And that's where I came across when I was looking at the management engine stuff. So what is it? It's actually kind of an umbrella marketing term. It does not refer to very specific features, but it may include a lot of features. Part of that is today also the active management technology, which started at some point in time. It can also contain security features. So the problem is just we don't have very much information on that. There is the ARK. It's like an archive on Intel's website, where you can read a lot about CPUs, like what their exact features are, if they have integrated graphics, whatever, and certain features. So not all the CPUs are the same. But when it comes to vPro, it does not speak about support, like hardware support. It speaks about eligibility. So not every chip is actually eligible for this. What does that mean? It does not mean that the hardware is not able to do this. So we had some discussions very recently, actually. So thank you. Now sitting here discovered that this boot guard feature that you might have heard about is actually still usable in some of those chips, which are not officially eligible. OK, so boot guard is one of those security features I just mentioned. It's able to lock your firmware down so that you can only boot images, which they should have certain signatures, checksums, or something like that. So you know what you're booting is actually OK. Usually that comes from your vendor, not from yourself. So you would have to trust your vendor now. There is other features like software guard extensions and the TXT stuff that also nine elements or nine elements cybersecurity is working on. So here's a long list about what all of this management engine technology is actually about. And there's interfaces for it. So you also need to have some part in your firmware and you also have to have some part in your operating system to actually talk to this, right? So that's implemented in the Linux kernel, for example. You can look at the source code. In the firmware, there is something called MEBX. So when you boot your laptop, you may also be allowed to talk to it if you have the corporate version of the management engine. Here's a small timeline. It's not necessarily accurate. But this is what I kind of came up with after I read from Igor Skashinsky. He also spoke a lot about ME and reverse engineering. Yeah, but I recommend looking at this slide in detail when you have some time. Version 12 of the management engine was released quite a while ago. There is some public documentation about it, not very much, but at least some. But recently, well, actually just at Curse Communication Congress, we found a laptop which also has version 14. But that's not in the archives anywhere so far. At least I haven't found anything. So it kind of stops at version 12, which allows you to deactivate this management technology. So that's maybe for corporate versions where you may need to disable this to secure your platforms more. So these are the variants I know so far, which I have found. There's the consumer version, the corporate version. Some people refer to a slim version. I don't really know where it's found. There is a server platform version. And there is now something which we're now looking into, the ignition variant. And that was my motivation to actually look into this whole stuff. So in the ADK2 mailing list, there was something popping up, which is an ignition firmware binary, which well, comes with a brief explanation, which basically says, yeah, this is a very minimal thing. It's designed for this and this chips or platform. So if we now take this and the FSPC firmware support package, which we also heard about, then now we could actually kind of make a full image to have for more for a laptop. Well, without all the reverse engineering, which we might not be allowed to do, but still all the glue code around it and then have some other critical parts actually open source. So let's follow along. Here's the license for it. It explicitly disallows decompilation, disassembly, everything which would give us really a direct clue. So this is also briefly mentioned in some other references, which I put here. Like, for example, the FSPE training, there is a slide saying, well, Intel knows there's lots of firmware engineers out there. It doesn't really directly say that, but it looks like they don't really want to disclose all the information. So as a workaround, they provide the binaries. In the white paper, they are saying that binaries are actually quite good. Because that's kind of the middle ground we can meet, as long as it works as desired, which is not necessarily always the case. So if you work with Coreboot, you might sometimes came across issues somewhere, especially if you don't have much documentation. This is also where Dexter's Law applies. You might have heard about that one, which says that only proprietary vendors actually want proprietary firmware. So I, as a consumer, would never say, hey, I want some software from you, but please make it close for us. Make me never look into it or something. Nobody would ever say that. Let's spot the issue. When we're talking about security, attackers don't play by those rules. So if there is some shady people sitting somewhere in a dark corner, and they want to hack your laptop, they do not care about that. But we're on the other side. We actually want to secure our laptops. And now we have this problem. We can't really look into it very much. So we cannot really investigate our attack model here. But we can take some first steps. There is previous work. There is some analysis tools. There has been some reverse engineering. So I put all the references here. And now we'll tell you a bit about some attacks, which actually resulted from some reverse engineering. So for example, there was the planter vault attack. This is what some shady people in the dark corner could have come up with. Nobody would have noticed because you were never allowed to look into the stuff, right? I think everybody heard about this. If not look into the stuff, it's just planter vault. Search for it, you will find it. Which, well, brings us to this question, can we actually trust the vendors? I have very briefly wanted to come up with something like a definition of trust, which is, well, inherently complicated. I just sum it up. So for me, two kinds of trust. There is something which is actually earned. And there is something called blind trust. So blind trust is basically like the, well, this will be a right model. So my question is always, why do I have to disclose what, like when I bake cookies, I will have to tell you if it contains nuts because some people may be allergic. But if I provide you with hardware, I don't have to disclose anything basically. Yeah. So security actually has many dimensions. We have heard about these security issues. There's something which is called a responsible disclosure and also coordinate disclosure. That's the model that the researchers are using. And also, well, most of the companies are using. So they don't publish information upfront. They will take it offline. They will have their internal discussions at some point. That will be information released, hopefully. Now, inter-researchers actually just wrote about this. They agree that we need common taxonomy to actually talk about those things so that we don't misunderstand each other. This is here my security perspective. Actually, some people also agreed to that, we need to be able to audit our stuff. If we cannot audit something, we cannot trust it. And therefore, no audit, no trust. So here's a brief introduction to firmware analysis. I like to look at firmware this way. It's a bit like emulating firmware, but it's really just reading the raw bytes which you have in your firmware image. You can do this with very nice tools like XSD and less. So that gives you this. This is how the me firmware is actually partitioned. So it's really just very, very simple data structures from all the tools I already mentioned before. You can come to these conclusions. It's really just simple, right? It's really just listings like these regions are here and there. Yeah, there is different sorts of entries in the firmware. You will figure it out if you look further into it. So I'm just listing those here for reference. Unfortunately, I'm almost out of time once again. So I will just skip through some of this stuff. And of course, come talk to me because I'm really interested in exchanging more about this. If you can read x86 instructions, of course, you can just look at the raw bytes because this is not decompiling or disassembly. It's really just reading, right? Yeah, time's up now. So just for a very brief conclusion, all firmware has to be open-sourced for security. That's what I propose. Some people agree. And to fully on your own hardware, we actually have to do something about this. Here's lots of projects where we have open-sourced stuff. And that's where I'm ending here. I would like to actually thank all those projects which are also present here and also my hackerspaces. Unfortunately, there is no time for questions. So this slide is for people watching the recording so you have the reference. Thank you.