Chapter 10 Part 2 of Through the Brazilian Wilderness. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Kalinda. Through the Brazilian Wilderness by Theodore Roosevelt. Chapter 10. To the Amazon and Home. Zoological and Geographical Results of the Expedition. Early the following afternoon, our whole party, together with Sr. Caripe, started on the steamer. It took us a little over twelve hours swift steaming to run down to the mouth of the river on the upper course of which our progress had been so slow and painful. From source to mouth, according to our itinerary, and to Lyra's calculations, the course of the stream down which we had thus come was about fifteen hundred kilometers in length. About nine hundred miles, perhaps nearly one thousand miles, from its source near the thirteenth degree in the highlands to its mouth in the Madeira, near the fifth degree. Next morning we were on the broad sluggish current of the lower Madeira, a beautiful tropical river. There were heavy rainstorms as usual, although this is supposed to be the very end of the rainy season. In the afternoon we finally entered the wonderful Amazon itself, the mighty river which contains one-tenth of all the running water of the globe. It was miles across where we entered it, and indeed we could not tell whether the farther bank which we saw was that of the mainland or an island. We went up it until about midnight, and then steamed up the Rio Negro for a short distance, and at one in the morning of April thirtieth reached Manaus. Manaus is a remarkable city. It is only three degrees south of the equator. Sixty years ago it was a nameless little collection of hovels tenanted by a few Indians and a few of the poorest class of Brazilian peasants. Now it is a big handsome modern city with opera house, tramways, good hotels, fine squares and public buildings, and attractive private houses. The brilliant coloring and odd architecture give the place a very foreign and attractive flavor in northern eyes. Its rapid growth to prosperity was due to the rubber trade. This is now far less remunerative than formerly. It will undoubtedly in some degree recover, and in any event, the development of the immensely rich and fertile Amazonian valley is sure to go on, and it will be immensely quickened when closer connections are made with the Brazilian highland country lying south of it. Here we found Miller, and glad indeed we were to see him. He had made good collections of mammals and birds on the Guiparana, the Madeira, and in the neighborhood of Manaus. His entire collection of mammals was really noteworthy. Among them was the only sloth any of us had seen on the trip. The most interesting of the birds he had seen was the Hoetsin. This is the most curious bird of a very archaic type. Its flight is feeble, and the naked young have spurs on their wings by the help of which they crawl actively among the branches before their feathers grow. They swim no less easily at the same early age. Miller got one or two nests and preserved specimens of the surroundings of the nests, and he made exhaustive records of the habits of the birds. Near Magasso, a jaguar had killed one of the bullocks that were being driven along for food. The big cat had not seized the ox with its claws by the head, but had torn open its throat and neck. Everyone was most courteous at Manaus, especially the governor of the state and the mayor of the city. Mr. Robillard, the British consular representative and also the representative of the Booth line of steamers was particularly kind. He secured for us passage on one of the cargo boats of the line to Para, and thence on one of the regular cargo and passenger steamers to Barbados and New York. The Booth people were most courteous to us. I said goodbye to the camaradas with real friendship and regret. The parting gift I gave to each was in gold sovereigns, and I was rather touched to learn later that they had agreed among themselves each to keep one sovereign as a medal of honor and token that the owner had been on the trip. They were fine, set, brave, patient, obedient and enduring. Now they had forgotten their hard times. They were fat from eating at leisure all they wished. They were to see Rio de Janeiro always an object of ambition with men of their stamp, and they were very proud of their membership in the expedition. Later, at Belen, I said goodbye to Colonel Rondon, Dr. Cayesera and Lieutenant Lyra. Together with my admiration for their hardyhood, courage and resolution, I had grown to feel a strong and affectionate friendship for them. I had become very fond of them, and I was glad to feel that I had been their companion in the performance of a feat which possessed a certain lasting importance. On May 1st we left Manaus for Belen Para, as until recently it was called. The trip was interesting. We steamed down through tempests and sunshine, and the towering forest was dwarfed by the giant river it fringed. Sunrise and sunset turned the sky to an unearthly flame of many colors above the vast water. It all seemed the embodiment of loneliness and wild majesty. Yet everywhere, man was conquering the loneliness and resting the majesty to his own uses. We passed many thriving growing towns, at one we stopped to take on cargo. Everywhere there was growth and development. The change since the days when Bates and Wallace came to this then poor and utterly primitive region is marvelous. One of its accompaniments has been a large European, chiefly South European, immigration. The blood is everywhere mixed, and there is no color line, as in most English-speaking countries, and the Negro and Indian strains are very strong. But the dominant blood, the blood already dominant in quantity, and that is steadily increasing in dominance, is the olive white. Only rarely did the river show its full width. Generally we were in channels or among islands. The surface of the water was dotted with little islands of floating vegetation. Miller said that much of this came from the lagoons, such as those where he had been hunting besides the solimons. Lagoons filled with the huge and splendid Victoria Lily, and with masses of water hyacinths. Miller, who was very fond of animals and always took much care of them, had a small collection which he was bringing back for the Bronx Zoo. And Agouti was so bad tempered that he had to be kept solitary. But three monkeys, big, middle-sized and little, and a young peccary, formed a happy family. The largest monkey cried, shedding real tears when taken in the arms and pitied.  The little monkey invariably rode on its back, and the peccary used it as a head pillow when it felt sleepy. Belen, the capital of the state of Para, was an admirable illustration of the genuine and almost startling progress which Brazil has been making of recent years. It is a beautiful city, nearly under the equator. But it is not merely beautiful. The docks, the dredging operations, the warehouses, the stores and shops all tell of energy and success in commercial life. It is as clean, healthy and well-policed a city as any of the size in the north temperate zone. The public buildings are handsome, the private dwellings attractive. There are a fine opera house, an excellent tramway system, and a good museum and botanical gardens. There are cavalry stables where lights burn all night long to protect the horses from the vampire bats. The parks, the rows of palms and mango trees, the open-air restaurants, the gay life under the lights at night, all give the city its own special quality and charm. Belen and Manaus are very striking examples of what can be done in the mid-tropics. The governor of Para and his charming wife were more than kind. Cherry and Miller spent the day at the really capital zoological garden with the curator Miss Sneth Lager. Miss Sneth Lager, a German lady, is a first-rate field and closet naturalist and an explorer of note who has gone on foot from the Zhingu to the Tapahos. Most wisely, she has confined the Belenzu to the animals of the lower Amazon Valley and, in consequence, I know of no better local zoological gardens. She has an invaluable collection of birds and mammals of the region and it was a privilege to meet her and talk with her. We also met Professor Faribi of the University of Pennsylvania, the ethnologist. He had just finished a very difficult and important trip from Manaus by the Rio Branco to the highlands of Guiana, across the Monfoot and down to the sea coast of British Guiana. He is an admirable representative of the men who are now opening South America to scientific knowledge. On May 7th, we bid goodbye to our kind Brazilian friends and sailed northward from Barbados and New York. Zoologically, the trip had been a thorough success. Cherry and Miller had collected over 2,500 birds, about 500 mammals and a few reptiles, batrachians and fishes. Many of them were new to science for much of the region traversed had never previously been worked by any scientific collector. Of course, the most important work we did was the geographic work, the exploration of the unknown river, undertaken at the suggestion of the Brazilian government and in conjunction with its representatives. No piece of work of this kind is ever achieved, save as it is based on long-continued previous work. As I have before said, what we did was to put the cap on the pyramid that had been built by Colonel Rondon and his associates of the Telegraphic Commission during the six previous years. It was their scientific exploration of the Chapadao, their mapping the basin of the Uruguania and their descent of the Guiparana that rendered it possible for us to solve the mystery of the River of Doubt. The work of the Commission, much the greatest work of the kind ever done in South America, is one of the many, many achievements which the Republican government of Brazil has to its credit. Brazil has been blessed beyond the average of her Spanish-American sisters because she won her way to republicanism by evolution, rather than revolution. They plunged into the extremely difficult experiment of democratic, of popular self-government, after enduring the atrophy of every quality of self-control, self-reliance and initiative throughout three withering centuries of existence under the worst and most foolish form of colonial government, both from the civil and the religious standpoint that has ever existed. The marvel is not that some of them failed, but that some of them have eventually succeeded in such striking fashion. Brazil, on the contrary, when she achieved independence, first exercised it under the form of an authoritative empire, then under the form of a liberal empire. When the Republic came, the people were reasonably ripe for it. The great progress of Brazil, and it has been an astonishing progress, has been made under the Republic. I could give innumerable examples and illustrations of this. The change that has converted Rio de Janeiro from a picturesque pest-hole into a singularly beautiful, healthy, clean and efficient modern great city is one of these. Another is the work of the Telegraphic Commission. We put upon the map a river some 1,500 kilometers in length, of which the upper course was not merely utterly unknown to, but unguessed at by anybody, while the lower course, although known for years to a few rubbermen, was utterly unknown to cartographers. It is the chief affluent of the Madeira, which is itself the chief affluent of the Amazon. The source of this river is between the 12th and 13th parallels of the latitude south and the 59th and 60th degrees of longitude west from Greenwich. We embarked on it at about latitude 12 degrees one minute south and about longitude 60 degrees 15 minutes west. After that its entire course lay between the 60th and 61st degrees of longitude, approaching the ladder most closely about latitude 8 degrees 15 minutes. The first rapids we encountered were in latitude 11 degrees 44 minutes, and in uninterrupted succession they continued for about a degree without a day's complete journey between any two of them. At 11 degrees 23 minutes, the Rio Kermit entered from the left. At 11 degrees 22 minutes, the Rio Marciano Avila from the right. At 11 degrees 18 minutes, the Taune from the left. At 10 degrees 58 minutes, the Cardozo from the right. In 10 degrees 24 minutes, we encountered the first rubbermen. The Rio Branco entered from the left at 9 degrees 38 minutes. Our camp at 8 degrees 49 minutes was nearly on the boundary between Mato Grosso and Amazonas. The confluence with the Arapuanan, which joined from the right, took place at 7 degrees 34 minutes. The entrance into the Madera was at about 5 degrees 20 minutes. This point we did not determine by observation as it is already on the maps. The stream we had followed down was from the river's highest sources. We had followed its longest course. End of chapter 10. Recording by Kalinda in Lüneburg, Germany February 22, 2009 Portions of South America are now entering on a career of great social and industrial development. Much remains to be known so far as the outside world is concerned, of the social and industrial condition in the long-settled interior regions. More remains to be done in the way of pioneer exploring and of scientific work in the great stretches of virgin wilderness. The only two other continents where such work of like volume and value to be done are Africa and Asia. And neither Africa nor Asia offers a more inviting field for the best kind of field worker in geographical exploration and in zoological, geological, and paleontological investigation. The explorer is merely the most adventurous kind of field geographer. And there are two or three points worth keeping in mind in dealing with the South American work of the field geographer and field zoologist. Roughly the travellers who now visit, like those who for the past century have visited, South America, come in three categories, although of course these categories are not divided by hard and fast lines. First there are the travellers who skirt the continent in comfortable steamers, going from one great seaport to another, and occasionally taking a short railway journey to some big interior city not too far from the coast. This is a trip well worth taking by all intelligent men and women who can afford it, and it is being taken by such men and women with increasing frequency. It entails no more difficulty than a similar trip to the Mediterranean. Then such a trip which to a learned and broad-minded observer offers the same chance for acquiring knowledge. And if he is himself gifted with wisdom, the same chance of imparting his knowledge to others that is offered by a trip of similar length through the larger cities of Europe or the United States. Probably the best instance of the excellent use to which such an observer can put his experience is afforded by the volume of Mr. Bryce. Of course such a trip represents travelling of essentially the same kind as travelling by railroad from Atlanta to Calgary or from Madrid to Moscow. Next there are the travellers who visit the long-settled districts and colonial cities of the interior, travelling over land or river highways which have been traversed for centuries, but which are still primitive as regards the inns and the modes of conveyance. Such travelling is difficult in the sense that travelling in parts of Spain or southern Italy or the Balkan states is difficult. Men and women who have a taste for travel in out-of-way places and who therefore do not mind slight discomforts and inconveniences have the chance themselves to enjoy and to make others profit by travels of this kind in South America. In economic, social and political matters the studies and observations of these travellers are essential in order to supplement and sometimes to correct those of travellers of the first category, for it is not safe to generalise over much about any country merely from a visit to its capital These travellers of the second category can give us most interesting and valuable information about quaint little belated cities, about backward country folk, kindly or the reverse, who show a mixture of the ideas of savagery with the ideas of an ancient peasantry and about rough old highways of travel which in comfort do not differ much from those of medieval Europe. The travellers who go up or down the highway rivers that have been travelled for from one to four hundred years rivers like the Paraguay and the Paraná the Amazon, the Tapajós, the Madeira the Lower Orinoco come in this category they can add little to our geographical knowledge but if they are competent zoologists or archaeologists especially if they live or sojourn long in a locality their work may be invaluable from the scientific standpoint The work of the archaeologists among the immeasurably ancient ruins of the lowland forests and the Andean plateau is of this kind What Agacy did for the fishes of the Amazon and what Hudson did for the birds of the Argentine are other instances of the work that can thus be done Burton's writings on the interior of Brazil offer an excellent instance of the value of a sojourn or trip of this type even without any a special scientific object Of course travellers of this kind need to remember that their experiences in themselves do not qualify them to speak as wilderness explorers exactly as a good archaeologist may not be competent to speak of current social or political problems so a man who has done capital work as a tourist observer in little visited cities and along remote highways must be aware of regarding himself as being thereby rendered fit for genuine wilderness work or competent to pass judgment on the men who do such work To cross the Andes on muleback along the regular routes is a feat comparable to the feats of the energetic tourists who by thousands traverse the mule trails in out-of-the-way nooks of Switzerland An ordinary trip on the highway portions of the Amazon, Paraguay or Orinoco in itself no more qualifies a man to speak of or to take part in exploring unknown South American rivers than a trip on the lower St. Lawrence qualifies a man to regard himself as an expert in a canoe voyage across Labrador or the barren grounds west of Hudson Bay A hundred years ago, even seventy or eighty years ago before the age of steamboats and railroads it was more difficult than at present to define the limits between this class and the next and moreover in defining these limits I emphatically disclaim any intention of thereby attempting to establish a single standard of value for books of travel Darwin's voyage of the Beagle is to me the best book of the kind ever written it is one of those classics which decline to go into artificial categories and which stand by themselves yet Darwin, with his usual modesty, spoke of it as in effect a yachting voyage Humboldt's work had a profound effect on the thought of the civilized world his trip was one of adventure and danger and yet it can hardly be called exploration proper he visited places which had been settled and inhabited for centuries and traversed places which had been traveled by civilized men for years before he followed in their footsteps but these places were in Spanish colonies and access to them had been forbidden by the mischievous and intolerant tyranny ecclesiastical, political, and economic which then rendered Spain the most backward of European nations and Humboldt was the first scientific man of intellectual independence who had permission to visit them to this day many of his scientific observations are of real value Bates came to the Amazon just before the era of Amazonian steamboats he never went off the native routes of ordinary travel but he was a devoted and able naturalist he lived an exceedingly isolated primitive and laborious life for eleven years now half a century after it was written his naturalist on the Amazon is as interesting and valuable as it ever was and no book since written has in any way supplanted it travel of the third category includes the work of the true wilderness explorers who add to our sum of geographical knowledge and of the scientific men who, following their several bends also work in the untrodden wilds Colonel Rondon and his associates have done much in the geographical exploration of unknown country and Cherry and Miller have penetrated and lived for months and years in the wastes on their own resources as incidents to their mammalogical and ornithological work Professor Farrabee, the anthropologist is a capital example of the man who does this hard and valuable type of work an immense amount of this true wilderness work geographical and zoological remains to be done in South America it can be accomplished with reasonable thoroughness only by the efforts of very many different workers each in his own special field it is desirable that here and there a part of the work should be done in outline by such a geographic and zoological reconnaissance as ours we would, for example, be very grateful for such work in portions of the interior of the Guiana's on the headwaters of the Jingu and here and there along the eastern base of the Andes but as a rule the work must be specialised and in its final shape it must be specialised everywhere the first geographical explorers of the untrodden wilderness the first wanderers who penetrate the wastes where they are confronted with starvation, disease and danger and death in every form cannot take with them the elaborate equipment necessary in order to do the thorough scientific work demanded by modern scientific requirements this is true even of exploration done along the courses of unknown rivers it is more true of the exploration which must in South America become increasingly necessary done across country, away from the rivers the scientific work proper of these early explorers must be of a somewhat preliminary nature in other words the most difficult and therefore ordinarily the most important pieces of first-hand exploration are precisely those where the scientific work of the accompanying cartographer, geologist, botanist and zoologist must be furthest removed from finality the zoologist who works to most advantage in the wilderness must take his time and therefore he must normally follow in the footsteps of and not accompany the first explorers the man who wishes to do the best scientific work in the wilderness must not try to combine incompatible types of work nor to cover too much ground in too short a time there is no better example of the kind of zoologist who does first-class fieldwork in the wilderness than John D. Haysman who spent from 1907 to 1910 in painstaking and thorough scientific investigation over a large extent of South American territory hitherto only partially known or quite unexplored Haysman's primary object was to study the characteristics and distribution of South American fishes but as a matter of fact he studied at first hand many other more or less kindred subjects as may be seen in his remarks on the Indians and in his excellent pamphlet on some factors of geographical distribution in South America Haysman made his long journey with a very slender equipment his extraordinarily successful fieldwork being due to his bodily health and vigour and his resourcefulness, self-reliance and resolution his writings are rendered valuable by his accuracy and common sense the need of the former of these two attributes will be appreciated by whoever has studied the really scandalous fictions which have been published as genuine by some modern explorers and adventurers in South America and the need of the latter by whoever has studied some of the wild theories propounded in the name of science concerning the history of life on the South American continent there is however one serious criticism to be made on Haysman the extreme obscurity of his style an obscurity mixed with occasional bits of scientific pedantry which makes it difficult to tell whether or not on some points his thought is obscure also modern scientists like modern historians and above all scientific and historical educators should ever keep in mind that clearness of speech and writing is essential to clearness of thought and that a simple, clear and if possible vivid style is vital to the production of the best work in either science or history Darwin and Huxley are classics and they would not have been if they had not written good English the thought is essential but ability to give it clear expression is only less essential ability to write well if the writer has nothing to write about entitles him to mere derision but the greatest thought is robbed of an immense proportion of its value if expressed in a mean or obscure manner Mr. Haysman has such excellent thought that it is a pity to make it a work of irritating labour to find out just what the thought is surely if he will take as much pains with his writing as he has with the far more difficult business of exploring and collecting he will become able to express his thought clearly and forcefully at least he can, if he chooses, go over his sentences until he is reasonably sure that they can be parsed he can take pains to see that his whole thought is expressed instead of leaving vacancies which must be filled by the puzzled and groping reader his own views and his quotations from the views of others about the static and dynamic theories of distribution are examples of an important principle so imperfectly expressed as to make us doubtful whether it is perfectly apprehended by the writer he can avoid the use of those pedantic terms which are really nothing but offensive and fortunately ephemeral scientific slang there has been, for instance, a recent vogue for the extensive misuse usually tautological misuse of the word complexus an excellent word if used rarely and for definite purposes Mr. Hasteman drags it in continually when its use is either pointless and redundant or else serves purely to darken wisdom he speaks of the Antillian complex when he means the Antilles of the organic complex instead of the characteristic or bodily characteristics of an animal or species and of the environmental complex when he means nothing whatever but the environment in short Mr. Hasteman and those whose bad examples he in this instance follows use complexus in much the same spirit as that displayed by the famous old lady who derived religious instead of scientific consolation from the use of the blessed word Mesopotamia the reason that it is worthwhile to enter this protest against Mr. Hasteman's style is because his work is of such real and marked value the pamphlet on the distribution of South American species shows that to exceptional ability as a field worker he adds a rare power to draw with both caution and originality the necessary general conclusions from the results of his own observations and from the recorded studies of other men and there is nothing more needed at the present moment among our scientific men in the development of a school of men who while industrious and minute observers and collectors and cautious generalizers yet do not permit the faculty of wise generalization to be atrophied by excessive devotion to labyrinthine detail Hasteman upholds with strong reasoning the theory that since the appearance of all but the lowest forms of life on this globe there have always been three great continental masses sometimes solid sometimes broken extending southward from the northern hemisphere and from time to time connected in the north but not in the middle regions or in the south since the Carboniferous epoch he holds that life has been intermittently distributed southward along these continental masses when there were no breaks in their southward connection and intermittently exchanged between them when they were connected in the north and he also upholds the view that from a common ancestral form the same species has been often developed in entirely disconnected localities when in these localities the conditions of environment were the same the opposite view is that there have been frequent connections between the great land masses alike in the tropics in the south temperate zone and in the Antarctic region the upholders of this theory base it almost exclusively on the distribution of living and fossil forms of life that is it is based almost exclusively on biological and not geological considerations unquestionably the distribution of many forms of life past and present offers problems which with our present paleontological knowledge we are wholly unable to solve if we consider only the biological facts concerning some one group of animals it is not only easy but inevitable to conclude that its distribution must be accounted for by the existence of some former direct land bridge extending for instance between Patagonia and Australia or between Brazil and South Africa or between the West Indies and the Mediterranean or between a part of the Andean region and Northeastern Asia the trouble is that as more groups of animals are studied from the standpoint of this hypothesis the number of such land bridges demanded to account for the existing facts of animal distribution is constantly and indefinitely extended a recent book by one of the most learned advocates of this hypothesis calls for at least ten such land bridges between South America and all the other continents present and past of the world since a period geologically not very remote these land bridges moreover must many of them have been literally bridges long narrow tongues of land thrust in every direction across the broad oceans according to this view the continental land masses have been in a fairly fluid condition of instability by parity of reasoning the land bridges could be made a hundred instead of merely ten in number the facts of distribution are in many cases inexplicable with our present knowledge yet if the existence of widely separated but closely allied forms is habitually to be explained in accordance with the views of the extremists of this school we could from the exclusive study of certain groups of animals conclude that at different periods the United States and almost every other portion of the earth were connected by land and severed from all other regions by water and from the study of certain other groups of animals arrive at directly opposite and incompatible conclusions the most brilliant and unsafe exponent of this school was Amagino who possessed and abused two gifts both essential to the highest type of scientist and both mischievous unless this scientist possess a rare and accurate habit of thought joined to industry and mastery of detail namely the gift of clear and interesting writing and the gift of generalization Amagino rendered marked services to paleontology he generalized with complete recklessness from the slenderest data and even these data he often completely misunderstood or misinterpreted his favorite thesis included the origin of mammalian life and of man himself in southernmost South America with as incidents the belief that the mammalian bearing strata of South America were of much greater age than the strata with corresponding remains elsewhere that in South America various species and genera of men existed in tertiary times some of them at least as advanced as fairly well advanced modern savages that there exist various land bridges between South America and other southern continents including Africa and that the ancestral types of modern mammals and of man himself wandered across one of these bridges to the old world and that thence their remote descendants after ages of time returned to the new in addition to valuable investigations of fossil bearing beds in the Argentine he made some excellent general suggestions such as that the Pythagoid apes like the baboons do not stand in the line of man's ancestral stem but represent a divergence from it away from humanity and toward a retrogressive bestialization but of his main thesis he proves none and what evidence we have tells against them at the museum of La Plata I found that the authorities were practically a unit in regarding his remains of tertiary men and proto men as being either the remains of tertiary American monkeys or of American Indians from strata that were long post-tertiary the extraordinary discovery due to that eminent scientist and public servant Dr. Moreno of the remains of man associated with the remains of the great extinct South American fauna of the Maloden of a giant ungulette of a huge cat like the lion and of an extraordinary aberrant horse of a wholly different genus from the modern horse conclusively shows that in its later stages the South American fauna consisted largely of types that elsewhere had already disappeared and that these types persisted into what was geologically a very recent period only some tens of thousands of years ago when savage man of practically a modern type had already appeared in South America the evidence we have so far as it goes tends to show that the South American fauna always has been more archaic in type than the archtigial fauna of the same chronological level to loose generalizations and to elaborate misinterpretations of paleontological records the kind of work done by Mr. Haysman furnishes an invaluable anti-scorbutic to my mind he has established a stronger presumption in favor of the theory he champions than has been established in favor of the theories of any of the learned and able scientific men from whose conclusions he descends further research careful accurate and long extended can alone enable us to decide definitely in the matter and this research to be effective must be undertaken by many men each of whom shall enlarge measure possess Mr. Haysman's exceptional power of laborious work both in the field and in the study his insight and accuracy of observation and his determination to follow truth with inflexible rectitude wherever it may lead one of the greatest among the many great qualities which lifted Huxley and Darwin above their fellows End of Appendix A Appendix B Part 1 of Through the Brazilian Wilderness This is a LibraBox recording. All LibraBox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibraBox.org Recording by Sam Elmiff Through the Brazilian Wilderness by Theodore Roosevelt Appendix B the outfit for traveling in the South American Wilderness Part 1 South America includes so many kinds of country that it is impossible to advise a scheme of equipment which shall suit all A hunting trip in the Pantanal's in the swamp country of the Upper Paraguay offers a simple problem An exploring trip through an unknown tropical forest region even if the work is chiefly done by the river offers a very difficult problem. All that I can pretend to do is to give a few hints as the results of our own experience For bedding there should be a hammock, mosquito net and light blanket. These can be obtained in Brazil For tent a light fly is ample. Hours were brought with us from New York. In exploring only the open fly should be taken but on trips where weight of luggage is no objection there can be walls to the tent and even a canvas forecloth Camp chairs and a camp table should be brought. Any good outfitter in the United States will supply them and not thrown away until it becomes imperative to cut everything down On a river trip first class pulleys and ropes preferably steel and at any rate very strong should be taken Unless the difficulties of transportation are insuperable canvas and cement canoes such as can be obtained from various firms in Canada and the United States should by all means be taken. They are incomparably superior to the dugouts but on different rivers holy different canoes of holy different sizes will be needed On some steam or electric launches may be used. It is not possible to lay down a general rule As regards arms a good plain 12-4 shotgun with a 30-30 rifle barrel underneath the others is the best weapon to have constantly in one's hands in the South American forests where big game is rare and yet may at any time come in one's path when specially hunting the Jaguar, Marshdeer, Taipa, or Big Piccari an ordinary light repeating rifle the 30-30, 30-40, or 256 is preferable no heavy rifle is necessary for South America. 10 boxes or trunks are the best in which to carry one spare things a good medicine chest is indispensable nowadays doctors know so much tropical diseases that there is no difficulty in fitting one out it is better not to make the trip at all than to fail to take an ample supply of quinine pills cholera pills and cathartic pills come next in importance in liquid shape there should be a serum to inject for the stoppage of amoebic dysentery and anti-snake venom serum flydope should be taken in quantities for clothing Kermit and I used what was left over from our African trip sun helmets are the best in the open, slouch hats are infinitely preferable in the woods there should be hobnailed shoes the nails many and small not few and large and also moccasins or rubber sold shoes and light flexible leggings taste differ in socks I like mine of thick wool a khaki colored shirt should be worn or as a better substitute a khaki jacket with many pockets very light underclothes are good if one's knees and legs are uncomfortably tender knickerbockers with long stockings and leggings should be worn ordinary trousers tend to bind the knee better still if one's legs will stand the exposure or shorts not coming down to the knee a kilt would probably be best of all Kermit wore shorts in the brazilian forest and he had already worn them in africa and mexico and in the new brunswick woods some of the best modern hunters always wear shorts as for example that first class sportsman the duke of alva mr fiala after the experience of his trip down to the papagayo the george weyna in the tapajos gives his judgment about equipment and provisions as follows the history of south american exploration has been full of the losses of canoes and cargos and lives the native canoe made from the single trunk of a forest giant is the craft that has been used it is durable and a floss can be readily replaced from the forest by good men with axes and adzes but because of its great weight and low free board it is unsuitable as a freight carrier and by reason of the limitations of its construction is not of the correct form to successfully run the rapid and bad waters of many of the south american rivers the north american indian has undoubtedly developed a vastly superior craft in the birch bark canoe and with it will run rapids that a south american indian with his log canoe would not think of attempting though as a general thing the south american indian is a wonderful waterman the equal and in some ways the superior of his northern contemporary at the many carries or portages at the light birch bark canoe or its modern representative the canvas covered canoe can be picked up bodily and carried by from two to four men for several miles if necessary while the log canoe has to be hauled by ropes and backbreaking labor over rollers that have first to be cut from trees in the forest or at great risk let along the edge of the rapids with ropes and hooks and poles men often up to their shoulders in the rushing waters guiding the craft to a place of safety the native canoe is so long and heavy that it is difficult to navigate without some bumps on the rocks in fact it is usually dragged over the rocks in the shallow water near the shore in preference to taking the risk of a plunge through the rushing volume of deeper water for reasons stated above the north american canoe can be turned with greater facility in critical moments in bad water many a time I heard my steersman explain with delight as we took a difficult passage between two rocks with our loaded canadian canoe in making the same passage the dugout would go sideways towards the rapid until by supreme effort by her three powerful paddlers and steersmen would write her just in time the native canoe would ship great quantities of water in the places the canadian canoe came through without taking any water on board we did bump a few rocks under the water but the canoe was so elastic that no damage was done over 19 foot canvas covered freight canoe a type especially built for the purpose on deep full lines with high free board about 160 pounds and would carry a ton of cargo with ease and also take it safely where the same cargo distributed among two or three native 30 or 35 foot canoes would be lost the native canoes way from about 900 to 2500 pounds and more in view of the above facts the explorer traveler is advised to take with them the north american canoe if he intends serious work two canoes would be a good arrangement for from five to seven men with at least one steersman and two paddlers to each canoe the canoes can be purchased in two sizes and nested for transportation an arrangement which would save considerable expense and freight bills at least six paddles should be packed with each boat in length four and one half four and three fourths and five feet other paddles from six and one half feet to eight and one half feet should be provided for steering oars the native paddler after he has used the light canadian paddle prefers it to the best native make my own paddlers lost or broke all of their own paddles so as to get the north american ones which they marked with their initials and used most carefully to each canoe it would be well to have two copper air tanks one four one aft a hand hole in each with a tight water screw cover on hatch in these tanks could be kept a small supply of matches the chronometer or watch which is used for position and the scientific records and diary of course the fact should be kept in mind that these are air tanks not to be used so as to appreciably diminish their buoyancy each canoe should also carry a small repair kit attached to one of the thwarts containing cement a piece of canvas same as cover of canoe copper tax rivets and some galvanized nails a good hatchet and hammer a small can of canoe paint spar varnish and copper paint for worn places would be a protection against termites and torrential downpours in concluding the subject of canoes we must state that the traveler in South America will find no difficulty in disposing of his craft at the end of his trip motors we had with us a three and one half horsepower motor which could be attached to stern or gun whale of canoe or boat it was made by the evanrude motor company who had a magneto placed in the flywheel of the engine so that we never had to resort to the battery to run the motor so the motor was left out in the rain and sun often without a cover by careless native help it never failed us we found it particularly valuable in going against the strong current of the seppo tubo river where several all night trips were made upstream the motor attached to a heavy boat for exploration upstream it would be valuable particularly as it is easily portable weighing for the two horse power motor 50 pounds for three and one half horse power 100 pounds if a carburetor could be attached so that kerosene could be used it would add to its value many times for kerosene can be purchased almost anywhere in South America tents there is nothing better for material than the light waterproof sea island cotton of American manufacturer made under the trade name of waterproof silk it keeps out the heaviest rain and is very light canvas becomes water soaked and craven added material lets the water through a waterproof canvas floor is a luxury and though it adds to the weight it may with advantage be taken on ordinary trips the tent should be 8 by 8 or 8 by 9 feet large enough to swing a comfortable hammock a waterproof canvas bag a loose fitting envelope for the tent should be provided native help is, as a rule, careless and the bag would save wear and tear hammocks the hammock is a South American bed and the traveler will find it exceedingly comfortable after leaving the larger cities and settlements a bed is a rare object all the houses are provided with extra hammock hooks the traveler will be entertained hospitably and after dinner will be given two hooks upon which to hang his hammock for he will be expected to have his hammock and an insect time his net if he has nothing else as a rule a native hammock and net can be procured in the field but it is best to take a comfortable one along arranged with a fine meshed net in regard to the folding cot it is heavy and its numerous legs form a sort of high waist system over which all sorts of insects can crawl up to the sleeper the ants are special pests and some of them can bite with enthusiastic vigor of beasts many times their size the canvas floor in the tent obviates to a degree the insect annoyance the headwaters of the rivers are usually reached by pack trains of mules and oxen the primitive ox cart also comes in where the trail is not too bad 160 to 180 pounds is a good load for pack animals and none of the cases should weigh more than 50 or 60 pounds each case should be marked with its contents and gross and net weight in kilos for personal baggage the light fiber sample case used by traveling men in the United States does admirably the regulation fiber case with its metal binding sold for the purpose is too heavy and has the bad feature of swelling up under the influence of rain and dampness often necessitating the use of an axe or heavy hammer to remove cover the ordinary fiber trunk is good for rail and steamer travel but it is absolutely unpractical for muleback or canoe the fiber sample case could be developed into a container literally fitted for exploration the fiber should be soaked in hot paraffin and in hot calendered or hot pressed this case could then be covered with waterproof canvas with throat opening like a duffle bag the waterproof duffle bags usually sold are too tight in texture and wear through a heavier grade should be used the small duffle bag is very convenient for hammock and clothing generally the thing wanted will be at the bottom of the bag we took with us a number of small cotton bags as cotton is very absorbent I had them paraffin each bag was tagged and all were placed in a large duffle bag the light fiber case described above made just the right size for mulepack divided by partitions and covered with a duffle bag would prove a great convenience the light steel boxes made in England for travelers in India and Africa would prove of value in South American exploration they have the advantage of being insect and waterproof and the disadvantage of being expensive it would be well if the traveler measured each case for personal equipment and computed the limit of weight that it would carry and still fill out by careful distribution of light and heavy articles in the different containers he could be sure of his belongings floating if accidentally thrown into the water it is not always possible to get comfortable native saddles they are all constructed on heavy lines with thick padding which becomes water soaked in the rainy season a United States military saddle with a Whitman or McClelland tree would be a positive luxury neither of them is padded so would be the correct thing for all kinds of weather the Regulation Army Saddle Blanket is also advised as a protection for the mules back the mule at ear should wash the saddle blanket often for a long mule back trip through a game country it would be well to have a carbine boot on the saddle, United States Army and saddle bags with canteen and cup in a large pack train much time and labor are lost every morning collecting the mules which strayed while grazing it would pay in the long run to feed a little corn at a certain hour every morning in camp always ringing a bell or blowing a horn at the time the mules would get accustomed to receiving the feed and would come to camp for it at the signal all the rope that came to my attention in South America was three strand hemp hard material, good for standing rigging but not good for tackle or for use aboard canoes a four ply bolt rope of Best Manila made in New Bedford, Massachusetts should be taken it is the finest and most pliable line in the world as any old whaler will tell you get a sailor from the old school to relay the coils before you go into the field so that the rope will be ready for use 1.8 to 7.8 inch diameter is large enough a few balls of marline come in conveniently as also does heavy linen fish line a small sized duffel bag should be provided for each of the men as a container for hammock and net spare clothing and a mess kit a small waterproof pouch or bag should be furnished also for matches, tobacco, etc. the men should be limited to one duffel bag each these bags should be numbered consecutively in fact, every piece in the entire equipment should be thus numbered and a list kept in detail in a book the explorer should personally see that each of his men has a hammock, net, and poncho for the native, if left unsupervised will go into the field with only the clothing he has on food though South America is rich in food and food possibilities she has not solved the problem of living economically on her frontiers the prices asked for food in the rubber districts from past through were amazing five mill race one dollar and fifty cents was cheap for chicken an egg set five hundred race fifteen cents a piece were a rarity sugar was bought at the rate of one to two mill race in a country where sugar cane grows luxuriously the main dependence is the mandiac or farina as it is called it is the bread of the country and is served at every meal the native puts it on his meat and in his soup and mixes it with his rice and beans when he has nothing else he eats the farina as it is called by the handful it is seldom cooked the small mandiac tubers when boiled are very good and are used instead of potatoes native beans are nutritious and form one of the chief foods in the field the native cook wastes much time generally provided with an inadequate cooking equipment hours are spent cooking beans after the days work and then of course they are often only partially cooked a kettle or aluminum dutch oven should be taken along large enough to cook enough beans for both breakfast and dinner the beans should be cooked all night a fire kept burning for the purpose it would only be necessary then to warm the beans for breakfast and dinner the two South American meals for meat the rubber hunter and explorer depends upon his rifle and fish hook the rivers are full of fish which can be readily caught and in Brazil the tapi, capybara paca, aguti two or three varieties of deer and two varieties of wild pig can occasionally be shot most of the monkeys are used for food turtles and turtle eggs can be had in season and a great variety of birds some of them delicious in flavor and heavy in meat in the hot moist climate fresh meat will not keep and even salted meat has been known to spoil for use on the Roosevelt expedition I arranged a ration for five men for one day packed in a tin box the party which went down the duvita made each ration due for six men for a day and a half and in addition gave over half the bread or hard tack to the camaradas by placing the days allowance of bread in the same box it was lightened sufficiently to float if dropped into water there were seven rations in the arrangement of food in these boxes and they were numbered from one to seven so that each different box could be used every day of the week in addition to the food each box contained a cake of soap a piece of cheesecloth two boxes of matches and a box of table salt these ten boxes were lacquered to protect from rust and enclosed in wooden cases for transportation a number in large type was printed on each number one was cased separately numbers two and three four and five six and seven were cased together for canoe travel the idea was to take these wooden cases off I did not have an opportunity personally to experience the management of these food cases we had sent them all ahead by pack train for the explorers of the Davida river the exploration of the Papagayo was decided upon during the march over the plateau of Mato Grasso and was accomplished with dependence upon native food only daily ration for five men sixteen of rice on Sunday, Tuesday and Friday thirteen of oatmeal on Monday, Thursday and Saturday one hundred of bread on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday Friday and Saturday eighteen of tea biscuits on Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday twenty one of ginger snaps on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday eleven of dehydrated potatoes on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday Wednesday, Thursday and Friday five of dehydrated onions on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday Wednesday, Thursday and Friday eight of herbs worst on Monday, Wednesday and Friday on Monday, Wednesday and Friday six of evaporated soups on Sunday, Tuesday and Saturday twenty five of baked beans on Thursday and Saturday seventeen of condensed milk on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday forty four of bacon on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday fifty six of roast beef on Monday fifty six of braised beef on Tuesday and Saturday seventy of corned beef on Wednesday seventy six of duck's tongue on Thursday seventy two of curry and chicken on Friday sixty one of boned chicken on Sunday fruits five of evaporated berries on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday twenty of figs on Friday thirty two of sugar on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday ten of coffee on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday five of tea on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday four of salt on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday sixteen of sweet chocolate on Wednesday each box also contained one yard of muslin for each day of the week two boxes of matches for each day of the week and one cake of soap for every day of the week above weights of food are net and Appalachee Plaw ounces each complete ration with its ten container weighed nearly twenty seven pounds the five pounds over net weight of daily ration was taken up in ten necessary for protection of food the weight of component parts of daily ration can be governed to some extent by the size of the commercial package in which the food can be purchased on short notice Austin, Nichols & Company of New York supplied the food stores for my polar expedition worked day and night to complete the packing of the rations on time the food cases described above were used on Colonel Roosevelt's descent of the Rio da Du Vida and also used by the party who journeyed down from the Guy Marana in Madeira rivers Leo Miller the naturalist who was a member of the last named party arrived in Manaus Brazil while I was there and in answer to my question told me that the food served admirably and was good but that the native cooks had a habit of opening a number of cases at a time to satisfy their personal desire for special delicacies Bacon was the article most sought for speaking critically for a strenuous piece of work like the exploration of the Du Vida the food was somewhat bulky a ration arrangement such as I used on my sled trips north would have contained more nutritious elements in a smaller space we could have done without many of the luxuries but the exploration of the Du Vida had not been contemplated and had no place in the itinerary mapped out in New York the change of plan and the decision to explore the Du Vida river came out in Rio de Janeiro long after our rations had been made and shipped. Mate the tea of Brazil and Paraguay used in most of the states of South America should not be forgotten it is a valuable beverage with it a native can do a wonderful amount of work on little food upon the tired traveler it has a very refreshing effect Dr. Peckle celebrated chemist of Rio de Janeiro has compared the analysis of Mate with those of green tea, black tea and coffee and obtained the following result in 1000 parts of green tea 7.90 parts are natural oil 22.20 parts are chlorophyll 22.20 are resin 178.09 are tanin alkaloids 4.50 parts are metana 464.00 are extractive substances 175.80 parts are cellulose and fibers 85.60 parts are ashes in 1000 parts of black tea 0.06 parts are natural oil 18.14 parts are chlorophyll 34.40 are resin 128.80 parts are tanin alkaloids 4.3 parts are metana 390.00 are extractive substances 283.20 are cellulose and fibers 25.61 parts are ashes in 1000 parts of coffee 0.41 parts are natural oil 13.66 parts are chlorophyll 13.66 are resin 16.39 are tanin alkaloids 270.67 parts are extractive substances 178.83 parts are cellulose and fibers and 25.61 parts are ashes in 1000 parts of matte 0.01 parts are natural oil 62.00 parts are chlorophyll 20.69 parts are resin 12.28 parts are tanin alkaloids 2.5 parts are metana 238.83 parts are extractive substances 180.00 parts are cellulose and fibers and 38.11 parts are ashes Manner of preparation the matte T is prepared in the same manner as the indian T that is to say by pouring upon it boiling water during 10 to 15 minutes before using to obtain a good infusion 5 spoonfuls of matte are sufficient for a liter of water End of appendix B Part 1 Appendix B Part 2 of Through the Brazilian Wilderness This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Tom Clifton Through the Brazilian Wilderness by Theodore Roosevelt Appendix B The outfit for traveling in the South American Wilderness Part 2 Some experiments have been made lately with the use of matte in the german army and probably it would be a valuable beverage for use with our own troops 2 plates and a cup knife, fork and spoon should be provided for each member of the party The United States Army mess kit would serve admirably Each man's mess kit should be numbered to correspond with the number on his duffel bag An aluminum kettle for lightness, cooking outfit or the Dutch oven mentioned with 3 or 4 kettles nested within a coffee pot or tea pot would suffice the necessary large spoons and forks for the cook a small meat grinder and a half dozen skinning knives could all be included in the fiber case These outfits are usually sold with the cups, plates, etc for the table As before suggested each member of the party should have his own mess kit it should not be carried with the general cooking outfit by separating the eating equipments thus one of the problems of hygiene and cleanliness is simplified Rifles ammunition The heavy rifle is not advised The only animals that can be classed as dangerous are the Jaguar and white Jod Peckery and a 30-30 or 44 caliber is heavy enough for such game The 44 caliber Winchester Remington carbine is the arm generally used throughout South America and 44 caliber is the only ammunition one can depend on securing in the field Every man has his own preference for an arm, however it is not of carrying a 9 or 10 pound weapon when a rifle weighing only from 6 and 3 fourths to 7 and 1 half pounds will do all that is necessary I personally prefer a small caliber rifle as it can be used for birds also The three-barreled gun combining a double shotgun and a rifle is an excellent weapon and it is particularly valuable for the collector of natural history specimens A new gun has just come on the market which may prove valuable in South America where there is such an idea of game, a four-barrel gun weighing only 8 and 1 fourth pounds It has two shotgun barrels 130 to 44 caliber rifle and the ribs separating the shotgun barrels is bored for a 22 caliber rifle cartridge The latter is particularly adapted for the large food birds which a heavy rifle bullet might tear 22 caliber ammunition is also very light and the long 22 caliber exceedingly powerful Unless in practice it proves too complicated it would seem to be a good arm for all round use 16 to 20 gauge is large enough for the shotgun barrels Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the need of being provided with good weapons After the loss of all our arms in the rapids we secured four poor rusty rifles which proved of no value We lost three deer, a taper and other game and finally gave up the use of the rifles depending on the hook and line A 25 or 30 caliber high power automatic pistol with six or seven inch barrel would prove a valuable arm to carry always on the person It could be used for large game and yet would not be too large for food birds It is to be regretted that there is nothing in the market of this character We had our rifle ammunition packed by the UMC company in zinc cases of 100 rounds each A metallic strip with pull ring closing the two halves of the box Shot cartridge, 16 gauge were packed in the same way 25 to the box The explorer would do well always to have on his person a compass a light waterproof bag containing matches a waterproof box of salt and a strong light linen or fresh silk line with several hooks, a knife and an automatic at his belt with several loaded magazines for the latter in his pocket thus provided if accidentally lost for several days in the forest which often happens rubber hunters in Brazil the possibility of getting game and making himself shelter and fire at night fish for small fish like the paku and piranha an ordinary bass hook will do for the latter because of its sharp teeth a hook with long shank and phosphor bronze leader is the best the same character of leader is best on the hook to be used for the big fish a tarpon hook will hold most of the great fish of the rivers but light, rod and reel would be a convenience in catching the paku for the latter variety in the quiet pools while allowing the canoe to drift and always save some of the fish as bait for the big fellows we fished for the paku as the native does kneading a ball of mandiak with water and placing it on the hook as bait I should not be surprised though if it were possible with carefully chosen flies to catch some of the fish that every once in a while we saw rise to the surface and drag some luckless insect under clothing the experienced traveler when going into a new field will commit the crime of carrying too much luggage articles which he thought to be camp necessities become camp nuisances which worry his men and kill his mules the lighter one can travel the better in the matter of clothing before the actual wilderness is reached the costume one would wear to business in New York in summer is practical for most of South America except of course the high mountain regions where a warm wrap is necessary the white or natural linen suit is a very comfortable garment a light blue unlined surge is desirable as a change and for wear in rainy weather strange to relate the South American seems to have a fondness for stiff collars even in Columbia the hottest place I have ever been in the native does not think he is dressed unless he wears one of the stiff abominations around his throat a light negligee shirt with interchangeable or attached soft collars is vastly preferred in the frontier regions and along the rivers the pajama seems to be the conventional garment for a day as well as night wear several such suits of light material should be carried the more ornamented and beautifully colored the greater favor will they find along the way a light cravenetted Macintosh is necessary for occasional cool evenings and as a protection against the rain it should have no cemented rubber seams to open up in the warm moist climate yachting oxfords and a light pair of leather slippers complete the outfit for steamer travel for the field two or three light woollen khaki colored shirts made with two breast pockets with button flaps two pair of long khaki trousers two pairs of riding breeches khaki coat cut military fashion with four pockets with button flaps two suits of pajamas handkerchiefs socks etc would be necessary the poncho should extend to blow the knees and should be provided with a hood large enough to cover the helmet it should have no cemented seams the material recently adopted by the united states army for ponchos seems to be the best for foot gear the traveler needs two pairs of stout high hunting shoes built on the moccasin form of soles hobnails should be taken along to insert if the goings of a rocky places it is also advisable to provide a pair of very light leather slipper boots to reach just under the knee for wearing camp they protect the legs and ankles from insect stings and bites the traveler who enters tropical south america should protect his head with a wide brimmed soft felt hat with ventilated headband or the best and lightest pith helmet that can be secured head nets with faceplates of horse air are the best protection against small insect pests they are generally made too small and the purchaser should be careful to get one large enough to go over his helmet and come down to the breast several pairs of loose gloves rather long in the wrist will be needed as protection against the flies, p.m. and boraxutas which draw blood with every bite in our numerous and many parts of south america a walk-proof sun umbrella with a jointed handle about six feet long terminating in a point would be a decided help to the scientist at work in the field a fine meshed net fitting on the edge of the umbrella would make it insect proof when folded it would not be bulky and its weight would be negligible such an umbrella could also be attached with a special clamp to the thorn of a canoe and so prove a protection from both sun and rain there are little personal conveniences which sometimes grow into necessities one of these in my own case is a little electric flashlight taken for the purpose of reading the vernier of a thea light or sextant in star observations it was used every night and for many purposes as a matter of necessity where insects are numerous one turns to the protection of his hammock and net immediately after the evening meal it was at such times I found that the electric lamp was so helpful reclining in the hammock I held the stock of the light under my left arm and with a diary in my lap wrote up my records for the day I sometimes read by a soft, steady light one charge of the battery in my surprise lasted nearly a month when forced to pick out a camping spot after dark and experience which comes to every traveler in the topics in the raining season we found this light to be very helpful neither rain or wind could put it out and the light could be directed wherever needed the charges should be calculated on the plan of one every three weeks the settling lamp for camp illumination is in advance over the kerosene lantern it has been found that for equal light the carbide will give more light than kerosene or candle the carbide should be put in small containers for each time a box is opened some of the contents turns into gas from contact with the moist air tools three or four good axes several bill hooks a good hatchet with hammer head and nail puller should be in the tool kit in addition each man should be provided with belt knife and machete with sheath Collins makes the best matches excellent the bill hook called foice in Brazil is the most valuable tool for clearing away small trees vines and undergrowth it is marvelous how quickly an experienced hand can clear the ground in a forest with one of these instruments all of these tools should have handles of second growth American hickory of first quality and several extra handles should be taken along the list of tools should be completed with a small outfit of pliers tweezers files etc the character of course depending upon the mechanical ability of the traveler and the scientific instruments he has with them that might need repairs survey instruments the choice of instruments will depend largely upon the character of the work intended if a compass survey will suffice there is nothing better than the Calvary sketching board used in the United States Army for reconnaissance with a careful hand it approaches the high degree of perfection attained by the plane table method it is particularly adapted for river survey and after one gets accustomed to its use it is very simple if the prismatic compass is preferred nothing smaller than two and one half inches in diameter should be used and the smaller sizes the magnet is not powerful enough to move the dial quickly or accurately several good pocket compasses must be provided they should all have good sized needles with a north end well marked and degrees engraved in metal if the floating dial is preferred it should be of aluminum and nothing smaller than two and one half inches for the same reason as mentioned above regarding the prismatic compass expense should not be spared if it is necessary to secure good compasses avoid paper dials and leather cases which absorb moisture the compass case should allow taking apart for cleaning and drying the regular chronometer movement because of its delicacy is out of the question for rough land or water travel we had with this a small sized half chronometer movement recently brought out by the waltham company as a yacht chronometer it gave a surprisingly even rate under the most adverse conditions I was sorry to lose it in the rapids of the papa gal when our canoes went down the watches should be waterproof with strong cases and several should be taken it would be well to have a dozen cheap but good watches and the same number of compasses for use around camp and for gifts or trade along the line of travel money is of no settlements I was surprised to find that many of the rubber hunters were not provided with compasses and I listened to an American who told of having been lost in the depths of the great forest where for days he lived on monkey meat secured with his rifle until he found his way to the river he had no compass and could not get one I was sorry I had none to give I had lost mine in the rapids for the determination of latitude and longitude is better than a small four or five inch theodolite not over 15 pounds and weight it should have a good prism eyepiece with an angle tube attached so it would not be necessary to break one's neck in reading high altitudes for days we traveled in the direction the sun was going with altitudes varying from 88 degrees to 90 degrees because of these high altitudes of the sun the sextant with artificial horizon could not be used unless one dependent upon star observations altogether and uncertain dependence because of the many cloudy nights parameters goldsmith form of direct reading aneroid is the most accurate portable instrument and of course should be compared with a standard mercurial at the last weather bureau station thermometers a swing thermometer with wet and dry bulbs for determination of the amount of moisture in the air and the maximum and minimum thermometer of the signal service or weather bureau type should be provided with a case to protect them a tape measure with metric scale of measurements on one side and feet and inches on the other is most important too small light waterproof cases could be constructed and packed with scientific instruments data and spare clothing and yet not exceed the weight limit of flotation in transit by pack drain these two cases would form but one mule load photographic from the experience gained in several fields of exploration it seems to me that the voyager should limit himself to one small sized camera which he can always have with him and then carry a duplicate of it soldered in ten in the baggage the duplicate need not be equipped with as expensive a lens and shutter as the camera carried for work three and one quarter by four and one quarter is a good size nothing larger than three and a quarter by five and a half is advised we carried the three a special codec and found it a light strong and efficient instrument it seems to me that the ideal form of instrument would be one with a front board large enough to contain an adapter fitted for three lenses for the three and one quarter by four and one quarter one lens four or four and a half focus one lens six or seven focus one lens telephoto or telecentric nine to twelve focus the camera should be made of metal and fitted with a focal plane shutter and direct viewfinder a sole weather case with shoulder strap should contain the camera and lenses with an extra roll of films all with an instant reach so that a lens could be changed without any loss of time plates of course are the best but their weight and frailty with difficulty of handling rule them out of the question the roll film is the best as the film pack sticks together and this dubs pull off in the moist hot climate films should be purchased in rolls of six exposures each roll in a ten the cover sealed with surgical tape twelve of these tubes should be soldered in a ten box in places where the air is charged with moisture a roll of film should not be left in a camera for over 24 hours tank development is best for the field the tanks provided for developing by the Kodak company are the best for fixing also a nest of tanks would be a convenience one tank should be kept separate for the fixing bath as suggested in the Kodak circular for tropical development a large size tank can be used for holding the freezing mixture of hypo the same tank would become the fixing tank after development in the rainy season it is a difficult matter to dry films development in the field with washing water at 80 degrees fahrenheit is a patience trying operation it has occurred to me that a small air pump with supply of chloride of calcium and small tubes might solve the problem of preserving films in the tropics the air pump and supply of chloride of calcium would not be as heavy or bulky as the tanks and powders needed for development by means of the air pump the films could be sealed in ten tubes free from moisture and kept thus until arrival at home or at a city where the air was fairly dry and cold water for washing to be had while I cordially agree with most of the views expressed by Mr. Fiala there are some as to which I disagree for instance we came very strongly to the conclusion in descending the Davida where bulk was of great consequence that the films should be in rolls of ten or twelve exposures I doubt whether the four barrel gun would be practical but this is a matter of personal taste Appendix C my letter of May 1 to General Laurel Mueller the first report on the expedition made by me immediately after my arrival at and published in Rio de Janeiro upon its receipt is as follows May 1, 1914 to His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs Rio de Janeiro my dear General Laurel Mueller I first wish to express my profound acknowledgments to you personally and to the other members of the Brazilian government whose generous courtesy alone rendered possible the expeditio científica Roosevelt Rondon I wish also to express my high admiration and regard for Colonel Rondon and his associates who have been my colleagues in this work of exploration in the third place I wish to point out that what we have just done was rendered possible only by the hard and perilous labor of the Brazilian telegraphic commission in the unexplored western wilderness of Mato Grosso during the last seven years we have had a hard and somewhat dangerous but very successful trip no less than six weeks were spent in slowly and with great peril and exhausting labor forcing our way down through what seemed literally endless succession of rapids and cataracts for 48 days we saw no human being in passing these rapids we lost five of the seven canoes with which we started and had to build others one of our best men lost his life in the rapids under the strain one of the men went completely bad, shirked all his work, stole his comrades food and when punished by the sergeant he with cold blooded deliberation murdered the sergeant and fled into the wilderness Colonel Rondon's dog running ahead of him while hunting was shot by two Indians by his death he in all probability saved the life of his master we have put on the map a river about 1500 kilometers in length running from just south of the 13th degree to north of the 5th degree and the biggest affluent of the Madeira until now its upper course has been utterly unknown to everyone and its lower course although known for years to the rubbermen utterly unknown to all cartographers its source is between the 12th and 13th parallels of latitude south and between longitude 59 degrees and longitude 60 degrees west from Greenwich we embarked on it at about latitude 12 degrees 1 minute south and longitude 60 degrees 18 west after that its entire course was between the 60th and 61st degrees of longitude approaching the ladder most closely about in latitude 8 degrees 15 minutes the first rapids were at Navite in 11 degrees 44 minutes and after that they were continuous and very difficult and dangerous until the rapids named after the murdered sergeant Pishon in 11 degrees 12 minutes at 11 degrees 23 minutes the river received the real kermit from the left at 11 degrees 22 minutes the Marciano Avila entered it from the right at 11 degrees 18 minutes the Tunae entered from the left at 10 degrees 58 minutes the Cardozo entered from the right at 10 degrees 24 minutes we encountered the first rubbermen the Rio Bronco entered from the left at 9 degrees 38 minutes we camped at 8 degrees 49 minutes or approximately the boundary line between Metal Grosso and the Amazonas the confluence with the upper Arapuanan which entered from the right was in 7 degrees 34 minutes the mouth where it entered the Madeira was in about 5 degrees 30 minutes the stream we have followed down is that which rises farthest from the mouth and its general course is almost due north my dear sir I thank you from my heart for the chance to take part in this great work of exploration with high regard and respect believe me very sincerely yours Theodore Roosevelt end of appendix B end of Through the Brazilian Wilderness by Theodore Roosevelt


Natural fibers have been studied extensively over the past few decades due to their potential to replace traditional synthetic fibers in polymeric composites. This research has focused primarily on the characterization of natural fibers and their comparison with conventional composites in terms of mechanical behavior and application performance. Natural fibers exhibit a wide range of variation in properties depending on the harvesting location and environmental conditions, which makes it challenging to select the most suitable fiber for a given application. Additionally, recent publications have explored new types of natural fibers such as emergent fibers, which offer unique properties and potential applications. Finally, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to assess the current state of natural fibers' applications and identify areas for further development. This article was authored by Paulo Pecas, Hugo Carvalho, Hafiz Salman, and others.


I have been briefed by the NTSB team. I've also been on the telephone with the vice chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board. There's Bella Denzar, who is back in Washington. I've talked to the Coast Guard. There are so many unanswered questions. But let me tell you what I have been able to piece together. There were routine communications on September 30th at about 11 o'clock in the morning. The final communication came somewhere around 7 o'clock, 7.05 in the morning of October the 1st. The hurricane would have been close to the ship at that point when the captain reported that they had lost power. Now why they would have been in a position where the hurricane was is what is inexplicable.


Hello everyone. Thank you faculty, parents, family members, distinguished guests for gathering here today to celebrate the class of 2018. When I was asked to speak at the December graduation ceremony, I was told that the students selected me, which is exactly what I would say if I needed a speaker and a pinch. However, if this is true, I want to send out a most sincere thank you to all the students for selecting me to be a small part of your guys' big day. Fortunately, the administration has the good sense of having someone like Ambassador Bleich to give you real advice, but you know, I swam fast and I've learned a lot of things, so maybe I'll do my best to impart some wisdom. So I grew up in a small town in the Seattle area. I've been swimming for as long as I can remember, and I know my parents would tell each and every one of you that on my first day of lessons, they had no idea what they were getting themselves into. Am I right, parents? Swimming has opened up doors for me that I would never have imagined. I've traveled the world for competitions, I've met and been made fun of by late-night talk show hosts, and almost all the groomsmen in my wife, Stanford, but I love you, honey, and my recent wedding were also swimmers, but most importantly, it brought me to Cal, where you can develop your talent, whatever it may be, and become truly world-class. Now, swimming has also brought me a few moments I wouldn't mind forgetting. There's that time I was rushing during a urine test, and I spilled my cesspin all over the table. Or the time I was super excited to race Michael Phelps in the 100 Free, and I split my suit the moment we bent over to take my mark. Yes, true story. Or the time I chugged a little too much water after a race, and the entire 15,000-person arena had to wait for me to throw it all up behind the podium. Here's to hoping that doesn't happen today. Those aren't the reasons that I'm here. The reason I'm here today is because I've won a couple of these. And winning is awesome, but in the process of swing for these guys, I've picked up a few tips. Hope you don't mind if I share some of those here today with you. First, find yourself a good coach, role model, or mentor. Whatever you want to call that person, they all serve the same purpose. I took the 2007-2008 year off to train for the Olympics. Long story short, I made the team swam pre-limbs and received a gold medal after I watched Jason Lezak run down the French swimmer who had been talking trash all summer. Go USA. I gotta tell you, I felt pretty cool because I had a gold medal hidden in my desk drawer as a 19-year-old. But when I returned to Cal with that gold medal, I brought along a little bit of an attitude. I remember when Coach Dave Durden pulled me to the side after a particularly cold and generally unfun practice, he gently reminded me that what I do and what I say, even my body language, could have an impact on everyone around me. We've all had that teammate, friend, a group member whose negative attitude has affected the entire group, and I was being that guy. Since then, Dave has taught me many lessons in and out of the pool, and each one was something that I would have never caught or been able to work out on my own. Everyone needs kind but critical feedback in order to grow. The second tip I learned is that no one has swum the perfect race. I don't know any swimmer at the highest level who would ever say they swam the perfect race. During the 2012 Olympics, I congratulated my friend after he had just won a gold medal in the hunter backstroke. He said, thanks man, but I took an extra kick off the wall, which means he's a little slow in the transition from the underwater kick to swimming. Apparently next time I needed to tell him he totally blew it, right? In that same vein, no one has ever made the perfect product or launched the perfect business. It may seem overwhelming to strive for greatness or figure out a way to improve on something to perfection, but as with any goal, you have to distill it down to its basic parts. In swimming, that would be something simple, like the timing of your kick or the way you approach the wall, and when you work on that, you get better at it. Then you move to the next thing, and then you work on that, and then the next thing. And before you know it, your consistent approach to improvement pays off in ways you never thought were possible. Many of you will be joining the workforce in the near future, maybe in the form of a small startup, a non-profit, or maybe a big company. Either way, you'll be joining a team with the purpose of achieving some sort of a goal. In 2016, Team USA's goal was simple, win as many medals at the Olympics as possible. From an outsider's perspective, this seems like it would take care of itself. And to be honest, for the most part, it always has. The biggest difference in 2016, though, was that we made a concerted effort to come together and embrace the team aspect of an otherwise very individual sport better than ever before. On TV, it looks like we'd trained together and been best friends for years, when in reality it couldn't have been more different. Just four weeks earlier, 2,000 competitors, the best out of the 400,000 members of USA Swimming, arrived from our respective training locations to compete for a place on the Olympic team. Only 47 athletes were selected, so just four weeks earlier, those people who today look like our best friends were actually our biggest competition. So how did we get so close? It was actually pretty simple, but it still takes effort. We put down our phones during meal times. We made eye contact as we talked to one another, and we did our best to just simply get to know one another. Come time for the Olympics, you could see and feel how close our team was. A really special thing to watch was when a Team USA athlete headed to their race. Everyone would stop what they were doing, cheer for them, and tell them good luck. We were genuinely excited to watch them perform. It was almost like everyone was giving that person their energy, and when it came time for you to step up on the block, you could feel your teammates giving that energy back to you. In a game where the difference between winning and losing can be as little as one one-hundredth of a second, I think every ounce of energy can probably help. So when you join your next team, I'm sure there will be a lot going on, but don't forget to spend some time getting to know those around you. Leave your phone at your desk. Eat lunch with them. Look them in the eye and ask them about their own story. It may pay off in the same way that it did for Team USA.  Sorry, but that's okay. My swimming career from 2007 to 2010 was like a dream. I set a higher goal each year and then I achieved it. I started by making the NCAA final, and then I made the national team on a relay, and then I made the international team, and then I finally won the individual events at the international meet in 2010. I could not have asked for more reasonably. Right? I mean shoot. Eight gold medals at an Olympics or something like Michael Phelps, I'd take it, but we're being reasonable. 2011 came then.  I read a bunch of online articles that were trying to predict the meet, and I saw my name at the top. My parents were in the stands, and obviously I wanted to impress them. It was also the first time that I was a sponsor, and obviously I didn't want to let them down. In the end, I placed fourth and fifth in the 50 and the 100 races respectively, which means I did not get to stand on the podium, and I almost lost our two relays. Fortunately, my teammates bailed me out on those, but it certainly wasn't pretty. It was the best possible timing for this to happen, because the thing I learned was that the sun still rose the next day. My family and friends were still in my family and friends, and ultimately the world kept going. I was going to live to compete another day. All that pressure I put on myself to perform was really for nothing. This worked out really well because I was able to see through that noise and just focus on what I could control for the 2012 Olympics, where we ended up having a great meet.  Don't get me wrong, it means a whole lot to me, but the reason it means so much is everything that went into earning it. After the 100 freestyle in Rio, when I placed third as the returning Olympic champion, the NBC reporter gave me that side-eye look and goes, well, what happened? Well, I just won a bronze medal, thank you. In my head, I go, Michael, you really blew this for everyone. Bronze medals are cool too. So as you all head out towards your new job or grad school, set high goals. Don't be afraid to invest in them. Find that role model or mentor you need in order to grow and feel free to leave your phone in your pocket for an entire meal or perhaps a speech every once in a while. Thank you all and go Bears.