My guy, Rugi, got a little too excited here. Look how focused he is. Look at the chains. Look at the tats. Look at the batting gloves. Look at the arm bands. It's all perfectly put together. This one is brought to you by DraftKings. All right, so it's a one-run game. They're down by one run. That's a ball outside, makes it 2-0. 2-0 in a baseball game. That's a hitter's count. You're probably going to get a fastball. You're going to want to jump on. He does just that, pimps it, fixes the helmet. Look at the catcher's eyes light up after he hits it. Oh, no. Yep, no doubt. Or you're gone. But Willie Benson is after it. And Quantrill is looking at it like, please, Willie, please. Makes a jumping grab. It wasn't even going to go out. And that goes from a no doubt, pimped home run, back into the dugout. Not a tie game. Still losing. Quantrill loves it. They're loving it in the dugout. They're all looking at the, oh, there he is. There's Styx Mackenzie. Fun fact, I played against Tristan and Willie Benson in our ping pong tournament. They're looking at the replay on the Jumbotron. And then, yep, he went back and got, had an 830 expected batting average. Not just that, like, yeah, of course I got it. Now they're really watching it in. And a double hat tip. He says, oh, I'll watch it. What's it look like? Yeah. Yeah. Yep. Yep, got it. Went back, pulled it down. But as nice of a catch, Rougie's a little upset because he thought it was a home run. And it would have been a home run in some parks. A lot of them, it would have been not. So I don't know if you can pimp home runs that, let's see, it would have been a home run in Washington. And this does say it would have been a home run in Cleveland as well, because it's just doing how hard did he hit it, at what angle. It doesn't take wind into account or anything else. But it's like right on the line, a lot of stadiums. So I don't know if you can be pimping things that are right on the line at a lot of stadiums. Kansas City, that's on the track. Astros, look at baseball, look at all these fun shapes. What a weird sport. Don't be sad, Rougie. You put a charge into it.  Just can't pimp it. And look at this knee. I feel like that's just not how they teach little leaguers to hit, but so many big leaguers get that knee so high before it comes down. The crowd, no reaction, Rougie, he had it. So no doubter. Until it wasn't, this one's brought to you by DraftKings. Thanks to DraftKings for sponsoring the breakdowns.


And here to talk about how you feel about President Trump's doing it in his first 60 days or so, how do you think he's doing? Well, as far as the party can say, of course, he is rippling up through a few, a few waves, it's a sure, no doubt. Of course, both liberal and conservatives have things to say about him. And personally, personally, mutual. I mean, I'm here, I'm spending HPU as a foreign student. And there's no, there's no winning on the side, to be honest.  But at the same time, he's got to face the truth that, you know, he is trying to keep his, has to use promises. He has to keep his promise to the American people. And he may say if he's, of course, saying a few borderline racist things and outrageous things. And of course, the media likes to frenzy about that. And I think I let me ask you this. I mean, whether you're on one side of the aisle or the other side of the aisle, pretty much now it's been disclaimed that his allegations against President Obama and wiretapping Trump, Trump towers has pretty much now been dismissed as no evidence whatsoever. And I'm just curious what you thought about the initial claim and the fact that there's no supporting evidence. Well, it's just kind of transform, like he says something real outrageous, the American people say, oh, is this true? And then because of the fact that the majority of the media can be brought into question, they think maybe it's the truth until authority above him, in this case, the FBI disputes that fact. And if it's in my opinion, really, the claim was just was just complete false. It was just another just spontaneous thing that came to his mind. And in my opinion, it's what he's trying to, it's a distraction from the whole point of it. Do you think maybe that was a strategy on his part to distract from the investigation about Russia and its involvement in the presidential election? Or do you think it came to him at three in the morning and he tweeted it? Well, let's put it here. Like, if we if we dream if we dream that this thing's happening, then we I'm always seem is dreaming. I personally that President Trump, he's just saying it to basically roll up while the media roll up his supporters once again, because it's basically it's basically the way he works. The way he works are right. He says like I read his supporters back him. They then attack the other offensive. And then it's another brawl which distracts from the main point. And I think that's his way. He's distracting people. And as much as because I'm a mass call major, I understand that there's the truth. That's the whole journalism. That's the journalist job. But if you give people the wrong assumption or give or rather certain feelings, they might they might think about that without questioning further as though this is true. This is factual. What do you think ultimately is going to happen if there's a process of distraction month after month after month in his presidency? What do you think ultimately could happen if that if that occurs? Well, everyone says impeach Trump. He sees valid constitution of your country. He's validated every single basically rule in the book. However, however, at the same time he's grinding friends. And that's how from from his story perspective, the reason why Hitler didn't wasn't immediately repounced that he has supporters, a big majority of supporters of Germans. And it's kind of how dictators may be in power, despite the fact they're violating every single civil liberty and human right. They have supporters to basically silence silence any efforts or basically delegitimize any efforts to remove from power, despite the number of rules he has broken. And who knows, you might not see in our civil war, you might see another mass protest. Do you think that's going to show up in the 2018 election of any House representatives or senators? Well, knowing knowing knowing number knowing that now the Senate and the Congress is all made up of Republicans. And I would say 80 90% of them are on Trump's side. They're they're conservatives. They wanted him power some like in power for a long time and they don't want to keep that. And the progressive kind of trend and progressive movements kind of being skilled back a bit. I personally hope that both sides can work together. Basically real real real Americans, real people who believe in the country and don't want to stand to this tyranny. And they can work together regardless of their political and religious background. And basically work collaboratively to help them in a peaceful manner. If it's violence, then who knows that we could have another civil war on our hands. Okay, well, I want to thank you very much for spending the time and sharing your thoughts with us. Appreciate it. Aloha.


The feeling of confidence as a matter of teacher's performance in class. First day as a teacher. The first day of any new job is going to be difficult. You are likely to be excited, after all, you have worked hard to get to where you are now. All that studying, finding a position, applying and being interviewed and then preparing for this day. Chances are that you didn't sleep well last night, you find yourself rushing this morning, the last minute forget and just getting there might involve some mishap, while increasing the tension you are feeling. And unlike many other jobs, this one is in the spotlight with everyone looking towards you. 1. Visualization. A good way to start is with visualization. Picturing in our minds that whole first day can allow us to see some potential problems and then plan for them. Doing this sometime in advance will allow a visit to the school or place where you will be teaching. How to get there, where to go and if it's a classroom, perhaps spending a moment there adding to your visualization. Meeting any coworkers is always worth the time and starts a process of belonging. There will be information you will need, rules for teachers, rules for students, knowing procedures will make things run smoother. You are aiming to be a fish in water not out of it. 2. Plan. You will need a lesson planned and a backup and to ensure that you have all the materials you need. Meeting your students for those important first impressions and this the time to start learning their names, perhaps using a name learning technique if you think it will be difficult. 3. Emotional control. Teachers are human. They come with all the usual emotions, hormonal responses and feelings, and this can result in the physiological responses of anxiety, worry, even fear. Despite giving ourselves a good talking to and friends and family reassuring us, we can still experience these emotions, which can become almost debilitating. Acknowledging to ourselves that these emotions are normal, and a result of being human can be a good way to break the hold that our minds can have over us. It's easy to say just stay calm but learning about the physical and chemical reactions going on can explain some of the mystery. It can be a way of taking control. Asking ourselves, does this response help me or my students means we are making choices. 4. Strategy. If a student was suffering from a lack of confidence in our class, we would use a strategy of giving praise and being positive with that student. We wouldn't pick up on every mistake and might conduct part of the lesson to facilitate their success. Attainable goals. Well, we can use the same strategy for ourselves. We can set attainable goals which result in success, picking out the positive in our teaching. We don't need to focus on negativity but learn from the things that we would have wanted to do better. We can praise ourselves and we can seek that of others, sharing our thoughts with other more experienced teachers as a resource to us. Do you want to teach English abroad? Take a TEFL course now. Confidence as we know, comes with time and experience. We may speak of someone being confident but chances are they have learned this from whatever time and experience they have gone through. Success builds confidence and failure, not the best of terms is very subjective, can knock us back. Seeing things that don't go so well as learning experiences gives us the chance to do it differently next time. Accepting that, there is no expectation to be perfect just an expectation to do our best should reduce some of the demands, we are after all, on a learning path ourselves.


I believe the only thing that's bad is stealing and making money unethically. As long as you're willing to do all the takes to make a good living, no work is sulky. I know securing your financial future may seem difficult at this time of COVID-19 because of the shift in the workspace that the pandemic has brought about. More than ever, everyone is talking about making money online and it seems the pandemic is really making it important for people to truly come online to make money. If you're desperate to stash some cash into your pocket by doing stuff online, here are 7 cheap ways to start making money.  1. Start a YouTube channel 7-year-old Ryan is the highest-paid YouTuber. He reviews Toys and Lees YouTube channel, which made him $22 million in 2018. Jeffree Star is the number 5 position. He made $18 million on YouTube and has a cosmetics brand that sells about $100 million in products annually. His YouTube fame helped him use his influence to make money online beyond his YouTube earnings. This is becoming a trend, but it's a trend that will last.  Make videos about what you're passionate about. One time, the internet was dominated by writers only and so most people who could not write had to take a walk. Now, with just a few smart devices, you can convert your passion, whatever it is, into a YouTube channel. You can be certain there are people out there who will be interested in what you have to say. 2. Freelance Writing This was how I started my online business years ago. Haven't been a fiction writer for a couple of years. I switched to writing freelance for websites and magazines that needed my service. If you have writing skills and creative talent, it's possible to get paid to create online content. I don't do this as much as I used to, but I am very aware of how viable this income stream is. You can create content for websites and earn over $2,000 per year. The blogger, Holly Johnson of Club Thrifty blog, actually makes over $200,000 per year, creating content for other websites. That's beside the six figures she earns with her blog, Club Thrifty. 3. Create an online course If you have a distinct knowledge you want to share, you can start creating online courses and selling them on your website or on course websites, like Udemy or Teachable. Since the internet deals with information, sharing knowledge is one of the best ways to make money online. If you know you are an expert on a subject, you can convert that knowledge into a course. You will be surprised there are courses on how to putty train cats and people actually bought that course. You can sell your course on Udemy or if you already have your own audience on your website. To create online courses, study other related courses, find out what people are saying about it and what problems they are having about the course. Knowing people's problem in that area should give you a direction on what type of course to create. 4. Publish an e-book I write lots of books and publish them online, especially for clients, so I consider this is perhaps the cheapest way to set up a business that makes you money online. Here, you almost do not have to spend a dime, you just put in the effort to write your books and publish them on various online distribution channels, like Amazon. You may not become stupendously rich writing and publishing e-books, but well, you can become wealthy if you are really determined to. To write books that sell, I always advise that you go to Amazon.com to find books in your genre and study reviews there. This reviews will point to you the kind of books people want to read in that genre. Those are the books you should write if you want to make money. 5. Start a blog Starting a blog may not make you money immediately, but with dedication, it will make you money over time. There are several ways to make money blogging. You can add affiliate links to your post. You can monetize your ad sense by placing ads strategically on your website. Sponsored posts can help you make money from specific brands. This is popular among review bloggers. You can also sell digital or physical products on your website. You can also use it to build authorities so that you can eventually get speaking gigs, television deals or big contracts from clients. 6. Do translation work If you are fluent in at least two languages and you want to make money now, you can do translation work for websites and businesses that need translators. This is good money making idea for anyone who is bilingual or majored in a popular language in school. You will need to show proof of your ability to translate, so if you have a language degree or experience translating text, you should show samples of your portfolio. Most companies will require a translation test. Keep in mind that you need to be fluent in the languages you are applying to be a translator for, so you can't use translation tools. There are some sites where you can make money doing translation works, up work, people per hour, SDL, GENGO, pro-translating, translator's base. 7. Become a virtual assistant With so many entrepreneurs building businesses online and offline, virtual assistants are becoming an important part of running a business. As a virtual assistant, you'll carry out the following tasks, writing, order processing, bookkeeping, social media and customer support, etc. You can earn money online on websites like virtual assistant jobs, indeed or up work. You can also reach out to brands and entrepreneurs, asking if they are interested in hiring a virtual assistant. You should also build an active social media presence on Twitter and LinkedIn to help you find new clients. If this video inspired you, like the video. We love you.


Okay, my name is Yoel, I'm from Indonesia, as you can see from my accent. I just landed like two hours ago from like a business event in Seattle, and I think I smoke too much weed there. So if suddenly I speak in Bahasa, then you know that that's because of the weed that is still in my brain. Last year I was here too, leading like a workshop about UX research, but today I'm going to talk a different kind of topic, which is like how to build an effective product design team. I work in a startups called Bukalapak. It's kind of like Shopee. It's one of the four unicorns that are currently available in Indonesia. We have around 2,400 employees. 1,000 from them are engineers, product team, design team, and from that 1,000, there are around 121 designers. Some of them are here actually. They all flew from Jakarta to attend this event. So, I will start with this story. Like for the last seven years, there has been so many things exciting, like there are so many things happening in the UX world, right? Maybe six years ago, seven years ago, no one knows about what is UX. No one knows what is UX designers, what is interaction designer is, but now everyone is more familiar with it. And the team is also getting bigger. I will start with this story. So, around seven years ago, I saw that there is like a job opening that is looking for UX engineer. I was excited, right? Because, oh wow, finally, there is a company that is looking for someone in UX field because at that time, when I tried to look for some jobs, especially in Southeast Asia, it's very rare that you find a company that is looking for a UX position. At that time, I was studying in the US. And that company is actually Trefaloka. As you know, it's also one of the other four unicorns that's in Indonesia. So, I reply, I apply to that role, and this is my email. To whom is my concern? Please find and test my resume and cover letters. Even though there is only an opening job position as a UX designer, actually what they put there is UX engineers. But I assume there is actually a UX designer. But a UX researcher's position is more interesting for me. I'm pretty sure that you will need this function in your startup sooner or later. So, this was like in 2012. I was like, hey, finally, an Indonesian company that's looking for a UX role. But, unfortunately, somehow, Ferry, the co-founder of that startup, the company missed my email. So, he replied a few months after that, I'm not sure how I missed your email. Earlier, we'd love to grab a coffee and chat with you.  At that time, I already took another intensive role in Seattle. But I could not meet him again.  If he replied that email, I would be like a crazy recession now. I would be like number seven employee in travel local. I would be like just throwing money like crazy now. But just by missing this email, I was like, ah, now. So, like, few years ago after that, they send me an email again, hey, we're looking for UX manager, blah-blah-blah. No, you missed my email. No more, no more. But, what I want to say is, look at the development. Traveloka, I can say that one of the best, a company with one of the best design team in Indonesia, six years ago, could not differentiate between UX designers and UX engineer. But now, they become like one of the company with the best design team in Indonesia or maybe arguably in Southeast Asia. So, what I'm going to talk to today is like, because the number of, the size of product design team become bigger and bigger, how we actually deal with those challenges.  So, okay, I smoke too much indika. Okay, so, the number in the middle is like how many people that I manage during that time, right? So, the first one is I studied about UX in University of Washington. The number of people that I lead is one, which is me. And then, I moved to FTO. It's also in Seattle. The number of people that I lead is one, too. We are in like a team of four people, one UX manager, and three designers. And then, I moved to Singapore because I didn't get the visa. I moved to Singapore to get the visa and I worked in another company with the number of people that I lead is two people, which is me and another remote designer in India. And then, I worked in Singapore for two years, but because you guys are so kiasu, I don't really enjoy living here. No, no, I'm kidding. I think that's because of the weirdness. Then, after two years working in Singapore, and I moved to Europe to Adidas. They had quarters in Adidas, in Germany, I mean. And the number of people that I manage is like two people and then three other vendors because, yeah, Adidas is not a tech company, so you need to work with a lot of other vendors. But working in two years in Germany was really fun. I can smoke with every day. But then, I think maybe I really want to work in a really cool tech company. So then, I applied to Uber and then I moved to Uber like two and a half years ago. And there, the number of people that I lead is like two full-timers, six people in different countries, and one vendor. But then, because of you, six months ago, that you like grab more than us, that because of you, that you like more cheap discount than better products, then I moved back to Indonesia. Thanks. But now, from two plus six plus one of people that I lead, suddenly I need to manage 50 plus people. There's like a team with around 50 designers and researchers. And after seven months, the number is double, not even more than doubles, not we have around 121 designers, researchers and UX engineers too. So, it's crazy. I never expect that I will need to lead this like a really big team. So, what I do, and then, before that, like two years ago, I came to this event in London. It's called Leading Design Conference. It's really a good conference, especially for you who is in manager role. And this is the quote that I got from one of the presenters. He said that the most valuable asset of the 20th Century Company is the equipment. But now, is the knowledge workers and their productivity. So, even though, even though like now, they are more like, like they are more machine, but actually, the most valuable asset is us, the people. And the other fact is that, if people do not see a feature at your company, they will find it somewhere else. I think I guess a third of the people in this company, in this room, are looking for a job in Lincoln, right? Or maybe a quarter. But actually, the survey say that 50% of employees are actively looking for new opportunities due to poor leadership or management. So, if you have five people in your team, half of them are actively in Lincoln at the moment. Half of them are making their resume better and better every day. Although maybe, I think the survey is quite biased. Maybe it's like to all industry. I think maybe the number for our investment maybe like a little bit much slower than that. But that's the fact. And this is like top reasons why people left their last job. The first one is poor leadership management. And actually pay or salary is actually the last one. And maybe the number, this is from, I think I will give you the link of the survey later on. Maybe again, the number will be different. Maybe in Singapore, better price number one. Because of the high renting cost here. But this is like, if you can see, the first four is something that you may not notice. It's about lack of carry ladders, lack of meaning, stop learning and poor leadership of management. So, looking at all of these notes that I got two years ago when I attended to this conference, the first week when I joined Bukalapak, this is what I did. So, I send an email and then I schedule one to one to all of those 50 people. I say that in 15 minutes I need you to present this following for topics. Who you are, your present projects, your past important projects and the brokers and aspirations. So basically doing like a UX research to own my team. To my own team. And I say that we will spend the last 10 minutes to know more about the interesting project that you share. So, I have this like one week every day talk to this maybe like seven to eight designers and researchers to just know their pin points and to know their aspiration. And from those, basically it's like I use UX research, something that I know, this is my forte. From those, then I get this laundry list. Which is like some of the problems that my team face at the moment. You can see here it's not about the design work itself. Sometime it's like something that is outside of the design work. It's like about the structure, carry pad, level calibration, performance review, mentoring, how is the working process, how is the design process and so on. So, then from those laundry list, and we talk one by one how we can kind of solve this issue. So, the things that, the four topics that I'm gonna talk today based on this laundry list. Some of the plan that I made after I kind of figured out the issue that I got from my team. And what are those, there are four of it. The first one is about the structure. The second one is about scaling your team. Second one is about carrying ladders. And the last one, which I think is very important, is how to get the seat at the table. Let's start with the first one. I love that the session before me is about active listening, so that I don't need to work quite hard to get your attention. But anytime I see someone opening your phone, I would say, oh, no phone, no phone. Active listening. Okay, the first one is about organization structure. At the beginning, we think that, oh, I just need to get the design right if you're like a team of two, right? But then, after your team become bigger, you will think, oh, I just need to get the strategy right. But when the team become bigger and bigger, you actually need to change your mindset to be, I just need to get the organization right. This is another quote I found from Twitter, it's interesting to me that we try to design software that doesn't have a single point of failure but doesn't set up our orgs with this in mind. We do a lot of UX research. We do a lot of design thinking, design sprint of making a product. But we never do that to our own organization. So it's kind of like an irony, right? And this is like the team, the organization that we work everyday that you will need to work with all these kind of people. And when the organization structure is not right, then it kind of make the team to not work effectively. So, based on the previous companies that I have worked with, I actually create kind of these models. Like four different structure based on how the companies utilize user insight. Again, it's like a very simple framework just based on the different design teams that I have been part of before. The first one is like a user agnostic. So basically you only have one managers and you have designers. And you don't really use the insight from users. You basically just design based on three things, right? Competitors based on design principles and based on your craftsmanship. Which is fine. That's why we are called designers because we have the craftsmanship of making good design. That's why we are paid six figure salary because we are good in the design craftsmanship. But as the team becoming more mature, then you start to think, maybe I think it's time for us to make users to our decision. And then you go to the next one where now the team become bigger and then you may start doing more like UX research. Usually a company start with the cheapest one, which is like usability testing or survey or interviews. And then the company become bigger so users inside you don't use it only to evaluate product, but also to inform the design. So the first step is you are agnostic about users. The second one you just use the insight to evaluate the product. And the third one now is like another step. You kind of want to inform the design. And it become more complex. Now you have more like a dedicated researchers because it's not easy to do more like a generative research than like a generative research. And the product team become usually more kind of structure. So like every product team will have their own researchers, will have their own designers will have their own data scientists and will have their own engineers. And each of these product teams will work in a gel way to make sure that the insight that you get can somehow inform the product design. And the last one, what is the last step when you can say that the design team is quite mature in terms of using the user insight. I believe that is a mature product team if they can generate innovation like a product strategy from the product design teams. So we as a designers and researchers are not just like a pixel pushers or like a usability testers but we actually help we help the management level the C level to actually decide where the company should go. Where the strategy should go where the product innovation should go. And in a big company like Uber's the role becoming more complex. You have VP of UX you have design or research directors you have a strategies managers, researchers research ops, design ops designers UX engineers and program managers. When I was at Uber, we have around 80 researchers and maybe around 150 plus of designers. With that number of researchers and designers, you really need like much more like a role like design operation, research operations program managers to really make sure that this team can work effectively. So so what I did at Bukalapak is slightly different so I cannot divide my product design into three. And each of that product design team will have their own design lead and research lead. And the other interesting thing is I created this call like a core team well it's basically are design and research operations. What is design and research operations? Who is familiar about design ops? Cool. Who has design ops in your team? Cool. At least there are some. But this role, design and this operation is actually very significant to make sure that your team can run faster than your competitors. And we also make like a functional team like only designers, researchers content strategist, UX engineers graphic designers and illustrators. And these are the core teams. We have a call Scalable Research. I'm going to talk more about that later on what is the function of Scalable Research. We have a research team that we call like innovation team design and research operations one team that only handle the design system and a team that handle like the conversation between our team and the engineers. Let's talk one by one. So what is Scalable Research? Scalable Research, this is like a struggle that most researchers face that you are usually only task to do usability testing. What your PM knows about research is usability testing.  It's like a very monoton job like you want to do more like a foundational research generative research like a research that can be very rich that not only fixing some design issue but also generate like product innovation ideas generate strategy. But the PM doesn't care your PM doesn't care your team doesn't care they want you to fix the designs by doing usability testing. So what we did at Bukalapak is I don't know whether this is ethically right but we hire interns so we hire lots of interns to do usability testing and the PM doesn't need to know they doesn't need to know where does the insight come from as long as their request is met then they should be happy and they are happy and I did this at Uber too because doing usability testing is not a really tough job because it's like a very structure you don't need to have that kind of like an art of questioning it's something that you can teach quite easily I would say that's why we have like a full time researchers kind of lead this kind of minions of interns that every week they kind of fulfill this usability test request so that the full time researchers they can work more on more kind of like impactful research project like generative foundational kind of research we also have innovation team so usually if you work in a gel method you work in a silo you only work on home page chat transaction and one team that kind of look at from the bird eye view and then see where to win and how to win so that's why we have this kind of team that is like not part of any agile team not part of any product teams to kind of do this kind of innovative research it's like a team combined of researchers and designers where they can decide what's next what should we build next quarters and I think it's very important to put them aside from that day to day like a very fast, fast space kind of work design ops and research ops I will explain later on design system is kind of like sexy topic at the moment but yeah basically we also have that team in Bukalapak so the next question is like does your team suffer this issue internally particularly around process, communications and file management difficulty on collaborating with other parts of the organization like of disabilities no one cares about your team they just think that you are designers making pretty interface duplicated efforts kind of like doing the same things non-existent measurements and fragmenting decision making so if your team are facing this issue then actually it's time to introduce design ops usually you will not face that issue if your team is still like 2 or 3 people but when the team is getting bigger then you kind of will face this issue so what do design ops do more like that's why it's called operation the background is more if you are coming from an agency background this is like the account managers so they do more like scheduling budget, annual planning conversation tool and procedures facilities, IT communication and coordination making the process between the team and so on i give you like a more easy example for example research operation are the one who do all the recruiting for the researchers so that we have this we have this saying at Ubers like let the builders build let the designers design and let the researchers research so that their focus can just do design or research or building something while the other kind of like course can be handled by design and research operation for example other things like they are the one who kind of manage all the tools that you want to use all the licenses measuring the impact of your works twice a year when you do your performance review you kind of do not know what you want to write in your performance review what should I write what is the impact of my design works what is the impact of my research work designers and design operation are the one who kind of make like the frameworks how do you kind of measure your impact how about design operation they are the one who kind of becoming like the guard of the design system kind of the whip the whippers of for example like design sprint make sure that designers can learn from other designers and the other important thing is that they can help to bring more about your visibility visibility is very important things I still remember when I was at Uber my managers told me hey YOL, you are one of out of other 79 researchers at Uber everyone can do conjoint analysis everyone can do cool qualitative methods everyone can conduct generative research if you don't have visibility and you cannot make an impact to the company which is true like my peers most of them are PhD they all know how to do conjoint analysis if I don't look if I don't really work on my visibility of my works then I will be able to make impacts the same thing when I look at my design teams if my design team doesn't have the visibility then how can my team can impact the other teams how my team can be respected by the product teams by the engineers by the other teams how can they believe of what we are saying so that they don't just think as old those people are just like indies who like to design things but they actually are not stupid that they are smart they can also help the company to drive the strategy so that's why you need this team to kind of increase the visibility of the design teams so what they do is like for example they send like newsletters once a month they make this kind of internal events external events sometimes it can be like really really petty for example we all take pictures together with the same kind of background and then we all put those in our emails in our telegram chat like a whatsapp so then everyone take oh wow design teams what they are doing is so cool just by taking pictures with the same kind of team but it kind of help us to increase the visibility of our team and now other team starting to ask hey can we also do that to our team so like a small thing that maybe we never think about that but actually it improve how we can work efficiently in our companies that's the first one about the organization that can fit to all cases depending on the situation of your company you may want to decide how you want to structure your product design teams the second one is to scale your team which one that you prefer growing your team or poaching both that's because of the width okay growing or poaching someone say both which is true at the beginning when I joined Bukalapak I need much more senior designers I need much more senior researchers so almost every evening I will have like a dinner with designers from Telefaloka researchers from Gojek researchers from Grapp trying to post them to Bukalapak but it's a tiring job it's a really tiring task for me because I'm an introvert person so every time I need to talk with someone that I do not know it's kind of drain my energy so after like 3 months I said I cannot do this anymore so now I put much more my effort to actually grow my team instead of poaching from other designers or other researchers this is example like I keep doing this in my LinkedIn hey Sakti, are you open for a new gig? I use the same kind of like opening line for everyone but yeah, some of them say how do you work in Tokopedia? sorry but sometimes I cannot keep doing there it's a tiring job and everyone I think knows Sakti you know, remember Ramda who came yesterday after I send this text to Sakti Ramda text me hey get away from my team the same thing with Tokopedia to hijack one of their managers they contact one of my managers so sometimes at that time during that 2 months I was thinking am I like a VP of design or VP of recruiting but I came to one stage when I realized I think the ROI will be higher if I need to grow my own teams because as you can see in this region there are not many talents there are not many talents like a PhD in UX research or went to like a really good design school like Rhode Island school so maybe I just need to grow my own talents so that's what we did in the last few months so that we actually finally successfully to grow our team from VV3 around May to around 121 by like a week ago so how we do that the first one is like I told my team that okay so we should not think at least the recruiting team the hiring managers that we should not care too much about where did they study and where did they work before but just care about their skills and whether they have the critical thinking like the trade off that they want to learn for example this is one of the articles that went viral in Takin Asia we have one designer that is like 18 years old he didn't go to any design school he just graduated from high school but we hire them and so far he has been doing really good job if you will see one of our redesigning maybe in the next few months he is one of the team members of that redesigning team after we hire him we actually hire more people like him because it's kind of like this article kind of inspire more of these people who may not have like degree from NTU and US but they are just good they try really hard to go into to go to this industries so now I think we have two more others designers that just graduate from high school they didn't take any undergraduate school but they are doing really doing good at Bukalapak the other thing is about diversity before I joined Bukalapak I have this bias that I always respect only people with like a PhD degree if they are like US researchers or they should get like my certificate from Stanford or Karen G. Mellon or they need to work in Airbnb, Instagram or whatever I kind of always look up at Angmo's but then I kind of learn that's like a really fuck up thinking, right? and I learn about diversity that if if you only focus on performance here at low diversity then you cannot cover only one kind of these circles but then if you have like a high performance team with a high diversity you cannot cover more circles so that's what we are trying to do we hire people with different kind of backgrounds we hire people from different kind of age and we are still working on it for example in the management level that we should be more open to LGBTs to single moms and can you imagine in Indonesia talking about LGBTs and single moms like they will throw stones to me, right? but that's what I believe my team didn't know about this but I did this test so there was like a pride day like a few months ago and I just want to test the water group, I say happy pride day and I was like shit, what will they reply but yeah luckily some of them say yeah happy pride day with like what's that? rainbow, jeep and everything they are good some of them so it's not only like that especially in Indonesia they also may have different kind of definition of diversity they kind of respect people who study abroad work in a top tech companies can speak in like a perfect English but I look at my experience look at my accent but Uber hire me I think if I was my hiring managers and listen to my interview for 5 minutes I say no I don't want to work with this guy that cannot even differentiate how to speak shit and shit still you cannot differentiate, right? actually her name is Susan Portolope she is like now a research manager in Instagram and from her I learned that how she actually doesn't look someone that looks like her but that can add additional cultures, additional value to the company not looking for cultural fit but looking for additional culture that can give like a different kind of perspective to the team so it's kind of tough for me now because now I need to kind of learn to do it like him for example like I have a very bias toward like Islamic radicalism, right? so I'm okay no bias, no bias it's okay they add different kind of perspective I'm like so there's a point when you add diversity to your team you kind of can make the team to be more innovative because they will bring different kind of perspective a point of view the third one, carry pad what times I have left shit okay sorry I will go it very fast, so carry pad companies with carry ladders had higher employee engagement, lower tuition and higher president available sadly from 100% of companies only 23% that has the pay models and only 5% that has carry ladders who has a carry ladder in your company? can you raise your hand? who has a design carry ladder in your company? raise your hand right? good luck and only 0.4% that have a measurable progression models and carry ladders is very important because it is one of the things that make people want to stay and they can feel that oh actually I grow I grow my skill I grow my growth I have a growth in my company so what we did this is the things that you need when you make a carry ladders a set of established norms this is what we made for our teams the hard skill can be research, design, copywriting the impact to the company how they collaborate with other people the development and the ten years you need to separate the tracks between IC and managers the builders and the managers individual contributors because not everyone want to be a managers so that all designers doesn't think that oh the other ladders that I need to go is to become a managers no we have so many bad managers because we force designers that just like to design to be a managers although they actually not managers they don't have the manager skill so that's why you need to separate it and the assessment system for the yearly review so this is what we did at Bukalapak from associate designers and if they are in the senior level they can switch into a manager level they can choose whether they want to be seniors like really good at your craftsmanship or becoming a manager and we make like a very specific what do you need to do to be able to go to that level so I told them hey let's say you are a designer one just copy all of the rows and make sure that you kind of fulfill those requirements so there is a target that you can go and that you want to achieve and we also make this kind of like a self assessment for every 6 months you kind of do this for your bonus too this is the thing that so the last one, sit at the tables this is what we always craft I want to sit at the tables I want us as designers to have the seat at the tables but how we can go to that level again it's like a combination of all of the things like a small things that we should do to be able to go there sometimes we think oh I just need to do good designs I just need to do good research but unfortunately we are in this kind of unfair world where the loudest sometimes can be seen as the authority or the truth so that's why sometimes we still need to do all those kind of like sneaky things so that we as designers or researchers can also be heard in the company so these are just some of the small things that we did at Bukalapak first I will introduce you with this guy the hippo in our company this is the hippo so can you not record this he is the hippo in my company he is also my boss and he is also the one who pays my bill right but he is like a guy that know nothing about design for example he say something like this your team is really good at doing design can you also design our next company the next building like the interior design hey YOL your design team is really good can you design the boutique uniform for our company actually Dina also ask to do that so he doesn't know any shit about design but he is my boss and he is the hippo so I cannot need to be the bridge between him to my team and the other product orgs to make sure that for him he doesn't care about B2 fuel design just care about business GMV net revenue profit he doesn't care if all of design is like all red or all yellow as long as it makes people click on it so how we handle hippos our hippos as I show this diagram to him it's up to you YOLIX you can choose you want to be business centric or you want to be product or design centric and you can only choose one you cannot force us to be for example design centric but ask us to design in 2 days we cannot do that so just manage your expectation if you want to be like a business centric company then I will make that expectation to my team too so I think every one of your sale effort or management effort need to choose where do they want to go whether they want to be like a product centric or business centric and there is no right or wrong you can be like Amazon booking the design is meh or really bad but it's really successful or you can be like an Airbnb or Apple where they only ship things that you like I just had dinner lunch with one of the designers at Airbnb in Seattle see again reiterate he said that at Airbnb we will still ship a product even though that new product or new design hit our metrics as long as they have the conviction that the design is good imagine that I will never able to talk about that to my hippos they will fire me right away they will still ship that product but luckily when you know about this you kind of can play make a balance maybe for some products you can make it like more product centric and some other products you can make it more like business centric so you will not sacrifice all of your teams to do kind of more like design centric product where you need to design spring we have one team called one tribe called growth where they don't do any kind of those design spring things because for them they just need to ship things fast and as you can imagine this is like the favorite of Felix but I'm the one in the middle who kind of need to make sure that for those kind of things that is not foundational fundamental then go ahead design in 2 days go ahead but for other things that are really important like redesigning your home page redesigning your core flow and it should be really design centric also how you kind of design your working models do you want it to be more like a studio cultures or you want it to be more embedded models and it kind of affect how the product will be made because studio cultures it will take more time to do it we did some pallet in our teams and some of them work and some of them did not work and again this is a preference and based on the products that you want to build and other things like this is how I kind of structure every quarters that we need to do 2 stuff solve the low hanging fruits of the designs but also think about the big bold bed and you kind of need to think which resources I should put on the softening low hanging fruits and which resources that I need to do for big bold bed those minions, interns they are softening the low hanging fruits these people who come here that we are willing to pay for their training they do the big bold bed and they kind of they can also do bold but you kind of need to know not everyone can do big bold bed then they will kind of question the value of your team what are you doing like 3 months research and what you are talking just what is the design accommodation I need that I don't need 10 wise why Indonesia do not have bank account I don't care, he doesn't care one of them the research came from 2 weeks research to a remote island in Indonesia and they came out with this kind of very agency kind of presentation like a deck you will kind of make after you smoking a weed and I told them hey this is fine if you present this to our team this is fine, it's totally fine and we will all be happy with this but if you want to present this to Willix never do this then they will cut our research budget so make sure they kind of teller based on your audience this is the thing I said that we are like the most cool team in the company and send our money newsletter and we really got a lot of visibility just by doing this kind of small things we also do some calibration so when I join I kind of compares the salary of the researchers designers and even to engineers I kind of calibrate the salary I kind of increase their salary so that I can whip them more but I think it's important so that because even though the company has the policy don't talk about salary they will talk about salary between them for sure so that it's very important that someone is kind of valued or getting the rewards that what they deserve it we also have the values self value is very important so that you kind of have something to rally on together so we have like an ownership, speak up and then the Indonesian word for don't be stupid we also had a lot of this kind of events like as you know most of us, most of my managers are not like a manager that has like 5 or 10 years experience so they usually just move from being like a center designers or managers so we are all clueless we don't know how to manage people because like 2 different kind of roles so that's why I usually invite people from like this, that's Susan the ones who kind of hire me with this accent and there's like Molly like a director designing Google and Edu from Amsterdam we invite them to come to teach us we did a lot of this kind of event so we do this like call run up event every 2 months so sometimes we think oh why we spend so much energy for something like this it actually help my teams to feel proud of the company we are actually part of this school team part of this school design teams if we don't do this other companies doesn't know Bukalapak Design Team again like a small things but it actually helps to improve the day to day job of my teams because this is more like improving the internal motivation of these people than like an external motivation of you need to work we send them to conference that's why some of them are here and we do also a lot of fun stuff small things but it helps and it's really important for you to kind of think about this other than design or research work something that kind of affect their kind of mental sanity because it's like a tough job to be designer and to be researchers so this are the result I have I think okay sorry look at that this is our product detail page can you see it? can you imagine this design still make us as a unicorn when I joined Bukalapak and I look at the design oh my goodness I told them this is not korea design and I told them I will never use our app until you change that design and this is our new product detail page with that new design we increase our GMV by 7% that's our home page another shitty design and we change it to be like that so when you open our app now that's our home page what I want to say this thing will never happen if I just ask them to work I just need to make sure that they have this good organization good working environment like good managers to execute this kind of good designs and you will get this designs if you never think to take care of your teams you just think okay how to work for sure you will end up with this kind of shitty design so last one there's a book that is really important I think if you are new in like a design management role and there's like the 101 like the bible for product design of leading product design teams and they have like this a very theoretical kind of qualities of effective design organization and you may can see at the things that we did actually kind of to support all of those points so we are all in this shit together trying to get the seat at the tables as a designers and researchers so I think we need to step up our game so that we can be in the same level to those ex consultants, BCG consultant make it C consultants that usually get the seat at the tables and to show them hey that we, designers, researchers are actually smart and not that go block cool there's our instagram account just feel free to shoot to that email thank you everyone thank you YOL for such a refreshing session


Welcome to this lecture, starting from this lecture we are going to study qualitative analysis of wave equation. So far we have done the quantitative analysis for the wave equation namely we have solved Cauchy problems, initial boundary value problems associated to the wave equation. So in today's lecture we are going to discuss a special property of solutions to wave equation in one dimensions, it is known as parallelogram identity. The outline for today's lecture is first we show that solutions to homogeneous wave equation satisfy parallelogram identity, then we show that C2 function satisfying parallelogram identity is indeed a solution to the homogeneous wave equation and we apply parallelogram identity and solve a few problems. So solutions to homogeneous wave equation satisfy parallelogram identity definition of a characteristic parallelogram. A parallelogram in the xt plane is said to be a characteristic parallelogram if each of its sides lies along a characteristic line recall that there are two families of characteristic lines for wave equation. They are x minus ct equal to constant and x plus ct equal to constant these are the two families. So let parallelogram pqrs be a parallelogram in the xt plane with sides pq, qr, rs and sp then parallelogram pqrs is a characteristic parallelogram if each one of the sides pq, qr, rs, sp lies along some member of one of the two families of characteristic lines.  So this is a characteristic parallelogram because each of its sides lies on some characteristic line. So we have this theorem suppose pqrs is a characteristic parallelogram with the line segments pr, pr and qs as its diagonals. This is just to fix this kind of a picture pr and qs are diagonals. So in principle q can be here and s can be here but we are going to say that without loss of general let us assume pqrs are described in this anticlockwise manner the vertices of the parallelogram after all these are only a description naming.  So no assumptions on f and g what all we need is f and g are just functions defined on r then this automatically defines a function on r2 u of xt for xt belongs to r2.  So this is how the characteristic parallelogram looks like.  So without loss of generality assume that the side pq lies along we have to set up some notations. So pq lies along this characteristic line x minus ct equal to k1 and the vertices are as in this picture namely they described in this anticlockwise manner just to set up notations and therefore qr lies on some member of the characteristic lines family and of course it has to be from the other family x plus ct equal to lambda l2 there is some number l2 there is some number k2 such that rs is along this line x minus ct equal to k2 there is a number l1 such that sp lies along x plus ct equal to l1 that is what precisely we are assuming. So without loss of generality the characteristic parallelogram may be described as follows the side pq lies along the characteristic line x minus ct equal to k1 for some k1 the vertices are described in the anticlockwise manner pqrs is a characteristic parallelogram therefore there are characteristic lines along which the sides of pqrs lie in other words there are numbers l1 l2 k2 such that the sides sp, qr and rs lie along the characteristic lines which are described here we already saw this in the picture.   So a remark on the theorem recall that the general solution to the homogeneous wave equation utt minus e square u of xx equal to 0 is given by u of xt equal to f of x minus ct plus g of x plus ct where f and g are c2 functions defined in r. Therefore any c2 solution of the homogeneous wave equation satisfies parallelogram identity for every characteristic parallelogram. Recall parallelogram identity is stated only for characteristic parallelograms. So the next result asserts the equivalence of being a solution to the wave equation homogeneous wave equation and satisfying the parallelogram identity for every characteristic parallelogram. In other words c2 function satisfying parallelogram identity is a solution to the homogeneous wave equation. So let u from r to to r be a twice continuously differentiable function for every characteristic parallelogram pqrs with the line segments pr and qs as its diagonals the parallelogram identity holds. Conclusion u solves the homogeneous wave equation which is utt minus c square u of xx equal to 0. So proof of the theorem we are given that parallelogram identity holds for every characteristic parallelogram. Main idea is to cleverly construct useful characteristic parallelograms. This is a standard idea in mathematics whenever you are given wealth of information like here something holds for every characteristic parallelogram. If you want to use it you have to really exploit it by cleverly making choices. So it is easy to verify that these points pqrs are vertices of a characteristic parallelogram. In fact we have derived these points how they should look like and then wrote down here. So it is easier if you look at the picture. So let us take the point p as xi tau and this line is given by x minus ct equal to constant since this point lies on it that constant has to be xi minus c tau. So like this. Now I am going to consider q which is of the type xi plus s comma something I can determine what that point is using this equation that is why I get q. Similarly I propose s is like xi minus r comma something and that something can be determined by using this equation x plus ct equals xi plus c tau. I get s once I know s I can write down the equation of this characteristic line passing through this point which is this equation. Similarly from q I can write down the characteristic line passing through q the other one one I already know. So this is from the other family and I see where they intersect I get this point that is how the vertices were determined. So why is it a clever choice we will see it on the next slides in the proof. So this is the picture that we have for pqrs and they are actually vertices of a characteristic parallelogram.  So it can also be written as or rewritten as this uq minus up equal to ur minus us. Now notice what is u of q minus u of p it is a value of u at this point what is this point it is actually xi comma tau plus s into 1 comma 1 by c and when s equal to 0 I am at p. So this is some kind of difference of u values of u along this direction 1 comma 1 by c.   So that is also a variation or difference in this direction 1 comma 1 by c. So if you divide this differences with s divided by small s which is this s and then take the limit as s goes to 0 what we get is a directional derivative of u in this direction 1 comma 1 by c at the point p.  So just substituting for pq r s we get this. Now you look at this this is a difference quotient. Difference quotient when you are trying to compute the directional derivative of u in the direction 1 comma 1 by c at the point xi tau. Similarly this also when you are trying to compute the directional derivative of u at this point xi minus r comma tau plus r by c which is the point denoted by capital S in the parallel graph in the direction 1 comma 1 by c. So passing to the limit yields the directional derivatives why the limit exists because we are given that the function is C2 therefore all partial derivatives of order 1 exist. So we can compute using any formula that you like so we get this. So if you expand what is this?  So we get this at the point xi tau similarly the RHS. So derivative in the direction, directional derivative in the direction of 1 comma 1 by c is nothing but this particular combination of the partial derivatives. So rewriting what we have here we get this.  As far as the direction goes it is 1 comma minus 1 by c. So passing to this limit as R goes to 0 we get the directional derivative in the direction 1 comma minus 1 by c which is here the first one here. This is the directional derivative in the direction 1 comma 1 by c minus 1 by c of this quantity which is there here for which we have the difference quotients here when you divide with R. So once you expand you get dou 2 u by dou x square minus 1 by c square dou 2 u by dou t square at xi t equals 0 xi tau is an arbitrary point therefore u satisfies the wave equation at every point. Of course here we have used that when you expand you will get dou 2 u by dou x dou t and dou 2 u by dou t dou x they get cancelled because u is a c2 function mixed partial derivatives are equal. So the two theorems establish the following equivalence for a function which is c2 of r cross r in fact the same proof works with c2 of r cross 0 infinity the following statements are equivalent. u solves the wave equation is same as saying that on every characteristic parallelogram u satisfies the parallelogram identity. The second statement is meaningful even for a continuous function in fact you do not even need continuity but I am just putting because there is something nice to have of course we can even take discontinuous functions that is another thing. What I am saying is that this second part namely parallelogram identity makes sense this statement makes sense without any requirement of differentiability on u. This observation provides us a way to generalize the notion of solution whenever required we are going to discuss them later on. So let us look at some applications of parallelogram identity which is in solution of an IBVP with the Dirichlet boundary conditions. So using parallelogram identity solve the Darbu problem what is Darbu problem ut t minus u xx equal to 0 that is a wave equation posed in which domain t bigger than maximum of x comma minus x that is nothing but this t is greater than mod x maximum of x comma minus x is precisely mod x. In this domain we have to solve wave equation and we are given Cauchy conditions u is given to be so u is given to be phi here and u is given to be psi here and this is the domain in which we have to solve and we are given phi and psi to be c2 functions satisfying phi of 0 equal to psi of 0. So let us solve this problem. So what are the steps involved? First step is finding a suitable characteristic parallelogram suitable means useful. Second is use parallelogram identity and obtain a solution. Of course third thing still remains that we have to check that the solution that we obtained in 2 is indeed a classical solution. Okay let us look at the step 1 here first. Step 1 is to find a suitable characteristic parallelogram. These are the lines x equal to t and x equal to minus t. Both of them are characteristic lines. So let me pick up a point p here. I name it as xi tau and not x and t because I would like to use this notation of x and t in describing the lines. So this line is x minus t equal to xi minus tau and this line is x plus t equal to xi plus tau. So we call that as p let us call this as q r is the origin and this is the s and here we are given u equal to phi and here we are given u equal to psi. Therefore u at p can be obtained very easily. What we need to know is what is q what is s. So let us find out what is q and s.  Therefore q coordinates are given by xi minus tau by 2 comma minus xi by 2. Ps lies on x plus t equal to xi plus tau but s also lies on x equal to t. So x component t component must be same. Therefore s is xi plus tau by 2 comma xi plus tau by 2. So we know the coordinates for q and s r of course is 0 0. Therefore u of yeah we have to find what is u of q. So u of q so u of q is here it is given in terms of psi. So psi of tau minus xi by 2 and u of s is given in terms of phi that is phi of xi plus tau by 2. And what is u of r? u of r is u of 0 0 and that is equal to phi of 0. Of course we have assumed that is equal to psi of 0 by assumption you may call compatibility condition. So step 2 is to get a solution apply parallelogram identity we already computed u of r u of q u of s. So therefore u of xi tau is equal to psi of tau minus xi by 2 plus phi of xi plus tau by 2 minus phi 0. So in terms of x t I simply replace xi tau with x t. So u x t is equal to psi of t minus x by 2 plus phi of x plus t by 2 minus phi 0. So we have obtained the solution. Now what remains is step 3 I have to check that the u given by this box the formula is actually a classical solution to the given problem. And that follows from our assumptions on phi and psi we assumed this in fact we only need the in fact we only need that what do we need phi and psi should be c 2 functions because I should be able to differentiate the expression for u 2 times and I need continuity only up to 0. Of course one can check this problem is also well posed. So let us look at problem 2. Here we are supposed to solve homogeneous wave equation with initial conditions and possibly a non-zero boundary condition general function h of t. We will use parallelogram identity to solve in some region of this domain. The domain in which we are interested in solving is this x positive t positive. From our prior experience we do know that in this domain which is determined by the line x equal to t namely x bigger than t the D'Alembert formula holds for the solution. So essentially we need to solve at a point which is above this line let us say a point here using parallelogram identity. So therefore let us look at how to solve that in this region where x is less than t this region. So this is the line x equal to t these are the axes. Let us take a point p let us denote by xi tau because we are going to use x and t to describe the equations of the characteristic lines. So what we do is just take this line which is parallel to this characteristic and this is the other one and this is another one. So q r s.  What is u of q? It is determined in terms of h because u is equal to h. What is u of s? u of s is given in terms of p because u is equal to p here and u of r also. So it looks like it does not depend on psi. So it means we are airing somewhere then when we look back p q r s is only a trapezium it is not a parallelogram forget about being a characteristic parallelogram. So this is the wrong picture tempting but wrong picture. So what is the correct picture? This is the line x equal to t started a point p which is xi comma tau. So this has to be a characteristic. This is the other characteristic. These are the characteristics. Now it looks okay q this point is r this point is s. We have to determine what these points are. We know u at q because u is prescribed here as h but we do not know what is u of r and u of s. That needs to be determined once again using the Dallambert formula because for which Dallambert formula holds. So if you call this as origin o let us call this r dash u of r is given in terms of 0 o and r dash similarly this also. So in which case we have to find out what are these points r dash and s dash to get solution at these points. So it is a two step process.   So now what we have to do is compute u of r u of s and substitute in this formula r dash s dash.  Therefore q is where x is 0 therefore 0 when x is 0 t is tau minus psi. Now let us look at p s that lies on x plus t equal to psi plus tau. Therefore the point s is psi plus tau by 2 psi plus tau by 2 because the point which lies on the line x equal to t. So x and t coordinates are same. Let us look at q r it lies on x plus t is equal to tau minus psi because it passes through the point q. Therefore the point r is given by tau minus psi by 2 comma tau minus psi by 2 because r is also a point which is lying on the line x equal to t. Therefore we can write down what are the values. Let us write 1 by 1 what is u of r? u of r is given by phi of 0 plus phi of tau minus psi by 2. I am using the Dalamboid formula for us psi is 0. So the coordinates of r dash are tau minus psi comma 0. Similarly u of s is equal to because s dash is psi plus tau comma 0. The value is phi of 0 plus phi of psi plus tau by 2. So we got r and s. So therefore u at the point psi comma tau is u of p.  So that is nothing but h of tau minus psi plus phi of psi plus tau minus phi of tau minus psi by 2. So now let us switch to x t instead of psi tau because now we have a formula. So u of x t is nothing but h of t minus x plus phi of x plus t minus phi of t minus x by 2. Therefore let us write down the full solution. Full solution means we write down what is solution in x less than t? x greater than t in one place is u of x t equal to phi of x minus t plus phi of x plus t by 2 if x is greater than or equal to t h of t minus x plus phi of x plus t minus phi of t minus x by 2 if x t is bigger than x. So this is region 1, this is region 2. So this is for the region 1 and this is for the region 2. In region 1 it is given by D'Alembert formula. Now let us make some observations. First point is that u is smooth everywhere as smooth as the given function phi and h are in each of these regions 1 and 2 everywhere in the first quadrant except possibly on this line x equal to t. So let us examine what happens on the line x equal to t. So first part is continuity. Is it continuous at points of x equal to t? So from region 1 what we get is phi 0 plus phi of 2x by 2 and from region 2 what we get is h 0 plus phi of 2x minus phi of 0 by 2. So this is same as phi of 0 equal to h of 0. So this is one compatibility condition that we get. So continuity of this function demands that phi 0 must be equal to h 0. Similarly, let us check for c 1s. For that we need to write what is ux of x t of course u t of x t as well. So ux of x t is phi prime of x minus t plus phi prime of x plus t by 2 in the region x bigger than t minus h prime of t minus x plus phi prime of x plus t plus phi prime of t minus x by 2 in the region t bigger than x. So this is the region 1, this is the region. So therefore ux is continuous if and only if the limits from both the regions 1 and 2 as we approach x equal to t coincide. So what we have is phi prime of 0 plus phi prime of 2x by 2 should be equal to minus h prime of 0 plus phi prime of 2x plus phi prime of 0 by 2 and this happens if and only if h prime of 0 equal to 0. So similarly, u t is continuous if and only if h prime of 0 is 0. So the same compatibility condition therefore u is c 1 if and only if h prime of 0 is 0 phi of 0 equal to h of 0. Let us look at c 2s for which we need the formula for uxx in both the regions. So therefore, uxx is continuous at points of the line x equal to t if and only if phi double dash of 0 plus phi double dash of 2x by 2 is equal to h double dash of 0 plus phi double dash of 2x minus phi double dash of 0 by 2 and that is if and only if phi double dash of 0 equal to h double dash of 0. Similarly, u t t is continuous on x equal to t under the same conditions. No new compatibility conditions are required and you can easily check that you take ux and differentiate with respect to t. Similarly, take u t and differentiate with respect to x they are also continuous on x equal to t under the same conditions. In fact, note that it is enough to check for one of them because in each of the regions 1 and 2 what are the regions set of all xt such that x is less than t and set of all xt such that x is bigger than t. In each of them u of xt that we have defined is a c2 function. So therefore, uxt is same as utx in each of the regions. Therefore, the u that we have obtained is a classical solution if and only if the following compatibility conditions are satisfied. These three compatibility conditions are satisfied. This is because we do not have a psi in the problem or psi is 0. If psi was there we would have got more such conditions and this will be different actually. H prime of 0 will be in terms of psi. We have not checked the existence of ux, ut, uxx, uxt, utt at points on the line x equal to t. It is left as an exercise to you to check this using the definitions assuming these compatibility conditions which are written down on the top of this page namely phi of 0 equal to h of 0, h prime of 0 equal to 0, phi double dash of 0 equal to h double dash of 0. Now let us look at the problem 3 now. We are asked to find u of 1, 2. We have a non-homogeneous wave equation and the usual Cauchy data and Dirichlet boundary condition which is 0. This problem can be solved using many techniques. One of them is you make this 0 that is solve homogeneous problem with the same these conditions and then non-homogeneous term is handled using Duhamel principle that is one that we have already explored. Another idea is to extend this problem to whole of r. Here x is positive it is posed only for x positive extend this problem to x in r that means extend this function these functions so that you have a problem Cauchy problem for r and then you use the Dallambert formula and you get a solution. And there is a third approach sometimes we are lucky that we can spot some special solutions which satisfy this equation the non-homogeneous part. If you notice this problem we have already considered in lecture 4.10. Here we solve it again but we use parallelogram identity. So take a special solution usually we get this by inspection particularly if the right hand side are simple functions then it is easier to guess not always possible to guess but it is a trick after all. So take a special solution to the non-homogeneous wave equation we are not talking about any other conditions only equation and that v of xt is equal to 1 by 6 x square t cube plus t power 5 by 10. There could be other functions also but you have to figure out at least one function then we are on the road to solve this problem. So now consider w is equal to u minus v then w satisfies wt t minus wxx equal to 0 because both u and v solve non-homogeneous problem therefore the difference solves homogeneous equation. What is w of x0? W of x0 is ux0 minus vx0 luckily vx0 is 0 when you put t equal to 0 v of x0 is 0. So it is ux0 which we want it to be sinx similarly wt of x0 is 0 but now the problem is the boundary condition that turns out to be a non-zero function but we do not bother because we have parallelogram identity with us which will give us solution to problems like this even if the data here is h and h non-zero. Solution of the problem for w remember we want to solve w of 1, 2 we want to find. Let us draw this line and 1, 2 actually comes in this region if this is 1 unit 2 unit will be much higher somewhere here. So this is the point p we have 1 comma now let us draw the characteristic parallelogram. Of course you could stop at the 4 here or you could also go down and take this line and see where it hits. So this is q, this is r, this is s. pq lies on x minus t is equal to minus 1 therefore q is 0, 1. qr lies on x plus t is equal to 1 therefore r is 1 comma 0. ps lies on x plus t is equal to 3, rs lies on x minus t is equal to 1 therefore s is 2 comma 1. Therefore w of p is equal to w of q plus w of s minus w of r by parallelogram identity and we get w of 1 comma 2 is equal to w of 0, 1 plus w of 2, 1 minus w of 1, 0 and that is nothing but minus 1 by 60 that is the first term other things are sin 3 minus sin 1 by 2. Therefore u of 1 comma 2 is equal to w of 1 comma 2 plus v of 1 comma 2 by the definition of w because w was u minus v and that is equal to minus 1 by 60 plus sin 3 minus sin 1 by 2 plus 1 by 6 into 8 plus 32 by 10. This upon simplification becomes sin 3 minus sin 1 by 2 plus 111 by 60 this is exactly the same solution that we obtained earlier. We will summarize for a C2 function u the following equivalence was established that is u solves a homogeneous wave equation in one dimension if and only if it satisfies parallelogram identity on every characteristic parallelogram. Then we have demonstrated how the parallelogram identity is useful in solving initial boundary value problems. Thank you.


How do you make a game in a genre that you've never actually played? When hobbyist developer Local Funk sat down to make the popular roguelike card game Bellatro, they had never actually played a roguelike. Even so, Local Funk was obsessed with these kinds of games. They had stumbled across YouTube videos of the roguelike game Luck the Landlord, and they decided, without actually knowing how roguelikes work, that they were going to use this kind of gameplay in their own project. This, they feel, is the key to Bellatro's success. They said, If I'd played Slay the Spire before designing this one, it would have infiltrated the design quite a bit. I didn't want to subconsciously take design elements from those games, and then suddenly mine is less original. Sometimes it's good to do those things. You don't have to reinvent the wheel. But for me, I was making this for myself for fun. I thought it'd be more fun to try myself, not as a retail thing, not, this is the correct thing for the game to sell the best, figuring out design issues is fun for me. Local Funk's decision to stumble blindly into roguelike game design did end up making the development far more complicated. It also led to the creation of one of the most celebrated indie games of 2024 so far. This is the story of how Bellatro got made. Video game development is just a small part of Local Funk's life. The developer prefers anonymity as a way of compartmentalising their game development work. Prior to working on Bellatro, they made several games from scratch, one taking over two years around other projects, but only ever intended them to be for a few key friends. They said, the motivation is that I enjoy game development, actually writing the code, a lot. Making games for my friends is a way to a kind of an end goal. It'd be nice to have something I could show someone, not just a proof of concept for myself that looks like a mess. These are people I've known for a long time, people I think would appreciate and have fun with the projects I've worked on. It's not play testing, doesn't need to be tested, just a thing I made. So what changed with Bellatro? Why release this game to a wider audience when all of Local Funk's other games have been so private and personal? Initially, this was meant to be just another secret project. Local Funk had a lot of annual leave saved up from their job in December of 2021. Rather than travel anywhere, they decided on the perfect holiday. Sitting at home, spending 12 hours a day working on a new game. That was great, Local Funk says. That's my ideal vacation. Years later, something happened that would cause Local Funk to rethink the entire project, and finally release a game to a wider audience. Local Funk's Game Dev Holiday was just the start of a long journey. Initially, the game took inspiration from the Cantonese card game Big 2, which is popular across Southeast Asia. It was intended for online play, and it didn't feature any of the unusual Joker cards that would eventually give Bellatro its unique charm. It was only after discovering, luck be a landlord, that Local Funk really started experimenting with what weird and contradictory cards could be thrown into the game. There were also a few dead ends in the design process. Local Funk spent months working on a card upgrading system that simply wasn't fun, and needed to be scrapped. After 18 months, the game was almost finished, and Local Funk's personal situation changed. They wished to keep the details private, but what they have publicly said is that they needed to move house, and this also meant quitting their job. They had been working in what they call normal development stuff. So while a game like Bellatro was not very similar to their day job, it also did show off the skills they wanted to highlight to prospective future employers. For that reason, with the game nearly finished, Local Funk decided to go through the simple steps of publishing Bellatro on Steam, essentially as a portfolio piece to put on a resume. They published the game, did absolutely no marketing, and then watched, as over the next few months, the game's popularity skyrocketed. Local Funk attributes Bellatro's meteoric rise to YouTube. After around five months on Steam, a few key YouTubers began showing the game off, and at this point, Local Funk began to be flooded with positive feedback. This came as a surprise, and did leave Local Funk feeling a degree of imposter syndrome. In their mind, all of this attention was purely the result of a lucky accident. They said, I put no thought into it. I lucked into it. I don't think I could do that again if I tried. Nevertheless, there was more than luck at play. Bellatro may have started with an accidental good idea, but it took hard work and consistent iteration to polish the game until it became the addictive final product. Said Local Funk. The luck feeling was, the cool thing I started with had enough wiggle room that I could tweak systems within that original idea quite a lot until I found something that worked. The moral of Bellatro then is easy to see. You can't choose your luck in life.  But if you work hard, you can take advantage of the good luck you're given, and if you're patient, you can begin to stack the deck in your favour.


I love that you said the Facebook. I still do. It's true. I'm vintage. And they'll know if you're just posting for the sake of posting. They'll smell it. They'll sense it. Welcome to The Journey. I'm Neely. And I'm Emma. And today, we're getting organized with a social media content calendar. All right, so let's dive in here. Tell us a little bit about what a content calendar is and why it's important. Great question. So a content calendar is important. You have a lot of great questions. It's grilling me. So a content calendar is really great. And you can do this in a digital form. You can do old fashioned like the one on your fridge. But actually, the idea is to look at that calendar and plan ahead of time your post. Because there's things like holidays. I mean, Father's Day to Valentine's Day to, you name it, Fourth of July. There's a holiday for everything. There's a hot dog day. Oh, and then there's, yeah, the unofficial holidays. Pizza day. Pizza day. National barbecue day. So by planning ahead with a content calendar, where you're writing the dates of the post and when you want to go out, you will then have content that's varied and fresh and not rushed. Absolutely. So do you have some tips to help us create that content calendar? Definitely. So first and foremost, tip number one, set goals. Which is really important. I know you talk about this a lot with like branding your business. Goals are huge. They're everything. It helps you understand like, cool, if I'm going in the right direction, am I successful, am I on track, all these things. Exactly. Because otherwise, how are you gonna measure what you're doing? Yes. So set goals. So with social media, do you wanna get more new followers? Are you looking to get outside of your neighborhood? Maybe you're gonna expand your reach with your services. Or maybe that mobile tinting business that you own is now gonna branch into other cities. Be more intentional about what you're posting. And that's gonna help because it's going to inform what you decide to post that day and then help you to resonate with your audience. Cause that's really important that you're resonating with your audience, your customers. Also, think ahead for your events. Set goals, put in the calendar and it'll help you to get more people excited and informed about your events before the events are actually happening. I love it. And it's like you said, don't just shoot from the hip. Like I've consulted a few just small businesses and when they haven't planned out what they're wanting to post they're just throwing something together. Cause, oh gosh, I haven't posted in four days. I need something there. And it's just not what they originally would have wanted. Exactly. All right. So you've set your goals, now what? Next up, make a monthly calendar. Think of it in a monthly way. Commit to maybe a theme that month. Recognize the holidays that are happening so your posts are timely and embrace it. So what month are you in now? Embrace it and get on top of anything that's happening, events, the timeliness, the holidays, official and unofficial. Can you give us an example of where you saw a small business really like take on a theme super well? Ooh, yes. Well, naturally I think about pizza. So the national pizza holiday, which I believe is like, I don't know, it's like in February. Is it February? You know the date. February 9th. Okay, February 9th, I need it. And a lot of businesses embrace this holiday by basically saying like come in on this day and you get your first slice for free. And people get so stoked about free stuff. You don't need to give them- Especially free pizza. Yeah, you don't need to give them a free whole pizza. Just give them a slice and then they'll bring their friends and they'll eat more and spend money and they'll feel excited about doing it because people get really excited about unofficial holidays. Definitely posted it all over Instagram. Yeah, what's your favorite? Probably pizza. No, you can't take mine. That or cookies? Okay, there's probably a holiday for that as well. There's a holiday for napping, I'm sure. And so you might be thinking, well, I'm not a pizza place. So how is this relevant to me? And that's good, you're on the right track. You don't wanna just celebrate a holiday just because it's a date on the calendar. You wanna make sure it's relevant to your business. But you can also think outside of the box. You know, I also was thinking about too with having that monthly approach and looking ahead. What's that? What about if you know you're gonna be closed? Your business? Just off days or I'm out on vacation? Closed for repairs or closed for vacation or closed for whatever, you deserve a break once in a while. Point is though, you don't want your customers showing up like knocking on your door and wondering, where are they? They're usually open at this time every Friday that I come here. So planning ahead with that so you let your customers know, give them a heads up over on the Facebook or the Instagram or Twitter or all three. All right, so we've almost reached the end of our journey. Our last tip for you, lay it on us Emma. So now the moment you've been all waiting for, share compelling content. What does that actually mean? What's your compelling content?  And they'll know if you're just posting for the sake of posting, they'll smell it, they'll sense it. So don't rush it, cause now you have a calendar, you won't. And you'll think about, does this actually add value to my audience? Otherwise it's not worth posting. Right, so that adding that value is super important but what if we hit a roadblock? Like what are some type of, what are some content that we can create? Yeah, think about it this way. And you might want to just jot this down at home and keep it handy cause we all hit writer's block, even us. And so maybe break it down in a couple of different ways to keep the content fresh. Educational post, entertaining post, user generated content, reviews from your customers. Also maybe you have an update, a new product that you're selling or a new item on your menu or maybe you're offering a whole nother type of whitening style at your dentist. These are updates, that's good to put on there as well. But you want to mix it in with those other types of posts and that's going to be again, meaningful and add value to your audience. So they're going to be eager for your next post, not dread it. Love it, right? And sometimes even after all of that we still hit that writer's block. What I want you to do when you've hit that wall is start documenting kind of your day to day like the behind the scenes, right? Start telling your story.  You can ultimately do that with your business and basically let people into the story, not just the final product. I love that. And I was thinking about, mind you, this bakery that I came across and a lot of us, we just go to the bakery, we're ready for that pastry. Absolutely. Get your coffee and you're out. But they did on their Instagram stories of behind the scenes of one of their most popular pastries being made and it was awesome. It was behind the scenes. You saw that familiar face, your favorite staff members at the bakery and you got to see a little bit without giving away the secrets, of course. You got to see the process of it. Another good one, we were talking about donuts earlier but seeing donuts being made, it's just so fun.  Just really anything delicious being made just makes you hungry and you want to go in. Same thing with you. If you have a cool behind the scenes, show that and make people really want to see that final product for themselves. And you start adding that to your content calendar. So on Tuesdays, you'll post educational content and then Thursdays, you post entertaining content. Maybe Sundays are behind the scenes. However you want to do it, your content is yours. Yeah, and get catchy with it. Like Fun Fact Friday, Trivia Tuesday. So big takeaway tip that I want to leave you all with while it's important to set goals and have that content calendar and of course post compelling content. Big reminder out there. Have fun with it. All right, that's a wrap. You've tuned in and you've learned and you're now motivated to start a calendar to get your social media ready, organized and compelling. Thanks for tuning in. Make sure you like this video. Comment on just your favorite tip. Subscribe to our channel. Ring that bell if you want to see these videos first. This has been The Journey. Thanks for watching.


Everybody needs to come out and see all of the ghosts and ghouls. We have a high scare and a low scare this year, so you can bring any age kids. This whole trail is run by volunteers and we can't do it without them. We have amazing volunteers here at the Arb and they're just wonderful and I can't say enough great things about these people. So please come support them, enjoy yourself, enjoy Halloween, take a walk in the woods and take a walk in the dark. It's a little wild.


So for Twitter, India is one of the fastest growing platforms in terms of the internet. And number two is youth on the platform. 70% of the users in India are under 35 years old. And that makes it very creative in a very platform for all the country. And finally, SAW English was a big platform. But I think what we are seeing in recent time is tremendous growth of recent content. Not just in India, but beyond India as well. So if we look at the talk in sort of moments on Twitter in 2018, it comes in the top 10 walks. Five of them are actually regional friends and that was this very high opening for most of us. Sarkar, Permanent Election, Kerala Flats, Justice for Asifa, and Vicerbu, the regional friends which became quite big in the country. And no one was expecting this to happen so that's really shows. The platform is really growing beyond the English users and regional users. Now let's talk about what's happening on the platform. What is being consumed and what kind of content is on the platform. So there are the major content categories on the platform. First is youth. Second is entertainment. Third one is sports. Let me take you through an example in one in each of you people. And youth, I think the major thing of course all of us know was the elections. And this was by far a very major event on the platform by an order of magnitude. So just the election alone got us about 396 million tweets in sort of over a period of six months. And just to put that number in perspective, it's a very large number right, but what it means is that on an app is that it's one tweet for every two voters in the country.


This has gotta be, no lie, one of the cringiest moments of Kamala Harris, and that's saying a lie. This is from an interview she did last night on Comedy Central, and let's just say she was not prepared for even the slightest bit of criticism. This woman is an utter embarrassment to this country. I challenge any of you to watch this without face-palming. So who's the real president of this country? Is it Joe Manchin or Joe Biden? Madam Vice President? Come on, Charlemagne. Come on, it's Joe Biden. I can't tell. No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. It's Joe Biden. All kidding aside, of course President Harris is a proud Howard alum. It's Joe Biden, and don't start talking like a Republican about asking whether or not he's president. It's Joe Biden. Do you think Joe Manchin is a problem? And it's Joe Biden, and it's Joe Biden, and I'm Vice President, and my name is Kamala Harris.


If you could choose any way for your character to go, what would be your best, most dramatic way? By saving the universe? That seems pretty dramatic. Where are we going? Yeah. Near car crash, done that, near death with being stabbed with some kind of space-time-shard thing, done that. I suppose it would have to be a wild animal, wouldn't it? It had to be on safari somewhere. I don't know. Maybe I just sort of invert myself by accidentally doing them on the spout, just to tear myself inside out. I don't know. Yeah, it'd be interesting. We have to wait and see. There's lots of threats coming his way. He holds a time stone around his neck for a part of this film, so yeah, and we know someone's coming to get them for a big glove, so... It's all going to be okay. It might not be. You know, it says you'll see Dr. Strange again at the end of the first one. You have. You've seen him in Thor, Ragnarok, and you know he's in this one. Doesn't mean it's going to be any more of him, so you have to wait and see. Oh my God, that's awful. It's a bit morbid. That's a little... This is a very morbid question.  So yeah. How do I like to die? A long time from now is how I'd like Vision to die, very far into the future.