Although, yeah, it's the story of my life, right? All right. So, welcome back to virtual memory. This is where things get fun. So, first, I will start something new and ask you a question. Oops. So, how should we implement virtual mapping? So, what are your ideas? How should we do this before we see what the actual solution might be? So, I'll try something new, and see if you can drop stuff in Discord too. I'll give you a minute with that. If anyone has any bright ideas, yep. So, this question is just how to do the mapping from virtual to physical, not like actually grabbing big blocks of memory. Unless you want to just do one, yeah? Yeah, the bottom, yeah. A hash table, so just address to address. Everyone likes hash tables. So, if we did hash tables, what would we have to do for virtual memory? A hash table is not a cache. So, for each process, I have a hash table that just has a mapping of an address, which represents a byte to an address for another byte. Does that sound reasonable? How would one byte to 100 bytes work? So, I use address 1000, I get some bytes out of it, or how's that supposed to work? So, if I did have mapping for each address, each address points to a byte. So, for each byte, I would need a whole address, which is like 64 bits, then map it to physical, which is another 64 bits. So, that's 128 bits to map a single byte. That sounds real bad. Does your memory, like, every single byte you use, you have to use 16 to keep track of virtual memory? Does that sound like a good trade-off? Probably not. No other fun ideas? Swap out bigger blocks of memory. Okay, we're on the right track. That's better. So, like, if it's within this range, just keep track. If it's within this block, let's go to another block, something like that. All right, well, let's keep that in mind. I guess no suggestions from the Discord. So, let's go to a checklist then. So, what do we want virtual memory to do? So, we also want multiple processes to be able to coexist. They shouldn't, they should be independent. They shouldn't be able to see that they are actually sharing physical memory. They, we want to make sure they can't access each other's information unless there's some, you're explicitly allowing it, because if one process could read your banking information or something like that, that would probably be real bad or your keyboard presses or whatever. We also want good performance, right? Close to using physical memory as possible, which, if every byte we looked at was like a hash table lookup, that would be a lot of memory operations for just what should essentially just be a single byte memory load. And we also want to limit the amount of fragmentation, which is just another fancy word for just wasted memory. So, remember, again, like I said, oh, why is my iPad dead? Oh, that's not going to be good. All right, so remember that memory is byte addressable, so every address represents a single byte or eight bits, and you can only read and or write one byte at a time minimum, and each address is just basically like the address of an array. You can think of it that way. So, there is this old technique, something called segmentation when computers were really, really slow and not terribly great. So, what they did is they had like four virtual memory regions, one for code, one for data, which is like global variables and everything, one for the stack and one for heap, which is basically memory managed by malloc and friends. So, it looks a lot like an elf file, so large sections of memory with some memory permissions associated with them, and each segment is a variable size that can be just dynamically resized, and this is like a really old thing. We can talk later about disadvantages with this, but this is no longer used at all. They can be really large and really costly to reallocate and almost impossible to share information if you want to do something like that, and there is no longer a use to this, but these are some historical things. So, some details for that. Each segment contains like a base address, a limit, which is how big it is, and some permissions. So, you get the physical address by just using a segment selector, so that would correspond to like code, heap, data, or something like that, and then an offset, which is just how many bytes from the beginning into the segment do I want to go? So, we'll see later what the MMU is. I guess I have a little defined before use here, but the MMU is a memory management unit, which is the actual hardware on your machine, which does the actual virtual to physical memory translations. So, it will just check that your offset here into the segment fits within however large that segment is, so that limit could also be the size, and all it does is calculate the base address plus the offset, and then does permission checks. Otherwise, if you're not within this memory or there is some permission, like you're trying to write to some memory that you're not allowed to write from, you get a segmentation fault. So, there's where that word comes from whenever you de-reference an all pointer or something like that. This is why it's called a segmentation fault, even though fun fact, your computer is not using segments. Your ARM processor doesn't even have the concept, but the term stills around. So, for example, segments just get numbers, so this is what your virtual address would look like. It looks kind of funky. So, this would be like, I want address in segment one with offset ff, which is like 255 bytes into it, and as part of the translation, your MMU would know that segment one. Its base address, which is its real physical address, is hex 2000, and its limit is 1 ff, so that's its size, so it's bigger. So, because it's within the limit, this ff is less than 1 ff, then it would just take the base address and add this offset to it. So, our real physical address would be 20 ff. So, just a big chunk of memory. It can be variable size, and then it just translates it by doing an addition. Yep. So, the multiplication sign is not a real multiplication sign. That's how you denote hex numbers. No, like in C, it's 0x. That means it's a hex number. Yeah, that's two hex numbers. So, this is your segment. So, segment is hex one, and then colon the offset, which is hex ff. Yeah, this is just two hex numbers. Which one? 0x1. Oh, yeah. Oh, okay. Yeah, there's a weird formatting thing. Yeah, the other ones have multiplications instead of x's, which I don't know how that happened. All right, that's cool. So, now if you have x86 hardware that actually has support for segments, Linux just sets the base address to every segment to 0 and the limit to the maximum amount of memory you have, and therefore, if you program tries to use segments, it just doesn't get translated at all. So, they pretty much just straight up disable it. So, here is our first insight to divide memory into big, fixed-size chunks. That way, if we have a virtual block of memory, and then let's say it has bytes at index 1, or 0, 1, 2, da, da, da, da, da, up to however big we want it, well, we would just map it to a physical block of the same size, then we wouldn't have to change the offset or how many bytes into it we're accessing, and it would just represent some physical memory instead of virtual memory. And then that way, I could map virtual blocks to the same physical block or do whatever I want with that, right? I have a bit more freedom with it. So, MMU is going to do this. It will map the virtual address to physical address, also permission checks. So, that block is something we call a page and the fixed-size someone decided that was a good amount to have in like the 80s was 4,096 bytes. So, there is that magic number I've been using sometimes in the lecture that the operating system seems to like. That is the size of a page in virtual memory. So, that's the size of the block. That's what it's dealing with. So, there's some weird terminology you might see. A page typically just means a block of 4,096. So, a page in virtual memory, sometimes you just call it a page typically. You could call it a virtual page as well. While a page in physical memory is sometimes called a frame. Just if you want to differentiate them real quick with one word. So, other things we might notice here is typically we have a 64-bit address for everything now. And that is massive. That's like terabytes and terabytes of bytes you could address. And no one has that much RAM unless maybe you're something like Google or something like that. But for most of our systems, we probably have like at most 32 gigs of RAM or 64 gigs of RAM, which is like, you know, in the 30s of bits, not a bit more than 32, but 32 bits is 8 gigs or 4 gigs of RAM. So, we use a bit more than that. So, for most systems today, this number could easily change. Most things use a 39-bit virtual address space. So, that means for a single individual process, you are allowed to address up to 39 bits of virtual memory. What's 39 bits of virtual memory? That is 512 gigabytes. So, unless you're Chrome, you probably don't need to use more than that. We'll see if we need to adjust that later, but it's a number that's easy to adjust as soon as we understand the principles behind it. So, this is implemented with a page table. So, it's just a big lookup table indexed by virtual page number. And then it looks up the virtual page number and then you don't translate anything that has to do with where you are on a certain page. So, what does that look like? Well, you would have a virtual address, something like this. And we said that we only use 39 bits out of the 64 that our CPU will support. So, the upper bits here are unused. And then we have 27 bits, which we would use to index into this table. The page table is basically just a huge array. So, it is a huge array. We use this index to see which element in that array we need to look up. And the page table just contains what physical page number that this virtual page number should map to. So, the lower 12 bits, which to the 12 is 4096. So, that's like where you are within a page. And we don't have to translate that whenever we're computing a physical address from a virtual address. So, we would just take this index. There would be two to 27 entries in this page table. And then in the page table, you just look up the physical page number, you just substitute it in, and that's how you get a physical address. Not too bad, right? Any questions about that? Yeah. PPN is physical page number. Yeah. So, in this case, the virtual page number in the PPN is larger because this supports up to 56 bits of physical memory. So, we can actually translate more, we can actually support more physical memory in our machine than our virtual memory per process. So, if you had Google size, Google size amounts of RAM, it could still use all that physical memory. And it turns out that the size of this doesn't really matter. It's just like the size of the entries in the page table. And as soon as you go over 32 bits, because we have computers, they like powers of two. So, the entries in this page table have to be eight bytes anyways. So, you essentially can translate bigger physical addresses for free. Okay. Yeah. So, the page table would just be like a giant array of PPNs. Yeah. So, you can think of a page table as just an array of physical page numbers, and this is the index into that array. And that's how you look up an address. So, any of the lower 12 bits, which is like where you are in a page, which is what we call an offset here, we don't have to translate it whenever we come up with a physical address. And for the physical page number, we just look it straight up in the page table, and that's it. So, we'll see why these are unused, because, well, for this virtual address here, why we don't use more is because if we had a, like if we had a bigger virtual address space, that means our page table has to be bigger, and it would waste even more room. So, for picking the number of, like how big the virtual address is, you want to keep it essentially just small enough that it'll support anything you need, because it corresponds directly with the size of the page table. But the physical address doesn't really matter. That reserve space is just because they picked a number so they can, if some design decision happens later, they can adjust and use it for something else. Yeah. So, the page table itself would be stored in physical memory and managed by the kernel. So, remember, the kernel, like one of its jobs, is to manage virtual memory, which we can guess, if virtual memory is just mapped from page table, it means it creates page tables and handles all the mapping for that. Yep. Yep. Yeah, we'll get to that problem in a bit. All right. The page table entries, I said it's basically just an array of physical page numbers, but the entries actually look like this, so they store a bit more information in them. The main thing is the PPN or physical page number, which is, you know, over here, the 44 bits, but because computers like powers of two, the whole page table entry or PTE, you'll see this term come up a lot in this course, and it's going to be 64 bits, so if only 44 of them are designated to the physical page number, then there's 20 left over. So, what they did is they used 10, or sorry, they use 8 over here for some permission checks, like there is a bit that says whether or not this page table entry is valid, so you can use it to translate if this valid bit is 0, that means this virtual memory does not actually map to any physical memory, and then you would get something like a segmentation fault and all that fun stuff, and then there are some other permissions to see if you can read that memory, write that memory, execute that memory, which just means it contains instructions that your CPU would use, and there's some other ones, like a user bit which makes sure that you can only access this memory if you are in user mode, one, for global, that we won't really use in this course, it's just for performance, and then some access and dirty bits, which we'll get into later in the course once we get to storage, and then there are two bits here that are reserved for the supervisor, which is just another word for kernel, that they can use for their own devices, and in Lab 3, we're going to be managing some virtual memory ourselves, so we're going to simulate this because you're going to find out why these bits are useful. So after that, they just had 10 bits left over, so they said we reserve it for future use, and that's it. So this is what is in a physical, or page table entry. The only things we really care about in this course is that they contain a physical page number or PPN, and then valid, read, and write are about the only ones we care about. Yeah. So it's just 27 because we said that we're going to have a 39-bit virtual address, and then since our page size is 4,096, that's to the 12, so that's the offset part. So to figure out how big our index would be, it's just 39 minus 12. So we have 27 left over. So the physical address being 56 in this case, it's just because they picked it that that was a large enough number that that supports anything for now. I think that's 64 giga-terra exabytes, something like that. It's a very large number. So in this, 39 is just the number we choose. That is what all your systems are currently using because it is big enough right now. But we'll see how to extend this if we want it to go further with it. But it pretty much corresponds to how big that page table is right now if we just have a single big page table. Okay. So here's how you would translate some addresses. Consider this is our page table and we would just consider everything to be valid. Alright. So in that case this is our page table where we have four entries. So our virtual page number can be 0, 1, 2, 3. And then our physical page number is just whatever it would map to. So virtual page 0 maps to physical page 1 which would be a natural physical address and then 4, 3, 7 something like that. So to do the translations if this was a normal size page so the 4096 who here remembers how many bits are represented by a single hex character? Yeah. Anyone else? Any hands? We got four. Alright. That is a number you want to know. So remember the offset or where you are in a page is 12 bits. Each hex character is 4 which means how many hex characters represent where I am in a page? Three. Right? So that means if I write an address in hex and it is a 4096 byte page size I don't have to translate the last three hex characters because that corresponds to my offset. So I don't have to translate that. So if I translated the first address here this AB0 I don't have to translate that because that is where I am within a page. So do not translate it and then I would just have the upper part be the virtual page number and then the virtual addresses to physical pages or to physical addresses. So I would just look it up here see that zero corresponds to physical page one and I would just do that replacement. So I would just replace this zero here with one and then I otherwise leave it alone. Same thing with this. So this one would be virtual page one I look it up in the table and then I just substitute it in I do not touch the last three hex characters because again that's where I am within a page. So any questions about any of these translations? No we're good? Hopefully we're good? Thumbs up anyone for good? Yeah? Alright good enough because if not ask questions now because things are going to get real weird real quick. Although I don't think it gets much harder than this but that is not the evidence I have I have understood it. How? Which one? So say we took this virtual address so it is three like in hex 3d 2 8 and if this is if our page size is that 12-bit one well then we don't have to translate the last three hex digits because each one represents four bits three of them, that's 12 so I don't have to translate that and then anything above that would be where we are like the virtual page number or the index so in this context it would be this part, this index part and then I would just look it up in this page table so anything that's not the offset is the virtual page number and then I would just look it up in here and I just replace three with seven so if I replace three with seven keep the other three the same I just get seven two d zero okay well let's see how good we are then so here's another problem that has you working on your toes and we change up the page size so let's assume we have an address and a 10-bit physical address so they do not need to match so what we saw before they didn't match here they don't have to match the virtual address again corresponds to how big our page table has to be and the 10-bit physical address corresponds to how big our PTE or page table entry has to be so in this case each page is and then we can ask ourselves some questions so how many virtual pages are there how many physical pages are there how many entries are there and then given a page table what is the physical address of some address so I will give you some time to think about it I will also write it over here and we can go through it also for some fun numbers how many yeah if I had a page size of 64 bytes how many offset bits would I need to index into that yeah all memories are going to be byte addressable so 6 right everyone knows 6 okay so let's start going through this so quick little fun tips we have 64 byte pages whatever you do something in this remember we had something like a virtual page number and then our offset which is where we were in a page so all memory is going to be byte addressable so we need to address all 64 bytes within a page so we need to know how many bits we need to do that which would be you know like 2 to the x number equals 64 so some fast numbers that you should remember when you deal powers with 2 I don't know about you but I can only do multiply by 2 like 2 or 3 times so there's only like 2 powers of 2 you need to remember and then you can figure out the rest so 2 to the 5 equals 32 and 2 to the 10 equals 1024 if you remember those 2 numbers you can figure out the rest and you should also know that 2 to the power 0 is 2 sorry 2 to the power 0 is 1 2 to the power 1 is 2 screw that up nice alright so after that hey if I know 2 to the power 5 is 32 I can multiply by 2 once must be 2 to the power of 6 I don't have to waste time getting logs out or anything silly like that so because of that I know my offset I need 6 bits here everyone on the same page alright that's like the only good joke I have for this and it'll probably come up a few times alright so if I have a 8 bit virtual address and 6 of those bits are for my offset how big is this thing 2 so my virtual page number would only be 2 bits okay first question was number of the number of virtual pages how many virtual pages are there 4 everyone know how we get that so to figure out the number of virtual pages well we can just do some simple math so our total the total number of virtual bytes we can address is 2 to the power of 8 because we have an 8 bit virtual address and then our page size is 2 to the power of 6 for this just keep everything in powers of 2 because you can use that special little math thing where if you divide by exponents then it's actually the same as 2 to the power of 8 minus 6 which is 2 to the power of 2 and you should be able to figure out 2 to the power of 2 is 4 so therefore we have 4 virtual pages makes sense total address space divided by the size of a page that's how many virtual pages we need okay what about next question the number of physical pages or frames whatever you want to call them how many we got here 16 16 yeah so it's the same idea we have a 10 bit physical address which means physically we can address 2 to the 10 divided by the size of a page which is 2 to the 6 which is if I subtract exponents that's 2 to the 4 which is just 1 away from my special 32 number so I can also divide by 2 because I'm very skilled so 32 divided by 2 is just 16 so there are 16 physical pages that I can represent any questions about that okay so next question was how many entries in the page so how many entries would need to be a page table what I hear 4 right so it's the same as the number of virtual pages I should just be able to map those to whatever physical pages that I want so I should be able to map up to all 4 of them so it's just the same number as the number of virtual pages it's the same question so then it says given a page table that looks like this which is just array format which means this is index 0 1 2 and 3 so this is our so now it just says given this page table what is the physical address of F1 so we're given that as our virtual address physical address so this is where things get annoying and you should also know how to translate from hex because these are not nice numbers because our page size is 6 bits which doesn't fall nicely within our hex characters of being like every 4 bits so unfortunately the easiest thing for us to do is just to write it out in binary which is always fun but it will always work so what is F1 in binary so F1 in binary should be 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 and I assume this might be the first time you have actually used binary to do something useful so they trained you so that you could survive by the time you got here I guess so if you want to translate stuff really fast who off the top of their head knows what B is how to translate B 1 0 1 1 yet but if you want to be lazy you can use the same shortcut and you can only just remember 1 so the one that I just remember to make my life easier is just know that A is 1 0 1 0 yeah that's what everyone should use so this is the only one you actually really need to know and then you can figure it out from there F is going to be all 1s A is going to be 1 0 1 0 how to remember that well A is supposed to be 10 so just write 10 twice so A is 10 twice you'll never forget it you can figure it out from there luckily this one is nice enough that it gave you F so F is another one you should know you can just figure it out so that is John's fun shortcut of the day so if we are even though this is a bit messier than before our rules for translating this virtual address to a physical address are the same so we don't have to translate any bits that have to do with the offset or where we are within a page so what should I not translate here so tell me when to stop and anything under this I will not translate stop ok so that is 6 bits so I don't need to translate that because that's where I am within a page so that also looks ugly so I will fix that so this is what we called our offset and I'll just write up here too that this is our virtual address even though it looks a bit funky so if I am translating that to a physical address well then I don't have to translate that I can keep 1, 1 oops 0, 0, 0, 1 and those are those are my offset bits don't have to translate them then the next thing I have to do is well if those are the offset bits this should be my virtual page number what is 1, 1 if I translated I guess into decimal 3 so this is the ones column this is the 2's column 1 plus 2 is 3 so if this is the virtual page number it's the same as the index into the page table so it's 3 so I should use this one so this is going to be my physical page number and it is 8 in yeah it is 8 in hex so what is 8 in hex in binary 1, 0, 0 right? that's 8 so that's it I'm done I could make it a bit nicer and turn this back into hex so I just have to group by 4's and you can see that I was actually very nice so if I group it back into 4's to write this physical address back into hex well it would be 4 4 and then you know the leading ones are just 0's so what is 0, 0 what's the least significant hex character here that is 0, 0, 0, 1 or I said yeah should just be 1 what is the next one 3 what is the next one 2 so our physical address should be in hex 2, 3, 1 so this would translate f1 to 2, 3, 1 any questions about that? yeah so the offset is specifically 6 bits because the offset needs to address every single byte within a page our pages are 64 bytes so we need to address 64 things so because of that we need 6 bits because 2 of the 6 is 64 so we could address all of them so the number of entries in the page table is just the same as the number of virtual pages in this case virtual memory is not too hard well right now we can it seems pretty solved, we're good so all we have to do is in this case if we just want to have independent virtual memory for each process all that means is each process gets its own page table and this is what happens when you fork so when you fork you get an exact copy of the page table from the parent and what the kernel does is this really quick is it turns off write permissions so that your new process cannot write to memory without actually getting an error and then the kernel does some magic called copy on write which will only do the memory copy of the page in order to fake it and split it off from the original one whenever it actually modifies memory because if two processes are reading from the same physical memory that's fine, I can still keep up the illusion that they are completely independent as long as neither of them are modifying that memory, they can both just share the actual physical memory and it's nice and fast that's what you get to implement in lab 3 so look forward to that so our problem right now though that we will have to wait until the next lecture to solve is what I heard up here that pay attention, our page table was 2 to the 27 entries and if you do a bit of math about that, well each entry is 8 bytes so that's 2 to the 3 so that means our page table size in number of bytes would be 2 to the 30 and 2 to the 30 means each page table is a gigabyte notice here that GIB so it turns out that the term gigabyte is kind of ambiguous so for computer people that like powers of 2 gigabyte means 2 to the power of 30 which is more than a million like slightly more than a million or sorry slightly more than a billion so GIB means 2 to the power of 30 GB it could mean to the power of 30 or someone could be selling you a hard drive in which case it means 1 billion and not slightly more so that's whenever you buy a new hard drive that's a 500 gigabyte hard drive that's why it's always in the 400 gigabyte range because you did not read the FIDEN print and they ripped you off so that's marketing so for this course I'll always use GIB or it could mean real powers of 2 yeah, giggly bytes but I'm not going to say that so I can call it a giggly bytes alright so RISC-5 ARM processors they do that translation with a 39-bit virtual to 56-bit physical address and reason behind that while it has 10 bits left in the page table entry it could expand there's no need to expand now because they could either make the physical page number bigger they could add more flags if they wanted to add more features so the designers would say hey we reserved them for future use and this is also because of our page size so that directly corresponds to the size of the offset field with some questions like we saw before if I vary the page size then you have to figure out what offset needs to be so might also be thinking this seems like a lot of work so in the sub-process lecture we did a fork followed by an exec so you might ask yourself why do we even need to copy the page tables if I'm just starting to execute a new program anyways that seems like a lot of work and you don't, there is actually a special system call called Vfork which makes the new child process it doesn't do anything with the page tables it makes them use the same page tables so that one process can directly affect the other one and they essentially just said only use this if you are immediately doing exec after that otherwise we do not guarantee anything about your program it'll, you know it might corrupt itself so it's actually undefined behavior to modify anything and not a great idea so this is only used in really performance sensitive applications where copying the page tables would just take too long and if I know I'm going to exec anyways which would re-initialize all the page tables anyways then I don't need to do a wasted step so for this what we will actually do is use pages for memory translation so what we did right now we divided memory into block so we only have to translate once per block that seems to work out fairly well and that is actually what happens but right now our page table which is basically an array of page table entries which again page table entries just have the physical page number and some flags mostly like valid read and write but our big problem now is that page tables are always gigantic and we will solve that in the next lecture so just remember we're on this together


Baby Bear collapses in middle of road, Cop realizes he needs to run. The traffic was backed up for miles when Thomas arrived. He'd never had to deal with anything like this before. With his hand on his holster, he slowly approached the angry animal that was about to wreak havoc on the line of cars that stood between it and freedom. But when Thomas made out another shape on the tarmac, his heart sank. He was already too late. State Trooper Thomas Owens gripped the wheel. Traffic was growing by the second. Car horns were becoming more frequent. The beast was spooked. And people were losing their patience. He edged his vehicle down the road. Then, he noticed something in the bushes. When Thomas Owens was a boy, he was obsessed with car chases. He came home from school every evening hoping the news would show a glimpse of a getaway driver. Some cases ended in tragedy, but most ended in justice. Most of the time, law enforcement managed to catch the bad guys and restore peace and safety to the roads. But Thomas's mother worried about his obsession with high-speed chases. And a mother's intuition is hardly ever wrong. Thomas's father had to pry the set of keys from his mother's hands on his 16th birthday. She dreaded the thoughts of her only son driving on the road. Maybe he would be a danger to himself. What if he harmed someone else? It's a small town, Thomas. If we get one sniff of you being reckless, you can say goodbye to the truck, she warned. Thomas was young, but he was responsible. He knew the dangers of the roads. But he never expected his parents to forget them. Thomas loved his independence. He picked his friends up for school, dropped them home, cruised to his part-time job in his local grocery store, and then returned home. He made sure to stay safe. But when he arrived back one day to discover his mother's car missing, he panicked. Later, he discovered that she had been involved in a hit and run. Distraught, he could not fathom how someone could do that. Over the next few weeks, he stayed by her side for hours a day. The incident made a huge impact on his life, and that changed his course for his future. During his senior year of high school, Thomas's friends couldn't help but share their intentions to attend college. They had big dreams of becoming doctors, scientists, teachers, and athletes. And when he shared his plan to become a state trooper, they weren't surprised. After his mother's accident, he stopped attending their car chase marathons. He was far too familiar with the reality of dangerous driving. However, he underestimated some parts of the job description. In his years in law enforcement, Thomas had never seen anything like this before. There was a commotion up ahead, and cars were backed up for miles. As he zoomed past the traffic, he had no idea exactly what scene awaited him on the road that day. But he had a sinking feeling that whatever it was, it must be serious. At first, Thomas thought someone might have had an issue with their vehicle. But as he got a closer look, he could see why all the cars had come to a halt. And now, he could never unsee the situation again. There was a hulking figure in the road up ahead. Then it dawned on Thomas that people were getting out of their cars to see what the commotion was about, and he started to yell. Bretton Woods spans across 700 acres of land. The area is home to nearly 200 species of birds alone, so it's no surprise that the land became a protected wilderness. But Thomas was about to encounter the biggest animal in Bretton Woods. Encounters with one particular animal were all too common, and each dangerous interaction with bears can have a different outcome. All of Thomas's experience didn't prepare him for what he was about to face. Thomas knew his training when it came to interacting with dangerous animals. But still, he never could have prepared for what he was about to encounter.  She was pacing aggressively back and forth across the busy main road. The scene was chaos as Thomas yelled for people to return to the safety of their cars. Bears usually kept to themselves around these areas. Why was this one different? The drivers scrambled back into their cars when they heard Thomas' warning yells, and they were now protected by sheets of steel. But Thomas, exposed and on foot, had nowhere to turn. All the drivers were now waiting, terrified in their cars, but it didn't seem like she would move. He decided to tell everyone to turn back. They had to give this incredible and dangerous animal space. As cars started to turn around, Thomas got a closer look at what was keeping this bear so occupied in the middle of the road. As he mustered up all his courage and took a step closer, he knew precisely why this bear seemed to have no fear of humans. Thomas crept forward to get a better look. Then, he noticed the bear had some followers. Four cubs ambled across the road. Three followed their mother to the other side, but one struggled. It sat down to rest its legs.  This little guy wouldn't budge, and she seemed to be getting sick and tired of waiting. Then, this mother did something unexpected. Mama Bear returned to the cubs' side and began to nudge him with her nose. She slowly walked to and from either side of the road, showing her young what to do. Thomas couldn't believe his luck. He had never seen a bear with three cubs, let alone four. However, after a few minutes of watching her struggle to get the cub to stand, he knew something was wrong. Thomas watched her return to the shelter of the trees, leaving one young cub to fend for itself. His heart sank. Then, he sprang into action. Thomas rushed to the abandoned cub's side. Then, Thomas noticed that the poor cub could barely keep its eyes open. It tried to stand, but then collapsed. Something was terribly wrong. He scooped the sick cub up into his arms and ran back to his squad car. Would he make it in time? On the way to the new Hampshire Fish and Game Center, Thomas couldn't help but think of the mother bear. Sure, her baby was sick. But was that really an excuse to leave it to fend for itself? In the wild, most bears had a litter of two cubs, three cubs were rare, but four were practically a miracle. Understandably, some were stronger than others. Thomas raced to the center where he was met by vets and nurse, and they all worked tirelessly through the night.  Although the cub was well nursed, the likelihood of the cub's survival without the correct help was slim. If she had stayed with the sick cub, she would have put the rest of the litter in danger. News of Thomas's rescue spread across the small town. Then, officials gave Thomas some more shocking news. This baby was not the only one who had been abandoned. The mama bear had five cubs by her side. Thomas knew exactly what he had to do. Thomas was met by more state troopers accompanied by multiple canine units. If they couldn't locate the cub, the canines were sure to sniff it out. It wasn't long before they managed to locate the poorly fifth cub not far from its mother's crossing location. It was cold, wet, and hungry, but they managed to get help just in time. The center had a tough decision to make, what were they to do once they cubs were healthy? They couldn't bottle feed forever. Thankfully, the siblings made a swift recovery and their carers put it down to their constant company. Most rescued animals take time to recover due to stress and isolation. These two cubs prove that love is the greatest healer. The center intends to reunite the cubs with their mother once they are strong enough. And there's one person who has kept a keen eye on their progress. Thomas has come across many strange things as a state trooper. One thing he never expected to save while on the job was a one bear cub, let alone two. If it wasn't for his quick thinking, the two cubs may not have made it. And although he's dedicated to protecting the citizens of Carroll, New Hampshire, Thomas has made sure to include all residents in his efforts, including those who walk on four legs.


Welcome to this Information Services Today webinar on Information Policy, Licensing, and Intellectual Freedom. This webinar addresses content from Part 5, Information Issues, Influences, and Consequences, specifically focusing on Chapters 29, 32, and 35. This webinar is part of a 10-webinar series representing the diverse authors and topics of the second edition of my book, Information Services Today, an Introduction. As the editor, I am thrilled to be presenting this webinar series in conjunction with my textbook, Information Services Today, an Introduction. Hearing directly from the contributing authors as they reflect and share their insights on today's information landscape is a unique opportunity to glean from their expertise both the opportunities and challenges that lie on the horizon. Kate Merrick, one of the book's authors presenting with us in this webinar, stated in her chapter that information professionals have indeed been leaders in the fight for policies that reflect the profession's core values, such as equity of access and intellectual freedom, sometimes at great personal and professional risk. Part 5, Information Issues, Influences, and Consequences explores the profession's ethical code and the ideals of intellectual freedom, including how those principles have been challenged in the past, and how they are likely to be the focus of controversy in the future. It also examines some legal issues related to information access, such as copyright and information licensing. Chapter 29 kicks off this section with a chapter devoted to information policy and its evaluation. Chapter 32 addresses the complex issues in information licensing. Chapter 35 tackles the difficult issue of intellectual freedom and how technology, social change, and the changing publishing landscape affect intellectual freedom. A tremendous value to this book are its contributing authors. These authors were specifically chosen for their expertise, passion, and commitment, not only to the field of information science, but also to the professional development of tomorrow's information leaders. I would like to now introduce the panel of authors for this webinar. Dr. Kate Merrick, with her background as director and professor of the School of Information Studies at Dominican University and her expertise in information policy, introduces information policy as it pertains to information professionals. She provides a framework for policy analysis and awareness, and she also highlights the important role of information policy issues in a democratic society. She is the author of Chapter 29 on information policy. Charlotte Lair is licensing program strategist at Lyrasys, where she has worked since 2015. She previously held positions at the Mobius Consortium in Missouri and the Missouri State Library. She is co-author of Chapter 32 on information licensing with her colleagues at Lyrasys, Jill Grog, and Celeste Feather. And then we have also Jamie LaRue, who has been the director of the Office for Intellectual Freedom since January 2016. Before then, he was the director of the Douglas County, Colorado Libraries for almost 24 years. He is the author of The New Inquisition, published by Libraries Unlimited in 2007. He is the author of Chapter 35, Intellectual Freedom. There are six key themes in the second edition of information services today in introduction. Chapters 29, 32, and 35 address four of those key themes. These chapters all provide an overview state of the field beginning with the history of the information organization and key influencers to forecast future trends and issues that will require information professionals to remain forward thinking. To address how libraries and information centers will remain valuable entities in their communities, but to thrive they will need to remain creative, innovative, and technologically advanced. Additionally, they address new competencies, roles, and opportunities for information professionals. And finally, they also address challenges and key issues the field and for the sustainability and essentialness of information organizations. Charlotte and Jamie, what are your interpretation of these themes and how do they specifically relate to your chapter's content? Kate, let's begin with you. Hi everyone. I'm really glad to be here and to talk about these issues because the chapter on information policy really gives a broad kind of disciplinary overview of the concept of information policy. I think it's really important in this webinar to talk in terms of implications for the individual perspective and the own organizational setting in the relationship to your customers and to the wider environment. So I think a key issue here is to consider and to kind of be thoughtful about what is the role of the library and society. When you're thinking about this, every time when I talk about society or community, I'm really talking about in your own particular environment. So relate that kind of specifically as you think about my comments. But as society evolves, the library needs to evolve and the role of the library and society also needs to evolve. So we continue to need to start with that question and also as I say throughout the chapter, and we'll say throughout the webinar again, we need to start with the values. And the values that we hold dear in our society and in a democratic society, and again at the micro level of our own organization and for our own customers and our own community. So how is your community and your customer base evolving? And how is our current policy environment evolving? Are we restricting innovation through those policies? So as you look at those, particularly at the community and as the community evolves, we also have to partner that with an understanding of what's happening in government. We can constantly review our own policies and evaluate those, but also think of that within the context of are the policies actually facilitating innovation or are they providing barriers. One of the reasons, one of the examples that I use with that is what's happening with immigration. So you need to go back and look at your policies regarding access to make sure that all of the members of your community have access to materials. There are challenges and key issues within the context of information policy. Certainly it's a tremendous, tremendously challenging stage for the profession as we try to be on the forefront of policy issues, such as equity of access as I mentioned, which is so critical in our current, for example, net neutrality environment, where we're looking at changes that have to do with tiered access to the internet. Specifically requiring us to be forward thinking as we look at that what's coming what's happening with a political environment, how indeed does it affect access issues for our own community. Again, as we look at this, we want to make sure that we're able to look at what's happening politically so that we can make decisions about how we can stay a step ahead of that locally, if we possibly can. Thank you, Kate. What are your thoughts. I totally agree with Kate looking at things at multiple scales on the field of librarianship is dynamic and requires creativity innovation and a certain level of risk taking in order to remain valuable to our communities. Understanding the history of information organizations and key influencers to forecasting future trends is essential because current practice and information organization builds on that of the past. We tend to going to transformation simultaneously that are impacting information licensing. The first transformation is a shift from physical to digital. This phenomenon created by the advent of the internet is dramatically changing the rules for how information is used, and thereby changing how collections are developed and managed, because licensing is an integral part of creating a transformation new competencies roles and opportunities are emerging for information licensing professionals in order to continue to provide collections that remain valuable to the communities they serve. At the same time, we're undergoing a second transformation where libraries are shifting their focus from not just providing collections but also services associated with these collections. This shift is attributed to the advent of the internet as well as many of the transactions of these new services are facilitated through digital tools and interfaces. This shift has generated an increased need for licensing licensing specialists and created opportunities for those with the appropriate skills to understand, translate and advocate for how collections and these new services may be used by their communities. Thank you very much, Charlotte and Jamie. Well, it's a great pleasure to be with you all and I'm kind of echoing I think some of the same ideas. This is very much a time of change. So we're seeing technological, social and professional change. And all of these things have an intellectual freedom of dimension. I put the phrase appear Elvis has left the building because I think that we now live in a time where we're more connected to our communities. So many of the intellectual freedom issues that are coming out depend upon the, we can no longer be the passive person waiting behind the desk we have to be out, engaged with and talking to people in our community about emerging issues. To go back to this, the same sort of thing that Charlotte talked about with the changes that we're seeing and publishing a whole flood of new content is coming into our culture and touching on our collections and informing the dialogue within our communities. So we have to figure out how to position ourselves as arbiters in some ways of this new content so we're not just consuming the content anymore. We're also creating it and moderating some of these debates. And then finally, I think the last big dimension about intellectual freedom is a more robust advocacy. We can just again passively defend collections we need to get the word out about the fundamental brand of the library, why we stand for free speech and why we are defenders of the First Amendment. And what that means in the daily practice of our profession. Thank you to all of you for sharing some of your thoughts about some of the themes and some of the things that are changing in the field. Did you wanted to see if you had any comments on some of the things that are further observations, based on some of the things that other speakers had to say. I look forward to reading these other chapters. Yes, very good. Okay, we'll keep going. Okay, so let's now direct our attention to today's information landscape. The first edition of this book came out three years ago. And as you know, the field of library and information science is in constant flux. So what are some of the key changes as they relate to your chapter's content that have occurred since the first edition came out three years ago. So let's start with you, Kate. Thanks, Sandy. So actually the changes that are taking place in information policy and the information policy landscape. Don't really have so much to do with the text of the chapter, because once again, that's more in terms of the concepts of information policy and those are all still very much in place. I think there's two key areas where issues of information policy have shifted, though in the last several years. And one of course comes with a change in administration and the significant tilt in values from social equity to commerce and profit. So once again, the deconstruction of net neutrality is a prime example. And continuing to use that example, the other key area where policy issues are changing is really the speed at which these changes are taking place. So at the national level, the open comment period, again using that neutrality as an example. That open comment period is really designed to give the public a chance to weigh in and has also been used as a time of deliberation and consideration as part of the democratic process. So the values are changing at the very highest levels and technology is being used in ways that do not always facilitate the democratic process. So the fact that we have one political party in charge of both the administrative and legislative branches of government speeds up this policy creation and revision. So compromise and debate is much less needed without the diversity of points of view in the decision making conversation. And so those suggested policy changes can take place much more quickly. So that of course has implications in terms of the public need to be constantly aware of what's taking place what the timelines are and so forth. And then I would I would also say within this context not to forget the impact of the budget. So at the national level, again, we're seeing budget changes that create significant limitations to implementation of policies that are already in place. And that really impact things like equity of access and that impact programs that support universal services and things that libraries value. So for me in answering this question I would say that the key changes are not in the conceptual issues in the chapter but in the values of the national leadership, which of course has tremendous impact on information policy issues. Thank you very much Kate. And Charlotte, what are your thoughts. Yes, and what Kate mentioned trickles down when you start delving into the realm of licensing I'm going to highlight three key changes that we've noticed. The first being technological innovations driven by user demands. For instance, sharing content of articles or books through interlibrary loan has been a long time user demand. However, in the digital realm, technological advances in interlibrary loan specifically of ebooks remains contentious as publishers often see digital forms of sharing as a threat to revenue streams. Due to the growing influence of creators and consumers of information in the industry publishers have been developing and providing as a new service read only shareable toll free links, giving full text access to articles and even ebooks. Other user demands such as data mining force all stakeholders to remember that has access to and use of digitized content mature so do the accompanying technologies. The second key change is the evolution of pricing models publishers and libraries both are feeling the effects of open access initiatives, both established and emerging traditional pricing and usage models do not apply in the open access realm. We're already seeing changes to licensing practices and the associated pricing models of rather large publishers due to libraries and consortia negotiating transitional offsetting agreements, which support transitions to open access in a transparent and sustainable fashion. The third key change we've seen is publisher consolidation and large company mergers. While the number of libraries and consortia remain relatively constant. There are fewer independent companies on the other side of the negotiation table. Increased publisher consolidation introduces challenges when to previously independent publishers with unique cultural and business norms merge libraries can find themselves re negotiating terms once thought settled and standard. Third terms that information organizations thought were settled become unsettled and what was once unambiguous and licensing has become less so. Thank you, Charlotte. Jamie, what about you. A lot of great points there. To kind of build on some of this what to race through six big topics that I tried to touch on in the chapter. It is true that we're seeing a big consolidation of publishing under just, you know, fewer and fewer players but it's also the case we've seen this extraordinary explosion of new writing, most of which does not yet appear in libraries. The first book was kind of what kicked off the revolution independent publishing self publishing together we now have three times as many new titles a year, as we did in 2010. And so most of those are these are voices that are not yet reflected in our collections, and intellectual freedom is not just about fighting censorship it's about giving people a place at the table. We're trying to identify free speech in these new emerging voices. That's important because, as both libraries and publishers are trying to better reflect the change in demographics of the nation. So nine out of the 10 most frequently challenged titles in 2015 were by or about diverse populations. And so our programs are still very they're very much lagging behind these demographic shifts of way more people of color LGBT stories that just are not coming out of mainstream publishing. So that's a deep long standing issue that is very much a part of today's landscape in the social world kind of as Kate was talking about we have political polarization you know changed values agenda. And to your point that things can happen far more quickly they do but with far less consensus. You know so the political processes now don't seem to be about building some sort of shared platform it's about pushing through whatever your side has. And we're seeing that very much in challenges coming to libraries where one side or the other seeks to silence the opposing view. Another big issue here in the social world is overprotective parenting where where we go from the 1970s generational latch key children to now almost suffocated children who are supervised every moment of the day. A lot of pressure on educational institutions and school libraries we're seeing a loss of school librarians we're seeing an increase incidents of self censorship, which they admitted in 2016 a survey by school library journal at the university level we have everything from trigger warnings firings of professors for things that used to be considered free speech. We have protest for speakers who were invited and disinvited we have violence on the campus. So a lot of key issues there that are heating up in ways we haven't seen at universities in a while. Internet issues of filtering is kind of making a resurgence a lot of concerns about that. And I'm even starting to see challenges now to public libraries and school libraries for library databases such as EBSCO. So the internet is a whole new realm of challenge materials. And finally, I think again to get back to the advocacy theme libraries have to find a way to make our issues more visible. And so that's activities like we've done ban books week for a while now we're talking about doing a choose privacy work week. So have to be a little more media savvy. Thank you so much. You've all raised some really interesting and important trends. I wonder, many of you talked about the importance of just or how quickly things are changing and whether that's from a policy standpoint or technology or pricing models for licenses or publishing They're all I mean there's a common theme of change across all of the areas that you've been talking about. So how do you recommend that people in the field kind of stay on top of all of that change and make sure that they are well positioned to address these changing this this rapidly changing landscape. I would say this is Kate. I would say it's really an important issue. I mean we really have to pay attention to the fact that things are changing so quickly and that actually our administration uses chaos as a tool. So that we need to filter out the noise if we possibly can and really is I can't think zoom in on those issues that are most important you can't really challenge every single thing I probably get 20 emails a day in my inbox from different groups are are really lobbying to have you participate and I think that's so important. But we also have to be able to filter out and zoom in on what we consider most important. And I think that's just it. We just have to acknowledge that's an ongoing challenge. And I would like to add that you know I read a lot every day I have in my feedly a lot of blog feeds just so I can keep up with everything. But it's not just about keeping up. It's also about as far as you know gathering the information it's also about the action libraries are typically kind of slow and moving and making policy changes and and you know creating and some level of action. We need to maybe accept that there's a certain level of risk we were willing to take so that we can move more quickly along with these trends. And I think it's obviously reading a whole bunch going to conferences you know reading a book such as the one that is about to come out. And I think the kind of Decay's point I try to figure out a media strategy which things am I going to try to follow if you can't keep up with everything you have to say what are the reputable ones and trying to identify sources that you touch base with regularly. And then the last piece that I think gets too little time for all of us is time to reflect on all this what does it mean. And so I think conferences again to find a way to build a advisory board of friends and colleagues so you can say what happened today and what are we supposed to do about it. Great. Thank you all. Those are great points and something that I think we all need to stay on top of and it's going to be an ongoing challenge. So let's now direct our attention. This is a good segue because we're going to switch our attention to the future. So what trends or emerging issues will impact the field of library and information science as it relates to your chapter's topic and topic. So let's turn to you Kate. Thanks Sandy. So I think both Jamie and Charlotte had done a great job of actually articulating the specific issues that are before us now and in the short term. But again here I want to go back to the issues and values to really think about what values do we hold dear. And the fact that really we're seeing a shift in those values in our national administration towards commerce and profit. And that's really not a new shift. I think that's something that we've been experiencing in the United States for quite a while. You know decades really. We have to really pay attention to you know the elections. Are we electing people that reflect our values. And I think that one of the trends that's happening is that people are getting really to the point people as in a lot of individuals across the country are seeing the potential to make change through engaging in the democratic process. So I think it is you know I'm hoping that the values that we hold dear in terms of equity of access some of those core values that we would talk about intellectual freedom of course are really I think it's going to be important to stay very engaged in a democratic process. And that those the trend is hopefully that there will be more engagement at that level. But we need to look at our local policies as well. Are we facilitating or hampering our ability to address these policies such with our local policies so The example of collection development. So Jamie was talking about new writing and new ways of publishing to our collection development policies reflect those. So when you talk about information policy. It's not really only the big national policies that are so critical. But how can we work with those local trends and the trends within the profession to make sure that all of our policies in terms of Access and diversity of ideas and so forth are reflected in our organizations. I think stay involved stay engaged because those trends in society. Again are reflected in the way that we conduct our organizations and I'll just refer back to a comment that I made in the first part of our discussion and that is that We need to think about our own organization. No matter if it's a public library a lot of things I think we discussed tend to default to a public library setting but we need to expand our thinking things of all kinds of information organizations. Thank you Kate. Charlotte what are your thoughts. Well as we've been saying the only constant and in libraries and the world we're in is change and that's happening in licensing as well so tomorrow's information landscape will be shaped by some of the dynamics that in this case I'll mention Academic libraries but I think all types are facing today as described by Roger Schoenfeld is the director of the libraries and scholarly communication program at Ithaca SNR. He created the graphic on this slide to illustrate some of the most significant dynamics. He describes the graphic as follows quote libraries are transforming in terms of their collections towards electronic collections towards shared collections towards open access and towards distinctive holdings. Complexities abound for discovery access processing and preservation and libraries are also transforming beyond collections towards a partnership with scholars and students in support of research teaching and learning workflows. This is the most important strategic shift to achieve this shift the nature of the librarian role is transforming beyond a selector or provider and towards an enabler and a partner end quote. The basics of licensing have fallen into place since the 1990s and evolution of core terms will continue based on changing needs of libraries and its users along with advances in technology. With this maturity and widespread prevalence of licensing as the primary avenue through which organizations acquire access to information as well as services. There is a movement to use the license as a vehicle to advocate for and obtain new organizational and user rights in order for information organizations to enable and partner with the end user in new ways. Emerging and unforeseen changes in technology and economics ensure that licensing remains a vital and imperative core function for information organizations going forward. Thank you so much Sharla and Jamie. So I guess as I look at the intellectual freedom emerging trends like the landscape as it's shaping up. I really want to issue a call for advocacy by which I mean turning outward. And so the ideas that we need to be really paying attention to and being part of local media. The outreach has to be something that falls into the category of what I think of is cataloging our community. That means knowing who the players are knowing what the issues are before they get to be big and being having a chance to influence them early on as conveners and interviewers and people that stand up for a value. One of the key things that we do at LA and something that we do for the freedom to read foundation is the importance of litigation.  One of the democratic tools that we have to challenge it is to issue a case is to stand up and say we'll fight this one all the way to the Supreme Court. We're generally speaking the Supreme Court has been one of a powerful check on the attempt to silence opposition. There's still a great willingness to open up dialogue. And on the last big thing that I'd like to kind of focus on is the need for us to do consistent messaging for far too long. The library community talks only to itself and it changes its messages every year to when it does talk to the community in such a way that we're not sending a consistent message out there. And so as memes start to spread through our society we have to have a strong consistent repetition of messages that clearly define what we stand for and start to move hearts and minds. Thank you so much Jamie. As I was listening to all of you speak on this. I felt I was really struck by the amount of the your the active kind of role that you're all have portrayed that our field needs to really engage in, you know engage in the democratic process we need to partner we need to advocate and turn outward and I wonder if you have a question. Do you have anything more that you'd like to observe about that or anything else that others had to say in this section. I'll just jump in to say that's a wonderful story that we've been supporting more and more people where the librarian is standing up as the community convener. And so they say I'll identify an issue that's not an easy one, and it will model what civic behavior looks like and everyone will be treated with respect and the library now becomes the shared space where you have important conversations. I think we have to own that space. If we want us to continue to advocate for the values we believe in. Thank you Jamie. Anybody else. And I would agree with that and it's something that we also need to do internally. I don't know if we necessarily, we like to talk a lot and discuss a lot but the, the, the advocacy internally with the, the stakeholders that we all work with what including publishers and vendors and engaging more with those conversations so that it aligns with policies that that we create and want to follow in our communities. Thank you, Charlotte. I'd follow up to and I really like what Jamie said about we fall into the trap of only talking to ourselves. I think that's so dangerous. And I think we love sharing stories about our own libraries and so forth and what's happening with our communities, but we need to go outside and really share those stories more broadly and also want to follow up on the concept of the space. I think as we talk about civic engagement and so forth to invite those civic conversations to take place within our spaces again not just public libraries, spaces but also academic library spaces school library spaces and organizations as well. So the space is a key issue and a key area of potential for us to really celebrate as we move forward in these divisive times. I can slip in one more. I feel like one of the big issues that I'm seeing that's almost the central dialogue within the profession right now is a conflict between intellectual freedom and social justice. And I think that you know as Charlotte was saying we have to talk about this because they are not mutually exclusive. And it's something that very much defines that community shift and also a professional shift as a new generation of librarians comes in and we have to reassess what these values and our infrastructure looks like. And Jamie, it would have been interesting to have had you speak we do have a chapter that focuses on diversity and equity and social justice, but we didn't pair they're not in the same section so we didn't pair you but that certainly that is an important issue and that would be an interesting dialogue to have. Excellent. Let's move forward. So now we've addressed the changes of the past few years and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead at the core of the information landscape are the people who work in these organizations providing services to the communities that they serve. This leads us to focus on today's information professional. So what advice do you have for the new information professional to meet the needs of tomorrow's information landscape and based on your areas of expertise what are some of the key competencies information professionals will need to succeed in meeting the needs of the communities and organizations that they serve. So Kate will start with you. So I think this discussion is really going to mirror a lot of what we've already talked about in this webinar, and I think all three of us are probably going to say some of the same things. In terms of advice and key competencies. When you some word competencies I also like to add in the word dispositions, because really this is an approach is like learning how to be engaged, because that's one of the keywords here is to stay engaged, and stay informed and this is just so so vital in terms of how you approach your your professional life. And I think we do have to be focused. And we do have to advocate and we have to do all those things with an understanding of the profession and the needs of the community. So think community analysis is also a huge part of this. So don't depend on a census report from 10 years ago you really need to do ongoing community analysis as that shifts. Also, we've made allusions on several of our comments already to the value of partnerships, and we just talked about talking to one another but partnerships across lines within the community. So really again this this concept of a competency to be able to do that to know the know your information and so forth but it's a disposition as well. How do you approach that. So I'd also like to comment on the needs of focusing within your own area of expertise. So there's different policy issues and different skillsets and so forth is needed for something for you services for example in terms of advocacy and intellectual freedom issues and policy issues in your own organization. But there's also area of specialization and digitization digital preservation archives publishing cataloging everything so stay focused on the values within your own area of professional expertise. And you know once again I would just say information policy is not just those big issues. It's the local level policies that you can implement and continually revise so that you can serve the needs of of your own community so those macro issues the global to local to individual as we look at the values of our organization and how we want to play that out in our professional lives. Thank you Kate. So, Charlotte. The basic core competencies task force did a very thorough job when developing competencies for the electronic resources librarian who in most situations is responsible for information licensing for their organization. The task force organized these competencies under the seven broad topics you see on the slide. All of these are incredibly important. However, for the sake of time I'll highlight for the key competencies from this list that the information licensing professionals need to succeed. First it's imperative that they understand the life cycle of electronic resources, especially as it is positioned within scholarly communications. All the while maintaining a thorough knowledge of licensing and the legal framework in which it all takes place. I must demonstrate familiarity with how and for human organization licenses content, as well as the concepts implications and contract language in order to obtain the least restrictive most library and user friendly licensing terms possible. Second, they must develop skills of communicating effectively promptly and consistent consistently verbally and in writing with a broad range of internal and external audiences. I must note that communication is a two way enterprise. So information licensing professionals need to learn about and listen to those with whom they are communicating in order to build strong long lasting relationships. Third information licensing professionals are working with concepts and methods that are very much in flux and so they must have an abiding commitment to ongoing professional development through continuing education, attendance at professional conferences webinars, following related professional literature as well as blogs and lists serves. And finally, they must practice personal qualities of flexibility, open mindedness, and the ability to function in a dynamic and rapidly changing environment, a high level of tolerance for complexity and ambiguity is necessary to be successful in this field. Thank you so much, Charlotte. So I'll turn it over to you, Jamie. We certainly do have to be open to an ambiguous environment. I guess as I think about the essential skills I've learned in part be being in my office that the lessons of the past are deeply felt very important and fundamental to our brand as librarians. And that's what intellectual freedom is about library Bill of Rights was our first significant professional statement. There is a very detailed and comprehensive infrastructure of law about free speech. And that's what I learn every day about the importance of knowing and understanding the content and the processes for policy and how to respond to challenges that's that that's the essential skill to defend intellectual freedom to be deeply familiar with this underlying principle. And then I think that I think the second thing kind of ties together with both Kate and Charlotte were talking about is that in this complex environment, how do you manage all the relationships. I think that we're used to still in our profession of thinking about these individual transactions, but we're seeing in the profession a shift to working with groups of people and working with larger political units. And so that means we have to be more systematic about managing what we know about the people around us and that means showing up being present where important discussions are taking place, paying attention so that we're doing deep research and interviews about the topics that are under consideration. And the last one is remembering to stay in touch. No, cultivate those relationships and stay in touch with people so that we are there to help them and they know that they need to be there to help us. Thank you, Jamie. I think you all have provided excellent advice and I think there's also some good synergies across some of the things that you said as well I wonder if you have any further thoughts or comments to to reflect on this. On muted, I think the important thing to take away from me is our communities need librarians, and I don't think there has ever been a more exciting time for us to be in this profession or to have the opportunity to become true leaders to establish a more civil society. Thank you, Jamie. I would follow up on that too and to remind everyone, and this all can consistently that libraries are really a trusted brand Jamie just used the word brand a few minutes ago. And the trust is that there's so there is so much distrust with different organizations and I think that libraries still are extremely trusted that just read another Pew research report recently about the level of trust that communities hold and individuals hope for libraries. So I think that gives us a really strong foundation to go ahead and push forward and these things that we do value so much. Thank you so much, Kate, and all of all of our speakers. So I'd like to now, as we wrap up I'd like to thank Kate Merrick, Charlotte there and Jamie librew for joining us today in this webinar on information policy information licensing and intellectual freedom. I am so grateful for the insights and advice that you've shared in this webinar and for your contribution to information services today and introduction. Thank you for joining us. I hope you gained a deeper understanding of the changes challenges and opportunities within the field of library and information science. And for more information, please check out the supplementary materials that are available to you via the online supplements. Thank you again for joining us.


I think there's something quite powerful when we connect our heart and our minds to the work that we do. The global economy is not something that has emerged from the laws of nature. Human beings have decided how it is and made the rules and it emerges from that. And because we invented it, we can change it. Technology that solves a problem and creates a great lasting business that can keep solving additional problems beyond that first one. I think diversity needs to be a very deliberate decision. It doesn't just happen. How do we become more fluent and connect with somebody that's completely different from me? We are an incredibly diverse country now. 25% of our working age population is foreign-born. You're not a drop in the ocean, but you're the entire ocean in a drop. The purpose of public policy is to improve people's lives. If you're genuine about well-being, then you have to think about economic, environmental and social issues in an integrated way. We're exploring the edges of new ideas and we're exploring the edges within ourselves. What happens in that intersection of edges is truly magical. There was no simple answer. We're problems are complex. Solutions also are complex. The way that I get bees to want to hang around my house is I farm flowers. Just like the bees, we live in a community and that community needs to be nurtured and looked after and food is one of the best ways we will nurture our local communities. The people who build the house are built by the house. In order to be in our everyday life, sort of like we are on the edge and we're alert to being understood, almost understood. The real driving factor behind the art that I make is the creative experience itself. The agony and the ecstasy and the discovery, the success and the failure with this whole arc and the journey. We are Alpine Clines and Street Corner Rhymes and Moabra Wines tied up in a long stranded coastline. This is about me using my voice. It's about those who have no choice. People get in touch with truth. Something is singing inside and this song is what will carry us into a hopeful future. The best photos are the ones where they have no idea that I'm there and we love both the children and the elders. They are the bookends. Over the last generation we successfully raised a whole generation of kids now in virtual complete disconnect with nature. And I think we all know intuitively that the richness of human experience can't be contained in ones and zeros. Stories can change. Narratives can change. We have agency in this. Are we willing to actually face the shadow of the dominant culture and what is that actually going to catalyze? It hasn't catalyzed. We are in a good place. We're doing well. We have momentum. We've got great direction. We are having this conversation. The thing that made me feel empowered and able to actually take action is this community.


Look at that horse, look at that horse, look at that horse, look at that horse, look at that horse, look at that horse