We do have one there's one written question left that I'll start with it was and I'm going to address it to Lucas first And it's the criticism the question says Ask how do we respond to a very a criticism that you often hear directed against Austrian business cycle theory? It's the criticism that the theory assumes that entrepreneurs make systematic errors You know sort of in this Consistently in the same direction that if entrepreneurs know the boom is artificial Why do they invest anyway? Why can't we avoid the business cycle? If entrepreneurs are rational then why would they Malinvest when the interest rate is artificially lowered and Lucas addressed this in one of those lectures and then maybe some others can comment sure sure Yeah, I'll say that there are basically two answers right to this question I one would be that when we look at the business cycle in the Austrian view, right? It's all Initiated by this decrease in interest rates from the credit expansion It's so one explanation would be that normally Interest rates are a pretty good signal that entrepreneurs can trust rice They develop this habit of trusting this particular signal when it gets pushed down artificially They don't know they should stop trusting it Right and so they just react to it like they normally would Despite the fact this is an unsustainable decrease. So that's one possibility. I actually don't like that explanation that well For various reasons and I think that really doesn't answer Really the objection right the objection is that entrepreneurs should be really good at foresight in the Austrian view So they should actually be able to figure out that this is an artificially low interest rate That is going to correct and they should account for this and that's normally the way this is presented by people like Brian Kaplan So I would add in a different approach And suggest that there's a heterogeneity in entrepreneurs And so some entrepreneurs are really really good at foresight These are the people that typically would control resources in the economy because they can earn profits on a regular basis Other people are generally lousy entrepreneurs They would lose money and therefore end up losing control of resources in the economy I said normally that's what would happen So entrepreneurs that are actually entrepreneurs over long periods of time are really good at what they do But then what happens it when we start an Austrian business cycle, right? Those entrepreneurs that are really good at what they do See what's happening? Realize that they don't want to be part of the bust right so they start backing out especially as we get toward the Right, so the really good entrepreneurs start backing out They exercise less control over resources This then frees up resources for those people that are normally not very good entrepreneurs to then take control of the economy And so the reason that we see lots of errors isn't that our entrepreneurs who are brilliant start becoming idiots It's that the people that are idiots that are normally not allowed to be entrepreneurs are allowed to be entrepreneurs Once you get to a certain phase in the business cycle One thing also Austrian business cycle theory is a theory trying to explain the business cycles that occur if Investors didn't Use the extra money available through the Expansion of bank credit then there wouldn't be a cycle that isn't a problem with Austrian business cycle theory That would just be saying there wasn't a cycle that was a point incidentally that the Mises may there's a Ludwig Lachmann raised Similar objection and Mises had an article in economic in 1943 called elastic expectations in the trade cycle or gave this response You know in the standard way of expositioning the Business cycle with on the chalkboard and so on You typically start out with the Fed lowers interest rates And this creates an artificial boom and then the the naysayers look at it and say well Why don't all these dodo heads entrepreneurs? Take the bait. Why don't they figure out? You know as time goes by this doesn't work but historically It turns out that and this is true even with the episode of the Great Depression That you don't have any as dramatic lowering of interest rates what you have is technological Innovations that put upward pressure on interest rates, but the Fed Keep takes the upward pressure off by pumping in new money. So in other words, they're lowering it Relative to what would it would have been Had they let the interest rate rise, okay? And then you could hardly expect Entrepreneurs to catch on to this They're not gonna catch that they would have to be better economists than most economists Okay, there's only Austrians that are privy to that and then in in real time Even the Austrians aren't likely to pick that up. It's going to be Looking at a historical record after the fact to see what what happened. I've heard several expositions where somebody who is Suspect the Austrian theory is wrong almost make a parody out of it You know that interest rate lowers and nobody understands what it means, you know and so on and that's that's just not Not the right way to look at it. And by the way, I think I might have said this in an earlier lecture, but In some give and take with Milton Friedman on the issue of business cycles He sent one letter that had attached to it A plot of movements of the interest rate during the boom and his whole point was see it didn't change much You know so that so so much for the Austrian theory in the business cycle when when the issue really is that it would have changed it would have risen as As Technological developments cause entrepreneurs to want to borrow more money to take advantage of those developments And for that reason we got a business cycle I want to add Something about behavioral economics, which I've been convinced as time has gone on it's important when it's Used within the framework of sound theory. So there's an economist Brendan Brown who's written on number of books that are very Austrian oriented and he points out that in every cyclical Upturn there is a very convincing story that is told that entrepreneurs buy into And first of all, they don't know Austrian economics, right? They don't have a model of the economy in which the Austrian theory applies in their heads And so in the 1990s after 1995 that speculative story Which was accepted and then and disseminated by Greenspan was that we're living in a new economy Where productivity is increasing tremendously and entrepreneurs bought into this? I mean, they're they're they're not economists And in many economists bought into this and then later on with with the tech bubble in 1998 1999 There was another speculative story to support Investing in companies that hadn't returned any profits whatsoever for for the last two or three years and then in the mid 2000s before the two the During the run-up of housing prices. There was a speculative story about the insatiable appetite of Chinese and others for for US capital and that Saving glut was going to keep keep the boom going and entrepreneurs that they read the papers that they read the Media and they buy into those things and and those are things that can cause the boom to be longer or shorter And I think that's important to look at this stuff. There's a very good book by Brendan Brown called The global curse of the Federal Reserve in which he shows that the Fed set off these two booms in the 90s and 2000s and What speculative stories were told he has a number of them keep the boom going Mises alludes to this very point in the 1943 article too. He says something like you know The reason entrepreneurs are not better than they are at anticipating You know the boom is because they've been taught Keynesian economics I mean because Keynesianism in 1943 is this is what they have been taught This is what they have learned or or non Austrian business cycle theory. So it's like entrepreneurs The criticism that the questioner raises assumes that the behavior of entrepreneurs is independent of Education independent of what theories are popular independent of the culture and so on I mean if we believe in this criticism that should simply make us want to double our efforts to teach sound economic theory So other other questions or comments Jonathan Joe do you want to start with that? Well, I think the Hayek to this there was a Economist Terrence Hutchison who came up with that see what had happened was Hayek of course started as an Austrian economist under the influence of Mises and Hutchison claim it see in the 1940s when Hayek was a professor at the London School of Economics at Karl Popper I think after World War two became professor there also and he and Hayek were friends So I think Hutchison claimed that Hayek had rather converted to poppers philosophy, which is very different from praxeology So that's the Hayek to Hayek three Some people say that there I think there was a Cambridge writer Fleetwood who said that Hayek had abandoned methodological individualism and he was more interested in the complex structures of organizations I tend to be rather skeptical of these various changes I think Hayek Maintained at least his version of Austrianism throughout and I can tell you when I was in his class in 69 he certainly didn't abandon methodological individualism that was fairly late in his career If you Jeremy Shirmur has written on that also he would be a good one to read on that David is your skepticism. Is that Gordon one or Gordon two? Well, I see you've got my number, but I'm not sure which one it is I want to add something to that. I mean, I think many of us would think that the Hutchison the Hutchison distinction is a little bit superficial anyway that as relates to what David said Joe has written some good pieces on on Hayek Gita Holtzman has done a very nice exposition of this point in his Mises biography that you know Hayek from the from his earliest days was not completely a Misesian as we would as most of us are that Hayek and Hayek's contemporaries were highly influenced by Schumpeter More influenced by Schumpeter than by Mises at least kind of methodologically and I mean there's a sense in which you can call the early Hayek's work sort of praxeological, but It's still very Volrasian And what isn't that your term Joe that Hayek is a Volrasian verbal general equilibrium. Yeah Yeah, the visor yeah from the very beginning he was a student of visor whereas Mises was a student of Bombavark and Hayek was already Trained economists when he came to Mises he said that that when he began to work for Mises He was already a trained economist for the PhD heavily influenced by this great man Frederick visor who was a sort of verbal general equilibrium economist and no doubt Hayek was also influenced by Mises and But the seeds of Hayek to in my view were within Hayek In you know from the very beginning and then they blossomed when he came to London School of Economics There he urged bright young British student John Hicks and One other student It was Abel Lerner to read Pareto who was a mathematical general equilibrium theorist and That was very unfortunate because it led to Revolution and economic theory that by 1939 had completely submerged the mangarian tradition of Karl Manger and I think went further than Hayek wanted it really to go Because I think you know later interview he said something like well if you like that kind of thing Paul Samuelson has you know is a culmination of all this and Samuelson's book on foundations was completely mathematical so Hayek was trying to isolate the part of economics he called the Theory of choice Pure logic of choice so he thought that there was he wasn't a complete general equilibrium theorist But he thought that there was some general equilibrium out there at the market economy would always be moving towards and the way that it was Moved towards that he came up with these Articles on knowledge use of knowledge in society they say for some very interesting things But he's trying to break out of the Valerian box and show that what we're really not an equilibrium But but equilibrium does sort of guide us in some sense. So he's very complicated his thought and I think There is a Hayek one and two but but the Hayek one came roaring back in the 1970s after he won the Nobel Prize He started attacking Keynesianism and he was The tax were very very provocative and he had stopped doing that in the 1940s Okay Jonathan does that help? But you also asked I think I did Mises expressed any view on the Yeah, I'm not recalling that Rothbard ever said anything about the Hayek one two or possibly three he was Tended to be quite critical of Hayek's views especially some of his later work. He tended to view Hayek as Rather any rationalist that Joe is written on this It's all Yeah There was a footnote in one of Hayek's articles. I can't remember if it was a 37 article economics and knowledge It may have been that article Which means is like very much And and Hayek later on in his autobiography or his sort of memoirs Said something like well Mises didn't realize that What I was saying in that footnote was really Attacking his position. So Murray was not very happy with that So he made me made some remarks about you know Hayek not being fully ingenuous When he you know wrote that footnote Yes, please Is Used rationality it's in the street Oh the question was is in praxeology. Is it assuming that people are Motivate attack by rationality or by desires Praxeology have anything to say on that question. Well the way Mises used the concept of Rationality it's extremely easy to satisfy. He thought all action is rational because the actor has a Goal and he's using means that he thinks is Appropriate appropriate to attain that and even if they aren't or not I don't think there'd be any contrast with desires now on one way to Understand action, which is popular philosophy. I think Mises accepted that except to the standard to Explain an action. You have to have the Actors beliefs plus his desire. So all action would involve Zyers that wouldn't be any contrast between reason and desire there Yeah Yeah, please hear and then what my question is also on praxeology I don't understand why it has to be broken down to a single individual like each individual has conflicting desires and things They have to weigh and so would a government for example, and I thought the idea was To see what actions are taken so I used to like a game theory where you can compare people or governments or something So I think I've missed some theoretical part of that or some kind of curious I'm not saying your question you say is Why you would have to explain everything just by reference that one actor Well, it's always individuals who are acting but it isn't that Everything that you're explaining is in terms of what one individual does. I mean you can have Is it happen that involve all sorts of different individuality in any Sale, there is a buyer in a seller that's too individual. I mean is your question you think that praxeology would just be one individual Well, I mean they would you would certainly have you could certainly have Governments doing things but that would have that would have to be cashed out in terms of Individuals who are active, but you would certainly have it certainly have cases where you have to bring the institution into the explanation That's quite there may be particular. I mean, there may be particular problems where the level of or you don't need What level of reductionism you need may sort of depend on the problem So just for shorthand, you know, we say all the time oh the Fed lowered the money supply I mean technically speaking that would be a violation of methodological individualism if we If we said well the Fed is a single actor no the Fed doesn't act But that's just shorthand for saying well the open market committee met and they're this number of members and this is how they vote Then they gave it voted then they gave instructions to other Fed employees who clicked certain buttons on their computer and so forth I mean, but but you know sort of between friends We know that's what we mean when we say the Fed Lowered the interest rate and it doesn't really it's not harmful to our explanation, but is that what you mean or But as I said Yeah, philosophic. I mean in one sense, it's really not a full explanation. It just We all understand what we mean by that that shorthand and and exactly If if Roger Garrison is giving his business like a lecture and he says well the Fed Lowers the interest rate the following consequences occur. I mean the exact mechanisms by which we got to the Fed's decision In terms of the specific beliefs and actions of all the people who work at the Fed is not relevant That's just not interesting or important for telling the story that Roger wants to tell But you can imagine another applied problem where we want to know why do the regional presidents disagree with Other members of the board and how is Fed policy set? Well, if that's the question then obviously we cannot treat the Fed as a single actor Yeah, I was gonna say something about Murray Rothbard once wrote an article after the collapse of South Vietnam in which he said, you know on One day there was a South Vietnamese army meaning all the people adopted same goals as the South Vietnamese government And it was I think it was the fifth largest army in the world There were millions of men in it very next day. There was no South Vietnamese army. They stopped Adopting the values of the government Saigon when they realized that it was going to fall And so people you no longer could talk about this this organization Because there wasn't a commonality of goals, but there was individuals who were participating in the army and and then who were participating and following other goals later on What one thing I think also very important is exposing your explaining why the Fed lowered interest rates it if you're giving a Explanation System methodological individuals and it doesn't follow that you can get rid of the Fed and just say well forget about the Fed We're going to talk about the individual. You have to go through the stages. This is a point Bob knows it made in his article on Austrian methodology you can have stages of an explanation where you can't get rid of the stages that it have the institution, but then they're Inducible to actions of individuals. I remember once in conversation. It was funny. There was a book. He was talking about by Alan Garfinkel called Hormes of social explanation.  So I think Kogashiki now try to create a new industry and and to be a new visionist, and my friends at the branch think they are right to get there, such as from the propaganda. But actually, so the program is, as the economy can create, the economy of scams is such as from the propaganda. And how is the appropriate way to find it? So are you asking, do we think that a kind of like infant industry argument with increasing returns is a valid justification for state subsidies for industries? So what's your question? So the point is, like a Boeing or Microsoft needs some big budget to begin new business because they can't begin, they can't create an airplane or a computer with a very short budget. So then they need some appropriate big budget to do it together since they need a subsidy from the government. Yeah, I mean, if I'm understanding this correctly, I think it doesn't follow from the fact that you need a big capital fund to start a particular line of production, that you need a subsidy, right? Because frankly, the capital funding always comes from the world capital markets. Whether the government floats a bond and then gets the funding and provides a subsidy or whether it's just done directly to the business. And the world capital markets are something like $212 trillion. And so there's plenty of funding, in other words, to build a new airline or to start a new auto company and we see this sort of thing all the time. So I don't think it's a very good argument to justify government subsidies. Was that the question? This is a very specific problem for us, but people can't get a direct degree in business because if we want to begin new business, then we have to just buy it and borrow money from the bank in direct requirements. So in the Japanese bank, we have no talent to be states kind of. But you're just describing a particular institutional framework where there's some, the barriers that prevent Japanese entrepreneurs from accessing some of this global capital that Jeff is talking about. But I want to challenge another aspect of what I think is a premise behind this kind of argument. I mean, it's true that to build an airplane takes a lot of, an airplane is expensive. But it's not the cases people sometimes argue from kind of an industry structure perspective that Microsoft is huge and unless Donald Trump or Richard Branson or somebody decides to throw all of his resources into creating a software company, you know, in one moment it's impossible for anyone to compete with these firms. They have a de facto monopoly simply because of their size. Therefore we have to break them up with antitrust or whatever. I mean, I was just thinking about airlines. I mean, that argument assumes that the only form of competition is sort of full direct head-to-head multi-market competition in every market in which the incumbent is currently active. But of course you can have all kinds of small competition that kind of nibbles around the edges and potential competitors can get very large and successful by doing that. Even if you think about airlines, I mean, the only profitable U.S. airlines are Southwest and JetBlue and some of the small regional carriers that do not compete head-to-head with the legacy government subsidized carriers. If you think about airplanes themselves, I mean, yeah, in the market for gigantic wide-body jets, there's two companies Boeing and Airbus, both of them heavily subsidized by governments. But I mean, if you look at smaller planes, there are, you know, firms that started out making the little regional planes like Embraer and the Canadian one, I mean, they get government subsidies too, but they now are building bigger and bigger planes that compete head-to-head with the smaller planes made by Boeing and Airbus, and there's no reason in principle why those smaller companies could not, if they want to, begin to build jumbo jets, larger jets and so forth. And they started out with nothing, they started out small. So there already were powerful incumbents, but new firms entered the market, started doing small things, competing on some margins with the incumbents, but doing it very well and being more profitable and growing, and then eventually they get to the point where maybe they topple the incumbent. So not only do you not need a subsidy to be in that business, but you don't need a subsidy or, you know, government antitrust, an antitrust lawsuit to get into the industry where you could eventually compete more head-to-head. Please. So throughout this week we've been taught about what the Austrian schools come up with and like they found out, and my question is, what are Austrians still trying to figure out to this day about like how the world works and like what new fields of economics like we sort of want to touch on? I think one of the, I guess one of the interesting questions that the world will face, at least it appears that the world is going to face pretty soon, is monetary reform? Is some, what exactly will the configuration of the world's monetary system, now how will this develop? And, you know, will we get a variety of sort of speak experiments on the part of states in various or private initiatives that would, you know, try to address the problems of the dollar system or the problem that the euro's been facing and so on. So I think that's a pretty live area for us to continue to think about and to research with respect to, you know, a variety of different possible entrepreneurial ventures that would provide a solution to the monetary problems of the world. Following up on what Jeff said, this war on cash that states have undertaken, particularly Scandinavian states, but also Italy and France, under the cover of the war on terror, I think we have to talk about that. I think we have to analyze the long run effects of that. There's now, you know, Ecuador sponsors, is the only country that has a state-sponsored electronic money system in which people can use cards or mobile phone to mobile phone means to pay. And all banks are forced by law to provide that service. So what they're trying to do is to digitalize all money and then get rid of cash. That's pretty clear. And they're doing that for two reasons. One, they want to track all of you. They want to spy on you. And all of us. And second, they want to prop up their unsound banking systems which are shot through with moral hazard. And so if there's cash that you can withdraw, then you can bring these large banks to heal. But once all transactions have to go through the banking system, then reserves have just moved around. There isn't any way to drain the reserves out of the banking system and to rein them in. So I think this is a very important area of research for economists. So far, I've really been one of the few that have been doing it. And I've also noticed that journalists are picking up on this and the word war on cash term, war on cash is being used more and more. Two areas that I have in mind kind of fall into one broad category. That is, how does the knowledge that we have as Austrian economists interact with some current fields that are more mainstream? So I think something I've just gotten interested in recently is the interaction between what urban economics or land use economics, what insights do we have as Austrian economists that know about business cycle theory, how does that then interact with, say, land prices and the like in the way that's often treated by the mainstream? I would also include under that, as Dr. Salerno mentioned, what does behavioral economics tell us about people's behavior? In a sense, it's not doing economics strictly speaking as praxeology, but it does tell us something about the way people behave and make decisions. And I think thinking about how these things relate is a useful field. One thing I think has changed about application of the Austrian theory is the concept of just where the new money goes when the interest rate is lower. And I've sort of caught on to this when I had some student somewhere, I don't remember where it came from, but a question out of the blue had to do with the Fritz Mocklump's exposition of business cycles, and he says that new money through cheap loans always goes into fixed capital. This is a more roundabout process in long-term, durable, and so on. And that was probably about all you had to say at that stage in the game. But in recent years, we've needed to broaden the idea about where that money goes. It goes into interest-sensitive areas for sure, and of course fixed capital used to be the paradigm case of that. But more recently, it could go into all sorts of software uses. And I say that because I remember the dot-com boom, which sometimes even the Austrians say that's a different kind of cycle because it wasn't heavy industry. But in fact, it was an Austrian business cycle in the sense that these companies had to build market. That was the term that was used. You had to build market, which means essentially you've got to operate with losses until you can get your software to be more widely used in order to make it profitable. And you do that by absorbing those costs with borrowed funds. And so simply building market constitutes long-term investments. And so a lot of it is just realizing how that Austrian theory applies depending on just what the economy looks like. And so these are all macro business cycle topics. But just on the micro side, I thought a little bit about how would production theory and our analysis of the productive process be changed by some of the very interesting kinds of technological innovation that we see, nanotechnology. What about 3D printers? A lot of times when we analyze industries and we analyze the effect of changes in demand on industries, I think this was in one of the exam questions. Usually we treat human labor as a relatively less specific factor than many kinds of capital goods. And labor is more mobile than most kinds of capital goods. And so we think that, for example, when demand decreases, wages will not fall as much as rental prices of capital goods because labor can move to other uses and so on. Well, what if most of the capital is produced by 3D printers or something? Maybe a 3D printer is actually less specific than most kinds of skilled labor. And so in trying to analyze the effects of different kinds of industry changes on wages and on capital goods prices, it may be that we have different kinds of capital goods now that have different properties from the sort of more conventional ones. They have many more potential uses that typically kinds of specific, the narrower set of uses. How does that affect the structure of production in the economy? There may be some business cycle implications for this more kind of flexible capital. I don't know that anyone has really thought this through in a very systematic way. I mean, notice that nothing that anybody has talked about yet is about sort of fundamental alterations in the underlying theory, but how the theory applies to different contexts. So there's always changing and so there's always new problems to be solved because of institutional changes and political changes and technological changes and so on. This gentleman was next, I think. So my question is, I've been hearing this term and I guess I just don't know very much about it. What is quantitative easing and what are some like, I assume there's some sort of Austrian fatigue. Roger? There you go. Yeah, that's a term that sort of rubs me the wrong way for some reason. But typically before quantitative easing, when the interest rates were up around maybe three or four percent or something like that, you could, the Fed could push those interest rates down by pumping in money. And they did that to the point where interest rate just got as low as it could go. And so if they tried to pump in more, they could pump in more, they did pump in more, but it didn't change the interest rate. It was already right down there against zero. And so that's when they started calling it quantitative easing. In other words, it was just as they're going to push more money out there despite the fact that it doesn't have any effect on interest rates. So that's literally what the term means. Normally when they say they're going to ease, they meant they're going to lower interest rates. But now they can't lower interest rates anymore. They're still going to ease. There's more money at the same low rates. So that's just a terminological thing that's an issue here. Also, there was an augmentation of the Fed's use of a wider variety of securities in their purchases, right? So the typical open market operation of the Fed would be confined to U.S. Treasuries. So they'd instruct the New York Fed to purchase U.S. Treasuries and then provide the liquidity to the financial markets from that purchase. With QE, they widened this out and they bought almost $2 trillion worth of mortgage-backed securities as an example. They bought a lot of Treasuries, too. So QE, that tends to be what we think of also, at least empirically, when the term QE is used, it tends to also have this implication that the Fed is widening the scope of securities that it will purchase or sell. Yeah, just as an aside, the Federal Reserve Act and the other documents, the statutes that have amended the regulations, the rules that enable and constrain the Fed specifically limited the Fed's balance sheet to holding Treasuries. The Fed was only legally allowed to hold U.S. Treasuries, but there was this little escape clause, except for unusual circumstances. In an emergency, the Fed can hold other assets. Well, I mean, that's a loophole that you can wide enough to drive through a semi-truck or whatever, and so they jumped upon that in 2008 and started adding, you know, all kinds of securities in huge quantities to the balance sheet. Yes, please. You said earlier about 3D printing. Does 3D printing decrease the amount, the quantity of the stages of production? And if so, do the high-end triangles allow for a decrease in the stage of production to add to the increase in the growth in economy? That's a question for Roger Garrison. I'm not sure I understood this. 3D printing. So if, yeah, I mean, immediately produce any complex good in one step, pushing one button. Well, before you say that, you have to look to see what's the whole process of creating the 3D printer. Obviously, once you have the 3D printer, then it's just no time that you can get an output from a certain input. But overall, you'd have to look at what are the inputs to the 3D printer, and that could well lengthen the structure of production. But, of course, it involves a change in technology so we really can't say whether it lengthens or shortens until we look at the particulars. I'm just giving my biggest input is software, and it may be that it takes a long time to write the code that enables the 3D machine to produce some complex piece of machinery or whatever. Other questions? Yes, please. So, both of you, two of you mentioned the behavioral promise, and my view is actually, I think, been very easy on this, in that generally I think they are trying to looking at some of these actual preferences and trying to describe judgments to them as far as, well, you shouldn't have bought that, you should have bought something else. But I guess I can see from an entrepreneurial trying to explain the stakes, kind of stand point why we might want to study that, so I'm curious if there's any scope that you think that has in this or where we can avoid starting making judgments about other people's actions, you shouldn't have done that. Does that make any sense? Yeah, so Mises wrote a book called Theory and History in 1956 that I highly recommend, and it talks about how you really apply economics to history, and he talked about, he used the term phymology to indicate that not only do people have insights into one another when they act in the real world, that is they have to understand one another, but that when the historian or the applied economist is doing economics, we have to understand the goals and the ideals and even the quirks and so on of, let's say, Alan Greenspan in the way he runs the Fed or Ben Bernanke. And I think behavioral economics, when it's properly used, can deepen our insights in some cases, as in the case of these speculative stories that I think are very important to keeping the boom going. Add to that, there's a lot of truth in the way that it's actually used. Behavioral economics is a science in trying to get into what are people's preferences actually like, I find generally unobjectionable. It's basically a version of the phymology. But then what really ends up happening a lot of the time is that people have taken moral imperative that people should act rationally according to the neoclassical definition, and then the behavioral economists prove that people don't. Some of the question is, what can we do to trick people into acting rationally? Rather than just accepting, maybe people are loss averse because they really eat losses, and that's okay. Maybe there's nothing wrong with this. So seeing behavioral economics as a critique of this mainstream definition of rationality I think is very useful. Using it to try to understand human behavior is very useful. Once we start adopting that mainstream notion of rationality as a moral imperative, that's where we start running into problems. I also want to add, I agree with what my colleagues have said about behavioral economics per se, and how it can be useful, but I just want to add to be a little more cynical. As a sort of empirical institutional matter, the current field of behavioral economics I think is massively bloated. There's a lot of malinvestment in that field. It's a fad. And a lot of the research that's coming out of behavioral economics is coming up with bizarre laboratory scenarios to reach conclusions that are either uninteresting, not useful, or totally obvious to anyone who has done any thymology whatsoever. Like Dan Ariely, I think his stuff is pretty useless. But he specializes in trying to use clever lingo to act as if he's come up with some new insight that in fact anybody in that specialized field of applied economics has already known for 50 years. So that's a good note to close on.


Welcome back to Classic Replay. Now here's something weird to consider. In a hundred years from now, nobody will remember us. That's correct. I'm afraid. We'll be dead and buried. That's a good start to the video. No, but seriously, the homes that you live in now, somebody else will be living in them. Somebody else will own your retro gaming collection. Every possession you own today will be in the hands of somebody else. A stranger. Probably worse than that. Given away. Thrown on the scrap heap. Or on display in a charity shop. Those classic computers and consoles that you worked hard to own. Gone. Scrap metal. Not a single person will have a memory about us. So when you think about that, when you weigh it all up, it's absolutely pointless to worry about things you have no control over. 95% of the things we worry about is just pure nonsense. So I say, game on, my friends. Play games like you've never played them before. Remember, classic people, we are only visiting. On that bombshell, here are 15 of the best games ever on the Game Boy Advance. Number 15, Mario Tennis Power Tour. You can't beat a bit of tennis.  I've played every tennis game on the GBA. But none are better than Mario Tennis. Each of the players have their own unique strengths and weaknesses to adjust to. And it's been tailored beautifully for the Game Boy Advance. Number 14, Astro Boy Omega Factor. Definitely, one of the coolest 2D action games to appear on the GBA. There's never a dull moment, it looks incredible. It also happened to be one of the most spectacular and action-packed experiences money could buy on the GBA when Sega and Treasure team up. The result is moida. Number 13, Gunstar Super Heroes. The spirit of Gunstar lives on on the GBA. And like the original, nail-biting action from start to finish. As you can expect, top-notch presentation, characters are wonderfully detailed, has the just one more go factor, Gunstar Super Heroes is God's own action-adventure game. Number 12, Mario vs Donkey Kong. Some things never get old. And legend has it, you can unlock a level editor. This is platforming and puzzling at its most infuriating and enjoyable. Much better than you'd expect. Ignore its 2D limits, and this is a fine platform game. Number 11, Mega Man Zero. The Japanese version features more guts on screen and more blood, so that's the one to go for. Mega Man Zero looks great and moves damn quick. It's fast and furious and probably the ultimate Mega Man game.  And it feels very rewarding with progressive gameplay. Yes, it's a familiar formula, but it's still a damn fine action-adventure. Number 10, Kirby and the Amazing Mirror. Now, I know some people will prefer in Dream Land, so I've added that to what to play next. For a small dude, Kirby has some big adventures on the GBA, and you'll have a great time playing this. There's also a multiplayer mode, which massively cements this as a classic. Number 9, Castlevania, Aria, a Sorrow. This could just as easily be number 1. And it's so good that it appears in the book 1001 video games you must play before you die. Some even say this is the second best Castlevania game of all time. Number 8, Street Fighter Alpha 3. It looks like Street Fighter Alpha 3. It plays like Street Fighter Alpha 3. And I love playing it, so it must be Street Fighter Alpha 3. There's a massive roster of fighters, intuitive tactile gameplay and so many moves and techniques to learn. And if you are talking about a fighting game on GBA, you're talking Street Fighter Alpha 3. Number 7, Rebel Star, Tactical Command. Yay! One of my favourite games of all time. I played this on the ZX Spectrum and the Amstrad CPC back in the day. And this is a fabulous upgrade. There's a clear interface which means very little fiddling, campaigns offer loads of variety and it's more proof that the GBA has brains to match its looks. Saturday nights after closing time can get a bit hairy. Number 6, Golden Sun. Epic adventure bathed in colour. For me personally, this is a better looking streamlined sun Final Fantasy. And yes, better than Chrono Trigger. But you do need to play Final Fantasy to get the full story. But Golden Sun has a fantastic fast and easy to access battle system and my goodness, it's a thing of beauty. Seriously, no RPG fan should miss out on Golden Sun. Number 5, Super Mario blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. No idea. But it's brilliant. Even today, this game hasn't aged at all and my 8 year old absolutely loves it. Can't put it down. In fact, she's obsessed with Mario and Princess Peach. There's no doubt about it. Nintendo know how to make games. Number 4, Mother 3. Now this one might be cheating because I don't think it was released in the UK and a friend of mine brought it round and said, have a go at this. Some bright spark had translated it from Japanese into English and I couldn't put it down. I was absolutely mad for it. I love the story and the dream now is that Nintendo will release it on the Switch in some form or other, in English. But to be honest, I'm not holding my breath. Number 3, The Legend of Zelda. The Minish Cap. Easily one of the best games ever made and one of my personal favourites of all time. Although you can't beat the Legend of Zelda Majora's Mask on the N64 and Ocarina of Time. Absolutely magical games. In fact, sometimes I'm playing Golden Sun and think I'm playing a Zelda game for a brief moment. So that just shows you how great Zelda games are and how everyone borrows from them. Number 2, Advance Wars. I feel like this is one of the best games ever. But it's trapped on the GBA. I'd like to see it revamped for the Nintendo Switch or the PS5. You know, I remember the first time I ever played this game. I was massively hooked from the word go and like Tetris on the Game Boy, I couldn't put it down. Ah, the honourable mentions. The ones that almost got away. Number 1, Metroid Fusion. That's right, I've saved the best till last. This is officially, according to me, classic replay, the best GBA game ever. So I hope you've enjoyed this video. If you have, please like, subscribe, leave a comment, don't forget to ring that bell. And until next time, bye!


After the collection of specimens, specimens means insects are any other arachnids from different fields, different types of insects and other specimens like arachnids you will collect. For their further study, we have to use to study their morphological characteristics by using different types of microscopes and different lights. For this purpose, we can use simple binocular microscope and compound microscope and for other magnifications, for deep magnifications we can use electron microscope. Binocular microscope magnifies the specimens 10 to 120 times while compound microscope magnifies our enlarged specimens their characteristic 100 to 200 times while electron microscope magnifies the characteristic of specimens greater than 1000 times. Actually, students specimens like ashrat, insects, etc. are very small in size because of which we have to look at their morphological characteristics, their visible characteristics and for that, we need different types of lights, we use lamps which are on the right, left, and back side of the microscope, while we do not use the bottom light, because if we use the bottom light, the specimen will be dark and we will not be able to see its microscopic characteristics. So, different types of lights are used, microscopes are used, with the help of which we can study their texonomic morphological characteristics. After that, we classify them in different groups based on those characteristics. For that, we have to use different types of equipment, different tools are required which are used in the microscope to set and fix the specimens and according to the specimen, we have to change the lights and the background because there are different colors of the specimens. If the slide or the cover slip is also the same and the color of the specimen is not visible then we will have a problem in identification. So, there are different types of tools, equipment, helping things that we can use in the texonomic identifications or classification. For this purpose, we can use liquid medium like glycerine or any jelly-like material like sanitizer or we can use sand, white sand for this purpose, we can use beads for this purpose or we can use different shapes like dome shape to set the specimen. There are different types of specimens for study, for example, dry specimens and wet specimens. So, wet specimen, dry specimens, microscope, paste, to set, we have to use different methods. If the specimen is in liquid preservation then we have to use shine for that. When we dry the specimen, the glycerine should be removed well because the glycerine will shine which will cause problems in studying the characteristic. For that, we remove the glycerine from the tissue properly and if dry preservation is a specimen, dry head, then we will face the problem of breakdown fragile. These are fragile specimens. If we handle them hardly, they will break. So, handle the specimens gently because it will break easily and we cannot submit the damaged specimens for reference. We have to submit the whole specimen, undamaged specimen for reference. So, we do not have to do any museum diamond specimen as a reference specimen. So, while studying the specimens, we do not have to break. And if there is dry preservation, then even for dry preservation, if the specimen's color is dark, black, then we have to use the background below in contrast so that we can easily define its characteristic. We have to set the specimen in different positions like dorsal position, ventral position and lateral position. For different position study, we have to set the specimens using different tactics. If we have to set the ventral position, then we have to set the specimen on the dome. We have to fix the common pin in the dome and then at the tip of the common pin, we will set the specimen ventrally and we study the characteristic from the ventral side. And if we have to look the characteristic on the dorsal side, then we can set the specimen in the wet sand. Specimen will easily fix in the wet sand or we can set the specimen in the beads. These are the small beads that we can use for the texonomic study at the microscope. So, we set the specimens at different angles at different positions using that beads in a small petri dish. On the other hand, we can also set the specimen in liquid medium like jelly or any other sanitizer. So, we will fix the specimen using petri dish. In petri dish, we will put some water or any other white solution and then in the center of the petri dish, we will put some sanitizer or jelly like medium and then we will fix the specimen in that white jelly like medium. And then specimen will easily fix and we can easily move the legs. We can easily move the different parts of the specimen like abdomen, thorax and then we can study the different microscopic characteristics of that specimen. So, for the classification, we have to study the characteristics, morphological characteristics deeply that we can use these microscopic characteristics for the classification of specimen into different groups. We have to differentiate these characteristics very clearly. It means that we have to clearly define the characteristics of the specimen. Either this character is present or absent, teeth are present or teeth are absent. Abdomen is greater than thorax or thorax is greater than abdomen. There is no ambiguity between the characteristic. We have to clearly distinguish the characteristic either this is present or absent. We have to check the different teeth. We have to count the different claws, different spines. We have to check the number of different other characteristics. On the other hand, we have to study different color patterns. Either color or not the taxonomy characteristics and they will fade with the passage of time and in alcohol preservation colors are also lost. So, using different characteristics like number of claws, number of teeth, length of abdomen, length of thorax or and measurement of different body parts. For different purposes, we have to measure the different like we have to measure the leg parts of the length of the leg parts of different specimens. So, all these characteristics are deeply studied in the microscope and then we use these microscopic characteristics for the grouping of these collected specimens. So, all these tactics are used for taxonomic studies of specimens. Thank you.


Hi everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft thank you for watching my tutorial today. I'm going to be showing you how I've made this I'm calling it a triple diamond gatefold card so it's kind of developed from the double or the no the diamond fold card that I made a couple of years ago and I'll link that one up here and I was just going through my old tutorials and I thought that would be a nice one to revisit and to change a little bit so I've actually made it taller and then the reason I've called it a gatefold is because it opens up to then reveal the triple diamond fold out part so you've got your diamond here in the center and then one here you've got room on the back to be able to write your message and you could also cover the diamond inside there if you would rather it's just got such a nice look about it and I think it's quite unexpected considering it folds up into this four by six size with the belly band and then when that person opens it up it becomes a really nice display piece I've embossed all of the panels here and I'll show you what I've used and then I've done that really nice center decoration with the flamingo and this one is going off to a crafty friend who actually won this in my live last facebook live giveaway so yeah let me show you how to make it okay so the supplies I'm using are from issue 205 from Simply Cards and Papercraft you get this really nice five by seven tropical embossing folder the actual range is called totally tropical and then you get this stamp set you also get the dies I actually I confessed during the live I didn't use the dies I just fussy cut it because I just found it was a bit quicker for the amount that I wanted you can see that that really nice stamp set and I love the sentiments here today's card's going to be a birthday card just so that I've got that one in my stash and I'll probably just enjoy it and display it for a while anyway but that's what you need if you do want to do the same one as me I also pulled out these dies which match perfectly and I've got the palm leaves here I've got these other ones I've got the hibiscus if I did decide to use that and these here so I've gone ahead and I've cut all of that out I've also gone ahead and I've distressed and embossed all of the pieces that I need if you would like to see me do that then I'll share the Facebook live video and that's where I make the card that I just showed you but I do that over a two-hour period because we're interacting we're chatting and just enjoying crafting along together whereas obviously today I make it much much quicker and everything is you know ready to go so these are all the elements which I'll show you and talk about in more detail when we get to it and I've got a nice feather there as well which I'm going to be using so we won't worry about all of the mats and layers for the moment so for the main card you want a piece of six by 12 so I've done this template here because I've already gone ahead and scored everything that I need so if I just bring it up a bit there just so you can see I'm just going to talk you through what you need to do so this is your piece of six by 12 okay this is 216 gsm you want something that's a bit more lighter weight I always find when you're doing multiple folds and you're working with points and kind of angles and stuff it's better to use something that's lighter weight you can add your mats and layers which will give it that strength later on but I just think you know you're putting a lot of pressure on these areas here if you've got something too thick you might you know get a bit of cracking so along the 12 inch side you want to score at 2 4 8 and 10 so you can see there I've got those four score lines with the lines going right the way down and that's the four that I've just done here 2 2 4 8 and 10 okay and why we've got the scoreboard out you'll want these pieces for the gatefold now these are optional because the card looks lovely just with this piece and again I'll show you that when we get to it but if you do want to do the gatefold like myself and have the belly band then you'll want two pieces of four and a quarter by six and along the four and a quarter side you just want to score it two and at two and a quarter fold and burnish so you'll have something like this and we're going to stick that behind the edges and this front piece here will become the gatefold and then I've just also cut this piece here which was one by 12 from the same paper to make the belly band okay so now we just want to do some pencil marks I've got my metal ruler and my stylus here which you're going to need because we need to do a few more score lines but what you want to do festivals we're going to work within this center rectangle here okay and this is four by six you want to mark halfway which is why I've put two inches because it's the halfway point between the four and the six so I guess it's six inches you know if you were doing this in your scoreboard but I just want you to just come in two inches from here see what I'm doing my ruler and just put a little pencil mark just there do the same along the bottom within that rectangle so again you'll see here I've just marked it there with two inches and then you also want to mark three inches which is halfway along this part here because it's six inches high so again just come down here put a little pencil mark at three come along here a little pencil mark at three so you should have a pencil mark here here here and here I've rubbed mine out because this is already done but I'm just going to talk you through this now what you want to do is with your metal ruler and your stylus make sure you've got a surface that you'll be able to score down on and you're going to lay your ruler down so that it you're starting it from the top of your two inch score line here and you're going to score all the way down or line your ruler up so it runs all the way down to that middle section here that two inch mark and what will happen is that you need to check is that when you lie the ruler down is that it runs right through that three inch marker so that pencil mark that you've put there that's where you want that to to line up so you'll get a nice straight line so again I just lay that down there so I've got my stylus at the top of this two inch line here I've got my ruler down I can see my ruler's going to go right through where I had my pencil mark and it joins right up with the bottom here which is the center of this four by six rectangle and then just score do a couple of score lines so you get a nice you know impression there with the stylus then you want to come from the center here right the way across to the bottom now of that two inch score line so then you've you've basically informed this cross okay so again lay my ruler down this time I put my stylus in the top of this four by six rectangle the ruler hits that crossover there where I put the little three inch marker and score right across and it will join up with the two inch score line there you then want to repeat that on this side and you'll see what I've got here so again now I'm coming from that two inch across down to the bottom of the 10 inch score line and then come up from the two inch up to the top of the 10 inch score line and it will give you that cross there again and I've already popped that in here and just about see my crosses there and you can see that diamond in the center here we're going to create these diamonds because you'll see you've only got half a diamond here but the way we add the mats and layers will give us the you know the three all together there now what you want to do is fold your score lines so where you've got your crossed ones so your diagonal score lines you just want to fold them so they're both mountain folds and make sure you know that you're getting it right up to your your pencil mark you've got really nice points there because when you then go to do this one you want to make sure so I'm getting a really nice point at the top here that's what you want to make sure you get otherwise your mats and layers might be a little bit out so again just fold and this is why you'll notice you know that softer cardstock will really make this easier for you okay so now we've got all mountain folds on those everything else is going to become a valley fold so this one on the outside here you just want to fold like so okay and again do the same with this end here and then these ones are kind of wanting to already go into that valley fold so just make sure you push down the cardstock so it meets that point perfectly and then just fold it like that and again again you want to make sure you get a really nice point there okay do the same with this side here okay so now we've got this which is very very similar to the four by twelve one that I have in the video that I've linked here now this could be the card finish we need to cut something here but in terms of not adding the gatefold pieces the card stands up you know very nicely on its own and it will fold flat once we cut a little bit more off so if you want to keep it like this and just add the mats and layers you can but what we want to do here so right now when we go to kind of fold it flat this all kind of hits each other and we need to cut that excess away so if you just kind of flatten out one side and fold one side down you can see what's overhanging here we need to cut this away so if you add a little pencil mark just there on these pieces just where they sit along the fold of this piece here okay if you then open up the whole thing and fold that like this it's easier to cut and you basically I'm going to come slightly down under that pencil mark and just cut up there again make sure you get it right to the point and again on this side come just underneath that pencil mark and just cut up like so so now when I bring this back around it kind of pops back into its shape it will fold flat and now that's all completely disappeared so again if I bring that side down you can see the difference where we've got that these bits hanging out whereas now you can see they're completely hidden and it will allow you to fold it flat so again I'll show you on this side so just open up the card pop a little pencil mark there and there open it up and then make it so that's now a mountain fold that score line so you've got the two pieces like that and again come down under that pencil mark and up to the point there like so and again I can just pop it that way so you can see we've got that shape and then you can fold the whole thing flat and it will fit that four by six shape so again if you want to keep it like this that will go into an envelope you might have to custom it you know there might be quite a bit of bulk or you can make a little box but you know that's the card and that's just how it looks but it's four inches high in that other tutorial okay so if you do want to do the gate fold section you've got these two pieces now and what's going to happen is you're going to stick one behind this part here and then when it all folds flat you'll see it will cover and that you know is your opening so I'm just going to flip this one over and I'm going to add glue all onto the back I'm using the Kalal glue so this is now when you start to add that strength so even if you're working with maybe you know maybe even 180 gsm if you've got a kalal glue it will soon once you add the mats and layers by the time you've finished it will feel like you've used 300 gsm cardstock so I'm just laying that one down making sure it lines up there with that fold and we can open this up just go in there apply some pressure to make sure that's all stuck down and then do the same with this side here okay and then you can just test it all and you go to fold it flat and that will all line up and you've got that quarter inch now to allow for the folds inside and any other dimension you might add when you get to doing you know doing your decoration and stuff but I'm really pleased about I'm just going to I think I shifted a little bit let's just move that down a bit just going to trim I think that might have cut that just a little bit bigger okay so that is the card base all finished and now we can start with our mats and layers so first of all so I'm working with white mats here because I've got that lovely pink colour it's funny because I did say I was going to use yellow when I done the live for the next one but I do love this pink so I've got here six pieces because you may want to decorate the back here this is where I'll be writing my message so these ones here so six pieces that are one and three quarters by five and three quarters and then you will want three pieces these are cut from the you know the the same size here so three pieces of three and a half by five and a half and what you want to do is along the well all four sides you want to mark the halfway point so the short side you're going to put a little marker at one and three quarters so here and here okay and then along this side here it will be two and three quarters you can do this on all three pieces like so and if you want to use your trimmer or draw a pencil line you're going to you know join up these lines because you now want to cut I'm just using my long scissors here and just cut from pencil mark to pencil mark and like I said do that on all three pieces and keep all of these because these are going to be your mats for your sections here when we create the diamond shape on this side so don't throw any of them away and that's why I've got all of these because like I said they've come from these other two so you'll have these bits but one of them is going to go right in the middle here you can see how that sits right there the other two you actually want to cut in half again because you need it to cover this half of your diamond there so I'm going to grab these two pop them in my trimmer okay so now I've got all of these already and that one and these to stick down but I'm also going to go through the pattern layers because I can stick everything then all together so again you're going to actually want one and a half by five and a half and then again you'll want the three pieces now I actually cut these slightly smaller than you needed I've cut mine to five and three quarter to four and three quarters you actually want them to be five by three which is what I've done on that card and then again you're going to mark the halfway point so if it's five you're going to be marking along here at two and a half but along here is the same as mine's three so you'll be marking at one and a half so flip it over and then that way if you have already decorated it like me you won't see anything so one and a half one and a half and like I said yours would be five so you'll be marking it two and a half along here so again you'll do that on all three pieces and you'll cut the corners off of all of them to make your triangles and then with two of them you'll cut them in half which I'll show you in a second and one you will keep solid like I've got here so that one I'm going to keep because that will end up going on to this one here so you can see so I'm going to have a slightly bigger border of white than you will have but it's still okay because I'm going to be obviously decorating it but you'll see here that I've also then got the other two where I've cut them in half okay so that's what you need to do you'll see there there's the three so I'm now going to stick all this down build up all of my mats and layers and then I'll be back just to finish off the top and the belly band okay so there is the card with all the mats and layers you will see how I've positioned so you lay these ones down first your mats and layers and then sit this one opposite kind of hugging the you know the fold there and then you just kind of piece these pieces around so it gives you that diamond now if you want to fill these ones I did say during the knife then you can you're going to have to work out those measurements yourself because obviously they're a little bit different so we've cut into them but I like having that pink there because I think it really makes that one pop but yeah it looks really cool and now when you fold it all together it will fold into your nice little four by six size there so now we just need to finish the decoration so I have my glue gun on and I've got this lovely big feather which is what I laid down first of all kind of like that now you want to make sure that you stay within so if you fold the diamond down there you want to make sure anything that you have overhanging hangs overhangs into these corners here but don't go past this corner here otherwise you won't be able to close it and the same you don't want to go to the tops there but I'm going to have that one kind of like so and then I'm going to start layering up all of these lovely pieces now just die cut and just distress them and yeah it just looks really nice again I coloured them using my Arteza coloured pencils so I've got three of the flowers there probably have one on the front maybe one or two on the front and those on the inside here and just start layering that up like so let me open this one up here that's how I'm going to do the belly band I'm going to follow that the same but this time it's going to say happy birthday there rather than hello so I'm going to pop it on high speed and get that all finished okay so I've finished the insides there looks really cool and I've just got to add that sentiment and then if you just fold it all flat bring around the sides okay so and then if you grab your belly band because then I can finish decorating this once I show you just sit it down on top and just bring around the sides and just wrap it rather than actually you know score you don't need to if you just wrap that around and then I can just add you don't actually even need it that long so I'm actually just going to trim this off here and lay that one down and again I'm going to trim because I'm going to be covering all this so I'm just now going to pop some hot glue you don't have to use hot glue it's just because I've got this at hand and just lay that one down and make sure you don't do it too tight you want to be able to slide this so just slide it like that just to test but I'm happy with that now so see it holds it all you know shut there so now I can carry on and start sticking this down just make sure you don't get any glue onto there but I'm just going to copy that little one there okay so there's my decoration finished it says with love on your birthday so that's what will be displayed I think that looks really nice and then on the belly band I've added let's celebrate and it looks really nice as a little bracelet as well but yeah there's the card finished so it will all fold flat that folds around to protect it all like so just make sure those bits don't hang out and then you can just slide on your belly band might need to shape it a little bit now actually because it's just squeeze it a little bit along the score you know where those score lines are there but there you have it I think that makes such a beautiful little gift as well and you can put a gift card in there you know and have it as your present and card in one but I think they look fantastic and yeah like I said this one is being sent away now and I know that that will get enjoyed so yeah thoroughly enjoyed making these I will probably keep it for a while and just admire it and just keep it displayed and then yeah no doubt one of my friends or somebody will buy it from me so that's today's card I hope you've enjoyed it all of the supplies that I've used today will be shared in the description box below and I'll be back very soon with another tutorial thanks for watching bye


Hi everyone, Joe for jazzy's case breaks calm coming at you with 2020 Panini immaculate baseball eight box pick your team number sweet 16 There's the case right there fresh case of immaculate. We're doing all eight boxes And big thanks to everyone here for getting into the action Thanks all the folks who bought their team straight up and thanks everyone who got involved in the number of blocks as well And these video videos are uploaded in separate videos if you want to take a look at how the randomizer went down, but There you go And there's a three-teamer right here as well Obviously number block break only applies to those teams and only for pick your team 16 on Tuesday Happy New Year everybody Tuesday the 5th January 5 The first fifth of the new year. I know I will need a lot of top. There's right I think I grabbed I don't know if I grabbed enough at this point There are eight boxes in this All right, so we'll slide that stack of seven all the way over here. I know the fire department's Stopping by the shop. We're about to pull fire. We know We know Oliver setting the over under at three. I would put it put it at three and a half Oliver That'll make it interesting Derek's already taking the over that's a smart play because here is a one-of-one right here Triple relic with the piece of the button For the Rockies one-of-one.  We have Aracisa Kino debut moments. Yeah, he did have a memorable rookie season 95 out of 99 autograph on a piece of the leather Going to Derek and the red legs We got Zach Allen debut moments three color patch and Silver Inc autograph Five it's five out of 25 commemorating his five shutout innings for Arizona. That'll be for Arthur five out of 25 commemorating his five shutout innings here on the fifth And back here that's a nice-looking patch look at that 15 out of 25 Justin Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn And that's for the Mariners number block team Mariners Seattle five is Gonna be for Chris Miller. There you go, Chris That's the first one-on-one. I pulled for you Jason. Nice. Congrats act full of hits that one He's that blank card to hide the hits. We got Justin Verlander 71 out of 99 Jimmy Brant with the Stroh's Look at that. What's that team logo? Wander Franco That's nine out of ten for the rays Shawn K with the rays Is that in or is that it's supposed to be an orange wedge Tampa Bay, Florida Florida oranges a Ferris wheel we have one of those in Santa Monica where I live By the way, it looks pretty sick Oh, you think it's an orange has AJ Oranges are pretty delicious up Shawn with the rays got the rays straight up The next guy is Anthony K two-color patch an autograph 16 out of 70 going to Ed. No check that going to a number block team So Toronto six Is gonna be for Chris Miller nice quad relic right here extra bases They look like bases right 21 out of 25 Dylan Carlson at least to me they do Gary the Cardinals And got Jonathan Hernandez 88 out of 99. That is for Ed Ram. He has the Rangers Wrinkly on the top of the penny sleeve there, but it'll straighten out and The last one out of this box is gonna be Jake Rogers 44 out of 49 Gold ink autograph and a piece of his jersey to for Detroit That's gonna be from Matt Subtlefield Jake Jake Jake Jake. All right. There's Jack Flaherty 10 out of 10 for the Cardinals It's gonna go to Gary and we've got looks like a randomizer To 25 there's Bob Gibson for the Cardinals Tom Siever Mets Nolan Ryan Mets and whitey Ford Yankees 22 out of 25 Thankfully it's not like an autograph Rex. We'll set that right there. So we'll randomize that later We got Andres Jimenez seven out of ten There's that autograph right there That's for the Mets Mets are a number block team. So it's met seven That's gonna be for Shawn Matic. There's Yoshitomo Sutsugo 82 out of 99 Shawn with the raise there's Jonathan Daza 21 out of 25 two-color patch and silver ink autograph for Colorado That'll be for Jason Abel. There you go, Jason Sub Joe P Rex's back as well Joe P Rex and Arthur. What is this like three years ago? We've got Jersey an autograph silver ink auto Michael Baez six out of 49 right on the eye black the monochrome Look right there for San Diego and that'll be for the Padres Alex Next one. Good luck. Was this another train whistle? There's Tim Anderson three out of five White Sox White Sox is a number block team White Sox three Jeremy Port last-bought mojo in that one all aboard the big hit Express Yeah, that's what I thought it's family show Rex easy that hasn't changed in the new year. Oh, look at this team logo Davey grew yawn three out of nine That's for Chris mill. Oh, no check that that's for the Phillies number block Phillies three is gonna be Mike G. There you go, Mike It's a great patch and we've got Vlad Guerrero, Jr. at 37 out of 49 two-color dual relic Toronto seven is gonna be for Shawn Maddock. We got first big league homer for Abraham Toro 59 out of 99 for Jimmy Brant and the Stroze and we got his teammate Yordon Alvarez Kind of hard to see the blue against the blue. They might want to rethink that design next time That is 25 out of 25 for Jimmy and the Astros if you hold in a certain light, you'll be able to see it pretty well Couple more we've got Donnie Walton 20 out of 49 for Seattle so that goes to Seattle zero And that'll be for Joshua B. And the last one out of this box is gonna be Jalen Davis two-color Jersey and on Lumber how do I look to the ground on a piece of the lumber six out of ten infield hit in his first at bat for the My rivals the Giants Giants are a number block team, so that'll go to Giants six I almost want to say Johnny wall Donnie Walburn there All right, we've got we're halfway through this break folks another 15 20 minutes ago Every time you see soot sugo you sing soot studio by Genesis Maybe that's his walk-up music How many train whistles are we at now? And we got Matt Heiss block chain redemption going to Brett and the Angels Next up is Trespirara 47 out of 49 for the Nats Washington 7 it's gonna be for Sean Maddock And I got now I got stuck in Ian's head. We got Josh Bell piece of his relic Not to be confused Jason Bell 89 out of 99 Josh Bell still Pittsburgh edition here going to Chris Miller And we've got a seven out of seven name plate era CDs Aquino It's pretty sharp. Look at that Derek disser with the red legs Arthur says we're on two train whistles I think the over-under I think we said it three three and a half around there Plenty of time debut moments Logan Webb with a win versus Arizona 20 out of 25 San Francisco zero Is gonna be for Jimmy Brant got Gavin Lux two-color patch in autograph 13 out of 25 for my Dodgers Brett With the world champs I got Tyrone Taylor One out of 49 for Milwaukee. I believe yes Brewers are a number block team Milwaukee one Is gonna be for Allen and we got Patrick Sandoval for Brett and the Halo 74 out of 99 Nice Rex Yeah, it's a ball or move. I think luck should be better. I think he's gonna get more opportunities to play I Think with a whole 162 game season. I think You know, he'll definitely have time to work through whatever he needs to work through He missed the first bit of the spring training restart summer training. I guess And I think it hasn't been said, but I think it was COVID related. So that kind of slowed him down and Then and then I think he has the sort of I think he takes him he needs a full spring training to get into the swing of things pun intended So I think it just didn't just the Didn't work out. I think he'll get a lot of chance to succeed next year although I don't know what's gonna happen if the Dodgers I don't know a lot of things are in the air. What if the Dodgers get DJ the mate and what happens to Lux? There's Wade Boz. I Don't know which edition of Vox is gonna be so let's go to the checklist cardboard connection.com. I know I love that Rex Now they want now cubs fans want want you Darvish to stay. No, why did we trade him? And the first bad start of 2021 they'll be like trade the guy He's terrible. There's the blockchain list here The blockchain not provided on the final checklist All right, eBay, maybe come on. Yes. I'm already signed in 2020 immaculate baseball Blockchain Wade Boggs Card number 23 Joshua. Ah, no one's redeemed this blockchain yet No, it says Red Sox According to this eBay description Do we care this much about this blockchain card? Now we'll give it to the we'll give it to the Red Sox This will go to Joshua B That's the team he played for the longest. Maybe we'll have to use those rules Actually, you know what this is these mirror the actual set right so Wade Boggs 23 immaculate signatures is actually Boston, let me flip screens just for a second I just realized that a lot of them tend to mirror the things. There's immaculate signatures That's the set and there's card 23 Wade Boggs Red Sox There you go Overcomplicated Joshua with the Red Sox. Sorry about that. There's Joshua Rojas 27 out of 49 for Arthur and the Diamondbacks. There's Dylan Cease 4 out of 10 Jersey number For the White Sox that's gonna go to White Sox for Jimmy Brant with that one 15 out of 25 rookie reserves five-way relic for Tampa Bay Sean with the Rays 11 out of 19 Mauritio Dubon three color patch an autograph Giants 11 Giants 1 is Allen Allen with Giants 1 37 out of 49 Eloy Jimenez White Sox 7 Mike G with White Sox 7 12 out of 25 Tyrone Taylor debut jumbo, that's a nice-looking relic there for Milwaukee Milwaukee 2 is gonna be for Daniel B and there's Travis Demerit debut jumbo 36 out of 50 for Detroit Matt Sebelfield Two boxes to go almost there Forgot how many boxes were in immaculate baseball. What is it? It's like six for football I think it's only five. Is it only five for basketball, maybe? And then there's eight for baseball. We're about ten minutes away though folks that blank card on there All right, we got Johnny Quaidou 23 out of 49 Giants 3 Mike with Giants 3 All right, Oliver just needs any a we got we need Braves 2 for Medlin Right, isn't there like a there's got to be like a Sean Murphy in here or something like that All right, there's George Brett for Kansas City 41 out of 49 Royals are a number of block team KC one Allen Legends relic Casey's over here Got dual relic and autograph Jonathan Lucroy. It's Boston edition of Jonathan Lucroy Gold ink autograph going to Joshua B. There's the a Matt Chapman one out of ten Oakland a's Oliver I think I saw a one-of-one here. There it is Andrew Vaughn Prospect and autograph that's the Franklin logo right there That's awesome. That's pretty sweet. We're three on one of ones, right? If you took Oliver's line, it'd be a push right now if you took my line three and a half And you took the under you're still under we need one more White Sox. Oh, White Sox are a number block team White Sox one Cory coat Cory All aboard the big-head Express That's pretty sweet and the last one here is Of course more White Sox Dylan sees 29 this time 29 out of 49 White Sox nine is gonna be for Anthony and the final box Ryan Cason needs a cub. I know Medlin needs a brave Good luck, everybody fingers crossed in the last box. Hopefully this box will deliver for you All right, we got Raphael Devers 47 out of 49 Joshua B There's another athletic five out of 49 Ricky Henderson the man of steel We got Tres Brera for the Nationals 13 out of 49 Nationals three is Gonna be Mike G with Nationals three Three more to go. Good luck everybody. Oh That's only out of 25. They give you a patch like that nine out of 25 Nice patch Aristes Aquino and autograph.  He did like a kind of do the pop-up pop right there. I don't know what that what I don't know What that is right here. I don't know if anybody's in the FBI hand writing Autograph right there. Yeah those three dots I Feel like wow, I feel like I've just not noticed that until today It's on every single Aquino autograph. All right, there you go Derek.  He'll know Two more to go. We got a monochrome jersey and autograph Dylan Cease 14 out of 49 That's for Jimmy Brant and Chicago for this Chicago is Someone should have bought the white talks straight up And the last one is Jonathan Daza You got a bit of the Rockies pinstripe in there 77 out of 99 and we end how we began with the Rockies and that's for Jason Bell Who got the Rockies straight up? All right apologies to everyone else who didn't hit or didn't hit enough We'll get him next time. We got a randomizer We got to make one person happy three people said if it lands on the number block team It'll go to number two. All right, so let's flip over to a blank list right here We've got Bob Gibson STL Tom Siever, New York Mets Nolan Ryan, New York Mets and Whitey Ford, New York Yankees Tom Siever Nate never played for the Yankees, right? Yeah, he's always been a met And whitey forward to didn't he pass away recently in October just making sure all right So we got a cardinal two Mets and a Yankee Let's roll it. Let's randomize it name on top After ten four and a six team on top. We'll get it. Good luck one two three eight nine and 10th and final time Team on top is the St. Louis Cardinals after ten and that's for Gary and the Redbirds Apologies to Daniel B on his birthday too But congrats to Gary. There you go. You got the quad relic 22 out of 25 And there you go, ladies and gentlemen I'm Joe for jazzy's case breaks calm. Thanks for breaking with us. Thanks for watching and I'll see you next time for the next one Happy new year. Welcome back