Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panayan Grammar. This is the final lecture of At Sandhi, we have been studying At Sandhi in quite a lot of detail because it is a very important type of Sandhi, we say that At Sandhi is that Sandhi which replaces ach, ach is a vowel. This Sandhi could be a consonant or could be another vowel as well depending on the environment. Let us take a recap of what we have done so far about At Sandhi and also some related topics to deal with. We always stated and I constantly repeated that there are two classifications Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Dhristhanika Ekadesha and we kept on studying these two diagrams. Ekasthanika Ekadesha you have A plus B as the input and A plus B in Samhita mode, A coming immediately before B and in case of this environment A gets substituted by C. So, A plus B is the input and C is the output. This C plus B is the output. This is Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Dhristhanika Ekadesha is the second classification where you have A plus B as the input and A coming immediately before B and B coming immediately after A. Now in place of both of them C is the one substitute. So, A plus B is the input, C is the output. This is the Dhristhanika Ekadesha. We said that Ekasthanika Ekadesha has got these two instances. If you have Ek followed by Ach then in place of Ek, Yen is the substitute. This is the first instance and the second instance is H followed by Ach and H is substituted by Ayava. These are the two major, these are the two instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha and we have studied them in detail. We also interpreted the Sutras, Ekoyanachi and Echo Ayava to understand the Sandhi better. We also studied the Udeshya Vidhayabhava and the number of substituents that are delineated because of this Udeshya Vidhayabhava. Then we also studied the criteria for selection of the substitute. We then also studied the template examples and the specific examples of both these Sandhis. We also studied the statements made by the later Paninian grammatical tradition in order to make the treatment exhaustive and also to account for the changes that are brought in by the course of the time. Then we studied the five types of five instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha. The first and the second one are stated on this slide. So, if you have a followed by any Ach in general, both of them they get substituted by one Guna substitute. This is the first instance and the second instance is if a is followed by H, both of them they get substituted by Vrdhi. Of course, in the Samhita mode. So, O and H, O and H they are all in the Samhita mode and Guna over here and Vrdhi over here are the substitutes. And then we have Pararupa as well as Savarnadirga. So, you have A plus B, A is Purva, B is Parar and in place of A plus B, this Parar namely B is stated to be the one substitute. This is Pararupa and if you have Ak followed by another Ak, obviously the Savarna Ak, then in place of both of them Akdirga is the substitute stated by the Sutra Akasavarnadirga. This is the Savarna Dirga Sandhi. And finally you have Purva Rupa Sandhi where you have A plus B in close proximity in the Samhita where A is Purva and B is Parar and in place of both of them you place the Purva that is A. These are the five types that we have studied and these are the Sutras. So, Guna Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Adgunahan 6187. Vrdhi Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Vrindireji 6188. We also studied some more Sutras stating Vrdhi Sandhi. Then Pararupa Sandhi is primarily stated by Engi Pararupam 6194. Then Savarna Dirga Sandhi stated by Sutra Akasavarnadirga 6111. And finally the Purva Rupa Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Amipurvaha onwards 6117 onwards. The Dvisthanika Ekadesha is governed by the Adhikara Sutra Ekapurva Parayoho which means one substitute takes place in place of two sounds namely previous and latter. Ekapurva Parayoho is an Adhikara that governs the five instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha. Panini in his own grammar has stated Ekoyanachi as well as Echo Yavayavaha and the other Sutras of the Ayavaya of Sandhi before this particular Adhikara. If you look at the numbers Ekoyanachi is 6177, Echo Yavayavaha is 6178 and then the other Sutras Ittedhattyutsu 89 and so on, Chayyajayyau Shakyarthe they come before 6184 in the Samhitayam Adhikara. Now in this lecture, let us look at some other issues related to Aj Sandhi. And the four issues that we shall deal with are stated on this particular slide. Let us take some sentence examples and try to apply the rules and try to dissolve the Sandhi. Let us also study how the Aj Sandhi rules feed the Swarasaan Swara rules, accent rules. Then let us deal with this complex task of Sandhi splitting in which some directions will be mentioned. And finally, let us deal with the topic of Asiddha with reference to the Aj Sandhi. So let us take the sentence examples first. And these examples are primarily taken from the very celebrated and popular text called Shreemad Bhagavad Gita. So this example we have already taken at the beginning. Let us take it once again. Karmanyavadhika Raste. This is the verse. And here we have three words. Karmany, Ava and Adhikaras. Three words are uttered in Samhita mode or in close proximity. So here we have E followed by this A. And so this is the scope of application of eco-energy. And here we have a at the end of Ava followed by a at the beginning of Adhikaras, which is the scope of application of Akasavarnay Birgaha. So both the Sandhis take place and you have Karmany, Ava as the input and Karmanyavadhika Raste as the output. Similarly, Ava, Adhikaras as input and Ava, A and Adhikaras as the output. When you join them together, you get the line Karmanyavadhika Raste. So there are these two Sandhis that are playing an important role over here. And they are Yen Sandhi as well as the Savarnadirgha Sandhi. Similarly, if you look at Sangostva Karmany, Maate Sangostva Karmany. Here we have Sangha U plus Astu and Akarmany, 3 words. Now Sangha U, this U comes because of the Sutras applying and we shall study them when we take up Swadhisandhi section. Right now, let us assume that this U comes in because of the Sutras. And so we have A followed by U. So this is the scope of application of Guna Sandhi. And then we have Astu, where A is the beginning vowel and Astu has got U at the end and immediately after this U comes A. So there are lots of Sandhis that can take place over here.  So Guna taking place and so Sangho, Sangho this is the output generated within a padha. Now after this becomes O, now this U which is the right hand side environment, this comes into play and now this O and U, O coming at the end of the padha, U coming at the beginning of the padha. So there, now we have Purva Rupa Sandhi stated by the Sutra, that is applied over here. And so we have O as the one substitute in place of both O and U. Similarly this U and this U, they both are in Samhita mode and so this U is substituted by Uva that is Yand Sandhi. So we have Sangh, O, Stva and Akarmani as the next stage in the derivation. And so then when we join them together, we get Sangho, Stva, Karmani as the sentence. And here we have Guna as well as Purva Rupa as well as Yand Sandhi taking place. Similarly, the other example is Poojarhav and Arisuudana, Katham Bhishmam Aham Sanghe, Poojarhavari Sudana, Ishubhip Pratyot Siami, Poojarhavari Sudana, Katham Bhishmam Aham Sanghe, Dronam Chamadhu Sudana, Ishubhip Pratyot Siami, Poojarhavari Sudana. So here we have Poojarhav plus Arisuudana, Au followed by A, the scope of application of Ayavaya Sandhi. So Au gets substituted by Aav. So we have Poojarhav and Arisuudana and when we join them together, we get Poojarhavari Sudana. This is the example of A-Yavaya Sandhi. Similarly, Tamu Vacha Rishi Ke Shah. So Tam is derived in this manner, Tha plus Am and U Vacha is derived in this manner, U, A, Vacha and A. Internal Prakriya happens. We are not going into the details of all these, just suffice for us to say that there is some prasadana taking place. So you have U, A and then Vacha and A and then since this A and this A, they both are in Vidinapada. However, this is Am. So there is Purva Rupa Sandhi that takes place and so we have as the one substitute. So Tha, A, Ma, Tam and U replacing both these vowels. This is some prasadana. So some prasadana applies. Here Amipurva applied. Here some prasadana applies and we have a Purva Rupa Sandhi and so we have U Vacha, Tam, U Vacha. There are two Purva Rupa Sandhis taking place in this fourth example. Then we have Siddhanti Mamagatrani. So we have Siddh plus A plus Anti and here we have A followed by another A. They are Vidinapada and so Atogane applies and Purva Rupa Sandhi takes place. So this A comes over here as the substitute and we get the form Siddhanti. This is the example of Purva Rupa Sandhi. Similarly Pashayi Tam, Pandu Bhutranam, Acharya Mahateem Chamum. So we have Pasha plus A Tam and this A is followed by A. This is the scope of application of Vridhisandhi and so we have Pashayi plus A plus Tam as the output that is Pashayi Tam. This is the example of Vridhisandhi. So this is how we can take multiple examples of sentences and we can show various Sandhis applying and making those units fit to be used as part of the sentence.  We have seen this topic before. Let us take a recap. The output of Aksandhi becomes the input for Accent Rules. This is very important. In both situations within a Pada there is internal Sandhi and also between two Padas. That means when it is an external Sandhi. We have already studied how Yen Sandhi becomes an input to the Accent Rules when we study two important Sutras. Udattayano Halpurvath 61174 and Udattasparitayouryanah Sparitonudattas here 824. Let us study this Sutra which is important as far as the Dvisthanika Ekadesha is concerned. The Sutra says Ekadesha Udattena Udattaha 825. So the one substitute in place of two substituents is Udattah. If one of the substituents is Udattah. So we have Udattah plus Anudattah as the input and the output is Udattah. Or Anudattah plus Udattah and the output is Udattah. And the third option is Udattah plus Udattah and the output is also Udattah. Ekadesha Udattena Udattah. Let us take the examples of each. So we have Udattah plus Anudattah as input and Ekadesha Udattena Udattah applies 825 applies and the output generated is Udattah. So here is a concrete example. So we have Rama followed by Am and we are deriving Ramam which is the Dvitiya Ekavachana accusative singular. Now the word Rama has got the final vowel Udattah. This a is Udattah so it is unmarked. This a is Anudattah and that is why it has got a horizontal bar below it to indicate that this a is Udattah. Now Am is a sup suffix so by default any sup suffix is Anudattah. So this is also marked as Anudattah. So now we have Rama plus Am by 412 and the accent rule supply and now we have 6107 Amipurvaha applying. So we have Ram, Am and Am. Now what is the accent of this Am that is the issue. So the substituents of this are this Am at the end of Rama and Am at the beginning of Am. Now Am at the beginning of Am is Anudattah and Am at the end of Rama is Udattah. So in fact this is a combination of Udattah plus Anudattah and so now 825 says that the resultant combination would be a vowel which is Udattah. So this a remains Udattah therefore it remains unmarked and so we have Ram, Am with the final a being marked as Udattah. Let us take the other example where we have Anudattah followed by Udattah that is an input and 825 applies and the output generated is Udattah. So here we have Labhate plus Atra. Labhate is a verbal form and it is not appearing at the beginning of a sentence mind you. There is some word that appears before this word and so we have Labhate followed by Atra. Now Labhate has got all vowels Anudattah. So all of them they are marked with the horizontal bar below the letters followed by Atra where you have got Tr with the vertical bar on top of it indicating that it is a Svarita that comes immediately after an Udattah that is a which is unmarked. So Labhate has got all Anudattahs and Atra has got a Udattah. Now in this case we have a followed by a this is the scope of application of the Sutra Enga Padantadati generating the Purvarupasandhi. So we have Labhate, a and Tr. So now this a which is a substitute will also get an accent. So its substituents namely a and a have also got some accents. So a is Anudattah and a is Udattah. But now a to 5 comes into play and says that because one of the substituents is Udattah the substitute has to be Udattah. So in Labhate Tr a becomes Udattah and so it remains Anmar and Bhah becomes Anudattah, La becomes Anudattah and Tr remains as Svarita. So this is how in Labhate Tr a to 5 plays a crucial role as far as the accent distinction is concerned. Finally we have Udattah plus Udattah as input and Udattah as the output. So we have Ramo plus Atra in which O is Udattah and Atra has got a as Udattah. So here there are two Udattahs O and A. Now 6109 applies and replaces O and A by Urva that is O and so we have Ram, O and Tr and so this O now will inherit both the features of Udattahs of both the vowels. In fact by a to 5 Ekadesha Udattah and Udattah O will become Udattah. So we have Ramo Tr where O is Udattah and because Ra comes before it so it is marked as Anudattah with the horizontal bar below Ra and Tr is treated as Svarita with the vertical bar on top of the letter. This is how the accent rules are fed by the Sandhi rules, Ach Sandhi rules. We have seen previously how Ekoyanachi which is Ekasthanika Ekadesha that feeds into the Svarasutras accent rules. Here are the examples where Ekadesha namely Dristhanika Ekadesha in the Adhikara Ekapur Vaparayohu when this Ekadesha takes place how the Ekadesha feeds the accent rules. This is extremely important considering the fact that there are three layers in Paninyan Grammar Artha Shabda and Svarah. Now let us study what is Asiddha and how it can be studied in the light of Ach Sandhi. So within the Adhikara Ekapur Vaparayohu which deals with Ekadesha there is a Sutra Shatvatukor Asiddha 6186 which deals with Asiddha. Asiddha literally means non-existent. Something does not exist. So what Shatvatukor Asiddha says is that the one substitute in place of both previous and latter is not existent in the domain of Shatva and the augment Tuk. Tuk means th. I repeat the one substitute in place of both previous and latter is not existent Asiddha in the domain of Shatva and Tuk. Let us take the examples. So first example is that of the suffix Tua being added to the verbal root E to study with the proverb Adhi. So we have Adhi, E and Tua. So Adhi and E are shown in curly brackets because they form one unit. Adhi and E they always come in combinations. You will not find this E without Adhi. However, Tua is added only after E. So there are parenthesis left hand side before E and right hand side after Tua. So technically Tua is added to E. However, this E does not occur without this proverb Adhi. So there are these curly brackets indicating that this is one unit. So now we have Adhi, E and Tua and in this case we do the Sandhi over here which is aakas sabarane dirhaha. So we have Adhi plus Tua 61101. Then Tua is replaced by Lyap by 7135. So we have Adhi plus Lyap. Now this Lyap has got P as a marker, Ly as a marker and only here remains as the suffix. Now because of this P, generally the augment Tuk is added after a short bubble, rasvasya pitikruti tuk, 6171. Now in case of the verbal root E, this is short. But because there is the sabarane dirhasa ni that has already taken place, there is no more short bubble. This is a long bubble. Now can we add the augment Tuk over here? It seems no. But Shatvatukora siddha 6186 is specifically designed to solve this problem which now says that even though you have done the Sandhi and there is this Adhi, long E, consider it as short E. So this is actually the substitute but now consider it as not happened, non-existent. So consider this short E over here. And if we consider that this is short E and so we have the verbal E over here. So we can now add the augment Tuk and we get Adhi and here and finally Adhi here. So consider that this Sandhi has not happened. So we have Adhi plus E over here and the verbal root is E. So we can add the augment Tuk and we can derive the form Adhitiya. Similarly if we go to Ko Sitchat, Ko plus Asitchat. Now there is this Sandhi, Purvarupa Sandhi, stated by the Sutra Inga Padanta Dati will take place and we will have Ko Sitchat. So now this O will be considered as part of the Purvapada and this will be considered as the initial element of this word and then the Shattva which is the substitute, shah, retroflex that is negated by the Sutrasadpadadyahu. So this Shattva will be negated. So this O as a Ekadesha has already happened, consider it as not happened and if this is not happened then this sir also comes immediately after O and the basic condition of Shattva is not fulfilled and so there is no Shattva. So we have Ko Sitchat deriving the correct form. Now in the step Adhi plus year 6186 comes into play and says that even though the long substitute has already taken place, consider it as non-existent and there is Shattva well in place so the augment is then added and we get the form Adhi peer. In Ko Sitchat one substitute is non-existence and hence sounds to sir still comes immediately after short O and hence the conditions for 8359 are not fulfilled and hence sir does not get substituted by sir and we get the desired form Ko Sitchat. Now let us look at Sandhi splitting. So we have so far studied the Sutras with the help of which Sandhi is generated. We also in this lecture studied some examples where Sandhi got generated. Now let us talk about Sandhi splitting. Simply reversal of rules will help Sandhi splitting. This is quite simple but there are problems. The major problem is over generation. So we will take an example of Savaranadirga Sandhi. Now when you have to split a Sandhi given a text you will have to then tap each and every long vowel for example because there is possibility that every long vowel consists of the constituents a plus a etc. 4 possibilities. Now that will lead to quite a lot of over generation and in order to avoid over generation the Sandhi splitting task may require a strong lexica. So lexica of basic building blocks as well as intermediate forms that is subword level information that needs to be provided as well as the finally derived forms. This is needed in order to do the Sandhi splitting effectively without causing too much over generation. So for example if we have karman neva adhikaras and there is only one long a over here. So this long vowel can be split into the following components karman neva and adhikaras, karman neva and adhikaras, karman neva and adhikaras or karman neva and adhikaras. Amongst these four now the lexica will come to our help and we will be able to tell us that there is one more here there that can be split into e plus or e plus a and then karmani ev that is part of the lexicon and not eva and so the options eva are eliminated. Similarly the word in the lexicon is adhikaras and not adhikaras and so adhikara that option is also eliminated. In this way the most probable option seems to be the first one and it needs to be supported also by lexicon. This is how the Sandhi splitting can happen effectively. To summarize in detail we have studied several aspects of aksandhi, its classification, its instances, their template examples, the specific examples, the rules, the traditional meta rules to interpret the sutras stating which these aksandhis. So we have to close the aksandhis now after this exhaustive study and then now we proceed to study the consonant sandhi or the hull sandhi which is the second most important type of sandhi in Sanskrit grammar. We shall do this in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question and the question says that, find the present worth that will produce $50 at an interest of 5.5% per annum in 2 years also find the true discount. We know that a is equal to p into 1 plus n into i and g is equal to a minus p where a is the sum of the bill p is the present worth and is the number of years i is the interest of $1 for one year if the true discount with this key idea let us proceed with the solution. Here we need to find the present worth that will produce $80 at an interest of 5.5% per annum in 2 years time. Here the value of a is given as $80 is equal to 2 years and the value of i is given as 5.5% per annum that is equal to 11 by 200 and from the key idea we know that a is equal to p into 1 plus n into i therefore we have a is equal to p into 1 plus n into i which implies that p is given by a upon 1 plus n into i which is equal to a that is 80 upon 1 plus n into i that is 2 into 11 upon 200 which is equal to 80 upon 1 plus 11 upon 100 that is 80 upon 100 plus 11 by 100 which is equal to 80 upon 111 by 100 that is equal to 8000 by 111 which is equal to 72.07 so the value of present worth p is equal to 72.07 dollars and we know that the true discount b is given by a minus p so we have 2 discount d which is given by a minus p is equal to a that is 80 dollars minus p that is 72.07 dollars which is equal to 7.93 dollars hence the present worth is given by 72.07 dollars and the true discount 7.93 dollars this is the detailed session hope you enjoyed this session


Well, everybody, we had a good run, but unfortunately, all good things must come to an end. And right now, we're in the precipice of Bitcoin having a down month for the first time in six months. I know this seems a little bit alarming to people, but if you're new to the game of investing, just realize that this is a natural progression. Nothing can go up to the right forever. These pullbacks are a little bit healthy, but I think there's a little bit more pain on the horizon, especially for August and September. So we take a look at Bitcoin is headed for the first money loss in six months. Today is May 30th. And we can see this is from Coin Desk. Prices were still down about 5% for the month. The first monthly decline of the year, assuming this loss is held through Wednesday's close. Now today is Tuesday. We may have a rally and we could go up just a little bit, but in all honesty, things have been kind of flat and a little bit of a decresion for a little bit of time. But it does stay against Ether. Bitcoin looks set for a monthly decline of nearly 7%. And we can take a look and just take a look at May 1st to May 30th. We can see that, yes, this is the first time in quite some time we had a little decline, but it's not so bad. I mean, look, if you've been here since 2021, remember those days when 67, 68, almost 68,000, those are pretty good times. And then of course we went all the way down to around 15,700 and not too much time. So for a one month pullback, not too bad. The thing that I'm worried about, though, is there was a, I'm worried about, but there was a video that I did recently. It was called, Sell Bitcoin and May and Go Away. And the conclusion was, was that we're going to have some rough months. But it wasn't time for me personally to sell everything and to sit it out until, say, October, November, somewhere around there. Although, maybe that would have been an option for you. I can't tell you what to do. And I will just say that if we take a look at historically the Bitcoin monthly return stable, there are two really bad months, statistically over time. And the worst month of all of them is September. You can see just going from 2022, all the way to 2010, that it averages out about a negative 7% or so, plus or minus 12. And the only times that it's been green is, well, two times, 2012 was a Bitcoin halving and 2016, which is a Bitcoin halving. So maybe next year in 2024, after we have the Bitcoin halving around April or May, it'll be a green month. I don't see that to happen, but who knows? And there was one, of course, in 2015, a meager 2.59. The second worst month is August. Again, negative 0.6, plus or minus 24%, ouchy. That is something to be considered of. So even though we're going into June, June and July could be a toss-up. Who knows where it's going? But in all honesty, expect some negativity for August and September coming up. But it's not all bad. There are good news and good narratives on the horizon. One of those, I think this is very huge. I haven't heard too many people talk about this. But because of the debt ceiling, which we'd love to spend here in America, we'd love to turn that money printer on. And we'd love just to go in debt here in the good old US of A. Well, there was a handshake deal brought about over the weekend. And it looks like we're going to be able to raise that ceiling debt. And one of the positives that has come out of this is this is a pure brockered. And he said, hey, I searched through the documentation as far as the deal for the debt ceiling, but there's no mention of Bitcoin mining. This is me in the administration, Joe Biden's administration. X size tax proposal is gone. And this is from representative Warren Davis. And yes, one of the victories is blocking proposed taxes. And those proposed taxes was 30% tax on Bitcoin miners. That would have been, in my personal opinion, a little bit of disastrous. So that is one of those victories that we will take. So we've got some pretty good people to thank for that who said, you either leave that out or we will not go forward with this deal. Warren Davidson being one of them. So let me know what you think about that in the comments section. Again, there's a little bit of volatility coming up, but there are good things on the horizon. Also, when I first read this article, it kind of hurt a little bit. Because I was thinking to myself, why doesn't Heather want to do Bitcoin mining here in Rockdale, Texas? That's a great place. Why do they want to go to Uruguay? Well, here's what's happening. Heather doubles down on Bitcoin mining operation Uruguay in the works. And again, at first I was thinking, man, because when you first read these headlines, you think to yourself, oh, it's got to be because of the narrative and the regulatory uncertainty and the taxes that were going on. But we just slashed that tax out. So it's okay, you can come to America. But that's not the point. I think Heather did a really smart thing here. Here's what we got. USDT issuer told BlockWorks that the endeavor will be the company's first time mining Bitcoin. Also remember that it's putting 15% of its reserves into Bitcoin. It's actually looking to hire energy experts to help support the South American based mining initiative. Some of the positions based in Montevideo, Uruguay that Heather listed include an IT tech, site manager, electrician, and mechanical tech. Heather selected Uruguay as its destination for a Bitcoin mining facility because the country's high percentage of renewable electricity generation. Chiefly, wind and hydropower. And when I read this, I'm like, hey, we got that. We got that here in Texas. Come on. However, Uruguay currently generates over 98% of all electricity from renewable sources. Let me say that again. 98% of all the electricity from renewable sources.  And he got Elizabeth Warren, Senator Warren, who says you can't use that because Bitcoin taking so much energy. Well, if you just say, Heather comes out and says, look, we're going to place it's 98% renewable energy. And we're doing that to stop the narrative so we can just move past it. I think it's a great thing to do to go to a country, help out the ecosystem.  And to finish up, the Tether Chief Tech officer, Paolo Arduano, nailed it, pointed to Uruguay's renewable energy capabilities and said, Tether is committed to sustainability. Our unwavering commitments to renewable energy sources that every Bitcoin we mine leaves a minimal ecological footprint while up point the security integrity of the Bitcoin network. I got to tell you, that's a beautiful narrative. And let's hope it plays out for them. So let me just think about that in the comment section. And then to shift gears a little bit, just from Bitcoin, talk a little bit of alls today. And there was a question. I was on a pretty good Twitter spaces because Bitcoin yesterday. I'll leave the link in the description. And one of the questions that they had was, I said, Rob, what's the AI narrative that you're interested in? And how are you playing that in the crypto sector? And I was like, really? I mean, we talked about Nvidia. But my big thing was, I don't know if these crypto projects are really in AI, or are they just saying they are in AI to pump the price and then dump it on everybody, because that's what businesses do.   And then this came out and I thought this is pretty interesting. Render. Blockchain-based Render Networks token tracks tech stocks as broader crypto market decouples. And I've heard a lot of chatter on Twitter about Render. And it's kind of interesting, actually. Crypto Render, right in sync with Tech Stocks this month, it gained 6.5%, da-da-da-da. And Render's been a good high beta NASDAQ play in the recent weeks, portfolio manager Lewis Halen said in Friday's market update. Artificial Intelligent Narrative as a catalyst for gains in both stocks and Render. And it goes over some other stuff. I'm not going to go over this. So really what it comes down to is this. Why is this such a big deal? So here's Render. Here's the token itself. I think you're looking at a rank of number 51. It's pretty good. 24 hours, okay. Seven days, not so great. 14 days, now we're talking. 30, okay, I can see that. 90, 180, okay. One year, what? Look at that. 71 from a low of 32 cents, June 2022 to all the way up to 261. This is very well-performer. Let me take a look at Max. Well, want, want, we can't do everything. This is back in the peak, $211 to $7.83. Just so that it goes back to that, looking pretty good. The question then is, and this is something I have, is this just a narrative that they're putting forth? They're like, oh, we're going to be big in AI without doing anything with AI. I don't think that's the case. So render, what is it? To me, it kind of feels like kind of what Theta is doing. I'll explain in a second. Render networks designed to connect users looking to perform rendered jobs with people who have idle GPUs to process the rendering. Owners would connect their GPUs to the render network in order to receive and complete rendering jobs using octane render. Look, I am not a developer. I'm not a 3D architect. All they know about as far as GPU rendering is if you want to make some type of 3D scene in a game or some type of computer program, you need to render it. And apparently it takes an enormous amount of computational power to do those things. Also, it's very expensive, especially in all the different sectors that are out there, gaming being one of them. So the question that I have was, okay, if you're going to allow them to do that, just like how Theta will use the unused portion of your computer, which you can then use that and you would be like a node operator and they can use that to store all the data and they can deal with video processing, not video processing, but to put out videos just like how YouTube is doing it. But instead of a centralized area, they do it a decentralized way, use your computer, the storage space to store that video's files or parts of those video files and they will pay you a little bit of Theta. It's the same thing here with render. Like, look, if you want to render something, we're going to use your unused GPU power or processing power of your computer. We're going to allow people to do that and we're going to pay you a little bit in render token. That's it pretty much in a nutshell. So the question I had was, well, how expensive is it to like render these 3D scenes in movies? This is Unity, here's the pricing. So plus Perlin Enterprise, 400 bucks a year, $800 a year, $4,000 a month for 20 seats. Okay, I don't know how much that's going to get you as far as to create a whole game or to create a whole scene or whatever else you need. So I reached out to somebody that actually does this for a living. This is Mike and he's one of the developers or he's the developer, top guy over there at Ladies and Duts. I do love that project. And this was their trailer that they put out. It was two minutes long. And he said, look, this trailer right here, it took us all night to render that. All night and it's only two minutes long. I was like, well, how much did it cost you? And he said it was between $300 and $400. He goes, but time is money. And if I can pay for something to increase the speed of the rendering, then I will do that time and time again. Again, time is money. And this, which is, I got to tell you, I do love this little video. Very quick, very fast. But if you're costing between $300 and $400 for just a couple of minutes, imagine the whole entire game, how much that's going to cost and the time you're going to have to actually use for those types of things. So the AI narrative is this. Here's a game. This is Matt Wolf. And if you want to know anything about AI, I recommend you follow him on Twitter and also on YouTube. I'll link in the description. This was a presentation a couple of days ago. This is from Jensen Wang of NVIDIA. He gave his first live keynote in four years. What he's going to show you, what this is going to show you is rendering a 3D scene. They're going to use AI. And however you talk to the game is this AI person will respond. And it'd be different for every single person because it's AI generated. Just watch this 30 seconds or so. Hey, Jen, how are you? Unfortunately, not so good. How come? I'm worried about the crime around here. It's gotten bad lately. My ramen shop got caught in the crossfire. Can I help? If you want to do something about this, I have heard rumors that the powerful crime lord, Kuman Ayoki, is causing all sorts of chaos in the city. He may be the root of this violence. I'll talk to him. Where can I find him? I have heard he hangs out in the underground fight clubs on the city's east side. We gave this Jen AI character a backstory. His story about his ramen shop and the story of this game. All you have to do is go up and talk to this character. And because this character has been infused with artificial intelligence and large language models, it can interact with you, understand your meaning in a really reasonable way. All of the facial animation completely done by the AI. We have made it possible for all kinds of characters to be generated. They have their own domain knowledge. You can customize it. So everybody's games different. Look how wonderfully beautiful they are and natural they are. This is the future of video games. Not only will AI contribute to the rendering and the synthesis of the environment, AI will also animate the character. AI will be a very big part of the future of video games. Yeah, so how cool was that? So if you don't think that rendering could be potentially big, or AI is not gonna be a narrative and just everything, I think you might have another thing coming. Anyhow, I think that's gonna be huge. And then just to finish up real quick, meme coins. Meme coins are taking over in different sectors and I'm not gonna dwell too much on that, but I will just say this, that there's a couple of meme coins on Cardano. One was called Snack or Snake. I always say it wrong, Sneak. And then Bank meme coins. And their volume surge over a million dollars to sort of May to 18 million on Tuesday. And most of it's being done apparently on MinSwap. And I gotta tell you, if you're gonna do like meme coin trading, we talked about Flipit yesterday or a couple of days ago and good luck trading all those things and moving things around with the Ethereum fees. I mean, if you're gonna make a massive amount, sure. But I gotta tell you, for trading, say I'm like Cardano, a lot cheaper than that. So on MinSwap, you're paying a two ADA fee. And right now, one ADA is worth around 37 cents. So you're looking at a little bit like 76 cents somewhere around there per transaction. That's a heck of a lot better than what Ethereum's got going right now, which at one point was like 12 bucks over the weekend and for Memorial Day. So I just thought it was interesting that meme coins, which I gotta tell you as a reminder, are just gambling. And if you don't think people are gonna dump on you, that is you are sorely mistaken. And it is all gambling, but that is just an interesting little piece. You're gonna gamble, at least make sure that your transactions are cheap. And that's it for today. So look, if you liked today's video, give it a thumbs up, consider subscribing. Look, I don't care who you subscribe to, just make sure that you like the person, you trust them and you can get some information. This is not a set it and forget it type of industry. I think in the next year, year and a half or so, things are gonna accelerate so fast, you need to stay up to date. So that's it. So thanks so much for stopping by. I do appreciate you and I'll see you on the next one.


Nobody calls me Lebowski you got the wrong guy. I'm the dude, man You see the movie a long time ago. I don't remember it real well, but And we want to hit it before we go any further Nor do I and I saw it just last night We're walking up to the will turn my friends like that's that's him. That's the dude. He's Losing his mind like freaking out. What do you mean the dude? What's happening?  We can change that it's like glorifying a loser, but like in the best romanticizing it Jim really get riffy I lost on entire 80s. I Get a phone call. Hello. It's you know, Johnny's dude dooter. Do you know? We're doing this movie with Jeff Bridges and John Goodman is gonna be a dude character And if you look at me look, I'm on the cusp. It could go either way, right? I mean And if it's John Goodman, I'm going They don't worry. It's Jeff Bridges. Thank you guys. I Did not know that did they get the dude character, right? Physicality things they could have some fun with the way he dances the way he sits the way he mumbles, you know, etc Then they're gonna take other things Things that my expense or the dude's expense. Okay, so he's smoking a joint in the car drops the roach You know it starts going like this and then crashes the car. That's dude all the way The dream that is Lebowski Fest and we're in our 14th year.  Because I'm not just that dude from Lebowski. I'm a guy who's helped tons of people's careers Where else was the dude? Just date me in someplace back in 1981 I helped Robert Redford start the Sundance Institute an investor from the Cone Brothers first film was there And they're having to pitch this dark dark movie. It's in post called blood symbol After five minutes of watching that movie we said these guys are gonna be around for a long long time Frank Danielle Frank would say and put his over anything think of the entrances at which casting the Sunday It's kid the four four scenes, you know, think of Mel Gibson And in you know on the roof in Venice with grabbing the guy who's about to jump off the roof You want a job? You want a job? Okay? I want to jump too.  Come on. He's crazier than the crazy guy Okay, that's a billion-dollar entrance for four movies still got sound the character of the dude is very laid-back And Jeff doubt is not laid-back. I wouldn't say he's he's an activist, you know, he's a fighter What it's always been about and it still is about is racial quality and justice that came to a head with the Vietnam War I led 25,000 people in Seattle on to the freeway. I should say I four or five of us were up front You're here in the Seattle seven That was me the Nixon administration charges with conspiracy to destroy federal property We're putting jail for contempt of court. So when we did the contempt thing I unveiled a full-sized Nazi flag for those of you've never seen a Nazi flag and I've never seen one before and it's Unbelievably heavy symbols and we put it on his elevated bench and I talked about he was being a good German Those are the people who sat by when stuff was moving in the wrong direction and didn't do anything This man appeared to have no fear at all. It came from a rabble rouser personality Which is what he's got dude has abandoned my issues. I was abandoned my mother's breasted Instantly because of her mother thought I won't Hired a nurse and say couldn't afford anyway and she thought it was improper to have a kid breastfed And they had visiting hours. So I didn't even get to see like parents, okay? It's sometimes hard to decipher what he's saying But it's always really worth paying attention and listening because there's really a valid thing there No politician in the history of the world has ever been a leader none blow everybody in West Hollywood right now. You can name you one politician. It was a leader eight percent sustainable energy with fifty seven percent solar My mother died in the hospital because they blew the handoff. But yeah, OJ also killed his wife Okay, those are not mutually exclusive things. You know you have any other point is communication is bad, okay? Okay, right on Let them see that I'm being filmed Okay, so they don't think I'm a crazy beggar because that's the first quick thing you're gonna say Excuse me folks, you know people come up to me all the time and they all say I want to thank you so much And then I see me you like the movie and stuff I said, you know we like to move on to thank you and I said why they said well You speak the truth and in a world where so many people have to put on their costumes and masks every day people appreciate that a lot What is the significance of the dude's character mythologically the dude is a holy fool The best reference point is the gesture in the in the royal court of the king's court The one guy who told it like it was everybody else would never say a king, you know, but not a little wait here, you know So the holy fool is in a time when we need truth more than ever is trying to get us to the truth in a funny way


What's a beautiful first day morning right here on the breakfast and it's a coming I took joint is all the way from Aquarium state and some people would say aquaba sea bomb state is it going to I took is good to have you join us Here's a public affairs analyst All right, then let's start off with the Leadership newspaper quickly. We'll just run through the pages We're looking at the big stories this morning on the pages of a national dailies and on the leadership the caption says Could you please an attack madela yaya bombers 62 terrorists? 264 others on the loose That's what you find this morning. Just as you have e-swap claiming Responsibility for the attack on that facility on the lead the NSE DC officials for inmate kills 16 orders injured could do now attack is responsible renew Execution threats as victims spend 100 days in captivity e-swap claims responsibility. I am disappointed. It says President Muhammad of Bahra, okay? president lives for Senegal aids Defend trip But the twitters will be arrested defense ministers vows. I mean we hear that all the time heads must roll This is what expats are insisting on why full scarcity will persist in a butcher others federal government is quoted to say President Muhammad of Bahra OPEC world leaders others mon back into Find more details when you check out the pages another says kidnapped Catholic priests rescued in a door alleged organ harvesting a quermado wife returns to United Kingdom court today Some of the headlines you find there on the leadership But we move away from the leadership that's because we have the punch in front of us has been made by available bar to newspaper vendor and prison invasion a swap claims responsibility freeze Kaduna train attack masterminds very detailed 15 train attack masterminds escape 49 book arm leaders 237 orders freed over 100 soldiers DSS and SEDC operative garden bombed facilities. So I know that Argument is that why should we always be very reactive? We're never proactive wait for things to happen before we take action But how he laments intelligence failures sources the ledge official complicity These are riders you find underneath the boat caption, but they're more interesting headlines on the punch Another one says fuel cells at 175 naira per liter market is planned strike and cues worsen Just imagine what would happen to Lagos and what's even going on currently because you know the gridlock is something out of this world There are attack force deploy special and fighter jets Hmm. You have this cause val to battle federal government over take over and restructuring Rising subsidy will stop states from paying salaries. This is what governors are saying and Salar market has lamented the high Rams prices and low patronage people might just have to you know look for alternative like mama You know fish and what have you Global fund faults Nigeria's 19.6 million a covered 19 Procurement is what you find right there on the punch. I mean come boy. Could you attack? Buhari jets out again? I'm confident of defeating Bankie W or Bani coro is quoted and you also have family Panics as terrorists threaten abducted train passengers Lagos neighborhood officials officer Blinds party goer and agency this who owns the suspect is interesting But we hope that you know justice should be met it. Hopefully that happens Saudi Grand Snider orders 24-hour extension and Lagos Airport runway short airlines predicts flight delays What's going on in the polity called Nigeria away from the punch? We also have the daily independent jailbreak Buhari Cori's security structure at Kuwait prison expresses shock at level of destruction The president is always in shock. I mean all of the president's statements. He's in shock very shocked for dead 443 inmates recaptured DCP Abu Khairi or the VP still in custody is who up claims responsibility for attack Buhari reshuffles cabinet and was in seven ministers federal government targets 720 billionaire from bond insurance in the third quarter Impeachment and battled or your deputy governor knows fate July 26 to die in Lagos boat mishap very very saddening store caught grants or culture permission to travel abroad for Medicare and APC VP candidate to no boost talk between airify and shatima and Just underneath you find party chieftain acts court to stop APC ionic from replacing Masari and Buhari jet out Senegal for ID a summit and Oshun governor Buhari presents APC flag to Oyeh tola just before move away from that quickly read negotiated agreement We have done our part federal government delaying reopening of varsity. That's what I was saying again federal government accuses marketers of orchestrating sure scarcity Lastly we look at the nation newspaper just in front of off Could you prison 64 Boko Haram suspect escape after our talk you swap claims responsibility and disappointed in Intelligence system the president is saying abacari Nema or the safe Just away from that 2022 or shun 2022 you have another caption saying Buhari gives flag to Oyeh tola and PDP candidates absent a debate a Delicate promises council's autonomy vote buying wouldn't determine outcome says a P P candidate Doctors again threatened to kill three attack victims. I will make a difference is umana The new minister who resumes Niger Delta Fs. This is some of the headlines this morning on the nation news report Let's have a Ziko Yai to join the conversation of the way From a quibble state via zoom is it can you I can thank you so much for being with us Thanks for having me and God bless you Well, let's allow it open which of the headlines and trust you this morning on our national dailies I would like to replace the word interest with worries of concerns or bothers and The essence of government I've said this time and time again and today. I'm actually in them. I've been trying to psych myself off so much to To come alive. I'm actually in a need depressed mode because When you look at what people are going through and you see the people that we entrust with power having no understanding You know what they have no understanding is like we are singing from two different song sheets. It has to do with security Government has a Bible and that is called the Constitution in that Constitution it spells clearly the essence of government and governance chapter 2 section 14 subsection 2b says that the security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government I couldn't put this passage enough and Think of what's been going on. Let's let's get let's get Intellectual not intellectual. Let's let's let's think Take one place called The federal capital Take the second place called the seat of a military base And take the third place called the home of Mr. President When El Rufai wanted to sanitize Abuja What he did was to go for the leadership of the PDP that time the chairman and hit him and All hell never broke loose. He did it successfully and went So when next he's going to another place like Nyania or massacre or one-man village before even starts the tractors people are running because they say if he could do this to PDP chairman The helms of affairs of the state of the party then who are That psychological Mental capture of the mind of the people Giving the audacity to go any way he wanted. What am I trying to say? Kaduna is where we have all the military formations installations institutions and all the shots you can imagine These people who hit Kaduna left right and center with reckless abandon And we're like if it can happen to Caduna no it can happen to Abuja federal capital they come to federal capital they've hit us and While we are still thinking of they go to the mr. President the president of the federal Republic of Nigeria They hit him and mr. President is Surprised I wish I could be surprised that he's surprised He is surprised at what a common Nigerian will see as next to nothing That's because he really has no idea what's going on and what does he do with his surprise after being so surprised He enters his jet is like okay guys Don't worry. We'll sort it out and and he takes it out to Senegal I feel pain this morning. I feel I Hope that God will be able to forgive These people that toy with the lives my family day in Abuja They will come out of the house. There's all this News going around please lock your door. Don't go your ghetto. This would have been released They are they are in town. No and they can't imagine the level of panic the level of fear the level of pretty, you know Trepidation that's gripping the nation Well, but what do you then make I mean the the president seemed to be saying that You know the intelligence The system it's a systemic failure pointing to the Failure of intelligence at this point in time. So you have In the entire architecture those who should actually have or should be on top of intelligence and that has actually failed So should we still be blaming the president for all of this and shouldn't we also say that it's okay for the president to be shocked Apparently he expected that, you know, the intelligence should be on top of the issue and Intelligence has failed and some people are saying they might just be a compromise, you know with officials You know, they are two sayings The first thing is that to whom much is even much is expected The second saying says the box tops at the head and the leadership so Who has a power To put fear in the minds of the security agencies, mr. President When you know that there will be Consequences you will be careful with your actions I was talking about the three C's The chances that come your way the choices that you make And the consequences of your choices Now you are given an office which is a chance of some sort The choices that you make with that office you make will be determined by what you expect to be the consequences If there will be no consequences, why bother laissez faire case there are you just leave it the way it is So the box tops on the table of mr.  Oh, we're going to look into it I need to get it report. I need to blah blah blah. We know it. We know it with Why why why can't they just surprise us for once or whatever is what? We know how it ends We know it has ended not even we know how it ends What stops mr. President or whatever is what? So spending one two three people on the spot Depending when there is this investigation and this report and we're like whoa whoa What's going on? This is now he has taken one action that action is going to that place I'm still trying to understand why he went Because usually we wouldn't even show that about who does release a press statement. Mr. President is shocked You know we are on top of the situation He has ordered an investigation And we will ensure that no stone is left unturned to ensure that We apprehend and get the perpetrators and bring them to bulk You know, it's it's a script that I can even write it for him That press releases is a standard press release that they just change the date and the location and the circumstance But the content remains the same seven years So but he has taken one bold step. I must commend him of going there I'm still trying to wonder if there is something of interest that made him to go there You know because he wouldn't go he wouldn't But he's gone. So I think that at the end of the day we cannot but hold him responsible for Whatever actions should be taken which have not been taken yet All right, Ezekiel. Yeah, I took let's also look at all the I mean concerns this morning on the pages It talks about fuel cells at 175 naira per liter That's on the punches marketers plan strike in Qs Watson. Now the president is also blaming marketers fuel, you know all marketers for The scarcity the current scarcity that's going on. I mean, they're responsible according to You know that statement for castrating the fuel crisis When you are mr. President you take responsibility The next person in line to you is the minister The minister should be called To answer setting basic fundamental question And while I was still thinking of who the minister is I discovered again is he said mr. President Why would you want to be the minister of? Petroleum for goodness sake. It's so ingenious In a country that's in dire need of diversification and they are thinking so much of diversification Mr. President is telling you that the most important institution right now is minister of petroleum petroleum oil oil So mentally we are fixated on oil as the way and not as an option I can imagine if mr. President has said look the minister of you know, I city, you know science and technology I wanted to be under me because the new novel the new future of Nigeria is I city And that's the current global trend. So I'm going to If imagine how young people will say wow I city is the in place of mr. President Then he set up an ecosystem that will isolate bad guys from the good guys It's so easy to do and our people are so endowed in in in in I city that You you you you rip that I don't even know how to put it But mr. President is the minister of petroleum Now petroleum is not working The cues are back The subsidy is one thing that they call a scam before a man who has been in charge of Ptk of that time, you know effectively petroleum Who comes to say that subsidy is a scam for all the years and then becomes mr. President and now discovers Oh, I didn't know I didn't know better I expect him to start with an apology And then let us know that we must have subsidy. There are so much discrepancies How much will do we import what are the dynamics? Why can't refineries work in a in seven years? What is the game plan? What is the roadmap minister of petroleum? How can you be mr. President and minister of petroleum at the same time? Well, so I mean, but man is hardly around Oh But that's an unofficial duty now I mean it's okay. It's it is it's actually attending to some official duty You know according to the reports that we have right here, but the federal government saying this would Please yeah, journalists. I appreciate you said that but there's something called priorities There's something called priorities Tell me that what he's going for is hoping that could not be delegated And it is more important than him sitting down When the federal capital is being attacked federal capital And the most sensitive political prison Is being attacked and they were attacking that institution for over two hours. I'm told in the federal capital We have to cannot jet. We have drones. We have everything two hours. They were operating the finish operating Now the figures coming out nobody can tell, you know, when you add up the figure It just tells how disorganized we are Less than 1000 it makes let me go say 2000 We can't even know how many are remaining how many have gone how many are these so many hours days after we can't tell the Figures look at all the papers. Everything is jumbled up There's no situation room that is giving us blue and blue account of what is going on None and then something very important has to take our president out of The federal republic of Nigeria But you know Is it coordinated to to be realistic, you know discretion is actually Priority is actually discretionary. I mean, what how do we You know, who who states what is priority to the president? It's this question And it shows that to me. No, no, no. Listen, listen sister Sister. Mr. President is not a monarch is a chief executive paid by our salaries He reports to us. We don't report to him We said the salary they say the priorities and the constitution says the priorities The constitution says my security and welfare is number one priority And I occupy a higher office than the office of the president I'm the office of the citizen of the federal republic of Nigeria, which is higher than the office of the president I said the priority I said the priority not him So don't ask who said the priority the citizens said the priority they said my welfare is paramount. Where are you going to do in Senegal? Secure me. Secure me. Make me feel safe I said the priority not me surprise not a monarch. He's not a he's not a he's not an emperor He is a he is he's like a prime minister He's not like a king or a queen Well, Mr. Zika and Yaetoko, I understand where you're coming from But you also need to face the fact that it's a reality and you talked about What should be a priority and it's your priorities discretionary What's a priority to you might not be a priority to the president Even though the constitution has stipulated that Yes, the constitution is very explicit How do how do we now you know, how do you hold him? How do you bring him to book? Even when the constitution states that the security of the welfare of the people is the responsibility of government to what extent do you You know hold the president accountable for all of that as much as we constantly say that Yes, you know, the issue of security is within the exclusive list It's sensitive and the president is the commandant chief of the armed forces Yeah, you have the president saying that you know, he's disappointed at the level of intelligence Uh, that's happening. So so how do you explain all of this? What have you done? What has he done with that disappointment? What has he done? What has he done? You know what? Let me let me say something sister If we set a poll today and ask Nigerians between staying back To give us comfort and confidence and traveling I want to tell you that over 99.9% of Nigerians will say we are so afraid. We are so scared our lives are in danger Please tell us what to do. Please forget the track Even if it was going to even commission something in Nigeria, they will even tell him please leave that thing alone first Do you understand me? And then please see they were about to you know, let me not go into that one You know, they will say please or god leave that one Even if you are going to attend the burial of my late mother or whatever I would you want to say don't come sir. Thank you. Don't come just tell us how you can secure us That's how much we are willing to even sacrifice personal things Than something that you can delegate somebody else to go go for a conference The priority is my safety and security Go to Ukraine. Look at a guy that was that was a comedian, comedian, comedian See how he's become a commander in chief sitting in front leading from the front and is able to hold out against Russia mighty Russia mighty Russia a comedian our president is a general And we're in times of war. We're in war. We're in war He cannot afford the luxury of jetting out the one attend the conference when my eyes can I cannot sleep I mean you're here But my family I'm calling every second. What's going on the security man talk to me Is anybody at the gate and you are telling me about the conference somewhere Well, quickly talking about the issue of power and the fact that it's very epileptic We have seen and heard reports. The other party also have counter reports, you know from hospital for instance potaka Saying that children didn't die due to power outage. There was power outage Well, you didn't have 14 babies dying in the incubator also There's also another report from the management. We're talking about the hospital teaching hospital university of ibadon They're also imposing on patient a thousand now the federal government is saying that There might just be plans to take over the discos and the discos are saying they would battle that with the federal government Do we have a distribution problem or the problem that we have is a generation problem We have business interest problem. That's not easy to do with distribution or generation We have his business interest I know the people involved. I know what's going. I have an idea of what's going on. We don't have any of those problems The day we have a sincere government that will have a sincere dialogue And in the context of number one, please do you have the competencies? Yes or no Do you have the capacity is yes or no? Who does have the competencies and the capacities? What is the adequate cost-reflective pricing? That makes you break even before we now talk in terms of the margins If it is five naira that is the effective cost, you know Break even point five naira, you know Can you generate within the five naira? If it is Six naira Which is or rather if it is more than that Or you want to sell at more than that Who is going to pay the subsidy? If I generate at five naira And you want me to sell at four naira There's a one naira gap That must be filled to break even Do you allow me to add that one naira and make it six naira? Or will you pay me the difference? An honest conversation on power generation From generation to distribution, let me go to the discourse The discourse a lot of times power comes in, they do not buy that power Because they are thinking in terms of how they are going to sell the cost differentials and how they will stay afloat This is very open secret that we all know but we all play the ostrich and then we complain about what doesn't make sense The day we see that there was a time I sat down for over an hour or two with the boss at any hours And we look at facts, figures, data, statistics And we just see that we are not honest and sincere in government and in governance The former boss I was there, Samamadi, is a very very close and personal friend The fact I'm as clear as day What is the cost reflected rising? If you want me to sell below that cost Who is subsidizing it? But we cannot rule out the fact that if you look at the generation, I mean look at our capacity With the existing plant that we have across you know the country We should be generating about 12,000 megawatt and 12,000 megawatt is not enough to cater for The needs of over 211 million Nigerians. We're just saying But right now we're not even You know what I'm saying this on We can't say that the problem that we're faced with because you're saying that we don't have a problem We'll have a business problem, which can be understood But we can also rule out the fact that we don't have a generation problem because To really to really look at this You cannot give what you don't have so if if the generating Let me give you information Let me give you information Please as a journalist Find out if we have generated power that is not collected Find out that Do me that favor You can be talking of generating more. I'm telling you that the ones that we generate They don't evacuate all they don't take the clock. I'm giving you information that your station can work on The problem is deeper than that The little that we generate the discourse don't Take all some of them are still locked in the grid that is not collected We are fundamental issues That's why each time people talk of generation generation generation. That's just one side of the story What I'm telling you that the discourse won't evacuate all the generated power Find out if I'm So how much are we generating What are we are we generating enough? Why are they not distributing if we're saying that we're not generating We don't have a capacity to generate up to 12,000 and we're generating below We're generating below 4,000 megawatts. Then then what how do you distribute that you have different sectors? Residential you have the hospital. You have different sector. What do you then distribute because you can't give what you don't have You're not listening to me. I'm listening To listen There is a man who generates There's a man who collects and distributes Sometimes the man who collects Refugees to collect all why? because the if the man who is generating Is not selling off all his generating then you are telling him to generate more you have not attacked the problem from first principle But if the the the the man who is collecting Is it's it's he's so much in a hurry to collect more bring more what is 7 megawatts Is not enough please bring more bring more if the pressure is On on demand that generating he is now having reason to generate more But this man who is generating he's not having all his powers evacuated. He's trying that out Now because you now come and ask why is this man not collecting all? Because of the dynamics of subsidy of power That dynamics of subsidy when this man would buy this power won't make sure that he can sell it At a cost he can get back Because that the man who is subsidizing pays him back Is a simple dynamic that we don't talk about but that is the reality Now and unless you attack that issue of a man who is selling being able to get back his money I'm wanting to buy more and putting pressure on the man who is supplying so that that man will go And even find a way to supply more We have not attacked in first principles the pricing of power in Nigeria We don't want to subsidize or want it to be cost effective Unless we attack that all these stories about generation is just Think about it get get get a specialist and tell him to analyze what I've just said and that's when Nigeria's will Go to the bottom of the problem Well, let's leave it at that moving away from that quickly We also have the daily independent newspaper and it talks about the president We're shuffling his cabinet was in seventh minister and out of them you have Umana umana who is uh, you know the minister of Nigeria Delta? What what do you make of him and his Emergence as a minister what Difference well my my comments. Um, my comments will be biased at this point Manu mana is my very good friend He's somebody that's extremely hard-working He's not one for the paraphernalia for the you know, line lights and everything is a is a smooth operator So I can say these kind words which Fortunately for me are true But I cannot divorce it from the fact that he's my friend So I expect my the question that was there before mr. Cabio is also my friend But he's more like, um, he's more of uh, you know, you know, I'm saying, you know So but mr. Umana is more more of a hard worker Who is going to sit down and look at issues? So I I actually think that there's going to be The time is short, but I believe there'll be a difference in the Niger Delta ministry Which is going to go tell into the npdc I I think is one positive development. I must thank mr. President for that choice of mr. Umana for the Niger Delta ministry I would like them not to play the politics of moving n ddc at this point Back to the presidency I want to appeal that it should be allowed to stay under the Niger Delta ministry Where I know that mr. Umana will be able to look into the matters and address In the larger interests of the Niger Delta region when he was secretary the government in a quite home state He did very well and where he was operating just before he left, you know, the oil and gas Zone Absolutely. Well, all the indices showed that it took that institution to a next level and positively So coming into Niger Delta We're standing that he has probably effectively about a few months and then there's going to be pressure on him to perform With respect to fund elections. I think he's a wise man Why is not to know what to do where to go how far to go what lines not to cross And that's the sort of person at this point in time So that ndc will not become another funding institution for politics in a way that is of theme and negates the essence of the institution I am very very happy with mr. President And I know that mr. Umana and I will do very well Well, thank you so much for the perspective and insight you've brought this morning to the big stories on the front pages of national dailies We say thank you Thank you All right, thank you so much Once again looking forward to having more of you show your thoughts right here And just before our first major conversation right here. Let's tell you what happened today in history Stay with us


This step is going to be all about completing this window by adding the extra detail pieces and we'll start with the frame We could create this out of different cubes or we could go through extrusion But I thought I'd take this opportunity to introduce you to a different primitive shape I'll also show you a way that you can edit the primitives initial values to give different results So we're going to start with a polygon pipe Which wouldn't appear to be the ideal shape for a window frame But see what I do to it you're going to be amazed so we'll go to create pipe isn't on this quick shape shelf so if we go to create Polygon primitives and there's pipe there and That will create it at the origin So I'm just going to bring it out of the ground and I'll just frame it up a little bit and Then the first thing I'll do because I'm remembering at the moment is just call this frame Lovely and then under inputs poly pipe one Here's where all the magic happens to get this to look more like a window frame It's the subdivisions axis that we need to make a change to so I'm going to click in there and instead of 20 I'm going to change it to 4 and Then it goes a little bit square. Yeah, nice Then I'll just need to bring the thickness down a little bit. Let's try 0.2 Maybe 0.3. Let's have it chunky awesome and Now what I also need to do is at the moment It's in a diamond sort of configuration and I want it to be more in a square configuration So I need to rotate it in order to do that.  I'll hold J like that and That then you can see is going to be something we can work with to create as our window shape At this stage though, I just want to make a change This is now how I want the default orientation of the shape to be but you can see if I put something like the Scale tool on it still thinks the orientations like a diamond and we can do something to sort of Reset the way that Maya sees the shape and it's called freezing transformation So what it will do is zero everything out and Maya will kind of see it as a new shape with this default Configuration so if we go to modify and freeze transformations, you'll see that's reset my scale tool Everything here is zeroed out But these changes here have remained and now what I can do with this bad boy You stick it in the window hole. So let's throw it over here somewhere. Where am I about there? And I'm just mostly going to place this by eye So I will of course need to scale it up. That's pretty nice Make sure it fills the hole and then of course we need to just get the thickness under control We do want it to protrude from the window So the backside of the wall doesn't matter too much. We won't see that but we will see the inside That's the important part Yeah, so that's pretty nice I think now that I've scaled it up though. I do want it to be a little thinner So I'm going to do 0.2 on the thickness Yeah, so that's pretty nice for the main kind of window frame The next thing I want to do is to get something that will work as dividers for like four panes of glass And I'm going to do that with a cube So here's a new cube. I don't actually know what these are called In window terms if there are any glazes watching the tutorial feel free to let me know I think I'm just going to call it divider and Again, I just need to get this pretty much in place Placement doesn't have to be perfect because we can always change it later But getting it somewhere close does help and I just want to bring the size down Like that. Yeah, that'll do to get me started I think and then the trick to this there is a trick is we need to select the faces So right-click hold go into face mode and I want the faces Around the outside Just like that. I do not want the front and back just those ones And what we're going to do is use extrude to bring faces out in each direction to create a four-way divided shape So this time I'm going to hit control and e for extrude This is going to bring this little chap up here and we need this keep faces together option So if I do local translate you can see that it brings it out in all directions at once and just kind of fills the hole Which is not what I'm going for If however, I change keep faces together to off. So I'm just sliding it there and do the same thing Look at that. It gives us a four-way divider just as I had hoped So now we can go back into object mode on that shape Make sure it's central enough perfect And I'll probably just bring it forward a little bit like so So that then is now getting there that's starting to look like a window The next thing I want to create is a bit of a kind of feature piece at the bottom To make it look like a chunkier window sill. I think they're called. So that's just going to be a cube We'll call it Window sill is that how you spell it again in the comments if that's not how you spell window sill If that's not what it's called. Let me know I can learn from this experience too So that's what I'm calling it for now Let's kind of get it in place Okay, and I'm happy with the position of it. I'm going to Size it up and I want this to overlap the window frame that I've already got so that we can't see it Or so we can't see the original and we want this to look bigger and chunkier than that So then we'll just scale it out so it goes all the way through that's pretty nice and Then just to make it look a little more interesting I'm going to select this base here And I'm going to just scale it up a little bit so that it's not too even There we go Nice. Oh, it's nice one last step to complete the window then we're going to put a cube in that will represent the glass So one more cube We'll call it window glass Good name. I'm pretty sure I've got the name of that right and Again, I'm just going to pop it in place This one obviously needs to be quite thin and then we need to kind of get the depth so that it's in the middle of that That looks good Try and get it central it doesn't really matter if it's perfectly central because we're just going to hide the the joins Like that back into object mode Okay, what have I done there? Oh, I think I scaled it too much. Let's just bring the thickness back in Yeah, looks nice Okay, at this stage things are starting to look a little too gray and difficult to see You've got a couple of options to make it easier to look at So in your panel menu up here, you can turn on this which is wireframe on shaded Which is one way of doing it or one way that I kind of like to do is this here Which is screen space ambient occlusion. It's like contact shadows So when you turn it on it just adds shadows to corners and makes things stand out a little bit more If you've got a weak computer though Then I wouldn't use that because it does take a little bit more Processing to turn it on but I think I'm just going to leave that on for now so I can see where all my joins are That's the window complete them and that will do it for this step The main purpose of this step was to introduce you to another way of extrusion really That's what the dividers in the window were all about and about keeping faces together on or off the next step We're done with the window. We're going back to the table I'm going to use extrusion again to create a detailed piece for the table leg So I will see you in the next step for that Game Dev Academy is graciously supported by these absolute legends If you'd like to offer your support then check out our patreon page using the link in the description below


Hello, my name is Maria Doyle and in this tutorial I'm going to show how you can customize output from the volcano plot tool in Galaxy using R. So there's a Galaxy tutorial on using the volcano plot tool and that introduced volcano plots and showed how you can use the volcano plot tool in Galaxy to generate them. And in this tutorial we're going to show how you can customize the R script that you can output from that tool. Okay, in this tutorial we are going to import data. We're first going to create a plot using the volcano plot tool, selecting to output the R script. Then we're going to import the files into R, set up the script to generate the base plot and then show customizations that you can apply to the plot using R. And if you're not familiar with R, there are some nice tutorials on how to use RStudio and R in Galaxy that you can find in the links here. Okay, so for this tutorial we just need one file and it's in this link here in the training material. So I'm going to copy this file and if you're following on from the volcano plot tool tutorial you should already have this file in your history so you don't need to import it again. And here I'm using Galaxy Ur but you can use any Galaxy that has the volcano plot tool. And I'm going to first rename or give the history a name. So volcano plot R tutorial. And then I'm going to import the file into Galaxy. Great. And for this tutorial I'm using the Galaxy training material that you can find available in the menu at the top bar in Galaxy Europe and some other galaxies. And if you access the training material that way, if the tools are highlighted in blue it means you can click on the tool name and get brought to that tool in the Galaxy instance. So for example I'm going to open up the volcano plot tool and add in these settings and noting that we're going to be outputting the R script here. So I click on that. So our file has uploaded. So we've got volcano plot tool form open. That is our input file. I'm going to specify that the file has a header. That just makes the script a bit simpler. Next I'm going to specify the columns. So the adjusted p-value column is number eight. The raw p-value is seven. The logful change column is four. And the gene-identified symbols that we're using is in column two. Okay then I'm going to set these thresholds that were used in the paper. And this sets which genes get colored in the plot. And I am going to label the top 10 most significant genes by p-value. Okay and finally I'm going to select under output options to output the R script. Okay and that should give us both the PDF with the plot and the R script in the history. And the other thing we need to do is to get R Studio going. Okay so here I'm going to use R Studio that's available through Galaxy. And otherwise you could use R Studio Cloud or R Studio on your computer.  Okay so our volcano plot has been produced. So if we just click on the I to check that it is as we expect and it is we've got our significant genes colored, red for up-regulated, blue for down-regulated and we've got our top 10 most significant genes labeled with their gene names. And the other output is our R script. And this is what we're going to be editing in R. Okay and our R Studio is now running. So how we access that is we'll first actually note we're going to be importing these files into R. So we need to know their history numbers. So for our input file it's number one for our script it's number three. Okay and then I'm going to go to the R Studio under active interactive tools and I'm going to click on the R Studio name and that launches the R Studio tab. Okay and now I'm going to copy in the files from the Galaxy History. So I can use with Galaxy R Studio this GXGet command to pull in history datasets by number. So I'm going to use the R file copy command and I'm going to say copy the file that's available at GXGet. So number one is our differential expression file and I'm going to call that derasults.tsv and we'll get some R messages, red messages but that's fine and we should see our file appearing here in the files pane. Then I'm going to use arrow up to get back that command to edit it and I'm going to say I want to copy in data set number three and that's the R script and I'm going to call it volcano.r that should also appear here in the files pane. Okay so now I'm going to click on the volcano.r to open up the script and so we should see it's just like the script we were looking at in the Galaxy History and now we're going to set it up to produce the first the same plot that we produced with the tool to check it works. So I'm going to delete these lines that are from galaxy settings start to galaxy settings end because they're just needed to run the tool the volcano plot to galaxy tool we don't need them in R. Next we need to make sure we've got the packages we need installed that's these ones here library so this galaxy has some packages pre-installed so we can see in this yellow message here the only one we don't have is ggrepel and we can click on that install link there and that will run the command for us install.packages so otherwise if you don't have these packages you can use install.packages and their name like so to install them and the final thing we need to do to set up the script to get it to produce the same plot we've seen in galaxy history is to change this file path so that was where galaxy the volcano plot to copy the file but we need it to be now where we have our deresults.tsv file that we copied in this one here okay and so once we've changed that and checked that our packages are all installed now we are going to highlight all the code so I'm using command a or you can use in mac or you can use control a and windows to highlight and then I'm clicking run or you can use command enter or control enter in windows and that runs all the code and the script and we should see then we get a pdf produced if we click on it we've got that same plot in that we produced in the galaxy history great so that just checks that everything's working so now we are going to customize that script and what I'm going to do first is to to not output the plot as a pdf so I'm going to output them in the plots pane here and this is just to make it easier to see the different plots we're going to be making rather than having to keep clicking to open up the pdf okay so I removed those two lines that create the pdf and then if I highlight and run those we should see that now instead of going to the pdf the plot is produced here okay so we can see the customizations we're going to make okay so the first thing we're going to do is change the colors so this is the row the line that sets the colors in the plot so instead of using blue and red so that's fire brick we'll use purple and orange just to show how you can change the colors okay and if I highlight and run we should now see we've got those colors in our plot and if we want to change the size of the points we go down to where this plot is being created and this is the line that sets the scatter plot features so we can add here the size so we can set that to 0.5 if I highlight and run and now we see our points are smaller and similarly if we want to make the label smaller this is where the labels are getting set so we can add a size also here and this time we'll use three and we'll highlight and run that and we'll just make the labels a bit smaller okay and what if we want to change our categories so instead of using down not seg and up if we want to just have two categories one for significant and one for not significant how we can do that is like so so we can create two new categories here so I'll call them significant and not significant okay so there'll be our two new category names and we'll remove the old ones and next we'll set the colors for those categories so let's say we'll have not significant will be gray and significant will be red we need to like so so gray for not significant red for significant and then finally we need to set the criteria for those categories so now instead of having a category for open down we're just going to have one category for significant and one way we can do it is using absolute so we can say if the absolute fold change is greater than 0.58 which means it's all greater than 0.58 or less than minus 0.58 so they will be our significant genes and otherwise they are not significant okay so now we can highlight that code and we can run that and we should see now we've got just a single color in the plot red for highlighting both our regulated and our downregulated genes so they're all our significant genes okay and just to show that if we want to download the script we can we can save it first here this save icon and we can tick in the files plane to download the script or any other files we want and we can then download them under more export download that will download to our computer and if we're done with this our studio if we want to delete it and because we're finished with this we can do that then back in galaxy with in the active interactive tools plane clicking stop and then we can also delete the our studio from our history okay great so we've gone through what's in this tutorial here you can find the information on it and so a one nice thing to point out is that you can also use the volcano plot tool the the plot option settings to specify things such as plot title x y axis labels and limits and if you do that then they'll be output in the script so you can see that's one way to see how you can add those or customize those features in the plot so hopefully this has helped you see how you can customize the volcano plot output using r and how you can use our studio within galaxy if you have any questions you can ask them in these links here and we do have a feedback form that would be great if you let us know if you like the tutorial or if you have suggestions for improvement so thank you very much and I hope you have a great day