Welcome back everyone to theCUBE's live coverage of MY's, the leading cybersecurity conference. We're here in Washington DC at the Marriott Marquis. I'm Rebecca Knight, your host, along with my co-host and analyst, John Furrier. We are joined by Chris Lopez. He is the technical marketing engineer at Cloudflare. Thank you so much for coming on the show. Happy to be here. So we are hearing so many conversations about security breaches and ransomware attacks. They are rising exponentially. In traditional prevention and detection, technologies really aren't enough to stop them. So what are some of the trends that Cloudflare is seeing with regard to zero trust? I mean, when it comes to zero trust, it really comes down to time to productivity and consolidation, right? So managers, they want something that is able to be deployed very quickly and they want something that is, you know, be able to be deployed very efficiently, if that makes sense. So like, they don't want to have to manage devices. That we offer like clientless onboarding, like we offer like clientless web isolation to be able to, you know, isolate unsecured traffic and really just be able to, the ease of use of it is really becoming key, right? Because you can have as many features as you want, but if you can't apply that effectively, then it's not going to be very of a choose to you. You know, one of the things that's come up a lot is, oh, the perimeter's been dead, zero trust is critical to make that work. But now you've got the customers who are trying to put all these tools together, different vendors, just got shared responsibility models, a lot of seams for the bad guys to get in there. You guys have taken a good approach with the network. What's the big value that Cloudflare is delivering to folks today? Because simplicity is one we hear, developers constantly monitoring. What's the big secret sauce of Cloudflare? Why are you guys so successful? Well, I'd say apart from the ease of use, it's going to be our massive global edge network, right? We started off as a CDN. So obviously once we're managing, you know, 20% of the world's traffic, it becomes easier to apply security services on top of that rather than do that the other way around. And the network is where the ground truth is. That's all the packets as they say, right? Yeah, and our pace of innovation. Right, so like Cloudflare is on the front lines of things like people who are creating generative AI applications, right? And you know, image-based AI applications, like we're on the front lines of that. You know, the AI buzz got everyone kind of jazzed up. Generative AI is, I mean, generating stuff. So you've got more, I mean, I've been on our podcast, I said a lot of code pollution coming out there. You can do good code, but also bad code too. So a lot of injections, new stuff hitting the network content-wise, but also people using it to find zero day, for instance, or other things. How has AI changed at least the landscape from a cybersecurity standpoint? How do you guys, obviously you have the network of visibility of that. What are you guys seeing? A lot of people are turning to AI-based tools really to do their job, right? It's showing up in shadow, you know, shadow IT, you have chat GPT showing up, you know, and people are using that to say, hey, give me a program that does this. And unfortunately, there's a security risk associated with that because they start putting out, you know, intellectual property on the web and it's now become open source, that kind of thing. So, Cloudflare helps mitigate that, mainly by controlling users' access to such applications. I mean, that's just basic threat defense there, but also we're able to isolate web sessions to AI-based applications. We can say, hey, we're going to stop you from, you know, copy, pasting something, or if we detect a signature within your traffic and it's going to this application, then we're going to go ahead and stop that. So you're mitigating risk with AI, but you're also helping companies stay on this next wave of innovation. Can you talk a little bit more about what you're doing to support companies in using AI for? Sure, so Cloudflare currently, we have the Zero Trust AI toolkit, but also for developers on that side, we have Constellation AI, where they can run, you know, basically pre-trained machine learning models on Cloudflare's Edge network. And we have Cursor AI, so it allows, you know, it's our tool that helps developers basically navigate, you know, the Cloudflare developer console. On the AI piece, I want to get back to this, because the LLMs would take a lot of heat for hallucinations, but also, I mean, end point protection, you can say, has been kind of replaced by Zero Trust. A lot of people pointing to that as a thing. It's a new perimeter. And the question is, is that with LLMs, people are putting their IP into them proprietary models, and that's come up as a security issue, an IP issue. Is that a security risk? I mean, how do you guys see that from AI perspective? LLMs, the mashups coming down. Sure, I mean, when it comes to Cloudflare, really what we're saying is you're going to be just using our network, put our network in front of you.  So when it comes to, is AI, or, you know, is it a threat for people to put their IP address in AI? I'd say Cloudflare would probably be very well equipped to be able to handle emerging threats that would be coming from that. What's the developer landscape like that you guys see out there? How are people using you from a development standpoint? There's a lot of younger, yeah, AI has kind of brought this whole renaissance. Pretty much, if you're under 30, you're pretty much doing AI, so I just had a meetup in San Francisco and I saw a bunch of computer science freshmen from big schools, like not shabby schools. These are good schools. They dropping out, when I asked why, they said, I don't want to miss out on the AI wave. So there's a huge tsunami of developers. Wow. And so, are they just, what do they do for AI? Do they stand up, Cloudflare? Do they use the network? How do you guys engage with developers? So, like I mentioned before, we do have Constellation AI, so we do have the pre-trained models.  So serverless compute that way. When it comes to how Cloudflare's really, I mean, that would be essentially the scope of how we're currently doing that, but stay tuned for next week. We do have a lot of announcements coming with Cloudflare's birthday week in regards to AI. What's zero trust mean to you when people ask you for the definition of it? What's the current state-of-the-art zero trust definition? I mean, never trust, always verify, right? I mean, we all know that one, but... But when you deploy to IT department, what does that mean from an argument, implementation standpoint? They've replacing anything. What are some of the practical implementations of zero trust? Well, I'd say like a very unique part of Cloudflare is the part where we're just using our edge network to deliver all of these services. So we're saying, just use us, right? You don't have to, all of the previous configuration that you had to do, all of the metal boxes, they go away. What's some of the cool conversations you've had so far here at the show? Well, I haven't been here too long, but I did have a pretty interesting conversation about DDoS. And how'd that go? Interesting, I was actually getting up speed on that product, but he's actually from a competitor and he was, or not like a competitor currently, but someone who used to be a competitor against me at a previous job. But basically you're saying that, yeah, Cloudflare has a more effective DDoS solution than they do, we kind of compare notes. You guys have done really well. You guys got a great reputation in the tech circles, certainly in the cloud computing world with everything now going edge and AI at the edge. A lot of people are just trying to figure out what to do with all the devices at the edge. You guys have that CDN. Any perspective there? Well, could you elaborate? Like if you have the network, global CDN, the network, obviously that's going to be great for table stakes and security. But if I'm a company I want to deploy more applications say at the edge of the network with devices, how does that tie into Cloudflare? Just kind of taking it through. I mean they'd be a shoe in for zero trust network access. So we have our app connector, right? And you'd be able to proxy any service through Cloudflare's network. I mean, if you're trying to deploy it that way. I mean, to me that would be like a huge deal from a security standpoint. When we talk about AI, it's like, I think people are more afraid of AI than they actually know about it. I mean, I just saw Elon Musk was in Washington DC said AI is going to kill us. I mean, that was his sound. Now Elon's a little bit out there, a little bit out there. But the AI is pretty much hyped up right now. What's your take on the AI? What's next? I'm interested in seeing what goes beyond like the models that that chat chief was built off of, right? So we know that there is a upper limits to how effective that platform can be. And that's just because of the architecture that was used to construct it. So I'm interested in seeing like someone who use a less popular architecture that can go further. And maybe they come out in five, six years. I mean, I'm really interested to see what that does in terms of just, I don't know, adaptive learning. Well, AI is such a hot topic. And as you said, it's going, every conversation here in corridors and panels, the keynote is going to be talking about it later today. What do you think we're going to be talking about at next year's MYS conference? I mean, with regards to AI, if you could look into your crystal ball a little bit, what do you see the future to be? I think that someone might integrate AI in a really effective way. So you basically have like an assistant who would show up and say, hey, what do you want to build? Right? And you don't have to give it very precise instructions. You say, hey, I just need to onboard this application and I need to apply these rules around it. And you'll be able to interpret that through natural language to say, build this policy and build these tunnels and they're going to go here. I think that'd be really cool. I interviewed your CEO and I pulled up the quote here in our video data lake, it's a little AI in there too. But what I found interesting was he told the story, he's like, when Cloudflare first started, he was at an investor meeting and he said quote, Cloudflare is an AI company. And he said, all the AI has kind of rolled like really come on. And he's like, no, no, we had the one platform. And what he was illuminating was, is that with all that data, you can see a lot of the patterns. And so when you look at machine learning that you guys had in place, you had that already going on. I got to believe that the AI is really adding value on identifying kind of all that data, that collective intelligence on network security. Is that, what's the vibe like right now? Is that first, you obviously agree with that statement since he said it, right? But what does that mean for the customer? Because I can imagine that not only to get the zero trust, now you have all that data to help them get the benefits of other customers' patterns. Well, currently that translates to better intelligence, right? So with DNS, all the DNS requests, all the HTTP requests that we vet and we analyze every single day, we have fantastic threat intelligence. But in terms of the future, I'd say, I mean, better threat categories, sure. I mean, the ability to detect threats faster, right? I mean, if we look at the WAF right now, we have the currently managed rule sets like the OWASC Core 10, we have the credential stuffing. They're probably going to have more categories that pop up from that in the future. What's your main job right now at Cloudflare? What do you do there? What's your main task? What do you work on? Oh, sure. So my job is to, well, I'm a technical marketing engineer for Zero Trust. My job is to basically learn the platform to be able to build a compelling demo environment that I can then make videos and just explain it at any level. So C-level or technical.  What's the hardest customer problem that you saw and you were involved in? Let's see. I feel like I'm going to terrorize you. It's like a chop in everywhere. In the hot thing. I'd say it was actually surrounding RDP. We had someone who basically needed to RDP into 500 different devices and it was, they just, they wanted to make 500 different policies or basically 500 different applications and I was basically saying, no, you just make it IP based, right? And they were basically trying to do it one way and then eventually we realized, not to go into too many details here, but we eventually realized that they should have just been doing it a far simpler way. John mentioned that AI is creating this sort of renaissance for the tech industry and more and more young people, the best and the brightest are really wanting to go into tech and into AI. What are you seeing on the ground in San Francisco where a lot of offices are empty and people are working from home, but what's the vibe in San Francisco in terms of the talent pipeline going into and who want to work at companies like Cloudfiller? So I'm actually based in DC itself. I've been to the San Francisco office. Honestly, that office is bustling. Everybody who shows up there, they really want to be there. It's an excellent vibe to be at the San Francisco office. When it comes to remote working and things like that, I mean, a lot of people have gotten used to working from home. I personally do come into the office a few times just to be around people, to be able to share different skill sets because I notice my own knowledge base gets a little brittle if it's just me. You have to be able to talk and bounce ideas off of people. And would you say that that is the style of Cloudfiller, the collaborative environment and working together, create, bolstering creativity? With all the different functionalities that we have and all the different specializations that you can have, you need to collaborate. Do customers get tool overload? I mean, how many tools, how many zero trust tools can one company have? At some point you've got a platform, great platform and or tap the network. How do you guys, when you run into that, the tool sprawl? Customers who have too many tools. You don't insult them directly, but you've got to kind of give them some feedback. I get it. So when it comes to zero trust, I mean, that's just an amalgamation of seven different products, right?  I won't list them all here. We do know. So, and I'd say like zero trust tools in that sense, I mean, just zero trust platform it becomes effective when you have those seven products there.  And when, you know, we really look at the bread and butter of it as CDN, that's WAF, right? That's anti DDoS. And those are all very discreet services that customers will immediately see a value for. So I don't see tool sprawl or at least customer, negative customer reaction to tool sprawl that much just because everything that's there, they have a use for it. You got to use it, yeah. Yeah. Like when you have a web presence, you need it. Excellent. Well, Chris, thank you so much for coming on theCUBE. This was a great interview. It's great to be here. Thanks. I'm Rebecca Knight for John Furrier. Stay tuned for more of theCUBE's live coverage of MYs.


Can someone please explain to me what hot girl summer is?  It was a blast. Did I order room service every night and get brownie pizzas and sundaes and Pizza delivered to the room after having dinner Yes, I did. Yes, I certainly did so we need to get back on track We need to get healthy with that said it was so so needed I was so due for a break and just needed to really enjoy myself and relax We still worked out. We were still super active working out makes me feel good So I wanted to keep doing that unhealthy sugary food makes me feel not good So we went and got some fun healthy amazing groceries. We'll now I've covered this before if you have a base Health knowledge, you know what you think is a good diet and you constantly cheat on it You go from hypothetically healthy to hypothetically unhealthy But if you're in that cycle, you never really explore more about the healthy side because you're too busy thinking about good and bad Instead of improving the good, you know, the reason these influencers don't actually have nutritional expertise is because they don't Actually follow their own diets. First thing I'm pulling out is this lovely dragon fruit Okay, so Greg selects this for himself. This has nothing to do with me Next I grabbed these Balinsky sage sausages. These are really cute and fun for breakfast I love a good sausage to links is only 60 calories So you could definitely eat like a decent amount of these for breakfast Ha sausage girl after my own heart organic chicken sausages Not the best not the worst you remove some of the pollutant and agrochemical concerns But even so organic chicken tends to be very high in Omega 6 and the problem with the chicken sausages Is they do put a lot of the fat in it? So it is going to be particularly high in the inflammatory Omega fatty acids that being said It's better than what we see most girls eating for breakfast This which is great. Have I had these before? Yes. Are they delicious? Yes. Did I have a bad experience with them one time? Yes I'm actually not sure if I ever shared this but one time I got a bad batch of these sausages and they did have worms in them and I noticed before I ate them Thank God. So me buying these is definitely a risk. It's been maybe three years since that happened They're honestly so good that I wanted to give it another shot I'm assuming she just found some maggots in the sausage There's no scenario where there's going to be worms or parasites in that type of product They wouldn't survive any of the processing or heating that the it goes through But what could have happened is you know fly could have laid eggs in the sausage and I mean I'm just speculating but that's a weird thing to bring up and not give more details or pictures about it some Standard Whole Foods guac it is exploding because Greg dropped it out of the car I want to have this with like shrimp.  You know if you made a 100% organic avocado dip. Is it healthy? It's not the end of the world.  Yeah, it's better than what most people are eating But just get the fresh stuff make it yourself It's gonna taste a lot better You're gonna feel a lot better and you're actually going to be healthy doing it You know if this is just something you want to do on occasion on the go You're traveling once in a while if your family is super lazy That's the real reason to use something like this Really really good next. This is a unique purchase. I got some goats butter. I'm really into goat cheese It's really good for you if you're keto. Why is it good for you, babe? Okay, so goat cheese is really high in healthy fats I believe it has a certain That's it. We could just end it here. She really has no clue what she's talking about She's just repeating things. She's her from other people go to in sheep dairy can be easier on some people's stomachs Because of the type of cast scene the feed the animals are getting is typically higher quality But you want to go to a local farm get high quality raw grass-fed butter if you can and just my personal opinion Anything that comes from a goat tastes horrible whether it's the milk or the meat go for sheep go for cow Fatten it you can only get from goats So I saw this goat butter and I just I had to I love butter. Mmm. Oh my god. It's from the UK That is so cool and Greg isn't it the case that Goats are super high protein. Oh, yes I mean if you made a list of the health benefits of butter MCTs and omegas are nowhere on that list. You could talk about fat type of vitamins You could talk about certain fatty acids like butyrate. It has MCTs. That's why I like it Then of course we got our usual posture raised eggs There is a brand of eggs that I prefer called happy eggs And we get those at ear one and those are the ones that are like bright red and you guys always ask where they're from Those are really high quality. Oh my god. It's like they've fallen into the Conventional marketing that these companies use because vital farms happy eggs. They're both corn and soy-fed chickens Some of them use organic feed some of them use certain pigments and colorant foods to make the yolk Deeper colored, but it's not actually a high quality egg You know this marketing and all this nonsense is the reason why hopefully Within a year or two I can get my own farm going and feed the animals truly high quality feed Because when you go pay seven eight nine dollars a dozen for these eggs You're not getting what you're paying for especially if it's coming from a whole foods And by the way the quality of your eggs does matter if you're getting low quality eggs You're not getting all the nutrients that you need you want your chickens Happy so the eggs are healthy. There's more of these, but I got a ton of my favorite yogurt my fire 2% and it's like she's talking about high quality animal foods and she buys fog a 2% yogurt It goes to show she has absolutely zero clue what she's talking about because there are decent brands of yogurt in the store That are full fat grass-fed organic probiotic blends the opposite of fog a nonsense Fog a just one little container. They should be paying me at this point the amount 20 grams of protein in one small container So I will bring this to the office with berries and that'll be a snack for me So I had to get those raspberries. We know I love my berries organic always my favorite bacon You guys ask what bacon I'm eating in the morning. It is the apple gate sugar-free Got to look this isn't bad. She's having some organic animal foods. They're not the best.  We are a big sharp cheese fan I just don't get it. She goes from something decent to like conventional nonsense I get a high quality raw cheese something organic maybe not Cabot and a generic Greek cheese aren't we Greg? Greg he can literally never hear what I'm saying. I said we're super into sharp cheeses Okay, let's see what else we have two things I'm really excited about you know that you're getting lame and old when you get excited about groceries, okay? Birch bender keto toaster waffles. Wait babe. We don't even have a toaster I guess we're ovening them always wanted to try these sounds great with breakfast.  It is keto. How cute and all you add is coconut oil and similar problem Crappy low quality ingredients. Oh, it's low carb yet.   I love sugar cookies. This will be fun for like the weekend or something I will not be having then we've got a bunch of avocados everyone knows I love avocados I tried to get some more green ones this time because I swear I'm always getting the brown I won't talk too much about avocados. We did a whole video on them You can search on my channel our avocados healthy and ones and they just go bad. Hey a little bit of seafood We have some wild caught shrimp Which is good for the shrimp fried cauliflower rice, which you guys love you haven't tried that recipe It's on my reels on my TikTok that one blew up you guys are loving that I love seeing you guys make our dishes at home. So keep tagging me We got some wild Alaska and smoked salmon another thing. I won't touch too much on we have a video titled is Fish too toxic to eat basically. Yes, smoked salmon tomatoes And as you guys know Greg insists that I have a carrot every morning for some on tomatoes Carrots just high flavonoid high compound fruits and vegetables that aren't really giving you anything you need You don't need the vitamins in them. They're not too high in fiber. They're not high in calories There's absolutely no point of consuming them unless you enjoy the taste I'm godly reason just kidding. It's for a good reason. Okay, so two things. I always use together Rows marinara sauce the best like Rouse stays Killing it and then I also get ground bison, which is it Rouse or is it Raios? I'm I don't know that doesn't Rouse doesn't sound right.  Come on. Just get like a glass jar Organic tomato paste anything anything's better than that. She's 90% lean 10% fat grass fed all of the great stuff She's reading the label. She doesn't even know what she bought.  I make chili out of I Basically, I make a ball in use pasta without the pastas. I mean, that's a pretty good explanation of what hot and girl summer is Girls thinking they know what they want that's gonna make them happy, but in reality, their brains don't work So I'll do this with a little bit of feta on it. I bring it to work. I eat it almost every day So I had to get that more yogurt lemons and limes a necessity We've got our unsweetened almond milk for smoothies. I really don't know what's going on here It's like I don't get it. Why would you buy those animal foods and then buy almond milk? That doesn't make any sense Why you're transitioning between like the worst vegan crap conventional wisdom nonsense and then organic animal foods I really have no idea It's coffee protein shakes By the way guys, I do realize this grocery haul is a bit more ratchet than usual But I but definitely wanted to share with you guys how Is that I seem to be covered in dirt for some reason I wanted to show you guys how we get back on track like right away when we get back from a trip But also try to make it fun, you know like find fun new things So more berries black berries, which are great strawberries, which are super low in sugar and a great I don't really have anything against organic berries. They are very expensive They usually aren't in season like even when you buy them. They don't taste that good because they're not ripe So, you know, you can incorporate them if you enjoy them, you know The frozen stuff does have some processing issues But generally speaking like frozen organic blueberries in most cases do taste better than the fresh ones Great nighttime snack blueberries all organic, of course and then like those three plastic containers of organic berries I guarantee you cost her at least $15. Maybe even 25 Ridiculously expensive mushrooms. You want to make sure when you're getting mushrooms Make sure they're organic and high quality because mushrooms absorb everything. So you don't want to so you have no clue what you're talking We did a video on mushrooms. You kind of want to get shiitake There's other mushrooms that are okay, but they're usually very very inexpensive like Chanterelle Baby bella portobello All of those are in the same family of mushroom and they have certain compounds you want to avoid Check my video on mushrooms if you want to know more about that any bad stuff in there Oh my gosh, another sharp cheddar and this one's British Imported from England. So it's bound to be good. You know I'm saying okay Yeah, hey, she's eating cheese. It's an animal food. It has vitamins They're certainly downsized to conventional cheese the stuff from the UK is probably better But you guys can watch my videos on dairy and cheese if you want to try to figure out the specific nuances and what's important in quality Product versus regular product and last but not least we stop by ear on my favorite grocery store ever They pretty much just have like really niche health products. Like well, they have everything, but it's very expensive So we tried to just get like very expensive $25 worth of berries, which is like 500 calories isn't very expensive Like if we want to stop for a smoothie, they have good sushi. They have good keto items So for specialty health products, that's the place to go So we did stop and they had new keto baked goods which always excites me look at this like Strawberry bread how fun I can't wait to try that and then these chocolate cupcakes that are keto So yeah, very excited about these the problem with this keto stuff is They take a conventional like almond flour or coconut flour Something that's already so full of chemicals and then they add a bunch of chemical sweeteners and flavorings and artificial stuff To make it taste reasonable while being below a certain carbohydrate content. Hey, it might be low calories It might be low carbs. You might enjoy it.  So now I have to put all this away. We've pretty much cleared out the fridge I mean, she's kind of pretty and She eats, okay the rest of this video is her just eating the food she just bought so there's no real reason to go into that and I really don't know what to think of this I feel like it's just a sponsored chill video because She has no clue what she's talking about She's showing products that are all owned by very very large companies that are incredibly Contrasting like who buys Applegate organic bacon and then almond milk if you actually knew what you were doing you would never buy those two things and Even if you didn't know what you were doing and we're going with confessional health wisdom you wouldn't buy both of those days it just It has to be just like a shill Sponsorship hey show these products on your channel that I I really don't have another explanation for it I honestly don't maybe her boyfriend is Is making some of the food choices and she's just eating them and doesn't remember why but hey, she looks pretty good Hopefully she stays healthy. Hopefully she improves her diet in some ways and hopefully you guys learned a little bit from this video and had some fun So thanks for joining me if you have any video suggestions or anything you guys would like me to critique Please let me know down in the comments below Drop a like on the video Subscribe so that YouTube can unsubscribe you next week and be sure to check that notification bell So they don't notify you of my videos Therefore if you can go to frank-to-follow.com to support me through all of my businesses. Thanks again guys. I'll see you tomorrow


Hey guys, it's show. So today is the day the day. I'm going up to Denver Whoo, I'm meeting with my surgeon Dr. Robert Leland who I greatly Respect I like him. I'm gonna chat with him about the conversation whether or not we are going to amputate my leg I will get the results of the scans. I've been having over the past couple weeks and Make a decision on if we're gonna move forward with other surgeries or just go to the finish line and Have that amputated I had a about an hour-long conversation with my best friend Abby today on the phone talking about if I'm I'm just asking her like am I insane for Considering this option, but I think I'm almost past the point of thinking that I'm losing my mind For considering it because honestly it feels like every day things are getting worse and If we did that option every day things would be getting slightly better. It would be incredibly difficult I think way more challenging than I can even imagine or picture But I'd be moving towards life and right now I am just hurting more and more every day and imagining another surgery where we're trying to salvage my ankle I Have moments where I'm like, okay, that sounds a lot better than chopping off a part of my body a significant part of my body But then thinking about that option just makes me so depressed the idea of just going through more surgeries in hopes of prolonging what's going to be inevitable anyways and I Won't have a choice If I go through another Fusion and you know replace it and try to salvage things and buy another a couple years It's gonna end in amputation And I won't have a choice And I don't want to be in that position a Lot of things in my life haven't been in my control everything with my ankle has always been okay like this has to happen and I am in a position right now or maybe I could make this choice and not Be forced into a corner and have to have my leg cut off. I could Even though this is not an option. I want to be Facing neither one is a good option. I'm not looking forward to this in any way shape or form. I don't want to be in this position. I At this point have a little bit of choice in the matter and that means something to me. I have a good support system I'm young. I'm otherwise healthy. I'm Light I would recover pretty quickly. I think given no complicating circumstances, which we can only hope would be the case. I Don't have kids. I have a job that will allow me time off So I'm gonna go talk to him my husband is coming and my mom and my dad are gonna come to because they've been with me since the beginning and They can all provide input. So we're gonna go up there and chat with a doctor and see what comes and If you watch this video That means that I will have moved forward with amputation because I'm not gonna make any of these live unless I do it So if you're watching this, you know what I decided. Thanks guys. Thanks for watching. I appreciate it My name is Joe Joe Beckwith. Thanks for watching. You guys take care


Hi everyone, and welcome to this Virtual ST Developer Conference 2020. My name is Raphael Eriva, and I'm an application engineer on Ultra-Low-Power RF Connectivity. With this short video I would like to introduce you on how to use our latest BlueEnergy-LP device in order to evaluate Bluetooth Low-Energy codified for increasing the range of your BLE-enabled application. If you are interested in more details, please keep watching. Now I would like to introduce you on how to test the Bluetooth Low-Energy codified feature using our BlueEnergy-LP device. BlueEnergy-LP is our latest introduction among the BlueEnergy product family, and it's a Bluetooth Low-Energy 5.2 certified system on chip. It implements the following Bluetooth-ally feature. This device has a high speed to megabit per second file for a faster data transfer. Long range is what we are testing today. Advertising extension improved channel selection and finally gut caching. This device has been added to our 10 years longevity commitment program, along with other BlueEnergy devices among the product family. If we target the best range possible, we see that compared to the legacy 1 megabit per second physical layer where we have a sensitivity of minus 97 dBm, when we make use of the codified feature or the long range feature, we can go down to minus 104 dBm. This jointly with a maximum output power of plus 8 dBm gives us a dynamic range of 112 dBm, so a very good range improvement compared to the legacy 1 megabit per second physical layer. There are now three physical layers within Bluetooth 5. The first one is of course the legacy physical layer that goes with the name LE1M, that is Gaussian frequency shift key modulation with one mega symbol per second symbol rate. Then we have the LE2M, that is the two mega symbol per second physical layer for boosting the data rate. And finally what is referred to in the specification as LE-coded, that are two options. One goes with the name S2 and the other one with the name S8. Basically here we scale down the data rate with S2, we halve the data rate to 500 kbps, with the S8 we go down to 1 over 8 data rate at 125 kbps, both of them implement forward error correction and this allows the connection range to increase. All the physical layer besides the 1 megabit per seconds are optional from the standard. Our blue energy dash LP device implements all these three optional features. In terms of evaluating the capability, you can refer to our evaluation board that is available and ordnable. The part number is STV-IDB011B1. These, besides the blue energy LP system on chip, also features various MAM sensors. You can plug it directly from USB programming and also debugging from USB. There is a full documentation available on our website so I will encourage you to browse ST.com slash blue energy dash LP for additional information. We have within the SDK a dedicated demonstration for the long range feature. This goes with the name RC that stands for Remote Control Long Range. So here you need two evaluation kits. One will be the client and the other one will be the server. You can power those boards directly from USB or from batteries. So first you need to download the SDK at this web address and then once it's installed you can browse the start menu, the window start menu and open the blue energy LP navigator. The LP navigator is a very simple PC interface that allows you out of the box to test the major feature of the Bluetooth low energy standard and of the blue energy dash LP device. So here you go, you select the demonstration application. Then you select the BLE demonstration and test applications button. This will point you to a list of possible demos that you can test. Now we select the BLE RC Long Range. And finally here you can select the client or the server role depending on which board you are programming. And once you have selected the role, you will find in the bottom right corner a button Flasher Run. You hit this button and this will program the board. So now let's go and see how the demo will look like. So here we are now with our two blue energy LP evaluation kit. One is here in my hand and this will be the peripheral device working as a GAT server. On the table we have the central device configured as a GAT client. As soon as I will release the reset, the two boards will start with connected to each other and they will start communicating over the legacy one megabit per second physical layer. The client over there is sending the right request to our server and those requests are notified visually by the red LED, the L3 blinking on the server side. So now we can switch the physical layer to the coded file by pressing the push one button. You will see the big blue LED on the board turned on on both sides of the communication. So both on the server and on the client. And at this point we have switched to the coded file with the option S8 at 125 kilobits per second. Now I would like to recommend to use two triple A's battery on the bottom of the board for powering up the peripheral device. At this point what you can do is in a real world use case, so in your office, outdoor, in line of sight, you can go around increasing the distance and checking which will be the range increase that the coded file will bring to your BLE communication. Enjoy your test.


Welcome to lecture four in the molecular biophysics class. Last time we learned what free energy was, entropy, enthalpy, and we used these terms to examine what happens when a hydrogen bond formed between two waters in vacuum. I'm going to extend that slightly now. So let's start with doing exactly the same thing for a hydrogen bond forming in a protein. Now, we haven't gone through all the residues in a protein yet. That's coming in lecture five. So let's do this schematically. Here is some chain. Exactly what it contains is important. And then I have some sort of residue here that can be a hydrogen bond donor and one that can be an acceptor, but the hydrogen bond hasn't formed yet. And then after, because we're always going to be looking at differences, right? We have the same chain, but then the donor and acceptor have formed a nice hydrogen bond there. What will this do to the various changes? Well, let's just write them down. What is delta H? We're going to be chemists this lecture. Well, that was the energy of a hydrogen bond. If we use the same nomenclature as we did last time, that's going to be negative because it's good that it formed. What is the entropy or T-delta as if you want? Well, that's going to be hard to define, but if you forgive me, I'm going to grossly oversimplify this. It's a great ability to have. We don't have any effect of the entire proteins, rotations being hindered here or anything. So I will just bluntly say that that's roughly zero. First approximation at least. And that means that the net difference in free energy is going to correspond to the difference in enthalpy, EH. So this is caused just by the case in water because we're forming a bond that has negative enthalpy. Great. Proteins don't exist in vacuum though. They exist in water. So let's make this slightly more realistic. Here we have the same protein and we have a donor and an acceptor. I'll get back to that in a second. We have the same thing here. We have the donor and the acceptor. And in this case, I definitely have a hydrogen bond, right? And we might want to say we don't have an hydrogen bond. Well, that's true, but that just means that we don't have one between the donor and acceptor. This is in water now. This donor is not gonna be dangling around and the same thing for the acceptor. But what's gonna happen in this case is that the donor which donates a proton is happily gonna donate that proton to somebody in need such as a water. And the acceptor will happily accept from somebody who has too much here, a water. So here we actually have two hydrogen bonds but they are formed with waters. And after the case here, these two waters, if I draw them in some sort of simplified fashion here, will have been able to form one new hydrogen bond between themselves. Again, there could be other water molecules involved here too, right? But the net effect is that I free up the ability of these two water molecules to form one hydrogen bond in the rest of the system. But wait a second. This is gonna lead to something different. Let's draw the same thing again. Delta H is now one two hydrogen bonds here and one two hydrogen bonds here. So delta H is zero. Delta S, on the other hand, that corresponds to a difference in entropy here that is the same thing that I went through in last slide. I have the net effect of two times half of water rotation because these waters couldn't rotate and now we have a pair of water at least that can rotate. So the big difference here is that it shows up at entropy instead. And that's gonna mean that delta G equals minus T delta S. And this is gonna be something that keeps coming back in the class. Things are different in vacuum versus in water and all those things that appear simple in vacuum are more complicated in water. We always end up having balances and in general, you will never break nor form hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds are roughly gonna be constant and the effects show up as entropy instead. We're gonna be looking at that in slightly more detail but that requires us to start examining some other molecules first.


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It's two weeks later. My new op-amps have arrived. While waiting for these things to show up, I have reviewed the footage and I now have a much better idea of what's going on. Putting this chip on upside down has caused a dead short through the power rails, which is plus and minus 12 volts. These go through this defunct 10 ohm resistor and this 10 ohm resistor, which has survived. Now if I look at the footage in slow motion, you can see this distortion around the two resistors. I originally thought that was evaporating IPA, which had been trapped under the component. That is not true. What you're seeing there are the power rails actually buckling from the heat. This is not good. Luckily the lower resistor, this one, popped before too much damage was done and I think we're okay. This one seems to be all right. It still registers as 10 ohms. So I'm going to replace this with a discrete resistor. I have a bunch and I'm going to replace the op-amp here with one of my shiny new ones and hope that things still work. And of course, I'm going to have to take this capacitor off again because I don't think there's enough clearance here. Although it's probably worth a try. I still have my piece of foil. So time to get the hot air gun out and give this another go. So now that thing came off, which wasn't nearly as hard as I thought. Let's check the continuity of those power rails. So that should be here. And the meter says 0.0 ohms. That's good. And I'll show this one. Zero ohms and this end 10 ohms and this end nothing. No connection. Excellent. So as far as I know, that looks okay. I haven't checked for damage up here. There's a via there. There's this big, thick track here. You can see. Remove that a bit. So this will be fine, but this side. Let me just put that into beeper mode. And okay, that looks okay. Although I'm a bit perturbed that it's so easy to make contact there. I wonder if it's burnt the solder mask off. Anyway, that looks fine. So the next step is to put the right chip on. That's the dead one. Notice the notch here. There's the square that indicates the footprint. There's a notch there indicating what pin one is. I put this on this way around with this hole indicating pin one at the wrong end. That should be the other way around. So if I can pick this blasted thing up before I do that I think I'm going to try to put this on properly using the hot air gun.  Okay, let's try this. First, let's get out our new hopefully working op amp out of the very much non-static bag. So this I bought three just in case. Needs to go on this way around. Now this does not have the little hole in it, but it does have a a bar across one end and you can tell by the way the text is up. And we'll just actually take a quick peer at this close up. LF 347. Okay, that should do. So I've also got this. This is solder paste. It's the first time I'm going to use solder paste. So we want to put a very small amount. Let's try this side first. It's a syringe, so and I haven't used it before. So the nozzle is full of air. I need to prime it. Okay, we have solder paste. So this gets smeared across here and across here like that. Tiny amount.  And the solder paste is slightly sticky, so it actually helps keep it in place. And then I toast it and with luck magic happens. Okay, So as you saw, as the solder paste heated up, it self-wicked itself under the onto all the pads. So I didn't have to solder them all manually, almost like magic. Unfortunately, just like magic, it didn't quite work. So we've got a bridge there and there. And also some of these connections didn't quite work. That one doesn't work. I'm not sure about that one. These worked or or not, actually. That one works. So I'm going to have to go over this with the soldering iron anyway and try to fix it all. Well, I fixed the bridges. At least I thought I'd fixed the bridges until I did this. So I think something is awry underneath that. So time to fire up the hot air gun and take it off again. Yay. Yeah, there's a monster blob of solder here. I don't see anything here, but there's just general goop. So time to clean it all off again. However, looking at the schematic, I can see that pins one and two of the op amp, which are these two, are connected together. So that wasn't a bridge joint. And likewise, pins six and seven that are these two. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, these two are connected together. However, I noticed there was a bridge between pins eight and nine, which are connected together via a resistor and a capacitor. So nothing. So there was in fact something wrong with it. So we are going to have to clean up the op amp a bit just to get the solder blobs off it and try again with the flux paste, I think. So I think that worked. I did have one bridge I needed to deal with. However, while working on it, I spotted. Can I get this off? A very thin strand of copper wire that came loose from the solder braid, which I need to get off. So I think I got it. I don't see it anymore. So now it's time for that 10 ohm resistor. Which is supposed to go here. As you can see, it is kind of huge compared to the actual pads. So what we're going to do is cut one leg here and then place it here and curve the top leg round to touch the other pad. So this solders on here like so. And this curves around and down. I think that needs to cut about there to here. Okay, I think that's done.  There it is. We do not want that on the board when we do our testing. So assuming that nothing else is wrong, and I haven't like cocked things up again, I think this is now, shut up, now ready for testing. So, reach over for the power switch, watch these resistors carefully, nothing's happened. Good, nothing dramatic anyway. I did not plug the, I forgot to plug the floppy drive in, so it didn't actually boot. So let's zoom back out again and try that again. So hopefully it should boot. There we go. The computer is running. Okay, press F5 for music. Sounds better. Press F5 again to sine wave. Nope, it is still nagged. Fantastic, well that's special. So what you're looking at here is the output hooked up to the oscilloscope. I noticed when I was listening to it through the headphones properly that the volume was not actually that different, but the timbre was very different.  A nice sine wave on the white channel and this whatever is on the red channel. So I think something is terribly wrong with the filtering. What's particularly interesting is if I turn on the Amiga's own filter, I get that, which is also different. Okay, so I've got the scope hooked up and using this slightly homemade probe, let us start doing a bit of diagnostics. So the first thing to do is to check the op amp voltages. So that shows plus 12 and that shows minus 12, which is what we expect to see. Okay, so let's try some signals. The output from the left hand filter is on pin one and that shows our freaky square wave that we don't want to see. So the left channel is bad. The output from the right channel is on pin seven, three, four, five, six, seven. And that shows a nice crisp sine wave. Okay, so that's the output for the op amp. About the output from the filters. So looking at the circuit diagram, the input from the second stage is on pin three for left square wave and pin five for right. Okay, this doesn't necessarily mean the problem is upstream of this due to all the feedback stuff. However, I can go to the output of the first stage filter. So left is on pin 14, three, four, five, three, four, five, six, seven, so 14 is this one. That doesn't look like an audio signal. And on the left channel, that's pin nine, seven, eight, nine. It's not what I expect. This is the side that I know works. There's the output of the final stage at seven, eight. Interesting, nine. So how is this possibly working? Pin eight, pin nine. So where is this sine wave coming from? Okay, this is connected to pin 33 of the polar, which I believe pin 34 is this one. That's showing our square wave. And I can toggle the music around. So that's actually showing music back to the square wave. So pin 33 should be there next to it. Interesting. So we're getting nothing out of the right hand polar channel. But so here's the sine wave that's coming out of the op amp on pin eight. That's the first stage of the right hand channel. So if I turn off the left channel, now turn off the right channel. Okay, I'm pressing keys on the keyboard. It's not quite in view. So on, off. That is showing, I'm getting a signal out. So what's happening over here on the polar pin? Nothing. Okay, pin nine. Toggling, nothing. So pin 10 is a voltage bias. That looks more or less right. I'm confused. There is nowhere else the audio can be coming from. So pin eight is where we're seeing our sine wave. And we know that this is actually like the audio signal because like there is music, there is our sine wave, there is the higher frequency sine wave. Well, I am thoroughly confused. I can find no way for the signal to be going from the polar over here to the op amp here. But the signal is still coming out of the op amp. So the only thing I can think of is that somehow my Amiga is haunted.   And then I should get a more accurate view of what's coming out here because then I won't have the actual components of the op amp interfering with the signals in these pins. Good news is at least I'm going to be getting a lot of practice with my surface mount stuff. Okay, so we can probe pins 8, 9 and 10, which is the first right op amp. And we can see there is a signal coming in and it's not a sine curve anymore. Presumably because this is now not connected to most of the filtering. And there is our input pin, pin 9, exactly as expected. And the schematic says that this is connected to pin 33, which is this one, but there's no signal there. So where is this connected? We want this pad here. And this is the one it should be connected to. Interesting. Sure, I checked that pin. But let's power it up again and try that again. Okay, so this all sounds like a mistake due to me having the pin out here incorrect. But let's fire this up. So there's our input pin, turn on the music, turn it to the sine wave, there. Okay, there is our signal and there's the other channel. Oh boy, so it's not these two pins, it's these two pins. All right, well, you know what this means? It's time to put the op-amp back on again. Okay, let's try this again, shall we? So, signal, music, sine wave, nice sine wave. Okay, and now we're here. We have, wait, what, what, what? So coming out to the polar, we have a sine wave here, nothing here, nothing here. But we now don't get any distortion. So pin one is the left channel and pin seven is the right channel. Oh sorry, focus, focus. There we go. Pin one, pin seven. This looks fine. So let's just, so we can turn this one on off and we can turn this one on and off and we can toggle the filter. It doesn't make much difference because this is a pure sine wave and we get signal here.  Let's put that back on. Okay, get signal there and there. So for the, yeah, pin seven and one are the outputs. So this, I believe, to be working. Well, I have the, I have channel four of the oscilloscope still hooked up to the red channels. Let's turn that back on. Okay, and let's remove this probe and put back the other channel. Okay, we make that match. So we see here 1.4 volts for purple, which is the yellow channel. We go to blue and do the same thing, 1.4 volts. This looks like it's working, but we still weren't getting any signal from over here. So now, now the ghosts appear to be passing the signal from both polar channels to the op-amp. I can see a little flake of goop here. That was just fluff, not conductive. I have no idea what's going on, but it does look like it's working now. I don't know why the probe, the oscilloscope probe, wasn't seeing anything come out of here. This is extremely peculiar. Okay, well, let's hook up the headphones and see what happens. According to my VA meter, those appear to be the same volume. Let's just try the music. So I think that's working now, which is very, very strange. So I think what I need to do next is to rig up direct capture and get some high quality audio of what this is actually all supposed to sound like. Putting it back in the box might help too. Look, it works. Well, listen, really. So getting the lid on was more annoying than I thought. I thought for a horrible moment that one of the through-hole capacitors I'd bodged in was rubbing against the bottom of the disk drive, but it turns out there was just one of the toggles on the RF shield that I'd forgotten to bend back down again. But it is now all together and everything still seems to work, which is nice. I will switch it to the sine wave and pan left and back to the center again. It's possible the timbre is a little bit different from the left and right, but this is good enough for me. I can't really tell for sure whether it's different. I've looked in the oscilloscope and it all seems to be fine. So I'm going to call this done. Also, I found out why I was getting such weird results out of the polar by didn't have actually going and asking someone who knew. So the audio comes out of the polar through these two wires here and goes into the left and right filter set. Now, when I connected the oscilloscope up to this end of these wires, I was getting nothing, which is really weird because, you know, I'd expect C audio coming out. But if I connected it to this end of the same wire, I was seeing a signal. I now know why it does this. The polar emits a constant of voltage output where the current varies to carry the signal. And the oscilloscope only registers voltage. This is weird. I've heard of current signaling, but I thought they went out of fashion in the 1950s. So when the oscilloscope was hooked up on this side, the voltage was constant. So I saw no signal. When it was hooked up to this side, because of the resistance of this wire, there was a voltage drop and the voltage drop would vary depending on the current, thus producing a signal which the oscilloscope sees. So this is all kind of strange, but at least there is a actual explanation as to what I was seeing, which is very nice. So let me just pop the disc and reboot the thing into workbench. I can see the hard drive lights here. On, there we go. So in here, here, here. It's showing nothing because for some reason the Xenon 2 files are not icons and I haven't figured out how to fix that yet. Run this, do this and that is the Xenon 2 music, the way it is supposed to be heard. So that's great. This project actually in real life has taken weeks, mostly due to having to get the op amps delivered. So I'm really glad that's done because I've got other stuff I want to use the workbench for. So until next time, I hope you've enjoyed this video. Please let me know what you think in the comments and I'll just let the demo play out.


Recently, your doctor has prescribed a blood-thinning drug like Warfarin for you, and you probably have lots of questions. Well, sit back and relax, as over the next few minutes, we'll attempt to address some of your concerns and answer many of the questions you may have about the drugs. We'll also introduce you to a strategy for incorporating your blood-thinner medication into your daily life. We refer to it as the B-E-S-T, or best strategy. So, you've recently been prescribed blood-thinner pills. Perhaps you've been wondering what these drugs do and why you need to take them. Starting on blood thinners may feel like getting behind the wheel of a car for the first time. You may feel anxious, but rest assured that you are not alone. Each year, nearly two million people just like you start taking blood-thinner medicine. Now, let's talk about the drugs themselves. What are blood thinners? What do they do and why are they used? First, the drugs are referred to as anti-coagulants. This term can best be understood if we break it up into two parts. First, anti means against or to prevent. Second, coagulant refers to the process by which a substance, like your blood, forms a clot or a blockage. Blood clots are the clumps that occur when the blood hardens and changes from a liquid to a solid. Normally, clots develop to help stop bleeding after you've been cut or injured. If you've been cut, a clot will usually form that will help stop the bleeding. But, not all clots are desirable. Some clots can form inside your bloodstream. When this happens, the results can be dangerous to your health. So, blood thinner pills, also known as anti-coagulants work to help prevent your blood from clotting. This is important because your clinician believes that you are at risk for having a blood clot form in your bloodstream.  If a blood clot travels to your heart, you can have a heart attack. If it travels to your brain, it can cause a stroke. If it goes to your lungs, it can cause what's known as a pulmonary embolism or blood clot in the lungs. All of these conditions are serious and can lead to death.   Some of the most common reasons are an abnormal heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation, heart attack, stroke, deep vein thrombosis or DVT, pulmonary embolism or PE or because you've had recent surgery. Because blood thinner medicine keeps your blood from clotting, it also increases the chances that you could bleed too much. So, if you use this drug, it is important that you also be careful in your daily activities. Be careful when doing activities that might put you at risk for getting a cut or bruise. Even a small cut can bleed more than normal because you are taking a blood thinner. Avoid high risk sports and other potentially dangerous activities. However, you can still enjoy many of the same activities you engaged in before you started taking blood thinner pills. You just need to be a little more cautious. Don't be afraid to discuss your concerns and ask questions of your clinician. He or she can help make sure you take this medicine safely. One thing to remember is that you will need to schedule a regular blood test to be sure you are not getting too much or too little medicine. The blood tests let the doctor know how much medicine you need. Your doctor will order a blood test called INR. INR stands for International Normalized Ratio. The INR will tell your doctor the amount of time it takes for your blood to clot and whether or not she might need to adjust the dose you are taking. If your INR is too high or too low, your doctor may change the amount of medicine that you take until your INR is within a range that's right for you. Your clinician or health plan will tell you where to go to get your blood tested. It is very important to have your blood checked as often as your clinician tells you to. It is the only way he or she can tell how much medicine you need. Like most medicines, blood thinner pills can have side effects. Some of these may include bruising easily or having your gums bleed from brushing your teeth. If you find any unusual bleeding, let your clinician know right away. You should try to be careful in your daily activities and avoid injury as much as possible. If by chance you do injure yourself, whether it be from a fall or hard bump to the head, call your clinician right away. You may have a busy life, but that shouldn't stop you from following a regular schedule to take your medication. Even at work, there are ways to remember to take your medicine. You might want to carry a pill container with you and wear a digital watch with an alarm. There are many things you can do to remind yourself to take a pill at the same time each and every day. You can also get family and friends to help remind you until it becomes a habit for you. Either way, it is important to remember to take your medication exactly as your doctor prescribed. For your own safety, you should also consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or carrying a wallet card as a way to let others know that you are on blood thinner medication in case you can't. It is also important not to make major changes in your diet or start a weight loss plan without first consulting your clinician. The foods and drinks that you consume can affect how well your blood thinner pills work. For instance, your clinician might want you to be careful about the things you eat or drink that are high in vitamin K because it can interfere with the way some blood thinners work. Vitamin K is found in many green, leafy vegetables but also in other kinds of foods and in vitamins and herbal nutritional supplements. The most important thing is to remember to keep your diet consistent. Try to eat the same kinds of foods and the same amounts of those foods on a regular basis. It is important to tell each of your clinicians about the medicines you are taking or want to take. This includes all medicines that other doctors prescribe or ones that you might buy over the counter at your neighborhood drug store or supermarket. Also, if your medications change, be sure to tell your clinician. Be especially careful about taking aspirin. Talk to your doctor about taking aspirin as it can further reduce your blood's ability to clot and you can bleed too much. For more details about the foods and other substances that you should limit or avoid or anything else that you should or shouldn't do while taking blood thinners, see or talk with your clinician. It is recommended that you talk to your clinician about your intake of alcoholic beverages as they may interfere with your medication and its overall effectiveness. Just because you are taking a blood thinner doesn't mean that you have to drastically alter your daily life or stop doing the things that you really enjoy. Just a few changes in your daily schedule and routine are all that's really needed. Again, it's important to communicate with your clinician. If you have recently been prescribed a blood thinner, there are some main points you should try to take away from watching this video. We will now outline these points. Take a moment if you'd like to grab a pen and paper to write them down. There are four main points to remember as you undergo blood thinner drug therapy. These are, be careful, eat right, stick to a routine and test regularly. Be careful in your daily activities. If you are doing something that may put you at risk for having an accident in which you could bleed or get a bruise, take care to try and prevent this from happening. Eat right and do not eat or drink anything that your clinician has told you not to. You may have to limit certain foods and substances that contain vitamin K. If you have questions about what foods to eat, ask your clinician. Stick to a routine by taking your medication at the same time every day. Test regularly means to have your INR tested as often as your doctor requires. This way he or she can adjust your dose of medication as needed. By following these guidelines you will be following the best strategy for taking a blood thinner safely. So remember, be careful, eat right, stick to a routine and test regularly, meaning as often as your clinician tells you to. We hope this video helps shed some light on what a blood thinning drug is, what it does and how it can help you. We've explained why your doctor may have prescribed it and we've shared a number of things to keep in mind. Remember that clinicians are there to answer any questions you might have about taking your blood thinner pills. And keep in mind there are four simple points of being careful, eating right, sticking to a routine and testing regularly.  Thanks for watching!


in the world of operation research, Ravin Raoja, and so he has some unique experience how to bring such kind of achievements from science, from academics, to industry and to implement them and to help really solve real solutions in the world. So I think therefore we are here and just to share how we are doing it and to explain how to do it in the most efficient way. This is just our journey how we grow, so as I said we just started as some kind of from scientific part of from science, so it's in 2000 innovative scheduling has been established, then we grow, we grow from industrial part, we implemented some solution in railroad, tracking, mining, industry, airline industry and also we established different offices in US, Armenia, in Australia and as you see it's growing very fast and now also we are expanding our presence in Europe, in CIS countries and also in Asia-Pacific part. It's very important that you understand that as long as we have we need to use some scientific achievements, operation research, cutting-edge technology so it's very important to have people who can implement it and if you see so we have 50 plus PhDs in our company who helps us to build such kind of successful solutions for different industries and also we are dealing with multinational company with multinational cultures, mix of cultures but we are capable to really bring these multinational cultures in managing in most efficient way and therefore I think it's key of our success. As I said we need to have hybrid or mix of different technologies, fields like transportation and logistics like operation research, computer science, project management, data analytics, information technology and you need to, it's some kind of interdisciplinary field so you need to mix it and really in order to build more or less successful solutions for the real industry in transportation. So I think my colleagues will describe real cases from airlines and railroad but also we have presence in traffic industry and also mining industry and if you see how many types of expert has experienced such kind of solutions it's really basic. So I would like to give floor to Shama so he will describe or represent the airline case study. I think it will be very interesting. Thank you. Okay so this airline case study is actually not only the first one that we did as a company but it's actually one of the most important and difficult problems that an airline must solve. So the business problem. I don't like reading slides but I feel like I must read this one because it's very important. The business problem is to maximize an airline's total network profitability by determining the best flight departure time, the best fleet type and the optimal routings to minimize the number of aircrafts. That's a mouthful so let me walk you through that. Let's look at this example right here. So we have an A330, it leaves GFK at 1 a.m. it's an overnight flight and it gets into Moscow at 5 20 p.m. the next day and then it sits on the ground for about an hour and then it comes to Armenia. It came from New York all the way to Armenia. Can anybody guess what airline operates this route? This is based off the real airline. Half-right or was it from the airline? Air Force. Air Force? Correct. I have actually flown a route very similar to this four times coming to Armenia and I can assure you that it has nothing to do with how awesome I think Air Force is. It's absolutely to do with the fact that it was leaving New York where I lived and it was coming to Armenia where I was going and it left at a time that I wanted to leave and it arrived at a time that I wanted to arrive. So you can see how important this is right now why did they choose an A330? Why that fleet type? Why not an A380? Why not pick a bigger plane? Why go with an Airbus at all? Why not go with a Boeing 777? I mean the airline larger airlines have large fleets so they can assign any plane to this flight. Or maybe it wanted to be more frequent the flights. How would the A380 be less frequent? So in capacity right? So larger planes can have more people. Great. Why one? Why leave at one? Why not leave a little bit earlier and maybe I get into Moscow where I'm new and catch my lunch meeting? Why not leave later? Why get into Moscow around 5 p.m.? I don't have anything to do that day. I would rather sleep in in JFK, spend more time partying in New York and then catch and sleep through my flight and getting to Moscow and then do whatever I want. Or what about this plane? Why does it have to go to Armenia next? Why not London? Why not Kiev? We have all these different options, all these different routes, all these different decisions that an airline has to make. Why did they choose this one? As you can see and this I picked a problem with three fleet types, two flights and two departure times. But a large airline with hundreds of planes, thousands of markets, you could see the problem gets to be very large. So optimal flight times, that's actually one of the biggest challenges that an airline must solve. So everybody has their own time of day preference, right? Or maybe even time of week. Sometimes I want to fly Friday so I can meet up with my friends over the weekend and then come back on Sunday, right? And I want to fly Friday after work so I don't take a day off. And I want to fly Sunday late at night so I have that Sunday. So depends on where you're going, JFK to Moscow. So if I'm leaving New York I have my own time of day preference. Maybe I want to leave early, maybe I want to leave later. So the current that you see here is the preference by time of day. So the demand varies by time of day. The chart on the right is a similar curve but it's the curve for Moscow to Yerevan. Now as you can see this is the same plane that operates both flights sequentially. So here you can say, oh it's easy. Well the peak is right here so let's put the plane right there, okay? Well if the plane... Can you see that? Yeah. So while the peak is right there so let's put the plane somewhere around here. Look at that. I got all these people going from JFK to Moscow. But this plane, it's going to get to Moscow and then it's going to go to Armenia. So well if it leaves JFK at this time and it'll get to Moscow this time and then for the people going to Moscow to Armenia it's I didn't hit this peak at all. So maybe I shift this later. Okay I got that peak. Wait what happened here? So I lost the demand on the JFK to Moscow but I got it in my Moscow to Armenia. So you can see just simply this two-market problem, one departure time, can have a major impact on what you really get as your demand. And that's just the departure time. There's also the fleet type. So the gentleman in the back excellently mentioned that you want to match capacity to demand. So the last thing an airline wants are MD seats, right? MD seats, they just take up space. I know we like them because we can strike their legs, lay down, but an airline hates them because that's money that they're not making. So what they want to do is if they have 70 people flying on that flight, they want to put a plane with exactly 70 seats. So they want to minimize bill and minimize costs. Connections. This is a critical factor and this is what makes this problem extremely complicated. So what do you buy flights? Do you buy flights? Yes? Yes. Do you buy, when you go online, do you say you search for a flight or do you search for a trip to go from point A to point B, which might touch most flights? Itinerary. Exactly. So what we really buy, the money that really comes from is not from the flights, it's actually for itineraries. I could, there could be one flight operated by one plane, I could get on another flight operated by another plane. So the only way I can do that is if I have enough time to make my connection, right? In my previous example, I was coming from New York, I was connecting in Moscow and I was going to Armenia. So that plane, that itinerary was actually operated by two different planes and I had a two-hour connection time so I could make that. Now suppose those two different planes, the timing didn't work out and I only had say a 20 minute connection, 30 minute connection. Now what? Now AirFlight can offer a ticket going from New York to Armenia. So you can see that the timings must match up perfectly to create these connection opportunities such that now they can offer itineraries to cities where they don't have nonstop service. AirFlight didn't need to have a nonstop flight going from New York to Armenia to get me from New York to Armenia. They needed to have flights that are timed perfectly with just enough connection time to make sure that I can get on both planes. I'm just talking about from your standpoint. Now what about an airline? So airlines have hundreds of operational constraints that they have to deal with. So curfews, you can't fly whenever you want. Airports in certain cities have limitations, you can't fly between say midnight or 5 a.m. because people are sleeping. Major international airports are a slot constraint meaning that you actually have to have a specific slot at that airport to arrive or depart at that time. Gates, right? You need to have a gate that you can park your plane at. So I could have 10 flights arriving at the same time but five gates and then now I have five planes that are sitting on the runway waiting for a gate to become available. And what's a plane is sitting on the ground, it's not making any money. Planes make money when they're flying in the air. And you share runway, you share an airport, not you don't have an airport to yourself as an airline, you share an airport with other airlines. So the number of arrivals or departures you can have at any given moment is as throttle. It's limited because you share this space. So as you can see the problem is is not so trivial. The thing that you're solving for is complicated. The constraints that you have are complicated. So how do we solve this? You have five minutes. So our approach. Step one, clean the data.