Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the hindrance analysis by Shankary's academy for the date 9th of December 2023. Displayed here are the articles that we will be going through today. Now without wasting time let's start the discussion. Look at this article. Recently an advocate in Supreme Court wrote a letter to the Supreme Court registry. He is alleging that there is an irregularity in the listing of cases in the Supreme Court. The advocate said that the pending cases should be allotted to the senior judges and the cases can be listed before the puny or the junior judges only if the senior judges are not available. The advocate said that these rules were arbitrarily breached in the Supreme Court. However the Supreme Court registry rejected this allegation. The registry said that there is no influence in the allocation of cases. This is about the news article given here. In this discussion let us understand about the term puny judges in detail. The word puny is a French word and it means later born or anger. So the term puny judge refers to a judge who is ranked lower in seniority. It is used to refer to any judge other than the chief justice of the court. Here note that the term puny judge is used in common law countries. Now what are these common law countries? See those countries who follow the practice of common law are called common law countries. The United Kingdom and the commonwealth countries including India are referred to as common law countries. Now what is this common law? Common law refers to the law that is created by judges through their written opinions rather than through statutory law. The common law is also called case law. For example let us take supreme court judgment in India. In India the supreme court judges deliver their judgment through written opinions. The judgments have the force of law and that is why it is termed as case law. If you notice carefully the case law is created by the judges through their written opinions and not through statutory law. So the law created through the written opinion of the judges termed as common law and the countries that follow this common law practice are termed as common law countries. In these common law countries only the term puny judge is often used. Now let us see about the usage of the term puny judge in India. In India all judges have the same judicial power okay but the senior most judge of the court that is the chief justice of the court has some additional administrative roles like case allocation and so on. This is just an extra administrative role and not extra judicial power. So in India the term puny judge is used only to mention the order of seniority for appointment, elevation to high court etc and the term puny judge does not have any effect on the judicial power of the judge okay. Let me sum it up the term puny judge is used to refer to the seniority of judges for the purpose of appointment and elevation and the term does not bear any effect on the judicial power of the judges. Only the chief justice of the court will have extra administrative power not judicial power okay. That is all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw the important points about the term puny judge in detail. Now with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this editorial article. This article is speaking about the concerns surrounding melting glaciers. Recently the world meteorological organization released a report regarding melting glaciers. In this context only this article is written. So in this discussion let us first understand some important points from this editorial then we will see the causes and the effects of melting glaciers. Now first let us see the important points from the editorial article. Recently as I already mentioned the world meteorological organization released a report titled the state of global climate 2011-2020. This report gives us an overview about earth's response to greenhouse gas emissions. This particular report contains a section called the state of glacier health. In this section the report points out that on an average the world's glaciers were thrinning by approximately one meter per year from 2011 to 2020. So the world meteorological organization's report highlight that glaciers in all regions of the world are becoming smaller. This is the first finding. Then some other studies carried out in Africa have shown shocking results. The studies say that the glaciers on Africa's Vensori mountain and Mount Kenya are projected to disappear by 2030 and the glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro are suspected to disappear by 2040. This is another finding. Apart from this some studies also conducted point out that there is a rapid growth of proglacial lakes across the world where there exist glaciers. Here proglacial lake is a type of lake that is formed when meltwater from the glacier accumulates in an area. See in such lakes the likelihood of glacial lake outburst flood is highly possible. So this rapid growth of proglacial lakes is posing additional threats to ecosystems and livelihood. For example let us take the 2013 Uttarkhand floods. Many of the reports say that water from rapid glacial melt was the main reason for the worst flooding disaster in Uttarkhand. Then one of the recent examples is the Sikkim flooding. Some reports say that glacier lake outburst flood led to rapid flooding in the south Lohank lake in Sikkim. Due to this rapid flooding the Changtang Dam lying downstream of the lake was destroyed. This even triggered sagrant flooding in the Sikkim region. Now coming to another data. Earlier this year a report about glacier was published by the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development. This report found that glaciers in the Hindukush Himalayas disappeared 65% faster in the 2010s than in the previous decade. The report also points out that at the current rate of global greenhouses emission the volume of glaciers in the world would decline from 55% to 75%. By quoting these findings the report says that there would be a sharp reduction in freshwater supply in the immediate vicinity of 2050. These are all some of the important data highlighted in this editorial article. See why I am saying this data is that you can use all these data in your main answer. This will differentiate your answer from others answer and help you score more marks. See the news article also provides some suggestion to prevent damages due to glacier melting. The article says that careful monitoring of glaciers is essential to prevent damages. The article suggests developing early warning system to prevent huge risk. This also suggests making comprehensive risk assessment and to map regions of vulnerability to prevent risk associated with melting glaciers. These are all some of the important points given in the editorial article. Now moving on we will see the causes of melting of glaciers. The first and the most important cause is burning of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels has resulted in the buildup of greenhouse gases in the environment. As we all know the greenhouse gases tend to trap heat in the atmosphere. This increases the temperature and causes more glaciers to melt. The second important cause is oil and gas drilling. See the oil and gas extraction process emit huge amount of methane and methane is more dangerous to the environment than CO2. This is because methane traps heat more efficiently than CO2. So the methane emitted from oil and gas drilling can escalate the global warming and cause rapid melting of glaciers. The third main cause is deforestation. As we all know trees observe huge CO2 and hills balance the ecosystem. So the cutting down of trees result in the increased release of CO2 in the atmosphere. This led to an increase in temperature and causes melting of glaciers. And the final main cause is ocean warming. As we all know the oceans are also housing huge glaciers particularly in the ports. So global warming induced ocean warming results in rapid melting of glaciers. These are all some of the causes of melting of glaciers. Now talking about the effects. Firstly glacial melting can cause biodiversity loss. The glaciers are acting as the natural habitat of a number of animals. So the disappearance of glaciers will result in extension of numerous species. Secondly the melting of glaciers reduces the availability of freshwater. So there would be water scarcity for both drinking purposes and irrigation. This results in food insecurity. Thirdly the melting of glaciers can create natural disasters such as flash floods and landslides. This can have catastrophic effects on human life and infrastructure. Fourthly glacial melting is contributing to rising sea level. This threatens the survival of coastal communities and small island nations. And finally the glacial melting results in reduced albedo effect. Here albedo effect is nothing but the ability of an earth surface to reflect sunlight. See glaciers are having the highest albedo in the earth surface. So if the glaciers melt it results in the reduction of earth's ability to reflect sunlight back into the space. This leads to increased absorption of solar radiation by the earth and further contributes to global warming. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we covered various aspects around the melting of glaciers. Now let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this editorial article. It talks about India's alarming fixed dose combination problem which is plaking our health sector. This editorial talks about the FTC issues and why pharma companies are opting for the process. This is about the editorial article. In our discussion today we will write an answer for a main question related to fixed dose combination using points from this editorial. Now first we will look at the question. The question is what are fixed dose combination? Despite its various disadvantages why pharma-cutial companies in India make fixed dose combinations? See this question falls into GS paper 3 and it comes under the syllabus science and technology developments their application and their effects in everyday life. This is the syllabus. Now coming back to the question. This question is a straight forward one with a given structure. Firstly it asks us to explain about the fixed dose combination. In the second part it asks us to analyze why despite various issues they are preferred by the Indian farmers. This should be the skeleton for your answer. Now let's start answering. Let us start with the introduction. In the introduction part we can explain about the fixed dose combination. See fixed dose combinations are a combination of one or more known drugs that can be useful in the treatment of a disease. This is effective in improving the patient compliance. For example if a patient has to take three different medications for a particular treatment. She may forget to take one but if all three medications are combined into one tablet or one syrup the chance of her forgetting to take will be reduced thereby increasing compliance. The common example of fixed dose combinations are cough syrup corex and wicks action 500. Even though fixed dose combination possess inherent advantages like increased compliance reducing the risk of medication there are also problems associated with it which we are going to see in our answer today. In this way you can give a link to the body of the answer. In the body of the answer you have to write about the advantages of fixed dose combination and various issues associated with the fixed dose combination. First let us take the advantages. Firstly there are many advantages like increased efficacy, better compliance, reduced cost and simpler logistical distribution. Due to all these factors the fixed dose combinations are very popular in India. Secondly the fixed dose combination act as a life-saving drug. See FDCs are useful in the treatment of infectious disease like HIV, malaria and TB. For all these diseases having multiple antimicrobial agent is a norm. So naturally the fixed dose combination fits into its requirement. Thirdly the FDCs will reduce the pill burden of the patient. This is mainly useful in geriatric care where the old people face difficulties in keeping track of several medications. Moreover it will also reduce their economic burden and out-of-pocket expenditure. Fourthly the manufacturing cost of FDCs are quite low as compared to the cost of producing separate products. Due to this advantage many pharma companies of India opt for FDCs and this increases the export potential of India's pharma sector. These are some of the advantages of fixed dose combination. Now coming to the second part of the answer. Here you have to write about the challenges associated with fixed dose combination. Now let us look at the challenges. See in many cases there are no therapeutic justification for using fixed dose combination. Recently the health ministry in India banned 344 FDCs after the drugs technical advisory board recommended that there is no therapeutic justification for FDCs and it also involves risk for the humans who are consuming the FDCs. This is the first issue. The second issue is the increased risk of side effects. Combining multiple active ingredients in fixed dose combination drugs can lead to higher risk of drug interaction. Moreover this will also increase the susceptibility to side effects. Thirdly there is a problem of plenty with respect to FDCs. See the estimated number of FDCs in India is over 6000. This existence of unlimited brands of FDCs with different permutation and combination lead to confusion for the doctors. In many cases it can also lead to antimicrobial resistance. The fourth issue is that there is a risk of pharmacodynamic mismatch between the two components used in the FDC. This means one drug may have antagonistic effect leading to reduced efficacy. There is also risk of chemical incompatibility leading to decreased shelf life of many drugs. These are some of the challenges associated with FDCs. See even though there are many challenges with this FDC it is a darling for many pharma companies particularly in India. This is because of the following reasons. The first reason is the lack of effective regulation in India. Though many FDC drugs are sold in our market there is no standard set by bodies such as the Indian Pharmacopia Commission for testing the quality of the FDCs. The second advantage is that going down the FDC route will give individual companies a reason to charge higher prices for their drugs. Let us understand this with an example. If there are 20 different pharmacotical companies and they are manufacturing and they are selling a drug like arithromycin they would have to compete ferociously and reduce the prices to capture the market. But if they combine arithromycin with another drug for example C-5 ximine to create a fixed dose combination they will claim this as a new product and increase the price. So by producing fixed dose combination instead of individual drugs the pharmacotical companies in India charge higher price. This is the second reason. Thirdly there is a lack of coordination between the central and the state regulators. In 1988 the central government amended the rules requiring the manufacturers of all new drugs including FDCs to submit proof of safety and efficacy to the drug control general of India. With these amendments it is clear that the state drug controllers could not grant manufacturing license for new drugs that are not approved for safety and efficacy by the drug controller general of India. Despite these rules many state drug controllers have simply ignored the law to continue issuing manufacturing license for FDCs.  See these are some of the reasons why despite the disadvantages Indian pharma companies produce fixed dose combination. Now we have effectively addressed the body of the answer. Now let us move on to the conclusion part. In the conclusion part you can write about the steps that can be taken to effectively regulate the process. The first step you can mention is that involving all stakeholders like consumers, physicians, regulatory authority, industry and academicians in the regulatory process. The second step is to evolve an ethical code among the pharma critical companies. The third step that can be taken is streamlining the regulatory hip curves between the center and the state governments. Like this you can give two or three points in your conclusion to address the issues faced by fixed dose combination. Now we have addressed the question holistically and through this discussion we got to understand what is fixed dose combination, the advantages associated with fixed dose combination, the challenges with fixed dose combination and we also saw why despite the challenges the Indian pharma companies are resorting to fixed dose combination. Now with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. Yesterday the USA approved a pair of gene therapies for sickle cell disease. As you all know sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder in which the body makes sickle shaped RBC that is the red blood cells. These sickle shaped RBCs tend to stick together and can block small blood vessels. This causes intense pain. It can also lead to stroke and organ failure. So far the treatment for sickle cell disease include bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplantation and blood transfusion is also available. But currently gene therapy has been evolved as an alternative treatment with permanent solution for sickle cell disease. Few days back the UK became the first country to approve gene therapy for sickle cell disease. Following this know the United States has also approved gene therapies. This is about the article given here. In this context let us understand about the gene therapy and their types. First what is a gene? See the short section of DNA that contains the code for a specific protein are known as genes. These proteins are responsible for many of our physical characteristics and biological functions. The genes are present on chromosomes found inside the nucleus of a living cell. Any abnormality in the genetic makeup of an individual can lead to a genetic disease or genetic disorder. Now what is gene therapy? Gene therapy is a medical approach. It involves the introduction, alteration or replacement of genetic material within an individual cell to treat or prevent a disease. So it includes gene addition that is introduction of a new gene. Gene silencing that is alteration of a gene to prevent its action and gene editing which is the replacement of a genetic material or modifying parts of your own DNA. So the primary goal of gene therapy is to correct or compensate for genetic defects that led to the development of certain disorders. Here in this image you can see the process involved in gene therapy. Now what are the types of gene therapy? Basically there are two types of gene therapy. They are somatic cell gene therapy and germline gene therapy. Here the reproductive cells like egg and sperm are called germ cells. Germ cells produce gametes. Gametes are responsible for transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next. So making any changes to these germ cells of the human body is known as germline gene therapy. Generally this method is adopted to treat genetic disease causing variations of gene which are passed from the parents to their children. This process involves introducing a healthy DNA into the reproductive cells which is the egg or sperm. Since the effects of this gene therapy is transferred to the next generation it is not legal in many places. No coming to somatic cell gene therapy. See somatic cells are the cells of the body other than the sperm and the egg cell. They form the building blocks of the body that is they make up the tissue organs and structures of the human body. Any modification in the somatic cells is known as somatic cell gene therapy. In this method therapeutic genes are transferred into the somatic cells of the human body. One positive thing about the somatic cell gene therapy is that it cues the affected person alone. The effects of this gene therapy will not be transferred to the next generation as in the case of germline gene therapy. So it is considered as the best and the safest method of gene therapy. These are the types of available gene therapies. Now before concluding let us see the applications of gene therapy. Firstly gene therapy effectively cues several genetic disorders. It has the potential to treat even diseases like brain tumor, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, hemophilia and several others. So they are useful for treating and curing disease that traditional medicine cannot cure. Currently it is even offering an alternative treatment to sickle cell disease. Secondly the gene therapy solely destroys the disease causing cells without affecting other cells. They have high accuracy because it is difficult to design specific medicine that influence specific protein for a specific person. This is its second major advantage that is accuracy. The third application is the effectiveness. The therapeutic benefits of gene therapy remains effective for a long period of time without the need for repeated interventions. A fundamental aspect of gene therapy is that they aim to treat the cause of the disease rather than just treating the symptoms. This is the third important application. The last application is that they can be used on individuals as well as the embryos. These are some of the important applications of gene therapy. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw what is gene therapy. We saw the types of gene therapy and finally the applications of gene therapy. Now with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this article. The news here is that the central government has recently revised the stock limits for wheat. So in our analysis today let us see about the Essential Commodities Act and we will also see the issues with Essential Commodities Act. Let us start with its origin. After independence India was facing huge food shortages. The country was dependent on imports and assistance from various countries. For example India imported wheat from the United States under the PL480 program. So to protect the limited available grains from hoarding and black marketing the Essential Commodities Act was enacted in 1955. The main objective of the Act is to curb inflation by allowing the central to control the price of various commodities like fertilizers, pulses, edible oil, petroleum, fruits and vegetables. The main principle of the Act is to protect the commodities which when got obstructed can affect the normal life of people. Now let us see the features of the Act. Firstly there is no specific definition of essential commodities in the Essential Commodities Act. Section 2A of the Act just states that an essential commodity means any commodity which is specified in the schedule of the Act. Secondly with respect to the jurisdiction the Act gives power to the central government to add or remove a commodity in the schedule. But the implementation of the provision of the Act is with the state government and the UT administration. Thirdly with respect to the implementing agency the ministry of consumer affairs food and public distribution implements the Act. Finally by declaring a commodity as essential the government can control the protection, supply and distribution of that commodity and impose a stock limit on it. These are the basic points you have to know about the Essential Commodities Act. Now moving forward let us see the issues with the Act. Firstly the government intervention under the Essential Commodities Act 1955 often distorted the agricultural trade. In many cases it is totally ineffective in curbing inflation. For example it does not differentiate between storage and hoarding. The second issue is that the private sector often hesitate in investing in cold chains and storage facility for perishable items due to stock limit imposed under the Act. So it acts as a roadblock for improving the cold storage and other processing infrastructure in our country. This is the second issue. The third issue is that the Act was enacted at the time of famine but currently India has attained self-sufficiency in food grain production. So we should update the Act to keep pace with our aspiration. The last issue is that it acts as a hindrance to agricultural exports from our country. Okay these are some of the issues associated with Essential Commodities Act and that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw the basics about Essential Commodities Act and we also saw the issues with Essential Commodities Act. Now with this let us conclude this and take up the next news article. Look at this article. Recently the central government has imposed a ban on the export of onions till March 31, 2024. This decision was taken to curb the increasing prices of onion in the domestic market. However the government said onion exports would be allowed based on permission granted by the government. This is about the article given here. In this discussion let us understand some important points about the onion crop. The scientific name of onion is Aelium seppa. Onion is an important vegetable which is used as a food ingredient worldwide. Onions are rich in bioactive compounds and it has the potential health benefits. It is said to have anti-hypertensive, anti-depressant and anti-cancer properties. Now coming to onion cultivation. India is the second largest onion growing country in the world. Now what is the country that produces the most amount of onion? It is none other than China. In India onion is grown in a number of states. The states include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Antra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Telangana. In India around 50 to 60 percent of the onion crops are grown in the Rabe season and the remaining 40 to 50 percent are produced in the Karif season and the late Karif season. In northern India onions are usually grown in the Rabe season. However it is grown in both the Rabe and the Karif season in the southern and the western states of India like Karnataka, Antra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Now moving on let us see the climatic requirements for growing onion. Onion is primarily a temperate crop but it can be grown under a wide range of climatic conditions such as temperate, tropical and subtropical climate. However onions grow best under a mild climate without extreme heat or cold or without extreme rainfall. The optimum temperature for vegetative phase is 13 to 24 degree Celsius okay. Now coming to the rainfall requirement. Onion can grow well in places where the average annual rainfall is between 650 and 750 millimeter with good distribution but note that areas with less than 650 millimeter rainfall and areas with greater than 750 millimeter rainfall are not suitable for onion cultivation. Now coming to the soil requirements. Onion can grow in all types of soil such as sandy loam, clay loam, silt loam and heavy soils. However the best suited soil for onion cultivation is deep loam and alveol soil. The soil should be rich in organic matter and free from diseases and feats. The soil should also be well drained. Here note that onion can also be grown successfully on heavy soil but with the application of organic manure prior to planting onion crops. But the onion crop is more sensitive to highly acidic alkylic and saline soil. The water line condition is also not suitable for onion crops. This is why I already mentioned onion crops grow in well drained soil okay. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw the basics about onion cultivation. With this we have come to the end of the news article discussion session. Now let us take up the practice problems questions. We have five practice problems questions today. Let us see them one by one. Look at the first question. The term puny judge sometimes seen in news refers to. From our discussion we know that the correct answer here is option B. A puny judge is a judge who ranks lower in seniority than the chief justice of the court. Okay moving on to the second question. In the planet earth most of the freshwater exist in ice caps and glaciers. Out of the remaining freshwater the largest proportion is see about 97.5 percent of the water on earth surface is salt water. So only 2.5 percent of the water is freshwater. Of the freshwater nearly 67 percentage of freshwater is frozen in the glaciers and the ice caps. Then around 30 percent of the freshwater is stored in the underground and the remaining 1 percent of the water is only stored in surfaces like lakes ponds and rivers. So apart from ice and glaciers the largest proportion of freshwater exist in groundwater. So the correct answer here is option C. Exist as groundwater. Okay moving on to the third question. Let me read out the question. It is a temperate crop but also can be grown under tropical and subtropical climate. It grows best under mild climate without extreme heat or cold. An average of annual rainfall of about 650 to 750 millimeter is optimal for the growth of the crop. It grows well in deep plume and alluvial soil that are rich in organic matter. The crop is most sensitive to highly acidic alkylic and saline soils. The water logging condition is not suitable for the crop. Which one of the following crop is described above. From our discussion we know that the correct answer here is option C. Onion. Moving on to the next question. Two statements are given. We have to find which of these statements are correct. Look at the first statement. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperm of prospective parents. This statement is correct. This is what is done in germline gene therapy. This we saw in the discussion. Okay moving on to the second statement. A person's genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage. This statement is also correct. It is one of the major application of gene therapy. So both the statements are correct here and the correct answer here is option C. Both one and two. Moving on to the last question. Here three statements are given. We have to find how many of these statements are correct. Look at the first statement. Essential Commodities Act is primarily used to fight inflation. This statement is correct. This we saw in the discussion. Moving on to the second statement. The Essential Commodities Act enables both central and the state government to impose stock limits. This statement is incorrect because only the central government can impose stock limit and the state government can only implement the stock limit. Okay so statement two is incorrect. Moving on to the third statement. This act that is the Essential Commodities Act has never been amended since the 1950s. This statement is also incorrect because the Essential Commodities Act has been amended during the Covid times. So only one statement given here is correct. Statement two and three are incorrect. So the correct answer here is option A. One pair only. That is all regarding today's discussion. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding UPSC preparation, subscribe to Shankara IS Academy's YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.


first of all came out of a project called the Neuroscience Information Framework and the Neuroscience Information Framework what basically did is it asked for us to put together all of the important information and the data from the different databases of anything that anyone would want to know about neuroscience. So we took on this task we were at the lead institution at UCSD out of a five institution project. You know some of the other institutions were fairly famous ones as well. Harvard was one of them Yale is another Caltech et cetera. And so what we were able to do is we were able to start putting together a system that would allow us to put a lot of data together. But one of the things that we were asked to do by the National Institutes of Health was to actually help researchers find antibodies because it turned out that lots of people were looking for antibodies and this was kind of a waste of time. I mean why wouldn't people want to be able to just figure out which papers are using which antibody. So we were asked to do this as a way to essentially automate this process of antibody finding. Well we while we were able to do many things we completely failed at this task and we completely failed at the task because the task was too hard. The information wasn't in the papers too for us to find. So there was nothing that we could do with our algorithms or any of the fancy math that we could possibly bring to bear on this problem to actually put into the paper something that wasn't in the paper to begin with. So that's what actually started us trying to think about what are the ways that we could actually get journals to include additional data. So that would help actually not only us to you know do this this text mining task but also help other readers of those papers to find the antibodies and that grew into all other kinds of research resources. So the mice, the flies, the cell lines and of course antibodies and cell fur tools. Those are all the things that people were looking for that they couldn't find. They couldn't readily identify but if we can if we thought well if we can get people to start to put in a little bit more of this information into the paper straight away then we would be well the task would be much easier for us but it would also be much easier for the readers. So how it got started is essentially again it was us failing to be able to find these antibodies and then the second piece was well how do we address this problem and the way that we address the problem is we brought together a lot of the editors into a room and they said well here is a possible solution but it's going to depend on having these indexes so what an index is is a whole list of numbers. So you can imagine this like your GenBank identifiers. In order to publish a genetic study you need to find your GenBank identifier. If you want to make sure that you're talking about the same SNP you need to get an RS number for it. So this is the same kind of thing we just have a way of identifying mice, we have a way of identifying flies, we have a way of identifying antibodies and cell lines and when we started this one of the things that the authors or the sorry the journal said is we can't send the author to 20 different databases and we're going to need to do that. So what we would really need to do is bring all of these different databases into one place. We have one uniform way of accessing all of this different data and one uniform display. So with our experience in the neuroscience information framework we were able to very quickly create a portal that would be able to actually do this and allow people to search across all this different kind of data and when they're able to do that they're usually able to complete the task fairly quickly.


Hello everyone, happy Monday. Today is Monday, July 16th and I'm starting the process of moving into my classroom, so I'm gonna take you guys a little, a little field trip. What used to be in my office, so remember how cluttered this was a little bit ago, so it's slowly getting better. So everything that was here on the floor is now in my car. I'm gonna show you that in a minute. Also, these items are going to my classroom as well, but tomorrow we actually have a U-Haul that we are loading up and taking there. So we're actually gonna put this stuff in the U-Haul because it doesn't fit in my car and I'm only taking one load today. But slowly and surely this room is gonna be cleaned out. The coffee table will return back to its original place and then my Cricut printer and laminator, those are gonna go into my office. I'm actually gonna try and find some kind of like metal shelving for all three of those items to go on in my closet in my guest room. This room is actually meant to be a playroom eventually, so for now it's just gonna be a couch and a coffee table because eventually we'll have all of those like little Ikea things with all the toys in them and we'll probably have like a small TV in here so that when cash gets older this can be kind of like his his playroom. We would like to make one of the walls like maybe this one a chalkboard wall we'll see. Okay, so this is the current state of my car. We have classroom stuff and we have a stroller. So I'm actually going to my classroom today just to drop off this stuff. I had to take some reimbursement things from the Seattle trip in and just to start kind of cleaning the room getting ready for move-in tomorrow. So I have paper towels and some cleaning products in there, and then I just have everything that would fit in my car. We're taking the baby because Scott is not off work today. So I'm taking the stroller and my little neighbor girls are actually gonna come and help me. They are 10 and 11. Actually 9 and 11, sorry. So this is everything we're gonna take today and like I said we're just gonna spend the day cleaning then um tomorrow when we have the moving van we'll take everything and put it inside. So I did get an update from my principal that the room is kind of messy because they were replacing the bulletin board panels. So I don't know if you guys remember and either I think it was a vlog. Um, I showed you the room and the entire room is all panels that have bulletin board material or I guess whatever on them. So they actually replaced all of the broken, ripped or warped panels. So I'm interested to see if the new panels match the old panels. It doesn't really matter because I am planning to do like most of the room in butcher paper. Whether it's black butcher paper or like bulletin boards. I would like the whole room or the majority of the room to have like something covering. So that'll be an interesting task. Hopefully the school has lots of black butcher paper because I'm gonna be using it. Um So yeah, that's the plan for today. I'm just now that my car is loaded. I'm just gonna kind of like hang around until the baby actually wakes up because he's supposed to sleep for about two hours and he's only been in his room for about 45 minutes and he's been awake half the time. So once he lays back down and falls asleep, I'll wait until he wakes up and then we will go. Hello guys. So we are currently back here at school in the classroom. And as you can see it's real torn up. Uh, they're replacing the walls right now. So they probably won't be done for a while. I'm hoping they're done replacing the walls by tomorrow because I would like to start hanging some things and getting things kind of organized. But for today, the girls are here. Hi girls. Hi. This is Maddie and Savannah. They're my neighbor girls and they're very helpful and very sweet. And um, they're here today to help me out and they're gonna come tomorrow and Wednesday. So I think what we're gonna do today, they're making glue sponges right now. And I think what we're gonna do is take this paper off and go through these cubbies and see what's in them and kind of go through. And if there's anything in the room that I don't want, we're gonna put them in trash bags and get them ready to be thrown out. All the furniture is still in the middle of the room. And I did leave a note for the janitors to remove the desks, but they haven't done so yet. So we'll see if that can get done quickly. If not, I plan to just kind of like stack them somewhere and then kind of work around them. But yeah, the majority of the work will be tomorrow. We're just here for a couple of days, a couple hours today just to kind of like clean out what's old. That way everything new can come in tomorrow. This will all be panels like that and like these. And this will be like the main white board, the smart board wall. It would be smart for me to be like, hey, I don't want my smart board or white board there, but that's the most reasonable spot for it for now. So yeah, so this is what we're working with here. It looks like the new panels are over here on the floor, ready to be hung up hopefully soon. Boogie's here. We have him set up. Nope, we don't want that. We're trying to keep him on the blanket so that he doesn't get any junk in his mouth. Stay here, Boogie Man. You may have poop. So we're just hanging out. We're going to start cleaning in a second. And this is the first load of stuff. Hello guys. So it's Tuesday and we have Mr. Valdes today. We just went and grabbed the U-Haul. So I think we're going to go get breakfast before my mom gets here. She's staying home with casual. We go and load, unload. We just loaded up the stuff from our house and we're going to head to the storage unit. Are you hiding? Coffee with us. Thank you for helping me, sweetie. He looks thrilled, doesn't he? There was bribery involved. What do I like to do on my day off? You get candy. There's candy in there. It was hard because all the big stuff when it came in last. Yeah, you know what? You try to load this thing with 112 degrees. Yeah, it's freaking hot. And I did it all by myself.  I did. So load number one is in and as you can see, I am overheated already.  Did you close the door of the unit? I guess he's going to make me drive, which is nice. This is, they started, oh no, they haven't started it yet. You have a brick wall. This is what it's going to be, all this. The whole room is that. That's the new panels right there. It's bigger than my old room, huh? Is it? Yeah, this is Kayla's room. Oh, Kayla's with you? Yeah, she's right next door. This is a beating stick. Yep. You want to beat that? So here's what I'm thinking. Maybe we just start piling it all kind of right here. I don't have anything left anywhere. Nothing's here. I really can't do anything until those walls are done and I don't really know how long that's going to be. So my principal said that he would text me as soon as he noticed that they were finished and then I could come in. But it looks like it probably won't be until after next week because next week we're going to San Diego. We're going Monday through Friday and then Scott works over the weekend and I don't have a babysitter. So on the 30th is my first day back like doing teacher things. So I have like new teachers, training. I have to pick up like my laptop and then I'll have like other meetings throughout the week. So I think on Tuesday, once he goes or he's off work, if I'm not in a meeting or whatever, I'll go to my classroom and start working on that because they have, they should have it done by then. So we'll see how that goes. Hopefully I can get it all done before Monday the 6th. My mom's also coming down at the weekend of August 3rd. So she said that she would that she would watch Cash and I could go into my classroom and work that weekend. So I should be fine. It's just harder when you are like moving into a classroom and not just like setting up. Like it's way more work because I have to put everything in its place and then organize and decorate and do all that stuff. So hopefully I'll have lots of time and I do have my neighbor girls, but I can only have them on the weekends. So anyway, I'm going to end this vlog now just because there's really not anything left and then I'll talk to you guys later.


because I think you know you went to architecture school. Did you learn anything there really that helped you out the field? No, nothing. Absolutely. And I hear it all the time. Yeah, you know, you're wondering why there's so much of a rift between architects, engineers, and contractors is because we're all kind of siloed in our own things, and it's like, you know, we're trying to build something that to us doesn't make sense, that it was drawn a certain way, and they're trying to draw and spinning their wheels to draw something that's easy to build or that, you know, makes sense to build, and then the engineer is applying their knowledge and it's like everyone is, you know, constantly fighting with each other, but when starting in construction, it wasn't collaborative coming up.


Item number SCP-007 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures SCP-007 is to be contained in a sealed room measuring 10 meters on each side. Room is to be furnished comfortably as a living area, along with whatever items are requested by room. Hereafter referred to as subject, given that providing subject with requested items would not compromise security. Subject is not to be allowed to leave the room, and is to be detained with force if necessary. Description SCP-007 is located within a cavity in the abdomen of subject. Subject is a Caucasian male, physically approximately 25 years of age. Subject claims to be 28 and 176 centimeters in height. Most of subject's abdomen, muscles, skin, and organs is absent, though subject does not appear to suffer because of this. Instead of normal flesh, a sphere composed of soil and water is present, though it does not actually come into contact with subject's body at any point. The sphere appears to be, in most respects, a miniature near duplicate of the Earth, approximately 60 centimeters in diameter, although continental alignment is not consistent with that of any alignment known in Earth's history. The sphere has its own weather patterns and negligible gravitational pull, in addition to microscopic organisms somewhat resembling those of modern-day Earth inhabiting it. Two intelligent species have been observed, though contact and communication with either has yet to be made. Technology levels of observed species must be checked at least once a week and, as of now, are approximately equal to that of 15th century Earth. Subject claims to be named, but no records of such a person can be found. Subject does not require food or water, and while he has been observed consuming both, what happens to such substances after being swallowed is unknown. Subject is intelligent, IQ has been measured at 128 and amiable, and regards the planet in his abdomen as a minor curiosity about his body. Subject seems to experience no stress about his unusual condition. In addition, when questioned about planet's origins, Subject replied, I just woke up one day, and there it was. I don't have any idea how it got there. Subject has provided a social security number and driver's license number and requested that they be checked against known records. When checked, it was discovered that neither had yet been allocated. Dr. Wu has a weekly chess game with Subject, during which Subject's mental health is evaluated. Dr. Wu reports that Subject does not seem to mind the restricted living environment and has yet to attempt to escape, or show signs of violence or mental illness, though he has repeatedly requested a computer with an internet connection. It is recommended that this not be provided, as it may be used to compromise security. Item Number SCP-341 Object Class Safe Special Containment Procedures The Exhibition Hall of Reliquary Research and Containment Site-76 has SCP-341 on display for all research and command personnel to view. Description A collection of 11 brass and iron aurories found in a large storage room of a basement at Oxford comprised SCP-341. Each aurory is a rough-scale model of a different extrasolar star system, complete with planets, moons, and one or more suns in the center. A unique clockwork mechanism under each aurory allows the brass models of planets and moons to spin on axis and rotate around each model of its parent's stars. Testing dates each machine to be between 150 to 200 years old, but without any specific markings, researchers have been unable to determine who created them. The aurory collection of SCP-341 was set to be released into the hands of a local museum until an SCP astronomer with a peaked interest in the discovery recognized one of the aurories, SCP-341e, as star system Upsilon Andromedae A, unique for being a solar twin of our own sun with hot Jupiter-like planets. Further research has matched five of the 11 aurories with possible known extrasolar systems, including Beta Canum Venaticorum, 37 Geminaurum, HD-98618, 18 Scorpii, One aurory, known as the Wheel of Doom amongst researchers, depicts a similar solar system very reminiscent of our own souls. Though the planets and sun themselves are neither near to scale nor space proportionately, the presence of seven major planets of our own system is fairly obvious, including Saturn and its rings, and the tilted side of Uranus. There are also five minor planets included beyond the orbit of Neptune. The aurory is missing a model of Earth, and instead has a free moon roaming through a debris field, similar to the asteroid belt present between Mars and Jupiter. Item Number SCP-345 Object Class Safe Special Containment Procedures SCP-345 is to be kept inside a secure vault at Site- Seeing as the object is inert by itself, no further containment is necessary. Personnel seeking to solve SCP-345 need the permission of one Level 2 personnel. SCP-345-1 is to be kept inside a 5 meter by 5 meter by 5 meter sealed room on Site- Following incident 345-1, personnel are only allowed to solve one of the six faces of SCP-345. Trying to solve all faces will result in reassignment to MTF Epsilon-8. The Midwives Description SCP-345 is a stone cube, whose faces are each divided into nine squares of equal size, and sections of which can be rotated in a fashion similar to a common puzzle toy. Each face of the cube measures 5.7 centimeters. Instead of the normal six colors commonly found in this kind of puzzle, the squares represent six different materials. An intrusive magmatic rock resembling granite. An intrusive magmatic rock resembling gabbro. An extrusive magmatic rock resembling basalt. A sedimentary rock resembling sandstone. Volcanic glass resembling obsidian. And a high grade metamorphic rock resembling granite nice. SCP-345 can be opened by forcibly pulling its sides apart. The cube is hollow, possessing a circular cavity 4.5 centimeters in diameter in its center. If left open for five seconds, SCP-345 will automatically close and shuffle itself for two minutes. Afterward, it may be safely handled. Note that it will not be possible to force SCP-345 open after the shuffling takes place. Solving SCP-345 is no harder than solving the common versions of the puzzle. However, if one of the faces becomes complete, one of the following situations may occur. If the completed face represents one of the magmatic rocks, SCP-345 will heat up to approximately either 1,500 degrees Celsius, gabbro face, 1,200 degrees Celsius, basalt face, or 900 degrees Celsius, granite face. The amount of time SCP-345 takes to cool down also greatly varies, with the basalt face being the fastest, up to 50 minutes, and the gabbro face being the slowest, up to 250 days. If the completed face represents the sedimentary rock, the cube will start shaking violently for up to 10 hours. The sound of either water running or wind howling can be heard coming from inside SCP-345 during the whole process. If the completed face represents volcanic glass, SCP-345 will heat up to approximately 900 degrees Celsius and will take up to 5 minutes to cool down. If the completed face represents the metamorphic rock, SCP-345 will suffer the same process that would happen if the granite face was completed. After cooling down, the cube will proceed to shuffle itself at high speeds, making loud grinding sounds while it does so, for up to 50 hours. After one of the processes is over, SCP-345 can be opened again, and a sculpture made of the same material that was represented by the completed face can be found inside of it. A small sculpture will always be of a planet or planetoid 4.5 cm in diameter. These sculptures do not resemble any currently known planet. If more than one face is completed at the same time, both corresponding processes will occur, one followed by the other. The statue created will be made of both materials. For instance, the sculpture created by completing the granite and obsidian faces at the same time had its continents made of granite and its oceans made of obsidian. SCP-345 was recovered by a foundation agent on date undisclosed days after the eruption of the volcano in Ecuador. Said agent claims to have found it near the base of the volcano and took it as a curiosity. He learned about the true nature of the SCP after trying to solve it, suffering third-degree burns in the process. Incident-345-1 On date undisclosed, while Dr. Wu tested SCP-345, she managed to complete all faces by not opening the cube once a face was completed. SCP-345 proceeded to rumble for three minutes, after which it opened by itself. A small metal sphere, 4.5 cm in diameter, emerged from inside SCP-345 and hovered 3 meters from the ground. Shortly after, the sphere began rotating, accelerating to a rate of 5 meters a second. Strong gravitational forces were detected in the vicinity of the sphere, visibly affecting objects up to 15 meters away. Seconds later, a dense orange liquid with an average surface temperature of approximately 4,000 degrees Celsius began flowing from SCP-345, which proceeded to encompass the metal sphere. Afterward, another denser liquid began flowing out of SCP-345. It also proceeded to encircle the sphere. This liquid continued to flow from inside SCP-345 until the sphere reached a diameter of 2.3 m, at which point the flow stopped, and SCP-345 automatically closed. The resulting sphere was still slowly spinning and hovering above the ground. It was extremely dense, and its gravitational pull was strong enough to severely damage its surroundings. The temperature at the surface varied between 900 and 1,600 degrees Celsius. 30 minutes later, parts of the outermost magma began to cool down, solidifying into a thin rock crust. 20 hours later, most parts of the sphere were solid rock, with small seas of lava flowing between them. Little volcanoes and mountains could also be observed. At this point, a special containment team with heat-resistant equipment was moved in to relocate the sphere to a safer room. The sphere was later designated SCP-345-1. Studies regarding the probability of its eventual development of an atmosphere are underway. Note, although at first we thought that SCP-345 had created a copy of Earth, as of date undisclosed, studies have shown that it is unlikely that SCP-345-1 will develop an atmosphere, and the composition of its magma is very different from Earth's, containing far smaller quantities of silica and aluminum, and larger amounts of titanium. It is currently unknown if the magma of other planetoids created by SCP-345 would have a similar composition. Perhaps we should have a D-class complete it, preferably on an open field. Item number SCP-364 Object Class Safe Special Containment Procedures Since SCP-364 cannot be reached by humans, containment measures consist primarily of finding and suppressing any information about SCP-364 before such information can be publicly disseminated. Foundation assets have been inserted into all major space agencies, and most private space exploration companies, with standing orders to report back on any actions planned or being carried out that could potentially expose SCP-364. A task force has also been set up to monitor actions by amateur astronomers, although the chances of independent discovery of SCP-364 from ground-based installations are quite small. Description SCP-364 is a point several hundred meters above the volcano's cert on Io, the innermost of Jupiter's Galilean satellites. At irregular intervals, varying amounts of material, up to 4,000 cubic meters at a time, spontaneously appear at this location and settle into cert, where the material is incinerated by the lava flow from the volcano. The mechanism by which this material appears is not known, and no permanent physical structure has, as yet, been detected near SCP-364 at any other location on Io or anywhere else in the Jovian system. In addition, no unusual energy emissions have been detected coming from SCP-364 or the surrounding area. The material that appears is usually a heterogeneous mixture of substances, including metals, particularly ferrous and titanic alloys, organic compounds, siliceous compounds, and several unknown materials. Though spectrographic analysis suggests that these may include stable super-heavy elements. On at least four occasions, probes have detected marks on the material that appear to be a written language in an unknown script. In addition, a strong correlation has been discovered between the thermal output of cert and the appearance of material at SCP-364. Although any potential causative relationship between the two phenomena is purely speculative, evidence collected to date overwhelmingly suggests that the material that appears at SCP-364 is artificial in origin. History. The existence of SCP-364 was first suggested in 1979, following the flyby of Jupiter by the Voyager 1 probe. Unusual activity on Io had been picked up by data expunged. Part of a clandestine package of instruments added to both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 by Foundation assets. However, the existence of SCP-364 could not be confirmed, until the Galileo probe reached Jupiter in December 1995, using data and images collected by Galileo during its initial pass of Io. None of these images or data were released, the official story being no images were taken in the first place. While Galileo was left to continue its original mission around Jupiter, Foundation personnel worked with high-ranking NASA officials to develop and launch two more probes to Io, specifically to study and monitor SCP-364. However, to avoid suspicion, these missions to Io were announced and treated as exploratory missions to Mars. In late 1999, both the Mars climate orbiter and the Mars polar lander appeared to crash land on Mars due to human error. When in actuality, both spacecraft continued on their way to Io, reaching Jupiter in 2007. Galileo had already been sent to its destruction in Jupiter's atmosphere by this time, but the two Mars probes continued to send back data from Io and SCP-364. The replacements for these probes are already data expunged. Note, because Io is constantly subjected to heavy radiation and Jupiter's formidable magnetosphere, any spacecraft sent into orbit around Io would be very short-lived, and the two probes up there now are in orbit around Europa and Jupiter. Thus, constant observation of SCP-364 is not possible, but this is not a major issue while SCP-364 remains immobile. A more pressing concern is technology. How long will it be before anyone in the world can point a next-generation telescope at Io and be able to resolve 10-meter-long objects from the Earth's surface? Plus, who's to say that whatever is sending that stuff to Io couldn't send it somewhere else? Dr. Blanchard.


for the preprints is we wanted to get in a grant and this was a very fast and easy way to be able to publish some of our work and do it in a way that was very preliminary, so that paper has not yet gone through a peer review process. But it's out there, it's a preprint, everyone knows that this isn't the same quality as you will get in a traditional journal. But we wanted to show we have done a substantial amount of work in this space, and we wanted to sort of get a bit of preliminary credit for that work. So we're working in this space, we're looking at it, here is a fully fledged paper that actually describes a lot of the issues that are involved. It's not yet peer reviewed, but it's certainly it's out there. People know that we're working on it. So I think the advantage was speed.


Back in 2011, Ryan Murphy showed us his dark side after the campiness that was glee, and ever since we have been immersed in many different worlds containing the same massively talented cast. Ladies and gentlemen, my name is Matt Rogers and today I'll be counting down my favourite seasons of American Horror Story. Obvious spoiler warning. Now my last video, we talked about everything we knew so far about American Horror Story Season 8, Apocalypse. And you guys in the comments were ranking your favourite seasons and it got pretty heated, so I thought I'd weigh in. In my number 7 spot we have Roanoke. Now I could not overstate how controversial this season was, and I don't think I was alone when the first episode came on and there was no mention of American Horror Story, it seemed like a completely new TV show of its own. And as a fan of the usual opening titles, I was beside myself when they removed it. And it took a lot of getting used to to see Lily Rabe as a real life victim and then having a story reenacted by actors like Sarah Paulson. Now I think this could have been pulled off if unknown actors were playing the real life victims and then the actors we knew and loved were doing the reenactments. Because every time Lily's talking head came up it sort of took me out of the illusion of the show they were trying to create. I think I speak for everyone when I was hoping that my Roanoke nightmare wouldn't take up the full 10 episodes. But lo and behold in episode 5 they broke the fourth wall and the reenactment actors mixed in with the victims and it really got crazy. I must admit I did get chills when the disclaimer came up and said that everyone was going to die. Although that's probably as big of a spoiler as you can get it sort of set the mood for the following episodes and I actually thought the lack of predictability was one of the season's strongest points. Which left me thinking once the season wrapped up that I probably would have really liked this season if Murphy didn't slap the AHS title on it. And maybe have it as another separate show or even as a spin-off. It'd just help you come at it with an open mind rather than the preconceptions that you've built up from its predecessors. So a good season may be but just poorly executed. Next up we have Hotel. Now you guys are probably going to kill me for this but Hotel for me seemed like a sort of a shift in gears for American Horror Story. It felt like the atmosphere of the show really changed in this season and I don't know if it was because Jessica Lang was no longer with us which for me up to that point was the heart and soul of the show. It just felt different in the way it was shot and there was a lot of new additions to the cast notoriously all of them looking the exact same. I did like how they pushed a lot of boundaries further which anyone would think would be impossible at that point. But it's hard to push it much further than the first episode in that drill-dose scene. Lady Gaga did a great job especially for her first proper acting role but I hardly remember the events of this season apart from it taking a few cues from Murder House having its occupants stuck on the premises after being murdered there and I felt like the coven cameo just seemed like an afterthought. I'm currently in the progress of a rewatch so maybe that'll change my mind. Freak Show The fourth season really took a new direction to the three seasons before and it wasn't as much scary as it was creepy and uncomfortable. We took a look behind the scenes of Elsa's freak show in the dark past of its troubled stars. This was Lang's final season and although Elsa was a beautifully troubled ringleader it wasn't a memorable enough role to say goodbye to this iconic actress. Although I wasn't a huge fan of the freak show storyline the episodes that focused on particular freaks were unbelievably powerful. Probably one of my favorite episodes of any season of American Horror Story was Pepper's episode. That's the first and only time American Horror Story hit me that hard in the feels and who could forget this heartbreaking scene. And I'm a sucker for a sad ending so this ticked all my boxes but the season is a whole not so much. In fourth place we have Colt. After Rowan O'Colt was a refreshing return to AHS Roots and although the pilot episode set a weird tone with a melodramatic look at the 2016 election the season then started falling together and built a terrifying world of clowns and unholy gatherings. The acting from Paulson and Peters was superb and although the events that occurred were horrific I think it had a lot of us wanting to dedicate ourselves to Kai's cult. The only thing I think the season could have done without were the extra scenes fleshing out other cults like Lena Dunham's. It just felt like filler and didn't really add anything to the season in its entirety. We've come to my top three and in third place is Coven. Before season three we saw American Horror Stories a dark and serious anthology series. But when Coven came along although it kept the show's darkness it had a campier tone and made light of a lot of dark issues which some people didn't like but I think it worked. The sassy characters diffused the grave situations they found themselves in and this is when we first got Kathy Bates and wasn't she a godsend. This season also gave me my favorite Jessica Lane character Fiona Good. Fiona was the ruthless and irresponsible supreme of the dwindling Coven and owned every scene that she stepped foot in and her character arc was so well written seeing her in a prime and then slowly stripped of her power leaving her as a feeble skeleton. And I love that it was a huge topic of debate back then who the next supreme was going to be. But of course it ended with Cordelia in charge and with her came a promising future for the Coven. Now my number two spot goes to Murder House. Murder House is where it all started and it's almost impossible to fault. No one knew what to expect from Murphy's new show and American Horror Story really was the first of its kind a horror drama that was also set to be an anthology.  The opening titles alone were the stuff of nightmares. But the ideas that were explored in season one had never been done before in the television medium and it seemed like the creators knew what it was from the very first episode. The characters were deep and relatable and the horrible things these people were doing somehow seemed justified but it sort of left me with a sick feeling in my stomach at the end of every episode and I loved every second of it. However I feel like the dislikes I go to pour in in a second my all-time favorite American Horror Story season is Asylum. Now listen it was a super close call between this and Murder House but I just found too many pros with asylum I just had to put it first. When season two started we really got a feel for what American Horror Story is. It was mind-blowing to see the same cast in completely different situations. The original casting director must have thought ahead and realized the versatility of these actors as I can't imagine anyone else in their place. One of the biggest highlights for me in Asylum was the expert storytelling. The asylum kept unraveling more and more layers of horrors and Lana is my favorite Sarah Paulson character by far. Her situation was so hopeless and then when you thought she was going to escape her situation only got worse and then when she escaped that it got even worse and she ended up back in the asylum. However all becoming a powerful story that would later make her famous. I love that death was personified by Francis Conroy all of her scenes were chilling but Lang's sister Jude her character was developed brilliantly and somehow you go from hating her to shedding a tear over her at the end. But by far the best part of this season and maybe of any season was the name game. I was binging this season and when this scene came on I genuinely thought I was going insane like the inmates in this asylum. It was just so dark and depressing and then all of a sudden there's this vibrant musical number. I probably rewatched that scene more times than I care to admit and shamefully I now know every word to that song. Murphy was previously known for Dlee so he obviously knows how to make a scene like this work and now I'm convinced every show needs a random musical number at some point. But that's it for my list at least until season 8 but I'm sure you guys have a lot to say so let me know what you think in the comments I'll be chatting with you there. But until next time thanks so much for hanging out and if you had a good time then spank that like button and if you subscribe during this video then walk on the board. This is Matt Rogers and that is all.


In just a moment X minus one but first no one can deny that spring is in the air and to prepare for the new season NBC's weekday brings you some timely and useful features. One is a new series with Phil Lampy on gardening tips for both city and country dwellers. The second feature brings you hints for the best use of leisure time and you can also bet that Joe Copeland famous dress designer will enlighten you on the spring fashion picture when she appears on tomorrow's show. Listen in and hear it all on NBC's weekday tomorrow morning and now stay tuned for X minus one on NBC. Countdown for Blastoff X minus five four three two X minus one fire. From the far horizons of the unknown come transcribed tales of new dimensions in time and space. These are stories of the future adventures in which you'll live in a million could be years on a thousand maybe worlds. The national broadcasting company in cooperation with Galaxy science fiction magazine presents X minus one. Tonight's story a gun for dinosaur by L. Sprague big camp. Adjust whiskey please no soda ice Mr. Rivers good heavens know I have been in America for some time but not that long well to a fine dinosaur. Just a moment Mr. Seligman I won't take you hunting late Mesozoic dinosaur why not how much do you weigh about nine stone one hundred and thirty pounds I thought so it's not heavy enough but your advertisement you said safaris arranged to any time well I'll take you to any period in the centers Eric I'll get you a shot at any intelligent or even mammoth or mastodon they have fine heads but I'll jolly well not take you to the Jurassic or the Cretaceous you're just too small but what's my weight got to do with it look here oh boy what did you think you were going to shoot those dinosaurs with well I will look over here in this case that's my own gun a continental 600 that shoots a pair of nitro express cartridges the size of bananas it's designed for knocking down elephant not just wounding them but knocking them base over apex well now I've handled guns look I've been guiding hunting parties for over 20 years but I've never known a man your size who could handle a six nought nought it knocks him over well people have killed elephant with lighter guns even the 375 yes but consider an elephant weighs well let's say from four to six ton you're planning to shoot reptiles weighing two to three times as much as an elephant I tell you mr. Seligman I won't take anybody hunting dinosaurs who can't handle a six nought nought look let's pour another drink and I'll tell you why you see I went into the partnership with the Raj about five years ago I call him that because he's the hereditary monarch of Janpur it means nothing of course we both wanted to do a bit of hunting again and Africa's all played out it's too civilized now so when we heard of Professor Prohaska's time machine at Washington University we caught the next plane to st. Louis the foundation administering the machine had worked out an arrangement splitting the time between scientific parties and hunters who wanted to try their luck at prehistoric game hunters paid through the nose of course to support the project well it was about our fifth safari that Courtney James showed up is what you chaps call a playboy the big bloke hands him in a way flurry beginning to turn to fat he was on his fourth wife and when he showed up at the office with a blonde I assumed that this was the fourth mrs James and he left her in the outer office and corrected my assumption bunny oh no she's not my wife my wife is in Mexico I think getting a divorce but bunny here would like to go along I'm sorry we don't take ladies not to the late mesozoic if she wants to go she'll go she skis and flies my airplane so why shouldn't there are enough risks at 85 million bc without adding to them I'm sorry but it's against the firm's policy now look here I'm paying you a lot of money I'm entitled you can't hire me to do anything against my best judgment now if that's how you feel get another guide all right all right but let me tell you oh it ended with my telling him to get out of the office or throw him out and I was thinking sadly of all that lovely money that James would have paid me when he came another side an august whole singer slim ballchamp with glasses mr evers I don't want you to think I'm here under false pretenses I'm really not much of an outdoorsman and I'll probably be scared to death when I see a real dinosaur well most of us are frightened at first but I doesn't do to speak of it well you see I've always run a grocery store till my uncle died and well I've got a great deal of money now and Billy a new house I'm engaged you know getting married and well I'm determined to hang a dinosaur head over my fireplace or die in the attempt a seratopsian I think that's the one with a big horned head and the frill over the neck and well you want to think twice about that you know if you put a seven foot triceratops head into a small living room there's a have to be no room left for anything else I know it's ridiculous but I'm determined to do something big for once since there's no more real big game hunting I'm going to shoot a dinosaur and hang his head over my mantle I'll never be happy otherwise the Roger and I decided to make it to the middle Cretaceous that's about 85 million years ago it's the best period for dinosaur in Missouri so we drove Holtsinger into the country to let him try the six-naught-naught it's rather heavy look you look out there's quite a kick well couldn't you fire at prone oh not a gun that big there's not enough give you break your shoulder all right take the safety off like this take my hand I'll help you up I thank you I think I better try something smaller well he took a fancy to my Manchester 70 chambered for a 375 magnum cartridge it's a little light for elephant and very definitely light for dinosaur but we were in a hurry and then of course just before we were ready to trek james showed up and apologized for insulting me he'd had a run-in with the girl and he wanted to go along and so we were off on safari you all ready gentlemen why yes I suppose so now mr. Holtsinger you've met my partner the Roger of Jean pour how do you do sir how do you do well shall we get cracking after you mr. Holtsinger mr. james thank you let's get going all set we'll slam the hatch and off we go what happens nothing till the force field is built up ah there she goes what happened to the lights well there's no current while we're in transition I don't feel well there's usually a touch of vertigo I shouldn't worry about it look where do you shoot for her I mean with dinosaur what is the best shot well you don't try for his brain you know they don't have any ought to be exact they have a little bump about the size of a tennis ball on the top of their spines and you're not likely to hit it when it's embedded in a six foot skull and try for the heart they have big hearts over a hundred pounds and exploding shell in the heart will slow them down at least oh I see why do we have to go so far for a game why couldn't we just go back 50 years and shoot lions in Africa well the machine won't work more recently than a hundred thousand years ago why well look I'm no four-dimensional expert on the subject but it it has something to do with what they call time paradox you know if people could go back to recent times they might do something to affect history or kill their own grandfather you know and there's also some kind of taboo about sending people back to the same time again paradoxes mustn't have them what would happen I'm not sure but the university isn't taking chances they've got about a a billion years to cover they won't run out of ears hello here we go oh cheers eh well that's done it April 24th 85 million years BC now then careful keep the safety on your gun and don't shoot unless I give the word why why should we have to wait for you because I'm responsible for everything you do especially if something goes wrong I say Roger open the door will you in this period the time chamber materializes on top of a rocky rise at the west you see the arm of the Kansas Sea that reaches across Missouri and the big swamp where the sauropods live to the east the land slopes up to a plateau it's good for seratopsins the finest thing about the Cretaceous is the climate it's barmy like the South Sea islands and not so muggy as the Jurassic oh he sent the time chamber back off and looked about it was spring with the dwarf magnolias in bloom all over down towards the Kansas Sea cycads and willows grew while the uplands were covered with screw pins and ginkgo yeah well I'm no ruddy poet but I can appreciate a beautiful scene well I was looking through the haze and sniffing the air I got him I got him what the devil you see it there goes confounded you idiot I told you not to shoot without word from me and what happened I don't know for mine wandered out of the cops Mr. James gave him both barrels miss now look here James one of the biggest dangers on a safari is trigger happy sides who get panicky you're not to shoot unless you're told you understand who do you think you are to tell me when to shoot my own game now look here firstly if you shoot off all your ammunition before the trip is over your gun won't be available in case of a pinch and secondly if you empty both barrels what would happen if a big theropod should charge before you could reload and finally it's not sporting to shoot everything in sight is that clear all right all right well now then first task is fresh meat as I told you a whole singer wanted to sell a topsy and head James insisted on a tyrannosaur then everybody would think that he shot the most dangerous game the fact is the tyrannosaurs overrated but everybody's read about the tyrant lizard well he does have the biggest head of the theropods oh and he'll snap you up if he gets the chance no fear oh we started off searching for meat the raja and I put the sides in front yet we tell them so that they'll get the first shot which is true but another reason is that they're always tripping and falling with their guns cocked and if the guy were in front he'd get shot see crouching over there feeding on those psychics it's about the size of a man they look intelligent they're not likely that bulge on the head is solid bone now then hold on there James you've had your shot for the day or you're fired until whole singer shoots yeah sure sure all right go ahead mr. whole singer it doesn't matter which one no here try that one by the rock there's a good clear shot or take your safety off oh go ahead now well I'm not so good enough of this James don't I got him clean right through the heart first shot how's that I thought you were going to give whole singer the first crack it's his turn well I waited took so long I thought he'd gotten buck fever very well but if this sort of thing happens once more we leave you at camp the next time we go out the next couple of days we trekked around the neighborhood and then headed over to the sauropod swamp over to the west we were staked out along the edge of the lake watching a big beggar out in the swamp waving his head about and they're the big ones it looks something like the brunters or can't we shoot him I wouldn't why not well there's no point to it and it's not sporting look if you kill one in the water he sinks and can't be recovered and if you kill one on land well the only trophy is that little head on the top of that long neck you can't bring that whole beast back because he weighs 30 tons or more that museum in New York I thought oh yes well they sent a party of 48 to the early cretaceous with a 50 caliber machine gun they spent two solid months hacking and sawing the carcass apart and hauling it's the time machine I know the chap on the project and he still has nightmares in which he smells decomposed dinosaur and they also had to kill a dozen big sauropods who came in for the party and then they had them lying around too they lost three men up there the shoreline I keep your voices down you see with a crest on the back of their heads mr rivers I've been thinking over what you said about those heads if I could get one of those duckbills I'd be satisfied it had looked big enough over my mantle I'm sure of it oh boy well let's be off Roger you wait here with mr James shouldn't take us long Holt and I crept along the shoreline narrowing the range to the duckbills I think I can make the shot from here I'll be ready in a minute my shoe is loose he's getting away I won't get a shot I'm afraid mr James has fired both barrels again James that's the second time you spoiled my shots I'll be a fool I couldn't let them wonder into camp stamping everything flat there was no danger to that you can see that the water is deep offshore just that our trigger happy mr James can't see any animal without shooting and if it did get close all you have to do is to throw a stick of firewood at it they're perfectly harmless but how was I don't know I believe I mentioned it well what are we on this miserable trip for except to shoot things there are certain rules you know you call yourselves hunters I'm the only one who is hitting anything now just a moment old man you're behaving like a confounded skype with more money than brains I should never have brought you along that's how you feel give me some food and I'll go back to the base for myself don't be a bigger ass than you can help that's quite impossible all right I'll go alone I wouldn't want to pollute your air with my presence well that's an attractive portrait you better we can't let him go you'll get lost or starve all right I'll go after him we stumbled along for several more days James on his good behavior for a change and on the first of May we broke camp and headed north to the hills that was hot and sticky and we were soon panting and sweating like horses when I picked up the smell of carrion and heard the thrumming of the flies we found a huge cellotopsie and lying dead in a little hollow on the edge of the cops he must have weighed six or eight tons alive why couldn't I have gotten him before he died that would have made a darn fine head on your toes chaps the sauropod that's been at this carcass is probably nearby how do you love we see how the hides been ripped off and the bones are scattered sauropods will hang around a carcass like this for weeks gorging and then sleeping their meals off for days at a time what do we do well that's what we came after but Roger you take mr.  James's theory is right uh we've both been dead for 85 million years we might as well wait and see what happens transition point coming up well it's been quite a world up to this point hey Roger yes here it goes Reggie are you all right well I seem to be what happened the time chamber it's back we'd better get it open good lord look at that castley isn't it where did it come from I'm not sure I rather think it came from the middle Cretaceous era wasn't here a moment ago castley mess looks as if every bone was pulverized in every blood vessel burst I dare say but that's his gun all right it's James there's no doubt of it so that's the story mr. Silligman of course I don't understand the mathematics but the idea is rather easy to grasp nobody had shot us when we first emerged on the 24th of April 85 million BC so of course that couldn't be changed the instant James started to do anything that would make a paradox the space time forces snapped him forward and ripped him to bits well they know a good deal about that now and there's a safety margin of 500 years between each trip you can't have paradoxes you know just isn't done and you see I'm a lot more careful now I shouldn't have taken James when I knew what a spoiled unstable saw he was well whole thing either when I saw that he was too small to shoot a dinosaur gun with a heavier gun he probably have knocked the tyrannosaur down and saved his own life so mr. Silligman that's why I won't take you to that period to hunt I'm sorry but you're just too light you're not big enough to handle a gun for dinosaur you have just heard x minus one presented by the national broadcasting company in cooperation with galaxy science fiction magazine which this month features the story of a man who develops a spaceship that travels so fast that its pilots vanish mysteriously into thin air read the von schelten story point of departure in galaxy magazine on your newsstand now tonight by transcription x minus one has brought you a gun for dinosaur a story from the pages of galaxy written by l sprague de camp patent consultant and one of our leading authors of science fiction it was adapted for radio by earnest canoe featured in the cast were alistair duncan wendell holmes john gibson donald bucke warren parker and allen huett your announcer fred collins x minus one was directed by daniel sutter and is an nbc radio network production let's visit lovable fiver mcgee and molly tonight on the nbc radio network