So, first of all, I'd like to say that the reservation policy which is laid down in the constitution for categories like the SCST and OBC is basically a question of representation of large sections of the Indian population which have been historically left out of both education and the decision-making processes because of the exclusion being practiced against a section of people through the caste system or the caste hierarchy that has existed in our country for a long time because of which those who worked with their hands, the artisans and the ones who were considered lower down in the caste hierarchy have historically been discriminated against and left out of this process. The statistics about this is very clear. If you look at the number of, first it was even in the student population and later on in the distribution of teachers, faculties across the country in colleges and universities where their representation was not in keeping with their population at all. In fact, the population would roughly be estimated at about 85%. There are some disputes about it but we haven't had a census for a very long time. But roughly you have about 55% of the other backward classes and 25% of the SC&ST taken together. So, initially the reservations for SC&ST had come in through the constitution just after independence, after India became a republic and the constitution was framed. But for the other backward classes it took a very long time. The Mandal commission was set up for example and its reports were not implemented by successive governments and finally in 1991 the V.P Singh government decided to implement it for government jobs and for government educational institutions. First of all government jobs and government education institutions are just a small number from the large number of institutions available. Government jobs are a miniscule minority of the total number of jobs which are mostly in the private sector or in small business and elsewhere. But it was felt that at least where the government is directly funding institutions or it is in the government sector, the government can insist on the implementation of this policy which is laid down in the constitution. Now, there was a huge resistance to the implementation of these policies which is very natural because if a small percentage of the population has been beneficiaries of the resources of the country and historically there is this conditioning against certain sections there will be a resistance to change. But over a period of time some amount of inclusiveness was achieved. For example, let us take our university, Delhi University. In Delhi University despite the reservation for SCST have been there in the constitution and in law but it was implemented in teaching positions for the very first time in 1996. And that is probably a fallout of the Mandel commission after which there was political pressure generated from the sections who had been left out. And because of that university's vice chancellors were summoned by Parliamentary Standing Committees and told to either implement it or just resign. And as a result of that the momentum for reservation for SCST was stepped up and it got implemented for the first time. Till then you would hardly have one or two teachers from these categories in out of say six or seven thousand teachers in the entire university. Subsequently many many years later we had the OBC reservation came in in 2007. But before that if we go back to the reservation policy that was followed initially in 1996 the way in which the reservation was implemented for SCST was through a vacancy based roster. A vacancy based roster applied only to the fresh vacancies coming up and not to the existing teachers. There was something called the 40 point roster in which the first post was reserved for SC and the fourth post was for SC and so on until out of 40 you had nine posts reserved which would achieve the percentage of 15 and 7 and a half for the two categories respectively. The idea probably was that because there has been historical deprivation we must early on give an opportunity to these categories so that we start correcting the imbalance that has been there in our society. However within a year a new system came in and that was a post based roster as a result of a Supreme Court judgment called Arke Sabarwal versus State of Punjab of 1995. The government of India then declared through a notification brought about by the DOPT on the 2nd of July 1997 that we have to follow a post based roster which takes into account the existing posts in the institution as on 2797 and of all the existing posts in a Kader, Kader the DOPT said was all posts which are to be filled by the same selection committee process and the same pay scale which carry the same pay scale. So that's all they said and they said that you have to reserve the posts in the entire Kader and then later on whichever new posts are coming up they get added at the bottom in a manner in which the entitlement of the category is achieved and you cannot get more than your entitlement that's what the Supreme Court said. So they said that you don't reserve the first post you reserve the 7th post for the first post reserved for SC is the 7th post. Why the 7th? Because the entitlement in the first post is 0.15 15% in the second is 0.30 and so on it becomes a whole number only when you reach the 7th post so you can't reserve a fraction of a post so a whole post is reserved for an SC only when you reach point number 7. Similarly for the ST it was point number 14 and then SC again point number 15 and so on. So it makes it easier to implement the reservation because at one point of time you don't have so many vacancies so it's not easy to delineate that you have so many for SC so many for ST. You have a roster system so that ensures that you will get over a period of time 15 and 7.5% for SC and ST respectively. So now when after the vacancy based roster was replaced by the post based roster by Delhi University we kept the carder as the department. In the vacancy based roster it was the department. We did not change it to the whole college at that time it was not realized that there was of course a lot of apprehension many of us I was in the executive council. We said that you know the post based roster makes it very slow reservation but the government had decided and the university had no choice it seems although the Supreme Court had very clearly said that you follow the post based roster after achieving the required percentage of 15 and 7.5 and if wherever it is 27 for OBC but somehow the Delhi University decided that we have to adopt it now and DOPT also said you have to adopt it now. So it was started but it was applied to departments and the result of that was because our departments are quite small often you do not reach the 14th post for a long time. So for departments which had less than 13 posts there was a separate way of doing the roster which was called the 13 point roster in which you follow an L shape. After reaching the bottom if you have 6 posts you fill after the 6th point you move horizontally in an L shape and the ST post comes at the end of that horizontal line that is point number 14. It is not as if it is missing there is a misconception it is not missing but it comes at point number 14. So the problem is that that was so late because vacancies were few and far between. So we were not reaching the ST position in most departments. As a result from 1997 till 2013 because of the department wise roster being followed we hardly have any STs in various departments in the university and in the colleges. OBC reservations started very late in 2007 and the 4th post was reserved and so on. So that also very little of that happened because the appointments more or less froze after 2010 for no good reason we were not told why appointments are not taking place. Now in 2006 government of India seeing that in education institutions the carders being misinterpreted to being the department because all the disciplines have the same selection committee. Same means the composition is laid down in ordinance 18 and we have the same pay scale for assistant professors. Associate professor is a different carder professor is a different carder and assistant professor is one. So it was wrong to do it department wise not only that because of that the benefit of reservation was not actually accruing to the people for him the policy was made. So the government of India sent an order to the UGC under section 20 which makes it mandatory for the UGC to then take action. The UGC has failed to have reservation properly implemented in the universities. Therefore it is now declared that you have a strict policy of strict guidelines for implementing reservation policy in which department wise reservation is prohibited. It became the whole college or the whole university so that your entitlement is reached. Reason is because if you get many fractions in departments if you look at the whole college then that fractions add up to a whole post which would not get if you just looked at it department wise and so that was the order of the UGC which unfortunately many universities just neglected to follow because there is a resistance always to doing justice to people who have been historically deprived. Only in 2013 Delhi University adopted the 200 it is called the 200 point roster which is university or college based but there were some distortions which had crept up in it. It was not the way in which the DOPT had outlined and Dutta kept protesting about that that you should correct it because the concept of backlog. Backlog is if you have adopted the policy but you do not fill up the post by declaring people not found suitable or you nobody applies then that post has to be filled up. The backlog post has to be filled up before you distribute the vacancies 50% of the vacancies to reserve categories first you fill up the backlog vacancies all of it is laid down in the constitution in the section 16 even the backlog vacancies part but the roster that came in in 2013 did not take care of the backlog it started from 2013 instead of 2000 1997 it didn't take care of the way in which the running roster had to be followed there were many problems with it so as a result of that there was a lot of manipulation possible because if the post reduced by one or increased by one in a department the entire roster would change. So we found that people's category is also kept shifting so it was a quite a mess and many colleges we still didn't get any reserve category person for example in ST in Aarabhat College for example. So the Duta kept representing to the UGC to the SC Commission to the Parliamentary Standing Committee and finally the Parliamentary Standing Committee brought out a report which upheld our objections and said that this is wrong it's a big mess cannot be done like this please set up a committee to settle it then the university dragged its feet and finally set up a committee in 2016 did not allow the report to come out I mean we feel vested interest did not allow meetings to take place that is called the Kali committee. The Kali committee upheld finally what we had the objection that we had made and made some recommendations which would be a corrective mechanism but by then what had happened was the High Court had ordered appointments to take place we said that please correct the roster before you start permanent appointments but six months past Kali committee report was not brought out and all colleges by then had made their rosters and brought out their ads so at that time the Duta felt that okay now we must let one round of appointments take place because people of all categories SC, ST, OBC in general had been suffering for long years as ad hoc teachers and there was a great opening because of the High Court intervention that the post would be filled up and we must make use of it so we were trying to push to have quickly have permanent appointments even on the basis of a roster which is somewhat flawed although it was a 200 point roster. After that in three departments in the university appointments took place and in one college permanent appointments were made in Dalatram college in psychology department and the long serving teachers were made permanent which was what the Duta wanted but soon after that an Allahabad High Court judgment which had come in 2016 said that the rosters cannot be university or college wise they have to be department wise in other words it was doing a complete U turn on the strict guidelines of the UGC and in fact it squashed two of the clauses in the UGC guidelines which had precisely said the departments cannot be the basis so it was a complete U turn and the government did not even challenge it in 2016 or 17 in the Supreme Court it did not even defend its own policy some individual went to the Supreme Court and lost so the Supreme Court in 2017 had already upheld the Allahabad High Court judgment. Allahabad High Court had objection was basically on the grounds that since a person from one department can't teach in another department if only reserved posts come out in one department what does a person from the general category do so in fact that is one of the criticisms because of the unimaginative way in which the rosters were implemented the duty had a way forward in which we said you decide the entitlement for the whole college but distribute the post proportionately in different departments so no department is fully reserved or fully unreserved it's not a matter of accident where it comes you have a policy in which you have diversity in every department which will ensure both social diversity and academic diversity which is absolutely essential so but that we were not able to get what recommendation that we had made implemented nobody took it seriously because the vice chancellor's thing they're God and they know better than everybody else so there was no consultation with the teachers about what was implemented so that objection in some sense there is some validity in that but the way forward is not to make it department wise which will wipe out the numbers of reserved posts which is exactly what happened the government on the other hand instead of challenging that straightaway brought out a notification on the 5th of March 2018 saying that from within a month all colleges and universities must make department wise rosters now that was a big blow to us for two reasons one was that the the the quest for social justice would be completely reversed and squashed the second thing was that 4,500 teachers or ad hoc were appointed against the 200 point roster so the sudden change and all the screening and everything had been done sudden change would mean no more appointments and then even the ad hoc appointments were in danger and we were worried that in July when they are reappointed every four months they reappointed they would be all out because the categories would change so Duta had to move heaven and earth to actually ensure that the same ad hoc continued even in July we kept representing we had agitations and the minister promised us that we will file an SLP in the Supreme Court which they did but we don't think that they actually really work very hard to convince the Supreme Court that this will be a disaster and they promised that they will also bring out because if this doesn't work out they will bring a bill in parliament to protect the constitutional mandate because really you know this is a fit case for being a bill or an ordinance to protect the reservation policy of the country instead of having a policy which is an anti-reservation policy but they did not six months they kept promising us they didn't bring it out and what they brought out in 24 hours was something which was completely against the principles of social justice and that was that a 10% reservation of seats in the remaining 50% which was unreserved would be reserved for those in the EWS economically weaker section of non SCST OBC now that was really too much because up till now in the UR everybody could compete now they're reserving 10% of it for non SCST OBC so they can't compete even in the UR and having a poverty level defined as an income of 8 lakhs was really ridiculous one is that it's not a well-defined group I mean economic your income level is something that keeps changing with time and so it is not a well-defined class it's an individual based thing even that individual with time does not remain in the same income bracket so it is a completely unconstitutional measure which is not a measure of social justice if you want to alleviate poverty you have to use other methods like maybe Manurega and employment opportunities and gen educational prospects for everybody but this was like a slap in the face of the historically deprived sections who were already for example the percentage of reservation given to OBC is only 27% because you couldn't breach the 50% ceiling whereas their population by any estimators more than 52% so if you can breach that 50% ceiling then why will not the OBC's demand 54% reservation instead of 27% reservation in keeping with their population so you know this has opened up opened up many many areas but basically the idea that that your social discrimination which you've suffered for centuries is now not going to be addressed is something which is really going taking us backwards in time and bring back that whole you know Manu Smithy instead of the Constitution where you want to keep people out of education one last point I want to make it that I strongly feel that one of the reasons the education system has not delivered even when we had our public funding you know we've had it for many years but now it's being reversed one reason it has not delivered the goods in terms of really promoting rational independent thinking which in the way in which it should have many of us have tried we've tried for reform and so on but all of us agree that there's something seriously lacking you know maybe we blame ourselves but I think one of the things that has happened is that our faculties have never been diverse and you know when the faculties are not diverse the faculties are drawn from 10 or 5% of the population then the rich experience of people who are from the grassroots of the different cultures with the tribals or people from other sections that is not brought into the experience of the classroom and students reservation policy has been working better so there is some diversity among students but it's not there among the teachers so one is that there's lack of communication possibly second is that when your rational thinking or independent sort of your quest for justice clashes with your class interest class interest takes takes over so when for example the Mandel Commission which made perfect sense in a country I mean like in the South Africa having reservation for the blacks after independence had come would make perfect sense or in Saudi Arabia for women or for blacks in the US but in India because of your vested interest and your conditioning you would oppose it not because it is rational to oppose it but because your class interest takes you know take takes over at that stage and and you therefore promoting independent thinking then comes to a halt at that stage so many of us strongly feel that if that diversity comes and that is exactly the danger for those who do not want to share the resources of the country and want to continue with this kind of colonization of the country not by the white you know by the British but or by a foreign power but by an elite section of the country they want that colonization to continue that is why it is so important for them that they don't let people from the private sections get educated and articulate like Chandrasekhar Azad Ravan or like Jignesh Mawani and a whole lot of other people young leaders who've come up they've beaten back you don't want more such people so in a sense you're driving people either to commit suicide or leave or not even enter the institution like Rohit Damula case there are hundreds of such cases we only get to know of a few so we have to all of us together because I mean it's a question of our integrity are we only going to speak in our own class interest or we're going to talk about the welfare of the country what is good for the country what is justice right what is a democracy that is what all of us have to decide and that is why the DOTA I'm proud to say today is one of the few trade unions which has taken a leading position on the question of social justice and I'm very happy to be part of that movement


t we have that i will tell you to start thinking because i'm already thinking if we are going to spend more money it's gonna be infrastructure absolutely well that's yeah that's that and infrastructure we're going to need to spend on infrastructure he's right i mean it's roads we know we're going into the second phase of the water project so we have a handle on water sewer sewer richard's coming across some stuff that we need to address we did the pumps we did the generator but we're farming that plant's 30 years old so we're bringing in some people to look at things and um we know there's some things we're gonna have to do we also know with our recent sanitary survey that there's things that we need to do because of the epa regulation changes but the next big spending is going to be the town garage which i can't believe is going to be less than 1.2 million remember the um is there anything that's going to pop up when we do the next phase of the water sand hill that i'm sure it could be taken care of when we're digging a hole well we're gonna find jimmy hoffa and then we are doing all the underdrain all the storm water um we're placing a hydrant so we're doing everything that needs to be done there we're not doing sewer but it doesn't need it and we're also doing the water on bicentennial which needs it so you know we're dealing with everything on that remember this is about the what about the the fire hydrants that are still bagged they will be bagged until we complete phase two because of crystal drive okay um i'm just thinking about people who have fire insurance they have a hydrant right here well they haven't had that so if they have a fire and an inspector comes wait a minute you lied to us yeah we're not going to cover your house well hopefully they're they're near dry hydrant but um we we just can't frankly i mean this this water there it's just not properly pressured exactly and what state requirements never added crystal drive had no business adding crystal drive they obviously didn't do a pressure test they don't have the pressure a an engineer should would have told them no so that's where that proper pump station yeah so that's why we'll be going to that bond vote and that'll take care of that plus we have the 5500 a year that comes from the fire department the water department to replace hydrants and if we remove the fuel tank under the attached we'll lose the term garage loosely at town office we're also going to move that hydrant so and tim also had a schedule of hydrant placement i was thinking because i know he had that he did but but uh we're coming in another another season yeah and we actually made headway we were ahead of our schedule because we had so many hydrants replaced during phase one but yes phase two once we get the pump station online that will because we were replaced in two years yeah we did six or eight during the project so that will we're going right here in town that's not i know and we've done their water work to that yeah and i don't remember what the story is why that's not off the running i don't know that would be a question i have to ask richard because we did all those so i don't know where is it it's right here by the credit union oh okay that one there's a story there but i don't remember what it is hydrant we also get thinking this budget too you know there's a lot of uh american rescue plan money that we use for some of these we'll call them one time purchase but probably would have impacted the budget somehow because we had to buy them anyways right definitely don't even know it may only go up one cent our budget's probably gone up by half a dozen cents it's just we've been able to use some one-time money to kind of buy that down right definitely bought down utilities because that would have been a big hit for sewer the sewer budget for sure to replace the pumps and that's actually processes underway uh we heard from phil aramy and i think he's actually going to be starting and maybe this week or next so that's underway well we have found the and we have found some other things that need to be repaired just because some of those things are at the end of their useful life but well i've been there since the beginning and tim did have a um in the town and tim you guys paid for a capital you know plan for sewer so richard has that and he's been going through it and making notes beside it as he gets things looked at and inspected and getting prices so we can update the capital plan for that we know that one of the um we've had somebody come and look at some stuff with a digester and at the other um you know tanks so we had we're having some work done um so we'll just be addressing those issues but you're right arpamoney really saved the bacon for the sewer right yeah yep yeah absolutely yeah so so the bottom line at this point is that we well we have increased we anticipate increased expenses we do not anticipate that there will be any significant increase in property taxes not at this iteration of the budget no however there will be some addendums to the warning that could increase things that people vote those in like the library and possibly additional funding for the skate park that would you know there could be voting on that would be you know so yeah so so they may want they may say in those conversations well i'm willing to add another penny you know yeah i mean if this was a regular year we did not sell the transfer station we'd be looking at a three penny increase which is kind of since i've been on the board and followers right behind me that was kind of the promise to right to get us and you're done yeah yeah and it's and granted you know inflation tripled that but um you know we're still managing it pretty well um Paul when does the appropriation committee meet uh we haven't said a day yet the applications do on the first of december and then we usually meet the following week i've already spoken to the members so we just have to pick a day to get together are you seeing any application i'm bad oh yeah yeah yeah yeah we are we're finding though that they're not following what we're asking them they're not asking us they're not telling us how much they want some of them are giving us the information about how many bethle residents they actually serve us yeah um scan you're getting nothing if you don't you know but kelly's been following up with follow-up emails and phone calls and stuff to try to get it give them tough love i'm sorry you can't ask you can't get any of our money i think but they have been they're usually pretty i think a lot of things with those organizations is they're so used to sending out the rubber stamped version right they send every community probably the same letter you know um look you know where we're looking for a little more detail on ours you and everybody so that's good did you have something gene so i mean i think you know i think i don't want to say we got lucky but i think you know with i've talked to other people in other towns that are working on their budgets right now and they're all a little scared you know or talking about potentially having to limit some services to keep things in order so well they don't have too much trouble with uh select board meetings and chelsea anymore yeah i like you're the one person just decide right that's right right yeah yeah nothing nothing's legal but yeah god bless them um so i mean i think i think you know there's a lot to say that we're we're able to at least offer the same services that we have offered you know going forward and we've done it in a pretty reasonable budget increase and it's material insurance increases over sand well i mean again thank you know the the grand list went up um which thank god that's what saved our bacon um we got you know some one time money grant list and that with the transfer station sale and some and some are from when the bubble breaks yeah well the good thing is we're also rolling into a reappraisal so grandness is going to go up i think considerably no reappraisal and you know also too we don't people get don't hit the panic button because it will also help some people who are you know overvalued some people overvalued some people undervalued appreciation and you know things like that i know people get nervous um but um i you know so it's i actually we'd have a reappraisal in brookfield and i actually went and met them i got my reappraisal obviously had gone up and but i went and i met with the listers and the person who did the reappraisal and and it was a fair assessment and we i asked them about it when the land schedule was generated and this and that and you know what it was it was a it was uh i felt that it was a reasonable assessment i wasn't there i just wanted information and um but it was a new benchmark you know yeah i wasn't there to grieve i just wanted to know and i was actually very happy to hear like when the the land schedule was set and this and that and when they'd had one and and um but yeah so it'll be interesting to see how ours sugars out so um we talked about last time i think we just didn't have i think right numbers or well we did have the right numbers i just wasn't smart enough to realize that the math was right so the 162 135 plus the sewer money you know if you did the math i it was right the 162 135 is stuff that is going to the sewer uh motion to transfer 162 135 of the general fund surplus that's caused by the arpa money and we're going to transfer um we're transferring 162 135 to the capital sewer fund 20 000 to the highway capital equipment fund in the balance of 396 069 68 to capital roads so the math was right if i i just i don't know too tired out of it to realize so this is the motion so this what it does do is it leaves five thousand dollars for the website upgrade in the general fund so that means we need to make that website update happen before june and if it doesn't then i'll come to you and ask you to transfer five thousand dollars to something into capital improvements or something so that we can access the money um but so the math works um and then with that i also had given you in your packet a updated roads plan and that showed all of the grants that we were awarded there still is a grant out there that we've applied for that we haven't been awarded which is like the million bucks to do the one culvert on camp brook road in our 10 match but i don't know if we're going to get that um and if you look at the numbers it really i would encourage you to spend 300 000 or more to 325 on gravel roads let us put together rfps like we did after the april 2019 flood except they are going to be under drain the whole thing like a total rebuild let's put it out to bid this winter and do some of that in the spring now we don't have to spend all 300 000 this year but let's pick let's allow aj and morgan to make some recommendations on places that a mile here a mile there yes exactly where they dump 20 000 into that mud hole every year exactly let's do something about that absolutely and so maybe this year you say look you know what we're going to let you spend 100 or 125 because obviously we have other paved roads we have camp brook you know the six miles of camp brook that's under the subbase of christian brook yes full enchilada there and um so that's what we need to do and that's how you know so that's obviously our plan moving forward is our days of just skim coding stuff to end we've spent so much money on that over the last 10 years and so anyways so that's my recommendation is is do make this motion and then let me talk to aj and morgan and let's let them pick a couple of miles and get it out to bid over the winter and you know so moved get it none you have a second he wants to go home he's dying and a cook dinner for the girl still instead of busy day the town managers report um else yeah i just have one thing um i already talked to dave eddie about it um mr gothier on sugar hill road do you want to do you have time thursday at one chris uh thursday at one p.m i can send you the same email i'm going to send a tomorrow and you can check because to quote him he said what about that jarvis he said it was any work for pike he said well he must know something about roads we just have a little maybe after we get done talking what we're talking to um ryan that day right in the morning at nine a.m yeah oh it has to be at one oh much time i've sat with him but here's what i'm talking about you can take i'll send you an email tomorrow yeah i might be able to make that work right i'll email you that's it for um we're still uh running a bit short of staff but so if you call and pam and i don't answer um please leave a message it's not that we don't want to talk to you it's that we may be talking to somebody else so other than that i'm good okay select board meeting minutes from the 14th any amendments to it i just didn't mind now him if you want i could be there too okay perfect yay so i'm gonna write david bs yes sounds like he's more the merrier mr goth here i sent him a certified letter about some of the shoe sugar hill and he called dav eddie and then dav called me and then i sent the message in the meantime mr goth he called me back and his phone tagged so he at least has a he has some concerns about some stuff in that right away okay so any issues with the disarm the november 14th minutes nope nope move to accept his brain parking it's getting on paper we need to sign something on the amendment on our cemetery rules nope i think we just know i think it's just we write right on the base that it's amended just down in the line yeah yeah oh and then um so for the winter i know it wasn't a big deal when we get it um i don't know we did some time not last year what the year before it wasn't a lot i can't remember where it was we moved the forward meetings to 6 30 for a period of time it was in one month there i don't know maybe it was early this year late last year or something well you didn't coach last year so it was the year before i think we moved it to go was it december to april i don't know i can't remember lindley i can't remember doing it but not when yeah i don't know when does this game schedule end well it's not the game it's a practice i had practice from 4 30 to 6 so i mean i guess my my availability is i can get rid over here after practice which was like 10 after 6 and we can start meeting at 10 after 6 or or formally maybe asked to see if we could do it at 6 30 well i mean 6 30 is going to give you some breathing room to get the girls home and whatever so i don't mean 6 30 you guys okay with me being late i'm fine with doing that or i know when we did 6 30 last time for a period of time it was like for a month somebody had maybe recommended said that they thought that the half an hour later was better anyways but i don't remember what we've been did that for now january i can't remember what we did it for oh it was bad it was something about yeah i don't think i don't think it was last winter yeah well her calendar i know i don't remember it was it just one day yeah i don't know yeah that's fine either way so do you want to do um so how i mean it for the december and fall of january six through it'd be december january and probably early february i guess okay if everybody give that if everybody's decent with that yeah it's fine well to make it consistent i just do december through february that way i don't have one meeting in february at one time and one at the other because i might move yeah and pamel with ya because she's got a fix to sign out and if you make or put them at two different times so i'm okay with them extra half hour i get to stand back it's good i'm all right extra comp time yeah extra comp time it serves me so well long as they were good just a little bit more you're okay with that lindley all right thank you yeah all right anything else come before the board before we all run out all right just in motion adjourn move so i can okay have a good night everybody


Hello. Good afternoon, guys. Thanks for the interview. So how many of you have experienced Android developers? No, I'm right. So I was actually looking for people who had experienced probably at the session. How many of you are new?  Hello. OK, so how many of you have had problems with UI, or still having problems with UI? But it's a lot of people. So OK, first thing first, I'll be talking mostly of the UI side. So what I want to be beating up, again, is fragments. So every other person has these fragments. So I'll be on the more of the UI side. I'm excellent at what you put in the Azure. OK, so you already know who I am. I'm an Android developer, slash project manager at www.tg.com. So if I had known there was an introduction, probably I would have not had this, right? Yeah, I'm also the creative head behind the BLR browser logos. How many of you know what the BLR right or background application of is? So the rest of you don't know. I requested you to join the group. So also, I'm guessing the rest of you have not seen the logos, right? Here are the two logos. The one on the left is actually the older logo. And we decided to make a new one. If you don't like it, do let me know, because that'll probably go out of fixes. If you like it, it's good enough, right? So what I'm going to do is I'm just going to have various steps as to what you need to do to make sure your UI lands on. OK, I need to make sure I don't walk into this. Yeah. So let them all stay in sizes. And since we all merge and age here, I'm going to start with step zero. So step zero is basically understanding the Android platform when it comes to UI. So the Android platform, as you know, it's open source. Once you open source something, you get various options with it. Another example being the WebKit engine. You have one open source engine which runs through different browsers, probably many more. So Android is divided into Android phones rather than devices, because we have tablets. You can divide them by screen sizes, screen density, organization, and resolution. So screen size is basically the value of screen size. Like, I have a HTC design engine, which I think is 4.3. I've been wanting so many phones, I forgot my name on screen sizes. And screen density is basically the number of pixels in your screens. So when the iPhone came out, it came out with a retina display, which had, I think, 330 pixels per inch, which is pretty high when compared to anything else. So that's basically how much you have. Number of pixels per inch. So the retina displays packed with pixels, which is like with a richer display. Many more displays now, like the Galaxy Nexus is very close to a retina. And we have our orientation of the phone. Now, one thing actually is common on x-ray, but I'll just make sure. The phones are divided into different organizations. Phones are usually in portrait. Tablets are all in landscape. But the default orientation for the tablet is landscape. So if you decide to kind of have a workaround for a UI by deciding on what's only portrait, you'll have to look weird on the tablet, to say the least. Residuation is, yeah, I'm going to tell you that what the reservation is. Okay, so one important thing is, now, since the phones, you can divide devices into all these categories, you can have phones that look the same, but have different, they can have different reservations. You can have different screen densities. So like, I think there's a Samsung phone with a flip-out. That one's screen resolution is 240, 400, whereas the same size portrait phone actually has a higher resolution. My old phone, the Spiker, had only a 3.2 inch screen, but its resolution was 32480, which is actually, so basically a screen density in that phone was higher. Okay, so what I was saying in my previous slide, so the first thing you need to realize when you're building your eyes, don't keep yourself in one frame of mind. Now, the phones are not always that. Now, what does that icon represent? Good morning, people. I was hoping for the iPhone answer. We were the green kind of figured out ideas. So now, basically, when you see this, you're kind of, I think Apple predicted or they have copyright issues if you do something like this, I'm not a chef, but your phones can be in different screens and sizes. Most of you carry phones which are like canibar shaped, so their defaults is portrait. Then there are phones like Motorola flip out and the Blaine 2, the girls might know Blaine 2. I don't know if they've tried it. I forgot about the company. Microphone, what's the mic? Those are square phones.  So there, your landscape and portrait are the same. And then you have tablets, where the hardware keys are defined in such a way that the tablet is supposed to be used in a landscape mode. So as I said previously, if you define your app in a portrait mode, your app will look cycles and the user will have to turn the phone around so that breaks continuity, right? You should not probably do that. The other thing you really need to do is always have a plan for different orientations. You can change your screens. You can have your buttons or your layout defined in one method in a portrait. And you can totally change it for the other thing. And don't think of, it's supposed to be mathematical equation, but don't think of landscape as a portrait which has more width and less height. It's not that. You can totally change it. Just three days ago, I was working in a project in office, right? So we realized that when we changed it to portrait, half of our components were missing because we required the rest of the components to be all legitimate.  It's not actually an action bar because you can't remove the action bar. But we decided to remove the head about. And then our other apps decide to show you only important data that you turn to landscape. You can probably do that too. So yeah, always have a plan. Yeah, so once you have a plan that, start letting Android know of your plans. The first thing you need to know, tell Android is that your app is going to be supported on all screens. That is done by, in a manifest, put in the support screen type. And you will let it know that you're going to support small screens, normal screens, XLR screens. So XLR screens are tablets, right? So if I'm correct, I don't remember it, right? But Android kind of uses this to actually limit the pure app in the market, am I right? Yeah. So if you want your app to be available on every device, you actually have to use all the screens. So whatever I'm telling you, I'm going to explain it. So I learned this with Manamal. Client came back and told us that this app is not visible on the market from my tablet. So we kind of, we didn't know that I'm trying to figure out why it was, this was the solution actually. Yeah. So how many of you know about resource sets? Every person will know LDPI, MDTI, and HDTI. How many of you know you can actually use them in layouts? There are various ways you can define your resource sets. You can actually have your layouts. You can specify layouts for landscape. You can specify layout for portrait. You can go, you can jump all the things through. Like, you can have a layout, you can have folders, like you can have a layout, landscape, HDTI, you can have layout, dash, portrait, slash, MDTI. So basically you can tell Android that, okay, if the phone is like this, it can be very specific. If the phone is HDTI phone and it's in portrait mode, use these resources. So basically the point coming, which, what I'm trying to say here is, you need to have different resources. But I'm trying to think of a good example. I don't think of it as a good example. I should do that. But let's say, how many of you use buttons, images for buttons? So you give three different button sizes, right? Nobody gives three different button sizes? Yeah. Yeah, I do come into nine patches. Yeah. So you can't use, of course, you can't use nine patches everywhere. So sometimes you just, let's say, let's say you're doing the contacts app and you feel very nice about yourself.  So you need to give, you need your own photograph, right? So you can probably, you'll have to give three different photographs. So I come to another event sometime back and these are college students, right? So they didn't understand this. So I kind of liked it and I told them, let's say you're making an app, which displays an image of Katina Kev. Of course, all the guys started laughing. I thought it was more like Lashina Kev. So if you give, if you try, I told them if you provide only one resolution and image of Katina Kev, and which is supported on, let's say it's supported on one screen. If you change your screens, either Katina Kev is surrounded by white space, or you're seeing only a part of an image or you're seeing a very small Katina Kev. Of course, I don't laugh to that, Nanya. The other thing you need to start handling is orientation changes. How many of you handle orientation changes? Either like manually or let's handle. Okay, I guess you're too late. I'm in the cross town.  So if you don't want that to happen, you'll have to handle it manually. And like in your activity class, you'll have to say, you see a on configuration change function. And also in the manifest, you'll have to let Android know that for this activity, you're going to handle orientation changes. The reason I mentioned keyboard here is all those phones which have a slide out keyboard. So when the keyboard slides out, the phone automatically changes the orientation. So that goes into a landscape mode. So you can either, so if you use this, if you use any of your experience. So if you handle orientation manually, what you can do is, as soon as orientation changes, and if you have your layout spread across, layout portrait and layout landscape, Android will pick and choose your layouts depending on the orientation it is in. Okay, this next, be logical. How many of you still use absolute layouts? Good.  If you're using PX, you'll be really absolute in value. Don't use PX in your layouts, because the pixel size actually changes. Like if you have a high DPI screen, your pixels are smaller, right? So a 10 pixel image in one phone will look much smaller than in a bigger phone with lesser resolution. Also, use rules. How many of you, I'm guessing most of you use relatively linear layouts the most, because you don't use absolute layouts, right? Yes. Yeah, so use rules. Like, I'm pretty sure all of you know, put it below this, above that, left, right, align, left, align, right. Anybody does not know that? Good, so, but be careful when you're using rules. Like if you start defining the screen, okay, let's say you have a login screen, your login screen typically has three components, username, password, and a button, right? So on the phone, if you say, align the center horizontally, everything will look good. Okay, now, but if you take the same screen and you put it on a tablet, you'll suddenly have three small buttons going through the center of the screen and a lot of gap on the left and right. So in that case, you're probably getting more innovative when it comes to the login screen and you can actually place it in different places. Yeah, so make, whatever you do, make sure you check it on all the screens. I'm going to pass. Okay, now, how many of you have nine patches? Can some of you tell me what nine patches are, anyone? Why is it called nine patches? Yeah, so, yeah, so, basically what nine patches are is, and that allows you to specify areas of the image with steps. Now, how many of you don't use nine patches? So you just do generated image for buttons, right? So when you've done the form of image stretches, it does not look good, right? I think I have a start for it. I actually, yeah. Okay, just for understanding purposes, I'll just go back to that side and come back over here. Now, most of you, let's say you have a button and it says, add yellow, right? So, those of you who use images, when you end with stretches, it looks like this, right? Okay, so now, coming back to it, so what nine patches basically allow you, is it allows you to be specific at which parts of the scene with steps. So, you see the image on the top, right? It's actually made from the image at the bottom. So, basically what we do, if you can still see me, all I have to do is my mouse pointer. Okay, so, a nine patch image is basically a regular image with a one pixel transfer in border where on the top and the left, we specify the areas where you want the image to stretch. And on the right and the bottom, it specifies the area. You specify the area where you want your camera to stay. So, for this image, I've set these two pixels on the top. All the pixels in that line will stretch horizontally. Okay, and this pixel, this pixel and this pixel will stretch vertically. And the paint patches, basically where the patches will stretch in both directions. So, I actually have a demo for you guys. I know it also provides you a tool, which is basically draw a nine patch, where you can actually take an image and then draw nine patches. So, let me erase the patches. Okay, I need three hands. I'm just gonna keep it down. So, imagine this was a basic image, right? So, we know we don't want to stretch the arrow, okay? But, we know we want the arrow to be on the right, because that's how your UI defines it, basically. The button will tell you you have to go forward somewhere. So, we'll tell it that I want it to stretch somewhere over here. Okay, so with that, I'm going to tell you you can stretch this part of the image on the left. Okay, and we just want to stretch one pixel above the arrow and one pixel below. So, basically what then happens is, you get the form of nine. This is actually what I call a 15 patch, because they're more than nine patches, according to Google's definition. Because what they don't tell you is your patches need not be, they need not be continuous. They can be spread about. So, if I take it here, and if I stretch the image, it'll actually tell you how the image is going to look as it stretches. So, you see, the arrow is not called stretching in size, whereas everything around it is. So, you can also use nine patches for gradients. How many of you use nine patches for gradients? Cool, I just told you something that all of you don't know. Okay, so, although I don't have an example. So, basically a gradient, most of the iPhone apps have a gradient, a two-color gradient, where you have a line in the center and a color in the top and the bottom changes, right? So, for images like that, you can make the last pixel at the bottom and the last pixel at the top stretch. So, you still have the gradient effect of the image. Am I, I'm not quoting you, I hope. So, I actually have an example of this running on the emulator. So, these are two buttons, which are running off the same background draw look. So, you can see, you can't really make out that they're two separate images. The other thing I don't know if many of you notice, the nine-patches actually make your image size smaller. And, but depending on your image, make sure you have nine-patches for both HDPI and NDPI. And NDPI is still working on it, I don't personally. So, like this arrow, right? You want to keep separate image size, otherwise you'll have the same size on small phones. You'll have a bigger arrow on the small phones. Okay, going back to our presentation. How many of you use XML drawables? How come, okay. I think I saw some people raise their hand for XML drawables and not for nine-patches. Maybe just me. Believe me, I'm not drunk, I don't drink. So, what basically XML drawables are, they allow you to use XML to actually draw images. So, you all have used the seek power, right? Or progress power. In terms, I'm not actually, does not have images for it. They are actually XML drawables. So, this is a part of an XML drawable of a progress power at long, I didn't keep the entire thing because it's a little bit. So, your XML drawables, you can define shapes, you can define corners, you can have gradients. So, over here, I have decided that my gradient will have a corner which is rounded by 15 DPI. So, if you remember in our elevator screen, these are actually XML images. They are not drawables. I'm not sure how to download. I didn't look at the code. So, basically, again, so, the reason I use XML drawables for this is to specify my own background color. Initially, I started off with that. Again, they reduce the APK size and they will work on all the screen sizes. Okay, I think that can show you a demo for that check-in control there. What's to rotate this? What's the control extra, right? Okay, demo works, thank you. Control extra, I'll just go with all the control objects. I don't have a num card on my laptop. I don't have any more to try that. Okay, so, usually this works. Where I can rotate, it's not, so I'm sorry about that. So, what you can also do is, let's say you have to draw a line. You can actually not use a gradient, okay? You can use something called as a stroke. You saw the second white color progress bar, right? So, that's actually a stroke. So, instead of having an image, which is a line, you can, of course, you can make it a line pattern. But you can also have, you can stroke it here. But if you're making a stroke, make sure your shape kind of says it's a line. So, there are a lot of things you can actually in external drivers, I can't put everything on one side. So, you can check up the documentation for it. Yeah, how many of you use images on text, text on images by itself? As in you ask your developer to provide the text on the image, right? Okay, two, three, number. So, I was kind of doing that when we noticed this happens. Then we decided to have a policy in the company that says your image should not have text unless required. So, there are two ways you can separate it, right? You can have a background and you can, you can have a background and you can give a text, but your background will still scale, right? So, the way you do it, the best way to do it is actually have background with the nine patches. So, this image, the nine patch would be something like this. Although it looks like a circle, what you basically need to do is you need to stretch the pixels right in between. Next, the next most important thing is testing. By hook or by crook, you have to test on all devices. Okay, also, when you're designing your layouts, right? Using the XML editor, and you have, just make sure you put your, make sure you put your true sample data in there. Just don't put QWERT, QWERT, OK, looks fine. Put what data is gonna be there, because then you know that your screen is gonna look like this, right? If you have a number, let's say you have a percentage, right? Your percentage can go from zero to 100. You put a zero, it looks fine, right? And then you have something that's left of that number. But as soon as it moves to 100, I don't know how many people notice this, if you have an image to light up that number, if you kind of move because the numbers are getting increasing in number of digits, right? So, always work with the largest possible numbers. How many of you develop only on the emulator? I'm sorry, but you need to stop doing this. So, most of my developers come and tell me, this is working on the emulator, it's not working on the phone. It looks fine on the emulator, it's not working on the phone. So, don't trust the emulator. And in fact, don't even trust, just if you have one or two devices, your animation app looks fine on all devices. They're all different, right? Also, the other thing, how many of you use Motor Dev Studio? You guys already know about it, so. If I remember correctly, Motor Dev Studio takes you 20 hours worth of testing on Motorola devices by using a service called Device anywhere. It's basically a company that sets up devices across the world and you can kind of test it, push it up to that device over there and you can test it. So, it's 20 hours a month, it's fairly, it's enough for most of the projects. So, make sure you test those. Make sure you test your apps on all devices. Make use of the facilities that you get. Am I at half-season? I'm sorry? There's also another facility if there's devices in there. It's just fun to make it perfect on the phone. Perfect on the phone? Okay. You have the same idea. Okay, so apparently there's one more company that does this. It's called Perfecter Mobile. So, if you're running on the emulator, you don't lose anything, right? Does it fit? No. No. We're Android developers. Yeah. So, if you're still developing on the same game of Android developers on Windows, you can use that as anything. But yeah, the device in here, I think, gives you 20 hours a month, right, on Android phones. It's free. Basically, 20 hours a month, it's free. Any questions? And I don't that generate, suppose that I put in all the three resolutions, how are you going to... I ordered one.  There's no... There's no truth. But you just need to understand, if you have an MDPI image, the same image, you should increase it by 1.5 or 150 percent. It becomes an HDPI image. And you need to... Let's start off with HDPI, and we have to scale it down. Is it old from Google? Asset Studio. Asset Studio? Yeah. I'm not going to use that. Asset Studio. Asset Studio. All right. We can generate smaller... ...on all sides. You can upload your image, and give me the... Okay, so there is a tool for that. It's called Asset Studio. I go to... I need to go and check it out. Initially, what we used to do was, we used to create 1 APK file. We used to mention what kind of density is there. Resolution, et cetera, right? And then, in the marketplace, we're allowed to upload 1 APK, in the name of the application that we're hosting it as, calling it as. But, after it recently, Google has introduced a case in which we can upload multiple APKs under the same name. So... That's, I think... I mean, that's a great improvement, because now you don't... You just create one app, and everybody sees the same app on their phone. Now that's no longer the case. You can specifically put, in probably 5 APKs under the same name, and the user, what are the phone years that it can be downloaded to the phone? Although I don't work for Google, I'm pretty sure that functionality is not for supporting screen sizes. It's actually to... I don't know why it is... But it's to make sure... Let's say a tablet app, if you want to do a different experience in the tablet, that's why you have a multi-calibre case. I would suggest not using it for different... supporting different screen sizes. Because the screen sizes I just want to keep increasing. They're going to need changing. You just can't keep pumping or multiple APKs, right? And Android does provide those two. Actually, putting all those screen... all the different images and resources into one APK, it's interesting that that's a better thing to do. Is that if I look at the feelings in this right-to-right, I'll control the app... I'm sorry, I didn't get your question. Is the control look and feel changes right-to-right I observe when I develop in the... and postulate... then both look and feel of the newest changes? Yes, they do change. Most of the manufacturers, they decide to change the default resources. On my HTC phone, the automatic list selector is green in color. On Samsung, I think it's blue. So those things do change. The buttons on my HTC are essentially black in color. I'm not sure what they are in Samsung. But they do change the colors and images before the release. I can have you the question. Basically, default styles have been extended by manufacturers that change. But from Ice Cream Sandwich onwards, they have a team called Team.Follow, which is going to be the same on any device. So, repeat. Okay, so as I was saying, manufacturers decided to change the look for their US teams. From Ice Cream Sandwich, there will be a team called Follow. Which will remain the same across all the devices. I have a question. You specify different layouts for different scene decisions. Yes.  In your code, if you just have to... you set the country view to some layout.exe. Yes. So you specify different layouts. How do you keep that the same for all of these things? You write the code once and so on. The layouts are specified in different folders. So you keep the same names in all the folders and Android makes care of using the corresponding ones. Yeah. Android will take care of which layout to use. Also, what you can do is, you can use the onConfigurationChange function to actually know when the configuration changed, and you can get a new configuration. So you need to again set the country view to that corresponding. Yeah. So if Android is handling it by itself, if you're not handling it manually, Android will discard that activity. So I check if the configuration stays to vertical or horizontal and load that corresponding. Yes. Yes. So what you can also do, I did it from one of my screens. I just decided to remove a few components, static components that I'm not going to use. You can just hide them, make more space for screens. Like as you're saying, I decided to remove the header bar from the screen. It's not required, right? On a smaller screen, your data is more involved in it. So just show that. Amazing. Thank you. Any more questions? Thank you so much, guys.


It's time now to allow a young person to ask a question of the Titans head coach. We call it kids ask coach Vrable. Let's go. I'm feeling this way today. My name is Andrew, I'm 10 from Perry County and I want to know what your favorite part of college was. Outside of football and high street I probably would say that I met my wife there and I met some of the best friends that I have today, you know, on that football team at Ohio State at the Ohio State and big game for these guys this week. Marchwood and you're still in touch with so many of those guys. Yeah, yeah.  You know, Luke fickle coach fickle with Wisconsin. You know, so we're able to share some of that and those memories and then a lot of former Buckeyes. How is Luke enjoying coaching at Wisconsin? Well, I think he loves the area. I think like everybody else, he'd like to win more football games. I think that's that's where we're at right now. But I think he loves what what that university is and the people and the stadium and the atmosphere and and the city. They have a tradition too. They've done some good things that jump around there late in the fourth quarter. Huh? Yeah. They played him in college. They're good. They're really good. Was Ron Dane there at that time? Where am I? Yep. And then there was a couple of backs before him to they were really good. Generally all from New Jersey. Always. Yes. Yeah. They were good. Yeah. They were good. I think we tied my freshman year and then I think we beat him in some close games. But, you know, Barry Alvarez did a heck of a job there. He always had massive linemen. Massive. Yeah. Big people. Yeah.


You know, I decided a few years ago to become a student of racism. One of the reasons I decided to put myself in the seat of the listener and the learner about racism is I always struggled with when people called each other racists to wonder whether I was one or not. Am I a racist?  But what helped me was talking to black people around the world, especially in places like South Africa, that I had a legalized form of oppression and people in America, particularly in the southern states of America that had its segregation as well as you all know, asking them help me to understand what it is that I am missing. I don't think I'm a racist, but I don't think I understand the issue, the problem, and I want to. And it's then that I began to understand racism better from the perspective of white privilege.  I never understood white privilege again because I've never felt privileged in my life because I'm white.  You don't know what you don't know. And I wanted to be in someone else's skin, I wanted to be in a black person's skin. The only way to do that is to learn, to not teach or speak to learn. And for ten years now, I've been doing multiple experiments, interviews, discussions, reading, listening, watching what it's like to be in a black person's skin. And now I understand white privilege. I spoke to a gentleman in South Africa, a black South African, some years ago and he said to listen to me to help you understand white privilege. He said, what are the color of band-aids? Sticking classes, we call them in England. I said, well, they're flesh color. He said, well, what color flesh are they? And I thought, yeah, they're white Caucasian colored flesh. He said, that's right. He said in South Africa, a country of 60 million people, 40 million of those people are black but there's no band-aids. That's the color of their skin. He said to me, how many black superheroes is there? I could only think of one that had just recently come out, which was the Black Panther. I think there's two Iron Man sidekick as well. He said to me, exactly. He said, you know, there are over 7,000 superheroes in the Marvel Comics franchise and we only have one black superhero after all this time. He began to tell these things to me and I began to understand what he meant by white privilege and our blindness to a world that's stacked in our favor and a world that's rigged to their disadvantage. In America, I spoke to people, black people, and they asked me questions like, listen, to understand white privilege, ask yourself this, can you drive into an neighborhood without being followed, reported, being suspicious, can you walk in any store without being observed or followed by the store security people? Can you date any girl of any color that you like? Can you apply for any job that you want? Can you get credit and loans for your business? Can you get a mortgage? Can you live in a neighborhood you want to? And on and on. And they said to me, we can't because we are black and I began to understand that I was born privileged. No different to how people that are born male in many cultures are born privileged by being male or being born into a certain caste level in India. Being born into a certain caste system gives you a privilege, an inherited, gifted, bequeathed privilege that wasn't earned, that was given and granted because of the status you were born in. And I began to understand, I'm not racist, I don't hate people of another color, but I am privileged. And to not be aware that you are privileged has the same effect on people as being racist. But to be in other people's shoes, to understand what life looks like from their skin, their shoes, their world is the only way we white people will understand what they've been trying to tell us for generations.  Are you privileged because of the condition you were born in? The socioeconomic status you were born in, the color of your skin, the caste, the gender, whatever it may be, that's what they are trying to tell us. And I'm not asking anybody to apologize for it, and they're not either. But people are asking us to apologize for being born white. They're asking us to be aware that being born white gives us an artificial empowerment over those that were not born white. That's it. And to be aware of that, and to walk with an awareness of that, and to not live inside the confinement of that, and to use your and use our privilege to speak up for those that are not privileged because they were not born the same color or status as us, is all underprivileged people, is all minorities, ask us to do. So I become much more aware of that in the last few years, and that's why I've been vocal on this for years, and I've now began to post some things on social media. Boy, does it bring out the haters, and that's my point. White people, the viciousness, the rage. When anybody like my skin color says anything of this kind, the rage is scary. I just wanted to say those things to you guys, to add my voice to what's going on in the world. Love you guys.


Hello, I am Dr. Manjanath, Consultant Physician in Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. I am working for since past 12 years in Manipal Institute. And today I am going to talk a few words on World Humanization Program. So we all know that humanization is by giving vaccine to the people. And you know, these vaccines are manufactured by microorganisms, minute micro-organisms which are made into vaccine and administered to the children and adults. So we all know about the immunization program which starts from the day of birth of a child till it goes till you are living. So I am today concentrating on the immunization. See, immunization is for two things. One is for the government immunization. There we are mainly concerned about the cost. Next comes the efficacy and then comes the safety. Whereas for the individual is concerned, we are concerned mainly about the safety. And then comes the efficacy, then comes the cost. So we all know the immunization, the routine immunization what we give is the Polio DPT, Polio Hepatitis A, B, all those things. And which goes up to two years, from two years we follow the expanded program of immunization where we have to cover the typhoid cholera and other meningococcal vaccines, cholera meningitis vaccines and hemococcal vaccines and other things. So I just want to emphasize, not on that, when we go abroad, the immunization program is always they ask us to re-immunize ourselves against diphtheria, tetanus and polio vaccines. The reason why is because they are all zero polio, zero tetanus and zero diphtheria and pertinent, pertinent disease. But here pertinent disease and here we have lot of other diphtheria meningitis and pertinent cases which are coming in large numbers now. So why? Because children are immunized, adults are not immunized. So we have to give these DPT vaccines again to people who are going abroad because they have to protect us. We want to emphasize why this is not in our country. We should immunize for all adults who have not been given these DPT vaccines and polio vaccines. Now polio is almost always become zero polio in our country where in many other developed countries it's already proved that there are no polio diseases in that country. But in our country now we have become polio free. But we should know that what is the importance now. All these times we are giving polio vaccine that has been got some complications. Now we are going from oral polio to injectable polios which people are against it. But we have to somehow convince them and take these polio vaccines. Now again when we are flying to some countries like Africa and South America we got yellow fever. So yellow fever is very dangerous disease which our country doesn't have. Our people may go, we will go to yellow fever, we will go to Africa and come back. They don't know what is the importance of yellow fever and how deadly it is. Because most of the time 60 to 70 percent the mortality rates are there. Suppose we get infected when we go to these countries and come back to our country and cause this infection, we don't know what will happen, what epidemic will spread in our country. So whenever you are going to foreign countries think of the seasonal viruses running there and get vaccinated for that and go and come back safely. Keep our India free. This is our goal. Thank you.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you how you can compare two strings by passing string into function using pointer. Before starting, you can note my information. You can follow or subscribe my YouTube channel through the URL youtube.com slash sanjaygupta underscore tech school. You can download my programming app Techimace, which is available on Google Play.  First statement is header file inclusion. Then I have declared a function whose name is compare. Its return type is int and its argument type is character pointer comma character pointer. So two addresses will be passed of character type. That's why these two pointers are declared here. Then inside main function I have declared two character arrays. One variable integer type F. Then printf statement will display the message enter string 1 on console. The enter string will be stored inside S1 through GATUS. Then again printf will be displaying the message enter string 2 on console. The entered characters will be stored inside S2 through this GATUS function call. Now I am calling compare function. So this statement which is available at line number 12 is function call which is passing both the character arrays S1, S2 in function and the return value will be received inside F and if condition is checking whether F is 0 or 1. So if it is 0 then strings are equal otherwise strings are unequal. So this is the definition of main. Now you can see the definition of compare function. Here P1 and P2 pointers are receiving base addresses of S1 and S2. Now variable F is declared which is initialized with 0. Now see this while loop. Here first condition is strp1 not equals to null or strp2 not equals to null. This is second condition. So if any one of the condition is true then this loop will be repeated otherwise it will be terminated. If both the conditions are false then only it will be terminated. So P1 is having base address of S1 character array and P2 is having base address of S2 character array. So after this condition is true then again if condition is available which is checking strp1 not equals to strp2. So P1 is having an address if its value is not equals to the value which is available at address which is stored inside P2 then if condition will be true and one will be assigned into F and loop will be terminated because break is available here. So if contains are not equal then only loop will be terminated otherwise P1 will be incremented by one and P2 will be incremented by one so that P1 and P2 pointer can point to the next locations of S1 S2 arrays. So if loop is terminated in middle then F will be one because before break one is assigned into F and F will be one because this condition is true means contains of strings are unequal otherwise loop will be repeated until this condition will be false. So after completion of this loop I can return value of F so F will be returning zero or one. So if it is returning zero then you can see here condition is written in main function the message strings are equal will be displayed otherwise strings are unequal will be displayed.  Now I am executing this code in first string I am passing Sanjay and in second I am passing Gupta. You can see the output strings are equal is displayed on console. Again I am executing this code. This time I am entering same contained in both the strings. So the output is strings are equal. So program is working properly in both the cases. So this way I have compared two strings by passing string into function using pointer. I hope you have understood the logic well. If you want to watch more programming related videos you can follow or subscribe my YouTube channel through the URL youtube.com slash sanjaygupta underscore tech school. You can download my programming app Techimage which is available on Google Play. Thank you for watching this video.


I'm thrilled this time to be able to come with Professor Fetter here and announce 13.9 million dollars in provincial funding through the British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund towards SFU. Our investments in research and innovation can allow those researchers to explore new frontiers. We want to develop and attract the best of talent. I want these young students to advance their careers, to stay in British Columbia, to continue to educate, but also at the same time to spin off, to create work experiences for the next generation. With the support of the Canada Foundation for Innovation and BCKDF, SFU and Compute Canada are building the biggest big data facility in the country. While UVic and Compute Canada are building the biggest research data cloud in the country. So these facilities will serve researchers from across BC and across Canada. Having the facilities here and the people here who know how to build and operate and run those facilities is a real win for BC. The BCKDF funding will enable our researchers to be even better, better equipped at big data research, an area in which SFU is already emerging as a national leader, and more productive in activating research to fight disease and improve health outcomes for British Columbians. Today's announcement celebrates the province's contribution of over $12 million for infrastructure to enable big data and quantum computing research. We are very much partners with British Columbia in the BC tax strategy. We're very proud to be partnered in this initiative and very appreciative of the funding to enable us to move forward today. Thank you very much, Minister, and thank you to the Government of British Columbia.


If you have difficulties in listening, you're not alone. This is one of the most common problems for English learners. It's frustrating and embarrassing when you can't understand spoken English. But in this lesson, I'm going to explain why it's so difficult and teach you how to improve. Listening to English and successfully understanding it is difficult for three reasons. First, many English words are pronounced differently from their written form. We have words with silent letters, like thought, island, and muscle. Also, many letters can be pronounced in different ways, like the A in apple, father, and game. Second, when native speakers talk fast, we link the words together. Native speakers often connect the words when speaking fast. We don't pronounce every individual word clearly. So, the question, how are you feeling today, sounds like, how are you feeling today? I'm going to have lunch, sounds like, I'm going to have lunch. This linking happens in all spoken English sentences, and it's one big reason that it's so difficult to understand.  Most students read too much and don't listen to enough English. But remember that babies and young children learn English by listening first and reading later. So English listening practice is essential. Okay, now that you know why listening is difficult, here is how to improve it. There are two ways, practicing every day and practicing the right way. Tip number one is to practice every day. Create the habit of listening to English for 15 minutes daily. Even if you're busy and you don't have much time, you can listen while driving to work or school, taking public transportation, exercising or doing housework. Now, what should you listen to? Here are three sites with great audio and accompanying text. VOA Special English for American English News, for British English News and Lifestyle, and LO.org for dialogues and conversations in many different accents of English. Tip number two is to practice the right way. What does this mean? Well, there is a right way and a wrong way to practice English listening. The wrong way to do English listening practice is to try to listen once. You don't understand every word and you get frustrated, so you give up and stop practicing after the first try. To do English listening practice the right way, the first step is to relax and know that it's completely normal to have limited understanding the first time you listen. You need to listen at least three times. Listen the first time for the general topics. Don't try to understand every word, just try to understand the main ideas. Listen again and now try to understand some more specific details. Again, remember that it's okay not to catch every word. Listen the third time while reading the transcript, the text. Now you can pay attention to the individual words and see if your previous understanding was correct. This type of listening, from more general to more specific, is the most effective way to practice and improve your English listening ability. Your action item for today is to try it. Go to one of the websites linked under this video and listen to one program three times. If you practice English listening every day for 15 minutes and you practice the right way, listening three times to the same audio from general to specific, your understanding of spoken English is guaranteed to improve fast.


Well, stock's all over the map today. The Dow with its biggest intraday swing since early January. So with new uncertainty over trade, uncertainty over possible congressional investigations in the White House, are we ready to start more of these wild swings? Let's ask market watchers, Melissa Armo and Janice Max Ferris. Melissa, we knew this day had to come. The market's been on amazing straight up for a long time. But are you now concerned that none of that has happened? We can start to see more of this sort of crazy volatility. I expected this. So my market outlook for 2019 and January, I anticipated that there would be a volatility based on one of the unresolved issues for this year, which is the Democratic resistance. One of the reasons we sold off in December was after they took control of the House. And now they're going after Trump. I mean, you could have looked at it in a one minute chart today when that news came out and the market fell and broke the lows and sank and just sold off. You're going to see more of this this year. Now, we've had a great run up here ever since December 26. And even the first two months of the year were solid like a brick. But now you're going to see more volatility because the Democrats are going after Trump.  And we don't want to see any of this craziness going after him. And I will say one more thing. The Democrats are doing this. They did the Mueller investigation and didn't come up with anything. Now they're going after him with these political things here.   They're going to see right through this.  You're also saying that the market is concerned about this. Of course. So, Jonas, and all is on the day where it's almost everyone is convinced that this US-China trade deal is done. And that's one of the reasons the market came back this year, anticipation of that getting done. And if it doesn't get done, that wouldn't be good for the markets. If it comes out a lot better than we expected, we get even more out of this, then it could go higher. You could say it's a little volatile also like it was last year. The market's kind of high right now. This did not to be a global economic slowdown. It needs interest rates to not go higher. It needs a lot of things to happen to continue to go under records. That's going to add a little volatility. To that point, was President Trump right to talk about interest rates again at CPAC over the weekend? Or some people in Wall Street get uncomfortable when he calls out. He didn't call out J-PAL by name. He did call him the gentleman. But does President Trump foresee the need to sort of get in front of the Fed to make sure that they don't mess up this economy, Melissa? Well, you know, Trump's going to do what Trump's going to do. I think they're on a good level playing field, though. They had the meeting, things are going good. That's another one of the unresolved issues for the market as well this year for 2019. If rates get raised too soon, too quick, too fast. But I think the Fed backed off in the market like that. And that's one of the reasons we've had this beautiful rally. I mean, if you look at it, we're only 5% off the highs. That's fantastic when you look at where we were in the middle of December, even the end of the year before we started rallying. I think the stock switch tip of the day for today is focused on strong stocks right now while the market's volatile. That's Ulta, Boeing, Netflix, Starbucks, even. Stocks that just have made recent brand new alt-time highs that are moving ahead of the market so you don't get caught up in all this craziness that's going on right now. A lot of those stocks just get stronger. Someone put a $500 target on Boeing today. But investors have been on a wild ride. We peaked in October, October 3rd. We swooned in December. A lot of people are talking recession. It did not materialize, Jonas. And now we've gone straight up. This is not a market that typically goes sideways. So we're buckling up because people are concerned that the next leg could be down. Right, well, what happened last year, the original question about Trump is the Federal Reserve almost caused a recession. That's almost what happened. The Federal Reserve got off the raising rates train and the market recovered. That was the primary reason for the slide. The President was early and right about rates were too high. At this point, rates are about where they should be unless the economy slows again if the Federal Reserve will. Do you want to see them stop quantitative tightening, taking money out of the economy, $50 billion a month? Do you want to see them pausing that too? I think that should have happened a long time ago. And at this stage with the global economy week, I think just to reassure investors, they need to chill out with that. Basically, I'm not like an MMT, but I think you need to allow that to happen. I love when you lose those Wall Street terms. Fed, you need to chill out. That's what I meant. Thank you very much, appreciate it. Ascent on Capitol Hill. Republican Senator Rand Paul saying he will vote against President Trump's national emergency. The question is, will more Republicans follow suit?


Just before I begin, I would like to just say, both to His Excellency, the Governor of Kevay, Senator Attipou, that this challenge about my wife is not going to work. Today, we are both supporting our wives today, both of us. So, I must make excuses because I'm not any kind of poet like my wife is. Thank you very much. Excellency, the Governor of Kevay State, Elijah Abubakar, Attipou and Kudu, our host and wife of the Kevay State Governor, Her Excellency Hagia Aysha Abubakudu, members of the National Assembly present, especially Distinguished Senator Smatha Deyemi and Distinguished Senator Olubumi Adetumbi. Her Excellency, the former First Lady of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Hagia Maria Bacha. The Ongoing Minister of State for Education, Mr. Chukwemeika Muwajibab. The Malawian Deputy Minister of Education, Mrs. Madalitsu Kambawa-Wirima. Excellencies of the Diplomatic Corps present, Heads of Federal Government Agencies and Parastatals present, members of the Kevay State Executive Council present, fundamental staff of Maupai Foundation and my own dear in-law, Hagia Abubakar Aysha Gaya, who is sitting there, honored guests, ladies and gentlemen. Just let me thank Her Excellency Aysha Attipou Abubakudu and the Maupai Foundation team for their very kind invitation to me to attend this special literacy day. And I think it is fitting for the Maupai Foundation to be the host of an event to mark mass literacy day. This foundation, which in the last 10 years or so, has been led by the passion, the commitment and foresight of Her Excellency Aysha Attipou Abubakudu. Has shown to me perhaps the most important contribution that anyone can make to the lives of thousands of people. And that is education. Man is the sole dynamic in nature. He or she, unlike animals, has talents and abilities to develop himself or herself and also develop their environments. A person, a man or a woman can make chairs from trees, can invent planes, cars, can invent vaccinations to prevent diseases, can do all manner of things to develop a community. It is in Her place or His place to organize commerce, to organize monetary policy, to produce jobs of different levels of sophistication and reward. He or she can perform all of those functions. And these functions are human functions. Only human beings can perform these functions. But they cannot be performed effectively without the benefit of education. So when a country is underdeveloped and it is wiped out by disease, by infant mortality, it is because most of the minds in that country are underdeveloped.  The only known way to develop the human mind is education. And the only way, and the only way by which man can live better than any other creature and live up to his God-given responsibility or her God-given responsibility to develop his community, to provide enough for that community, to provide for the children is by education. Education is the ticket to the full enjoyment of all human, civil and socio-political and socioeconomic rights. Education is the only ticket. So when we talk about human rights that have been declared and put into our blows, the only way to access those rights, including economic rights, is by education. So at the most basic level, the ability to read and write, not just in one's own language but in other global languages, is crucial. To be deprived of education is to be deprived of the means of pursuit of a dignified existence where one can fully contest or collaborate with others for the benefits that life offers. So it is so important for us, especially those of us who are policymakers, those of us in civil society, we owe our people a duty to educate them. We owe them that duty. We owe our people a duty to lift their minds to the level where they can benefit maximally from their environment and give benefit to others. Every study, every survey that we have seen confirms that education, especially of women, has a multiplier effect on everything around them. In other words, if you educate a woman, she transforms her environment completely. It usually means a longer lifespan for themselves and for their children. It means that they are less likely to die of communicable diseases since they are more likely to understand best practices in hygiene and sanitation and follow useful material on healthcare. All of these things are possible. Everything is possible if the mind of a human being is educated. Every child has talents. Every child that is born is born with some talents. Born with some abilities. But nothing will happen if they are not educated to express those abilities. So we must commend the work of the Malpal Foundation. They have since 2009 been doing the difficult work of improving access to education and creating acquisition opportunities for the poor and for underprivileged communities. We have heard of the extensive work they have done, especially with nomadic children. They have extensive work they have done in full-only communities everywhere trying to ensure that these children in those communities and even the adults are well educated. Getting disadvantaged out of school children into formal education is a big challenge especially when some cases there are obstacles on account of prevailing culture. Hadja, you have shown especially in the case of girls that by being sensitive and understanding it is possible to somehow cultural beliefs and practices that hinder the education of girls. There are cultural beliefs, there are all sorts of possible obstacles but if we are sensitive to those obstacles, if we understand them and explain them well it is possible to do much much greater work. Everywhere, every one of the zones of our country whether it be free education right now, beginning with the Western region there is first a great deal of resistance, very serious resistance. When we introduced free education in the West there were riots. In fact at some point he lost elections on account of his introduction of free education. But in a few short years everybody began to see the benefits and as they say the rest is history. So there is a lot to be done. We must have the courage of our convictions. If we say girls should be educated we must make sure that we follow through. It may not be popular but it will be popular eventually. What is even more touching? What is more touching for me is that you have included those who are left behind as children and you are now creating new opportunities for them as adults through skills acquisition training and financial aid. I truly believe that the more lives you transform in the communities you serve the more the mindset will shift in those communities towards embracing formal education and for all. I want to commend you and your team for the brave and selfless work you have been doing over the years. And for not giving up and especially for not giving up in the face of many challenges. But I know that behind your great success is the steadfast support of your husband who is excellently and largely at the good of will.  Thank you all very much for listening.


She probably is what we classify as an avoidant and I'd classify myself as an anxious. I don't like the labels as if anxious or avoidant is something bad. There's nothing wrong with being anxious or avoidant. There's anxious, avoidant and secure. Secure is that you feel a sense of safety and trust in the relationship where you don't want to flight and you don't want to fight, okay? Or freeze, okay? Here's what I actually think happens and I think it's why I particularly understand my clients so well is because I tend to be, as I said earlier, an anxious attachment style. I think what's happening is that we choose partners to trigger our wounds so we can actually heal that wound within ourselves.


Hello, everyone and welcome. This is Melissa Arma with the Stock Swash and I'm reviewing NVIDIA. This was the Stock Swash Show. Options straight to the last week. Of course there's a bunch of good trades, but the reality is we had perfect timing in this. I called NVIDIA calls on February 29th, which was here before the stock took off like a rocket, which it did Friday and today. Just absolutely, absolutely, absolutely huge call here. I called a couple different strikes, but obviously the biggest one that I called was the lowest strike. As far as movement over the strike was the 800 calls, and this is still going as we're speaking here. It's 1.30 in the afternoon. So again, you could get out of this today. Now you could already be out of it. You could hold it really hard to think about holding this into tomorrow for the trades I call the February 29th. Now I did call a new trade today that you could hold into tomorrow if you want. Again, I'm watching this. I'm actually watching Hawks and NVIDIA today. I've got nothing. It's like Hawk Day here or something. I've seen my two Hawks all day today. Let's see if I can see them right now. It's just a beautiful day.  And so I posted some videos. I'll post some more of the Hawks, but NVIDIA is a great trade. Again, in order to make money doing options, what do you mean? You got to get the direction right. That's number one. You got to get the entry right. That's number two. Why? Because if you're late to the party in an options trade, you run out of time. And again, you have to have a big move in it. You have to have a big move in order to pay you. And sometimes I'll take a trade and the trade will be down and then it goes on to work even in the last day because it gets such a big move. Actually, that happened last week. But the reality is that people find options tricky. Why? Because I don't know how to trade them. That's why. If you understand how to read price direction and momentum, you can make money trading options. And the nice thing about options, particularly in a stock like this, I would never be day trading this. I could. I could, but I wouldn't. And we haven't been. And it's a lot of heck of a lot easier to do it as an option and just buy the call and it's cheaper. So people can open up options accounts with $2,000 and they can take one contract and build up their account to get it to the point to have a margin account. The benefit of doing options is you can trade expensive stocks like in a video. You do not need a margin account to trade options.  There's so many benefits to doing options, but people are so scared of them. Don't know what they're doing. You're with the wrong person and you need to learn what to do. And more importantly, you need to get good trades. Just these were some great calls here. So anyways, good luck, everyone. If you're in the Dividea still, you got to, you got to watch it though. And if you're interested in signing up for the options newsletter, I don't have any prerequisites for that. You can sign up today, join today and get tomorrow's trades. Literally. It's that simple. You do not have to have taken any of my classes to sign up for this subscription service. It's a subscription service. Six months is 49.99. And 12 months is 69.99. I don't have anything smaller than that and no trials. This letter is like gold. And you know, the Hawks are actually my good luck charm. The Hawks plus Navidia equals just absolute gold. So we'll see where we go here in Evidia. Evidia. And you know what's interesting? Last week, I put piggy targets or dream targets on the newsletter, which not every trade goes to, but this did. I said, ain't 50, ain't 50 for the dream target for the new video I called last week for the 800s and it went there today. It's insane. And people are shorting this. It's crazy. Anyways, good luck, everyone. If you are interested in signing up for the options newsletter, email me at Melissa, the stockswish.com and look for the Hawk videos. They're coming up soon. Have a great day.