Thank you everybody and welcome to today's handover ceremony for ICT in education and our village tourism program Which form part of our bilateral agreement with Taiwan in terms of support for certain areas in St. Lucia's Development, I would like to start by inviting our ambassador to give an overview of the donation that is taking place today Followed by presentations by the various entities ambassador first of all, I want to express my sincere appreciation for Prime Minister and Kevin's Secretary joined us last week in our National Day reception. That's I seen testimony of St. Lucia's support for Taiwan and as I mentioned before on many occasion Taiwan is committed to work with the government of St. Lucia to achieve a United Nations sustainable development goal. I think today's ceremony is affirmation of our commitment and among all the different sectors impacted by the COVID-19, I seen education is one of the most affected and it's never easy for teachers and students to cope with this change This challenge and I think with the smart classroom fund, we provide some support for the students and the teachers to adapt that impact and Likewise tourism industry is experiencing the most difficult time ever and we are also glad to be able to Strengthen the village tourism promoted by the government of St. Lucia through this village tourism initiative and in Taiwan we also promote similar project, which is one village one product and also emphasize the Benefit contribution of local development to People and also to the economy. I think we will both get through this top time Where is all this Sound policy being implemented. I want to quote from President Tsai Ing-wen's national Day speech that just like everything Taiwan has experienced over the past 71 years hardships have forged our resilience and Challenge have inspired our resolve this pandemic can consolidate a sense of unity among Taiwanese and give us the courage to continue forward and likewise I have witnessed the courage of Solutions facing and fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic. Let's keep moving toward the light. Thank you First, let me apologize on behalf of my minister She suffered a minor injury and I'm wishing her a speedy recovery and she's only able to be here with us this morning But on behalf of the Ministry of Education once again We're here thankful to the government and people of Taiwan for making the Ministry of Education and our strategic initiative our strategic Priority of ICT integrating ICT into education of priority I must thank to the Prime Minister and his team in cabinet for recognizing the importance that ICT plays especially in this current environment and Having ratified our ICT in education policy in 2019 I mean this policy really set the foundation for what we were doing today and for that I most definitely thank the ambassador for making this generous Contribution towards our initiative and it would most definitely support our plans as we look to integrate ICT into education The development of our various smart classrooms will definitely ensure that our students receive the kind of technological Exposure required to allow them to function effectively in this current 21st century. Thank you very much Mr. Ambassador On behalf of the people of ancillary canneries and on behalf of the people of st. Lucia everywhere who have now become business people in the tourism industry in their own right My government is filled with profound thanks to the deep and strong support that you Continue to give to our country whether it's in village tourism agriculture or whether it's in ICT development and Our gratitude really words cannot express our profound appreciation for your country's commitment to our development and I'm sure that the Prime Minister when he speaks will join me in saying that please express our Deepest appreciation to your government and to your people for your continued support to the advancement of st. Lucia The village tourism project is one that is going to revolutionize the industry in st. Lucia In that what it does it revolutionizes the product Gives people more diversity in the places that they can stay And then it also provides an opportunity for small business people in st. Lucia to be able to provide that service what we've had to do is to Look at the issues the gaps and I want to thank the Prime Minister for his vision In first of all reimagining our cooperation agreement we sat I think it was a year or two ago and said that While a lot of our cooperation agreement tended to go in areas of infrastructure That maybe it can have a bigger bang and impact if we also invested in the sporting infrastructure and the tourism infrastructure of the country which is the engine of growth of our economy and I want to thank the Prime Minister for his insight for reimagining how we appropriate those funds and a simple philosophy was underlined that if we Use these funds effectively for sustainable development then we would have lasting change on the lives of the people of our country And so I'm looking at some of the gaps that exist for people to get involved We realize that a small business person with one bedroom Doesn't have incentives and so now with our village tourism initiative that individual now has incentives Available to him as if you were a large hotel We look at the fact that a lot of small businesses have challenges in Accessing credit from lending institutions we had an agreement with the Karakum development fund and We were able to make available to the development bank so that they can be more flexible lending terms To on land to tourism businesses small tourism businesses Which sometimes can be perceived as risky by the traditional lending sources but more importantly is the wide array of technical assistance that we will be giving to these small businesses and They setting up of an entity that will be able to execute management services across the spectrum from interior design to HR development marketing support reservation management and all the Needs that are required to run a successful hotel today. It's now going to be made easier for small tourism businesses To be able to get that support from the overarching body village tourism incorporated so I Am very late it with what's happening and Your contribution no doubt is going to add significant value and I have nothing but thanks to say today So, thank you and thanks to your people in your country again. Thank you It gives me great pleasure once again to stand here as We focus on the development and the building of a new Saint Lucia to see the contribution that Taiwan continues to make in terms of the realization of the full development plan for Saint Lucia While we've come on the heavy criticism sometimes over our approach towards ICT in schools for example While some people felt that just a computer or laptop Handed over to a student Would accomplish What we need in the technology that is required We have a completely different vision where it is the equipping of the schools and the students alike That would meet this objective And not just the equipping of the device But of the curriculum and all of the other material that comes with it the smart classroom initiative is Something that is needed in every school and I think the contribution today of about just a little over five million EC dollars Would go a long way in helping the Ministry of Education To better prepare the schools To have the type of smart classrooms that are required more so to help in the initiative of Having to do a lot of instructions online Students now having to do exams via the computer Rather than necessarily being invigilated in a setting where it's paper Exams that are being done So we see that this initiative is Just another step in the direction of Where we want to be Eventually and while some people speak about smart city our focus is that of a smart country Because we need every sector of St. Lucia to be able to have access to technology Whether in the schools in the business places, I expect eventually even our market vendors Would be able to use the technology to their advantage to advertise their products So that even before I go to the market I can know what product is available for sale at the market and and that is what technology affords Having smart classrooms and allowing our children to be exposed At the earliest stage in their development and education Would help us to realize this Also village tourism as was indicated in our plans That the intention is to start with three of the villages as Models to be replicated Not in the exact manner, but in terms of the uniqueness of each of the villages in St. Lucia So that when a visitor comes to St. Lucia The experience they will have in ancillary would be different from what they have in grozily And because they've been to grozily would not mean that they have experienced everything there is in St. Lucia They would have a different experience in sure sale and library and me could and and that is the idea of Village tourism Really adding to the value of the experience of a visitor in St. Lucia So it will go beyond just visiting the pitons and the sulfur springs But it would be being able to spend a night or two in one of these villages where the facilities The accommodation and everything is up to standard So I applaud the the prime minister and the minister of tourism for the vision that has been laid out for us as a country and to Inspire the people of St. Lucia to begin to believe that we can do much better Than where we are today and once people would come into this Then it is going to be realized the bulk of this expenditure under the village tourism, which is in the region of five million plus Would also go to the village of ancillary where the focus of Village tourism will take a new shape in the village of ancillary part of it will be spent in grozily But the major part of it would be for the village of ancillary Because we look forward to the transformation of this village to improve the livelihood of the people and So ambassador We want to give you the assurance that every dollar that Taiwan makes Available to St. Lucia is put into very good use and will eventually begin to bring returns for the people of St. Lucia to generally improve the lives of all of our people and We are indeed very grateful and we continue to ask of you to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the government and people of Taiwan for such a wonderful relationship and for the contributions that have been made and Continues to be made to our development all in all. We thank you and may God bless all of us I'm so really is for me ambassador to to restate my government's Appreciation for the friendship and the partnership that we've established with your country and you've made mention of your 71 years of history and tough times and St. Lucia Shares those Experiences with you and that's why when Sir John first went to Taiwan He wanted to have a relationship with Taiwan because he saw a tremendous amount of similarity in terms of work ethic Values and certainly the strategy you had for developing your country based on Foundation of our culture and this is something that's very similar that we're attempting to do in solution And like what you have done in developing into agro processing and now into the technology industry semiconductors We are also in the process of transitioning so tourism Will be for a very long time a key industry in our country And it's certainly to continue to develop a product that persons would have an appreciation for built on the authenticity And the originality of our our countrymen and the beautiful island that the Lord has given us so To President sigh and also to the minister who I thank you very very much for what you have done and continue to do And to be a reassured of my government my cabinet and also the people of St. Lucia's Support in your endeavors in the world and we're looking forward to having you at the table very soon. Thank you


I'm Rusty Komori, and this is Beyond the Lines on Think Tech, Hawaii. I was the head coach of the Punahou School Boys Varsity Tennis Team for 22 years, and we were fortunate to win 22 consecutive state championships. This show is based on my books Beyond the Lines and Beyond the Game, and it's about inspiration, welcoming adversity, and building a superior culture of excellence. My special guest today is the president and CEO of our Visitor Aloha Society of Hawaii, or VASH. She is Jessica Lani-Rich, and today we are going Beyond Aloha. Hey, Jessica, welcome to Beyond the Lines. Hi, Rusty. It's great to see you, and thank you so much for this invitation. I appreciate it. Jessica, you have been making such a huge positive impact in our community, and it's an honor for me to have you on the show, but before we get into everything, can you first share a bit about your background? Absolutely. My background is I majored in communications in college, got my BA degree from San Francisco State University, and went on to do my graduate work towards my master's at the University of Hawaii, and then about 20 years ago, I was a radio announcer 22 years ago for a news director still involved in communications, and I saw a TV show, a news clip, where this wonderful nonprofit organization was helping visitors, and I thought that's really interesting, and I called them up, and at that time I was also the public relations manager for the Bishop Museum, and I volunteered to be on the board, and then I became the temporary president and CEO, and that was 19 years ago. In my background, after I did that, I went on to Baltimore, Maryland to get my certification as a critical incident responder, which means I'm trained and certified to respond to extensive training in critical incidents, which are incidents that people don't expect, and then I also have my certification as a Stephen minister with the First Presbyterian Church at Coal Out. Wow, that's some interesting stuff that your background, I love hearing that, Jessica, and I want to ask you about your TV show. You have the Inspire You and Me TV show. I saw your episode with the coach Timmy Chang, coach Robin Amol. Tell me about what you love about your Inspire You and Me show. What I love about the Inspire You and Me show is that one of the things that you and I have in common, Rusty, is that we both like to inspire people, only we have taken different paths in a way. What I love is to talk to people like UH Head Football coach Timmy Chang and his player, and hear their backstories about how they overcame adversity, and also how they not just are their role models to inspire other people. I never met a coach Robin Amol before, absolutely loved her, didn't realize that she was also a mom, and here she is, you know, a head coach as well. The backstories are absolutely fascinating. And the title of my show, Inspire You and Me, is truly what it's about. I hope that I inspire you, you inspire me, and together we make a better world together. Well, you are definitely doing that for sure, Jessica, I love it. And I want to ask you, if you can share with everyone what Vash is. Absolutely. And I hope that you don't mind that before I do that, I do want to thank the chairman of the Restaurant Association, Ryan Tanaka, for introducing me to UH Head Football coach Timmy Chang, and also coach Robin. But getting back to your question, what Vash is, is we are a non-profit organization, and all we do is specialize in helping visitors in crisis. And that could be anything from a theft on the beach, a car break in, medical emergency, missing person murder. In critical incidents, which I told you is my area of specialty. And that is when something totally unexpected happens when someone is on vacation. I specialize in visitors. Visitors have special needs, but our mission is to turn a negative experience into a positive as much as we can. And to send our visitors home who have had a very unpleasant experience with Aloha and feeling loved.  And it's so critical because you're trying to really make sure that it's a big positive memory overall from their visit here. And maybe just the caring that you and your volunteers show to them, right? Absolutely. And I do want to mention that we are basically a volunteer organization and thanks to our volunteers. Now, our volunteers, we have different levels of situations that happen. Our volunteers will take care of the thefts on the beach, the car break-ins. And then we go to the more serious incidents. And we have volunteers who visit people in the hospital. And now you see, we also have volunteers who do special events. And there you see some of our wonderful volunteers volunteering for the visitor industry charity walk. And they are such wonderful people, people who give their time to help others. And there's two more of our special events volunteers, Erica, and also another one of our volunteers as well. Well, Jessica, how does somebody become a volunteer? And I mean, can you what specifically do they do? I mean, is there some training that's involved as well? Absolutely. We have four hours of training. Usually it's not at the Hawaii Convention Center or a major hotel. We have a training coming up in the summer and I'm in the process of finalizing the location. And we also and they learn about all the different aspects of visitors, the different types of visitors, the different situations. We also have speakers come in from the Honolulu Police Department, from the Council for from EMS. And then we have our long time volunteers speak to them. Once they become a volunteer, then we have mentors, volunteer mentors who work with them. One of my top volunteers resting is the former mayor of Laguna Beach, California. His name is Robert Gentry. And when he retired here, he's been a volunteer for us for about 19 years. Now, he works with me on the critical incidents. We don't ask the regular volunteers to come out to a tragedy. That is your question. Yeah, that's great to hear. And Jessica, I was so happy when I saw that you were featured on the cover of Midweek and, you know, it just brings so much more awareness to our community about what Vash does here in Hawaii. What are your thoughts? Well, first of all, I was really humbled that I was even asked to be on the cover because the work that we do with Vash, Rusty, is very humbling experience. You know, we show up when visitors are having a bad day and it's our job to turn it into a good day. What I loved about the doing this story for Midweek is that I want our residents to know that dealing with visitors in crisis, in trauma, is also another form of aloha. And a lot of people tell me and tell my volunteers, oh, I never heard of the visitor aloha society. What do you do? How come I've never heard about you? So for us at Vash, having that information go out, informs the public. There are all types of aloha and we are also a part when we're there to show up. You know, I'm just going to share this. It's a one-minute story. I remember somebody that I helped literally 12 years ago and every Christmas, and it was a visitor who fell off a hiking trail, but she was fine. It was a small hike, entered her leg. I was at Straub. I spent the whole day with her, kind of forgot about her, moved on to my next 100 cases after that. Do you know that her husband, every single Christmas, sends thank you note? Just because I spent an afternoon holding her hand because she was alone, letting her know we care, we're going to get through this, her husband came here for a business meeting. And it meant the world to her. And I'm touched that they still remember that.   You just never know how it's going to impact other people. And Jessica, I want to ask you about my books because like you said earlier, I'm trying to inspire the world. You're trying to, we're trying to inspire the world together. And what's something that stood out to you in my books? What I, first of all, I love your book. I haven't read the second one, but I did read the first one. And I, what I love about your book is your philosophy, your philosophy about, are you going to be a victim or a victor? And everyone has those choices. And I've seen it over the hundreds of visitors that we have assisted. If I can tell you a quick story about the Richardson's because this goes into your book when you talk about a victim becoming a victor, not too long ago. Actually a month or two ago, the Richardson family from Baltimore, near the Baltimore area, they came out here and the husband died on a hiking trail, the Pillbox hiking trail. It was the daughter's 30th birthday. They were victims. You talk about victims in your book. What happened with the Richardson's is that we were called when I say we, my Vash volunteer, Bob Gentry and I were called to the Lonnie High Rep Center where the body, they had medevaced the body.  OK, they are heavy duty victims. Think about it. You're on vacation or you're the daughter at your 30th birthday and you lose your father. It is horrible. They could have left Hawaii in a bitter mood. They did not. We took care of them for an entire week. We stayed with them, like I said, that day. We helped them with memorial services. We met them at the Arizona Memorial. They left here feeling loved and aloha. And now we shift into your book and what you say about victim because Victor's, the Richardson's, both Mrs. Richardson and the daughter, Sam, said to us when they left, we feel loved. We feel cared for. There is no other place in the world if our father or if her husband were to pass away that they would have wanted it to happen. Then in Hawaii, they became victorious. They couldn't change what happened. But what they did feel was the aloha. So when you talk about the victim and Victor's, I think immediately of the Richardson's and thank you for that. Well, Jessica, you mean so the mom is Arlene Richardson and the daughter is Samantha, right? And yes, you. Yeah. I saw that story. I mean, that's that's amazing. And I love that you brought up the victim versus Victor mindset. And when you were helping Arlene Richardson and her daughter, Samantha, how how quickly did their mindset shift from victim to Victor? It's not instant, rusty. I think it's a whole process that happens and in their case. And they're still, first of all, they're reading the loss of the most important man in their life.  But I think what happened is towards the end of the week, when we were constantly in communication, they decided together, our dad is in heaven. Our daddy left here on a wonderful day. It took time. I think that in rusty, the victim to Victor process that you so eloquently describe in your book is it it's a different timeline for everybody. In their case, I would say it was less than a week because they left here and left less than a week and they felt Aloha and they felt like victors. So every person is different. I'm not going to say, oh, it's definitely a week or it's definitely an hour. It's your timeline and it's your choice to be what you describe in your book, a victim for victim or Victor. Yes, no, that's it definitely is a process and you're so right about, you know, it depends on the individual. And I want to ask you about another visitor that I saw a story about. She was visiting from the UK, Eileen Thompson, and then her husband died while here on Oahu. Yes, sadly, they were on a cruise and her husband passed away while they were at a major attraction and she was all alone. And so we sent our van. I have when things happen, I manage the island of Oahu when it comes to visitors in crisis or distress. And so as soon as we get a call if I can't make it or if someone else can't make it, we sent our shuttle to pick her up. I put her up in a hotel here in Waikiki and we helped her through the whole process of taking care of her husband of communicating with the family back home. And this is another situation where she left here of feeling cared for, of mission accomplished when we could change that frown into a smile. That's our role then mission accomplished, you know, and it takes time. You know, people aren't going to get over the grief overnight. It could even last a year or two year. But their mindset that you so eloquently describe is in that Victor mode. And some of them choose to be in the victim mode. It's their choice. That's why Jessica, chapter one in my first book is the choice is yours. I want people to know that they have a choice. And some people feel like they're stuck or they're complacent. But, you know, I want them to know that, no, you can you can make a choice to be positive, you can make a choice to be negative. So it's so important for what you're doing to help these people, these visitors. And there was also three visitors, three boys from California that went to the beach and then they got their cash and credit cards and ID stolen. Tell me about that experience. Yes, because as I mentioned, we deal with all sorts of situations at bash. And I can tell you this, no situation is too small. If they feel the one thing that all of our cases have in common, rusty is a sense of loss. They have lost something. It may be something. It may even be a woman who loses her lipstick and oh, my gosh, I lost my lipstick. That's terrible. You know, so we'll give her an ABC gift card or a Macy's card.  Whatever the loss is, we're there to help. Now, in the case of the three boys, OK, they're here to celebrate. They graduated from high school. Their parents gave them a gift. Now, all three of their dad said, whatever you do, do not take your items to the beach and leave them unattended. What did they do? They took all of their items to the beach, left it unattended. They were embarrassed to call their dad who told them, do not do that. So they came to our office and we felt bad because they were, you know, celebrating their high school union. We gave them gift cards. We haven't called their parents. We supported them. Anything that they needed, transportation. And they left here. They left their office with smiles, mission accomplished. So, yeah, that's the good. So local businesses, they're how are they helping? You said like they're they're providing gift cards. So what else are they doing to help you? Well, it's it's really different. It depends on the situation. We are mostly funded by the Hawaii Tourism Authority. We're also funded by HLTA, Hawaii Lodging and Tourism Association, Ruthie Haneman, the Kosasa Foundation is wonderful. In terms of local businesses, it's usually a case by case basis. For example, if someone wants to go to an attraction, I'll pick up the phone. I'll call the attraction. Can you help these people out? All they wanted was whatever the attraction is. Usually the answer is yes. But I can tell you this, I only ask businesses if sometimes that could have been prevented. Now, what do I mean by that? Sometimes we have people who come here and like a woman will leave her purse in a convertible and walk away for an hour and come back and expect that purse to be there. That's a situation that could have been prevented. So we'll do something for them. But I'm not going, you know, it's it's really a case by case situation. Yeah, got it. Now, Jessica, tell me about former San Jose police detective Bruce Wiley. I mean, his wife died suddenly while they were on vacation here. What what happened? Yes, his wife. You know, this is interesting because this is a homicide detective and he's used to dealing with death. Recently retired in his wife or here on vacation. There he is sitting down and his wife went to the restroom. Boom, died of a heart attack instantly on vacation. He was grief stricken because I had assisted the San Jose Police Department on another case of drowning a year previously. They called me up. They said, please take care of Bruce Wiley. He said, absolutely. We met with him. We helped him through the grieving process. I'm also a bereavement counselor and and also with Memorial. A way to get his wife back to to where he came from for the funeral. And we're still in touch with him. He was very grateful for our services. And when he got home, he made a major donation. We never ask anything for anything from anybody. All we ask is that you take care of yourself. And, you know, you realize that what you're going through is temporary. That's what people need to realize. Whatever adversity you're going through, it's not going to be forever. That's saying in the Bible, this too shall pass. It will. And that's what I kind of gently remind people. It's not going to be forever. You will get over this in time. If, as you said, that Victor mentality. So we're still in touch with Bruce, love Bruce. He's a wonderful man, and he's planning on coming back here. I think he's going to remarry. He told me he's a new girlfriend now. That also shows people resting are resilient, the resiliency of our people. That's what I've seen over the years. Well, his story right there just is proof that that really works. I mean, to change the mindset of, you know, that one bad experience, but to really make sure that, you know, Hawaii is Hawaii. And then the whole experience overall is fantastic for them. And, and Jessica, I want to ask you about the father daughter who was traveling from Seattle, trying to go to American Samoa, but was stopped over in Oahu because COVID happened and then American Samoa shut down where they you couldn't have any flights coming into Samoa. Tell me what happened about that. Yes, as you know, during COVID, I do want to say that this is the longest batch case we have ever had on our books. As you know, during COVID, everything was shut down. And we had to pivot during COVID. And what I mean, since there were no visitors coming in, I work very closely with the airport sheriffs to prevent anyone from coming in who had COVID. Now, the father and the daughter, they were just getting ready to go back. There they are to Ilelio is his name. The dad and Rita, the daughter, they were just getting back to go to American Samoa when boom at the airport. Sorry, you are not getting on this flight to American Samoa because it is grounded. They had no money, no place to stay. And fortunately, over the many years that I've been working at Bash and dealing with different people, I was able to call up some of my counterparts and other nonprofits. And for one year, Bash assisted along with the Salvation Army. The Salvation Army helped them for a few months. Thank God for them. And a year later, they went home to American Samoa and they were so grateful for our services because we're able to give them food, shelter, emergency care. I personally gave Rita a laptop so she could continue her education and go on to get her high school diploma, which she did. Well, Jessica, I love hearing these insights. You know, there's just the details, what goes on behind the scenes. And I remember watching the news when there was the that plane on the North Shore, the skydiving plane that that crashed. I think there was maybe like 11 people on board that they all they all died. Did you assist them as well? Yes, we did. Bash was involved in that because several of the of the victims were visitors. And then the wonderful, the wonderful thing that we have here in Hawaii, Rusty, is to work in partnership with other agencies, such as the American Red Cross. At that time, Maria Letts was with the American Red Cross. We work together. We also work with the NTSB. As you know, when there's an airline crash, the National Transportation Safety Bureau, they sent their people over. I was able to get complimentary hotel rooms for the visitors, for the visitors who flew in, the family members, who got the horrible news, meals, transportation and more importantly, giving them the aloha, the just sometimes just being there, the support that they needed.  It's horrifying, but we are just so glad that we were there to come with them. And it was wonderful working with the Red Cross as well on that particular incident. Jessica, I know that you're involved with Toastmasters. And in fact, you guys had invited me to be a keynote speaker a few years ago. What is your role with Toastmasters now? Yes, and by the way, love your speech when you were the keynote speaker, speaking about your books. And my role with Toastmasters now is I just completed being an area director. I have started a brand new Toastmasters club along with Gloria Shishito, who is another Toastmasters called TravelTalk. And that's where every first and third Wednesday we get on Zoom and we go to another country, whether it be an African safari or Italy. And we're going to Australia this month through the eyes of another Toastmaster. And so it's an uplifting club. And so that's my role right now to continue to attend Toastmasters meetings and to continue with TravelTalk. Well, that makes me feel good that you liked my speaking there.  And you know, when I gave my keynote speaking, there's one part where I talked about welcoming adversity and looking forward to challenges. And that's what I would do to train my players on my team is, you know, that adversity, it's inevitable. And some of us are going to experience deeper levels than others. But adversity is nonetheless. And so I wanted to train their mindset to really look forward to these adversities, look forward to these challenges. Because when we deal with it and we get through it, we become better for that experience. We become stronger and tougher. What are your thoughts? I totally agree with you. I love reading your book where you say that. I love reading where you deal with adversity. But I also know that every single human being deals with adversity differently because we're all made differently. And you're absolutely right. I don't think there's a human being on earth who has not gone through some type of adversity. My father passed away while he was on vacation. And when he was on vacation, he remarried. He was on his honeymoon. So it was actually after that experience that I decided, many years ago, that I decided I wanted to help visitors because I know personally what it feels like to lose someone on vacation. That adversity made me stronger. I agree with you. Absolutely. And I've also heard people say, Rusty, and I don't know if you have, that adversity did make me stronger. In adversity, when somebody says, Rusty, you're never going to have your own show. Think tech. Think tech. That boom, you work harder to get to that goal. That that actually makes people work harder. You're so right, Jessica. And Jessica, I want to ask you one more thing before we wrap up. What gives you fulfillment? What gives me fulfillment is being around caring people, being around loving people. I have an aunt. She lives in Aberdeen. She's a grandmother. And I had a cousin who passed away. And my aunt, when my cousin passed away from cancer, she took care of her four children. And she's my everyday hero.  That gives me fulfillment. Thank you, Rusty. Well, Jessica, you inspire me. And so I think what we need to do is try to inspire as many people, you know, in society as possible. And Jessica, I want to really thank you for taking time to be on the show today. Thank you for the invitation. I really appreciate it. Keep up the great work. And I love your books. Thank you, Jessica. And thank you for watching Beyond the Lines on Think Tech, Hawaii. For more information, please visit Rusty Komori.com. And my books are available on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. I hope that Jessica and I will inspire you to create your own superior culture of excellence. And to find your greatness. And help others find theirs. Aloha.


In the previous class we have seen compressed hydrogen tanks, depending upon what material they are made up of they were divided into type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4 tanks. Type 1 were all metallic, type 2 with an inner metallic liner and hoop ramped with fiber resin composite, type 3 where there is metallic liner and a fully ramped fiber resin composite and the type 4 tank which had an inner polymer liner with an outside fiber, carbon fiber composite. So, this is what we have seen in the previous class. In a type 4 tank this is an inner liner which provides the gas tightness as well as reduces the permeability. Then there is a carbon fiber composite, there is a carbon fiber wrapping and there after a resin. Now this composite provides strength to the tank against the environmental challenges. Now this tank other than the carbon fiber and liner, there are other components like a port which is having a bosh here, a port which has a valve and then there are several other accessories which are there in with the tank, this is like the in tank regulator. Then there are pressure sensors to measure the pressure, then there is interfacing with the refuelling station for filling in at the same time for dispensing, for releasing the hydrogen for the utilization purpose. Then there are thermally activated pressure relief devices, so refuelling port, vent line port. So, all these accessories are there other than the remaining accessories outside the tank which are like the tubings, other walls, flow regulators, so all these are the components of the type 4 tank. So, with today we will look at the liquefied hydrogen storage. Now by liquefied hydrogen storage it means like the temperatures are in the cryogenic range. Now the cryogenic term itself was coined from a Greek term and that means ice cold. Now here the temperatures are below minus 150 degrees centigrade and the gas in the process the gas at ambient conditions is cooled down to temperatures which are cryogenic temperature and at ambient pressure. Now if we look briefly onto the history of liquefaction it started way back in 1812 when Michael Faraday he carried out certain small scale experiments in a test tube to experiment with the different gases to liquefy them and he was successfully able to liquefy ammonia and carbon dioxide. In 1840 Gauri he was able to produce ice by means of air expansion engine. In 1844 there were experiments being carried out on large scale for liquefying gases and that was by Trilorin and he used mechanical compressor for this purpose. In 1845 with the use of hydraulic pump large quantities of liquid and solid carbon dioxide was produced. Now the major landmark in the history of liquefaction was the invention of Joule-Thompson effect that was in 1852. Thereafter Kirk he came up with a sterling cooling system in 1860. 1863 was another landmark when critical temperature was introduced at that time. Thereafter 1877 Pictet and Calitat they individually were able to produce mist of liquid oxygen. This was not completely liquefied which was later on completely liquefied in 1883 by Robelski and Olszwecki and they liquefied oxygen and nitrogen. So Robelski he liquefied and Olszwecki he confirmed that liquefaction by the process which was given by him. In 1884 Robelski he created mist of hydrogen and again he confirmed it was another landmark that was in 1892 when Dewar he developed the vacuum insulated vessels for storing cryogenic liquid and thereafter came the term 1894 the cryogenic term was coined. In 1895 Linde he patented the air liquefaction using expansion wall and then he started producing the various gases at industrial scale. He also established the well-known company for liquefaction Linde in 1895 started the recuperative heat exchangers and that was first time introduced by Hampson. In 1898 Sir James Dewar he liquefied hydrogen and that was in a very small capacity liquefaction device. In 1902 Claude he developed a system which was for air liquefaction and that used expanders and he also established a company which is now also known as air liquidy. In 1908 Owens he first time liquefied helium in 1910 onwards there were large sized liquefiers which were constructed and thereafter large capacity applications where applications where large capacity of liquid hydrogen and oxygen is used were developed after 1930. So, we can say that in the period 1850 to 1900 the thermodynamics of liquefaction was developed while in the period 1900 to 1950 the various technologies for liquefactions were developed and thereafter started the large scale production of these liquefied gases. So, this is how the cryogenics liquefaction of various gases have advanced in past. Now coming back to liquefaction of hydrogen in liquefying hydrogen there are several challenges involved. The first and foremost is we know that and we have also seen thermodynamics of hydrogen liquefaction in earlier classes that the liquefaction of hydrogen can be done by reducing its temperature to 20 k minus 253 degree centigrade and this is a very low temperature for liquefaction requires a lot of energy. The another challenge is ortho to para conversion and this conversion has to be has to be occur and at the same time this conversion is exothermic. So, we have to also remove the heat of conversion from the process of liquefaction and the third major challenge that lies is that the inversion temperature of hydrogen is below ambient temperature. This we have earlier seen when we have studied the thermodynamics of expansion the Joule-Thompson effect what is the Joule-Thompson coefficient when it is positive then if it is positive in that case with the reduction of pressure temperature also reduces that means with expansion cooling is observed if it is negative reverse of it happens that means if the expansion occurs or pressure reduction then temperature will increase Joule-Thompson coefficient which is negative at ambient temperature and in order to cool it down we have to cool down below the inversion temperature so as to use the throttling process. So, these are the three major challenges which are observed in hydrogen liquefaction. Now, if we look these challenges one by one the major challenge is the ortho-to-para conversion. Now, this was in 1912 that while measuring the heat capacity of hydrogen it was observed that the warming and the cooling curve they have shown a hysteresis and that hysteresis it was proposed in 1927 that it was arising because of the two different spin isomers of hydrogen and this presence of these two spin isomers was experimentally proven in 1929. Now, what this conversion is what these spins are so if the two spins the nuclear spins proton spins are parallel then it is ortho-hydrogen if however the two spins are anti-parallel then it is para-hydrogen. Now, there is a difference in the calorimetric properties of ortho-hydrogen and para-hydrogen at the same time the energy levels of these two isomers are also different. So, ortho-hydrogen is an excited state it is in a higher energy state compared to the para-hydrogen. So, when we are liquefying hydrogen this conversion which occurs ortho-to-para-hydrogen that extra amount of energy is released in the process. Just to explain in more detail the normal hydrogen which is under ambient condition at the ambient normal temperature pressure condition it consists of 75 percent of normal hydrogen consists of 75 percent of ortho-hydrogen and 25 percent of para-hydrogen. However, during liquefaction at the boiling temperature at the boiling point of 20 k the equilibrium composition of hydrogen is 99.8 percent of para-hydrogen and the remaining is ortho-hydrogen and that is the equilibrium composition at its boiling point. That means if we are reducing the temperature of hydrogen in that case the ortho-hydrogen which was 75 percent under normal condition has to convert in such a way that we get 99.8 percent of para-hydrogen from the normal hydrogen that is the equilibrium hydrogen. Now, in this conversion process since ortho-hydrogen is its in higher energy state so the excess energy is released thus the process is exothermic process. So, this release or this conversion of ortho-to-para-hydrogen this is an exothermic process and that heat which is released that needs to be removed during the liquefaction process. Now, if we see the concentration of para-hydrogen with temperature we can see that it has a very strong dependence on temperature. However, it has negligible dependence on pressure. So, there is a strong dependence on temperature specifically we can see in this region but no pressure dependence. Now, when we want complete conversion of hydrogen from the ortho-to-para so from complete ortho-to-complete para-conversion that releases heat that releases energy approximately 703 kilo joule per kg. However, normal hydrogen which is 75 percent ortho 25 percent para when converts it into equilibrium hydrogen then the amount of heat which is released is 527 kilo joule per kg. Now, we can see that these both these energy is higher than the latent heat of vaporization for hydrogen which is 446 kilo joule per kg. Now, that means when we are converting when we are liquefying when we are reducing the temperature of hydrogen this amount of heat which is released in this ortho-to-para conversion is sufficient enough to evaporate certain amount of liquid hydrogen as well. So, because this latent heat of vaporization is less compared to the heat released during this process. Now, this process wherein the stored liquid which contains ortho hydrogen and with the reduction of temperature when it converts to para-hydrogen causes evaporation of hydrogen this process is known as boil-off and what is required is that this boil-off should be as low as possible. So, we need to minimize this evaporation in the storage tank and thus we need to minimize this ortho-para conversion which is very important when we are considering long term storage. The reason being if at normal temperature pressure hydrogen if it is very fastly cooled in that case the hydrogen may convert or may liquefy but then in that case the concentration will be again same as the normal hydrogen and when it is being stored at that temperature 20 Kelvin then slowly this ortho-to-para conversion will occur will release heat and the liquid hydrogen will start to evaporate and that will be resulting into boil-off loss. Also we need to understand that ortho-to-para conversion this process is a very slow process this is a second order reaction which takes place very slowly and it can take about several days or a week time to convert without catalyst from ortho-to-para. Now if we want to increase the rate of this conversion we have to use a catalyst in the presence of catalyst depending upon what catalyst what is the temperature what is the pressure this conversion is a first order reaction. However at the liquid hydrogen temperature at 20 Kelvin this conversion is a 0th order reaction and takes place very fast. So once we have cooled down the system to liquid hydrogen temperature in that case this ortho-to-para conversion takes place very fast and is an exothermic reaction leading to boil-off and that is not required when we are storing hydrogen for long term because that will result into evaporation of hydrogen and then we will have to release that hydrogen which is evaporated. So liquefaction process have ortho-to-para conversion and most of the cycles liquefaction cycles they have this ortho-to-para conversion systems and that reduces the boil-off. Another important characteristic that we need to consider in liquefaction of hydrogen is throttling. Now throttling we have studied in more detail what is the Joule-Thompson effect what is the Joule-Thompson coefficient when is it positive and it is negative. Now important when we are liquefying hydrogen is the throttling which is common to most of the cycle and this is created after we create a sort of non-ideality and this non-ideality condition is carried out by other increasing the pressure by compressing or lowering down the temperature that is pre-cooling or it can be done using both. Now the problem with gas like hydrogen is its inversion temperature is below ambient and if we want to get the maximum cooling effect we have to cool it down below the maximum inversion temperature so that we can get a maximum cooling benefit. As such because of this inversion temperature being below ambient pre-cooling of the gas becomes essential so that it can be cooled down before throttling below its inversion temperature and then only we will be able to get a cooling effect on expansion. So pre-cooling becomes essential because of the negative inversion temperature of hydrogen above the ambient temperature. If we look at the hydrogen liquefaction process then before 1895 the process which was considered was compression followed by chilling reduction in the temperature and finally an expansion by means of throttling. So prior to 1895 this was the process flow that was followed here in the working media used to be hydrogen and the saturated vapor was not returned as a coolant after the throttling. So after the throttling process that we will see in the subsequent slides that after the throttling a certain amount of liquid will be obtained however vapor will be at a lower temperature. So that vapor which was formed after throttling that was not returned back as a coolant into the stream. But after 1895 the recuperative cooling was employed and here the liquefaction fluid that was itself acting as a coolant. Now if we look at the process thermodynamics we have also studied earlier that thermodynamic effect which is used for expanding is that we had do a adiabatic expansion. So if we look at the complete process it should be an isothermal compression and an adiabatic expansion. So expansion is adiabatic. Now this adiabatic expansion can be done either by mechanically extracting the energy from the fluid which is being expanded. So the fluid which is being expanded from there the energy is extracted mechanically then the process is isoentropic process and the component used is an expanding machine or an expander or an expanding device. However if this extraction is not done so without extracting the energy in that case the process is isoentropic and that is what happens in the throttling process. So if we quickly see what are the processes or what are the steps that occurs in hydrogen liquefaction is first of all since finally we have to do an expansion we have to increase the pressure so as to expand. So first step involved is a compression step where the hydrogen is the gaseous hydrogen is compressed to a higher pressure. This higher pressure should be such that it should be higher than the critical pressure. Thereafter once compression is done cooling is carried out to reduce its temperature. Now this cooling can be done in two steps first is a pre-cooling. So from the temperature ambient or after the compression it will be at a higher temperature. So from the ambient or to a higher temperature we have to cool it down to 80 k or slightly higher or lower temperature depending upon that depends on several other parameters that means liquid nitrogen cooling is done which is also known as pre-cooling. The another step could be a final cooling. So this is at a temperature which is much lower than the liquid nitrogen temperature and that can be achieved using recuperative cooling where the vapor after throttling itself acts as a coolant. And finally the step involved is an expansion step where the gas which is at a higher pressure pH it is expanded to PL using the Joule-Thompson wall. In this process the hydrogen partially gets liquefied and that amount which is getting liquefied is collected. So the liquid hydrogen in this process which is obtained can be collected. The remaining which is in the vapor from or the vapor fraction of the gas which has got liquefied or the flash gas also known as flash gas this is allowed to exchange heat in a heat exchanger in such a way that it cools down the hydrogen stream in a heat exchanger and finally it is again fed back to the main stream to the feed stream before compressor. So in a in general these are the three major steps which occurs in hydrogen liquefaction. Now there are several ways of doing that there are several components which can be used depending upon what are their what are their energy consumption we can have even to reduce their energy consumption we can have complicated cycles we can have cascading hybridization. So we will see all those cycles now. So for large-scale liquefaction the well-known cycles are the simple Claude process, Capitza process which is a modification it can be a dual pressure Claude process, it can be pre-cooled Lind-Hamson cycle or it can be pre-cooled Duel pressure Lind-Hamson cycle it could be helium pre-cooled Claude cycle or a pre-cooled mixed refrigerated cycle or cascaded cycle. So these are several options depending upon what are the components used they are in fact classified into these type of liquefaction methods. Starting with the simple Claude cycle here if we see how the liquefaction occurs the gaseous hydrogen it is compressed in a cooled compressor. So there is an intercooling involved in the compressor. So the gaseous hydrogen undergoes cool this gaseous hydrogen undergoes compression then it goes through a series of heat exchangers such that its temperature reduces finally it undergoes throttling. Now between one of the heat exchangers is an expander or an expanding device. So what happens is the part of the compressed gas it goes through an expanding device reducing its temperature and that gas which is cooled then mixes with the hydrogen stream returning hydrogen stream in that way the temperature of the gas further cools down. Now this expander or this expanding device cannot condense because if it condenses then that is detrimental for the hardware. So it only lowers down the temperature of the gas. Now in this process it undergoes the gas compressed gas passes through a number of heat exchangers reducing its temperature below the inversion temperature which is the requirement for the throttling process. Once its temperature reduces below the throttling below the inversion temperature it passes through a throttle valve undergoes expansion such that certain amount of a small amount of liquid is or gas gets liquefied or liquid hydrogen is obtained. Now in this vessel the liquid hydrogen is collected while the gas which is not liquefied or is still in the vapor form or the vapor fraction of this gas is further recirculated back through these heat exchangers so that it can reduce the temperature of the feed gas stream to the throttle process. Now once it has exchanged its heat with the feed gas finally it is fed back before the compressor. So this is how the process takes place. Now this expansion device which is used before the throttling process is to reduce the temperature of the gas. Now if we see thermodynamics of this simple Claude cycle now we can do the energy and mass balance considering the different points we can do the mass balance of the control volumes. So the gas it enters into the compressor leaves the compressor goes into the heat exchanger and the same goes into the expander after the heat exchanger 2 after the heat exchanger 3 goes to the throttle valve certain amount of the gas gets liquefied the remaining still is in the vapor form that again goes back to the heat exchanger. Now this at this point it gets mixed with the gas which is coming from the expander and as such this is 0.89 and finally 10. Now if we write a mass balance for the control volume at steady state. So at this point after the compressor m2 dot is equal to m1 dot and let say it is m dot this is the first equation at 0.3 this is same as me dot after the expanding device so after the expander. Now the gas which is at the exit at 0.10 m10 dot is it this is m1 dot which is entering and some amount which has already been liquefied so m1 m10 dot is m dot minus mf dot. So the amount which gets liquefied is subtracted and this is m dot minus mf dot because m1 dot is same as m dot. Now m dot is in general represented for the mass flow rate of stream x and this is expressed in kilojoules per second. Same we can write the energy balance energy balance between the different outlets. So the energy balance is written at the outlets of compressor expander considering the different components compressor heat exchangers expander and separator. So the energy balance is m10 dot h10 plus m3 dot h3 mf dot hf and that is equal to m dot h2 plus me dot he. Now if we substitute these values for m10 dot it is m dot minus mf dot h1 because h10 is h1 considering h10 equal to h1. So this is m10 dot h10 which is m dot minus mf dot h1 m3 dot is me dot so me dot h3 plus mf dot hf and that is equal to m dot h2 plus me dot he. So this is the energy balance where h is specific enthalpy of the stream. Now if we see how much is the mass fraction at the expander this is at the expander. So the mass fraction at the expander which is e which is exiting from the expander in that case the ratio is me dot over m dot and the amount of which which get liquefied or the liquid yield is given by mf dot upon m dot and that is h1 minus h2 upon h1 minus hf plus x times the mass fraction at expander times h3 minus he divided by h1 minus hf. We can also calculate the net work which is required per unit mass of the compressed gas and this is the net work or the net energy consumption in the cycle W which is expressed in kilojoules per kg and this is given by the net power consumption in the cycle divided by the mass flow rate and that is equal to temperature T1 s1 minus s2 minus h1 minus s2 minus x of h3 minus he where the s is standing for specific entropy of the stream x and that is kilojoules per kg Kelvin. We can also calculate the specific energy consumption which is expressed as the energy consumed divided by the mass which gets liquefied. So, the energy consumption per unit mass liquefied it is in kilojoules per kg this is W dot upon mf dot and that is W dot upon m times y from this expression m f dot is y times m dot. So, the specific energy consumption is the power net power consumption divided by m dot y. So, the y is the fraction which got liquefied and the mass flow rate. We can also find the coefficient of performance that is the cooling which is provided by the working fluid to the net input power in the cycle. So, that is the COP and that is given by m dot times the enthalpy in the enthalpy of the feed minus hf of the liquefied hydrogen divided by the net power consumption. Now, this was the thermodynamics or the energy consumption in a simple Claude cycle. There are several variations to the simple Claude cycle. The variation to simple Claude cycle is the Capitza process wherein we can use reciprocating expansion engines instead of the instead of that expander. So, that expander is in fact the reciprocating expansion engine and this particular process is specially used when large-scale hydrogen production is required. We can also have dual pressure Claude process. So, instead of one pressure compression to one pressure before a throttling we can have two pressure, two pressure levels or two compressors being added. This is because the minimum work is proportional to pressure ratio. So, minimum work in compression that is proportional to the pressure ratio and not the pressure difference in the cycle. Now, we know also know that the compression energy this is this varies with the logarithmic of the compression ratio. For example, if it is a simple Claude cycle with a primary compressor with a compressor having a compression ratio of 200 is to 1 we can get the logarithmic value of 5.3 as a compression energy. So, that logarithmic term is 5.3. However, if we use a dual pressure cycle or a dual pressure Claude process then this compression ratio there are two compressors. So, the main compressor that will have a compression ratio of 200 by 5 and that can reduce the logarithmic term to 1.8 and that clearly shows the improvement in the performance and the energy consumption reduction. Now, in an ideal simple Claude cycle the pressure as it increases the minimum work of compression that reduces and as we know because it is proportional to the pressure ratio and then the expander flow rate is at is corresponding to the minimum work that also reduces. But the major problem with the Claude process is because we are using several components there is a expander which is being used there are several heat exchangers being used. In fact, two heat exchanger in the simple Claude process that adds up to the capital cost of the simple Claude cycle. So, the next cycle we will see will be the Lind-Hamson cycle which compared to the Claude cycle has a lower capex, capital investment. But compared to Claude cycle it has a higher operational cost. So, operational cost of Claude is lower compared to the Lind-Hamson the reason being the lower power consumption in the Claude process. So, we have seen that in the Claude cycle there is a expander or an expanding device which is used but the Lind-Hamson cycle that has a pre-cooling step which is by means of liquid nitrogen. And this pre-cooling step is introduced the reason because the inversion temperature of hydrogen is below the ambient temperature. So, that becomes inevitable. So, it can be either by means of an expander which is done in case of the Claude cycle while in case of pre-cooled Lind-Hamson cycle this is by means of a liquid nitrogen system through a heat exchanger the hydrogen is being cooled. Now in the addition of this pre-cooling not only reduces the temperature of hydrogen below its inversion temperature but it also improves the yield of liquid which we are getting. So, the yield of liquid hydrogen which is being collected this is because it improves the it decreases in fact the enthalpy of high pressure gas at the warm end of the heat exchanger. So, this reduces the enthalpy of the gas which is entering into the heat exchanger by cooling that. And also the high pressure which is required the requirement of high pressure can still be reduced. If we cool it down we pre-cool it using a liquid nitrogen network and this can be done by reducing the temperature before it undergoes the throttling. So, inclusion of this liquid nitrogen cooling has several benefits it reduces hydrogen gas temperature below its inversion temperature it reduces the enthalpy of the gas entering in the heat exchanger at the same time it reduces the pressure requirement before throttling. Now the pre-cooled Lind-Hamson cycle is where the gaseous hydrogen it gets compressed in a cool compressor once it is compressed it passes through a heat exchanger wherein its temperature is dropped below the inversion temperature by means of liquid hydrogen cooling. After that it is throttled through a Joule-Thompson wall undergoes an isoentropic expansion. In this process some amount of liquid hydrogen is formed which is being collected the remaining which is still in the vapor form that is allowed to exchange heat or that itself acts as a coolant cooling down the inlet hydrogen gas stream from the compressor to the throttle wall. So, in the way back to the compressor that passes through the heat exchanger and undergoes or it acts as a coolant for the feed gas to the throttle wall. After this heat exchanger it is fed back to the compressor. So, this is the simple pre-cooled Lind-Hamson cycle. Now performance wise this pre-cooling improves the performance of the entire process and we have seen the various reasons why it improves the performance. Now if we compare the Claude cycle with the Lind-Hamson cycle the specific energy consumption for a ideal Lind-Hamson cycle is 16.24 kilowatt hour per kg but for Claude cycle it is 22.1 kilowatt hour per kg. So, it is less in case of Lind-Hamson cycle. Now this performance can further be improved if instead of one stage compression if we include two pressure levels before throttling. So, by we can have two pressure levels included and then it becomes dual pressure pre-cooled Lind-Hamson cycle and the energy requirement can be reduced not only by means of pre-cooling but by increasing by increasing one more component the one more compressor and then we can have dual pressure levels included. Now if we consider that dual pressure ideal Lind-Hamson cycle then the specific energy consumption it reduces to 12.12 kilowatt hour per kg of liquid hydrogen being produced. While if the same we apply to dual pressure we apply to the Claude process it reduces to 6.66 kilowatt hour per kg. There are many other cycles which are possible there are several other variations like one of the variation is Collins process wherein we have further added one more expander and then there are several a series of heat exchangers which have been employed in the process. Now other variations to the pre-cooled system this is for the pre-cooled system there are many variations possible one is like helium pre-cooled. Now we know that the major component of the cost is also a compressor in the liquefaction system. Higher the size of compressor which is being used higher will be the cost associated. Now in order to reduce the size of compressor then the flow rate will also reduce the pressure will also reduce and that can still work well if we use helium for pre-cooling. So that helium acts as a working fluid here and the cycle becomes helium pre-cooled cycle. Another possibility is the joule Brayton pre-cooled cycle where again helium cycle it acts as a the helium system it acts as a refrigerant while the final expansion this is done by means of an expansion engine. And this working fluid this is not liquefied however its temperature is reduced to below the hydrogen temperature. Another possibility is with the use of different refrigerants and then we can have mixed refrigerant pre-cooled cycle. So there can be mixtures of gases and vapors which acts as working fluid in the refrigeration cycle. Now this mixed refrigerant cycle that acts as a pre-cooler for the expansion for the remaining cycle or we can superimpose or make an we can have a hybrid. So we can have a cascaded system wherein different independent cycles they pre-cool the other refrigeration cycle and with this particular system it approaches very close to the ideal reversible liquefaction process reducing the amount of net amount of energy consumption. But as we keep on adding the different components the complexity of the entire process increases. And this cascaded system is specially important when we have to use it for wide temperature range and there it improves not only the yield of the liquid which we are getting but also it improves the efficiency. So to summarize this part there have been several hydrogen liquefaction plants which are operational in the world these are located in various regions it is in USA, Japan, Canada, Holland, Finland, France, China, Germany, India. Now if we see some of the these representative examples like the one which is at being installed by Praksher this is having a specific energy consumption between in the range of 12.5 to 15 kilowatt hour per kg. Another one in Germany Ingolstadt that has 13 to 15 kilowatt hour per kg of specific energy consumption the plant that has about 13.5 that is 4.4 tons per day of hydrogen being produced liquid hydrogen being produced and it operates on the principle of pre-cooled clod cycle. This specific energy consumption is still very high the US DOA targets are to achieve a specific energy consumption of 6 kilowatt hour per kg for a large sized plant of 300,000 kg of hydrogen liquefaction per day and still it is way far off compared to the plants which are operational today. So we have to reduce the requirement is to reduce the specific energy consumption because the liquefaction is a highly energy intensive process we have to reduce the energy requirement and that can be carried out by several process integrations and many improvements in the cycle but with integration processing integration including more and more components to reduce the specific energy consumption the entire cycle becomes more and more complicated. Out of the total liquefaction cost considering a fives of 100 tons of liquefaction per day about 40 to 50 percent is the capital cost of the capital cost involved in the plant. So there have been improvements there have been models wherein large size plants have been modeled and also develop like a fives of 50 tons per day with liquid helium cooling and that had 4 ortho to para converter systems which has reduced the specific energy consumption to 8.73 kilowatt hour per kg. Another one which is being modeled is pre-cooled Claude and Joule-Breton cycle and that has a specific energy consumption of 5.85 kilowatt hour per kg. So as we are looking at the reduction in the specific energy consumption the process gets more and more complicated then 4 Joule-Breton cycles being cascaded together and then used the mixed refrigerant cycle as well for the refrigeration and that reduces the specific energy consumption to 5.35 kilowatt hour per kg. So the major challenges which we can see with the liquefaction processes the high capital cost the high specific energy consumption boil off losses inversion temperature of hydrogen which is in fact lower than the ambient temperature conversion from ortho to para all these leads to a complicated hydrogen liquefaction process. Thank you.


What is up? We're back. It's the same day. I'm about to head to the gym. I Just thought I'd give you guys a quick update because I have gone and ordered some stuff. I Was in a bit of a state this morning.  Do you like down here in Melbourne for only one reason and that's to play football man, and you just go and miss a training just as easily as that Like get a grip Jacob, but you know what? I Probably should have gone. I probably should have just turned up Gone with it said look. I'm sorry. I'm completely unprepared again. I haven't brought any gear But you know what Now that I've gone and bought some stuff now that I've gone and actually registered with the team I feel much better about not going so basically after I talked to you last when inside I went to the Facebook page and I did what I was meant to do like two weeks ago Which is scroll through pretty much all of the posts this year Just to see what the team's been doing how it's been progressing how to register because I haven't actually registered as a player Which I have done now, so I'm effectively from today. I'm a registered gridiron player in the state of Victoria in Australia So that's cool As well as that I ordered some pants. I didn't order the jersey because I think I'm gonna be playing for the second team And only the guys that are in the first team, which is called the Warriors We're ordering that the players jerseys. I reckon I'm gonna be in the second team if there is a second team In which case I'm not gonna buy one So I'm just gonna pick one up on the day put it on and suit up and go so so I have bought the pants I've bought a hoodie and I've registered for the team. So that's great now when I turn up on Wednesday Hopefully my pants will be there. I'll be able to grab my hoodie. I'll be registered my names on the list I can put forward what what number I'd like for the team and see what's available. Anyways As well as that obviously I needed a mouth guard and I needed some receiving gloves So I've gone and ordered two of each I've got a red double pair of running back slash receiver gloves, and I've also got a pair of Adidas, I think the Adidas ones But I wanted two different types in case I lost one But also I just wanted to you know feel two different types of gloves and I've got two mouthguards So like I mentioned before it's extremely hard to pick up American football gear basically no one stocks it in Australia And the only place I could find that stocked it that could get me stuff before my before the training on Wednesday Was a place over in Perth called US sports supplies or something like that So I've got a message in my Facebook. I said look if I put an order through today Can you get it to me by Wednesday? He said yes I'm sure I can so I went and ordered the two gloves two mouthguards, and hopefully they'll be here by Wednesday, so That's it man. That's it. I can guarantee you now. I'm disappointed. I haven't got any footage for you guys I can guarantee you right now that the next video you see on this channel will be footage From Wednesday's training. I'm gonna take the camera down. I'm gonna set it up After we do the warm-ups, we're gonna come together the running backs are gonna come together Receivers gonna come together linemen gonna come together when the running backs come together I'm gonna go and get my camera set it up and We'll go through it. I can't wait to be two yards behind the quarterback Taking some handoffs again. I can't wait to be running through the gauntlet trying to pop that ball out of the other running Back's hands. I can't wait to just be running back and forth Just practicing the handoffs practicing the handoffs.  I haven't got any footage yet.  I didn't even know I had to so look It's all good. Thanks for being here guys Like I mentioned it's Sunday Sunday the 11th of August and I'll be back to you guys on Wednesday the 15th At about 10 o'clock p.m. To talk about how the training went My third ever grid on trainer. Okay. Can't wait. Have a fantastic day and as always


Mokah. Do you think internal turmoil will develop in the Gulf regions because of their close ties with Israel? I think most most countries, same countries leaders are cutting their ties with Israel.  It is about to commit Israel's committed suicide. It's going to see mass outflow of Israelis. Israel economic prosperity is now down the toilet. It's going to have social issues, economic issues, political issues. Israel just committed suicide. It's done. The Israel of three months ago is over. Four months ago is over. Anybody that thought the future of Israel was looking bright four months ago should be reevaluating the analysis. Wall Street corporations are not. For example, Intel just said, oh yeah, they're going to invest $25 billion in Israel to build a chip plant 25 miles away from Gaza. Well, if you know your history of IBM and Nazi Germany, that's the future of Intel and Israel. Look into the future. Look into the history of how IBM helped Nazi Germany commit genocide. And that's direct, identical. Intel and other Wall Street companies with Israel. And one thing I'll mention regarding Israel and Gaza and connecting it up to World War Two. You talk to a lot of people about World War Two, about the Holocaust and genocide and World War One with the Turks committing genocide and Armenians and many genocides throughout history. And a lot of people have the goal to come out and say, well, if we knew we would have done something, we wouldn't have supported it, we would resist this genocide. How could people living that period not see what was happening? How could they not resist it? How could they support it? How could they continue to do business with regimes that commit genocide and all that jazz? Because someone say, well, because the information wasn't there. It took a long time for information to flow to, if atrocities were being committed in Nazi Germany, Nazi occupied Europe, it took weeks, months for that information or years for that information to filter out into the United States. Otherwise the United States Americans would have done something much earlier, much earlier, which is bullshit, by the way. Charlie Chaplin spoke out against this. And we know, taking the present of what's happening with Israel and Gaza, what Israel is doing in Gaza, that majority of the population, well, many people in our societies are cowards to their core, right? Because you cannot deny that a genocide is being committed, atrocities are being committed. But many people are fine and dandy with their lives, without resisting, without speaking out, some being even foolish enough supporting this genocide, right? Supporting this genocide, because their leaders, their politicians, the propagandists told them that it's okay, right? That it's okay, right? So keep that in mind, right? Look around you. Those people dancing on the Titanic, they are cowards, they are fools, right? Those people supporting genocide, they are cowards, they are fools. There are many cowards and fools in our society, right?  Suicide rate in Israel is through the roof now, right? There are many Israelis that have gone, but have been deployed in Gaza, soldiers that have been deployed in Gaza, they're watching their people, the chosen people, commit atrocities, right? Some of them dancing and laughing and singing as they do it, all of them are not like that, and that's having a psychological effect on them, right? And it's destroying them, annihilating them, their spirits, right? Some of them are going back home, killing themselves. Some of them are going back home and saying, I'm out of Israel.   Israel is done. Israel is done. It will never, ever be what the fanatics want it to be. Well, maybe the fanatics actually want it to be exactly what it is, but it will never be prosperous the way they dream it will be, right? It will drain the United States, the Western world of funds. It will, if we allow our leaders to continue to support this genocide, we will go down with Israel, economically, spiritually, financially, geopolitically, right? But Israel committed mass suicide. Mourn for Israel, really. I'm not kidding you. Pity them. Pity the fools because they are fools. They belong to a cult and it was a death cult and we are witnessing probably the largest death cult in human history commit mass suicide. Unfortunately, they're committing atrocities as they do it. That's what's going on. That's what's going on.


Hi, everyone. My name is Vincent Rabaud. I work on image compression research at Google. This coming spring marks 10 years since we developed the WebP image format. This video talks about WebP, how it's being used today, and what we're developing next for the web. Some of you may be familiar with our previous videos on image compression, which you can find on the links below. WebP is an image format designed to save bytes on the wire for the web. Getting better visual quality in fewer bytes means faster load times, reduced data usage, and increased user engagement. Compared to the best JPEG encoders, WebP can reduce file sizes by 20% to 30% at the same visual quality. The lossless WebP mode sees similar savings over PNG encodes. On the animation side, WebP can produce even greater savings over GIFs. The format is open source and free, so you can try out WebP today by checking our developer site. So what has changed for WebP since the format was first released? Well, all along the encode and decode libraries have continued to improve not only in compression performance, but also in CPU and RAM efficiency. Last year, we released a one-pointer version of WebP with future updates focusing only on maintenance and bug fixes. Huge thanks to all the open source contributors, bug filers, and testers who helped make WebP the code base it is today. Another recent change is native browser support. In the last year, Firefox and Edge started shipping with WebP decoders, adding to longstanding support in Chromium-based browsers and Android. WebP has never been available in more places, reaching 80% of web users according to caniuse.com. For browsers without support like Safari or Internet Explorer, check out our prior video on the picture element for JPEG fallback. You can also use WebAssembly to add a decoder to browsers only when WebP content is being served. For more information, check out this video from Google developer expert Kenneth Christensen. The web ecosystem has also expanded for WebP with new options for essential image tool chains. Most recently, our team launched WebP Shop, an open source Photoshop plugin for importing and exporting WebP images in Adobe's creative suite. This is on top of existing support in Google properties like Android Studio and Scrooge, as well as open source tools like GIMP and ImageMagic. WebP has never been easier to use on your site. You won't be alone since more developers are using WebP than ever before. Be on success stories at Google Brands like Shopping or YouTube. Companies like Shopify, Vox, and Pinterest have detailed how WebP improved their site's quality. Now that we've accomplished so much with WebP, what's next? Well, as future work, we're exploring new algorithms that can bring an extra 25% size reduction, as well as a wider color space, hence enabling HDR display. Of course, we're keeping the features that make WebP a great compression format for the web, animation and lossless, interruptability, meaning you can display something even if your image is not fully downloaded, none it for dedicated hardware, and of course, low CPU and memory footprint. Thanks for watching, and stay tuned for updates.