Good evening aspirants welcome to the hindu news analysis by shankara ace academy for the date 23rd of december 2022 displayed here are the list of news articles we will be going through today now without wasting time let's start our discussion let us start today's discussion with this editorial article as per the article wto panel report says that the united states is turning away from free trade and moving towards protectionism this is because the usa recently imposed a tariff of 25 percent and 10 percent on steel and aluminum respectively and also recently the wto panel has ruled that the tariff imposed by usa on steel and aluminum are inconsistent with the wto law this is the crux of the editorial given here in this context let us see the important points mentioned in the editorial also we will see about wto before getting into that i have highlighted the syllabus regarding this discussion you can go through it now let's start our discussion let us start by looking into wto we all know the expansion of wto right it is the world trade organization but do you know the history of wto do you know how it came into being it all started with the end of the world war two see the irony no end of the world war two started the mark of wto the second world war offered the allied powers an opportunity to remake the world so they devised many international organizations which resembled the structure of national governments this is new to us right we have all seen the international organizations as a means for cooperation between different countries in the world but they were formulated as structures which resemble the structure of the national governments of the allied powers think about it no there is a legislature which is nothing but the general assembly of the united nation then there is the judiciary which is nothing but the international court of justice a central bank which is world bank and imf and an executive which is nothing but the united nation security council now you know how these organizations were created not only this the architects of the post war also established institutions which were equivalents of many ministries for example we have food and agriculture organization which resembles the ministry of agriculture for education and culture we have uniscoe for health we have who look at how the order of the world after the world war two was created like this organization which was envisaged for the trade is known as international trade organization it was intended to perform the functions of a global trade ministry these organizations were formed in the hope that all these organizations will create a world government but it didn't happen because countries have strong attachments to their own sovereignty let us not deviate from the topic of our interest today so coming back to wto sorry ito during the sovereignty problem and tensions which emerged because of cold war international trade organization is subjected to many criticism in havana in 1948 the un conference on trade and employment concluded a draft charter for the ito which is known as the havana charter but this charter was not signed by the us so side by side countries relied temporarily on the gatt agreement for facing out use of import quota and reducing tariff the expansion of gatt is general agreement on trade and tariff and this gatt became the center piece of the trading system for an interim period it was done in the hope that ito will be revamped and it will come into existence with reforms but nothing happened so the interim period of gatt became nearly half a century see gatt was created in 1947 and wto came into existence in the year 1995 so like i said nearly half a century gatt dominated the trade gatt held many negotiations during the gatt years 8 rounds of tariff negotiations were held between 1947 and 1994 i have given those details here you can go through ito now you may ask if countries relied on gatt for so long then what necessitated the formation of wto see everything will have some imperfections right so gatt also had some shortcomings gatt was a contract to which countries were parties it is not an organization in which countries are members so what does this mean this means that in a contractual agreement the commitments were applied on a provisional rather than definitive basis so this only necessitated the formation of an organization apart from this the last round of gatt which is the uruguay round also necessitated the formation of an organization the talks were to extend the trading system into several new areas for example trade in services and intellectual property and there were also talks to reform the trade in the sensitive sectors of agriculture and textiles so this round is ironically called as the round to end all rounds okay and now coming back wto began on 1st january 1995 even though it was created in 1995 the gatt had been providing rules since 1948 one more thing that you should note is that gatt mainly dealt with trade inputs but the wto and its agreements also covered trade in services and intellectual property the birth of the wto also created new procedures for the settlement of disputes for services we have general agreement on trade in services which is gats for IPR we have agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property rights which is trips for dispute settlement we have dispute settlement understanding other agreements are also there but we will see about them in some other day and this is all about wto's history now we will see the organizational structure of wto the wto has 164 members this accounts for 98 percent of world trade the wto is run by its member governments all the major decisions are taken by the membership as a whole the decisions are made either by ministers or by their ambassadors or delegates but know that the decisions are normally taken by consensus and the wto's agreements have been ratified in all member parliaments wto's top level decision making body is the ministerial conference which meets usually every two years and below this is the general council and this general council meets several times a year in the jenniva headquarters the general council also meets as the trade policy review body and the dispute settlement body at the next level there is the goods council service council and the intellectual property council they all report to the general council apart from this numerous specialized committees working groups and working parties are also there they all deal with the individual agreements and other areas such as environment development membership application and regional trade agreements now this might give you an idea about the functioning of wto what is the core objective of wto it is the trade opening right it aids in smooth and free flow of trade so what will be the functions of wto the functions of wto include administrating trade agreements acting as the forum for trade negotiation settling trade disputes reviewing national trade policies building the trade capacity of developing economies and cooperating with other international organizations this is about the objectives and functions of wto now coming to the editorial the editorial says that the world is shifting from neoliberalism to geoeconomic order particularly this is seen in the case of usa and china for your better understanding i will explain this in simple terms after the cold war the world was interested in neoliberalism now what is this neoliberalism in the neoliberal order the economic and security interests are independent tax neoliberalism is based on principles such as non-discrimination in international economic relation that is free trade peaceful settlement of disputes through neutral international courts these principles are achieved through the creation of global institutions such as wto and a large number of free trade and investment treaties this was the case immediately after the cold war this is because at that time the us existed as an undisputed hegemony that is undisputed power and it supported free trade because it did not fear the growth of any strategic rivals such as china but now like i said countries are moving towards geoeconomic order this means that the world order is based on economic position of the countries do you understand this see if a country is wealthy it is a major economic power then the country is seen as a powerful country this is because only when they are able to buy and develop weapons they can protect their territory and sovereignty very well do you notice the change here in neoliberalism security never crossed paths with economy they remained as independent tracks like the railway track but in geoeconomic order these independent tracks that is economic and security tracks they started to converge the main reason for this is the fear yeah you heard me right like we saw before when us was an undisputed and incomparable power it agreed to free trade but as the gap in size of chinese and american economies begin to shrink at a rapid pace the us is giving up on free trade okay and also us is shiftly or quickly embracing protectionism and the tariff increased by us on steel and aluminum is seen as one such measure initially we saw about wto panel reports right do you remember that in that report us was accused of violating article two class one of gat article two class one obligates the countries not to impose tariff beyond certain rates but for this the us justified that their action is as per article 21 of gat this allows the countries to deviate from their trade obligation on grounds of national security specifically article 21 class b subclass 3 of gat allows the country to take any action which is necessary for the protection of security in time of war or other emergency in international relations but for this the panel said that the national security rule of article 21 is not entirely self-judging it is subjected to review so as per the review the panel rejected the us's argument that it increased the tariff due to global excess capacity and it also rejected us argument that the global excess capacity could lead to excessive imports used in defense production so compromising us's national security the panel held that the situation does not constitute emergency in international relations under article 21 class b subclass 3 this is because it lacked severity the main takeaway for us is that a particular country can deviate from their trade obligation on grounds of national security and this action is subjected to review this is the example quoted by the author for explaining the move towards geoeconomic order the funny fact here is that usually us will only lecture countries to follow international law the us has constantly blamed china and russia for violating international law but us is also turning its back to the rule-based order see the major concern about pursuing geoeconomic order is that this will encourage other countries to pursue unilateralism and economic nationalism as we all know unilateralism is the reminiscent of the first part of the 20th century that led to the great depression and the second world war so the author is saying that excessively following economic nationalism is also dangerous to the prosperity of the world because in some cases it may trigger war between countries so that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion we saw about the evolution of wto its objectives and functions after that we saw how the world order is changing from neoliberal to geoeconomic order and we understood this with the example of the trade war between china and usa so that's all regarding this discussion i hope this discussion was useful with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article have a look at this news article this news article talks about a gang attack the news is that a four-member gang including three juveniles attacked eight persons across kanjipuram and it is said that they were under the influence of alcohol see this news is not relevant for our exam but the issue of juvenile delinquency is very relevant for our examination so in this context in our discussion today let us see about juveniles and what is meant by juvenile delinquency then we will also see what are all the possible reasons for juvenile delinquency in india first of all who is a juvenile juvenile or a child is a person who has not completed 18 years of age this is what is said in section 2 class k of juvenile justice care and protection of children act 2015 now what is juvenile delinquency juvenile delinquency refers to participation of minors in illegal crimes when a person deviates from the normal course of his social life his behavior is termed as delinquent in other words when a juvenile's action proved to be dangerous towards the society and for him he may be called as a juvenile delinquent the act of delinquency may include running away from home use of inappropriate or vulgar language committing sexual offense etc so juvenile delinquency is nothing but juvenile crime to understand this term you can think about the movie pudupete starring danush in that movie during his engage itself he will be accustomed to violence at his home actually in that movie his father kills his mother and danush will witness it so he will run away from home then he will fall into the hands of the drug crime industry in northern chennai and in turn he becomes a don so due to some issues in his house he ended up becoming a juvenile delinquent and further expanding into major crimes this is about juvenile delinquency okay with this understanding let us see the reasons behind juvenile delinquency firstly if the parents are abusive then the core character of the child itself is varied because the minor would not have received proper education so they have lower intelligence and are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior this is the first reason secondly if the child has faced family violence or sexual abuse this might alter their behavior so this will lead to their involvement in criminal activities the third important thing is substance abuse substance abuse like drug abuse antisocial peer groups easy availability of firearms all these factors will push a child towards delinquency so in short we can say that the three factors causing juvenile delinquency in india are family factors individual factors and substance abuse factors so these are all the reasons for juvenile delinquency behavior so that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion we first saw who is a juvenile then we saw who is a juvenile delinquent finally we saw the reason behind juvenile delinquency with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article look at this article from the opinion page this article talks about judicial vacation now suddenly this is in news because of the announcement made by the chief justice of india he said that the vacation benches of the supreme court will not be available during the winter break this announcement came after the union law minister's criticism of the court's lengthy vacation and the inconvenience it caused to the litigants in this background this interview article in the opinion page of the newspaper tries to address the need of the judicial vacation so in our discussion today we will see what is judicial vacation the provisions that allow for judicial vacation and the need for judicial vacation okay the syllabus regarding this discussion is highlighted here you can go through it now let's start our discussion let us begin with the question what is this court or judicial vacation the supreme court has 193 working days a year for its judicial functioning will the high courts functions for approximately 210 days and the trial courts for 245 days high courts have the power to structure their calendars according to their service rules now specifically talking about the supreme court the supreme court breaks its seven week annual summer vacation and takes it as a summer and winter break the summer break or summer vacation begins at the end of May and the court reopens in July after that the court takes a week long break each for Dasara and Diwali as well as a two week break at the end of December this is the winter break and this is how the court vacation functions now moving on to the question what is the need for court vacation firstly vacation gives time for rejuvenation India has the most overburdened judiciary I am saying this because there is a huge workload on working days from Monday to Friday every year approximately 25,000 cases are filed if this is the situation then the supreme court will have to hear at least 50 to 75 cases per day judges cannot discharge justice without having read the papers to pass appropriate orders right so just look at the workload if the judiciary doesn't have the vacation the judges will have mental breakdown so the vacations provide the rejuvenation time that the judges need to function effectively during the working days this is the first need for court vacation the second reason is that we cannot compare court to other arms of the democracy like the executive and the legislature I am saying this because judges do not take leave of absence like other working professional when the court is in session family tragedies health are very rare exception but judges rarely take the day off for social engagements for this reason court vacations are a need thirdly since every case has its own complex issues in reality it takes time and effort to read comprehend and assess the case so the legal fraternity that is the court and the advocates argue that the time during vacation is also utilized for writing judgments and doing research regarding the case just know we saw about the workload right I hope you can understand the judges are left with very little time when the courts are working to do this research regarding the cases okay finally the argument that cutting the vacation period would be a solution to pendency is not backed by data as pendency relates largely to legacy cases that need to be tackled very systematically we cannot expect the judiciary to work round the clock and expect them to deliver high quality judgments here let me give you an example our supreme court website shows that the court gives minimum of 10 to 15 judgments per day on the other hand the US federal courts give a maximum of 10 to 15 judgments a year so it is a universally accepted system that if you want efficacy you have to give the judges the proper time to get ready to give a proper judgment so these are all the reasons that necessitates the presence of or the provision of court vacation okay now you may ask me a question what will happen to the important cases during court vacation it seems like the supreme court is taking two long vacations each year but technically the court is not fully closed during these vacation generally a few judges are available for hearing urgent cases even when the court is in recess there will be a combination of two or three judges called vacation benches this vacation bench of the supreme court is a special bench constituted by the chief justice of India during vacations litigants can still approach the supreme court and if the court decides that the plea is an urgent matter then the vacation bench hears the cases on its merit it is not very uncommon for court to hear important cases during vacation for example in 2015 a five-bed judge of supreme court hear the challenge of the constitution amendment setting up the n-jack that is national judicial appointments commission then in 2017 a constitution bench led by the then cja js kelker held a six-day hearing of the case challenging the practice of triple talag during the summer vacation so it is not very uncommon for the court to even work during the vacation so the executive must not blame the supreme court or the judiciary in general for the pendency of case and link it to the court vacation okay i hope you can understand so finally let us see the legal provisions that facilitates for this vacation benches see rule six of order two of the supreme court rule 2013 empowers the chief justice of india to nominate the division benches they hear urgent miscellaneous matters and regular hearing matters during the summer vacation for the period and whenever necessary he may even appoint a division court this court can hear urgent cases during the vacation which required to be heard by a bench of judges so that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion we saw what is court vacation then we saw four points that discusses the need for court vacation then we saw what is vacation bench and how we affect you the court functions even during vacation and finally we saw the legal provisions that enables the provision for vacation benches so that's all regarding this discussion with this let us conclude this and take up the next news article have a look at this editorial article this article is written by mr mk naranan who needs no introduction this article talks about the issue of terrorism in the introduction he writes about the recent global initiatives to counter terrorism then he writes about the major terrorist activities that took place after 2000 he also says that for the past couple of years there has not been any major terrorist attack he says that this is not something to be happy about since the terror networks are still functioning and could strike at any time he's of the opinion that the world nations are not working towards waging a coordinated fight against terrorism for example we can take india and pakistan both the countries are among the most affected by terrorism but they blame each other instead of finding ways to cooperate to deal with the issue of terrorism in the final part of the editorial mr mk naranan suggests certain measures that can be taken to counter terrorism in this he mainly focuses on reactivating the comprehensive convention on international terrorism so in our discussion today we will focus on ccit that is comprehensive convention on international terrorism now what is this ccit this comprehensive convention on international terrorism was proposed by india to the united nation general assembly and this was in the year 1996 india did this with the objective of providing a comprehensible legal framework to counter terrorism okay this is the basic introduction now let us see the major objectives of this ccit first objective is to have a universal definition of terrorism and this has to be adopted by all 193 members of the united nation general assembly into their own criminal laws okay now comes the question what was the definition given by ccit for terrorism according to this convention if any person commits an offense with the purpose of frightening a population or if the offense is to compel a government or an international organization to abstain from doing their duty and if these offenses causes death or sometimes serious bodily injury to any person or serious damage to public or private property then this is the definition given by the convention to define terrorism okay now let us come back to the objectives the second objective of the convention is to ban all terror groups and shut down terror camps the third objective is to prosecute all terrorists under special laws and the last objective is to make cross border terrorism an extraditable offense worldwide here an offense is extraditable if it is a crime in both the countries and punishable by imprisonment for a period of one year or more okay now these are the objectives of the ccit we could see that its objectives brings in the theme of coordinated fight against terrorism but what are the issues with this convention that keeps it just at the proposal level the conclusion and the ratification of ccit remains deadlocked due to opposition from three main blocks of countries who are they they are the united states the organization of islamic countries and the latin american countries now we will see the rationale behind the opposition by these groups to the ccit firstly let us take united states and the issue that us has against ccit the united states wanted the draft to exclude acts committed by military forces of states during peacetime because it is worried about the application of the ccit to its own military forces this is because of u.s. involvement in afghanistan and ira secondly let us see about the issue mentioned by oacy that is organization of islamic countries the oacy wants exclusion of national liberation movements this is mainly in the context of israel policy in conflict and according to oacy there is a need to distinguish acts of terrorism from movements of self-determination so that legitimate movements are not labeled as criminal acts of terrorism this is the issue cited by oacy and last day let us see the issue cited by latin american countries the latin american countries wanted the draft to cover state terrorism also then it also wanted to include the violation of international human rights law by state under terrorism so from the issue cited by these three group of countries we can see that their main concern is regarding the definition of terrorism provided under ccit so mr mk narayan is of the opinion that ccit should have to be brought back to the table and the issue surrounding the definition of terrorism should be sorted out so that ccit can be implemented he's of the opinion that only if the ccit is implemented coordinated action worldwide against terrorism can be mooted and this will only lead to long-term solution to counter the act of terrorist attacks okay so that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion we saw about the major points highlighted in the editorial then we saw about ccit and the issues surrounding it so with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article look at this editorial the war between russia and ukraine seems never-ending more than 300 days have passed since russia's invasion of ukraine we have discussed so many times about the causes of the war but this editorial talks about another aspect it provides us with a testament of the role played by usa in this war don't you wonder what the superpower is doing in this war let us find out before that note down the syllabus here now let's start who do you think usa will be supporting those who even know a little bit about international relation and the cold war can easily say usa will be on the opposing side of russia so yes usa is obviously supporting ukraine in this war usa-ukraine bilateral relations dates back to 1991 when ukraine got independence from the soviet union usa also plays a critical role in supporting the enhanced engagement between nato and ukraine on these lines when the war began usa started supporting ukraine saying it wanted to maintain international order usa's secretary of state openly mentioned help ukraine defend itself support the ukrainian people hold russia accountable so what kind of support am i talking about here is it sanctions on russia no i am talking about other types of help for example in march usa enacted ukraine supplemental appropriations act this act provided 13.6 billion dollar assistance in terms of military humanitarian and economic assistance objective here was to help ukraine also objective here was to help ukraine to defend itself from russia's further invasion also ensuring effective functioning of the government of ukraine and to support its people here focus on the term to defend itself how can a country in a war defend itself only through weapons right this is where the military assistance comes into play because in the assistance a total of one billion dollars as security assistance is approved to provide ukraine with weapons so that it can effectively defend itself from russian invasion additionally usa and allies consisting of 15 nations have committed military equipment to strengthen ukraine this includes nearly 2000 tanks and other armored vehicles more than 800 artillery systems more than 50 advanced multiple rocket launching system and also anti ship and air defense systems like this military and security assistance have been provided by usa time and again one was granted just two days ago based on which the editorial has been written this assistance includes an additional security assistance of 1.85 billion dollars for ukraine it includes many military capabilities like one patriot air defense system additional ammunition for high mobility artillery rocket system that is humors okay here patriot air defense system holds importance let us see about it now first note that patriot is expanded as phased array tracking radar to intercept on target such a tough name but we know it is an air defense system it is a surface to air mobile air defense missile system it is capable of bringing down cruise missiles short range ballistic missiles and aircraft so it is one of world's most advanced air defense capabilities its concept was first developed in 1961 so it has gone through many upgrades over the years the system has four operational functions namely communication command and control radar surveillance and missile guidance for these the system consists of six major components the components are missiles or interceptors launcher radar set control station power generator unit and hike frequency antenna must here the capability of the system depends on the type of interceptor used for example patriot uses pac2 interceptor and also pac3 missile the pac2 interceptor is proximity fusing missile and uses a blast fragmentation warhead that is bfw the warhead refers to the explosive head of the missile in proximity fusing the missile detonates automatically when it approaches a target that is when it is in the proximity of the target the missile detonates in other words it detonates in the vicinity of the threat missile also in blast fragmentation warhead detonation delivers damage to the target due to shockwave and metal splinters on the other hand pac3 missile uses advanced hit to kill technology that is htk technology htk defeats targets by striking them directly so pac3 strikes the target whereas pac2 detonates near it there are many difference in both technologies htk ensures minimization of lethal effects on the ground but bfw has a better chance of hitting the body of the ballistic missiles whereas htk demands a guidance system to ensure body to body contact between the interceptor and the incoming ballistic missile but with advanced technologies guidance is achieved particularly htk is much effective where the enemy missile has sub munitions sub munitions are small weapons or devices that is part of the larger warhead and separates from it prior to impact in case of htk weapons they deliver more destructive energy than even the most efficient bfw also bfw lacks sufficient penetration to destroy sub munitions in this image you can see in htk 91% sub munitions is killed whereas bfw kills only 26% so this means when sub munitions are involved bfw fails to protect the different target and has lethal effects on the ground this is why htk that is hit to kill are preferred so pac3 is more advanced and more effective in neutralizing air targets than pac2 okay one of the advantage of the patria air defense system is it has both the interceptors that is pac2 which is a bfw and pac3 which is htk okay this is one of the major advantages associated with patria system next is the launcher station they transport and protect the interceptor missiles and provide platform for their physical launch of the missile not only this the patria radar combines surveillance tracking and engagement functions in mun unit the radar has a effective range of 150 kilometers since patria has a phased array radar as its name suggests it helped to guide interceptors to their target and it is also resistant to jamming note that control station is the only manned component of the patria system it calculates trajectories for interceptors and controls the launching sequence also communicates with the launcher station and other patria batteries here battery means artillery and finally the antenna mast group is the main communications backbone for the patria unit based on these capabilities of patria it is currently in use worldwide including several NATO countries now it is given to Ukraine depending of capabilities of patria you can assume that patria will be a deterrent to Russia this is also a problem because no Russia will be enraged and may carry out more heavier attacks on Ukraine if this happens it will be against the stand of USA which is to avoid provoking a wider war so the author of this editorial suggested diplomatic solution to de-escalate the situation between Russia and Ukraine the solution the author proposes is USA taking lead and hosting direct negotiations between Russia and Ukraine this will not only end the war but also prevent future escalation so that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion we saw the role played by USA in the Russia-Ukraine war we also saw about the important points about patria air defense system with this let us conclude this and take up the next news article now take a look at this news article this news article mentioned about government's plan to roll out vaccination against cervical cancer for girls aged between 9 and 14 through school this decision was based on the national technical advisory group for immunization recommendation to introduce HPV vaccine in the universal immunization program this is about the news article given here in this context let us quickly go through cervical cancer and the serovac vac vaccine let us start with cervical cancer cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina various strains of human papilloma virus as sexually transmitted infection plays a role in causing most cervical cancer when exposed to HPV the body's immune system mainly prevents the virus from doing harm in a small percentage of people alone however the virus survives for years contributing to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells environment and our lifestyle choices also determine whether we will be developing cervical cancer or not no let us see the symptoms of the cervical cancer in the early stage cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms signs and symptoms of more advanced cervical cancer include vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse watery bloody vaginal discharge and pelvic pain or pain during intercourse these are the common symptoms of cervical cancer remember you can reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer by having screening test and receiving a vaccine that protects against HPV infection now we are very concerned about that cervical cancer because cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally in india cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women india contributes to the largest share of global cervical cancer burden according to a recent study published in the Lancet india accounted for nearly 1 in 4 deaths globally due to cervical cancer considering all these only indias first indigenously developed a quadrivalent human papilloma virus vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer was announced in september 2022 the name of the vaccine is serovac the vaccine is based on vlp that is virus like particles similar to hepatitis b vaccination and it gives protection by producing antibodies against HPV's l1 protein the vlps have the same outer l1 protein codes as HPV but the vlps do not contain any genetic material the vaccine uses these vlps as antigen to induce a strong protective immune response if an exposure occurs the vaccinated person's antibodies against the l1 protein will coat the virus and prevent it from releasing its genetic material this is how the vaccine works we saw that serovac is a quadrivalent vaccine right quadrivalent vaccine is nothing but a vaccine that works by stimulating the immune response against four different antigens such as four different viruses or four different variant of the virus that is this vaccine is effective against at least four variants of the cancer causing human papilloma virus this quadrivalent HPV vaccine works against type 6 11 16 and 18 you hear you have to know that there are many type of HPV like 16 18 31 33 45 52 and 58 all these types are high risk for cancer and here type 6 and 11 are considered low risk types so basically this type of quadrivalent HPV vaccine provides protection against type 6 type 11 type 16 and type 18 of the HPV virus okay remember this indian made HPV vaccine serovac is developed by department of biotechnology industry research assistant council and the bill and melinda gates foundation this vaccine should be given in two doses for the 9 to 14 year olds and for three doses for the 15 to 26 year olds so that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion we saw about cervical cancer and the symptoms of cervical cancer then we also saw about indigenous vaccine that is serovac which provides protection against cervical cancer so with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article have a look at this news article this news article talks about the battle of vandy wash see battle of vandy wash is the part of the third karnatic war so in this discussion we will focus on the third karnatic war first why was the name karnatic war given to this specific war actually all the three karnatic wars that is the first karnatic war second karnatic war and the third karnatic war were basically anglo-french war but why the name this is because the english and the french called the hinterland of the coromandel coast as the karnatic region since all the wars took place in this region these three wars are called as the karnatic wars let us focus in this discussion specifically on the third karnatic war what caused the war the main cause of the war is the seven year war which started in europe actually when the seven year war started in europe there was not much fighting between french and the english in india but after the battle of plassie of 1957 the british took control of the french portion of chandhanaguru so this triggered the war between british and french in india the main general in the side of british is sir aircourt and in the side of french is county lally the major battle that was part of this war is the battle of vandy wash it was fought in a area called vandavasi in tamilnadu and the result of the battle is sir aircourt defeated county lally of french see the battle of vandy wash is one of the significant war of india but it is rarely noticed it is actually as significant as battle of plassie and battle of buxer this is because battle of buxer effectively entered the mughal administration in india likewise battle of vandy wash effectively entered the french ambitions in india after the battle of vandy wash and at the end of the third karnatic war the treaty of paris was signed between british and the french after the treaty of paris the british gave back the territory of buducherry and chandhanaguru back to french but on the condition that the french remain as the trading country in india rather than as a regional power so at the end of the third karnatic war the english effectively became the only european country with military ambitions in india and this started the colonization of india so that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion we saw about the third karnatic war and the significance of the battle of vandy wash with this let us conclude the news article discussion session and take up the practice prelims questions we have six practice prelims questions today let us see them one by one let us take up the first question see before seeing the question i have displayed here a news article this news article is regarding the recent announcement of sahitya academy awards for people who are preparing for state public service commission exams just pass the video and look at the winners and try to note it down there might be a definite question from this in your examination as far as upc is concerned the question will not be about the winners but the question will be about the sahitya academy so i have made a question so let us see that question look at this question it is a two statement question about the sahitya academy let us take up the first statement sahitya academy is the first among the three academies established by the government of india to encourage cultural activities in india see this statement is wrong actually the first academy to be established by government of india is the sahitya academy okay after that sahitya academy was established and finally lalip kala academy was established so statement one is wrong look at statement two sahitya academy is also called as the india's national academy of music dance and drama this statement is wrong actually sahitya academy is also called as india's national academy of music dance and drama since both these statements are wrong the current answer here is option d neither one nor two moving on to the second question it is also a two statement question about juvenile justice care and protection of children act 2015 let us take up the first statement this act repelled the juvenile delinquency law and juvenile justice care and protection of children act 2000 actually this statement is correct the 2015 act actually replaced the 2000 act okay moving on to the second statement the 2015 act offered provisions regarding adoption of abandoned children this statement is also correct since both the statements are correct the correct answer here is option c both one and two moving on to the third question it is a pair-based question in one side different system are given and in the other side country of origin is given we have to find how many pairs are correctly matched see from our discussion we know that patriot originated in usa so second pair is correct and the third pair is also correct s 400 is from russia the first one is wrong third different system is not from israel but it is from usa okay since they are asking for incorrectly matched pairs the first one is alone incorrectly matched so only one pair is incorrectly matched so the correct answer here is option a only one pair moving on to the fourth question this question is in reference to cervical cancer two statements are given and we have to find the correct statement cervical cancer is hereditary this statement is wrong moving on to the second statement it is caused by epstein bar virus this is also wrong as we saw in our discussion cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus so since both the statements are wrong the correct answer is option d none of the above moving on to the fifth question this question is also two statement question about battle of let us take up the first statement it is part of the second karnatic war this statement is correct the second statement robert cleave was called the hero of our card this statement is also correct so the correct answer here is option c both one and two this is the quiz question for today it is about comprehensive convention on international terrorism it is a very easy question interested aspirant can post the answer for this question in the comment section the main questions based on today's discussion are displayed here interested aspirants can write the answers and post it in the comment section if you like today's video like comment and share it with your friends for more updates regarding upsc preparation subscribe to shankara isekarani's youtube channel thank you for listening


Family Theater presents Ruth Hussie, Lee Bowman, and Roddy McDowell. From Hollywood, the Mutual Network in Cooperation with Family Theater presents Ruth Hussie and Lee Bowman in In Shining Armor. To introduce the drama, here is your host, Roddy McDowell. Thank you, Tony Lofano. Family Theater's only purpose is to bring to everyone's attention a practice that must become an important part of our lives. If we are to win peace for ourselves, peace for our families, and peace for the world. Family Theater urges you to pray. Pray together as a family. And now to our drama, starring Lee Bowman as Bill, and Ruth Hussie as Linda in In Shining Armor. The scene, the suburban home of Linda Mountain, separated wife of Bill Mountain, the time evening in early summer. I tell you all the daddy and I did today. Now Judy, it's your bedtime. Daddy wants to know if I could come to him on Sunday instead of Saturday. Well, I don't see why not. Mommy, why do I have to go alone to visit daddy? Why don't you come too sometimes? Well, no, Judy, that, that wouldn't work out. Now tell me what happened today. Well, not everything, because it's bedtime. Just what was best fun of all? You mean best best? Well, I guess it was the story daddy told me. What was it about? Oh, all about a knight in shining armor and a beautiful princess. And you know what? What? The princess's name was Linda, just the same as yours, mommy.  Do you suppose you could remember it? Sure I could. You really want to hear it? Yes, Judy, I do want to hear it. Well, once upon a time there was a beautiful princess named Linda, and there was a knight in shining armor. Who came out of the West? How did you know? Oh, I didn't, I just guessed. Go on, darling. Well, one night in the big castle, a lot of knights and ladies were gathered around the round table, and the princess was there. Of course, the knight in shining armor, he just came out of the West, so he was a stranger like at the round table. And well, it's a very special magic hour of midnight when important things are supposed to happen. The Geoffrey party, we must hear you. At the round table there on the terrace. Thank you, they're expecting me. Excuse me, but is this... Well, you're Brenda, Tony's sister. If you mean Linda, you've got the right girl. Yeah, that's it, Linda. I remember the picture on his table of Stanford. Stanford? Or then your Bill Monkton? From out of the West. Sit down, we've been hoping you'd turn up. The others are all dancing. Would, uh, would you like to? Oh, thanks, but I can't. I twisted my ankle the other day. Oh, I'm sorry. Oh, it's nothing. Will you order whatever you like? Oh, hurry. Tony said you'd opened an office here. Yes, yes, I, uh, got the office, plus a fine assortment of important-looking law books. In fact, there's only one thing I'm short on. You're psychic. But Tony told me you'd made such a fine start out West. Why did you decide to come here? Well, you know, I've been wondering that myself. At least, uh, till about five minutes ago, I was wondering. Oh, and then you knew? Then I knew. Oh. How's California? I, I love it out there. Do you know Carmel? Know it. Do you? We spent a summer there when I was 15, and I decided I was in love with one of the captains in the Sicilian fishing fleet. Oh, he didn't know it, of course, but it was painfully real to me. I used to stand up on the cliff, watching the boat sail out of the bay, and just knew I couldn't live till I came back again. What, what, what's the matter? Uh, the matter? Nothing. So, uh, so you were Linda. Hey, Bill, you got here. Hey, Tony, how are you? Glad to see you. It's great to see you. Oh, you and Bill found each other, Linda. Yes, Tony, we did. We found each other. They tell me it's only the lowest breed of man who holds a girl's hand during a concert, especially a girl he's known only six days. You're right. What, uh, what's he playing up there? A violin or an accordion? Personally, I wouldn't know. I think it's a zither. Let's, uh, let's go after this number, hmm? But the man's a great artist. Well, I've just found out that love is deaf as well as blind. Come on, we're going to get out of here. Just think, Bill, if it weren't for you, I'd have been at a football game today, I and 90,000 others. Oh, that's the conventional way to spend Thanksgiving. Besides, I'd rather have you to myself. And I did want to show you the farm. You like it? Do you, uh, think it would do for a summer place? I can't imagine anything more perfect. Good, and I'll buy it. But, Bill... Uh, never mind.  Anyway, I... I'm not overlooking any chances. The new year's almost here, Bill. Don't you want to go inside? No. Cold, are you? No. Linda... Hmm? It doesn't make sense. You know that. One minute you admit that you love me, the next you say that you aren't sure you should marry me. Darling, it's only in bad novels that saying you love someone automatically leads to a wedding. It isn't as simple as that. And I do love you.  Almost as much as I ever thought I could love anyone. Almost? Well, there's one thing missing, Bill. You don't need me. Of course I do. No, you don't. Not actually. Oh, perhaps it would make you happier to have me as your wife, but it wouldn't make you... I don't know how to say this. It wouldn't make you any stronger. Well, it's the first time I ever knew a girl wanted weakness as in a man. Well, she does, and usually it's there. Some chink in her night's armor, some quality lacking in him that she has and can contribute to the marriage.  It's strong and solid and shining.  Maybe it's foolish, but that's what makes me hesitate. Linda, I don't anymore know what you're talking about than you do. I love you. I'll always love you. I want to marry you, and I'll... Well, there it is. Happy new year, my dear. Say yes. Now, Linda, it's the perfect moment. And I'll be as weak or as strong as you want me to be. I promise you that. No, darling, you'll just be you. And I guess I'll take a chance on that. Darling... Night's so awful much she couldn't say no to him, so she said yes. And then they were married. But what about them living happily ever after, Judy? Did Daddy mention that? Uh-uh, he wouldn't. I asked him, but he said not till next week. He said this was a continuous story. Oh, I see. Gosh, I want to hear what else happens, don't you? Yes, I do.  Come along. Daddy told me a lot more today. Of course I do.  As well. Now let's have chapter two. The night in shining armor and the Princess Linda were married. We learned that last week. Then what?  I'll bet it was a Viking boat, huh, Mommy? Or maybe it was the Elizabeth. Maybe. But anyway, when they got home again, the night decided to start on the quest of high-up castle. So we joined different armies of the one he'd been fighting for, and he came home to tell the... It means less money than private practice, Linda, to start, anyway. But it also means a chance to get somewhere politically. After all, Hudson really got his start as a special prosecutor right in this town. Hudson? Oh, you mean Governor Hudson? Yes. Oh, you're looking a long way ahead. Anything wrong with that? Of course not. It's only that... Well, it's only what? Well, as a defense attorney, you can more or less pick your own cases, defend only the people you actually believe are innocent. But as a... As a special prosecutor, I'd have to convict people who are guilty. What's the difference? Well, suppose they're not. Guilty, I mean. You'd still have to try for a conviction, wouldn't you? Linda, look, the law... Bill, the one thing I'm fighting for is for you to be free. Free? What's this got to do with my freedom? Everything. Well, maybe I'm saying this badly, darling, but your life, our lives, they're getting out of focus. In a way, the farm is an example. We were going to do so many things. Fix the old mill and make cider in the autumn, and you were even going to dam up the stream for swimming holes. And we'll still do those things. It's just... Well, it's just happened that things kept coming up. Something will always come up.  Oh, don't let that get away from you. Linda, Linda, you don't understand. Yes, I do. And the final decision is up to you. It's only that... Oh, Bill, you're right, I guess. You must know best. I believe I do. Anyway, I'm glad you talked it over with me first. Well, Linda, there really wasn't much to talk over. As a matter of fact, I've already accepted. You've accepted... I told Johnson this afternoon. Oh, well, that's fine, Bill. I'm sure it's for the best. This means a start on the road you seem to want to follow. Hello? Tony? It's Linda. How would you like to escort your sister to the theater? Yes, Bill got tickets, but he can't get away. The Parker case, I think. Well, the jury's out and he has to stay there in case they come in. No, I don't know why a deputy can't do it either. It's bound to be another conviction. Fed up? Of course I'm not. It's Bill's job. Well, can you make it tonight? Good. For the reception, it won't take me long to change. I, uh... Well, Linda, you're not dressed. We're not going to the reception, Bill. Not going? Oh, because I'm late? Well, you know how the Governor's shindigs are. They never start on time anyway. Well, I called and made our apologies. You what? When? This afternoon, hours ago, I wanted one evening of my husband's time for myself, so I stole it. You can indict me for it tomorrow. Linda, I left a lot of work tonight because I'm supposed to go to the Governor's. You know as well as I that the Matthews girl comes to trial next week. And every hour lost from working on that case means less chance of a conviction. And you're sure there should be a conviction? What are you talking about? Jane Matthews' mother came here today. Jane Matthews' mother? Well, you don't mean that you saw her. That you talked to her. Well, of course I talked to her. And she swears her daughter's innocent. And I believe her. Linda, the girl is guilty.  Well, isn't it possible that she wasn't lying? I don't want to discuss it. But isn't it possible that... Oh, Bill, it doesn't matter. I don't want to talk about Jane Matthews. Some other time, maybe, but not tonight, please. Tonight, let's forget about convictions or governors or anything except a couple of people named Bill and Linda. Linda, I'd love to, but we can't. We've got to go to the governor's reception. All right, Bill. All right. We'll have other nights. Please, leave me alone. Linda, you're crying. Oh, it's nothing that matters. Or maybe it does. Maybe you'll have a much better chance to be elected. I can see the pictures in the paper. Candidate Moncton and family. Linda. Linda, what are you talking about? Oh, I know it's not important. Not nearly as important as the governor's reception or the case of the state versus Jane Matthews. But I did want to tell you tonight, Bill, I'm going to have a baby. The princess was the mommy of a little teeny princess. I asked Daddy what her name was and he said, why don't we call her Judy? Isn't that funny? I like people in stories to be named after me, don't you? Yes, dear, I think it's awfully nice. Well, that's all there is till next week. Oh, except about the night's big battle. He won and that made him the most important night of all, except the one who lived in high-up castle. Do you think our night will ever get to live there? I think it's quite likely. You know, I was just thinking. What? I like the story Daddy's telling, but it's kind of sad for a fairy story. Isn't it, Mommy? Yes, Judy, but that's the way some stories are, darling. And there's nothing you can do about it. He told it to me while we were having lunch. He took me to the athletic club, Mommy. And did you like the story this time? Well, kind of. Only he said it was the last chapter and it doesn't end right. Doesn't it, Judy? Oh, that's too bad. Suppose you tell me. Well, remember last time a baby princess came to live with a knight in shining armor and Mrs. Knight in shining armor? A little princess, Judy. That's right. Well, then let me see. Oh, the knight loved the new little princess, but he never got to see her, Mommy, much, because he was fighting more monsters than ever. So the big princess got lonelier and lonelier. But, Linda, why shouldn't I have a talk with Bill? No, Tony. I don't think he quite realizes how much you are alone. Now, tonight, for instance... Well, it's not your affair. But I feel responsible, in a way. After all, I... Tony! Not quite so fast, you mind? Oh, forget it, Linda. I could drive this road in my sleep. But how about Bill? Bill's all right. It's me. I should be glad I'm married to a man who knows where he's going and who'll let nothing on Earth stop him from getting there. The governorship, eh? Well, there's a swell chance of it. And I was talking to some newspaper men just the other day. They said that with his past record and any kind of a publicity break between now and August, Bill's essentially... Tony, look out! There's a dog! Linda, let go of my arm! Tony, look out! I don't believe it, Bill. I won't believe it. What else can I do, Linda? The boy was riding in the other cars, barely hurting. If he dies, my department has to prosecute Tony. Remember, he already has three convictions of reckless driving against him. We can't ignore that. I've told you a hundred times the accident was my fault. I grabbed his arm.  Tony hadn't seen it. And you think a jury will believe that? It's true. But you can't prove it. Wait. It isn't just that a jury wouldn't believe me. You don't believe me yourself. I'm sorry, Linda. Since Tony's your brother, you don't want to protect him, but... Bill, even if that boy does die, you're not going to prosecute Tony for manslaughter. I'll have no choice. Of course, I won't handle a case myself, but I will have to turn it over to one of my deputies. I wish there was some way out. There is. You could resign, Bill. You could defend and you could get him off. I don't expect you to understand this, Linda. But I happen to think the job I have to do is even more important than your brother. Or me. I didn't say that. Well, I did. The job you have to do. You've honestly made yourself believe that, haven't you? You're the torchbearer, the champion of truth and right and justice. Well, you're not, Bill. You're blind and selfish and you care about only one thing and that's your own success. Linda. Tony doesn't matter now. In fact, he's a help. It would be marvelous publicity to convict your own brother-in-law. It would mean 100,000 votes on election day. I'd better go, Linda. We'll discuss this again when you're less upset. No, we won't because we're through discussing anything. I said once that you didn't need me. Well, that was true, but only half true because you've made me sure today of something I've suspected for a long time. I don't need you. Linda, listen to me. No. Go ahead with your plans for the prosecution because if Tony comes to trial, I'm going to fight you. I'm going into court to tell the truth and trial or no trial, win or lose, it's over between us. Now and forever. Bill, it's good news. Colin's just called from the hospital. That boy's definitely out of danger. You won't have to indict Tony Jefferies after all. Yeah? That's great. Sure it is. Hey, what's that you're reading? A subpoena, Joe. A subpoena. Haven't you ever seen one before? Oh, what case? A new case. Moncton versus Moncton. Oh. A legal separation. Oh, I'm sorry, old man. That's tough. I didn't ask you for your opinion. I'm sorry, pal. I guess you better leave me alone. The princess found out they weren't happy together anymore and the princess lend the moves away. But the night kept going on toward the hill where a high-up castle is. Daddy says that's the end of the story. Well, it isn't quite the end, Judy.  What's that? That deep in her heart, the princess Linda wishes the night well. She hoped that somehow he'd find happiness. And most of all, that he'd finally get to the top of the hill where high-up castle stands. Mommy? An answer? About the story. Remember what you told me to tell him? Well, I did. Only you said that the night changed his mind about going to high-up castle. Changed his mind? Uh-huh. Because he said the night got to looking over and finding armor and he found a big hole in it. Right where his heart was supposed to be. And so he decided not to climb the hill to the castle after all. He said he couldn't without princess Linda beside him. Is that what he said, Judy? You sure? Quite sure? I'm awful sure. Gosh. Mommy, you're crying. Yes. Did I make you cry? Well, yes, you did, Judy. But I could hug you for it. Can't do it, Bill. You can't withdraw now. You've got to run for governor. No, Linda. You told me once exactly what I really am. I didn't see it then. I do now. Maybe it took loneliness to show it to me. I was upset. The things I may have said, I... No, what you said was true. I sold myself on the idea that I was the... the people's champion. But I forgot that to help people, you've got to understand them first. To know them and their problems. I never thought of that, Linda. I guess I was too busy thinking of Bill Monkton as governor. And you should be governor. You're the man for the job, the best man they can find. I don't think so, Linda. Not anymore. Oh, Bill, don't you see? You found the only things you lacked, humility and understanding. I might lose them again. But you couldn't. Not if I'm there to remind you. Linda. I lied, Bill. I was wrong. There's nothing for me without you. Nothing. Oh, darling. Oh, Bill. Bill. I've missed you so terribly. I know. Bill. Your story. Did you know Judy was telling it to me? I, uh... I hope she would. Look. She's asleep. Oh, we've got to tell her. Judy. Judy. Judy, wake up. No, Daddy. Hello, darling.  Yes, Judy. We did. Is it happily forever after? Forever after. That's good. Good night. This is Roddy Mcdowell again. Come Labor Day, come school days. Whether you live here in California, where the weather gives little warning that the summer is over, or whether you live in parts of the country where very gentle signs of fall weather announce that vacation time is closing, Labor Day is the great divide. And for youth from primary school to the university, and for parents as well, the school year is definitely in. We call all this actual going to school to learn formal education. Formal education is a blessing so great that we must ever underestimate its value. We reverence it and thank God for it. And we thank God that we live in a country where it is so widespread and obtainable. I hope that it won't sound preachy to put in a word for informal education and what that means. It means that we learn not only from books and instructors, but from every casual word and look and gesture and attitude with which we come into contact. Informal education is not dealt out lesson by lesson, assignment by assignment, term by term in calculated stages. It's breathed in, absorbed, is taken into the blood, and is not just a matter of the head, but of the heart and soul. It comes by chance and fortune. It is gained outside of school in the marketplace, in the street, in groups, and in the private sessions of thought which each one of us sometimes has with himself. But the home is the university as well as the grammar school of informal education. The home and the family. No home is too poor, no home is too overdressed with wealth and fortune to have God as a teacher. The family, rich or poor, which gathers together to ask the guidance of God and his instruction in the basic and ultimate values of life is the unique school. We are all, continuously, the learners. And one important chapter of learning which we can master is the family that prays together, stays together.  Family Theater by Joseph F. Mansfield. This series of Family Theater broadcasts is made possible by the thousands of you who feel the need for this type of program, by the mutual network which responds to this need, and by the hundreds of stars of stage, screen and radio who give so unselfishly of their time and talent to appear on our Family Theater stage.  This is Tony LaFranco expressing the wish of Family Theater that the blessing of God may be upon you and your home and inviting you to join us next week at this same time when Family Theater will present Maureen O'Sullivan in the hand of Saint Pierre. Join us, won't you?


We love our palm trees, don't we, folks? Palm trees are amazing. Anyway, just thinking about that whole human connection thing. I haven't had my most intense conversations on shovels, but then I carry them with me through the week. It's often like during the week, I think, oh, I want to talk to home about this. I want to talk to Levy about that. I want to talk to Yitzak about this. I want to talk to Yitzi about that, right? So human connection, it's not just powerful when you're having it. You also have it when you're not having it because we live our lives in reference to our most powerful forms of human connection. Check this out. Look at these. Look at these. These palm trees are about 12 stories high. So those husks up there from 12 stories up, just imagine what that would feel like falling on top of you. See, there's a five-story building there. In fact, by comparison, these palm trees are probably 12 stories tall. These are about the tallest palm trees that I've seen. Right? The tallest palm trees in Hikarabashi. Look at that. That's amazing. I love how palm trees, they're really close. You can see, if I can comparison. Right, there's one, two, three, four, five. Five stories across the street. It's like, that's gotta be 12 stories tall. Amazing.


channel today, we're going to be talking a little bit about i3 versus BSPWM. So when you're choosing a tiling window manager, there's really two things you want to consider, maybe three things. For sure, two things. Two things you want to consider when you're making your decision. The first is, do you want a manual tiling window manager or do you want a dynamic tiling window manager? So let's talk a little bit about the differences. A manual tiler base, and I'll show you this when I talk about i3, is basically means you choose where the window appears next in the tiling tree or whatever. Dynamic tiling window manager means it has a set layout. So it means that usually this is the main and stack layout so that you have a master here and a whole bunch of stacks on this side. I'll show you that when I get to BSPWM. So that's one, the first thing you should consider because those things do make a difference between how you use things. You wouldn't really think it would. I used to be a big proponent of manual tilers like i3 mainly because I really wanted that power to choose where my window spawned, which you don't get in a dynamic tiling window manager. But I've kind of been persuaded to the dark side and I've learned to enjoy dynamic tiling window managers. The second thing you'll want to consider when you're choosing a tiling window manager is how it's configured. So it's not as big of a deal with the two window managers I'm going to be talking about today because the configuration files for both of these are very easy to get a hold of even for new users. These are both very new user friendly window managers. Like something say DWM or Xmonad even, those are things that are much more complicated because you're editing the source code directly. So if you're using DWM, you have to know a little bit of C. If you're using Xmonad, you need to know Haskell or some Haskell at least, or being willing to learn those things. So those are really the two things you really need to pay attention to when you're choosing a tiling window manager. It's not as big of a deal with these particular two window managers because both of these two have configuration files that are very easy to get into. Now, they're different configuration files. So let's jump into I3 so you can see what a configuration file for I3 looks like. So this right here is I3. This is the I3 config file. This is not the standard I3 config file. This started out its life as an ARCO I3 config file. The standard I3 config file looks like this here. I think I can zoom in a little bit here so you can actually see this. And it's about 200 lines, mine's about 100 lines. But that's because I use SXHKD for all of my key bindings. That's not something that comes out of the box. You have to actually go through and do that. I have a video you can see the cards or in the video description below. The standard I3 config file has all the bindings right inside it. Standard I3 config file configuration also has its own bar, which will run along the bottom. It's called I3 status. It is configurable through its own configuration file. It can also be configured a little bit through this here. But then there's also a configuration file for the modules as well. And that can run scripts just like any other bar can. I'm using Polybar. I have Polybar for both I3 and BSPWM. As far as I'm aware, BSPWM does not come with its own bar. So if you need a bar for I3, for BSPWM, you'll have to provide your own. Most people use Polybar. You could use something like Bumblebee or Lemonbar. Or probably, you probably could probably could use Xmobar if you really wanted to. I don't know why you'd want to because you then have to install all the Haskell dependencies.  I talked at the beginning about the configuration file. I3 is written in C as far as I'm aware. But you don't have to actually know any C in order to configure it because it's written in this kind of user-friendly syntax. BindSIM makes sense because that's binding the letter U and then executing this command. It's very user-readable. And that's not something you can really say with C because C is a little bit different. And you have to have the knowledge of where do I put the comma? Where do I put a semicolon? How do the comments work? It's completely different. So I3 is one of a few window managers that is not configured in the language in which it's written. And that's a good thing for beginners because it allows you to go through as a new person and do all the configuration files without having to learn a specific programming language. It's also kind of a lazy way of doing it because really if you're using a title window manager, you should be willing to learn something because really, if you're learning this, you're not going to be able to take a lot of the skills of I3 and then transfer them over into using something like BSPWM because of the way they're configured. DWM is configured directly with a source code and you have to kind of learn to C. So that's one of the things that's kind of different. And we'll talk about BSPWM when we sit over there, but the configuration files are, while very noob-friendly, are completely different because BSPWM is, their configuration file is actually just a script. And I'll show you that, like I said, when we get into the BSPWM part of the video. So really, the last thing I wanted to talk about, because remember at the beginning we talked about those two things that you should consider when choosing a window manager. This I3 is a manual tiling window manager that what that means is when you spawn new windows, they all spawn in the same direction until you tell I3 not to. So with mod V, I can start spawning windows in a different direction and then mod H like this. And it just will keep going on forever and ever. And you can choose, you know, I can, I can then go back to mod V and I mean, they just keep getting smaller and smaller and smaller and smaller.  So I probably don't want to keep going too far, but so I'll just close some of these. But that's what a manual tiler is. It allows you to choose where the next window is spawn. You always have that control. Whereas a dynamic tiling window manager like BSPWM or DWM or Xmoned, they all have a set layout. Some of them you can change the layout, but whatever layout you're in, that's the way your windows are always going to be unless you move, you know, you change the floating or something. So that is I3 in a very general nutshell. I would consider I3 the best window manager for new users, just simply because the configuration file is very readable. It's also very configurable. Once you've moved past your noobness, you can do a lot of configuration file configuration in it to kind of get your feet wet. Now you can't do as much configuration as if you were editing the source code directly, like you do in, you know, DWM, but there are a lot of things that you can do with it and expand it by bringing in other things. So like I've gone through and moved all my key bindings to SXHKD, that's something that you can do. You can bring in Polybar, obviously, if you don't want to use the I3 bar or I3 status. And there's just tons of stuff you can do. Now a lot of people will consider I3 a limiting because it's not directly editing the source code, because you can't go through and code something in yourself. But really, how many people really do that? Not many people really do that. I don't find it limiting at all. I think it's really good for new users. So we're going to pause there and we're going to move over to my BSPWM install and we'll look a little bit at what a dynamic tiling window manager looks like and what the BSPWM config looks like. So we're going to pause there and we'll be back in just a second. Okay, so I'm back and we're going to show I'm going to show you BSPWM here in just a second. The main differences you'll see in BSPWM is it's going to be the way it's configured and the way the window manager lays out windows as their response.  And that's going to be it's weird because I've spent a lot less time in BSPWM, but I do like a lot of things that BSPWM does outside, you know, than what I3 does. This is what BSPWM looks like. And again, this is going to be a different than what it looks like out of the box. And I'm going to talk at the end a little bit about some a few programs that you're going to need it for both I3 and BSPWM that will make your life better. But before I get to that, I just want to show you what BSPWM basically is. So first of all, it's a dynamic tiling window manager. That means that when you spawn something, it's going to look like this. This is the Fibonacci layout. I think it's what is what is called it means every Winston window that spawned is exactly half of what was spawned before it. So that you know, this window here is half of this one, this one's half of this one, and so on and so forth. I believe you can change the layout. I think it has other layouts. I'm not sure about that. This is it's a little bit different than other dynamic tiling window managers in that it's not like the master and stack layout because they're math master and stack means they're all kind of these all over here in the stack would be completely even. It's basically, you know, the same thing that are just different sizes. Like I said, I'm not I'm pretty sure that you can patch in or something other layouts, but I've just never done that. The standard configuration files actually only like 18 lines long. So if you if you've installed this from scratch, you're not going to get a lot here. One of the dependencies in this is SS XHKD because BSPWM itself does not handle any key bindings at all. So you have to have an external program in order to do that. So I will if I do this and going to see whoops, let's zoom in here CD into dot config BSPWM and SSHKD and then SSHKD RC. This is these are the key bindings that you'd use with SSHKD.  This is what mine looks like with close that, I think them and to BSPWM RC. And that's what this is what mine looks like. Now this started out as a Arco Linux configuration file. Again, I believe you at the beginning, you do an auto start, and then you have things that control the gaps and the padding and stuff like that for the ratio of the split, and so on and so forth. Now, this is I think I'm I've not gone through and changes anything anyways, but a lot of the stuff could actually go away because a lot of the stuff is comments. There's 120 slides long, so it's a little bit longer than the standard, but it's not anything crazy like the Arco Linux I3 config file was, which is just crazy long.  So if you'll notice at the top of this, but if we go to the top, you'll notice this is just a bash script or a shell script in this case. That's all this. So if you know how to code in bash at all, basically that's the syntax you're going to be using. So BSP, BSPC is the command that interacts with the window manager itself. And so BSPC config, whatever, BSPC, what, you know, also manages a lot of stuff in SXHKD. So that's the difference between I3 and BSPWM is that BSPWM is actually just a shell script that, you know, that you can edit just like any other shell script. It's very new friendly as well because shell scripting is not hard to learn. It's not horrible in terms of syntax like C or Haskell or something or even Python. Python can get really bogged down in the commas if you've ever seen a, like a Qtile configure something. So that is what BSPWM basically is. As I said at the beginning of the video, those are the two things that really differentiate any window manager, how it's configured. I3 and BSPWM and I3, it's kind of a user readable kind of thing that's kind of its own language-ish kind of thing. And then BSPWM, it's a shell script. The other thing that determines what, you know, what manager you want to choose is how the windows are laid out. So in this case, you have a more kind of off traditional dynamic window manager kind of thing. Whereas with I3, you're getting a manual Tyler, which means you can choose where your your windows spawn. In both of these, there are several programs that you're going to want to download in order to get to make it usable. One of the things you're going to want to do is download some kind of wallpaper setter. So when I first started using I3, I used FEH. I will probably link these in the description below, if I remember. But now I use something called nitrogen. So if we do, this is what nitrogen looks like. Mine's always a little bit different, because I don't know why they won't spread out like that. It's always been weird. You know, so if I just choose this here and apply, I can just quit that and I have any wallpaper. Tada. That's what nitrogen is. And in your in your cdintu.config bspwm. And then ls here, we think some auto start. Yeah. So the auto start thing here will actually go through it'll start your Polybar. And there's another one here nitrogen dash dash restore. Basically, that will allow you to go through and have your wallpaper start up at the beginning. So you'll need an auto start file of some kind. If you use bspwm, that's something that you don't really need as an I3 because an I3, the I3 config file can actually go through and start up all of its scripts right away in the configuration file. After a while, I went through and actually created an auto start file for I3, simply because I wanted sxh. I kind of wanted to configure that. I wanted to compress that config file down into under 100 lines. And that's just, you know, my ADD backing up. So you'll need a wallpaper setter of some kind. In bspwm, you'll want, you'll have to have some kind of demon to do your key binding. So sxhkd is the one that is set as a dependency, but you could use it. There are other ones. sxhkd was actually designed to work with bspwm. So it's really well integrated. It's very easy to set up. In I3, you don't need to do that because the configuration file has all of your key bindings right in it. But I've actually gone through and moved all the key bindings to sxhkd just because, again, I wanted to get that config file to be smaller. Another thing you'll want is something to manage your power settings. So especially if you're on a laptop, you'll want something that will monitor when your screen turns off, when it goes to sleep, and so on and so forth. I use XFCE settings that controls, you know, pretty much all your power settings and comes with a few other things. In both of them, if you want to set GTK themes, you'll need something called LX appearance. And that will allow you to set your GTK themes and icon theme and cursor themes as well.  So you probably won't need X-Rander. But if you're not interested in using command line to manage your monitors, you can look up something called A-Rander. And that is a GUI application that you can use to manage your monitors and your displays and so on and so forth. I think that that is it. So basic. So let's just do a little bit of a conclusion here. I said I wanted to say there was one thing that I really liked about BSPWM that over I3 and that's kind of the config file. The stock I3 config file is can get very, very heavy. Not necessarily heavy, but very, very long. Like the ARCO I3, I've said this before in this video is like 500 lines long. And that's fine. But it's kind of unwieldy and I like the BSPWM one is like 18 lines long to begin with. I mean, you have to add some other stuff in order to make it work. But even this one here, which is kind of pimped out because ARCO is only is less than 200 lines long. And that's because it requires a separate, you know, key bindings file. And I like that it's a shell script. I'm into shell scripting and that you know, you know, it just it makes me feel like I'm more interacting. We think BSP if you're planning on doing something with like DWM or Xmona, I think BSPWM is the great one to start on because it gives you get you practicing actually interacting with code instead of doing whatever it is you do with that I3 config file. So that's one of the reasons why I like BSPWM. But I would still say that I3 is probably the more noob friendly is because the code is a little bit more readable. But both of these window managers are very, very good for window, for new users, which one you choose again, will just depend on how you like the windows to spawn and which way of configuring it, you're more comfortable with, whether it's, you know, editing a script file, or doing it in the way I3 has chosen to do it. Now, the last thing I want to talk about is documentation. I'm actually going to go back to the main screen for this, a real good reason to to use I3 if your new user is the documentation. So this is the documentation page, you can get that this by going to I3WM.org, and just clicking on the dock section. It's spectacular. It's just, I mean, just line after line of awesomeness. It shows you all the key bindings using I3 from directly from the beginning. It's just, I've been using pretty much window managers for like last year or so. And I've used pretty much all of them, all the main ones anyways. And you'll never find any window manager out there that has better documentation than I3.  It's so good. The only one that I've found comes closest Qtile. And that's a little bit different because their website is a little bit hard to navigate. And it's a little bit more technical because you have to know some Python. I3's documentation is really, really very good. I can't say enough about it.  I mean, it's just not all that great at all. This is it. One page, no, like, table contents or anything, the configuration file. I mean, you'll remember that configuration files only 18 lines long to pay default. So they're not expecting you to, you know, do much. But it covers everything you need to know. It's just not as in depth as you know, what the I3 one is. So that is the another reason why if you're really, really new to tiling window managers, I would go with the I3 route. If you've used it, I3 for a little, if you've used tiling window managers for a little while, but you're not comfortable taking the jump to something like DWM or Qtile or anything like that, then try BSPWM because it's a little bit more complicated than I3 with less documentation and will kind of force you to experiment a little bit more. So that is it for this little versus competitive thing, whatever that we did today. If you're, if you liked it, give it a thumbs up. If you didn't give it a thumbs down, subscribe, hit the notification icon thing so you don't miss Linux tutorial videos, which I or tutorial is any kind of videos because we do Linux rants and all that kind of stuff pretty much seven days a week. I think I'm pretty sure I'm going to take tomorrow off, but who never knows. If you want to subscribe to or support us through Patreon, you can do so at patreon.com slash the next cast. And thank you for watching. I'm going to go try to edit this video now. So we'll see you next time.


Thank you very much. The next item of business is topical questions. Before I call the question, can I remind members that there are active legal proceedings concerning the European arrest warrant issued in relation to Clara Ponsati? Therefore, the sub-judice rule is engaged, and members should be careful avoiding the details of the case or making comments that might be seen to influence proceedings. Having said that, could I call Claire Hockey? To ask the Scottish Government what discussions it has had with other Governments regarding the enforcement of European arrest warrants. It is well established that the Scottish Government supports the right of the people of Catalonia to determine its own future. We profoundly regret that the Spanish Government has failed to engage in dialogue with Catalonia's politicians and that the issue is now instead subject to the judicial process. We have today been in touch with the Spanish Embassy and the Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs is writing to the Spanish Ambassador to express the Scottish Government's regret at the issuing of a European arrest warrant for members of the former Catalan Government and re-elected members of the Catalan Parliament. The fact that our justice system is legally obliged to follow due process in the determination of extradition requests does not change those views. The matter is, however, now sub-duracy. It is important that the Parliament should respect that rule, which is designed to protect the integrity of the judicial process. Under the extradition act 2003, Scottish ministers have no role in the determination of European arrest warrants. Our police, prosecutors and courts are independent and are legally obliged under EU and domestic law to fulfil their responsibilities. Scottish ministers have no powers to intervene in this process. However, the legal process includes the right of any individual that is subject to proceedings under the act 2003 to oppose their extradition in the courts, and it is vital that the integrity of the process is protected. Enforcement of European arrest warrants is not a matter for the Scottish Government. The Lord Advocate has a statutory responsibility under the extradition act 2003 to conduct extradition hearings on behalf of the requesting state. The function is an aspect of his independent prosecutorial function. It is independent of ministers who have no role in deciding on European arrest warrant requests. The decision on whether to order extradition is a matter for the courts. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. Will the Scottish Government raise the use of the European arrest warrant with the European Commission? I can inform the chamber and the member that we have concerns over how the system of European arrest warrants is being used. We will be raising the matter with the European Commission. I should point out to members that the European legislation establishing European arrest warrants itself makes clear that it does not modify the obligation to respect fundamental rights and fundamental legal principles, but we will, in due course, be raising the matter with the European Commission. I appreciate the limitations on the Scottish Government to do or say much on any specific case to ensure the integrity of the process. However, can I ask the Scottish Government whether it will restate its opposition to the actions of the Spanish Government in general terms in relation to the arrest and imprisonment of democratically elected Catalan politicians? The First Minister has already said that it is time for dialogue to replace confrontation. As I mentioned in my response, we profoundly regret the fact that the Spanish Government has failed to engage in dialogue with Catalan politicians and that the issue has now found itself as being subject to the judicial process. Dialogue should find a way that complies with the rule of law but one that also respects democracy and the right of the people of Catalonia to choose their own future. Cabinet Secretary, there is a clear tension here. The Scottish Government says that it supports the arrest process but also says that Spain should not seek the arrest. Previously, the cabinet secretary said that the arrest warrant means that Scotland is not viewed as a safe haven by those who seek to escape justice. Can the cabinet secretary be clear at what point and in what circumstances would opposition in principle turn into opposition in practice? First of all, I want to correct the mischaracterisation that the member I hope has not deliberately set out to make in the course of his question. As a Government, we fully respect the due process of European arrest wants. That is exactly what is taking place now. We profoundly regret the failure of the Spanish Government to resolve the matter through dialogue rather than through the judicial process but we now respect the fact that the due process has been engaged as a result of a European arrest want being issued. That is exactly what will happen as a result of that. Daniel Johnson to be followed by John Finnie. The cabinet secretary pointed to the European arrest warrant system as one being about the integrity of the judicial process. Outside the specifics, as they may be, it is an example of strong European co-operation that enables our judicial process to pursue criminals who do not necessarily respect national boundaries. To update the chamber on how the UK is withdrawal from the EU and the loss of the European arrest warrant will impact our judicial system and whether there are plans for a successor arrangement. First of all, I want to recognise the right of the people of Catalonia to self-determination and their right to do so within the rule of law. We would encourage parties, both at the Spanish Government level and at the Catalan Government level, to seek to have dialogue in order to resolve those issues and to ensure that the future determination of Catalonia is one that is agreed through mutual respect and dialogue rather than confrontation. However, there is also strong value in the European arrest warrant system that is used in Scotland and has been used for a number of years. Is that risk as a result of Brexit? As it stands from the discussions that we have had so far with the UK Government, it is unclear what any successor arrangements would be other than new extradition treaties. John Finnie is to be followed by Willie Rennie. Cabinet Secretary, the legal process is understood, but of course the law does not operate in isolation. The former vial, South African regime and indeed the present vial, Israeli apartheid regime will both tell you that they have acted legally at the time. So there must be a tipping point at which political intervention takes place. If a regime is mercilessly beating innocent defenceless citizens, if it is jailing elected politicians, what is the tipping point for the Scottish Government before there is political intervention? It is important to recognise the provisions that are contained within the Extradition Act 2003, particularly for European arrest warrants, because the determination whether an individual is to be extradited will be determined by the courts. There are a number of very prescribed questions that the court must address. Amongst other things, extradition can only be ordered if the court considers that to do so is compliant with the person's rights under the European Convention of Human Rights. There are a number of prescribed questions that the courts need to satisfy, prior to making a decision. That is what will happen in any European arrest warrant that is being contested. A key part of that is to ensure that it complies with the European Convention of Human Rights. Willie Rennie, to be followed by Sandra White. Does the minister agree with me that concern about this issue is not limited to those who support Scottish independence? Clara Pincetti, an academic at St Andrews University in my constituency, is that the centre of this major political disagreement in Catalonia. It should be the political democratic process that resolves that political disagreement, just like in Scotland in 2014. Does the minister agree with me that dragging that into the courts is not the long-term solution for Spain or for Catalonia? I am sure that the member will recognise that I cannot comment on any individual case because the sub-judice rule now applies. However, I made it very clear in my opening answer to Claire Hockey that we profoundly regret the fact that the Spanish Government has failed to engage in dialogue with the Catalonian politicians and that the issue has now found itself as part of a judicial process. As the First Minister has also stated, this is a time for dialogue rather than confrontation. Those matters are best dealt with through dialogue, respecting the right of the people of Catalonia to self-determination and to do so within the rule of law. In my view and in the Government's view, it is in the interests of all parties to find dialogue that assists in achieving that and to do so, which can prevent the need for matters ending up in the judicial process. The question is quite close to one particular case. The minister steered his way away from that, but I will try not to comment on the actual case. Sandra White is followed by Ivan McKee. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. I think that members should remember that, reminded that, after the October referendum vote, it was the Spanish Government that called for this other referendum vote. People's rights to even vote have been compromised. People's rights to even vote have been compromised by the actions of the Spanish Government. Will the minister therefore join me in condemning the actions of the Spanish Government and the Europe-wide pursuit of elected Catalan politicians through the use of the European arrest warrant? Does the minister agree that such measures must only be pursued in human rights issues and civil liberties? The decision over the future of Catalonia is clearly a matter for the people who live there. As a Democrat, I fully respect their right to self-determination and to choose the form of government that best suits their needs. That is an issue that is not just important to me, but it is one that is enshrined within the UN Charter. As I mentioned earlier, it is important to recognise that, under the existing legislation that established the European arrest warrant mechanism, it makes very clear that it does not modify the obligations to respect fundamental rights and fundamental legal principles. In doing so, those are matters that will be considered by the court in any individual case. Does the cabinet secretary agree with me that countries wishing to make use of the European arrest warrant system should abide by the founding principles of the European Union of liberty, democracy and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms? I recognise the concerns that the member has raised, which is echoed by a number of other members in the course of their questions. When I responded to Clare Hockey's question, we shall be raising the issue of European arrest warrants with the European Commission. European arrest warrants, as I mentioned to Daniel Johnston, are a very useful tool, and we wish to see them used in accordance with the legislation's clear reference to fundamental rights and legal principles. We will pursue the matter with the European Commission in due course. Thank you very much. I thank all members and the minister for their forbearance in discussing this topical issue without straying into subject to see a matter.


The lake that I was talking about, Lake Atitlan, I mentioned that there were 12 cities around it and part of the history or the proposed history is that the 12 cities represent the 12 tribes of Israel and the lake is considered the waters of Mormon. That is the proposed history by many people in Guatemala. It is a very beautiful place and I personally do not doubt it, but there is also another place in, it is called Antigua. It used to be the old capital of Guatemala and there is another place there that is surrounded by, it is a very secluded lake where just as it describes in the scriptures where Alma was baptizing. That is also considered, some other people claim that to be the waters of Mormon. I do not know if that is really the least population trying to find some roots or if it is true. I personally feel that it definitely is representative of the land of the Lamanites or is in fact the land of the Lamanites, which is really cool. I was able to really feel that as you teach people. I think the scripture that the 70s would always quote to us at Zone Conference was that the Lamanites will flourish like a rose and you definitely see that happening in Guatemala. They just built a second temple in Guatemala, which is only a couple hours from the first which is emblematic of the population growth of the LDS population. And as far as other history, I guess, yeah. So, Tecban, which is a city in the mountains, actually in the Guatemala City Central Mission, was the original capital. Then it got moved to Antigua, which was the capital for a very, very long time and which was the capital essentially created by the Spaniards. And that's like a very large Catholic population in Antigua. And then the capital eventually moved to Guatemala City. So as far as Book of Mormon references there, so Guatemala City, it's in a huge valley, which is depicted in the Book of Mormon and is proposed to be the city of Nephi. And just north in Tikal, which is the mine ruin, they have a huge temple, which is proposed. He keeps saying proposed because, you know, we don't want to speculate too much, but it's proposed to be the city of Zarahemla. And so, I mean, you definitely feel that it is a source of the Book of Mormon lands and you can feel that as you teach people and even just walk where they have walked. And it's extremely exciting to be part of the prophecies that, you know, the Doctrine and Covenants and even the Book of Mormon have. It's a great privilege to be part of that. So, yeah.