there's a reason that we had to bail out the auto industry. And that wasn't just because Obama has some affinity for GM. It's because that would have a ripple effect through the entire economy, and the thousands of smaller businesses that supply GM would go out of business as well. So, and looking at other large companies that they couldn't have a small auto industry, the aerospace, Boeing. I mean, Boeing has hundreds of thousands of employees on its own, but there are also thousands of smaller businesses across the nation that Boeing is the reason they're in business, including like my friend's father, who makes one part for a window, small business in New Jersey, and his biggest customer is Boeing and Airbus, and without them, he probably would not be in business. So, big business is actually supporting small businesses, and without it, they would not exist. And my last point here, and I wanna talk about that a bit, it's why I have Walmart up here. Funny enough, everyone hates Walmart, but Walmart is actually doing a lot of things.  Well, I think Walmart realizes this, and they have a reputation given, and you know, their intentions can be questionable, but I'm looking more at the impact, and they're leading one of the biggest sustainability initiatives in the entire country for the environment. They're buying local produce. You know, they just decided to buy more than 9% of their produce here, including here in the Pioneer Valley, supporting local farms. They are, let's see, what else? They're the biggest promoter of fluorescent light bulbs, saving the economy, saving the society energy, and against global warming.  Now, because they're so giant, their changes actually make a big difference. And then that's another point here, is that, you know, with such big, massive companies, when they actually make a change, it has a large impact. And so, that also makes them a target for people that wanna make change. It's difficult to target and try to force thousands of small, or hundreds of small businesses to make a change, whether it's, you know, fuel mileage, or light bulbs, or buying local produce, or whatever it is, or human rights, you know, such as a company like Nike, you know, child labor, or something. It's easy to, it's a big target because they have a reputational cost, and it's one business. A whole variety, a cluster of businesses, is a lot more difficult to pressure to make change. And the last part about sustainability and why the environment is not an enemy of big business, and that they're actually not mutually exclusive sustainability in big businesses, because they have a lot at call. They have a lot at stake. And, you know, when they make a change, it saves them a lot of money. When Walmart, they're known as penny pinchers. Well, that's because when they save a penny, that penny turns into millions of dollars. And that could come in the form of new light bulbs.  And the waste that they use, they try to make it into energy, like a real sustainable principle, which, yes, saves them money, I agree. So it's benefiting them, but it's also benefiting the environment. And so, you know, sustainability and the environment, big business is a friend of environmentalists and should be looked at as an opportunity for them. So, if we're going on any longer, I would like to invite up Angela here, who's gonna talk about why big businesses are more productive with their profits. Big businesses, can you hear me? Yes, okay. Big businesses are more productive with their profits for three reasons. The first being, they like to invest their profits in long-term community development projects. And they do this, this long-term, and they are involved in the long run, because they know that involvement creates a more positive image for the companies. And also, they know that giving cash contributions just don't look as good. Yes, that's true. But if you think about it, when they go into this long-term community involvement, they're making a bigger impact. Take, for example, Microsoft. They created this program called Elevate America, which they sponsor, they gave $5 million in cash to this program, and then also $10 million in software. They do this, this program is used to train women and youth workers from 18 to 25 years old in using their software. They don't necessarily become end users, they don't necessarily end up working for Microsoft, but this program, Elevate America, plays them in jobs. They actually provide these people with jobs after they train them. And so, a huge company like Microsoft can do this with their profits because they know that in the long run, they'll benefit society as a whole, having an educated, skilled population filling these jobs. Large firms are also able to give more to charity and they have more ability to, even if it's just cash contributions, because unlike small businesses, large firms aren't afraid of running out of cash to fund their operations. They always have access to credit. They have cheaper access to credit than small firms do, even in tough economic times, because they are less risky to default. And small firms don't have the luxury of using their profits because they always have to make sure they have enough profits to flow back into their operations to make sure their company is growing and maintaining itself, whereas large firms can do so through their financial structures, their capital structures, that they have an easy access to. And large firms are actually not necessarily profitable, but with their profits, because they have greater profits, they can fund more charities. And an example of this would be Microsoft again. In response to the Japan earthquake, they gave $250 million in cash and also $1.75 million worth of software to rebuild the Japanese communications network. A small firm or a cluster of small firms would not be able to help a whole country build their communication network again. Finally, big businesses create a culture of giving and they raise a standard for their competitors. Take Microsoft, for example, if they give to this relief effort, their competitors will see it and will acknowledge it and realize that they have to either match or exceed these cash contributions or whatever efforts Microsoft might be putting in the long run in order to maintain their customer loyalty and their goodwill. Large firms are also able to, are better able to target a variety of causes and they bring diversity in contributions because small firms are more likely to just focus in their local community. They know that their impacts are better, have better return if they're focused in the local communities where customers will see it. Whereas large firms, because they are broad, because they are international, they can actually contribute to causes that or issues that need the most, where need is most rather than just to contribute to local areas and create themselves a better image. This woman right here is Kelly Edwards and she was part of the Elevate America program. She was quoted in a news article and she said that Elevate America gave her a competitive advantage. She was happy to find that employers knew that she was willing and able to learn new skills and that gave her this competitive advantage and gave her the job that she was looking for. So just one person here, but imagine the 12 nonprofit corporations that Microsoft actually gave money to you to fund this program. So big businesses are able to use their profits more productively and in that way they help create social welfare. Now I'm going to have Tom come up to talk about globalization and it's effects on social welfare. Hi everybody. So my project is on how big businesses can and often do promote social welfare around the world. So far we've focused largely from a domestic lens. But first I'd like to say that globalization is obviously not just the cause of big multinationals but they are a major player in it. So it seems like they bear some recognition for some of the good that they often actually end up doing. So one of the main ways that big firms can be good for social welfare is that they can invest in developing nations. Traditionally in economics we think about it when you've got a situation with a flatlining economy and low unemployment that high levels of government expenditure can come in to boost employment and get the economy back on its feet. But when you have a government with very little access to credit and no real money to their names, it might be beneficial for another person to come in and employ people in your area to help. One example of this would be Coca-Cola has currently a program to employ five million women by 2020 running as distributors not unlike say like Avon here in the United States like running their own businesses distributing their product. And they've assisted with various technical capital to make that happen. It should probably be noted that in a lot of these societies women have a very, very hard time finding a job and I'll actually return to that point shortly. But the other thing is that even if your business is not directly assisted by Coca-Cola there's a term that we use called the spillover effect to suggest that sometimes when a firm comes into an area that has extensive knowledge on how to successfully run a business other firms either competing with it or interacting with it in a cooperative way stands to actually gain a lot from that interaction. So when you have a restaurant for instance like this woman up here runs that Coca-Cola helps to renovate then other restaurants in the area can look at that and say that those are good practices on running a restaurant. So a lot of good can come from that. Beyond the personal level, globalization can help, global economic integration rather can lead to greater global stability. There's a theory called neo-functionalism which suggests that global supply chains can provide a disincentive for international conflict and a really good example of that would be the current situation in China and Taiwan where when I was a kid it was regularly spoken about at my house about the possibility of China and Taiwan going to war with one another. These days that's much less likely and one of the reasons for that is that both of them are very, very highly integrated into the global supply chain particularly for computer manufacturing. A conflict between the two would be disastrous for both economies as well as for ours. So big business in both those countries puts a lot of pressure on those leaders to behave themselves and to not start a conflict which would of course be disastrous for everybody. Finally, I'd like to turn my attention to globalization and how it affects human rights. The traditional neoliberal theory of how it could affect human rights is that higher incomes and education which could be created through the investment of large businesses, profits in an impoverished economy could lead to less exploitable populations and a lot of people around here would really disagree with that but I'd like to bring up an article, a study that I read by Indra Desoisa and Krishna Vadlamanadi who found a positive correlation between a country's level of globalization and the quality of human rights in that country based on figures from the State Department of Amnesty International from 1987 to 2005, up to a 1% level of significance and what surprised me the most about this is that these figures actually held after taking the world's most developed countries, all of the OECD countries out of the equation it still held. This is not of course to state that a lack of globalization could cause human rights abuses but they give a number of reasons why this correlation could be found and I'll share a couple of them which I think are interesting.


60 patients treated by an experienced orthodontist had their occlusions assessed using the PAR index. With follow-up casts taken at least 6.5 years after retention appliance removal, divided into three subgroups based on Jeroback facial height quotient, mean weighted PAR scores calculated for each stage and subgroup, mean absolute and percentage occlusal changes calculated for the post-treatment period, and the relationship between post-treatment to occlusal change in pretreatment vertical facial. Patton studied. This article was authored by Pinto Neal, Woods Michael, and Crawford Edward.


repertoire and I was hoping that he would go for a premature attack in the game but but he played pretty solidly he took on C5 and went for the ending and it was just a boring tour. Right now we're gonna cut this part and then go on to this next question. Apparently he prematurely attacked me but then it turned out to be not so bad. What did he miss? How were you able to equalize so easily? I mean what has a... This is a serious tournament guys. But he was not really able to do much. How were you... Where do you think he went wrong or how did you equalize so easily? Okay sure.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unisor Education. Today I would like to start a new chapter of this course, which is called Physics for Teens. It's presented on Unisor.com. That's where all my lectures are, including the prerequisite for this course, which is Math for Teens. And I do recommend you to use the Unisor.com as an entrance point, because it actually contains the course rather than individual lectures. All individual lectures are included in this course, and they are stored on YouTube, which you might have found this particular lecture. But I do encourage you to go to Unisor.com and take the course actually from the beginning. It's in logical sequence and every lecture is supplemented with very detailed, textual explanation of everything. Plus the course includes different problems to solve and even examinations. The site is completely free. There are no advertisements at all, and you don't even have to sign in. I mean, if you do, it's fine, but if you don't, you have exactly the same material to learn. So, kinetic energy. That's my first lecture in the chapter called energy. Well, obviously, as the person with mathematical background, I would like to start with the definition of what we are talking about. So, what is the kinetic energy? Well, in many cases, you can find an explanation that this is an energy of motion or something like this, which is kind of true. But again, being from the mathematical background, I cannot define a term called kinetic energy using the word energy, which is not defined. So, I'm not going to define energy as a general right now. I'm talking about kinetic energy only. And I would like to define it. I was actually thinking about how to define it more or less, I would say, strongly and strictly and logically. So, I define it as follows. The kinetic energy is a quantitative characteristic of an object in motion. So, we know what the object is. We know what the motion is. And so, we are talking about certain quantitative characteristic associated with this motion. Now, what's important is that this particular quantitative characteristic, it indicates that a certain amount of work can be done if this particular object in motion interacts with other. So, this amount of work actually depends on the object in motion, more than on other objects which it interacts with. And I'm going to explain what it is. So, basically kinetic energy is an ability of the object in motion to do some work, to perform some work when this object interacts with other objects. Now, what I'm going to do is I'm going to start with a very simple example. I have an object in motion which has mass and speed and we consider it's a uniform motion along a straight line. And let's assume that I have one particular constant force acting against this motion along the same trajectory. So, this is our object. It moves this way, mass m, speed v. And now, let's consider it's... There is a force which acts exactly against this motion and it tries to, obviously, to slow it down. Now, force will do certain amount of work when it slows down this object from the initial speed v to ending speed 0. So, I would like to find out what is the amount of work f which is needed to stop this object. Now, what is the source of the f? Well, it can be for instance air resistance or friction or, I don't know, some kind of a spring or whatever when it actually hits the spring when, for instance, in some cars they have an ending point and then they go this way and then go back along the same route. They sometimes have a spring which basically stops them. So, whatever the force is, it actually represents certain interaction of this object with something. But this is the simplest form of interaction. Just the constant force acting against the motion. So, how can they find out the work which this particular force actually is doing? Well, this is a product of this force times the distance it acts. So, I have to find the distance. I know that we have initial speed v. We know the ending speed is 0. So, there is a deceleration. And I know the formula. This is the formula of a distance. If the object is changing its speed with acceleration a during the time t, then that basically represents that particular distance which this object covers. So, it's basically the same formula as if you are going from the speed 0 to certain maximum speed achieved using this acceleration in this time. Or vice versa, if it has certain speed in the beginning can be decelerated down to 0. So, the formula is exactly the same. So, in one case a would be positive, another is negative. So, right now we just disregard this particular sign and we assume that this is just a positive constant and that represents the distance. So, I have to find this constant. Well, I know that a is related to force and mass as this is a consequence from the second Newton's law, right? F is equal to mass times acceleration. That's a Newton's second law. So, that's why we can find acceleration. So, acceleration I know. How about the time? Well, that's also relatively easy. If you have on one end the speed is equal to 0. This is V end and V begin equals to V. So, during the time t I have this acceleration which I know nowadays, right? Since I have determined it and we know that V begin is equal to a times t, right? Oh, sorry. Yes, yes, that's exactly what it is. When we are decelerating from this down to this, this is basically the plane kinematics equation for the speed after acceleration or in this case it's deceleration actually. So, from this I can find t. It's equal to V which is the beginning speed divided by a. Now, a I know what it is. It's f divided by m so m goes to the top. So, this is my time. So, I know acceleration. I know the time. Now I can find the distance. The distance is equal to a which is f divided by m times t square which is V square m square divided by f square and divided by 2 which is equal to m f. So, it's m V square divided by 2f. So, what's my work? Work is equal to f times s. The force times the distance. So, if I were multiplied by f that would be m V square divided by 2. So, that's actually quite a remarkable result. Look at this formula. What it depends on? It depends on mass and the initial speed of my object. It does not depend on force f. This is what's remarkable about it. It means that no matter what kind of resistance this particular moving object faces, the work which that force of resistance actually should spend, should perform to slow down my motion to zero basically is independent on the force itself. Now, if you have a strong force it will have, you see it's in denominator. The strong force will have a shorter distance. The weaker force will have a longer distance but the work will still be exactly the same. So, my point is that this work which basically is something which kind of performed by outside force relative to the motion of the object really is completely irrelevant in this particular case. There is certain quantitative characteristic of motion which is this one and I call it kinetic energy. So, this kinetic energy, this is the definition basically of the kinetic energy of the moving object of mass m with uniform speed V. This is certain amount of future work, if you wish, that anybody who wants to basically stop this motion should perform. No matter how you stop this motion, you will still have to perform this amount of work which depends only on the moving object. So, that's extremely important part of this. Kinetic energy of the moving object depends only on this object and its motion. It does not depend on anything which resists this motion. No matter how you resist, the amount of work will be exactly the same. That's why it's very important to understand that kinetic energy of the object again is characteristic of the object and its motion. It's independent of any outside forces and this is basically the formula which kind of justifies my initial definition that kinetic energy is a quantitative characteristic of the object in motion. It's a very mechanical kind of thing. We are talking about velocity or speed or whatever, so it's mechanics. So, it's a characteristic only of the object in motion. It's not a characteristic of anything outside of this object, though the work which is needed obviously depends on objects which interact with this object. Okay, fine. So, this is something which is basically a very, very obvious thing, what it is. Now, let's consider a slightly more difficult situation. Very, very slightly. For instance, we are not stopping an object. We just slow it down. But again, we are slowing down our object from speed V, which is beginning speed, down to speed V end. Now, if my definition of the kinetic energy is correct, then there is a certain amount of kinetic energy in the moving object when it moves with the speed V and there is a certain amount of kinetic energy which is associated with the ending speed V end. Now, if I would like to slow down the object from this speed to this speed, I have to spend a certain amount of energy. The same as in the previous example, I spend a certain amount of energy to decelerate the object from some speed V down to zero. Now, I'm just decelerating to the value of the speed V end. Now, if again, the kinetic energy is a characteristic of the object in motion, it means there is a certain amount of kinetic energy in the beginning. There is a certain amount of kinetic energy which still remains in the object when its speed has been decelerated to this value, which is not equal to zero in this particular case. So, the difference between these two must be equal to the work which needed to be spent to do this, right? So, I will basically do very, very similar calculations and I will find the amount of work based on whatever the force F is. And eventually I should come up with the formula that this amount of work should be equal to a difference between beginning and ending kinetic energy of the moving object, right? I mean, if my definition is correct, if kinetic energy is really a characteristic of the object in motion, then this is the amount of kinetic energy I have, which means potentially it needs to be performed certain work to slow it down, let's say, to zero. But I still have this, so I don't really need all the amount of work. I only need the amount of work to slow it down to the end. So, the difference between them must be equal to the work. Well, let's check it out. A. Now, F is the same thing, so it's F divided by M, right? Now, the T, again, we know that the end is equal to the beginning, which is our speed V, plus acceleration T. This is the general formula of kinematics. Now, we are, we would like to have an absolute value of deceleration, which means, so I'll just consider it positive, but it doesn't really matter. So, the T is equal to the difference between the speed divided by acceleration, right? So, my speed, whichever is bigger is V. So, it's V minus V end divided by acceleration, which is this. So, that's my formula for T. And formula for S is not exactly this one. Formula for S would be, in this particular case, since we are decelerating, it would be V times T minus A T square over 2. In this case, I assume that A is actually positive. Otherwise, I would have to put plus and consider A as negative. It doesn't really matter. So, that just changes the order of this. So, we are subtracting from bigger to smaller, and that's why A is positive. That's why I put minus here. So, this is the formula. So, let's just basically do some elementary calculations here. You don't need this. You don't need this. You don't need this. And let's see what happens. So, S is equal V times T, which is this one. V minus V end times M divided by F minus A T square over 2. Now, A again, A is my F over M. Now, divided by 2 means here. And now, T square, which is this square, which is V minus V end square times M square divided by M square. Right? Hope I'm right. So, what happens here is this. This goes out and this goes out. Now, we got this. So, what do we have? We have M times V times V minus V end minus again M divided by 2 V minus V end square. And the whole thing should be divided by F. This is S. Well, first of all, you immediately see that F times S already independent of the force. Right? This is my work. So, all we have to do is that we will have something like this if I will open all the parentheses. Right? So, what happens here is the following. So, let's put W, which is work, which is equal to S times F. It's equal to, let me put M over 2 outside of the parentheses. So, I will have 2 V square minus 2 V V end minus V square plus 2 V V end minus V end square. So, what we have is this goes against this, this and this are out. And what do I have? I have M over 2 V square minus V end square, which is exactly what this actually is. So, as we see, to slow down from one speed to another and moving the object of the mass M, again, it's just exactly the same amount of work which is needed by this force F, regardless of the force F. Again, the shorter or longer distance will be with stronger or weaker forces, but their product F times S, the work which is supposed to be done is exactly the same, which means that we have this certain amount of kinetic energy in the beginning. And when we spend certain amount of work to slow down, well, the kinetic energy is diminishing to the ending value. But the difference between kinetic energy in the beginning and kinetic energy at the end is equal exactly to the amount of work which our resisting force is supposed to spend, regardless of what this resisting force is, which proves again that our kinetic energy is characteristic of the object in motion and it's independent of outside forces. Okay. So, these are basically illustrations of the fact that my definition of kinetic energy makes sense. Kinetic energy as a quantitative characteristic of the moving object, which basically characterizes how much work we have to perform when we have to change this motion in some way or another. But in this particular case, we were talking only about very specific kind of motion. It's a uniform motion along the straight line and the force acting exactly opposite to this to slow it down, right? So, there are two different things which I would like to pay attention to right now. First of all, we all understand that from the definition of work, it follows that it's additive characteristic of whatever we are performing because if I would like to do something and then independently, I would like to do something else. I perform a certain amount of work here and a certain amount of work here and if I would like to accomplish this and this, I have to basically perform this and this and this. The work is actually added together. It basically follows from the definition of what is exactly the work. So, I have one force maybe acting on one object, another acting on another object. Both perform a certain amount of work and if you would like to achieve a certain result, in both cases, I have to spend basically both amounts of work and add them together, which means work is additive, which means that energy, kinetic energy, is additive. So, basically what I would like to say is the following. So, if I have n objects, now each of them have a certain amount of certain mass and each of them moves with certain speed. Now, kinetic energy of one particular object is this. Kinetic energy of the entire system of all the object is this. It's sound of this i from one to n. So, I'm adding together kinetic energies of each object and then basically gives me the kinetic energy of the entire system. Imagine, for instance, a room with molecules of air. Each molecule is moving in some chaotic direction and each of them at any given moment has a certain speed and has a certain mass. So, each molecule has certain kinetic energy. So, kinetic energy which is concentrated in the entire room would be a sum of all these kinetic energies, which is a lot. Okay, so kinetic energy is additive and this is a kinetic energy of an entire system because, again, if I would like to do something with this entire system, let's say, slow down all these molecules to a state zero so they don't really move, I have to spend amount of work to slow down each of them to zero, which means I have to spend this amount of work on each molecule and that's why we're talking about the whole kinetic energy being an additive characteristic of the system of objects. That's kind of obvious but I just wanted to tell about this. Another thing is, well, I'm talking about speed here, not about velocity because I really don't really care about the direction of this because at any given moment we can say that the speed is a certain scalar. Now, when, obviously, there is a vector characteristic of this which is called velocity but it's not really part of this thing. This is just a scalar value of the speed which is important in this particular case because even if the trajectory is some kind of a curve each particular infinitesimal piece of that curve can be considered as a straight motion and basically at that particular moment you can calculate what is the kinetic energy of this particular object is. And then as the speed actually is changing the kinetic energy is changing, obviously. Now, my last example is related to a little bit more, again, complicated case when instead of force acting exactly opposite to direction of the movement, let's say I'm trying to act at an angle. Now, what happens in this particular case? Just let me exemplify it. For instance, for instance, I have a movement of this kind, this is my object, but the force acts at a certain angle. Let's say maybe it's some kind of a car which is moving and this is the force of the wind which is trying to kind of attack this car at a certain angle. Now, what happens? Well, obviously, again, the speed will change in some way or another. I mean, obviously, depending on the force of the of the wind it will change differently. But however, I would like to basically, again, I would like to find out what happens if my force is acting a certain amount of time at angle to the speed. What happens? Well, again, my final result should be that, again, it doesn't really depend on anything except the beginning and the ending mass and speed of this particular object. So, how the object would move in this particular case? Well, it will be this probably kind of a trajectory, right? When the force moves, when the force acts this way and the object moves this way, then this would be probably something like a trajectory, right? Now, I'm talking about the movement on the plane. Obviously, whatever I'm doing right now on the plane can be transformed into a three-dimensional space, so it doesn't really matter. But let me do it in a two-dimensional case. So, let's consider I have x and y coordinates here and my initial vector is v along the x and 0 along the y axis, right? So, this is my vector of the velocity. In this case, I'm talking about velocity. So, this is my x component and this is my y component in the very beginning. So, this is some value and this is 0. Now, let's consider that during certain time t, now let's say t is given in this particular case, the force acts at certain angle, which means I have vector which has coordinates like this. So, this particular force can be represented as fx and fy. These are two vectors. These are two scolars which have the value of the magnitude of these two vectors, right? So, that's basically what it is. Now, the fx component acting during the time t would force the object to change its speed along the x coordinate and fy would be acting against the y component, right? So, my acceleration also will be a vector which is equal to fx divided by m, fy divided by m. So, this is my acceleration vector. This is acceleration along the x and this is acceleration along the y. Now, obviously, based on the time and based on the initial speeds along the x and y and based on acceleration along the x and y, I can find the distance, right? So, my fx would actually drive our object along the sx on the x axis and that would be a certain amount of work which I can call wx. You see, again, forces are additive, energy is additive, work is additive. That's why I'm basically dividing it into parts. And the force which is acting along the y axis will act at the distance sy and this would be amount of work which my force will spend along the x direction. This will be amount of work along the y direction and I will see if their sum is equal to change in the kinetic energy of the body of the subject. Now, in the beginning, kinetic energy was mv square divided by 2. At the end, it will be correspondingly piece along the one axis and piece along another axis. So, there is an energy which this particular object has in one direction and energy in another direction. Now, it's just plain arithmetic or algebraic. I know acceleration. I know the time. So, now we can find out the distance. So, sx is equal to, now along the x, my initial speed is v and acceleration is at square over 2 ax, which is fx square, sorry, fx t square divided by 2m, right? fx divided by m is acceleration. So, it's ax times time square divided by 2. That's the formula from kinematics. This is the distance. My force, which is equal to fx, is acting along the horizontal axis, right? Now, my sy is equal to initial speed along the y speed is 0. So, I have only ay t square over 2, which is fy to m t square. Okay, what's next? Well, what's next is that I have to compare some of these, which is two amounts of work, which my force spends in one direction and another direction, multiplying this and this and summing them together, and compare it with the total amount of energy, which was in the beginning and the total amount of change of the kinetic energy between the beginning and the end. Now, in the beginning, I have mv square over 2 and along the y axis is 0, I mean along the y axis is 0, right? At the end, at the moment t, I will have, at the moment t, along the x axis, I will have mv x t square over 2, where the x t is the horizontal speed at moment t and my y direction energy is mv y t square. Let's put parentheses divided by 2. That's my energy. So, if I will subtract from the beginning, which is from the total energy of this, I will subtract this, I have to actually have some of these. We just have to check if it, you know, if it works. Well, let's just try. Let's just try. So, what is my v x t? At moment t, my speed would be the initial moment in the horizontal, which is v, plus a t, right? a is f divided by m t and my v y t is equal to similar, except that my vertical direction is 0, so it will be just f x, sorry, f y divided by m. So, I have to calculate now this plus this and check if I will have the same as total amount of work. All right, let's check it out. Okay, let's calculate this one. I know this, so I have to square it. So, energy along the x axis would be equal to m divided by 2 and the speed at moment t square, which is v plus f x over m t square. Now, energy along the y direction at moment t is equal to m over 2 times f y t divided by m square. This is mass. This is the speed square divided by 2. Okay, so if I will add them together and subtract my initial value of energy, what will be? So, e x at moment t plus e y at moment t minus e minus e, which is m v square divided by 2 equals.  Okay, this goes against this one. m 2 2 m f x.  Okay, now let's say what happens here. Okay, if I will multiply this times f x by the way, I miss d here. I'm sorry. Yes, d times f x, right, yeah, I see something is wrong here. So, here also we'll have, sorry, here. Fine, so let's multiply this by f x and this is by f y and add them together.  Exactly the same thing. So, again, the quality doesn't really depend on anything. Now, this contains components of the force and this contains components of the force, that's true. But since they are the same on both sides, which means that regardless of what exactly this f x and f y are, what's their direction relative to the trajectory, initial trajectory of our object, the resulting difference between kinetic energy in the beginning and at the end is exactly the same as amount of work force which acts at the angle performs. And here what's very important, I was using additive property of the energy and additive property of the work. I basically decided to represent my force f as two forces, f x and f y, each one separately doing something, each one separately performing certain amount of work. And the result of this is the difference between the total amount of kinetic energy. Well, that's it for today. I do recommend you to read the textual part of this lecture, which is basically the same thing. It's like a textbook and it's on unizor.com. Then I will probably do some problems next time about kinetic energy. So thanks very much and good luck.


What is going on everybody? It's Stas here. Welcome back to another video. So in this video, we're going to be doing an overall market update looking at the Dow Jones, the S&P 500, and the NASDAQ. We're also going to be talking about one trade that I made today on the 15th of January in 2019, as well as briefly looking at two articles talking about JP Morgan and Wells Fargo's earnings reports that did come out today. So for all you out there that don't know, we are in the midst of earnings reports, earnings season right now in the stock market with a lot of the big banks reporting earnings this week.  So it's very important in my opinion guys to keep an eye on earnings to gauge how companies are doing in terms of their financials. Are they missing expectations? Are they exceeding expectations? Or are they right in line with expectations? And why you need to keep an eye on this guys? Because this will help you gauge the entire economy and gauge the entire stock market on how things are doing, right guys? Because if most companies are missing on their earnings, that is not a good sign for the economy as a whole. And of course the stock market, but if a lot of companies are killing their earnings, blowing earnings out of the water, that's a very good sign for the economy and of course the stock market. So before we do get into this video, smash that like button if you guys do enjoy this daily content that I'm producing, it really does help the channel grow and I do appreciate it a lot from you guys if you do smash that like button. So let's get started with today's video. So I'm sure you all know this by now, but today we had yet again, another green day in the stock market despite the poor earnings from these banks that we're going to be talking about a little bit later on in this video. So we see here, the SPX guys was up around 1.07% up around $28 on the day. The Dow Jones was up around 155 points up around 0.65% on the day. And the NASDAQ I believe was up around 110 to 120 points at the close. We can see here guys, it opened up the day roughly at around 6575 and did close the day at around 6680. So it was up around 100 105 points at the close. I do believe that was around a 1.2, 1.3% day today in terms of the NASDAQ. So this bull run, well not really a bull run, but this recovery run that we've been seeing from after Christmas December 26th to be exact, is still intact guys. If we take a look at this 20 day one hour chart so we can see a little bit closer of the action that's been going down since this day that I just talked to you guys about the 26th, we can see it's nothing but an uptrend of higher highs and higher lows. And remember in yesterday's video guys, I was talking about this pattern in the SPX of, you know, it's gapping down during the opening of the market and then closing right by where it topped off the previous day, right? You know, remember we were talking about this, right? The gap down here and then it closes at the resistance from the previous day, the gap down here and it closes right around the resistance from the previous day, but today we actually gapped up and we pushed up to another higher high and we broke out of that 2600 level. That was a kind of a resistance level, right? We had trouble getting above it here, here, here and the fact that we pushed above it today is just insinuating that this uptrend is still intact guys and especially since we bounced on the 50SMA here to make yet again another higher high. So what do I want to see guys in terms of a rejection in the SPX? Well, I want to see if it does end up getting rejected at this previous support, which is now a new resistance at around 2620 with the next one being at around 2635. So these are two levels guys that if the SPX does break out of these levels, the next resistance would be at the 180SMA right around 2650, maybe 2675 at that point. But again guys, since it is getting a bit over bought, earnings season are coming out pretty strong over these next couple of weeks. A lot of big companies are reporting earnings and if they do report poor earnings, right? This could have a negative effect on the stock market, thus having it being rejected right around this level. But again, only time will tell we have to wait and see what these companies do report. If the majority of them are bad in terms of the earnings guys, that gives me the fundamental reason that the stock market is most likely going to be heading down over the next couple of months. But we have to wait and see again what these companies are reporting. So the SPX guys, major resistance right now, literally the level we are at right now at these two trend lines, watch those very, very closely guys. So if we take a look at the Dow Jones, very similar situation, we are at a resistance that was a previous support back in June from this sell-off that we saw right around $24,100 is the support that was a support, right? And obviously since we broke beneath it, it is now a new resistance and that's the level that we are at right now in terms of the Dow Jones. So if we do break that level guys, the next level I'm going to be looking at is at around $24,400 and we can maybe say $24,200 before $24,400 as well. So there are a couple more resistances for the Dow Jones to break before it is in a full-on reversal pattern to the upside, right? So we would have to break this one, this one as well as this one and then of course break the 180 SMA resistance as well. So just like the SPX guys, this one is making higher highs, higher lows, it bounced on the 50 SMA and it's continuing the uptrending pattern that has been on from the 26th of December when we saw that massive sell-off in the month of December in general. So taking a look at NQ guys, this one broke the top of this channel that we were talking about on the 180 for our chart here and we can see guys, this red trend line is indicating that channel that I'm talking about and had been talking about over the past couple of videos, right? We had trouble breaking out of that channel here, here as well, here and now we just bounced on the 180 SMA, pushed for a higher high, thus pushing us out of that downward trending channel. But this does not mean guys that we're reversing to the upside quite yet guys because again, there are a lot of other factors right now that could potentially push the stock market down, especially with earning season being right now. So I guess you can say on a technical basis, we broke out of that channel, but it's still in that same vicinity of where we did break out of this channel last time, which followed by another lower low in terms of this chart guys. So I really wouldn't be surprised if we did peek out in the NASDAQ right around this level in these next coming days, once this run does start to come to a halt because it is guys, I know a lot of you out there think this run is going to last forever, but literally we've done this in the past, right guys? It might have not been as long as what we've been experiencing from the end of December, but it's been pretty decent, right? We can see this one lasted from 11-22 up to around 12-3. So that lasted about 11 days. This run right here from 10-29 up to around 11-8. So we are due, in my opinion, for a pullback and especially since we are at the top of this channel, even though we did break it guys, we are still technically at the top of this channel, which is a solid resistance point. So all of these indices guys, they're still at major resistance levels. They're all at the top of their channels and with earnings reports coming out, the economy is slowing down, all of the stuff that we've been experiencing with China, the trade war, Trump, Fed, everything that's been going on, I do still see downside coming guys. And this is something that we all have to just wait and see what happens, right? We can't predict the future, obviously. We just have to see what the data is telling us. We have to see are the Fed's going to raise interest rates again. We have to see is Trump going to come to a trade war agreement with the president of China. There's just a bunch of things right now that are just up in the air still in the market. And I do think these will drag the markets down in the next couple of days slash weeks. So let's talk about what I traded today very quickly. Then we'll talk about those two articles. So for those of you all that are in the discord chat, you know that I traded GUSH today guys. This was a very quick 2.2% trade in GUSH. And for those of you guys that don't know, GUSH is an oil and gas based ETF and it trades on XOP. And whenever XOP is going up in price, that's when GUSH is going up in price. This is why, you know, you can see the charts are very similar, right? Take a look at XOP chart and take a look at GUSH's chart, right? It's pretty much the same exact thing because they really just move in the same direction because GUSH copies what XOP does in a simple way of, you know, stating things, right? In the simple terms of putting it, right? GUSH copies what XOP does. So why I got into GUSH guys? Well, I got in because of this pullback that we saw from around 1208 all the way down to 1180 opening up around a 2.3% margin of profit. And once I saw GUSH holding the 180SMA and starting to push back up and ultimately breaking the EMA and the 50SMA, that is when I saw potential upside in a reversal pattern and, you know, a continuation of the uptrend from the previous day here, guys. So I ended up actually getting in a little bit early on this GUSH trade. I got in at around 1182, I believe, you know, once we did start to peak above the EMA and once we already bounced on the 180SMA and from 1182, guys, it moved pretty quick up to the previous resistances at around 1209. So I didn't actually end up adding more to my position, right? And I always talk about scaling into your positions. Well, this time, guys, it moved so quickly that I didn't even add or even have time to add more to the position. So from about 1182, you know, I set a limit sell at this previous resistance at around 1208, I believe my order was, and we obviously hit 1201. So they ended up filling at 1208 right there. But from 1182, we can see the profit was right around 2 to 2.2%, right? I think it was like, yes, see, it was around 2.1% on the day. And for those of you guys that don't know, my daily goal is around 3% on the low side. I did get a little bit lower than 3% today. And yesterday, I got a little bit lower at 0.4%. So the past two days, in terms of my profit, you know, they haven't been too great, right? But I'm still happy with what I'm able to get. And I always say that profit is profit, guys, right? Any profit you can pull from the market, that is a successful day in my personal opinion. And I'm very happy with the 2% that I did end up, you know, taking today. And I was very intrigued by this pullback on Kron. And I almost pulled the trigger on a Kron trade earlier on in the day, but I didn't do it. And from this pullback, I'm talking about this massive one right here from 1386, all the way to 1310, I saw a higher or lower right here, I was about to jump into the trade. I would have made a solid gain right here. But again, shoulda woulda coulda, you didn't make the money if you didn't take the trade, right? So I didn't take the trade here, guys. But I figured I'd share this one anyway. And for those of you guys that did end up trading Kron today on this little bounce back, this, you know, big pullback and bounce back play, you know, shout out to you because that was a pretty solid move in terms of Kron. And I kind of did wish I pulled the trigger because if I did, I would have made around 4% on the day if I did buy in right around here when I was thinking about buying in. But, you know, no excuses, guys. I didn't buy into this trade. Therefore, I did not, you know, make money on it, right? Very, very simple. So let's talk about these two articles talking about JP Morgan and Wells Fargo's earnings report very quickly before I do end off this video. So let's take a look what happened today. And JP Morgan, I believe, they did report their earnings first early on in the day. And just to sum it up very quickly, guys, I'm not going to go through this entire article, I just want to just go through these bullet points very quickly. JP Morgan missed on their earnings, right? You can see it right from the headline, JP Morgan misses profit expectations for the first time in 15 quarters. So that's a pretty big stat there, guys. Typically, JP Morgan is very strong in terms of financials. They're hitting their profits a lot.  Obviously, you know, it's not based on one stock. But if we see a bunch of stocks missing profit, like JP Morgan did, you know, this could signal expectations of slowing economic growth. So we can see here, JP Morgan Chase posted quarterly profits below analyst expectations for the first time in 15 quarters. The banks generated $1.9 per share and profit for the fourth quarter of 2018 below the $2.20 per share average estimate of analysts surveyed by refinitives. So that's a pretty big miss, guys, about a $0.22 miss in terms of their earnings per share. Let's see. The biggest shortfall appeared to come from the New York Bank's trading division where fixed income trading produced $1.86 billion in revenue compared to $2.2 billion estimates. So they missed huge on that particular metric. And let's see. Analyst Peppered Bank managed management Tuesday on how it sees loan losses developing in 2019. The firm set aside $1.55 billion for credit losses, an 18% increase from a year earlier, and $250 million more than the analyst's $1.3 billion estimate. So pretty much, guys, they missed on their profit for the first time in 15 quarters. They missed on earnings per share. And they also missed on their revenue for their trading division. So not too great of a quarter for JP Morgan. Let's take a look at what Wells Fargo did. So Wells Fargo beat analysts' expectations in terms of earnings per share, which is a pretty good metric, rather, but they missed in terms of revenue reporting $20.98 billion in revenue in the quarter, this past quarter, in 2018. So earlier, guys, Wells Fargo reported fourth quarter profit of $1.21 per share. They missed their revenues right there. Profit of $6.1 billion was down from $6.2 billion recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017. That's just issuing the slowing in growth of the banking sector. Right, guys? The profit missed. Well, it's a smaller profit from the same quarter a year ago, not too great of a sign in terms of growth. And of course, banks aren't growth companies per se, right? They're more of value plays, right? They're not going to be growing a crazy amount year over year. But the fact that they didn't grow at all is not too great of a sign in terms of Wells Fargo for their profit. So very brief, very quick, guys. They hit earnings per share. They beat expectations on that, but they did not beat revenue. So not too great of earnings reports for JP Morgan. I would say that Wells Fargo had a better earnings report than JP Morgan, because at least they beat in terms of earnings per share JP Morgan missed on profit and earnings per share. So not too great of a report for JP Morgan, a little bit better for Wells Fargo, but still not too great of a report for them either. So that's pretty much it for today's video, guys. If you did enjoy it, feel free to smash that like button, leave a comment down below. Let me know what you guys think about the earnings season. What companies are you looking out for? What companies? What stocks did you trade today? I would love to love to know as well as subscribe for future content and turn on that notification bell so you guys get notified when I'm posting these daily update videos. So I'll catch you guys in the next video. I hope you all have a great night. Peace out.


Bundestag called Merkel responsible for war in Ukraine due to blocking its entry into NATO. Marie Agnes Straak-Zimmermann, head of the Defence Committee in the German Bundestag, has criticised the decisions made by former German Chancellor Angela Merkel, which in her opinion made a full-scale Russian attack on Ukraine possible. Straak-Zimmermann told it in an interview with German TV channels RTL. She recalled that there were many supporters of the early admission of Ukraine into NATO in 2008, but Germany and France opposed it because of Russia's position. According to the politician, the fact that the Ukrainians did not join NATO was a big mistake on the part of the French and Angela Merkel at the time. Straak-Zimmermann also believes that Germany should have sided with Ukraine and supported it with weapons after the Russian full-scale invasion. But it would be necessary to rewrite the history of Angela Merkel, especially the history of the last few years and complete miscalculations, commenting on the prospects for the conflict the head of the Bundesgarh Defence Committee suggested that it is unlikely to last as long as the First or Second World Wars. At the same time, she added, Russian President Vladimir Putin had not counted on the broad and sustained support of Ukraine. Germany and France blocked the provision of an action plan for NATO membership to Ukraine and Georgia at the Bucharest NATO Summit in 2008, fearing escalation from Russia. Since then, the alliance has only promised entry to both of these countries one day. After the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Merkel refused to admit that her decision could have led to Russian aggression.


Good evening and welcome back to Byline. This is a public affair show sponsored by the Amherst League of Women Voters and we are here in the studios of Amherst Media on College Street here in Amherst and we're continuing our series of conversations with committee chairs and vice chairs about various things that are happening and today we're going to be talking with Alyssa Bruehl who's the chair of a committee and Kathy Shane who's the vice chair of a committee and it's the same committee but it's a committee that's going out of business. How do you like that? They finish their job they're going to go out of business. And we finished it early. And you finished it early on time and on budget. Right. You got it. So what was the name of the committee? The committee on. Rules of procedure. Rules of procedure. So give us a reminder about why this committee got set up, where its authority came from, etc. Right. So Stan asked me to speak about this briefly and I was like okay I had like an hour and a half. No, no. Really briefly. Really briefly. So the charter requires rules of procedure to be set up for the council. Our old charter didn't have that for town meeting. Town meeting had town meeting time. It was done a different way. The legislature, the great and general court does it a different way. But our charter specifically said the council has to have rules of procedure. They at minimum have to include these few topics. One was for example that there has to be public comment at every regular meeting. That's not something that's required by mass general law but the people who wrote the charter and the people who voted in the charter wanted to be part of our town government. There has to be at least one meeting a month. There has to be a recording of all votes unless they are unanimous votes. It has to be by name. And so there was a minimum set of rules. Of course it was very short in the charter and we came up with a very large document of rules because what we're trying to do is not only have it be a reference for counselors as to how things work but also for the public. Because this is really a sea change in how we're doing town government in Amherst. It's the biggest change we've made since 1954. And so people don't know why we're doing what we're doing. Sometimes we are struggling with why we're doing what we're doing at any given moment. Because you're creating something new. Because one of the things to keep in mind is of course professional staff continues to do their job every day. But at the same time the elected officials are trying to find different ways and different structures to make it accessible both to us not just to put a document on a shelf and say we did that done but something we can refer to and that's why it's important to have things like how many votes do we need for certain things to be in there in addition to being written in our charter. A handy reference for all. And this isn't the first edition because we had some interim rules and so Kathy can you share. As Alyssa said you know we had some basic how are we going to start because we had to have some how are we going to start based on the charter so we did codify those. But then when we turned to looking at what is the purpose of this we said it's a really statement of our values. What do we value as a town what do we value as town council and how are we going to conduct ourselves to adhere to those values. In fact we even have an appendix that's called a value statement. Now what are things we believe in. So it was it ended up being quite a research project for us too because as we said OK we're brand new let's look at cross towns and cities that have a council form of government with or without a mayor.  And what you saw is if we looked at 30 plus is many of them had a core set that was the same as Alyssa said how many votes do we need to do X Y and Z. How do you make a motion. But then there were variations and that's where we honed in on what specific do we want in Amherst and what do we not find anywhere that we might want. So it was a quite a creative process as we got into it. So let's stick with that theme for a minute about the value statement. So the charters pretty clear that we want to transparent and engaged. We want to transparent government and engage citizenry. How do the rules relate to that. Exactly. Well it is actually the opening sentences of our rules. So I just I just thought I'd bring him here as Amherst town council commits to the highest levels of inclusion openness and transparency and its meetings and deliberation. You know so we made that a strong statement and then we said wherever possible we want robust public participation and deliberations and we have a variety of activities that were written into the charter such as districts should have district council meetings at least twice a year and we're doing them more often or we're going to do a public forum on the budget on capital on the master plan. But we said beyond what we have to do because the charter said let's talk about a way of bringing the public into council discussions and as just a couple examples we've set up something called a work session that we haven't used yet. But it's a time that the council can invite other people in who have expertise say we want to talk about the master plan. I hear you talked about that earlier. But we're not making a decision. We just want to have a strong conversation about it. We can set up a work session to think through the issues. We've also set up for our committees or for the full council something called a study group or work group where we're going to do something on an issue but we want to know the pluses and minuses. You know there's a good way a bad way of doing it and again reaching beyond just the 13 council members. So those would be two examples where we wrote it in in a permissive way. We can do this when we need to do it and then endorse it. We should do it whenever we need to. So these would be new tools in the toolbox for the council to engage among themselves but also to engage with interested and perhaps even expert parties from outside of the council and it could be staff of the town. It could be residents of the town. It could be other members of other committees. Absolutely. In town that you would bring in. You could bring in someone from another town where the other town has done something that we want to know more about and we need that. And we all know what Amherst is like. I mean we have such a rich population in terms of knowledge and past participation and we didn't want to lose that ability to tap into people who have been long-time participants or also new participants but know a lot beyond what we might already know. This is all very consistent with what you and I talked about in an earlier show when maybe even your first appearance here how important the process of engagement was to you. Absolutely. And Alyssa you've had so many years of experience in town government so you've operated under and seen lots of different types of meetings, types of activities and how structure is critical to making sure that people know what to expect. And so could you talk a little bit about some of the things that you were working on and focusing on in the committee to ensure that people would they would be very crisp and clear rules of procedure so that everybody understood that this was going to be an open and fair debate and process. Yeah I was just it just buzzed through my head as we were talking about this like we could have this been a much more dramatic sort of show like what was it like developing the rules of procedure? Because it was rather dramatic on some occasions and partly there were some strong feelings on many sides and a lot of it is because I for example have been doing this a long time three of the members had not been doing it at all and so they did an immense amount of research and I would then push back and say well I know the words say that but what's the practical application of that but yet we didn't want to box ourselves in either because the last thing any of us wants is you know a little box that we are forced to work within so trying to express the kinds of things we're trying to express in words that somehow made sense to not only the five of us but then to the entire town council because that's another part of the push-pull associated with the work we did is how much does the full town council entrust to a subcommittee because we are all just to be clear to everyone out in the world we are all meeting at least 12 hours a week in meetings right now so for a part-time council job much less preparation research that was all done outside of those meetings so how much do you entrust the subcommittee versus the full rules committee and so we went to the full council a couple of times and said this is where we're at these are some particularly interesting parts and Kathy can talk more about that and then you know these are the highlights because it's a lot to process but also in terms of giving people the tools as we talked about earlier so for example a tool that I'd found really useful at town meeting for many years was the idea of no audible displays of approval or disapproval and the reason for that was not to quash people or make it be super formal but because even though it might seem like 85% of the audience thinks something's an amazing idea and wants to cheer for it there could be that five or three or two percent of people who feel really quashed by the enthusiasm that's displayed if there's hooting and hollering and then maybe you're less willing to bring something of theirs up in the future because they feel like they're not being represented or even to speak up on that particular issue as it's being debated in the in the town meeting at that point and it could be the town council but if you haven't actually seen that happen which I did see happen in town meeting when it spontaneously would erupt and the moderator would say okay we all agreed that we don't have public displays people who hadn't seen that worried that that meant we were somehow quashing people's enthusiasm and the last thing we want to do is that right we want people to feel fully engaged in our so we went back and forth as to how do we describe that how do we talk about divisiveness versus enthusiasm versus engagement versus rules that are just seem to be for the sake of rules which we we are this is Amherst we would avoid that and it went back and forth in terms of what we felt on our group at the committee level and then when it went back to council and so it went back and forth a couple of different ways before it got finalized as a version of what we had been using at town meeting just to give another tool to the president or the presiding officer of any of our groups and so but it just goes to show that there there can be a huge amount of difference of opinion we're all trying to get to the same place and just how do you actually codify that in a way that feels comfortable to people that doesn't feel draconian yeah and some of these things are pretty cut and dry how many votes do we need you know it's either x y or z pick one it's not in the middle of x and y it's yes one of them but here's a set of ideas that involve judgment absolutely and and the sensitivity to trying to encourage engagement and allow people to express themselves both as a speaker and as an audience how do you balance those so you went back and forth four times something like that he and the council but you ultimately figured out a path forward and that's been incorporated in the rules any other examples of things that you were particularly focused on well I'm particular just had what I thought was a very simple suggestion about the fact that we had already informally agreed that we would have our president service spokesperson to the press and that made some people uncomfortable to put that in writing because it felt like maybe it would prevent other people from speaking which in all reality in my experience is the appropriate thing to do you do ask the president to be or the chair in the past to be the spokesperson and then they may say you're the expert on the capital plan please do all the speaking about the capital plan it doesn't force that person to be the expert on everything but that's the go-to person for everything and people were uncomfortable putting that writing for fear that it would put not necessarily this president but a president in the position of just having all the control and feeling the burden of all that and not feeling like they could delegate so then do you say or their designee and so finally just got scrapped but it's in a list of follow-up items and so that's one of the really interesting things to me about this whole ebb and flow of process here is that now that rules of procedure yay got our work done weeks ahead of time which was amazing given how much work it was and it was a really starting Kathy was an excellent taskmaster in case of keeping us on schedule and then we got done early is that now we have a list of things that the governance organization and legislation g.o.l not go g.o.l committee can continue to work on and say well they love they looked at this what might we consider in the future so it can be a living document that we continue to tweak over time and that press issue maybe one that fits in well once we talk about it more as to who does what when and Kathy other no just a little bit on the process because Alyssa jumped in we because it's a long document when we went back to the council they all got the full document and what we did was highlight little yellow literally literally the areas that we weren't the same as all towns you know so it wasn't that no other city or town did it this way but that pay attention to this and then areas where we didn't agree as five people we went ahead and put two options in saying we we are recommending committee we're not a decision-making committee so if there were two sets of ideas that were happening in our small group the larger group of 13 should also hear those ideas and so we go to those blue when we went in just on here two ways and I thought it was a very healthy example going forward because we're in trust we're gonna rely a lot on our committees to be delegated work we're we're referring it to a committee but we don't want them to make final decisions on key actions without at least us knowing that there were two or three ways of going on this and there was not one clear way but even you know there were three people that like this to who like that we should hear hear that without having to go to every meeting so I thought it set a precedent so where there's consensus on a point you might not put that in but where there's a division you might highlight the couple of two or three options and give some context for how people thought about those and leave it to the council to understand that there wasn't unanimity on something and what I liked about this is often when you think of a policy that is going forward or not you have the I don't like it or I do like it group but if you said I I do like it if the following so it could be this way or that way it wasn't that we didn't like the idea it was there to I think it's a healthier way of ultimately getting to yes you know unless you just hate it but and so that there is buy-in and and you know people think compromises a dirty word in politics but it's in the nature of the enterprise you're going to have conflicting views rather than do nothing you figure out what's a path where there's enough common ground upon which we can build a solution and so that's part of what you're doing here yeah and it was a this is one it was an ad hoc committee we had a deadline meet this deadline and as you said at the beginning we go out of business you know there is now a document but it is a living document one of the things we wrote in is that we can change it you know if the majority of the council wants to amend it and change it some towns said it had to be a super majority we just said if there is a majority that something's not working we want to add something or subtract something because we or we want to expand a definition whatever it might be we want to make it easy to do but at least revisit it once a year so we've had at least once a year we should come back and take a look at how we're how how are we doing based on how we said we wanted to behave and and act so you see annual reviews in the legislature for example the state legislature because the terms are two years on swearing in day a set of temporary rules is adopted which are the rules from the last term and a rules committee is named to review the rules and make recommendations and usually within two to three months a permanent set of rules for that term are adopted and it's usually 95 or 98 percent of it is identical to what you already had so it's not like you're changing with the wind but as circumstances arise things like what do you do about technology in the chamber now that everybody's got an iPad and a cell phone that was not anticipated a hundred years ago so you you adapt with the time so the way you're seeing this is that this will be an annual exercise at least to come back and take a look at it at a minimum we've specified in our document the committees of the council so we've gone out of business but we have five standing committees it will trigger if we didn't do it automatically anyway it will trigger how's this working you know we've got a committee with a huge domain or jurisdiction should it be two is it is it working well and the committees are written into the rules they're written into the rules and we made it a little bit easy on ourselves by just writing down here are the committees and then putting their charges and an appendix or cross referencing so to the extent we want to go back and expand limits subdivide charges we can go ahead and instead of going to the whole document but but we tried to make it the living document term Alyssa used it would be a way of coming back and so you might come back and just look at that the whole issue of public comments came up very early that yes it's required but we're under an operating framework now and two things that were interesting at the very beginning it was a do you just want general public comments or if there is a new issue that we're going to be deliberating on do you want to take specific comments to this the first time we talk about it so we've got a an agenda that states we will always take public comments and then we will have an additional time permitting public comment period that was put in specifically to allow for people to know oh they're getting to this at 8 o'clock at night and that's what I want to talk about you know I don't have a more general the other thing we did right at the get-go as people said try to be as welcoming and informal as possible and we decided we would all call each other by our first names and is that in the rules that you're sticking with it yeah we put it in a sentence and someone said let's just write it in because it was popular I mean people actually wrote us hooray you know sometimes I don't even know how to pronounce your last name so it's Kathy I can deal with but you know who knows how this is and right now we're really lucky we have 13 different names so it's we don't that works it works right now and you know we asked our president would she be willing to be instead of president which has such a wonderful title which she won't be willing to be Lynn and she said oh yes you know so it was a it was something we did write at the beginning which which had a good feeling to it still seems to be working well yeah and I heard a counselor addressing speaking about another counselor and referenced counselor Pam right well I had to laugh when we were down I was thinking of you counselor Dorothy sorry I'm sorry it was not counselor Pam was counselor Dorothy and so because it was the first name yeah and I had not heard that before and I said oh that works yeah right and actually it's usually just Dorothy it's not usually counselor so sometimes because we're still getting used to it but we did think of you and your suggestions because we realized the great general court is more formal and we did take into account what you suggested in terms of it perhaps being a bit of a distancing I don't want to misspeak and mischaracterize your words but a bit of a distancing thing so it makes it easier to say my esteemed colleague again and counselor maintain the forum in an environment when people might otherwise degenerate to fisticuffs and and so we just went ahead and took the informal route and it seemed to be working as we said we got a lot of positive feedback and all as prescriptive as this charter is in comparison to our former former government where town meeting did not have to readapt its rules of behavior every year they just were what they were according to the moderator and then little tweaks might be made associated with the bylaw process but unlike the great general court that has to actually actively adopt something we don't in municipal government basically something continues along until you change it but because of the way we set it up with the appendices and treating it as a living document we figure we'll be referring back to it on a regular basis and saying what didn't we put in here what's in here that's create that's too cumbersome that we need to rewrite a different way so that we're all understanding it and working from it because we have people of such a wide variety and particularly as we bring in more people from the public to each of our different working groups etc these are the rules that we're working under so they can see great and earlier you referenced the goal committee gol which is now the committee of jurisdiction for all matters relating to rules and so the future discussion about going back and and trying to resolve some of those questions where you had two ideas and left it to the future some of those are gonna now be looked at by the goal committee and most of them if it's in writing we resolved it okay so as Alyssa said in one instance we remained silent rather than put it in writing okay and so it's some a top come back and then I'll give another example we we have established there can be work groups study groups that can include people beyond the council we just and then we hit how do we set these up who does the appointment can anyone just do them any time they feel like and said well we need to think this through on how it might work and call a few towns that have these you know since we that we don't want to all be in meetings all the time and we want to do them only when it's absolutely necessary but it allows you to it's it's short of a commission you know where you might say this is a big idea we're gonna create a commission and have them report back this would be something that doesn't rise quite to that but it wouldn't be long-lived you know we want them to go back and be situational two months three months whatever the time period is the best example I have of when we've had in the past with the old government is the marijuana committee that Alyssa was on which had a variety of people on it was set up to wrestle with a particular thing that the town wanted was go moving ahead on but there could be luck we don't know yet what issues but that one is where GOL government will say this these are three different ways we could operate and we'll come back and say exactly how this might work so we it's there but it's just not there in its full details and then the other thing to be clear on for our audience of course many of them are legal and voters members so they totally understand this already but the rules of procedure are completely different than our bylaws and so bylaw review is happening at this very time as we're speaking to you because not only do you have to look at the town bylaws and do a find-and-replace for town meeting and select board but there's more to it than that because there are changes in executive and legislative authority and then there are also bylaws from 1939 that have never been revisited so that's going to be a huge another huge piece of work and so we have an ad hoc committee working on that too but that's also going to be under GOL and that'll work nicely together that GOL is the umbrella then for the rules that are our day-to-day operating procedures and over here are the bylaws and so it's just a central place where everybody will know that's where revisions can be made and the things that affect the running of the government are all being handled over there so I think it'll be a lot clearer to people as this evolves over time who does what and when and then it will come back to the full council as they make recommendations and I do really appreciate what Kathy said about that this method of highlighting differences because again we're doing this is new you know town meeting didn't have committees that brought it things that were of town meeting so much in as opposed to the historical commission and so to be able to say we thought about this in depth we had public sessions about it because everything unlike the decree in general court subject to open meeting law we can't just hammer it out in back rooms we have to do it all in public and provide those options to the full council to make the full decision great well job well done and as you say you got it done early and here we are we aren't even six months into the new government and you did all of that work and we have now a quote permanent set of rules that are available for review and revision at any time along the way when it makes sense to do so so thank you both for being here and so much for the good work that you guys are doing and thanks to me I mean it's pretty amazing we said you're gonna have a half hour on rules of procedure oh my goodness and there's so much that's interesting and I hope I hope everybody learned a little bit here but again it all goes back to the values that are inherent in the charter which is a transparent and engaged process so thank you all for being with us and we look forward to having another conversation with another group soon thank you thank you


Hello, and welcome to this presentation of the STM32 Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Interface. It covers the main features of this USART interface, which is widely used for serial communications in embedded systems. The USART is a very flexible serial interface that supports asynchronous UART communication, SPI or Serial Peripheral Interface master mode, and LIN or Local Interconnect Network mode. It can also interface with ISO, IEC 7816 smart cards, and IRDA devices. It also provides certain features that are useful when implementing modbus communications. Applications making use of the USART benefit from the easy and inexpensive communication between devices, which only requires a few pins. In addition, the USART peripheral is functional in low power modes. It comes with transmit and receive FIFOs with capability to transmit and receive in stop modes. The USART is a fully programmable serial interface featuring the following configurable parameters, data length, parity, number of stop bits, data order, baud rate generator, and a configurable oversampling mode by 8 or by 16. The USART can operate in FIFO mode, and it comes with transmit and receive FIFOs. You also have the option to use basic RS-232 flow control with CTS or clear to send and RTS or request to send signals. The RS-485DE or driver enable signal is also supported. The USART supports a dual clock domain allowing wake up from stop mode and baud rate programming independent of the peripheral clock or PCLK. This also allows the peripheral clock to be throttled along with the core clock without disrupting communications. The USART features a multi-processor mode which allows the USART to remain idle when it is not addressed. In addition to full duplex communication, single wire half duplex mode is also supported. The USART also offers many other features including auto baud rate detection, receiver timeout, and supports several modes which will be described later in the presentation. This is the USART block diagram. The USART clock source or USART KERCK can be selected from several sources. The peripheral clock or APB clock, the system clock, the high speed internal RC oscillator or HSI, or the low speed external oscillator or LSE. The USART clock source can be divided by a programmable factor in the USART PRESC register. TX and RX pins are used for data transmission and reception. NCTS and NRTS pins are used for RS-232 hardware flow control. The driver-enabled pin or DE, which is available on the same IO as NRTS, is used in RS485 mode. The slave select or NSS pin is used in synchronous slave mode and is available on the same IO as NCTS. The clock output or SK is dual purpose. When the USART is used in synchronous master slave mode, the clock provided to the slave device is output input on the CK pin. When the USART is used in smart card mode, the clock provided to the card is output on the CK pin. The USART has a flexible clocking scheme. This clock source can be selected in the RCC and can be either the peripheral clock or APB clock, the system clock, the high speed internal RC oscillator or HSI, or the low speed external oscillator or LSE. The USART clock source can be divided by a programmable factor in the USART PRESC register. The registers are accessed through the APB bus and the kernel is clocked with USART KERCK, pre-scaled or not, which is independent from the APB clock. The USART receiver implements different user configurable over-sampling techniques for data recovery by discriminating between valid incoming data and noise. This allows a trade-off between the maximum communication speed and noise clock inaccuracy immunity. Select over-sampling by 8 to achieve higher speed up to USART KERCK PRES8, where USART KERCK PRES is the USART clock source frequency. In this case, the maximum receiver tolerance to clock deviations is reduced. Select over-sampling by 16 over 8 equals 0 to increase the tolerance of the receiver to clock deviations. In this case, the maximum speed is limited to USART KERCK PRES16. The maximum BOD rate that can be reached is 12.5 megabod when the clock source is at 100 MHz and over-sampling by 8 is configured. With other clock sources and or higher over-sampling ratio, the maximum speed is limited. The frame format used in asynchronous mode consists of a set of data bits in addition to bits for synchronization and optionally a parity bit for error checking. The USART supports 7, 8, or 9-bit data lengths. A frame starts with one bit, where the line is driven low for one bit period. This signals the start of a frame and is used for synchronization. The start bit is followed by 7, 8, or 9 data bits. If parity control is enabled, the parity bit is transmitted as the last data bit and is included in the data length count. Finally, a number of stop bits, 0, 1, 1.5, or 2, where the line is driven high, end the frame. The standard frame was described in the previous slide. This slide shows an example of 8-bit data frames configured with one stop bit. An idle character is interpreted as an entire frame of ones. The number of ones will include the number of stop bits. A break character is interpreted on receiving zeros for a frame period. At the end of the break frame, two stop bits are inserted. The USART supports full duplex communication where TX and RX lines are respectively connected with the other interfaces, RX and TX lines. The USART can be configured to follow a single wire half-duplex protocol where the TX and RX lines are internally connected. In this communication mode, only the TX pin is used for both transmission and reception. The TX pin is always released when no data is transmitted. Thus, it acts as a standard IO in idle or reception modes. This means that the IO must be configured so that the TX pin is configured as an alternate function open drain with an external pull-up. In RS-232 communication, it is possible to control the serial data flow between two devices by using the NCTS input and NRTS output. These two lines allow the receiver and transmitter to alert each other of their state. The following figure shows how to connect two devices in this mode. The idea is to prevent dropped bytes or conflicts in case of half-duplex communication. Both signals are active low. For serial half-duplex communication protocols like RS-485, the master needs to generate a direction signal to control the transceiver or physical layer. This signal informs the physical layer if it must act in send or TX or receive or RX mode. In RS-485 mode, a control line is used. The driver-enabled pin is used to activate the external transceiver control. DE shares the pin with NRTS. To simplify communication between multiple processors, the USART supports a multiprocessor mode. In multiprocessor communication, it is desirable that only the intended message recipient should actively receive the message. The devices not being addressed are put into mute mode. The USART can enter or exit from mute mode using one of two methods, idle line detection and address mark detection. The USART can also communicate synchronously. It can operate as an SPI in master or slave mode with programmable clock polarity or CPOL and phase or CPHA and programmable data order with MSB or LSB first. The clock is output in case of master mode or input in case of slave mode on the CK pin. No clock pulses are provided during the start and stop bits. When the USART is configured in SPI slave mode, it supports the transmit underrun error and the NSS hardware or software management. The USART can be used in smart card mode based on a half-duplex communication. The clock is output to the smart card on the CK pin. It supports the T equals zero protocol and provides many features allowing support for T equals one. Both direct and inverse conventions are supported directly by hardware. The USART supports IRDA specifications, which is a half-duplex communication protocol. The data from and to the USART is represented in an NRZ or non-return to zero format where the signal value is at the same level through the entire bit period. For IRDA, the required format is RZI, return to zero inverted, where a one is signaled by holding the line low and a zero is signaled by a short high pulse. The SIR transmit encoder modulates the non-return to zero or NRZ transmit bitstream output from the USART. The SIR received a coder demodulates the return to zero bitstream from the infrared detector and outputs the received NRZ serial bitstream to the USART. The USART only supports bit rates up to 115.2 kilobits per second for the SIR end deck. In normal mode, the transmitted pulse width is specified as 316ths of a bit period. The USART receiver is able to detect and automatically configure the BOD rate based on the reception of any one of the following characters. The received character can be any character starting with a bit at one. In this case, the USART measures the duration of the start bit from falling edge to rising edge. Any character starting with a 10XX pattern. In this case, the USART measures the duration of the start and of the first data bit. The duration is measured from falling edge to falling edge, ensuring better accuracy in the case of slow signal slopes. Zero X7F character frame. In this case, the BOD rate is updated first at the end of the start bit, then at the end of bit six. Or a zero X5F character frame. In this case, the BOD rate is updated first at the end of the start bit, then at the end of bit zero, and finally at the end of bit six. In parallel, another check is performed for each intermediate transition of the RX line. The USART supports a receiver timeout feature. When the USART doesn't receive new data for a programmed amount of time, a receiver timeout event is signaled and an interrupt is generated if enabled. The USART receiver timeout counter starts counting from the end of the first stop bit in case of one and 1.5 stop bit configuration. From the end of the second stop bit in the case of two stop bit configuration. And from the beginning of the stop bit in case of 0.5 stop bit configuration. The USART can operate in FIFO mode, which is enabled or disabled by software. It is disabled by default. The USART comes with a transmit FIFO or TXFIFO and a receive FIFO or RXFIFO, each being 16 words deep. When the IRDA and LIN modes are used, the FIFO mode is not supported. Provided that the TXFIFO and RXFIFO are clocked by the kernel clock, it is possible to transmit and receive data even in stop mode. It is possible to configure TXFIFO and RXFIFO thresholds, mainly to avoid underrun overrun issues while waking up from stop mode. The USART is able to wake up the MCU from stop mode when the USART clock source is the HSI, LSE or CSI clock. The sources of wake up can be a specific wake up event, which is triggered by either a start bit or an address match or any received data. An RXNE interrupt when FIFO management is disabled or FIFO event interrupts when FIFO management is enabled. Receive FIFO full interrupt, transmit FIFO empty interrupt, receive FIFO threshold interrupt or transmit FIFO threshold interrupt. Several events can provide an interrupt. The transmit data register empty flag is set when the transmit data register is empty and ready to be written. The transmit complete flag is set when the data transmission is complete and both data and shift registers are empty. The CTS flag is set when the NCTS input toggles. The receive data register not empty flag is set when the receive data register contains data ready to be read. The idle line flag is set when an idle line is detected. The character match flag is set when the receive data corresponds to the programmed address. The receiver timeout flag is set when there is no activity on the RX line for a program duration. The end of block flag is set when a complete block is received. The wake up from stop mode flag is set when the wake up event is verified. The LIN break flag is set when a LIN break frame is detected. The transmit FIFO not full flag is set when the transmit FIFO is not full. The transmit FIFO empty flag is set when the transmit FIFO is empty. The transmit FIFO threshold flag is set when programmed threshold is reached. The receive FIFO not empty flag is set when the receive FIFO is not empty. The receive FIFO full flag is set when the receive FIFO is full. The receive FIFO threshold flag is set when the programmed threshold is reached. The DMA requests can be generated when receive buffer not empty or transmit buffer empty flags are set when FIFO management is disabled. The DMA requests can also be generated when the transmit FIFO not full and receive FIFO not empty flags are set when FIFO management is enabled. Several errors can be generated. The overrun error flag is set when an overrun error occurs. The parity error flag is set when a parity error occurs. The framing error flag is set when a framing error occurs. The noise error flag is set when a noise is detected on the received frame. The auto-bod rate error flag is set when the bod rate measurement failed. The underrun error flag is set when an underrun error occurs in synchronous slave mode. The use art peripheral is active in run mode. The use art interrupts cause the device to exit sleep mode. The use art is able to wake up the MCU from stop mode when the use art clock is set to HSI, LSE or CSI. In standby mode, the peripheral is in power down and it must be reinitialized after exiting standby or shutdown mode. The STM32WB devices embed one use art instance which is full feature. This is a list of peripherals related to the use art. Please refer to these trainings for more information if needed. General purpose input outputs, reset and clock controller, power controller, interrupts controller and direct memory access controller.


For 66 years, Paul Bunyan Communications has served the region and that called for a celebration today. Paul Bunyan Communications held its annual cooperative celebration at its headquarters in Bemidji. The cooperative is locally based and employees live and work in the area just like the people they serve. Nearly 6,000 people were expected to attend the event which included a free fish fry and entertainment. It's a way that we can have everybody in the community in the region come to us, see our facilities and see all our staff. All 130 employees are here today working the event. It's just a great way for us to say thank you to our members in our communities that we serve as well as give them an opportunity to see our our staff in a different light. You know normally they're behind desks and here they're just out and about and mingling with everybody. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.