Jason, the new AFC born with manager, you must be very proud. Obviouslyええ is an honour and a privilege to be manager of such a great football club. So I am very honoured to be sitting there as the manager. When I came here as a 20 year огром young man, it was a player and would have been in love with the area of football club. I call this my home, I've been here for such a long time now. A wnaeth yw ymwneud o'i gael eich club ymlaen, rydyn ni'n gwneud yno yng Nghymru. Gweithio'r gweithwysau a'r gweithwysag yw ymlaen? Yn oed yn yr ymgyrch, mae'r gweithwysau bydd wedi eu wneud. Mae'n gweithwysau i'n gweithwysau ar-melywyr. It's under Eddie and me by his side. They're not going to come here and rip everything up and start again. I think it'd be a fool to do that. So I'm not Eddie in terms of, I can't be his clone and I won't be his clone, but my own person I've got my own ideas and I'll be looking to implement them as soon as we get back to training. Mac Sindemion has said that you want to get the club back into the Premier League as soon as possible. That's going to be a big challenge for you. Of course, I think any club that gets relegated from the Premier League, their immediate aim is to get back to the Premier League at the first time of asking, and this club is no different. That's going to be the aim, that's going to be the challenge, as we know the championships are very tough league, but it's a league I've been involved in before and it's a league that we've won before and our ultimate goal is going to be to get off to a good start and hopefully get back to the Premier League as quickly as we can. What do you think the biggest change is going to be for you stepping into the manager's shoes from the assistant manager's shoes? The media for one, which I know it's different in a championship, but I see how demanding that was certainly for the Premier League and for Ed. But obviously it comes with different challenges, different pressures. It's something I thought about during this last week, the full processes that have gone through my head and I've spoken to close family about. It's certainly a challenge that I feel I'm ready for and something I'm looking forward to. Are you well equipped as well, 569 games as an assistant manager and obviously you've got the pro-license in 2016 as well, which is very important? Listen, I think if I'm not ready now to do this job then I don't think I'd ever be ready when I've been standing by Ed's side for as long as I have done now for the last 12 years. And with the success that we've had together, Ed's athletic manager, I've certainly learnt a hell of a lot during that time and I do now feel that now's the time where I'm ready. I've got the tools that I need and I'm looking forward to that challenge. And you're obviously under no illusions that Eddie is going to be a hard act to follow? 100%. I think anyone stepping into Eddie's shoes is going to be a hard act to follow with the success that this football club has had under his guidance. It's been nothing short of a miracle but the good thing from my point of view is that I've stood by his side, I've shared an office with him throughout that time. The decisions that have been made, been part of and all the other stuff that goes with it so that's why I feel that I've learnt a hell of a lot and I'm ready for that next challenge. After guiding Fulham back to the Premier League first attempt this week, Scott Parker was quoted as saying that he had to repair the psychological damage of relegation. Do you feel that there could be an element of that for you to deal with here? I think that's always going to be the first challenge that you're going to have to face. When you get relegated from any division, it's really tough to take. Throughout your break and away from the club, that feeling tends to linger for some time. But what we can't do is let it linger any longer than now. Once we come back to work, we're ready to face the challenge and face it head on and make sure that we do everything that we can to get off to a good start and to get back to the Premier League. I know that you've probably taken a lot from a lot of managers that you've seen and perhaps worked with. I know that being Arsenal when you were younger, you took a lot from Arsenal and Van Gogh? Of course. When Edd and myself got involved in management at Bournemouth, we did go and watch Arsenal train a number of times through contacts that we had at the time. The manager was, I don't think anyone, you could never criticise the job and the philosophy that Arsenal and Van Gogh had and brought to this country. We were as big admirers of him and Arsenal at the time. It was a philosophy that we really liked and believed in and we tried to implement here. That's certainly the philosophy that this football club's seen over the years and one that we're trying to build going forward. I know that you've said before that one of your regrets as a player was never playing in the Premier League, which is why you were so pleased to be assistant manager in the Premier League. Now I would imagine being a manager in the Premier League is your main target now. Of course, I think any boy's dream is to one, I think ultimately become a professional footballer and then I think when you achieve that goal, it's to play at the highest possible level that you can. There's no better level than playing at the Premier League. When you move to the other side of the fence, so to speak, into management, your ultimate goal is to do the same. Try and test yourself in the best possible league in the world, which I do believe is the Premier League and that certainly is my goal now. With such a short turnaround before the start of the season as well and just being appointed now, it's going to be all hands to the pump. 24-7 is probably not going to be enough hours in the day for you. Of course, you know, as you say, with such a short turnaround, there's a lot of stuff that needs to be done, a lot of planning that needs to be done. The good thing is that you know, I've got some very good staff around me. So, you know, we know what's expected, we know what needs to be done. It's just a matter of implementing it and getting it done as quickly as possible because before you know it, the players are back and we're starting training again. You and Eddie always had a really good rapport with the supporters, so on your unveiling today as manager, your first message to the supporters as manager? My first message to the supporters as manager is that we want to continue the success that this club's had the last 10 years. It's been an incredible journey we've been on. Unfortunately, we lost our Premier League status last year and we'll be doing everything we can this year to get back to the Premier League as quickly as we can.


How I love a bar. And here you have a bar built in right here where all the living areas are. I love how it's styled. Right now it's styled more as a coffee bar, which I think is super cool. Just behind the bar you've got access to all of your security cameras that show you every single angle around the house. The important security is even though this is River Club and I will admit I don't think anybody worried about security needs to worry in an area as nice and as secure as this. Every single road accessing River Club is boomed off so you know you're somewhere secure. Beautiful tiles again but what an absolutely massive area to take. A look at this it feels so nice and airy and free. It almost feels like I'm at a game farm. We've got these massive three meter ceilings above me all of the down lighting but it's not just one slab of a ceiling because it's got all this bulkheading around here and I love that as an extra dimension. Just between the large lounge area and the fireplace you've got a quaint intimate breakfast nook there for you to enjoy smaller meals with your family. Situated perfectly with a home like this those touches make it feel all the more intimate. Another thing I'd like to note throughout the lounge area is you've got plug points built into the floor so if you ever need to use an appliance or want to charge your phone you've got plug points near every single sitting area. So let's take a look at what other extra dimensions are in this living area. We've got a fireplace and not just any fireplace a mega master fireplace framed beautifully with some wrought iron that doesn't just provide heat this way it goes straight through to the other side and that's quite important because on the other side not only have you got these stunning again insulated double-pane gloss sliding doors leading out onto the front side of the house that's where you'll find another balcony area and your pool I'm going to show you that promise you but there's another little sun area where you can just sit down relax and enjoy the breeze enjoy your home and enjoy how far you've come in life because if you've purchased a home like this you've come very far and congratulations to you let's talk now about your kitchen you've got amazing floating island right here with stunning marble countertops it really is one of the nicest countertops I've seen dark dark browns mixed with some veins running through it I love it sunken chefs sink right here and then an induction cooktop over here with the stunning again down lighting I love how it's been done the inside of the down lighting copper with the dark outside so induction cooktop over here gas cooktop oven over there and then right over here a microwave and another oven so much under counter storage all of its soft clothes above counter storage extractor fans and then right over here built-in hidden fridge now all of the appliances throughout this kitchen is rosiery really top-class appliances but some of you might be thinking hold on


Hi everyone, welcome to my channel and welcome to another comic book reading and Just so you know, we're Livestreaming this as well and we had a little poll action going on It was a choice between this one and one of the comic which is impact comics from 1955 Impact comics number three from 1955 and I walk with monsters one Roller to die because it was a tie Pole that we ran it was 50 50 Split so I walk with monsters one on this reading and we're gonna read impact from 1955 in the next reading But for now, I walk with monsters from vault Comics from this company right here and if you're reading comic books If you're a comic book aficionado if you love comic books, you should be checking out what vault comics is putting out They're putting out some amazing books amazing stories Independent comic books Independent creators putting their heart and soul into these things Highly recommend it. There are a lot of a lot of amazing independent publishers out there right now They're worth checking out as for I walk with monsters this comic. This is number one It's the debut edition of I walk with monsters. It came out in November 2020 okay the writer for this is Paul Cornell. He's a UK Writer and he's done a lot of work for TV and he's done some work for comic books as well for Marvel Comics for DC Comics He's worked on Coronation Street on Core Coronation Street, which is a very long running TV series in the UK Robin Hood Primal, Casualty, Hobby City, so he's worked on a lot of different TV series, especially in the UK. The artist for this is Sally Cantarino and she's based in New York okay, and The other person that worked on this is I'm brutalizing the names by the way here Dear dear Bala Kelly and she's from Ireland and I believe she did the inking for this Right, so we have Cornell here the writer Cantarino is the artist for this Kelly. I believe is the Colorist for this and and world. I believe that the lettering for this right? I don't know where And world is is based. I'm assuming They're in or male or female. They're in the United States and we ended up picking up this comic book on the cheap with All the variant covers to issue number one in a previous comic book haul, right? So let's take a look at the alternate covers. We're going to read this one. This is the main cover okay, and This is believe cover B, which is also beautiful love the coloring on this Okay, beautiful. Now all these are in sort of my lower back. So I'm not going to take out all of them She says I voted Right, did you vote? Here is cover C. I believe Beautiful color again, and this is a horror based comic from Walt comics Very nice of putting on an angle because our skylight and the camera is good for lighting for reading the comics But you get a serious glare off the mylar this cover. I believe was the one in 25 or 1 in 10, which is a beautiful color as well Very beautiful coloring. I love the coloring of this This one is a foil cover and I believe It's the same cover as this like all these three are the same. Let me show them to you hard to see Because all the reflections, right? All three of these are the same But this one I believe was 1 in 10 or 1 in 25 This one was the one foil cover So it's got a More of a glare to it, right? And this was either 1 in 10 or 1 in 25 And or this could have been the special that was sent out one per comic book store And this is the virgin cover right and the virgin cover is beautiful because you see the The whole artwork without any of the text in there even though I love the text on comics I don't collect too many virgin covers, but it's beautiful And we ended up getting this for You know it was around mid 20s or $20 $20 plus off an auction comic book haul I forget which comic book haul it was but When we upload this video on the platforms that we're going to share this in this video on this live stream on I'll provide the link in the description if I remember To do that Okay so Let's crack this open and I Read through I walk with monsters from 2020 And I guess the nightfall They're calling it as the horror Horror titles they're putting out and these were in mint condition one of the comics I think the one in 25 had a ding on it But aside from that It was Fantastic, there's a ding here like a right you can see it if you run your finger through it as well But it's a it's a really good shape So that ding probably brings it down to like a 9.2. I doubt it 9.2, let's call it but everything else on it looks Fantastic, I would even say 9.4, but the ding might knock it off if there's any other flaws in this We'll kick it down to 9.2 But just with that little thing I would say 9.4 The edges are crazy sharp So the only flaw that we see is right there That guy right there From the main cover or the front cover and the back there's no No creases no dings, right? cameras a hard time focusing on black and white, but We try we try really crisp I walk with monsters What is that drying? Oh, it's footprints. Take a look our shoe prints That's a nice design Look at the wolf monster bird What else do we got here?  That's super cool and Cornell can Terino Kelly and and wood Let's read this In JC's past Is the important man who took away her brother? Now JC has David who sometimes transforms into a terrifying beast Together, they found a way to live at the hunt Sniffing out men who prey on the vulnerable But JC and David are about to run into the important man again a Haunting story about the monsters that walk beside us all and sometimes lurk within beautiful artwork Check this out beautiful design So vault comics presents artist Sally Cantarino writer Paul Cornell letterer and Wood design so and wood design is I would assume as a company All right It'd be weird if it's the person's name, right and what design is a company and colorists is dear dear dear la Kelly. I'm assuming that's a serious Irish name Let's see if the red text will show up Oh, it's trying. It's trying There it is Publisher Damien a wassall editor-in-chief Adrien F. Wessel wassall art director Nathan C. Gooden EVP branding and design Tim Daniel Managing editor Rebecca Taylor director of marketing David this the son This and Nicky this and a yak this and a yak. Wow. What kind of a name is that? production manager Ian Balsarani principal Damien a Vaisal senior Cool names here actually Let's see if we can do Black and white or white on black text It's gonna have a hard time reading this. Let's check this out. I walk with monsters number one November 2020 copyright 2020 part Paul Cornell and Sally Cantarino all rights reserved. I walk with monsters Now I walk with monsters Logo and the likeness of all characters here in our trademarks are Paul Cornell and Sally Cantarino unless otherwise noted Vault and the vault logo are trademark Trademarks of creative mind energy LLC no part of this work may be reproduced transmitted stored or used in any form or by any means graphic electronic or Mechanical Mechanical What does that say? Including but not limited to photocopying recording scanning digitizing taping web Distribute oh my god web distribution information networks or Or information storage and retrieving Retrieval systems Accept as printed under section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act Without the prior written permission of the publisher all names Characters events and locales in this publication are entirely fictional any resemblance to actual persons living or dead Or living or dead or monster events institutions or Places without satirical intent is Coincidental printed in the USA for information about foreign or Multimedia rights contact these people Right at vault comics calm. Well, I hope I hope they appreciate us promoting this work Promoting their work vault comics. Did it say no recording Alex playing break breaking the law Judas Priest so This is Hopefully they appreciate it and maybe when we get the video up will send them a little email saying look we've done comic book readings for last I don't know how many years now and Decided to read your comic to expose people to vault comics and independent publishers I've only had the one comic book where we did the reading for and The creators and it was independent of all things It was an independent publisher that were promoting their work raving about in the comic book in the video And they contacted me and they said no They didn't appreciate what we did and we took it down and I had people Asking me about that comic after the fact because they really liked it and I told them that's what the Publisher the creators of the comic did and They were pretty pissed off at them for doing that and they decided not to buy their comics Because they didn't appreciate the remix really independent creators sharing independent creators works Okay, so I Hope you guys like I'm a huge fan of vault comics This company right here. I buy a lot of their comic books and it's a pleasure to share one of their creations One of their published works. Let's see if it's gonna focus on their logo. Well, let's check it out It's not focusing. There we go. Maybe maybe not Well, we've seen it Let's read. I walk with monsters by Cornell Cantorino Kelly and the lettering done by and World design This is the best part. She says she's all tied up. I might have to stay a little bit further away for this because the Paper is so glossy. Oh, we can't read the name He's scratched up the face he's got the Stethoscope where I was a call the stethoscope where they listen to a person's heartbeat and From the looks of it. He's got some torture equipment here, which isn't a good sign Right, which isn't a good sign. This flash base starts off with a bang I'm focusing on it. There we go.  You're pristine. I'm gonna enjoy This is your second time. Am I right?    No other way. That was love. That was loving You weak That's your problem boy You can't keep me talking That's what you're thinking. I always want to hear the excuses. I don't like it when your sword Won't tell me She says No, no, not this now. This is loving To press too good for you To press he was gonna say pristine Noise comes from the outside this what is yes, she says Oh Yes, this is the best part she says look at her look on her face. Oh, please please.  She says look at the background colors turning more red and red Thank you for not getting blood on me. She says Look at that the guys hand and the hammer report Don't look JC.  Nice Beautiful coloring any blood still on you. She asks No, JC. There's no blood still on me. Did you wipe the contact points? He says Yes, David. I wiped the contact points. Okay, then How are you doing? He asks Devastated there you go. It's okay Great facial expression.  There she is in the bar right there. I guess this is going back her memory JC Jake Someone's calling kids. This is Eric He'll be helping out on the farm for a few days in return for bed and board a pre-teen Pre-tween even or something's off here.  What's going on? Kids the guy says This is creepy eating dinner. Look at Jake. He's looking at though I don't want to say father figure. We're not sure if it's the father. It's kids helping him out Doing some chores around the barn. Oh, wow, look at that. He's shooting up He's a drug addict JC sees it She doesn't look happy It's near time for you to move on Eric the old man says Look at him. He's not happy with Eric I thought I was doing good work on the farm and you know the boy says But he ends it there. What's going on? They're having dinner again, but at a later time Hush Jake eat your dinner Eric is in a better place now. Oh my god. I think the old man's The guy killed Eric Look at JC Her expression just quiet Look at Jake.  Oh, they spilled the Gravy. Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no. He's not gonna be happy about that. Oh, oh Dear the old guy says Gravy spilled look at a horror in her eyes. This might not work out. Well shoot You got decisions to make JC. He says Best behavior will count for something but you're getting of an age to help me Same as Jake does Shoot, I hope it doesn't mean what I think it means You're next on the menu. Yeah, I think I found our next stop. She says They're back in the present time now. Yeah, I think I found our next stop. She says So they're back in the present What? It's okay back to sleep. She says and what did she find? News local missing local girl missing search and progress last update September 26 2018 an Amber alert has been issued for Sammy Baker a 10-year-old girl from Eltsville, Illinois or in in the app in the apless She was last seen at Campbell's Park on Friday September 21st with several Friends but failed to return home that evening her mother Samira Baker issued the statement at a press conference today. What's the shirt say? Girl power. Wow. Look at that. She's jotting down notes September 26 2018 So I was thinking maybe we could take a break, you know go somewhere. He says You can I'm going to keep doing this. She says You can and then you try to do this anyway, right on your own. She said he says I Got no choice. I thought you didn't either. Hey, here we go She's waving down a car father daughter road trip bonding wall rehearsed charming details That's a text on top of what they're talking about. She's she's they've done this many times before, right? I never pick up hitchhikers, but you two a dad and daughter didn't seem so dangerous We get that a lot. She says I mean that be a great scam I'm sure you're the real thing, but You can see the resemblance, right? She smiles. I can You picked a good time to trek to our wonderful town, the lady says Look at her smile It's the state fair the lady says and that sends her into a Memory lapse again from the looks of it Her memories again us brings. Yeah, this is a fair, right? We've gone into the past again state fair Happy occasion Car just drives up and it's her. She's in the back seat and there's the old guy in the car driving, right? Best behavior. He says we're meeting an important man today. He says And the kids are in the back. They're scared. They are scared. It's got candy cane. She's very cautious What's going on here private? Not an entrance the sign says He's pushing the boy towards the entrance. Oh, this isn't gonna be good He's expecting you just through here. I'll Give you the room the guy says I'm extremely pleased to see you. So this is the young man Look at Jason in the background And the kid Verified let me get a closer look The person says Silhouette is up to two guys two gentlemen What are they doing? Oh, wow This is the memory lapse. Look at this This is gotta be a politician. It's gotta be Hello, Jake. I'm something man What does that say vote? Oh? Oh, look at this. He's gotta be a politician. Look at the American flags. He's got the vote button going on This is giving me the creeps This is giving me the creeps And check this out. I'm gonna do a little interruption here, but check out this cover, right? That's why she's got a I voted sign there right there On one of the covers cover B or cover C this one is Wow. Wow. Wow. Where's Jake? Oh, they left them there Crap Jake will stay here with the important man. Oh, no You won't be seeing your brother again. Look at the smile on the guy's face the grin He's going to a better place. He says One day we'll find the important man She says yeah The guy replies we're back in the present I wish I could remember his name I so nearly can she says Yeah, he replies But I'll never forget his face Vote for something man continued What a heavy comic book to start the day I walk with monsters is right That's advertisement for new series the plot I picked up a first few issues of this as well Next issue are four lights four dots What a heavy book.  Let's put this back in the mylar bag and look at the other covers again Now that we've read the first issue and See what the foreshadowing or the Design of these things is Here's issue one of the alternate covers for number one. I voted He's got goats on there animals the monster Now sacrificing His symbol is used a lot in cultists cults Or cults foil cover The virgin cover fantastic read Really fantastic read minimal text minimal text with the Flow of the art and the drawings and the panels so so Creepy yeah So creepy so creepy Which this kind of story is? Wow. Wow. Wow. I walk with monsters highly recommend gang highly recommend Vault comics. They don't hold back They don't hold back Fantastic I'll have to pick up the rest. I picked up. I think the first three issues or so But I'll have to pick up the full story to read this Hard hard hard Aside from that, I hope you enjoyed the reading. What I'm going to do is go back to the live stream to the To the chat and see what the feedback is regarding that


This is stock number 11189. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck and RAM headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2012 RAM 3500 mega cab short box single rear wheel. This truck has the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel. It has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. True blue metallic over bright silver is the paint scheme. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition of the vehicle before seeing it in person. And if you'd like to check out all the photos on this truck in the upper right hand part of your screen is a link to our website. Click that and check us out there. Comes with the polished aluminum 17 inch rims and it has open country Toyo AT LT2 6570 R17 tires with right around half the tread left on them. Frame and underbody for being a 2012 is an exceptionally nice condition. Even the brake lines look really good. Front fender is an excellent condition. I didn't see any dents or dings on that. Headlamp lenses are nice and clear and it does come with the factory fog lights. Front bumper is in excellent shape. No dents or dings on that. You get the chrome trimmed grill and the hood is in excellent shape as well. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. Really nice condition. Passengers side front fender excellent condition as well. And the passenger side rim no scuffs or scrapes. As you go down this side of the truck take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and nearer like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle you can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in what you're looking at before even get here. So that when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises. This one does have the ram box which is a pretty nice feature. Got lots of storage in there. It's even got drain plugs on the bottom. It has lights and that locks when you lock your doors. Cab is in nice shape and that's why we offer the Summit Auto Fastpass option in the upper right hand part of your screen. A link to our website where you can apply for financing, get pre-approved, see a payment quote, even appraise a trade-off from the comfort of your own home so when you get here all you got to do is drive the truck, love it, and you'll be all set to go. That's why we do the videos because that really helps with that. Backroom is in nice shape as well and the back tires have just about as much tread as the front tires. Once again frame and underbody on this truck for being in 2012. Really nice condition and it's like that all the way underneath. Rockers look really good as all the remaining factory exhaust and the bottoms of the doors and rockers all look really good. It has some Raptor chrome step bars. As we come around to the back of the vehicle, rear bumper is in really nice shape. It does have the back of parking sensors, full towing package which includes a receiver hitch, four pin, and seven pin wiring. The tailgate is in excellent shape as well. It does have an access soft roll-up tonneau cover. Only thing I saw is just a little nick on that right there but other than that, very nice and it has a Reese 22,000 pound fifth wheel that comes with this truck. Spray and bed liner and for the most part the bed's in pretty nice shape. It's a little bit of light duty usage which you'd expect on a Ram 3500. And as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger's side, no dents or dings on the box. Ram box looks really good and for full disclosure this back rim is in excellent shape as well. Down the rest of this side of the truck looks really good. It has the heated fold-out till mirrors. They fold up like so. They also fold in. They do have LED lights on the side of them.  No rips or tears on those seats. Really nice conditions. Side current airbags, memory driver's seat, lumbar has some nice Berber floor mats, auto headlamps, factory brake controller, power pedals. These front seats are heated and cooled. Power windows, power locks and power mirrors. And as we hop inside the truck here, turn the ignition on, you can see that this one has 42,090 miles. You get the compass and outside temperature instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the heated leather wrapped steering wheel, cruise controls on the right, bluetooth and information center controls on the left, and audio controls on the back. Six speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift. This one comes with the 430N radio, AM, FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities. It also has the factory navigation system. This is also where your backup camera shows up. And then you do have storage on this vehicle, or on this radio I should say, and you can do 20 gigabits, 20.321 gigabits of space that you can store music and pictures and stuff. So that's pretty cool there as well. And you do have an AUX and a USB jack. And then this also opens for a CD player. And I believe you can play DVDs if the truck is stopped. It does have the Alpine premium sound system, factory exhaust brake, tow hall mode, stability control.  Heated and cooled seat buttons, heated steering wheel button. You do get a 115 volt, 150 watt plug in the dash. And instrument cluster is very clean. Passenger side seat, no rips or tears on that. I don't think this truck's ever been smoked in, smells very clean inside. The headliner is in really nice shape as well. Up top here you get your map lights, power sliding rear window button, and you do get home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up and check out under the hood. You also have power pedals there, factory brake control. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. These back seats are heated on the outboard side, meaning the driver and passenger sides are heated. Got the power sliding rear window back there, no rips, no tears on the seats, really nice shape. You get those Berber floor mats back here. There are your heated seat buttons for back here. And then these seats do fold down. They fold down two different ways. So the first way the backrest folds down you can see you get a nice low flat load floor.  So just set stuff on there a little bit easier. You do get some storage space back here and latch tether anchors. Very nice and clean back here. You do get the wood grain trim on the back doors, child safety locks on the bottom or on the back doors as well. Bottoms of the doors all look really good. And we'll start it up and take a quick look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you'll have been able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out. Under the hood we have a 6.7 liter common diesel. Engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. This truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off.  I would highly recommend it from a quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this truck. And one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SCVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftones, sweet quarter tons, one tons, you name it we got a photo of that website right there www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Remember to like, subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. Link to more Ram 3500 truck videos like this one I'm ready if you've not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website. Click those, check us out and we're super excited to be offering this really clean 2012 Ram 3500 mega cab short box with the Ram box and the Laramie trim package and true blue metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video.


And I'm moving on to business news. There is currently a surge in the demand for liquefied petroleum gas, popularly called cooking gas, leading to marginal price hike. And this is as a result of the recent decision of the Nigerian liquefied natural gas company to channel all its LPG into the domestic market. The Board of Directors of NLNG, Ltd, recently approved the supply of 100% of the company's LPG production, propane and butane, to the Nigerian markets.


تبطه آدك الأيام فتا الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على أشرف الأنبياء والمرسلين سيدنا والنبينا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه والتابعين لهم بإحسان إلى يوم الدين أما بعد إن شاء الله يتعالى في هذا السيط which is the third sit of our benefits فوائد إن شاء الله يتعالى that today's fa'ida is going to be about matters pertaining to the Suluk and Adab manners that a student of knowledge needs to have this fa'ida إن شاء الله يتعالى is from the book ابن عبدالبر رحمه الله his Kitab جامع بيان العلم وفضل the first volume Daru ibn al-Jawzi with the research of Abil Ashbal ابن عبدالبر who I said in the last sit he's Hafid Al-Maghrib and this book جامع بيان العلم وفضل a student of knowledge she tried to always read it and go over it and over it it's a book full of fa'ida and benefits ابن عبدالبر رحمه الله he made a chaptering in the page 431 he made a fustal and he called it فصلون في الإنصافي في العلم the chapter here is called equity in knowledge to be fair to be just in knowledge as soon as he gave it that heading ابن عبدالبر said قال أبو عمر من بركة العلم from the blessings of knowledge is وادابه and its manners is الانصاف فيه to have equity fairness justice and then he said and the person who has no justice in knowledge لم يفهم he will not understand ولم يتفهم and he won't also have the ability to strive to understand so the blessing in which a person can get through knowledge is what if you went the بركة العلم the blessings of knowledge and you want to come with its etiquettes that is needed from you then let it be found in you الإنصاف في العلم to be fair and just in knowledge and the person he said ابن عبدالبر وما لم يوصف a person who doesn't have insaf in knowledge لم يفهم you won't be able to understand ولم يتفهم and then straight away ابن عبدالبر he said وقال بعض العلم some of the scholars they said ليس معي من العلم إلا أني أعلم أني لست أعلم some of the scholars said it is not with me any knowledge I mean I don't have no knowledge I don't possess any knowledge except I know that I know nothing ليس معي من العلم I have no knowledge except that I know that I know nothing that's insaf that is insaf في العلم is to be fair in the matters pertaining to knowledge fairness and then ابن عبدالبر he brought the statement of محمود الوراق he said وقال محمود الوراق that محمود الوراق said أتموا الناسي the most complete person is أعرفهم بنقصيه the person who's very well aware of his own deficiency the most complete person is the one who's well aware of his deficiency وقاقم معهم لشهوته and the one who's most destroying of his own desires he's the one who could destroy his desires the most وحرصه and the one who strives the most for himself who strives to his own benefits so the person who's the most completest who's reached a complete station is the one who well aware of his deficiencies and he also knows how to destroy his شهوه his desires and he strives to that which benefits him ابن عبد البرق also brought in that same chapter he said وروا يونس ابن عبد الأعلى that يونس ابن عبد الأعلى said سمعت ابن وهبن I heard ابن وهبن say سمعت مالك ابن I heard امام مالك say ما في زماننا شيء أقل من الإنصافي امام مالك said there is not in this time that we live this era and this time that we live امام مالك said there is nothing more less than إنصاف justice in knowledge it is the least thing that is present out there الإنصاف to be just to be fair ما في زماننا there is nothing at our time here less than الإنصاف and this is who إمام مالك رحمه الله who was born in the time of what قرون المفضلة خير القرون the best of generations the best in times what about إمام مالك رحمه الله he lived at this era and his soul was taking place ابن عبد البر after that he brought from his chain of narration to مالك ابن وانس in a story that إمام مالك ابن عانس إمام مدار الهجرة إمام مالك رحمه الله أبو جعفر من المنصور أبو جعفر المنصور أبو جعفر المنصور the Khalifa the leader of the Muslims he called إمام مالك رحمه الله and إمام مالك said I entered onto him and when I entered onto him he sat to me he sat to إمام مالك رحمه الله I have made a decision إني قد عزمت I have made a decision for me to take your book يعني المواطب your book واتب and to do what فا يونسخا لسخن فا يونسخ ونسخن that copies are made of it a lot of copies are made from this book and then what it is then sent to the the Khalifa where it rules all of it all around the Muslim world that is going to be sent to it and that every single person is going to be ordered to adhere to what is in the Mu'ata حديث that you brought out in the fiq this is what's going to be implemented and that the people have to leave of everything other than that which they have everything else get rid of it why فا إني رأيتوا أبو جعفر said I have seen أصل العلم the fundamental matter of the religion is what رواية أهل المدينة it is the narration of the people of Medina and the knowledge of the people of Medina وان أبي جعفل المنصور Finally, the type of people of Medina فهي said يما ما ل���اكسات تهم يا أمير المؤمنين he said to they وم ses江 fighter لا تفعل do not do that فإن الناصة قد سبقت إليهم أقاولوا the people narration have reached them أوه ان ذيان conjunto المتحدة ما يحصلوا ofаются وسمعوا أحاديث利 and they have had narrations وروا رواياتهم and they have narrated narrations dabeiه they have already الشخص they've already got views that are there for them they have already got other narrations and other books They also, they alsoそして أنatorيط heart الهاديت وRec 줘 كل قوم من ما سبقهطга إليهم And every place they have taken, they have already come to them To give an access to that because views have already come to them because views have already come to them وعملوا امته and they implement those views وداانوا امه and they made that their religion من اختلاف الناسي باستخدام الخلافات التي كانت بين الصحابات بعضهم يكونون باستخدام عبدالله من سعودين كوفا بعضهم يكونون باستخدام عبدالله من عمر المدينة بعضهم يكونون باستخدام الخلاف من اختلاف الناسي أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم و غيرهم و أخر than them الله أكبر و إن ردهم أعمع تقادوه شديد و أن يتعودهم إلى ما يتفهمون فيه سيكون جداً فدعين الناس يتفهم الناس و ماهم عليه دعوا يتفهمون على ما يتفهمون و مختار كل أهل بلد لأنفسهم و يتفهم كل أهل بلد و ما يتفهمون لأنفسهم و ثم أبي جعفل المصور ست إمام مالك لعمري لوطا وعطني باستخدام الله إذا كانت تفهمونني إذا كنت تفهمونني على هذا الأشياء و على ذلك سأمرت to be أدعوها و أدعوها و كل شخص يجب أن يتفهمون إنه يقول هذا أظن now إذا كان شخص يتخبر أنك تتفهم للجميع و يتخبر كل شخص ما أنت تقول لا يوجد سيارات سيارات أخرى على رده يتفهم كل شخص to adhere to him و rather he would pay every money he has if he knew that everyone would listen to him إبن عبد البر as soon as he wrote that statement he said و هذا غاية في الإنصافي لمن فهم that is the pinnacle of justice and fairness but that is for whoever understands لمن فهم whoever can understand that's the pinnacle of fairness not forcing your view on the people and they have to follow it and they have to force it or even taking a path which is to force to force a view of one sheikh to everybody and everybody has to adhere to that sheikh and follow that sheikh نعم إبن عبد البر also brought in his book جامع البياني العلمي و فضلي the statement of خليل من أحمد الفراهيدي هو الشيخ سيبويهي خليل من أحمد الفراهيدي was the sheikh of imamu سيبويهي خليل من أحمد الفراهيدي أيامي أربعة my days are four he broke his days and divided his days into four أيامي أربعة my days are only four يوم أي دي أخرجوا أي دي where I go out فألقى فيه من هو أعلم مني I meet somebody who is knowledgeable more knowledgeable than me أي دي I go out and I meet in that day somebody who has more knowledge than I have فأتعلم من هو I sit down and I learn from him فذاك يوم فايدتي يوم فايدتي وغنيمتي that day is my day of benefits and my day of beauty غنيمة that day that day is a day of benefit I meet somebody who is more knowledgeable than me I am sitting with him and I am benefiting from him that day is a day of فايدة and it is a day of غنيمة ويوم the second day ويوم أي دي أخرجوا I leave فألقى فيه I meet من أنا أعلم منه somebody who I am more knowledgeable than me فأتعلم من هو I go and I educate him I teach him فذاك يوم أجري that day is my day of reward I accumulate reward that day the third day is ويوم أي دي أخرجوا فألقى فيه من هو مثلي it is a day I go out and I meet somebody who is like me فأتعلم من هو I revise with him فذاك يوم درسي that's my day of lesson benefits meaning a day of درس revision I revise with him that's the third day the fourth day is ويوم أي دي أخرجوا فيه I go out فألقى I meet من هو I do somebody who is below me وهو يراب but he sees himself أنه فوقي that is above me فلا أكليم with that person I don't speak to him وأجعله يوم راحتي and I make that day my day of relax my day which I relax and I enjoy myself فذاك والله هو فايد if you divide your day into those four days it's either a day you meet somebody who is more knowledgeable than you and you are learning from him or you meet a day somebody who you are more knowledgeable than and you know more than he does and then you sit down and you teach that person and you get reward for it or you meet a day and you meet somebody who you are like and you have just about the same knowledge so you revise what you both know and the last one which is you meet somebody who thinks he knows but he does not know then don't waste your time on that person don't talk to that person make it your day where you relax don't give yourself headache and that falls under your soft to be just with knowledge إن شاء الله تعالى تريز فايد and that is where it is سبحانك اللهم أشهد ولا إله إلا الله استغفروا قاتولا


I learned new things every day myself. I just found out who Mia Khalifa is. So weight loss is very important and it's excellent for people that get weight loss. But the problem is always the skin. Skin is not made out of muscle. So no matter how much you exercise, you cannot tighten up the skin. Remember the skin is made out of collagen elastin. So there's nothing we could do to infuse collagen or elastin really into the skin. When you turn 22 to 25, your collagen synthesis drops off, almost shuts down unless you do something to provoke it to get restarted. That's what lasers do. They provoke collagen synthesis. That's why we use heat and other things. Just remember you need something to instigate the collagen synthesis.


Now, we want to move to sentences and we are trying to look at the underlying patterns as well as now we are moving little bit ahead of only patterns. We want to see what are those factors responsible for these underlying patterns. And again you may be familiar with these terms but when we see how they collectively work together to give us a sentence. This is what we are going to see. So in our initial discussions we have talked about a sentence little bit. Remember what is the most important thing for a sentence? A verb. The most important part of a sentence is a verb. So that is going to play several kinds of roles in a sentence and we will see that as well. So these are the things, these are the questions we are going to look at. How do we make a sentence? Of course sentences are not merely random collection of words. We put several words together they are not going to become a sentence. And then if that is not the case then what are the things that are responsible for sentences? These are the things that we will look at. When we say things responsible for making sentences clearly such things are not categorically visible right away. You can see them but they are not categorically visible right away. Some of them are hidden. Once we are familiar with such elements then we will move to patterns and more patterns of a sentence and then to principles that govern sentence formation and then eventually language of the world. So let us look at these two sentences from Hindi in simple terms. They are pretty simple sentences. Do they look simple? You can read them. One of the points that I want to draw your attention to which goes without saying as you can see listed here. However I do want to mention it specifically for you. Any time we are writing or we are going to talk about a sentence which comes from languages other than English. We are going to have to give sentence in this particular way. So first we write the whole sentence and in the writing of a sentence what we do is we do not write in the way we want to. We try to put things in a way so that people can get maximum idea about. In earlier days and the convention is still relevant people will use symbols of international phonetic association and those symbols will help you read the sentences the way they are supposed to be read or spoken. Some of those symbols are difficult and some of those symbols have been simplified but nonetheless for the simplicity of this class what the convention that I am using is at least try to distinguish sounds few sounds. So you see how I have written Raju. What does this tell you? The way it is written how does it tell you? What does it tell you? That after the sound ra the vowel is long vowel. See that and then after the sound ja the vowel u is a long vowel. So it is Raju. Similarly when we say chai we are not putting the aspiration mark here that is h that is because the moment we put that in a phonetic symbol that becomes what does that become? With less aspiration it is ja or no aspiration it is ja with the aspiration it becomes ja. So we do not want to say a sound with more aspiration therefore that is not there but again there is a long vowel. You see that therefore these things are written this way. So the sentence from a particular language is written with usually with international phonetic association symbol but in general trying to simplify it as close as actual pronunciation alright that is number 1. Number 2 in the second line you try to give its glosses that is what we call gloss. Gloss simply means word by word description of what that is. So gloss does not only include meaning of the word it also includes several other things as you can see here. Relevant information that we want to put forward that we want people's attention to. So such information we put there and then finally in the third line we give the meaning of the word. If you put sentences from languages other than English this way then we do not really need to know the language that we are talking about. If we are drawing examples from a particular language that is not really relevant. What is relevant is the point that we are making through such examples alright and you can apply these points to many languages some of them are applicable to all languages and I keep telling you time to time whether something is languages specific or a generic or a principle which is applicable to all the languages right. So I have picked up examples from Hindi when we talk about this particular aspect of language which is agreement then you will see lot of it applies to other languages in a exam or in other places you are free to write examples from any language. You do not have to write examples from Hindi or any particular language you can write examples from any language provided you give you present it in this way so that anybody who is reading the example for making the point does not have a problem seeing the point see that that is all is relevant note for this kind of for these examples get my point alright. Now so let us look at this thing when we say agreement what does this mean to you without discussing it much the word agreement means mutual consent that is it. So the word means mutual consent the moment it is mutual it has to be between at least two parties or two entities right it works exactly this way in sentences as well right and therefore most of the time agreement in a sentence is referred to as subject verb agreement have you heard this thing subject verb agreement which simply means there is going to be an agreement between subject and the verb get at this point then agreement of what or in what terms agreement in what terms it now things start becoming different in some languages agreement depends on just one particular thing or in others it may be two three or more alright so here from here on things start becoming different agreement is a fundamental principle of language we cannot have a sentence without agreement between certain elements in a sentence and those elements normally are subjects and the words okay. Now we are not defining what a subject is right now okay however that is that is a complete discussion by itself right and when we start discussing that one of one of these days we will look at that as a side thing the more you try to constraint the definition of a subject the more counter examples you are going to find of that okay so right now the all we want to say about a subject is the element of a sentence that agrees with the verb is a subject okay you may have heard different things and I take you to those things little later that is some other time but right now we are only going to say the subject of a sentence is the element in a sentence which agrees with the verb alright that is a working definition that is a grammatical definition of a subject there could be different types of definition of a subject depending upon what we want to highlight alright most of the time they are all going to come to the same element however sometimes they could be different alright now let me let me take you through these examples I am sure many of you understand these two sentences must have looked at it by now and this do you agree that these are simple sentences of Hindi so what are the what are the elements that are in agreement with each other as a matter of fact when I am asking you are they the simple sentences of Hindi many of you are nodding your heads right as a matter of fact they are not simple sentences of Hindi how many I have asked this question several times how many of you speak Hindi 1, 2, 3, 4 each one of you individually or collectively can you tell me the meaning of the second word in this in the first sentence what is the second word in the first sentence so the sentence is Rajune chai pee we understand meaning even those who do not speak Hindi as their first language or second language they can figure out the meaning and definitely from the screen right but if I ask you what is the meaning of nay what does this word mean can someone tell me what I mean is what the meaning of the word chai very simple no problem no objects and what is the meaning of the word nay by Raju what is by Raju it is we are saying Raju nay chai pee that is Raju had tea drank tea what is by Raju in that it does not have a true translation it does not have a true translation so what then the question is that you are you are right it does not have a true translation what you are trying to do is trying to put it equivalent to something which it is not it is not by Raju it is not it is not anything which he is saying that it does not have a literal meaning so right away this is what I meant when I told you these are not simple sentences of Hindi you are going to find the elements in a sentence which have got no meanings okay for example we can also say Raju chai pita hai right what is the meaning of this sentence Raju chai pita hai Raju drinks tea right where is the nay in this sentence do you see that it is not there and still the meaning is Raju drinks Raju drinks tea it has a different meaning slightly different meaning but where is the word nay and this is this question is definitely not for primarily not for people who do not speak Hindi and it is not really a question question for Hindi speakers also this is just for everybody to see that there are going to be elements in a sentence which do not have their literal meanings and this is why I am giving you this example it however it does something in a sentence the second example that I just gave you Raju chai pita hai do we need that element in that sentence what I mean do we need that element in that sentence what I mean is we do not if that element is not there in a sentence the sentence is still grammatical perfectly good sentence therefore we do not need it however if I drop it from sentence number one is this going to be a good sentence for the speakers no we can we say Raju chai p can we cannot say that or if someone says so it is even if meaning does not change we can say Raju chai pita right it is going to be a marked sentence you understand the meaning of marked no the meaning of marked is it is not going to be the way this way many Hindi speakers would say in other words if you say sentence like Raju chai pia instead of saying Raju chai p Hindi speakers know that you are not a you you can speak but you are not a Hindi speaker there are elements of that type in every language right and on the basis of such things the moment a person starts saying something you immediately figure out that this person is not a real or a good speaker of this language I from now onwards I can spend 15 years learning Telugu or Tamil or Malayalam even at the end of 15 years you can tell that you started pretty late am I right you must be meeting with people of that sort every day however those who are those who grew up with language Tamil Telugu or for that matter Hindi they do not need to tell you the meaning of this word name but they know pretty well where to put it and where not to put it without worrying about it that is what makes us makes us the speaker of that language in other words native speaker of that language and the language becomes our first language we have we have already discussed these things at length right coming back to this thing name does not have a meaning do you see I have marked it something there is something written under it that simply a marker for it is simply means ergetive ergetive it is a name of a case which is not very important for with the name is not really very important for you however it is important to know alright it simply means ergetive case marker now I want to draw your attention to agreement what is going on with the agreement most of the time the elements that are going to take part in agreement are called five features okay I did not find a better symbol of five but this looks pretty much close to that right am I right so we call them either with the symbol or we just write them we call them five features it is just a fancy name it simply means number person and gender by the way have you heard these words number person gender so quickly reviewing that person number is we were talking about it yesterday with reference to words numbers are singular and plural singular means singular means one plural more than one more than one in some languages we have three numbers singular dual and then plural so one two and then more than two alright but in a language like Hindi and most of our languages follow just two way system singular and plural one and more than one alright gender only two either masculine or feminine however again some languages namely Sanskrit would follow singular sorry masculine feminine and neuter in a language like Hindi and many other languages there is no role of neuter gender every single noun must be either masculine or feminine see that alright and then person what does this refer to very nice first person second person and third person this is going to be three of them now Sanskrit if you look at Sanskrit it has everything three first person second person third person singular dual plural masculine feminine neuter everything three in languages that we are talking about number and gender to each person three first second and third what do they refer to first person refers to anybody the one who is speaking so if and second one who is listening the person who is being is spoken to very nice and third anyone except these two yes and specifically the one who is being talked about right it could be it could also be the person who is not being talked about as yes anyone other than these two these things play very important role in agreement and what the agreement means the in simple words we are going to say whatever is the verb what whatever things that you see on the verb you are going to see similar things on subject or the other way around whatever things you are going to see on singular subject they are going to reflect on verb so languages can decide that we want to we want to retain agreement between only two of these elements okay or it can decide we want to keep all three of them which two that also could be languages specific right but they are going to show up agreement in these terms only no tense and such other things do play a role in a sentence but that they do not take part in agreement the reason for that is see agreement means if you have a singular noun then we are going to have a singular marker on the verb also see my point if you are going to see masculine gender on the subject you are going to see masculine gender on the verb also alright however tense is not part of that because tense is only the feature of a verb tense only shows up on the verb it has nothing to do with the subject therefore it is not part of agreement remember we started talking about this agreement means some kind of settlement between two entities right some some type of adjustment between two entities tense is only related to all has got nothing to do with subject therefore that is not part of if gender is playing the role in the language then they must be same I am coming to those things in a moment take the sentence Raju chai pita hai can we say Raju chai piti hai what is wrong with that sentence the it for a for for anybody or for speakers of Hindi in particular it takes less than fraction of a second to give judgment about it that the sentence is not good right this comes from knowledge of language the ability to make such a judgment is part of our ability what we call knowledge of language that every speaker has developed through generative mechanism remember this thing this is reference to knowledge of language which also means a native speaker or a speaker of that language may not be able to tell you about masculine and feminine mismatch they do not even need to tell you that much you can say or I can tell you because we are talking about this thing you use a sentence to a speaker judgment is given in a moment not necessarily the explanation see my point therefore it is more the reason that it is part of what we call knowledge of language because this is the characteristics of knowledge of language that such kind of things we know but we do not necessarily need to put them in explicit words alright now so Raju chai piti hai is not a good sentence because there is a mismatch between gender between subject and the word therefore that is an grammatical get this thing so for them for that sentence to be grammatical there has to be a proper agreement in terms of what do you have that sentence written with you can you can you write these terms I see some people are not even carrying notebooks okay so here we know that this is masculine right and this comes also from native intuition and here we know that this is feminine right therefore this is rolled out what will be important the what will make it grammatical is because this is masculine if we if we have this thing also as masculine which is sometimes marked with this right then we know this that the sentence is going to be grammatical alright so we see clearly that the gender is playing a role in language like Hindi alright is number playing a role yes right suppose we are saying two people right let us say let us use something which either refers to two people or more than two people right we can put two names here or we can use a pronoun right what will be the marker on the word can we say we chai pita hai we have to say pite right and hey alright now this is going to be a marker of plurality right and this is this also carries plurality because we cannot even say we chai pita hai it must be we chai pita hai do do I have everybody with me hope I have not lost people so far right now in the second one we see that both number and gender are at work right so far we know that this is masculine right so plural masculine and then plural therefore you see masculine and plural get this thing now if we take it to English just these two sentences what are the things out of these that are at work do gender play a role in that no there is number play a role in that no we can say Raju drinks tea if we want to use the plural one they what do we say drink tea can we say they drinks tea why why can we not say they drinks tea because this is violating agreement of number they plural and there is no plural marker on the verb therefore there is a violation of agreement thus the sentence and grammatical now how a language reflects singular and plural are going to be languages specifically get my point how a language reflects plural is going to be languages specific in a language like Hindi you see this is the marker of plurality remember you have seen the same marker on nouns yesterday camera is singular what is the plural of camera and what is the plural marker is this similar to that so that is the plural mark then it does not stop here there is this also must be plural and I am not taking you through every single thing and how it works because we are not working on Hindi we want to see the role of number at work so how number is at work this is in Hindi a specific thing same thing number will be reflected in different terms in Tamil Telugu Malayalam and other languages English has a completely different system which is if you put this marker on the verb then it refers to singular number right when we put when and for plural so this this is going to be singular and for plural it is zero no marker Raju drinks tea they drink tea no marker on the verb this much making sense get the point how a language is representing its markers is language specific thing however these things are going to be surfacing in one way or the other is part of principle again agreement is a principle phenomena in language we cannot have a sentence without proper agreement now what makes it proper that is which one of these elements are going to take part in agreement is again parametric which is language specific making sense now this is why the role of input in learning language is relevant now do you see the do you see the patches of these rules we have here the rules of English to we have here rules of Hindi to we have here rules of all the languages that we speak right now if if input is not there then which rule is this going to activate see that therefore the role of input in speaking what we speak am I making the point you are still with me very nice so that is that is all I have said so far all I am I have said I have told you what we mean by five features that is number person and gender and how they work agreement as a word as a phenomena is very simple it is between two elements and both must match there must not be a mismatch if gender is part of the agreement then both of them must match mismatch results into an grammaticality so matching is part of agreement if a language does not allow a agreement in terms of let us say gender then there is no role of gender in no role of gender in the grammar of that language remember this thing in the grammar of that language for example in a language like English we cannot say there is no role of gender there is a role of gender right we can say John drinks tea right girls drink tea there is a role of gender however the role of gender is not on the agreement the role of that is to say the role of the gender is not in the grammar of that language in the agreement of that language clear all right now we come to these sentences what do you see here in these sentences first of all at least the speakers of Hindi agree that both the sentences are good are they good what do you see about agreement which noun agrees with the verb in sentence one shy agrees with the verb right and what is not agreeing with the verb is what we think is subject clear in the second one we see the same phenomena right what can we say about this in that case the one one of the conclusions that we can draw is if this is true and if what we know about agreement is true then Raju or Seema are not subjects of these sentences right so what we what and what we want to say through those sentences is that is true that is to say Raju and Seema in sentence one and two respectively are not subjects you may see you or you may think is that really true right should I really completely believe it well we must on the basis of what we see so far I will try doing that and I have I have purposely picked these two names in these two sentences to make my point for the purpose of sentence nothing changes do you understand his question what is saying the very smart move that if we put Seema in the first one that is going to be feminine noun and we have the feminine feminine gender on the verb also therefore we can very conveniently show that there is an agreement between the two that will be kind of cheating right and by cheating I do not mean real real cheating but that will be kind of cheating because we know that that is not the case even if you do that though it will be harder to see but the fact is that that does not agree with the verb what agrees with the verb is the other noun and this is why this kind of mismatch and that is the only way to show that the two nouns that we think are going to be subjects are not really subjects in these sentences right so according to the grammatical definition of subject these are not the subjects according to semantic description of subject the semantic description of subject is that is meaning wise some you must must have been told or you must have read the noun that does something is the subject am I right have you heard this thing or have you been told so in that case who is drinking tea therefore that is going to be the subject so semantically speaking these things are the subjects but when we say subject in languages we mean grammatical subjects and that is not the case what we mean by subjects is the element that agrees with the verb and what agrees with the verb you can see here and you can you can categorically see that these are two pretty simple Hindi sentences and I could not possibly be making things up am I right sorry No I mean I do not know we will we will need to check are all liquids considered feminine I do not know I will need to think at least on the basis of the ten examples and still that is not going to be exhaustive list for the simple reason that a gender to a noun is not assigned in that particular way the assignment of gender to a noun is completely arbitrary which is even if that is the case is arbitrary there is no reason why Chai should be feminine right water is masculine yes thanks water is masculine that will be that will not be good am I right that will not be a good sentence Raju Neh Pani what will be the sentence Pia that way you categorically know that what agrees with the verb is that is the noun in that slot right now why and how these are questions of further discussions very briefly I can tell you every time you get something like me or any other post position if I say the word post position does it make sense to you yes no okay I will describe that in all our languages right do you know what is a preposition is can you give me one some examples of prepositions on at in upon these are prepositions why are they prepositions or to what relative to what both of you are right relative positions to their objects their objects are the object of a preposition is definitely a noun or you can say the same thing in other words bear with me I am talking about pretty simple things but probably I I do not intend to make this claim but probably you are looking at this description for the first time okay there is nothing new about the definition of this preposition such elements are called prepositions because their relative position is prior to their objects in the languages where such elements are going to come after the object they are called post positions see that how do we say on the table in a language like Hindi or Telugu for that matter see that so the same thing is going to follow the noun which happens to be the object of the same element now in Hindi it is called per in English it is in see this thing now availability of post positions is a universal feature of language is part of principle okay whether it is going to be a preposition in some languages like English and French right or whether it is going to be a preposition in English French and others or post positions in language like Hindi Italian Japanese and rest of our languages is languages specific rule is parametric alright so every time you see a post position in a language like Hindi after a noun that noun is not going to agree with the verb every time there is a noun and you see a post position after that that noun is not going to agree with the verb many a times such nouns may not need to agree but if they are supposed to agree with the verb then then also it is not going to agree it is a very robust and a strict rule strict language specific rule that the moment you have a post position out of agreement what agrees with the verb but the other rule so this is language specific rule the moment you have a post position that noun is out of the race of agreement but then there is another robust rule which is more robust in the nature that is part of a principle that there must be agreement you see the tension you see the contradiction that in a sentence number one and two what we think is subject is out of the agreement because they have post positions the rule is the another rule is there must be an agreement because without agreement you do not have a sentence am I at least able to show you the contradiction between these two rules exactly Raju Chai Pia makes sense because the moment some speakers drop me then there is no nothing that blocks Raju from agreeing with the verb however not good they may sound for Hindi speaker they may tell you no this this is not really very good sentence no it is hard to say wrong or right for that I need to start Hindi to tell you all the rules of this I know it is very fascinating grammatically there is nothing no with that it simply that is speakers of that language will not accept it and we respect the speakers of the language if they do not accept it then we do not say we do not accept that also fine but there is nothing wrong grammatically and now you also know why they are just dropping me right and see when you look at the interface of psychology and learning and grammar then you can explain why people drop that because this does not mean anything I have I started by telling you this does not have a literal meaning right if at all it does anything it complicates the whole situation so for a from the perspective of a learner it becomes lot easier to drop it and then work in a nice way Raju and Pina and everything is fine right that is just a explanation with the interface of learning grammar and psychology alright so and grammatically it can also be explained in a nice way however speakers of Hindi will tell you no no no that is not the right way you have to say Raju Ne Chai P even though it does not mean anything but by when I say it does not mean anything even though Ne does not have a meaning what it does is and there are more reasons why Ne can come and why Ne in some cases cannot come what are the conditions on that that is a that is a this that is a matter of another discussion here all I am trying to show you through this these examples is there is a contradiction languages specific rule says these subjects by the virtue of post position following them cannot agree with the subject they obey that rule as you can see they are obeying that rule however they also must obey the rule that there must be an agreement so the compromise formula that they arrive at is the next available now which does not have a post position will agree with the word see this thing there thus they follow both the rules because because without following these things you do not have a sentence all these things make no additional burden on human mind alright so we have discussed just two things today we need to go to other things and we will try to go little faster we have discussed only two things agreement and five features and the role of five features in agreement I am sure while discussing while while we are talking about these things you are also looking at the languages that you speak and see how these things are working in these languages right we continue with this with more examples and more discussion on such such other stuff tomorrow alright we meet tomorrow at our time thank you.


Lisa Vig, who's an associate professor in the Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine at the University of Washington, and she's also chair of the VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems Ethics Consultation Service. Her research interests include palliative care and hospice. She especially focuses on end-of-life decision-making from the perspective of clinicians, patients and family members. It was a real privilege to have her as one of our fellows last year, somebody whose work I had read before she even came here, so that's always wonderful. So, Lisa, welcome to the podium. Thank you. Thanks to the McLean Center and the McLean Family for putting on this swell conference. Fun to be back. So, I'm going to talk about some work I've done in surrogate decision-making. So, starting with background, and you guys all know this, but we got to start with background, right? Surrogates make medical decisions for incapacitated patients, and advanced care planning assumes that surrogates are familiar with patient preferences and will act on them. So, this led to a couple of research questions. The first one was, how do surrogates make medical decisions for loved ones? Meaning, what do they base their decisions on? How do they do it? And the second question, what is it like to make medical decisions for a loved one? And what helps and hampers the experience? So, in setting out to do this research, we used qualitative methods. We couldn't really design a survey at this point because really not much work had been done in the area, so we wouldn't have known what to put on the survey. So, we started out with qualitative methods. The data collection being semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions, and then the data analysis being grounded theory methods. And we'll go over this a little bit more in detail in a bit. So, the methods, the participants in this study were the designated surrogate decision-makers of chronically ill veterans who were all at risk of losing decisional capacity. And to be eligible for this study, they had to have previous medical decision-making experience for either the veteran or somebody else in their lives. They had to be cognitively intact so that they would give us rich descriptions of their decision-making experiences.  However, that's not always the case. And then they had to be English speaking because we didn't have translators, etc. The data collection methods, we did a telephone interview where the participants were asked to describe their past decision-making experience, reflect on what made decision-making easier and harder during that time, and comment how they planned to make future decisions for their veteran loved ones. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. So once you have hundreds of pages of transcribed interviews, how do you make sense of this? So this is basically what we did. We had a wonderful team, there were five of us who read all the transcripts and tried to identify things within the transcripts that we found important, and we wanted to capture that. Once we figured out what those concepts were, we developed a coding scheme, which is a way to go back to all the transcripts and identify those different issues. And then once we developed the coding scheme, two different people read each transcript, and then we compared notes. And it was just fascinating because as a physician, I would read a transcript and interpret it one way, but the anthropologist on our team, for example, would read it and see very different things. And so I think both of us would learn a lot from each other's experience in reading and discussing these things. And then once we had all the text coded, we could go back and analyze it. So a different way, I'm very concrete, okay? So this is a different way of understanding this. So coding is just a way to make sense of all of that. And basically, each code is a bucket. And what you're doing is you're getting all the different data and the text that's around a certain concept goes into a given bucket. Once you have everything in the bucket, you can then go back and try to make sense of what each bucket is about, trying to understand what that concept is, trying to characterize it, but also trying to understand how the different buckets relate to each other. And during that process, sometimes you realize that you got the bucket all wrong and you need a totally different bucket. Okay? So once we dealt all of that, let's move on to results. So who are the people in this study? Well, there were 50 surrogate decision makers, a mean age, 63 years. They were 90% white, which is sort of a Seattle VA phenomenon. Mostly female, most were spouses, adult children. And I think the last point is important too, that the mean length of the relationship between the surrogate and the veteran was 40 years. So these were people who had been together who had known each other for a really long time, for the most part. Looking at the previous types of decisions these people had made, so the majority, over 70%, had made end of life decisions for somebody. Some had made medical management decisions and some had made surgical management decisions. Now, when we look at how they plan to make future decisions, what were they basing their decisions on? There are five different factors here that we'll go through. But just since you guys are smart, if you look at the percentages, it's going to come out to more than 100%. And that's because some of the people plan to use more than one of these bases. So the first one, about two-thirds of the people said that they were going to base decisions on conversations that they had had with their loved one about their loved one's preferences and about their loved one's thresholds for sort of living versus existing. The second group knew that their loved one had completed an advanced directive. And because of that, they were just convinced that once that document was found, everything would be crystal clear. And because of that, they didn't feel the need to have any conversations, which if any of you guys have seen how effective many living wills are, you'd be a little concerned. Next group. The next group talked about shared values or life experience. You know, honey, we've lived together for 60 years. I'll just know. So these people also didn't feel any need to have any conversations because they had just known each other and been together for so long that they would just know. Next group were surrogates who said that they may or may not have known their loved one's preferences, but when the time came, they basically were going to make the decision based on their own beliefs or values or preferences. And initially, when our group was going through this, we thought, ooh, you know, that's not so good. If the point is substituted judgment and stepping into the patient's shoes, these people are saying, nope, they're not going to do that. And yet when we went back and read through the interviews, we could see that it wasn't because they were a bunch of sadists. These were people who really foresaw how difficult it was going to be to make decisions for their loved ones and realizing that they would have to be able to make decisions that they were going to live with. Last group talked about the plan to defer decision making to somebody else. Somebody that they felt was qualified such as a clinician in the family, et cetera. Now, just as an example of a quote that came from a wife of a patient to give you a sense of these people who are going to make decisions based on their own preferences. This wife said, he wanted me to pull the plug a little too soon. I didn't like that. I said, you're going to be incapacitated anyway, so I'll make the decision. I don't want him to suffer, though, of course. Okay? So, yeah, she's not honoring his preferences, but I think, you know, and I come from the palliative care world where we sort of take more of a relational autonomy view of things. And I think if we're taking that view, this isn't so awful. Also, there's some literature out there about leeway where patients will say, this is what I want, but I do give my decision maker leeway in implementing my preferences. I also have had plenty of patients over the years who have said, this is what I want, but if she wants to do something else so she can get on with her life, that's okay. Okay? So, I think this sort of gets at that concept. The other thing that we were looking at was what Surrogate said helped and hampered their decision making. So, there are basically four categories here, and I don't have time to go through everything, but I'll give you some highlights from this. So, the four categories were Surrogate characteristics, Surrogate social networks, Surrogate patient relationship and communication, and then Surrogate clinician relationship and communication. So, the first one, Surrogate characteristics. Surrogate spoke about how their previous decision making experience was actually helpful to them. They knew what to expect, they knew what questions to ask, it helped them get through a difficult time. This last one also I think is important, that they recognized that they had to make a decision that they would be able to live with. Next, under Surrogate social networks, I don't think these will surprise you, having support of others, people to talk to was helpful, and having family conflict made it more difficult. Next, under Surrogate patient relationship and communication, what helped was knowing the patient's preferences that sort of helped take some of the burden of decision making off of them. Next, Surrogate clinician relationship and communication, what helped was getting recommendations from clinicians, and not just random recommendation based on what the clinician thought was best, but recommendations based on the clinician's understanding of the patient's preferences, if that makes sense. And then, they also appreciated after they'd made a decision, the clinicians coming back and saying, hey, I think you made the right decision. So basically putting all of this together, what might we advocate? So before Surrogates are making any decisions, I think it's important that they be included in advanced care planning discussions where they can hear their loved ones' preferences, they can also have a chance to maybe negotiate, or I as the clinician can insert myself and do some negotiating. And let me give you an example. So patients will often say, oh, I never want to go to a nursing home, right? And then what happens years later where the wife can't keep them at home safely anymore and has to put them in a nursing home and is guilt-ridden? If I'm aware of that at the time of that advanced care planning discussion, I can say, well, you know, what happens if you can't, if she can't keep you at home and can't keep you safe? Would that be okay? Oh, well, of course. So that took what, 10 seconds and that avoids a lot of guilt in the future. During decision making, I think it's important that we check in with the Surrogates about their health stressors, social supports, sort of offer them some support as they're going through a hard time. I think it's important that we offer treatment recommendations based on the Surrogates, what they've told us about the patient's preferences. In that way, we're sort of sharing the decision-making burden with the Surrogate, gives Surrogates time to make a decision they can live with, and then afterward reassure them that they made the right decision. So thanks to my wonderful research team, to the mentors and the funders of this, and I guess we'll do questions later. Thank you.