So let me start by saying though, I'm I'm amazed. I'm enormously impressed by the commitment and the resilience of this group In Staying with it for the entire day and not just staying with it being actively engaged in it for the entire day And I just want to express my admiration To and for all of you in your efforts Okay ready What he meant was he tried to several times It's just it's just the way the way it is First of all before we get into the final discussion There's one thing I would like to do often this gets left to the end and everybody's folding their coats and and so forth And I don't want to do it Actually, let me do one housekeeping thing first At the conclusion of this session upstairs, there will be a reception in the international women's commons There there's food there as if you have not been fed enough, but there is more food And there are also beverages of a variety of sorts Which may be more appropriate at that hour Not for Boko Haram and in fact Boko Haram has been excluded Just to add a certain degree of verisimilitude to what we're doing here Boko Haram has gone home Well, you know, it's an important point because this discussion is not for you in your roles It's for you as each of yourselves as individuals Secondly, the other thing I'd like to do is I would like to thank the people whose organizational skills made this possible It is a very very large group of people I see Sharon Morris over there, but there is a great group of people here at USIP And and foreign policy right and and Grace Rooney and the folks from foreign policy and Claire Casey and the folks from Garten Rothkoff and a lot of the Contractors and others who have come together whether it's doing video or sound or whatever There's a lot of moving parts here. I know it seems like just a casual intimate conversation between friends But none of it would be possible without all of them. So just one more round of applause for all of those Having said that we are not done I we really want to go and we want to provoke a discussion and the main job of the gentleman to my right here at The front table is to help provoke that discussion by offering up some of their cross-cutting conclusions But remember Well, you know, none of you are obligated to speak here All of you are encouraged to speak and when I get up and we start moving around what we're looking for our big ideas From you as individuals. So you're not trapped in your role anymore. You don't have to be the World Bank And struggle against the constraints of World Bank behavior for example But there's no better place to start this than with George. So there you go You see how this is working every time Every time I turn to him, but I know let's put Jim Jeffrey Okay, I would defer too but Various themes throughout this fascinating day and once again David George. Thank you very much for putting this together and for inviting me One question that's kept coming up is who is we? We first of all on a Problem like this is going to be the people in the government of Nigeria the various actors inside the country And that's always the case in a problem that is Discrete within a country at some degree in a region But we is also us the international community as represented by the various actors here But also we in a larger sense of the United States in the West first of all and Johnny did a great summary of how Boko Haram getting out of control can threaten all of us, but beyond that What we're all about as a nation as an international community in the UN charter is to resolve problems like that We all know that because looking around here. You've all lived that in one or another way But that's part of the problem and that's why I'll try to be a bit controversial in the next couple of minutes Essentially most of the people here have been sent out by one or another institution to carry out or in the case of the media report on International or American or other efforts to promote democracy resolve conflicts Stimulate economic development Build up government capabilities and use all of that as part of our overall overarching almost ideological security and Political agenda for the world It's at least in my case is one who's done it and I think that many others I've encountered almost a secular religion It's something we believe in and we should because it's been extremely successful since 1945 Not just as mentioned at the beginning of this thing with the Marshall plan and the rebuilding of South Korea as we heard but over the last particularly 30 to 40 years many parts of what we used to know is the third world have become middle-income countries thanks to our Institutions and our efforts and their own efforts and So when we're presented with a problem to quote President Obama and his West Point speech We tend to use the hammer that we used to Which is all of these tools all of these activities all of these institutions to approach it and in this particular case the Nail that we're trying to hammer with this is a violent ideological Ideological movement we've seen this and many incarnations around the world sometimes. It's a civil war sometimes. It's a Ideological as our religious movement An insurgency of one or another so it but whether these tools really work It's hard to say logically it seems so because in the long run If we're successful in our agenda and we've often been successful in our agenda in central in South America in the Balkans And Southeast Asia we dry up the underlying causes of Violent extremism and we don't really have that problem anymore. So there's a bias to turn to That except that that's a long run solution and we're faced here today with a short run problem Not just with Boko Haram button an awful lot of other areas and not just in the Middle East now think of the Ukraine There are also tools that we're used to doing that even in the short run actually a pretty effective and one of them that we talked About a bit this afternoon is democracy and in my own experience Regardless of the situation people everywhere regardless of their cultural backgrounds or their history of political Views kind of like to vote and will support efforts by us the outside community to try to give them for your elections free media while it's often under pressure is something that's Pretty much appreciated Getting money however including during the surge in Iraq just bringing around bags of money and dumping it on tribal shakes Desks is often a very successful policy if you can link it up with things like jobs programs Even if it's clearing weeds out of canals, that's helpful too In conflict areas and various other steps of this nature There is thousands of them many of you have done them, but they probably are not going to get to the underlying Answer to something like Boko Haram in looking at the relatively few resolutions of violent situations Around the globe in the last few decades of this sort you've got Sri Lanka in some cases a bad example, but it did end an insurgency Northern Ireland What's going on with the pkk in Turkey? and Columbia Columbia is a fourth one that was mentioned a little bit earlier you have several common factors that Reflect two things that we also heard about this afternoon internal situations Made at home with the outside community to one or another degree Columbia the most Northern Ireland Somewhat and in the other is not too much helping but still made internally and secondly a set of ideas What are you for if you're the government if you're fighting an insurgency if you're fighting some violent extremist group Sometimes it's not all that good an answer in Sri Lanka. It was very much tied up with ethnicity sometimes in the Turkey of to some degree to my surprise of Recep Erdogan, it's trying to overcome ethnicity with the Kurds But it's always some kind of strong answer that motivates a political system and frankly motivates the security forces And that's the second thing security forces. This is among other things a security problem It's other things but security is the leading Bow wave of any movement like this and you have to have a Countervailing security force of people are willing to fight and die and that's not easy In my experience around the world it has seldom been done by forces that have been trained by us to look like us It's been done by mountain yards and Kurdish women and Kobani and Shia militias and other groups some of which Paramilitaries and such aren't all that nice, but they get the job done Finally and most importantly, it's strong local leadership very rarely Bosnia comes to mind the international community comes up with a leader who can Push the agenda, but typically it's a local leader who is able to seize the agenda Mobilize the security forces come up with a theme that makes at least part of the population believe that he or she has a vision to go forward And it's worth fighting for Without these elements the things that we do from the outside the election monitoring and the peacekeepers And economic development in the bags of money even Can be helpful, but they're not going to get to the core problem. Thank you Maxude Well, I'd like to echo Everyone who actually appreciated the excellent effort that was made today by all of you Even those who are behind the scenes because I had the chance to speak to many of them and I had great insights I have actually three main Areas I would like to discuss with you and maybe share with you The first is on violent extremism and that's very much the area where I'm working in at the moment the second Element is narrative Counter-narrative and beyond and this is something I think we've discussed today But it's important as to where we're going with all of this and finally talking about the importance of Developing the international peace strategist. We need to have peace strategists and what it means in the long run Especially in light of the peace games Regarding the first element which is on violent extremism I've noticed there are many discussions over violent extremism and what are the expectations etc Frankly speaking, there are several things to be considered and very important for us to continue to acknowledge these things a To counter violent extremism it needs to be multi-dimensional by default There's no one single factor or variable that can explain violent extremism Nor there is one Solution that fits everything or one tablet that will solve all the diseases of the world Unfortunately, it's so complicated that requires some level of sophistication on our behalf to a understand and be to intervene And that's not an easy job Also the discussions over the role of economy in countering violent extremism the role of religion in countering violent extremism The role of ideology in countering violent extremism I think the key point here especially the linkage between ideology slash religion It's not about what you believe in or what you embrace or what kind of even political grievances you use to justify It is about how on earth can you justify the killing the use of violence against innocent people and Therefore, it's important that when we deal with these issues that we don't confuse personal choices of faith or political orientation or whatever decisions they make With the fact that whatever they embrace or believe or worldview they share or have or endorse That this should not ever justify the use of violence against innocent people and we need to separate these two and come up with Solutions or ideas around this otherwise will go into a path where it might be very confusing For public sphere and public exchange of debates and ideas This where we can debate if it's true to believe or not to believe or not being affiliated with any believe at all Or if you endorse this economic model or that economic model if it works or not We need to let things for political or public discussions and debate within the social realm But when it comes to the use of any of the above for Basically harming and killing in the name of all these ideals. I think it's important. We have clarity and distinction on these matters Also one of the interesting issues related to vatic extremism which are very dear to me personally and I always talked about this in many occasions before is Not about countering vatic extremism because it's always puts us in a position We're always responding we acting instead of actually being proactive and setting the stage and setting the tone For what is needed to be done Therefore we always talk about positive CVE or even better alternative CVE and the things that we can do and how we can think out of the box One of the gentlemen I spoke to Malcolm He told me about some of the stories of using the role of women or Community or youth looking at the different elements of society in large the different ideas that could be produced or presented Therefore, I think we have so much in our disposal to explore that is not yet being touched or even mentioned during the day Which I think is worthy of looking at from a different perspective Then the second component is the issue of the narrative counter narrative and beyond again When you look at what people are presenting in terms of what they're advocating for and I always say this in different meetings Basically, those are Unfortunately, but they're constantly promoting a culture of death a culture of destruction a different world view The alternative is maybe to provide some sort of a culture of promotion of life promotion of construction It's a very simple equation There is a vacuum The youth needs to have some sort of purpose or identity and then someone else provide them with the alternative Unless we do something about this as in being proactive in terms of providing What is the alternative is a true that this is the end of history is a true that the human potential is at the moment in Able incapable of producing anything new. I don't believe in that Personally, I'm a very boring classical modernist and I think there's still more to go forward And it's too early to say this is it for homo sapiens. They can't move forward Therefore when it comes to understanding that afterwards, we know that so well, I'm flying tonight I need to say everything I need to say before I come back to the great Washington And it is a great Washington and and basically one of the main ideas that I'd like to share with you today Is not to be limited or lucked with existing? Axioms how people define or understand Von extremism or understand narrative or we have to counter narrative I think we need to go beyond that What is it that we're promoting? What is it that we want in classical psychological literature if you want your children to go sleep home early? You don't tell them don't stay late, but you promote the behavior you want from them They want to go sleep early. So if you ask a Von extremist, I don't want you to be Von extremist It's bad for your health to be Von extremist. The question would be from their side. So what do you want me to be? What's the alternative? Well, I want you to be critical thinker. I want you to be culturally intelligent I want you to be open to different ideas be creative be innovative in your own way and stop before you actually Think doing any kind of harm to others and basically provide them with alternative And this is a big challenge a challenge on us collectively Finally, and I thank you for your patience is basically that a real take away from this exercise And I've been really in a position of honor and privilege to join for the second time is Basically promoting this mindset of having the international peace strategists Just the way there are the war games where all of these great generals come together and start strategizing Just the way we had the great generals like for example Klesovitz in a big fat book called on war Strategizing about how to defeat the enemy and deal with that. That's fine But can we have also great peace strategists those who can promote a different approach to things This is a time of our history where we reach a certain point of civility What we realize that the ultimate and absolute sense of reasoning and rationalism is to go beyond our own Biological urges to kill and shoot and run Basically to build sustainable cultures and be able to move forward with our understanding collectively as humans There's still more to be done. We as a group of people were a sample of what's happening outside in the world But I believe that there's so much that we can do only if we were able to truly look at things from a different Perspective the perspective other than what's actually being produced and explained. Thank you Thank you Extremely extremely helpful and relevant and I hope somebody in the room said, you know, I'm gonna go right on peace You know, it just seems like a publishing opportunity But I think those are exactly the themes that we're here for and I think they frame it in a really important way Johnny David thank you. I think this is an extraordinarily important occasion talking about an extraordinarily important issue in an extraordinarily Important country Today we are approximately two months and ten days before the first round of the Nigerian elections on February 14th 2015 And I can think of no more an important discussion for us here in Washington than to be talking about the most important Country in Africa the continent's largest democracy largest economy and a country that we want to see remain strong and Unified and not one that collapses into civil war or Christian Muslim strife Let me Say a few things about what I've heard over the last day and night and also At the end posit a few recommendations First of all, we know that Extremism is indeed a global phenomena It's not exclusive to one region of The world and certainly what is happening in Nigeria northern Nigeria is not unique That said based on a lot of things that we've heard over the course of the day and last night that There are some things that we should all remember There is no I think as one of my colleagues at USIP said earlier today. There is no cookie-cutter solution to be found the processes For building peace Should be locally owned That said the international community Does have a role to play But it is in fact not the dominant role And it is not the most important role But it is clearly a role that we must take responsibility for Equally in most of these cases a military only or a security response only solution will not work Focusing specifically on Nigeria The Boko Haram problem is we all know has been caused by a variety of political economic and sociological and historical Factors therefore a Multiple set of solutions will have to be used to resolve this problem It will take a long time to implement many of these solutions But that does not mean that there are not immediate things that we cannot do Today tomorrow next week and next month to ameliorate the situation It is important to remember the drivers of This conflict These drivers must in fact be addressed if we are to see an end to this and We know what these drivers are Their poor governance their political and economic corruption Their massive massive youth unemployment in the northeast and the north in general The need for the restoration of economic growth and opportunity across the north The need to empower the 50% of the population who were frequently left out and that's women the need to To revitalize the country's infrastructure the need to ensure that there is public service delivery and Most importantly a need to revitalize public trust between The government both at the national and the regional level and the citizens that they represent all of these things must in fact be addressed the We also have to remember and do deference to the ambassador that In proposing Counter extremist narratives We must make sure that the counter narrative is not simply Rhetorical but is in fact real Nothing is more destructive than to have a Counter narrative which is counterfactual Which in fact is not based in both reality and a real sense that it can Be achieved and meaningful for the person We also need constantly wherever we can to find Partners we need reliable honest principled partners at every level Both at the national the regional level in and outside of government and we must always seek To help empower those partners Without taking away their ownership of the issue and we also need to find ways to identify Spoilers and to signal them out and to sanction them if necessary I started off by saying we were two months and two weeks away from probably Africa's most important elections in Africa's most important country a nation of 177 million people Which if the UN is right will be a nation of? 400 million in less than 35 years time a nation that today Is creating more new citizens through birth Than all of Western Europe from Sweden down to the tip of Sicily and all the way from the Polish border to the Portuguese Peninsula This is a country that we cannot afford to Ignore it's not a country that we can afford to see slip over the edge of the table into the abyss It is a country for which there is not a single Universal 911 number that can be called to pull it out of the fire should it fall in therefore prevention Prophylaxis and early action are required If we don't do it now We will not be able to successfully do it after it has begun to burn It is a time for higher level political engagement from Nigeria's bureaucratic partners those in Washington and London and Berlin Paris and Brussels it is not after the last Slide on the second scenario has materialized It's not after the country has begun to burn and disintegrate the time is now for the prevention for the Operating theater is not large enough to take the work that will have to be done to salvage this so The thought is there is that again action Clearly is required right now Those who in three or four months say that they weren't warned Should stay and say they were based on part of what has happened to deep happened here today The warning signals are out there the lights have been blinking bright yellow for some extended period of time No one will be able to say That they were not warned about this crisis Thank you. Thank you very much. We've got about 12 minutes left actually so what I'm going to do is All of you have had a chance to speak. I'm not going to ask each of you to speak for 11 seconds And I'm going to talk to you a little bit about ways that we can follow up on this and you can continue To deliver these messages to a large audience in a moment But before I do that, let me turn to George for finals that are remarks. Thank you, David Thanks, thanks to all of you and I can be brief because indeed my colleagues before me never said much of what I wanted to say Is that why you deferred until the end? That's right. Yeah, that's precisely But it's also I wanted to say something about the value of this exercise And this is not said in a self-congratulatory way because I had nothing to do with the conception of it Indeed, this was something that Kristen Lord and David conceived over coffee. I'm told some It was actually lunch at the palm But but I think better than that even better than that Some of us have had experience in with other kinds of scenarios. I recall very vividly the shell scenarios in South Africa recall also the use and the utility of Scenarios that were done to show projections on what would happen if HIV aids were not addressed in the African context and one of the things that that those scenarios do is that They show us what the possibilities for better or worse are if certain things are allowed to to Continue on their course and certainly the conversation that we've had here today Strongly indicates that if something is not done Urgently to address the drivers that we have seen The outcome is going to be predictable and predictably nasty And so one of the values of these scenarios is indeed to inform us Of how we ought to change our current behavior. We started out. I would dare say somewhat prosaically saying we were constrained very much by the by the realities of the current situation But as we progress through this we saw that those constraints only increased over time that the possibilities for Constructive and positive action only became more and more limited until the final slide as Johnny points out that If you know by that time We are clearly Dealing in the most reactive way with a most disastrous scenario So what should that say to us it should say to us as Johnny has already suggested that the time for action is now We still have opportunities and possibilities and I'm pleased to say that in the course of the conversation We did indeed identify a number of specific concrete kinds of things that we could proceed So that's one thing that this conversation today should should help us Realize and understand, but I think there are also other ways in which we can use this exercise today And that is in our conversations with our other interlocutors, and I'm thinking particularly of the Nigerian government And with the Nigerian opposition Because at the end of the day it seems to me that if there is to be a real Change in the dynamic it's going to have to come out of Some kind of an understanding between the political the key political actors in Nigeria, but this flow of events serves neither of their interests and the only Set of actors it's going to benefit out of this is Boko Haram And I think that's where they're not actually Boko Haram. I know you're pointing I understand I'm trying to illustrate it Okay, but the point is that I mean it seems to me one of the clear things that comes out of this Is that we need to be looking for points of convergence among the principle political actors in Nigeria? That would change the dynamic in this current situation that does not lead us to that final slide So I simply wanted to say that and I hope that we will find ways both in the way We write up the results of this that we use it that we can use it in ways in our Conversations or respective conversations with others the last point is is the notion of the strategy the peace strategy and the peace strategist Needless to say US IP likes to think of itself as being precisely in that role We also are aware that you know that doesn't happen without the broader cooperation for many other actors but it does say to us that we need to stop thinking about our selves in isolation in our particularly Highly circumscribed in defined roles and start looking for ways for the various Agencies and organizations represented around this table to have a Conversation precisely about a peace strategy, and so I hope that all of those things are things that flow from this enormously important initiative that you put in place. Well, thank you very much George. Thank you gentlemen, you know the intention You can applaud for George And in fact, I think it'd be rude not to applaud for George but Because we are here in his house, and this has been a remarkable day, right? You know, I thought perhaps we would end up with a little bit more dialogue everybody here has really participated actively You've been a terrific group Not just because you've participated actively but because you've brought to the discussion an enormous amount of experience depth And many many perspectives and I include the audience who participated in this as well I think this is one of the great things about this And one of the things that amplifies what George is saying and what Maksud and Jim and and Johnny were saying is that Whatever ideas we may have come up with and all of us view this through our own eyes and see it in different Perspectives all of you will now go out from here and you will take those things and you will share them with other people All of you will have had experience this experience interacting with one another Cross-pollinating ideas and you will take that and share it with other people You know, we've done some remarkable things today, and I'm glad Yusuf is here because you know It couldn't happen without the support of the United Arab Emirates and the embassy here But it's already had a broad impact we we joked a little bit about this But the reality is that it was one of the top trending topics on Twitter all day in Washington, DC So it was having a social media impact. It was live streamed So it was reaching out to the world and people will be able to view this Wherever they are whenever they want to via the live streaming Foreign policy has a peace channel which is part of this whole project where articles about the peace game will appear Have appeared where summary of this peace game will appear and that reaches three to four million People each month around the world I am inviting each of you right at this particular moment that to participate in the peace channel the purpose of this channel is to increase the dialogue about peace and peace strategies and Ideas for peace so that we give it the kind of attention that most Organizations typically give to war so send me the articles. Tom Stackpole is up there There he is waving his hand. He's one of the people who edits the peace channel and send him the in fact send him the articles but But but but but he and say we're Darby Senior editor will go through this and help pull together your pieces so that we have an ongoing discussion We'll have the meeting in Abu Dhabi in June We will continue to have meetings although one of our great innovations here is the thought last night that perhaps next year We will do the Abu Dhabi meet the Abu Dhabi meeting in December and the and the Washington meeting in May or June You see what we did there, you know, so they Well, you know, we only have to do this two or three times before we come up with that kind of thinking. Oh We should get a bunch of experts together for a few days and finally you the light bulb goes off, but um In any event we will have those meetings on an ongoing basis Obviously, we hope this is something that continues onward and onward that the scenarios get better That the approaches get better that we try new ideas that we think outside the box and that we actually become collaborators in the development of this idea that Maksud so eloquently laid out there of being peace strategists of Developing the counter narratives in a constructive way that are not counterfactual that we can take the tools and the networks and the The abilities that all of us have in this room and amplify that out through all of these other things and Actually start having as many constructive conversations about peace as we do about conflict And you know this goes and I will conclude with you know the point that George just made If there is any you know, we we don't do these scenarios to come up with a magic solution There is no magic solution in fact Very often in these cases We have found that the perfect is the enemy of the good that people will say we will not take action because we do Not know clearly who we should be acting with We will not take action because there are great risks here, and we might not be completely Successful we will not take action because we are not sure what that action will actually bring in the long run And one thing that these scenarios demonstrate unequivocally time and time again is that when you embrace that view You make it certain that it will be harder to take action in the future that the action will be less successful in the future and that you will be dealing not with Keeping the peace or preserve preserving the peace or extending peace you will be dealing with conflict You will be dealing with ending a war and cleaning up with the catastrophe that that often produces So you know if that is the only thing we take away that we must act now that we must be creative That we must think outside the box that peace strategy deserves as much time and bandwidth as war strategy Then we will be doing something extremely valuable. We couldn't do it without the US Institute of Peace We couldn't do it without the support of the Embassy of the UAE We couldn't do it without all of you and that's why we hope you will contribute to the peace channel going forward It's why we hope that you will return for these future events when they're done in the right place at the right time of Year and That's why we hope that you


Welcome back to my channel if you're new here. Hi, hello, I'm Nadia and I've been on a bit of a break in the last week and this week and that's because I had an incident Where I had to go to training You're very sorry about me. I'm under the home treatment team who are actually really helpful I'm ready for training Now Okay, because you're in the child bearing age, is there any chance you can be pregnant? Who's next to it? Your signature, yeah, or your name? Thank you so much So what you just saw was me carrying an x-ray. I found a battery that I swallowed It's just a bump in the road Doesn't mean I'm not doing well.  So yeah, I just wanted to jump on here and say hi and explain where I've been But yeah, I'll see you guys in my next video. I Don't know when that will be. Yeah peace


Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that's abundant in your nervous system. It is typically a excitatory neurotransmitter, but if there's too much glutamate, then it can over-stimulate and cause cellular death. So we're trying to better characterize what happens to the level of glutamate before and during and after the spinal cord injury. The sensors are microfabricated, but it's not using typical MEMS fabrication technique. We're using rapid prototyping, like 3D printing, as well as laser micro-machining. We want to be able to quickly change the design and fabricate the devices at low cost so we can deliver to the scientists that want to use these devices. We created this custom conductive ink that consists of conductive polymer, platinum nanoparticle, and multi-wall-carbon nanotube so that we can have a high sensitivity glutamate biosensor that's a lot faster and easier and cheaper to make. When you create a biosensor, we calibrate the devices on the bench top. We test it on a bigger field with PBS, and we spike it with known concentration of analyte of interest, and we create a calibration curve to understand how the sensor behaves and we expect the sensors to behave similarly in the body when we implant it into the spinal cord. It's still very preliminary, but what we have found is that we are able to capture very fast transient response of glutamate as a function of the spinal cord injury. What we want to be able to do is identify biomarkers that can give us additional insights on how the body is changing, even before you have any symptoms of a specific disease like neurodegeneration or a spinal cord injury or anything like that.


This is stock number 10108A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used car headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2011 BMW 328i car. This vehicle has a three-liter six-cylinder motor which pumps out 230 horsepower. You'll be able to tell from this video for the age and miles on this vehicle. It is in really nice shape. Jet black is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it's like you're right here looking at the vehicle with me and definitely your best way to check out the vehicle without actually being here comes with the 17-inch painted alloy rims and it has Continental Contopro contact tires on it. These tires have a lot of tread left. I would say probably 80% of the tread left on those tires. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. It does come with factory fog lights. Front bumper, there are no major dents or cracks in it. Paint is very shiny and glossy on this car. Passenger side fender is in excellent condition as well and the passenger side rim. Couple little scuffs but nothing major. Especially considering the miles on the car. As you go down this side of the car, you can see just how clean the body is. How reflective and mirror-like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down you can still see the car, hear the car and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. Very clean down this side. I didn't see any dents or dings. Lower rockers look all really good. It's back rim. Probably the cleanest of them all. I didn't see any scuffs or scrapes on that. And the back tires, you can see just how much tread is left on those. A lot of tread on there. As we come around to the back of the car, the rear bumper, no major cracks. Or dents. Couple little scuffs and stuff but nothing major. And the deck lid is in really nice condition as well. I didn't see any dents or dings on that. We'll check out the trunk in just a minute. Down this side of the car, just as clean as that passenger side. For full disclosure, this back rim pretty nice. Got a couple little scuffs on the bottom there. Very clean down that side. Power mirrors. Inside, this one has the black leather interior. Seats are in really nice condition on here. No rips or tears. Both of these seats are heated. You get a memory driver seat, power driver seat. Leather tech formats throughout. Power windows, power locks and power mirrors. This one has auto headlamps. And as we hop inside the car here, you can see that this one has 116,041 miles. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Leather wrap steering wheel is in nice shape as well. No rips or tears or major wear on it.  They're your heated seat buttons. Your downhill assist control. The automatic transmission. Passenger seat is very clean as well. Smells very clean inside this car. And up there you get your SOS system. Your compass in the mirror and then your home link buttons on the bottom of the mirror there. Hard to see as my camera doesn't like to focus in the shade here. We'll take a quick look at the trunk in the back seats and then under the hood. First we'll check out the trunk first. So we have the factory carpet floor mats back here. Very clean as you can see. There is extra storage underneath there. Looks like a CD changer of some sort back here. Maybe not. Maybe just the amp. We'll have to unlock the rear doors here. Which is right here. Right next to your stability control. Good to know. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system. Seats are in all really nice condition. And we have factory carpeted floor mats back here as well. We'll take a quick look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. Hopefully from this HD video. You'll be able to tell just how clean this car is all the way around inside and out. Under the hood we have the three liter, six cylinder motor, 230 horsepower. You can see the hood shocks are doing a good job keeping the hood up. The engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. This car has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this car is 100% ready to go. To see more pictures of this car, one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers. You name it, we've got to go to our website www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations. All at one site at www.summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com. 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Hello, everyone. Welcome to another Cointelegraph live stream. I'm Giovanni your host today We're gonna talk about radix is a layer one protocol and development framework designed specifically to serve decentralized finance Today I have the pleasure to be joined by the CEO at radix Pierce Riddia. How are you doing Pierce? I'm very good Thank you very much for having me Giovanni It's a pleasure So before we get started with a question I want to remind our audience that this is an interactive show So any question and come to your mind regarding This interesting project the radix just write them in the comments in the in the chat And we are going to ask Pierce to reply to those questions directly so also don't forget to like the video and subscribe to our channel and Yeah, so let's get started. So Pierce first of all, let's talk about radix in general. So a lot of people don't know what this project is about So how does the radix protocol work and what kind of problems in the DeFi space is it's aiming to solve? Sure, absolutely. So radix is a layer one protocol Just a term that people use for things like the Bitcoin ledger or the Ethereum ledger or the Salon ledger or whatever Like that's a layer one protocol But radix is a layer one protocol built specifically to serve decentralized finance, which is why we like to say it's a layer one DeFi done Right Radix is the only decentralized ledger Where developers will be able to build quickly without the constant threat of exploits and hacks where every improvement will be rewarded And where scale will never be a bottleneck and this comes down to the three key things that we're delivering the first is a 10x in developer DeFi productivity The second is a hundred X in DeFi execution efficiency and the third is a thousand X in DeFi scalability So like if I just dive into those a little bit on the first one like Developing on Ethereum really sucks and the reason it sucks is it really comes down to solidity Solidity is at the core of why a lot of these hacks happen in the first place We've had two hundred eighty five million dollars of hacks to date and Ethereum's solidity language that actually all of the other layer ones are also using is to blame for a large number of these hacks And so developers spend about 90 percent of their time on security rather than innovation And so we wanted to reverse that with radix by creating a developer environment that would 10x the productivity of developers The second is this idea that Ethereum isn't scalable isn't just because of its consensus It's also because it's execution environment the Ethereum virtual machine is like super super slow one of the biggest bottlenecks on the Ethereum network and is in turn one of the biggest bottlenecks on most Layer one plat projects apart from radix that are actually just adopted the EVM And so what we've done is we've created something called the radix engine Which are a hundred X is the execution efficiency versus the EVM and the last is is this massively scalable System of consensus that we've created That allows us to bring more than a thousand X scalability to decentralized finance without breaking this really important idea of Composability which is this ability to be able to compose together lots of applications all at the same time and have it Automically created or or fail which is actually driving huge amounts of DeFi liquidity today And unfortunately everyone else's approach breaks this really important aspect of DeFi scalability So in summary a public ledger built specifically for all of the problems that are currently faced by decentralized finance delivering 10x developer Productivity a hundred X DeFi execution efficiency in a thousand X DeFi scalability Okay, that sounds awesome. So let's try now to break down a little bit All all the stuff that you just said because there is a lot to unpack here As we know DeFi still has a lot of issues to deal with to to make it ready for mainstream adoption and I guess Radix is aiming to play an important role in this process of bringing DeFi to the mainstream So let's try to unpack this Project a little bit more. So we were mentioning Ethereum as having a series of problems One of these problems is the high transaction fees that we Experienced an Ethereum on the Ethereum network and that are still a major issue that are limiting the accessibility of the DeFi ecosystem so How would the Radix address this problem of high transaction fees on the Ethereum network? Yeah, so it's a really interesting problem like And it all comes down to congestion So the way that Ethereum works is that you pay a transaction fee is a bid on Getting the network to execute it and this has two problems the first is the number of people who are trying to get executions done and then the second is like how difficult those executions are to do so like This comes down to those two things I was talking about right a hundred X If Execution efficiency in a thousand X scalability you if you can make it easier for the nodes to execute You can get more executions, which means you can get more DeFi happening just for the same computational effort And the second is is you massively increase the scalability of the network So Radix created its own consensus algorithm called Cerberus, which is a cross-shard consensus algorithm Which allows linear scalability, which means as you add more nodes to the network You can increase the total throughput of the network So you get rid of this congestion issue Which is that congestion happens when there are as more people who want to do something on the network the network is able to process so Radix is both Increasing the amount the network is able to process and the speed at which it can process things And so once you get rid of those congestion issues the cost of fees Come down radically because suddenly you're not bidding against other people You're not competing against other people to get your transaction in a block instead There's always space for you to be able to execute which means that the cost of execution the cost of using the networks comes a Lot closer to the actual economic cost that it is for the for the node runners to be running these Processing processing these transactions and executing state So what Radix is to basically doing is creating a larger amount of capacity So that you have you think of it as a multi-lane highway You get a lot more cars down it and you increase the speed limit so that you can get more cars faster down it And that is essentially how we solve this this issue of congestion that is being faced by the Ethereum network today mm-hmm Great, so I see that so we already have some engagement from the audience. That's great. We see some questions coming up For example Hermes Radvocado is asking to you peers Do you think EVM apps go mainstream if they manage to scale them or do you think the buildability aspect will not allow that? So it's a really interesting question. So basically you saying like if I've written something in solidity If we get rid of the scale problem Because solidity compiles down into the Ethereum virtual machine and then the Ethereum virtual machine is what executes it on top of the public ledger So if we get rid of the scalability problem on Ethereum It are EVM applications still going to be able to go mainstream and like the answer to it is nuanced like With the Radix engine our execution environment isn't the same as Ethereum so there's this concept in Ethereum called Turing completeness Which basically means that it can execute any program that you want As long as you pay enough gas now, that's that sounds good But for critical systems you often don't want Turing completeness what you want is You want to be able to define all the states the system can be in and make sure that it can't get into error states Or it's very hard to get into error states This is what you do when you're building high criticality systems So if you're building a nuclear control system, you don't use a bunch of nested ifs You instead define the several states the system is allowed to be in and it can only transition to those states And it can't go into an error state And if you're building, you know a matching engine on the New York Stock Exchange you do the same thing You use this thing called a finite state machine and Radix's Language scripto compiles down to these programmable state machines Which means that it's able to execute a lot faster, but also much much more securely now That doesn't mean that you can't build using the EVM. It's just that as these systems mature You tend to see Developers move towards an environment that adds Guarantees that makes their life easier because it's not just a question of building the functionality It's that functionality then going on without having bugs and having problems later and being able to run in a high In a high reliability way so EVM's EVM built applications are just going to always be less performant and End up on average having more bugs. They can still go mainstream They're just these just why why would you want to push a financial application on something that is fundamentally less secure and Is more likely to go wrong in a high number of ways? And then from the buildability aspect point of view like scripto We have built scripto our programming language built specifically for decentralized finance application developers As a result of feedback that we've got over the last year from DeFi builders who are building using solidities today To get to this idea of a really easy to use language that allows you to build decentralized finance applications intuitively and Not have to worry so much about security and again like you can still build like Solidity-based applications if you want to it's just going to take you a lot longer to reach the endpoint And it's why languages like rust or go or swift are so popular versus something like C I can do everything that I want to in C That I can do in Swift or rust or go or or any of these languages But use but developers fundamentally gravitate towards the tools that make it easier to do their job And and that's what we're basically doing here We've been very careful to focus on the use case and giving people the best tools to be able to address that use case Thanks. So you you reply to that question quite exhaustively. So I think that the audience is is Getting very well informed about the properties of radix and How it plans to revolutionize the DeFi space? So talking about what happened recently yesterday We know that the Olympia main net the first version of radix public network is has gone live so congratulations first of all and Can you tell us more about the launch? Absolutely. So like I would say that radix is a is a road map Driven project like our whole goal is getting towards this This end state that we think the financial the the the the underlying Foundation of the global financial system of the future should look like and all of the things that need to be built to get there So Olympia is just the first milestone in that journey Olympia is our is our first main net release It's the first public network that radix has created that you can go and use it release our tokens You can go and start staking on the network. There's like 300 million Radix tokens available per year to anyone who stakes which are like current market value is about you know 40 40 50 million dollars per annum, which is you know fairly decent And you can also do things like simple transactions and stuff like that The first version of the network is not linearly scalable It is just to prove out our new consensus system our new security model and our new execution environment Then at the end of this year Alexandria goes comes to which is when we deliver our language our programming language scripto in a sandbox environment for developers to start building and testing out decentralized finance applications building off ledger and then next year Babylon is when that goes live when that comes on to the Onto the public ledger and D5 starts to be able to be built on top of radix and people start to be able to use it As well as our developer royalty system, which I'll talk a little bit about later And then the year after that will be when Sheehan goes live and we were able to deliver that sort of full linear scalability But it from my point of view This is this is the way that it's important to deliver like the first thing you need to deliver before you deliver full scalability Is proving that the system that you are building addresses a need like that that fundamentally you've Got at something that is easy to build with that is that is that you're able to innovate very quickly on And then later on expand out the complexity of the system to to address sort of a higher demand for the Network because if you look at all of these networks, they start off with a fairly low use base and then they just and then they go Exponential so the amount of usage that you need the throughput you need at the start earliest days is quite low and then the amount of throughput you need in 10 years is Is just is massively higher than anything that we're seeing today on any network because of where we're going like Finance we're on our way to to replace finance with a public decentralized ledger system That means that you're going to need millions of transactions per second But all of these things takes up time and so we're starting with usability and then going on to scalability Cool, and we're gonna talk about your roadmap more in details a bit later in the AMA But first we got another question from the audience So Sebastian Pereira is asking is radix using global balance or UTXO to track transactions It's a good question UTXO to track transactions And it's the only way that we think it is possible to do a fully state-sharded model for For being able to create a scalable system. So no, there's no global balance The only thing that's global on the radix network is the is your stake You're staking for sorry the stake balance of the nodes that are operating because the system is a proof-of-stake system everything else is is local UTXO Mm-hmm and and actually like this is a this is a really interesting like subject like technology debate around like balance-based systems versus UTXO and Like the Bitcoin way of doing things UTXO and the Ethereum way of doing things balance-based like there are there are strengths and weaknesses of both but generalizing UTXO for state transitions for finite state machines that have compiled down from a expressive language like scripto Is actually an incredibly efficient way of getting both a way of building great Products, but then having high guarantees about security and being able to shard State across a sharded network so that you can have scalability as well. So it's a great question and and and yes Everything is local Cool, we are we are having a lot of interesting questions today. So that's exciting I invite our audience to continue like that and ask any questions that come to your mind about even technical issues Technical details that you might be interested in about the radix so My first might my following question is actually Less what technical one but more related to this security aspect that radix is planning to solve It's less of a technical one, but let me ask you a really technical question. How do you do security? So we know that DeFi space has proven vulnerable to hacks and other security breaches which resultants in the loss of hundreds of billions of dollars in the last couple of years and So what is radix doing to solve the DeFi security issue? Right, which which I will keep I'll keep nice and I'll try and keep nice and high level So the issue with decentralized finance security is Really to do with how solidity forces you so okay, so really simple Let's let's start from further back solidity the language that Was created by the ethereum Foundation for building smart contracts on top of ethereum the approach that they took is they were like we're not sure What this language is going to be used for we don't know what the use case like what the killer application for public ledgers is back in 2014 when they were building the language So what we're going to choose is we're going to choose a language that is as close to the most popular Programming language in the world, which is JavaScript and so they went right we're going to take JavaScript because what we want is we want people to find this really easy to Pick up and to have the biggest pool of developers possible for this so But then then as they were adapting it They were realizing that well, it couldn't be like actual JavaScript. It had to be like this weird Changed version of JavaScript called solidity that was basically had to have lots of extra Concepts inside of it and couldn't have all of the functionality of JavaScript So and then they had to change how the language worked And so it's not actually JavaScript, but the syntax is kind of like JavaScript So it actually didn't end up being easy to pick up because you still have to learn a new language When you're even if you know JavaScript and then the other problem is is JavaScript is not a good language for building high-criticality Systems like if you went to the CTO of a neobank like Monzo or N26 or any of these new startup banks that are sort of like Fundamentally changing trying to change the consumer experience of banking and said hey I'd like you to build your core technology in JavaScript They they would kill you because it's not it's not the right tool for the job We have the advantage That we aren't launching in 2014 or 2015 We're launching in 2021 Where we've been able to watch the progression of the space from being like what is the purpose of public ledgers? We're not sure it could be logistics. It could be finance. It could be charity It could be something else right entirely to being very sure that Decentralized finance is probably the biggest killer application there is for for public ledgers For lots of really interesting reasons But like and we're seeing the start of real product market fit with with what's happening with DeFi like DeFi is over 100 billion dollars under management in just over a year. That's kind of crazy and so We we were able to go well What language would you want to use if you were going to build high-criticality systems? Well, you'd want to use a language that has several functions that would make it really easy For you to be able to build secure finance But specifically secure finance and make it intuitive to build secure finance And so that's what we've done with script. Oh, well, that's what we think we've done with script Oh, we'll find out at the end of this year And why we think it's fundamentally from a philosophical point of view and from a design point of view Why we think it's going to be a lot more secure to build on radix than it is going to be to build with something like Solidity because the starting point is correct for the application that it's being That's being addressed Mm-hmm. That's interesting So let's see if the if the audience has some questions on the security issue. Oh We have another question from From Sebastian Pereira who is asking are you read radix is using DPOS on the consensus algorithm? Does that mean the network is partially centralized? It's an interesting question like I I Love this debate it depends it depends how long how long you've been in the space is to like where you come in at this It's like if you're like a true Bitcoin a you're like everything's everything's everything centralized if you can't just have anyone Join without having to buy anything So We we we we chose DPOS, but it's not DPOS in the in the way that Things like EOS do it You can you can to be a node runner you can stake to your own node Or you can opt for your node to be able to have steak delegated to it as well And in the an Olympia It's the top 100 nodes by stake weight that get included in the consensus rounds Which means that they're the ones that earn the Fees and they get shared between the the node runner and the people who are delegating to that node runner And the node isn't actually under control of the stake that has been delegated to it The a person can just unstake and choose a different node if they want to And the only way that they could end up losing Money is if they if the node that they were staking to was dishonest and it got slashed in terms of centralization radix She out like on our roadmap. We have unlimited essentially unlimited nodes that can join the network But the first version of the network is limited to a hundred in the in the consensus rounds That doesn't mean that there has to be a limit of a hundred running on the network And it's quite easy to change, you know To to undeligate from your one node and redelegate to another Um, I think that that's the right balance for the first version of the network because sharding is actually a really complicated thing to do In terms of making sure that your state model your security model and your civil model work together So we're starting with this is just as just a way of making sure like test the things that you want to make sure are working well Validate them and then add the next layer of complexity atop on top And that's essentially what's going to happen over the next, you know, sort of year to two years Um, but no, I don't I don't think it particularly causes centralization I think what's more worrying is things like concentration of stake, which is a difficult problem Like with all proof of stake systems and you end up getting plutocracies if you do governance wrong and that's like a huge topic in and itself Um, but yeah, these are all questions that we are careful to debate internally We do want to make sure that the system is as decentralized as possible But we understand that fundamentally you have to make practical decisions to make sure that the system works for the use cases That it's addressing as well So there's always those balances between like ideal state system state And practical to sort of get to market state and I think we're hitting the right balances on that at each stage Mm-hmm. Yeah, that's interesting I feel that sometimes this concept of decentralization becomes a little bit of an idealistic debate and sometimes people Should pay more attention to the to the use case instead of following this ideal uh, ideal vision of perfect decentralization, which is Quite hard to realize in practice. I would say I do think it's something you shouldn't stop working towards though like fundamentally the that these public ledgers we want radix to be The foundation of the global financial system like if you want a network to be a public good essential to the world then you have to Think about it from the point of view of uh, I'm going to use a word that one of my developers hates One of my team hates me using which is anti fragilist because I use it in the wrong way But like you want these systems to be anti fragile You want these systems to be able to be resilient as much as possible and decentralization massively improves resilience And so I do think like working towards like the ideal state as much as you can is a good thing but You have to make sure that you're making practical decisions along the way because if you're building for the perfect end state But doing so means that you never launch or you never actually produce anything Then you you never end up getting there and something else ends up winning the debate that may be even worse. So like fundamentally Perfect decentralization is really difficult to achieve It doesn't mean that we aren't trying to work towards it But we aren't doing it at the expense of not actually delivering something that we think the market needs today Uh, under the under, you know, how how we are right now Yeah, it sounds like a quite a wise approach but my my following question is actually related to to this issue of decentralization because um As you said, I mean decentralization is what we are striving for Still, um, there is also a problem of regulation. So the decentralized space that is the defy space is still highly unregulated But not long ago. We have been witnessing some some movements. Uh, that are kind of Hinting at a stricter regulation coming soon. So the financial action task force Recently published new guidelines that if implemented will require decentralized protocols to implement KYC and AML procedures So the financial action task force is some sort of international task force that That's ensure a KYC and AML procedures are implemented in Within within the financial institution. So What what is your stance towards more stringent regulation being imposed on the defy ecosystem? And do you think it's even possible for a decentralized protocol to implement these? KYC and AML procedures Really good questions. Um so The starting point for me is that permissionlessness of these public ledgers is is paramount and the reason that it's paramount is because you The speed of innovation that is possible as a result of having a permissionless sandbox to try things out Has resulted in more innovation in the last 12 months in the defy space than the the financial sector has managed in the last 50 years And that is amazing and that is going to result in huge amounts of consumer Benefit that is going to result in better capital products that provide higher yields that are safer Now there's a lot bunch of stuff that happens in between That also is important like people having hacks and bugs and rug pulls and all this kind of stuff That's important because it teaches people how to build better more robust systems Like for exactly the same reason that open source software is more secure than proprietary software Because it's because it's been attacked It's available for people to play around with it and have a go And that's how resilience is built and that's how we build gonna build resilience in the financial system as well regulation Does not in and itself create better financial products. In fact, it has fundamentally stopped innovation In the space for a very long time because regulators are terrified about the potential of Of loss of funds, right? So I think the permissionlessness of these systems is really important for creating that sandbox for people to play around it And and have a go and create these innovations And I think a lot of the regulators are looking at it and going well the the consumer benefit is massively outweighing the consumer costs right now Although, you know, there are politicians like elizabeth warren who are sort of fundamentally having a go which is problematic As soon as you get these people soap boxing However To be able to Get the next wave of money into decentralized finance. There is this idea of It's not even a question of the financial protocols need to be regulated because if they're not it's a problem It's that there's a business reason that they need to be regulated to be able to offer Regulation systems in there because they're they're the potential clients you know funds And and even just normal businesses Can't The can't Reason about the the counter parties that they're dealing with Can't use d5 people like it's not that there aren't funds out there going wow I'd really like to use rv. There's loads of funds going like I'd really like to use rv 10 15 per annum on my stablecoin. Yes, please that sounds great And then can't use it because their council looks at rv and goes These are pools of funds that we have no idea who the counter party is so like how How can we put money in there because when we get it out? We have no idea who we've got the money from It's a smart contract. That's my counter party. Not an individual so It is absolutely possible to build permissioned applications on top of permissionless infrastructure And I think that permissioned and permissionless in applications living next to each other on top of these platforms Is a fantastic thing rv is doing it. They've just released rv pro Which means that to be able to use it you have to have k y c d a ml to be able to get into and get out of the The rv pro platform. It's the same code base as are they on top of ethereum It's on permissionless infrastructure But it is permissioned so that the larger capital providers in the market are still able to able to start to play That's a good thing. That is that is what we want now radix Has built like we realized that this was coming and like anyone who's reading the regulations Right now would see that these kind of things are coming. So what we did is we built insta pass and insta pass is a is a is a d-fi compliance tool That allows any d-fi developer who wants to build compliant d-fi on top of radix To integrate this insta pass into their d-fi application, which allows them to be a ml k y c compliant without having to build an entire regulatory stack themselves And from the user's point of view means that the user only has to do their ml k y c once and then can access many Applications that are integrating the same stack on the radix platform. So I don't I fundamentally believe that permissionlessness is is massively important and permissionless finance should continue to exist And shouldn't be regulated out of existence because without that we don't have the speed of innovation But fundamentally You need to give tools to developers because what I don't want to happen and what can happen if you if we don't get ahead of this Is that we regulate the small guy from actually being able to make innovations in the first place because building a compliance stack is really really expensive So instead of just building it for ourselves We built it as an api tool that anyone can use so that we can give people that advantage of being able to still be You know a guy in his dorm room or like a person who like a couple of friends who are just getting started To to still be able to compete in the space still be able to compete against the big financial players But but still then but then still be able to sit within the regulatory frameworks that are now being put in place by these big regulators And by the way the fact that this regulation is coming in Is a sign that defi is increasing its legitimacy in the space if if it was just thought to be a toy They wouldn't be regulating it, but now they're seeing how powerful this thing is They they're starting to bring in this regulation and fundamentally radix What we want you to always think is that there isn't that you have The edge in building on radix because we have tried to give you all of the tools to make your success as easy as possible Things like insta pass and being able to comply with regulation without having to build a regulatory stack yourself That's that's awesome. I think that this capacity of making a regulated and unregulated elements within the same protocol coexist. It's uh, uh It seems a very complicated endeavor and uh, I I'm looking forward to see what radix is going to be able to create in that respect Also, we have a question regarding regulation from estaban angeles He asking do you think regulations might hinder radix ability to grow? Uh, no, I don't I I think I think that it will hinder many of our competitors Um, but I think that our I think that our approach is fundamentally Designed to keep the barrier to entry for people who want to build on top of our platform as low as possible And maintain that pace of innovation Um, there's another question here, which is radix is gdpr compliant for a framework like yes, right? The the insta pass service is gdpr compliant like we built everything within the european union We've done everything according to the data rules uh that the european union stipulates under gdpr guidelines and like that was complicated But we made it work. Um, and so that was a really interesting piece of work as well. So, yeah yeah Okay, and uh, actually my following question is also related to to regulation to the way um These protocols are a kind of engaging with established business practices so In a move to style to cypher competition union swap recently used a business license Effectively restricting restricting the usage of its code. So before it was an open one Now it's not that open anymore because they want to prevent something like sushi swap to to come up again uh, so In case more defi protocols will acquire similar licenses that effectively prevent their code to be used uh So don't you think that the openness and the collaborativeness of the defi ecosystem will be undermined And what is radix stands towards this issue regarding business licenses? Yeah, it's a really interesting one. So like, um, and and union swap isn't the first one to do it. Like I think curve Also has done it. Um, though people are less aware of it. Um So I think that this sort of comes to the heart of one of the things that we that we sort of realized when studying the success of like the ethereum ecosystem versus the failure of things like eos Despite massive differences in in in in in money of resources that they had available ethereum actually didn't have a huge amount of resources um and the The thing that characterized the ethereum ecosystem early was the amount of developers who were sort of willingly giving their time to testing things out playing around with stuff building tools and open source um Code that they were giving away because it was like it was competitive It was competitive friendship Then and that was actually talked about a lot of this idea of helping each other out To because like there's so much to build and we can't all do it on our own So like let's let's open source and and let's give each other stuff and then Defi started to be much more about money. Like it went from being like this fun interesting Philosophical like area to like being much more like well, we can make serious money here and that's a good thing That's a good sensible transition from some points of view It became less fun for the sort of like the community developer though Because suddenly it wasn't it wasn't so much just like helping each other out and doing some experiments It's like my piece of code might make someone else extremely wealthy And I don't and I don't see any of that like and and in things like um public ledgers like you can't just Give you can't you can't be proprietary code And have people trust you have to be open source So there's this in there's this intense difference between open source or or at least open review code and and and not having people just like massively profit off you without it without you you getting um money so relics basically went What if we consult we work we can make this better Because all of the people who build the we build the tools that make it possible to build decentralized finance applications They're immensely important as the success of the ecosystem So what if we built on on the radix ledger? We built this concept of a of a github like repo Of libraries that have royalties attached to it and then we built the royalties so deeply into the ledger That's actually part of the fee system right So now on radix if you build a great Component or library that could be included into a decentralized finance application Your that component when it gets integrated into the decentralized finance application on top of the onto the various ledger A royalty comes from that to the developer if they choose to to to create a royalty Royalties come to the developer every time that is instantiated or used or depending on how you want to to create set up the system And we think this is really important because there's a difference between people who just want to implement stuff and people who want to Build businesses on the things on the code that's available And you see that in the traditional space as well like the people who build things like spotify or Transfer wise didn't like it built on a huge number of libraries built on other by other people They all they did is they stitched together in a certain way to create their business And so what radix has done has created this system of developer royalties That flowed directly from the use of the systems on top of our platform So that there is an incentive to continue to be a member of the radix ecosystem to continue to Contribute to the radix ecosystem Because if the radix ecosystem is successful and what you create is useful Then you will get you'll get rewarded for that you will get paid for that But based in proportion to how successful or useful the thing you create is which creates a marketplace Between people who just want to like build code for a weekend like play around with things or or like actually just build Tools for people and people who want to build systems that have Customers and that have to deal with customer support and community management and all of that extra sort of like stuff That is complicated and difficult on top of just building code Now coming back to the uni swap v3. I think that is I think that's just a A Example of where They're that the incentives don't work in the in the ethereum ecosystem anymore And we think this approach Can can massively improve it doesn't mean that people can't do something like the uni swap v3 model And I do think it's anti competitive, but I also think that it's sort of going to happen We're not trying to step inside that we're just saying here's a marketplace That allows the community to pay back or pay it forwards for people who are helpful That are people who are who are useful within the radix ecosystem to help people build great decentralized finance applications And we think that that can create a fantastic feedback loop between decentralized finance applications as developers and people want to build Builds and businesses on these systems and people who are just like in the community for the fun and the code and just Want to like build shit, but don't really want to build massive products on top of it Cool. So that sounds like an exciting method to make developers stick around and Build some sort of loyalty to the radix ecosystem also, I think an important point here to discuss is the Is the interoperability issue so As we know the interoperability is one of the main features of of defy one of the Most exciting aspects of defy So we have a question from the audience They are who is asking um, how is radix bringing or improving interoperability within the defy world That's a really interesting question. So, um Interoperability can be defined at like lots of different levels like do you mean interoperability between decentralized finance applications? Or do you mean interoperability between ledges? Or do you mean interoperability between traditional finance and decentralized finance or new finance? Whatever we want to call it Radix has several approaches to all of those So like interoperability between decentralized finance applications We have this concept of of components and blueprints that allow that that push Towards a much more standardization of the ways in which you build decentralized finance applications It's not prescriptive and saying this is how you should But if a standard emerges it means that it's it gets adopted much more quickly in our ecosystem Which we think will mean that you have financial applications that Decentralized finance applications that are much easier to compose together a lot of people don't realize this But composing together uniswap and ave and ave and compound And compound and make it out is actually quite difficult like the the interfaces are not the same There's no real standardization of it So like actually from a developer's point of view or a user's point of view it still sucks a little bit Radix Blueprint component catalog system is likely to make that interoperability a lot better So making it easy for these decentralized finance applications to talk to each other and work with each other next level up interoperability between ledges There's lots of ways to do this we started we're starting with something called insta bridge Which is just a way of bringing tokens and coins from other ledgers onto the radix ledger You can think of it as like, you know, like ren's version of wrapped btc But for many more tokens That's or that that's being launched next week for the ex rd to x rd bridge But will be expanded out to many more tokens beyond that over the next like few months Next level above that like these idea of permissionless bridges that allow calling So like a good example of something like nears rainbow bridge on ethereum between ethereum and nea That starts to get a bit more complicated But it's trying to bring these two ledgers closer together so that you can make calls out from from for example the radix system to The ethereum system get something get the state back and then bring it back that is You know going to take a bit more time to develop But it's something that if the if the ecosystem and if the users need it If there's good reasons to build it then we will make sure that that happens early in the in the roadmap And then building bridges between the traditional financial sector and and our platform Things like insta pass and our single sign-on defy Compliant solution things like giving giving tools for it making it easy for traditional systems to talk to our system via api All of that stuff is also in the works as well but you know the Interoperability isn't one thing It's and it and it also really depends on like whether or not you mean like interoperability of assets or interoperability of Or just being able to talk to each other and understand state or if you need like it Or if you mean something like a lot deeper than that in terms of being calls being interoperable. So like it's it's um It's something that will take some time to build out completely on radix, but we're already starting Awesome. So, uh, I think we it's a good time to start wrapping things up. So We I mean, there are a lot of other aspects to discuss much more in-depth Unfortunately, we don't have enough time now to cover all those But I invite people if they are curious about radix to check out the website Um, which I believe is radix D l t dot com. That's right.  Uh, I think we got it also in the description below. No, we don't but yeah, uh That's that was the uh, that was the address so Um, and also come like come join our telegram community. It's awesome. There's loads of amazing people there Come learn about radix come join our twitter. There's lots of news that comes out on twitter That's breaking. So like that's where you want to be And discord if you're a developer and you want to get a bit more technical That's where all of the uh team that can answer your more technical questions like running nodes and stuff like that Run uh are living as well Awesome. So pierce. Do you have any more things that our audience need to know about radix that you want to let them Let them know as a closing remark Sure. So the the we've launched our main net. We're going through what's a two week bootstrapping period And then after that two week bootstrapping period the uh staking Rewards start if you want to come and stake To secure the network and get part of the 300 million Xrd that are available for people who are staking on the network Now is a good time to start getting involved start our website start in our community and they'll help you out Super easy to stake on the radix network. You can just use our desktop wallet to do that Which is also compatible with hardware wallets And like just generally like if if this sounds cool and you're not completely convinced Like come come ask questions in our community. There's lots of really cool people. I saw some questions around You know, what like what about you versus cardano? What about you versus? polka dot like what about you versus ethereum 2.0 like these are great questions come ask them We've we've we've we've done lots of conversations around this. There's lots of great resources available for that So like yeah, come get involved. Love to see you in the community at some point Yeah, actually I was very excited to see so much involvement in the discussion Thanks a lot to everyone watching and for the great question. It was super interesting Thank you for thank you peers to come on uh on our show today with us And looking forward to to follow your project further I'm Giovanni your host And uh, don't forget to like the video and subscribe to our channel. See you next time Thank you very much Giovanni


It's a capital start-up with a 2-0 win. How was it to be back to winning ways? Yeah, great, yeah. I think we've all missed that fade-in. We haven't had that in a little while. We've had a bit of a dip in form, but today to come here and bounce back in front of this home crowd, it was brilliant. Everyone's buzzing in there. It's a good reaction from the past games. So we come here with underdog mentality and I think we showed that today. We got in the first season and put it on him. Very happy, you know. It's a good Friday. It's a good Friday and there's a good win over the moon. I think the boys played really well. I mean, we haven't been as best as we could been over the last few weeks, but I hope today shows the fans that we're working towards something and today was a step in the right direction and then performance that the fans deserve. You should help defend this thing. Clean sheet as well, please. Yeah, buzzing. Clean sheet is all you can ask for, especially when we've been seeing it as many as we have been. But again, it just shows that what we are working on with the gaffer and it's coming out in each game and hopefully we can come from here, isn't it? But yeah, good clean sheet, back three, back five. The whole team was, to a man, was excellent. I mean, when this place is down somewhere, there's not many, there's no better place to play in league than Valley Parade, so like I say, if we can keep giving results like this and keep fighting, it's not always easy, but as long as we keep fighting and show our character and our charisma, hopefully we can want to finish the season well. So, and for yourself, you sort of get into a game, aren't you playing? How good is that for you to get so many minutes from Gabriel again? Yeah, yeah.  It was a long, four months, but I stayed close to God and it paid off. It didn't look like it in the first few games, but yeah, I feel better, stronger and it was a shame to be away from the boys for so long and to be away from playing the game that I love, but I'm buzzing, buzzing to be back. I mean, without you for the last two games you were on international duty, but to come back, score straight away in your first game, but I can't please you, is that for you? Yeah, definitely, yeah, great confidence, but it's not about me today, it's about the team. And to get three points today was huge for us, it was huge for our component and hopefully it can give us a good portion to finish the season off well. Just touch on Bobby's goal, some strike, what's it like from your point of view being on the pitch there and watching it? So I would have been fuming if he missed, because I was outside and screaming for the ball, but as soon as he hit it, I knew it was in. I said I played the ball around the corner, he's front of the man, he took it and it was left foot, and as soon as he hit it, I knew it was there. I knew it was going in, it was a great strike and it was a better view from behind it. Yeah, yeah, I'm buzzing it with down at that end, I've been waiting for that, yeah I just took it on outside of my left and I thought I'm hitting this and then I had to go and obviously if you don't have a goal, you don't score, so I went in. What's the initial feeling when you see that sort of come off and it rattles into the top corner, what are you thinking as you're peeling away that corner? To be honest, I couldn't even tell you. Everything's going through my head, like it's just mental. So as soon as I've seen it go in, I thought I'm running off here and celebrating, so yeah, I went over to the fans a few I-fives and everything, you know, getting me involved. Still a number of games left, like you said there.  How will you look forward to the next game and it being just literally there on? Yeah, definitely, I think. That was probably something we, I don't know how they killed us, I couldn't tell you, but we went on a good little run and they made a few games, you know, called off and I don't know how that maybe played a factor on us dropping a bit of form, but there's no excuses from us. Last few weeks haven't been good enough and we know that ourselves and like I said, we came out today and we wanted to give a reaction to the fans and we managed to do that. Yeah, yeah, we've got a lot of games and a lot of opportunities to show what we can do. So as long as we keep showing what we can do and build on this platform, we couldn't be happier, isn't it? Hopefully putting more goals in the setting for you but throughout the game, even before the goal, the fans were chanting your name, what's your special feeling about hearing everyone sing it? Yeah, yeah, it's something real. Obviously, I refer myself so I've been in there and I've been the supportive one so I'm glad I'm getting the support I give when I was younger.