Give the people what they want. Give the people what they want. Give the people what they want. Your weekly movement news round up. Give the people what they want. Your weekly movement news round up. I must say, that's our new opening and I hope you like it. Last week on Give the People What They Want, I said that we are going to surprise you with something. That's our surprise. It's our new opening. You're listening too on the 13th of August. Give the people what they want. Coming to you from people's dispatch and from Globetrotter. Today, you just get the pleasure of Zoe Alexandra and myself, Vijay Prashant. We're missing Prashant today. The world is wracked by corruption. The world is wracked by all kinds of great dilemmas and yet the government of India decides that they are more interested in interrogating or questioning journalists than it is in dealing with the primal issues of hunger, the primal issues of the climate catastrophe, the primal issues of war and so on. So Prashant is a guest of the Indian government as far as we are concerned today and he is not here. Our anchor, co-anchor and friend is sitting somewhere answering questions. That's why today, friends, on give the people what they want, coming to you from Globetrotter and people's dispatch, it's just Zoe and I. It's also Fidel Castro's birthday. So that's a good thing. The old man would have been, I believe, 96 years old today. One of the key figures in the battle of ideas to help shape how people understand events in the world. Fidel Castro, of course, you know, the key leader of the Cuban Revolution, one of the key participants in constructing a socialist dynamic for the Cuban people, all 11 million of them. Cuba in the middle now of a great social crisis, of course, deeply misses the presence of people like Fidel Castro. There are other Fidel Castro's in development, but that person is no longer with us. It's his birthday today. Happy birthday, Fidel. Zoe, I think it's a good place to move from Cuba to Peru because Peru has a new government. President Pedro Castillo is in the House of Pizarro as the government house is known in Lima in Peru. Have I had the pleasure and privilege of standing just outside the House of Pizarro? Many years ago, what is happening, Zoe, with the Peruvian government, the new government of President Pedro Castillo? Well, you know, as we have seen over the past couple of months, on June 6th, the elections were held in Peru, very contentious unnecessarily, although Pedro Castillo won. It took about two months for the electoral authorities in Peru to certify his victory. And you know, the whole time there was kind of the question, okay, it's likely that they're going to declare Pedro Castillo the victor in these elections, but what is going to happen in a country that has been dominated by neoliberal conservative rule, you know, that had a dictatorship into the 2000s? What is going to happen in a country like this that's so kind of polarized between the elites and the masses? What is going to happen when this government takes office? A government that has been openly, you know, anti-neoliberal has said that it wants to nationalize a lot of key industries of the country, has said that it will, you know, go after these elites, accused of corruption that have been involved in all sorts of crimes of the elite class, which we know to have, you know, run Peru's economy into the ground, created one of the most unequal countries in the region, and now we have seen what is going to happen when a government that is so, you know, against the interests of elites come to power. And this week, basically the attorney general of Peru opened up investigations into three members of the Free Peru Party, two of them who are part of the government.  You know, we have this foreign minister. And so Guido Bellido, who is the prime minister and who is, you know, part of the Free Peru Party, a Marxist-Leninist, Vladimir Serroun, who's the leader of the Free Peru Party, have been, are being investigated for, you know, allegedly supporting terrorism and they're being investigated for links to the shining path in Peru. And so I think what's really interesting to highlight here is, you know, this is what happens when a party that is against the establishment comes to power. And, you know, as we've seen in other countries, in Ecuador, in Brazil, the elites will use these branches of government where they still have power, so the judiciary, to try to take these governments out of power. So, you know, they obviously, this isn't against the president. These are against government, you know, officials. There was a lot of backlash when Guido Bellido was appointed prime minister saying, you know, he's too leftist. How can this be the person who's appointed? And now they're also using this investigation to show that he's unfit for the role. So, you know, it's unclear what kind of evidence they might be pulling up in this investigation. What kind of, you know, what real, like, tangible evidence they'll try to use against them. We know what they're capable of. I mean, we know that, for example, Keiko Fujimori is actually accused of crimes of money laundering and corruption. She has yet to see the prison. I think it's just interesting to highlight these discrepancies in a country where there are so many elites that are accused of corruption, of stealing the money from the Peruvian people. And yet it's these new government ministers and with what they represent to the Peruvian people and to the Peruvian elites who are, you know, facing the brunt of the judiciary. So, Pedro Castillo, after a long period of time, is designated president of the country. He has the authority and right by the Constitution to put forward a cabinet. He's put forward a left-of-center cabinet, as you said. In fact, wow, the foreign minister makes a declaration that Peru is going to pull out of the Lima Group and therefore no longer illegally go after Venezuela and so on. A very interesting development coming from Peru, from San Lucia, other countries saying we don't want any part of the Lima Group, which, as I've said many times, Zoe should be better named the Ottawa Group. And we're going to come back to Ottawa later in the show because Canada is very much in play, I think in the news now, particularly for us. So the Peruvian government does all these things and then they try to undermine the government. It's very interesting. I mean, government is how old, just a few weeks old and yet all these attempts to delegitimize the government take place immediately. So much for democracy. Is that something to say or is that too much of an editorial statement? So much for democracy. Zoe, the great American US writer Kurt Vonnegut had a phrase he used to use, so it goes, so it goes. I suppose we should end many of our stories with so it goes. Here comes Pedro Castillo, legitimate president of Peru. They're trying to undermine him, so it goes. Well, so it goes in Afghanistan where the Taliban itself a coalition of diverse but hard right forces rushing to take the major cities of Afghanistan, one city after the other. Stunningly, the Afghan state or whatever has been built up with the assistance of the United States and the British government and others. The Afghan state unable to stem the rapid rush of the Taliban through provinces where it doesn't have a social base. For instance, in northern Afghanistan, Taliban making rapid advances. News reports came last night. I spoke to a colleague in Kandahar who said to me that Kandahar I think is now under the Taliban rule. Turns out that was a premature statement. On the other hand, Kandahar and the southern cities are in a social base where the Taliban actually has quite great support. The real place to keep an eye on is Mazar-e-Sharif, the city in the north, just south of the Central Asian republics, just south of the Amudaria, the major river of the north. Mazar-e-Sharif is likely to fall to the Taliban very soon. They're making again very quick advances. Such quick advances that the British government has decided to send 600 troops to essentially evacuate British personnel from Kabul. This is a great surrender of the West in the face of the Taliban's onslaught. There's no other way to look at it. The United States, of course, tried aerial bombardment of cities in the north to prevent Taliban movements, but they are not being successful. The Taliban has built up the capacity to overrun the country. There should be some concern about this because, yes, the West is being historically defeated. This is another Vietnam, but this time it's not the National Liberation Front. It's not the Viet Minh. It's not the communists that are coming to power. It's the hard right. And the Taliban, they are not good fellows. I feel uncomfortable ending this segment with So It Goes, Zoe, because So It Should Not Go. Now, the question, what are the alternatives? What might happen? I've been speaking with Pakistani leaders from the northwest frontier provinces and the people's dispatch and globetrotter. Next week, most likely, I'll run an interview with Mohsin Dawar of the PTM, a party of the Waziristan area. Mohsin Dawar making the point that the Pakistani government must stop supporting the Taliban. The grandson of the great leader of the Khudai Khitmadgarhs, Badshah Khan, his grandson, now a leader of a major political party, the Awami Party in the northwest frontier region of Pakistan, also saying he wants the Pakistani government to stop meddling. Well, both the grandson of Khudai Khitmadgarh leader Badshah Khan, Wali Khan's descendant, both he and Mohsin Dawar making the point that a Taliban government in Kabul is going to exacerbate tensions in Waziristan. It's going to create more chaos. These are men of the left, Mohsin Dawar and so on. These are people who have a socialistic orientation. They don't want a hard-right government in Afghanistan. We're in very, very perilous state looking at the great Hindukush knot, that region of Afghanistan, Central Asian states and so on. The descent into chaos that took place about 30 years ago continues. There is a straight line between U.S. funding of the Mujahideen in the 1990s and what we see today. You know, ghastly elements led by Gulbuddin Hekmatiar, Buruddin Rabani and so on. Those elements continue in today. It's not enough to look at this from the perspective of the U.S. must withdraw. The U.S. must not withdraw and so on. The U.S. policy has destroyed a lot of the potential in Afghanistan and as reporters, as people who follow these things, we're constantly on the lookout for humane politics in Afghanistan. Those social forces exist. I interviewed Heela Najibullah, the daughter of the last left-leaning president of Afghanistan, Mohamed Najibullah. She told me that there are lots of forces that exist but they sit underground. They're too scared to put their heads above ground. After the United States tried to fashion a government in 2001, the same thing was said by these social forces. The more left-leaning humane people said they were too scared because the U.S. government colluded with the Mujahideen's descendants in the Loya Jirga and so on. Not allowing women to have a real role. It was all lip service. We're in a difficult state for Afghanistan. We'll be keeping an eye on this from Globetrotter from people's dispatch because this is an important story, the story of Afghanistan. Now, talking about the West and its intervention in other countries. For a long time, there's been great consideration, great worry about Saudi Arabia's war prosecuted alongside United Arab Emirates in Yemen. Saudi wars in other countries as well. There's been a political attempt to stop arms sales from Canada to stop arms sales from the United States to stop arms sales from the United Kingdom. A lot of political pressure in these countries, BAE systems, not to sell a sophisticated weaponry to the Saudis being used against largely defenseless Yemeni people and so on. Justin Trudeau fashions himself, of course, is a great champion of liberalism. Canada once more in the spotlight wanting to arm the Saudis. What's going on there, Zoe, with Justin Trudeau, Saudi Arabia and weapons? Well, yes, our darling Justin Trudeau has once again revealed himself to really be nothing more than this kind of liberal facade because really what he's been doing in Canada, in their foreign policy, but also domestically, has been really continuing the conservative agenda. I think the case of the weapons sales to Saudi Arabia is really telling just about this real facade of what Canada's role is in the international stage. You mentioned the Lima Group should really be called the Ottawa Cartel. Canada is the second largest arms exporter to Saudi Arabia after the United States, and these arms have been used in Saudi Arabia's war against Yemen. And just to remind people, the war against Yemen is a humanitarian catastrophe that has been recognized by all international bodies. The UN has stated that more than 80% of the country's population is dependent on international humanitarian aid. However, Canada halted their weapons sales to Saudi Arabia at one point after the assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi in 2018, and then they resumed them in 2020 saying that there was no substantial risk to human rights violations taking place. So I think this is interesting, just given the sense that we know that it's a humanitarian catastrophe in Yemen, we know the numbers, we know that there are millions of people who have been displaced who are starving, who are suffering from Mount Nutrition. Air strikes have been carried out in civilian locations. Really, the reports from Yemen are truly harrowing. And Canada, which does champion itself as defender of human rights of the more calm, cool-headed, law and order internationally, as opposed to its counterpart in a lot of ways, the US, is really not going by their alleged morals. So I think it's quite tragic just because the offensive against Yemen continues. Yemenis continue to demand that countries like Canada, countries like the United States, do nothing more than stop weapons sales, stop the blockade of Yemen, not only is it being bombed, but there's also blockade in their ports. And even within Canada, rights groups have been demanding that the government stop these weapons sales. They've been mobilizing and telling the government to respect these values, and it has not done that. So just another blunder on the record of Justin Trudeau, as we've reported in prior episodes, it's also dealing domestically with this quite horrific issue of the mass graves of indigenous people, of indigenous children in residential schools. So when we're speaking about Canada, we must remember that this country is also involved in imperialist crimes, both at home and abroad. You're listening to give the people what they want. If you joined us from the beginning of the show, you would have seen that we now have a fantastic opening montage of our voices and so on with a drawing of our logo and it looks lovely and happy that we have it. Of course, it has the voice of Zoe, of me, Vijay, Zoe from People's Dispatch, me, Vijay from Globetrotter, and the voice of Prashant from People's Dispatch. Prashant is not here today because as I mentioned at the top of the hour, Prashant is a guest of the Indian government as we are on air, key co-anchor of the show. Well, here we go. We have a new report from the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Before I get to that report, friends, terrible forest fires across the Mediterranean, you would have seen the forest fire reports from Turkey, horrendous fires, not known to people in that region. Of course, Mr. Erdogan, who comes himself from a part of Turkey where it is famous for the production of tea, Mr. Erdogan decides to go to the people distressed by the forest fires and gives them packets of tea, sashes of tea, reminding me of when Mr. Trump, then president of the United States, went to Puerto Rico, which struggled with the aftermath of a hurricane and took roles of paper towels and threw it at people. As if to say, here, look what we're giving you, paper towels for a hurricane. Mr. Erdogan, here is tea bags for the forest fires, similar kind of attitude, callous attitude to people. Well, in the Kabil region of Algeria, we get reports now that about 69 people have been killed in the forest fires which are devastating Algeria. 25 of them are armymen who went up there to try to fight the fire. It's staggering what is going on in the Mediterranean region. The whole basin is being taken hold of by these forest fires that stretch from Turkey at one end and Greece across the Balkans into Italy, Spain, Algeria. It's a very devastating thing. Well, why are these things occurring? The new intergovernmental panel on climate change, the IPCC, which last reported in 2013, has released a devastating report. In this report, the 234 internationally acclaimed scientists. Listen, friends, the IPCC is a body of 234 internationally acclaimed scientists who come to the evidence with a clear-headed sense of where we are. They've looked at the data. They looked at models in 2013. They already warned that the planet was in great peril. In 2021, in their new report, they say that time is running short because we're going to live with a hell on Earth. The phrase from the climate scientists and other different kinds of scientists is that we will live in hell on Earth.  They say that we will peak at 1.6 degrees Celsius above pre-industrialization levels shortly after 2050. This is catastrophic already that by 2050, I want to remind you, we are in 2021. That means that in nine years, we'll be in 2030. In 29 years, we will be at 2050. In 29 years, the life of a young adult, in 29 years, the planet will have warming above 1.5 degrees centigrade. This is catastrophic, but they also say under the current emissions, very high emissions scenario, warming would reach 3 degrees Celsius by 2060. 3 degrees Celsius in 39 years and then by 2011, by the year 2100, it could get to 5.7 degrees centigrade at this rate. Friends, consider this. We are worried about the 1.5 degree threshold. They are now telling us in the year 2100, it could get to 5.7 degrees Celsius. 5.7 degrees Celsius is the annihilation of human beings. This is the annihilation of most of life on the planet Earth.  Forecast by the scientists, looking at available data by the year 2100. Now you might say they are being alarmist and so on. They are being alarmist on the other hand. What are we looking at? The evidence is in Algeria. The evidence is in Turkey. The evidence is in models that show extreme heat waves, catastrophic floods, rapid melting of arctic ice and the permafrost. Heat waves, experienced now, record heat waves around the world. Catastrophic flooding. We saw this in Germany. We saw this in China. Catastrophic flooding, rapid melting of the arctic ice and permafrost. They are now telling us, and I have not been there to see it with my own eyes, but they are telling us that you can circumvent the arctic waters without an ice cutter ship. The prow of an ordinary large ship can crack through the ice. The ice is weakened, deeply weakened, existentially weakened. The ice is facing an existential threat. This is a very serious issue for the planet, very, very serious. I hope that governments around the world take this seriously. Meanwhile, the administration of Mr. Joe Biden has informed the organization of petroleum exporting countries to increase oil production. The IPCC report comes out. The first statement from the Biden administration to the oil exporting countries is increase oil production, because we want to keep prices of oil down so that the pandemic recession that's taking place will be circumvented. Bear this in mind, friends. We've got this report from 234 climate scientists endorsed by the UN protocols of various kinds of the other. We have this report which says be careful, we can be extinct by 2100. The United States government says pump more oil. Tell me what you think about that. Give the people what they want from people's dispatch and globetrotter. We love to hear from you. We love to hear what you think about the stories we do. Time to move now to Guatemala. Now, in Havana, Cuba protests have taken place on July 11th. The United States government comes out on July 12th and says overthrow the government. The government says the United States. Meanwhile, since July 29th thousands of people in Guatemala have been protesting demanding the resignation of the president. Zoe, what's happening in Guatemala and why hasn't the Biden administration called for a regime change in Guatemala? Yeah, I mean actually one of the things just to circle back to a couple months ago when Kamala Harris vice president of the United States was in Guatemala. What she did tell Guatemalans was don't leave your country. Don't try to make the journey. Don't migrate. Just want to start with that. Right now in Guatemala, people have been on the streets because they want to make their country better. They don't want to leave their country. However, the conditions are truly challenging. Right now, COVID cases have multiplied by at least four times in the past couple of weeks. You know, as we know in many global South countries, the official numbers on COVID cases nowhere. Not even close match the actual reality. I mean just in terms of testing infrastructure a lot of times people have to pay for a test. They're not available at most locations. Very, very limited. But from the information and the data we do have COVID cases have been up a momentous amount. People are angry because of the COVID situation. They're also angry because corruption, which has been a constant in Guatemalan politics for the past couple of decades. Once again, as at the four the Juan Francisco Sandoval who was part of the special prosecution against impunity investigating corruption was dismissed by the government. He's now facing threats to his life. He's now facing a mission to investigate corruption among government officials. As we know eight months ago people were out on the streets of Guatemala also very angry about corruption. Several members of the government including the president himself members of his cabinet have been implicated. They've been accused of siphoning COVID funds. They've been accused of cutting health and education in sectors of the public budget where it's really needed and using these funds for other purposes. People have been mobilized for the past couple of years in a constant process of demanding that the government be held accountable. They're demanding that in Guatemala the people can elect a government that is not going to take the money away from the people and towards their own pockets. Once again we're seeing great unity on the streets of Guatemala peasant organizations, indigenous organizations, youth trade unions who are all on the streets demanding the resignation of President Alejandro Diometi who once again is at the focus of representing by dismissing this person who was investigating government corruption and not doing anything to guarantee that there is kind of a transparent process. It's just once again showing to the people that they don't really care about getting to the bottom of this they don't really care about assuring that the people's needs are met, that the public budget is being used to guarantee the people their rights. This is a story in a lot of countries in Latin America this isn't something the U.S. really cares about the U.S. cares that these governments are able to keep their people under control that they don't migrate. What they don't understand is that people are migrating or they do understand it but they don't choose to acknowledge this people are migrating because in their countries when the governments are corrupt when they are not responding to these of the people they can't survive. So the people have been on the streets demanding the resignation of Alejandro Diometi but also the dismantling of this corrupt class of politicians in Guatemala that has ruled the country for the past couple of decades and I think they're going to continue with the road blockades and mobilizations in the coming days. We have J.M.T. in Guatemala we have Ivan Duque in Colombia we have mass demonstrations in these countries no word about regime change there meanwhile today is Fidel Castro's birthday they want to overthrow the Cuban revolution interesting times we live in friends you've been listening to give the people what they want coming to you from people's dispatch Zoe here today Prashant absent for reasons I've already talked about I'm Vijay from Globetrotter it's tempting to end the show with those immortal words from Kurt Vonnegut well so it goes


Okay, so yeah, Warlords here. Yep, don't know what to say about that one. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome back to the channel. My name is Jack the Buster, I'm Shinobi. We have episodes 411 and 412 for our One Piece Watch today, and like I said in the last one, we were introduced to yet another Warlord of the Sea, Boa Hancock. The Snake Princess, Impress, whatever you want to call her. And she is insanely powerful, a little bit ego too. And they say the most beautiful in the world, and I gotta attest, they might be right. She might give Nami and Robin a run for their money. We're gonna hop into it, see what's going down, see if we can maybe check in with all the other straw adds, because we still don't even know where they are, if any of them maybe have landed here as well. If you're new to the channel, drop us up and hit that big blue bell, and let's get started. That's a cool entrance for the ship. So, the other pirates, I'm guessing, understand like what a man is and what not, because they didn't seem shocked about the military and everything. I'm guessing it's because they are pirates, they go out and see the world. Those are like what, I'm guessing that Amazon Lilians want to grow up and be, yeah, the role models. They got an entire red carpet, bro, ain't no way. This is the three Gorgon sisters, is, I'm guessing, Boa Hancock and her two sisters. God! Damn! Oh my goodness gracious. Rindo Daisy, Rindo kind of finds you, this place rocks! Marigold and Sandra Sony are the two sisters, yeah. She just loves that praise. Are these, wait, are these like monkeys? Like giant apes? Yeah, monkey carriage. Surely, oh, she can tell she's lying. She can tell. Damn, that's a good haul. Oh wait, they took from the Navy ship, I forgot. She got a hat! Now the Kooja pirates are kind of cracked, or maybe it's just Boa Hancock. Oh, oh, there's Nyon-ni books. The newspaper about Ace. Dude, word has to reach Luffy about that eventually. Ooh, pretty. Damn, the bar is high for her. Wait, yeah, what? Is that a doll? Oh no, she's gonna, oh no. The children made it too? She's gonna say it's a disgrace. Oh, that's so sweet though. Oh, they got the fit right in everything. Oh no. Ugh, bro, I feel mad and comfortable around her.  Ever since I met her, I can tell she ego. Now, would I let her step on me? That's still up in the air. Defense warriors, oh, yeah, cause they're all after Luffy. So there is a special squad just for defense.  I mean, she's not wrong. Damn, that's bold of them to lie to her, but it must be a big deal if they do find a man. I wonder why they would lie and they wouldn't just tell her the truth if there's a man here. Like, wouldn't they want her to know everything about what's going on on the island? God, dude, that just seems like a... Oh my God, it's not a regular arrow. That hat has been through so much. He can't even swim either. They're gonna have to give up. I can't believe a warlord's here, bro. Oh my God. Onion! Oh, is she not allowed in? Yeah. Oh my gosh. Ooh, is she talking back to her? I feel like she's gonna tell her about Luffy. She'll be the only one to tell her. Is she like the village elder? Like, is she gonna be in trouble with her? You have to go as a warlord. Isn't she inherently endangering this whole island by not going? Is there safe because she's a warlord? What?! Is she just trying to garner sympathy? There's no way she's scared. The whole place is protected by that. Yeah, they have an inherent security system being the calm belt. To get past sea kings. There wouldn't be any safety anymore. Dude, it's no wonder she went to that first meeting where Doflamingo and Kuma showed up. Yeah, she wanted nothing to do with that. I don't know, this place seems pretty strong. I feel like they could withstand any enemies. Says you! Can she tell the future? 200% as I'm impossible! Is she painting on the ball? Go! Oh my gosh. It's so specific. Mommy's angry. Good gesture.  They're just out! They're in my way, man. Oh, ex-empress. Damn. She's the people. Oh. Excessively looking down on others. So she used to be empress. Oh! Damn! You win. Is she gonna go? I don't think that's what she meant. No. Oh my gosh. Go in there! Oh my gosh. She plays them like it's nothing. Holy. Got this whole place wrapped around her finger. I feel like Neon's gonna become a bigger part of the picture. Like she'll find Luffy and he'll explain things. And she'll explain things about this place. She understands how important it is that she keep her title. Just threw her out. Oh, damn. Neon kinda agile. The what? I can't... Is it a whole ritual? I wanna see her fight like a hand-to-hand type combat. What posts do they take up for her bathing? For their bath? Oh, is that the bath house? She goes to an entire place for it? Oh, it's like security?  How do you explain this to a child? I would love to hear the answer to this, yeah. Oh, there's a secret. For me! Oh, like Medusa. Is it like when she bathes, that power is active? Oh, they defeated what was Medusa. Oh, damn. Oh. This could be like an old wives' tale, though, too. Oh, that's so creepy. Yeah, so it's to protect people. Are we sure that's not just a rumor? I don't see any eyes. Oh.  Like, she's just so beautiful. Her beauty, without clothes, is killer. Oh! But like I said, I feel like that could also be an old wives' tale. Like, they're lying. Luffy's just on this entire misadventure. Oh, no. Are these snakes just chilling out here? Those look like the types that belong to people. Oh, it's theirs. Oh, yeah. Oh, my. How, Luffy? It just takes a little bit of pain and he runs vertically? Imagine he tries to take her ship. Oh, my gosh. Yeah, the little marks from the snakes. There's no guards up here. Oh, no shot. The thing is, he also doesn't know that she's a warlord. How will I navigate? Yeah. True. It's gonna be a very long, difficult process. A ride. Yeah. The thing is, it seems like it's safe because they're pirates, but I don't know. Oh, no shot. Go into tall building.  Important person tall building. Which one is this? Yeah, what happens if she sees them? Is this her house? Oh, it is. Oh, my gosh. He fell in the bath. Oh, my gosh. Luffy, it's like a foot deep, I think. Oh, my gosh. Oh, my gosh. Safe. Where is she? Oh, my gosh. Huh? Where are the eyes? She is not gonna be happy. Oh, there is something on her back. Oh, shoot. Seems familiar. Brother, what? Huh? Okay, so there's a little bit more to this than we previously thought. But I don't think it's eyes. I think it's something else. I feel like that's just what they tell people so that they don't have to tell them what's actually there. Well, I don't know what would be. Episode 412. I did not think it would happen this way. Him meeting her, but... Anyway, it had to happen eventually, right? A man! Wait, they would see her back. No, because Luffy looked at it and didn't turn him to stone. Well, she's backing up. But he said it looked... It was familiar. Not even the fact that he's a man, but the fact that he saw her back. I don't know why. I've seen it somewhere before. So, it isn't eyes. It actually all was an old wives' tale. Stop! A slow, slow bee! He's actually thinking about the foxy. Wait, it's not working. Wait, the vice admiral avoided it because he was in pain. It doesn't work on Luffy. Maybe it doesn't work on devil fruit users?  Oh, she's doing it again. It is the exact same sound effect as the slow, slow fruit though. What? What? Oh, they have to be in love. Which harm anyone of any age or gender. No, I think it's just he has not a single thought in his mind. His mental isn't penetrable like that. He just jumped! Pistol kiss! Damn! Oh my gosh! Oh, it actually hit him. Oh. Well, no, they're not metal. She used like her devil fruit power. She looks way too excited. Way too excited. Okay, um, that was a laugh. He just sat criss-cross applesauce.  He's so naive and just like, he's having to be here. He's flying like Kaku did over water seven, bro. Oh, is that Mion? She's like, interesting. She's like, she's really let this place go. The thing is, he hasn't threatened them or anything yet. It's just like his existence threatens them. Because of what they've, I guess, learned. It's all like Luffy. Oh my gosh. Why are they worried about the snake princess catching her? Catching him. Like, wouldn't she be able to take care of him much easier than them? Or are they just worried about getting in trouble? Like, they weren't able to take care of him so she had to, probably. Oh, there's Mion. The meat! Yoink it, Luffy. Come on. Come on. Yeah. The man! Just the bone sticking out. Oh. Oh. He in the paper for real, too. I love that, this rookie. Mion. You're the only one to actually catch him to an extent, isn't Lady Mion? Oh, she's going to tell them to stand down, I think. What's the picture on the bottom left? Who was that? Wait, what is this?  Brother! The little, like, rope snakes? Ask how he arrived. So they were going to get in trouble, I'm guessing. Since they weren't able to catch him? I mean, Hancock seemed mad that he was here, but more mad that he, like, busted into her bathroom and saw her back. I'm trying to think. I feel like the only possibility is she was a whitebeard pirate, because that's where they have their tattoo. And maybe that's, like, she's embarrassed of that or wouldn't want that. But why would she not want that to get out because she's a pirate still? That's where Luffy would have seen him before, too, on Ace. Luffy, explain the full situation, please, man. She feels for him. Well, she's the only one that got alone time with him and realized he was genuine and saw his resolve for his crew. I like that shot of him. It's literally, she's gonna stick up for him. Also because he saw her back. Not just because he's a man, he's here. But she doesn't know who he is. Oh... I feel like you don't talk back to her or, like, interrupt her or anything, honestly. I thought Neon would say something. No, that's kind of true.  That's nice of her to stick up for him, though. God damn, that brook, that brook eye catcher was kind of a jump scare, bro. I kind of missed them a lot.  The rest of the crew... Is this the longest, like, the most number of episodes we've gone without seeing the whole crew? It's so bizarre. It feels weird. They're not bad inherently. I just missed them. They stare at me every time. It's not my fault. Dang! You! As soon as he got here. But he didn't even mean to come here. Don't say it was me. But it wasn't. Why would you take the fall like that? Does Boy Hancock just hate men? Oh, thank goodness. They're actually speaking up, yeah. Goats standing by Margaret. They would be, like, all in trouble. Oh my gosh. Gosh. I like how the heels match, too. Shoot, she going down as a long walk in heels, man. What would the punishment be? Like, how often do people act out of line here? Do they have, like, a jail? Oh, I guess they had a jail, but nobody was in it besides Luffy. It is so quiet.  Oh, honest Margaret. Damn! Okay, but what happens to Luffy now? They all have coats, kind of like Navy. Navy, like, not regular Navy men, but, like, higher ups. They have, like, similar coats. Oh, I guess because they're part of the defense squad. She's so forgiving. Look at that seal! What's the seal doing? What a cute seal. What?! Oh my god. Damn! Boa Hancock, don't mess around! You do not step out of line here! Oh my gosh. She, like, enticed them just so that the love-love thing works, like the beam. Oh my gosh. The question is, can they be freed, or are they, like, permanently like that whenever they're turned to stone? Oh my gosh. They stood up for him. He still doesn't know she's a warlord, too. Bakula? Is it, like, the ex-executioner? They're gonna have him fight? Oh dude. Oh wait, Luffy just wins. Yeah, no, this thing doesn't stand a chance. I'm sorry. Your Black Panther is not gonna make it. It is an executioner! I'll be honest, Luffy gear three just one-shots it. I feel like they're all gonna be shocked by how powerful he is, too. They have no idea who he is. She doesn't know. I'm guessing she also doesn't keep a connection with any of the warlords or anything. She doesn't know that he's taken down two warlords and fought a third. Oh man, I can't wait to see the reaction. Unless he does struggle, maybe he does. Let's see. God, broke his teeth! The one that served as executioner for ages. Luffy is not messing around, bro. Oh, she's pissed. Bruh. Like it's nothing. Now you gon' talk? Now you won't ha- He didn't use hockey. How can you tell? Is it a sound effect? True. How do you stand for this? Bro, y'all are about to execute him. What are you talking about? Because of my beauty. No, for real. She has a grip on them solely because of her looks.   It's like her counter, bro. That won't be my slave. Dog, I pray Sanji never runs into this woman. I don't think he would be able to even exist. Honestly. I really like the design of this place. Oh, she's sitting out the sisters. Oh, damn. Oh, I think he's gonna roll you too.  Is that zo- Yeah, I'm guessing that's sort of zoin. That's like hybrid zoin? Snack zoin? Just two giant snakes. Oh, you guys saw what he did to that panther and you think you stand a chance? I think my theory holds up pretty well because what else would Luffy be like, oh, I kind of recognize that. I mean, maybe it's like a different marking and it's just a coincidence that's on her back. But the real question lies within why would she want to hide that from people if she was a white beard pirate at one point in time. But I like how we know the full picture. Like, we know she's a warlord. We know she doesn't really like the government. She doesn't know who Luffy is, how he's taken down warlords. He doesn't know who she is, the fact that she is one. But I feel like the more they slowly learn about each other, the more they might start to learn that they have more in common than they think and maybe respect each other's power. Like, because at this point in time she's seen that Luffy is strong but probably doesn't think he's strong enough for a 300 million berry bounty. And that's why Lady Nyonya is kind of like ahead of the game in that sense because she's reading the paper. But like I said, Luffy still doesn't even know about ace and they said there's only a week out.  Because that has been episodes 411 and 412 of our One Piece Watchthrough. Do drop us off on the channel if you are new and I'll catch you in the next one. Peace, peace.


Welcome, I welcome you all to the lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. In this course we are studying the Paninian Grammar. In the process so far we have studied parts of process of speech production and we continue to study it further. In order to study the process of speech production as described in the Paninian Grammatical tradition, we studied the source material that we got from Paniniya Shiksha and we studied the following verses Atma, Mudhya, Sametya Arthana, Mano, Yunkte, Vivakshaya, Manah, Kayagni, Mahanti, Saprera Yati, Marutam, Marutas, Marutas, Tu, Rasi, Charan, Mandram, Janayati, Svaram, Sodhirna, Murdhyapi, Hato, Vaktram, Apadhyam, Marutah, Varanand, Janayati. And we also said that there are these eight stages of speech production described in these verses. They are Atma, Mudhya, Sametya, Arthana as the first stage, Mano, Yunkte, Vivakshaya, the second, Manah, Kayagni, Mahanti, the third, Saprera Yati, Marutam, the fourth, Marutas, Tu, Rasi, Charan, Mandram, Janayati, Svaram, the fifth, Sodhirna, Murdhyapi, Hato, the sixth, Vaktram, Apadhyam, Marutah, the seventh and Varanand, Janayati, the eighth. We also saw that the first two stages, they describe the internal process, the internal programming so to speak, the rest of them, they describe the biological or the physical part of the process of speech production. And we have been studying this internal process for some time now, but the importance of this process should not be undermined and that is the reason why we have been studying this in little detail and we shall study this in more detail when we do the advanced course. Right now, let us study some other aspects in this first stage which are enlisted on this slide. In addition to the existence of the Arthakasha which is structured in accordance with the principles of congruity, yogyata and mutual expectancy, namely akanksha as described in the previous lecture related to the basics of human cognitive apparatus where the sense organ and the domain are interrelated. In addition to all this, there are some other aspects to this Arthakasha which need to be studied and they are enlisted here which we shall study now. The first one is called Arthasangraha, the second one is Arthagraha and finally, Arthagraha. So the question is these Arthasangraha etcetera, they are also linked with Shabdakasha. So these are the parts of Arthakasha in which links of Arthasangraha with Vakya in Shabdakasha is also a part of. Similarly, links of Arthavigraha with Pradha in Shabdakasha is also part of the Arthakasha and links of Arthagraha with the prakriti and pratyaya namely the root and the suffix in the Shabdakasha is also part of the Arthakasha. So what is Shabdakasha and what are the parts of Shabdakasha? Vakya is obviously an important part of the Shabdakasha. Vakya is a sentence which is made up of padhas namely the words which is also part of the Shabdakasha and padhas are made up of prakriti and pratyaya, roots and suffixes. So they are also part of the Shabdakasha. This is the basics of Shabdakasha. We may also find the other derived aspects of Shabdakasha in what is described on the right hand side. For example a Grantha or a book, this is also part of the Shabdakasha but on a larger scheme which is made up of its components for example Adhyaya or a chapter which is further made up of padhas, a sub-chapter and so on which is made up of let us say Parichheda or paragraph and then Vakya etc is part of this paragraph. All this is part of the Shabdakasha which is linked with Arthakasha. The correlation of Arthakasha and Shabdakasha needs to be studied in this context. So Arthasangraha mentioned earlier which is part of the Arthakasha is correlated to the Vakya as far as a sentence is concerned. Arthavigraha which is part of the Arthakasha is related to the padha namely the word. Arthagraha let us say of prakriti is related to the prakriti which is part of the Shabdakasha. Arthagraha which is part of the Arthakasha which is related to the Pratyaya is linked to the Pratyaya or a suffix which is part of the Shabdakasha. This is how the correlation exists and the Arthakasha thereby gives rise to the Shabdakasha. Remember this is still Atma-Buddhya-Sametya-Arthaan. This is still a cognitive apparatus. This is still the intellect. We have not yet gone beyond this but we need to understand what this Atma-Buddhya-Sametya-Arthaan is. Shabdakasha and Arthakasha. So this Arthakasha exists in the intellect. This Shabdakasha also exists in the intellect only as parts of the intellect we can say and they are correlated as described so far and also on this particular slide. All this is part of the intellect part of the stage of Atma-Buddhya-Sametya-Arthaan. So next question is what is Arthasangraha? So the next question is what is Arthasangraha? As is visible there are three words mentioned here Artha, Sam and Graha. Let us look at their meaning. So Arthasangraha stands for a specific unitary meaning as a whole. Artha is meaning and Sangraha is a unit cognized as one, cognized together. What it stands for is a specific unitary meaning which is indivisible also known as Akhanda and here the word Graha can be compared with the star. Akasha can be compared to the sky and so there is one special star which is one unit may be a group of stars but given one unitary status in the sky of Arthakasha that is the connotation of Arthasangraha. If you look at this, this is Rama goes to a village, this is the meaning and there are these square brackets within which this is put. So this square bracket over here and here these brackets indicate that this is one unit. This is one unit and this is what is primarily Sangraha or Arthasangraha. This unit taken as one unit, one indivisible unit. Now what is Artha-Vigraha? Artha-Vigraha is the same one unit but separated in its many components called Padartha or word meanings. This is divisible or compositional also known as Sakhanda. We can say that many small parts making a particular star in the Arthakasha. So the same Rama goes to a village as one indivisible unit of meaning can be further divided or separated in the following units. So we keep the square brackets to indicate its correlation with the one meaning which was stated on the earlier slide but we put the parenthesis to indicate the separated units. So for example, Dua-Rama, this is one unit of meaning separated from the rest. Object village, this is another unit of meaning and the action of going in the present tense whose agent is third person, singular third person. This is the separated Padartha that we have. This is what is called Artha-Vigraha and what is Artha-Graha then? Artha-Graha is the same many units separated further in its atomic components whereby we get what we term as linguistic atoms. These atoms are generally not divisible. We can say that these are many, many small parts making a star. So here are the small units Artha-Graha which make the Vigraha and Sangraha possible. They are let us say Rama, village, object, action of going, present tense, agent, third person and singular. These are the linguistic atoms in terms of meanings and they are the Artha-Grahas. They are the small stars which make the bigger units, the bigger stars and those bigger stars make one unit as one star. So this is what is Artha-Graha and this is how Artha-Graha is related to Artha-Vigraha and Artha-Sangraha. Let us look at the correlation with an example earlier we took an example namely Rama goes to a village and we put this entire meaning into square brackets which will be termed as Artha-Sangraha where everything is one unit, we know it as one unit. And if we go to do Artha-Vigraha we do do a Rama, object, village, the action of going in the present tense use agent is third person, singular third person, this is Artha-Vigraha and Artha-Graha is Rama, village, object, action of going, present tense, agent, third person and singular. So this is what is the Artha-Kash wherein you have Artha-Sangraha, Artha-Vigraha and Artha-Graha possible and there is obviously the correlation between the Artha-Kash which are simple, derivate and super derivates and there is also some kind of congruity at this level these are all super derivates, action of going related to Rama and village as an object and so on and so forth, there is this super derivate aspect that is playing its role over here. Now this Artha-Kash at these three levels is correlated with the Shabdha-Kash in terms of Vaakya, Pradha and Prakriti-Prakya. So the Vaakya that is correlated with the Artha-Sangraha is in Sanskrit, Rama, Gramam, Gatshati. This is one sentence which expresses one meaning. So what is the meaning of Ramo, Gramam, Gatshati? Rama goes to a village. This is how we communicate in daily life when we communicate using language, we communicate using sentences, we utter complete sentences, Ramo, Gramam, Gatshati and we understand one complete meaning, Rama goes to a village. This is one indivisible unit of sentence that is Shabdha-Kash. This is one indivisible unit of Artha-Kash. This is what is called Artha-Sangraha. Now the Artha-Vigraha is like this, do or Rama, object, village, etc., which has a correlation in the Shabdha-Kash level in the form of Pradas and so this Vaakya is then made up of these Pradas, Ramaha, Gramam and you see this was written as Gramam with anuswara on top of it, a dot on top of it. Now here it is written as M, separated because this is a Prada which has an independent separated identity shown with the square brackets and Gatshati finally. So here there are three Pradas, parts of the Shabdha-Kashya which are correlated with the Artha-Vigraha which is part of the Artha-Kashya. Now if you go to Artha-Grahha in the Artha-Kashya it is correlated with the Prakriti and Pratyaya root and suffix in the Shabdha-Kashya level. So Rama at the Artha-Kashya level as Artha-Grahha is correlated with the Prakriti and Pratyaya part in the Shabdha-Kashya. Village and object, Gramam and Am, action of going, presentence, age and third person is correlated with Gama and Ti and Su as far as the Shabdha-Kashya level. So this is how the Artha-Kashya on this side of this slide and the Shabdha-Kashya on the right hand side of this slide they are correlated. So the Artha-Kashya gives rise to the Shabdha-Kashya. This is still at the level of Atma-Buddhya-Samet-Tyarthan. This is still located in the intellect. So this is the correlation example. Now so far we have been studying this stage of Atma-Buddhya-Samet-Tyarthan namely the collection of meanings. Let us summarize it and see what all it includes. We can say that this stage includes the collection of words linked to the meanings. It is these words which get converted into speech signals. Remember the collection of words here is still at the level of intellect and the meanings here are still at the level of intellect located within the intellect. Words as well as the meanings both are located in the intellect in the cognitive apparatus. And it is these words and these meanings located in the intellect which get converted into speech signals by the subsequent stages in the process of speech production. And when these words located in the intellect they get converted into the speech signals. We say that these express the meanings and these speech signals are then the audible speech symbols. Now these words which are still at the level of intellect which get converted into speech signals which express the meanings they are still parts of the Shabdha-Kashya. The words at the intellect level. Now the collection of both the Arthakasha and Shabdha-Kashya are independent of external means to express them. These Arthakashas and Shabdha-Kashya and part of them they can be expressed by multiple means independently or even together. This is what is expressed by a diagram shown over here. So in this diagram the process of speech production is described from the speaker's point of view in which the cognitive apparatus is playing over here. This is a bracket showing one unit. It consists of Arthakasha and Shabdha-Kashya and this bracket also is corresponding with the left bracket showing that this is one unit, Artha-Sangraha which can be converted into Artha-Vigraha which is shown internally. So this Arthakasha consists of lexical meanings. For example the verbal meaning as well as the nominal meaning on one side and the relational meaning on the other namely the verb and noun meaning and noun and noun meaning, the relation between them and then the co-occurrence of these meanings happening in the Arthakasha. So lexical meanings appearing together and relational meanings appearing together and then both of them appear together. So occur together. This is what is the co-occurrence. This is part of the Arthakasha. This is the beginning. Now this gives rise to the Shabdha-Kashya which consists of the corresponding lexical items namely the verbal as well as the nominal corresponding with the verbal meaning and the nominal meaning. Similarly the relational meaning gives rise to the relation suffixes in the Shabdha-Kashya. These are the suffixes which indicate the relation between verb and noun and the suffixes that indicate the relation between noun and noun. These are relation suffixes. Similarly the co-occurrence in the Arthakasha also gives rise to the co-occurrence in the Shabdha-Kashya. The fact that these meanings are uttered or collected in close proximity also gives rise to the Shabdas to be uttered in close proximity. Once this stage is over in the cognitive apparatus where Arthakasha and Shabdha-Kashya have played their roles, then it is processed further in which these lexical items which are infinite in number and they involve some creativity. New lexical items are created, earlier lexical items are lost and so on. So they are called to be infinite. These lexical items which are part of the cognitive apparatus then are propelled further and then they produce what is known as root and termination. Termination is a suffix which shows relations. Root is the lexical item. So in this particular audible speech there are three roots and three terminations and there are the square brackets as well indicating its one unitary status which consists of three words and these words also consist of three roots and three terminations. So now these lexical items which are part of the Shabdha-Kashya they produce this audible speech which consists of R1 and T1, R2 and T2 and R3 and T3. Now these lexical items in the Shabdha-Kashya have given the rise to R1 which is part of the first word, R2 which is part of the second word and R3 which is part of the third word. These roots are indicated by blue lines. Similarly the relational meaning which is part of the Arthakashya which gave rise to the Shabdha-Kashya in the form of the relations suffixes which express the relation between the verb and noun and the relation between noun and noun. This gives rise to the terminations which are part of the audible speech. Termination 1 which is part of the first word, termination 2 which is part of the second word and termination 3 which is part of the third word. And then the co-occurrence which is dependent on the meanings in close proximity gives rise to the co-occurrence of the words in the cognitive apparatus gives rise to the co-occurrence of all these together which is indicated by the plus sign over here which is part of the audible speech. So the relational suffixes are shown with the green arrows and the co-occurrence is shown by saffron arrows going towards these two plus signs. So there are these three words which are made up of three roots and three terminations and these three words made up one make one sentence and these three words are interlinked they are in close proximity of one another and this is indicated by two plus signs. And so all this put together there is one whole unit which is shown by the square brackets. This is how the speaker produces the speech. So far we have been studying this process cognitive apparatus, arthakasha and shabdakasha. Now in this diagram we show how this gets directly related with the audible speech. Now we need to study all the processes in between but still this is the outcome this is the output and this is how the internal cognitive process namely atma-buddhya-sametya-arthan is directly related to the output namely the audible speech. This is how the speaker produces the speech. Now as we said before this cognitive apparatus and these stages of shabdakasha and arthakasha they provide a clue to the speaker to check whether these combinations they express the arthakasha and shabdakasha which exists over here or not. If something goes wrong in between the speaker can cross check and the speaker can issue the corrigendum saying that the speaker did not have the speaker did have something else in this stage. Popularly the speaker did have something else in the mind and something else got reproduced. So what exists in the arthakasha and shabdakasha over here can act as a check for what is produced in the audible speech. This is the speaker's point of view. Let us now look at what happens as far as the hearer is concerned. So the hearer first receives these signals the audible speech this signal this is unitary and he cognizes one unit of this signal which leads to the cognitive apparatus and the shabdakasha given rise to in the form of one unit which is also then separated at the level of arthavigraha and this arthavigraha happens in terms of the lexical items which are infinite but in this sentence they are finite and if there are only three lexical items over here roots which are shown once again by the blue but the arrows are different now because now this is the input and this is the output as far as the hearer is concerned. So the arrows come from the audible speech to the cognitive apparatus as far as the hearer is concerned. So there are three blue arrows coming from R1, R2 and R3 to this shabdakasha called lexical items verbal as well as nominal. Now this shabdakasha which is part of the cognitive apparatus gives rise to the arthakasha which is full of lexical meaning verbal meaning as well as nominal meaning similarly the relational meaning which is the output over here now the input is the terminations the words terminations audible speech. So T1, T2 and T3 and there are green arrows coming from these three which give rise to the shabdakasha in the cognitive apparatus and that shabdakasha consists of relation suffixes in the form of verb and noun relation and noun and noun relation expressing suffixes and this gives rise to the relational meaning in the form of verb noun meaning and noun noun meaning relations and of course the co-occurrence which is in the form of these two plus signs which are finite in number and it is these plus signs which indicate the structure along with the terminations of the sentence. So they give rise to the co-occurrence in the shabdakasha which gives rise to the co-occurrence of meanings in the arthakasha and then this arthasangraha at this stage generates the understanding what is called as understanding as far as the cognitive apparatus is concerned and then probably we decide whether the communication has actually happened or not. So these two diagrammatic representations of the speaker's point of view and the hearer's point of view explain the correlation between the shabdakasha and arthakasha in the reverse order and the audible speech. Now this can be explained in the following manner R stands for root which is atom root in finite in number they can be created more and some of them can be lost etc. Relation suffix is called t which is called also atom t this is finite in number they define the structure in Sanskrit the relations they are the relations between roots noun verb noun noun and they are finite in number. Relations also act as the head of a meaning unit similarly relation words that is suffixes also act as head of a word unit co-occurrence the meanings are placed in proximity indicates that they be imperilated and this is also finite in number. This interrelation can be called exclusive sentence meaning namely vakyarth this has correspondence with the sentence where words are placed in proximity which indicates that they are interrelated and this proximity then can be said to be the exclusive vakyar. To summarize what we have studied so far in the first stage atma buddhya samet tyarthan we can say the following the first stage of speech production involves the overall blueprint we can say of the process of speech production. This involves artha kasha first and then shabdha kasha and there is correspondence between the two shabdha kasha also involves the sentence formation at this stage it involves both indivisible as well as divisible aspect of meanings as well as speech that is shabdha kasha as well as artha kasha and both artha kasha and shabdha kasha complement each other. Now we shall study in the next lecture the next stage of speech production namely mano yunkte vivakshaya but before closing this lecture let us follow the practice we have been following of reciting the mangala charana from one of the texts of the paninian grammatical tradition and today we shall recite the mangala charana of shabdha kaustubha a celebrated text written by bhattu jidikshita in the 17th century c and here is the verse vishvesham satchidanandam vandeham yokhilan jagat charikarthi varibharti sanjariharthi li laya I repeat vishvesham satchidanandam vandeham yokhilan jagat charikarthi varibharti sanjariharthi li laya and let us study today's five sutras they are taken from the first sub chapter of the fourth chapter they are nyaprati vadikata so how just about chhas ta bhyam vhis ne bhyam vhis nasi bhyam vhis nasoos aam nyosup stryaam ajad de tashtaap and rune bhyo nip I repeat nyaprati vadikata so how just about chhas ta bhyam vhis ne bhyam vhis nasi bhyam vhis nasoos aam nyosup stryaam ajad de tashtaap and rune bhyo nip Thank you for your attention.