by David Guaron, who is an artist management, who begun as a rapper in high school, businessman and today he's a veteran, entrepreneur, he lives in Congo, hailing from the home of the county. Welcome David. Thank you for having me. It's nice to have you here. Pleasure. Something outstanding about you before we even talk about anything else is your profile. Ya. It's really outstanding. I was looking at it and I was like man, it's like four pages. It's three. It's three actually. Three pages for someone and you're like, hey manzeh jotu manzeh easy manzeh witu zingina fani fani. These are three and detailed. I'm grateful at least it's something that I didn't just put it there for the sake of it. Actually I left out a lot of stuff that I felt were necessary. So to sum it, you should have 15 pages. It's a magazine. Or more. Anyway, that's David himself of course. He's going to introduce himself in a far much better way because we know him as a veteran entrepreneur, artist manager and a rapper himself. It's a former rapper. Ya, I'm no longer doing it. Ya, you're no longer doing it. Why?  I just decided, okay this rapping or music thing is not my thing. Right. So as in, I just decided not to be on stage but be behind the scenes. Okay. Or doing the business aspect of it. Ya, not just be okay. I felt like, if it's a point, I felt like I'm better of a kingmaker than the king himself. Wow, okay. We're done. Ya, so and that is something that not most people realize. We always push for things that we are not happy with. But the fact that it's paying our bills, we just do it. And there's nothing worse than doing something that you don't love and you're not happy with for the sake of settling your bills. I know bills are crazy in Nairobi but I just said okay, let me be behind the scenes because it's not something that I'm happy with but I'm happy as an entrepreneur but I'm also doing music business. So I decided to do talent management and development and started managing artists. Right. Before we even get to artist management, you're the CEO of Hailment Entertainment. Ya, ya. Of which now comes all after now you being an entrepreneur in primary school, in high school. You know kooza manzei adi nguwa. To primary kids in high school manzei. Ya, I did that, I did all that. How come at the age of 13 you knew what business is? Okay, growing up what people don't know is I grew up in a very tough, I had a tough bringing like the extreme of poverty. Like I remember growing up in Umabei and I remember I had a single, I was raised by a single mum. So growing up I remember there's a small open-air market in Umabei called Sokomjinga. So I remember growing up as a little kid, my mum was selling cereals in that market. So I remember sometimes I would go from school, then just sit right beside her and I see how she's doing I think. And I think that's the only time I exposed myself or rise to entrepreneurship. I would say that's the only time. So from there I just picked it up. Over the years I've just been building it up. Wow, that's amazing David. And something really outstanding is the fact that you aren't 10,000 in high school. Ya, that is the highest amount I made now growing up within that age. That is the biggest amount I've ever made.  That was also amazing for me and that's why I had to put it in my profile. So I remember I was actually a rapper way back in high school. That's why I started rapping. When we had ceremonies in school and also on Sundays when we had services they used to call me on stage to just entertain guys and minister. And I used to be a gospel rapper then. Oh, then? Ya, ya. So I used to minister in the church. So after that then I saw the business in it. I did that much. Like how many are we in school? We are under a thousand. So how about I bring out CDs and start selling to these guys. That's how I did my first mixtape. Hold it right there David. You just estimated the number of students that you are then you produce David CDs. Ya, I went and did a mixtape. It was a five tracks mixtape called The Seer Zamja. I was just expressing myself. And everyone bought? Actually I sold the CD for like two years. I made more than that but now I just try to get a figure for it. Wow, let's talk about before you even quit the music industry and released several singles and collabs with big artists. Which you have done. Some of the big names you have done. The highlight I did there's a song called Peace of Mind that I did with Kali Graf Jones. Ya, and I also did one with Labala. Now the question comes in why work with big names? Get it all done for you. I believe it was earning something and then decide to quit. Just to venture into artist management. Okay, just as I've said before for me doing music the reception I got was really well. Like even some of the media personalities up to date I told them I'm not doing music. They still don't believe it up to date.  There are lots of them. So okay it was just a personal decision and that's what I was telling you be offset that many times we do things that we are not happy with from within but we do it because it pays our bills or it gives us some level of fame and stuff. So for me I didn't want to do something and just keep on struggling with it when it's not making me happy. So it reached a point actually I had an unreleased album a full album but they never released and I just trust it. So it reached a level just decided I'm not going to continue being the artist but I'm going to be behind artist and make artist. What gap did you see because I'm trying to juke my mind around the aspect you know you have been making money from this side and you talked about it's passion that made you to quit. What gap did you see in terms of you know artist management because I believe it's something that was there even back then. One thing I can tell you is that as an artist I went through the normal struggles that each and every artist goes through which as an artist in Kenya I'd say artists are going through the toughest careers I can tell you that because one you can't do it alone so you need a team and you see before you start needing a team you need to be making some money and you know in the initial stages of your career you need to be making anything so it's really crazy so not having a manager or a team behind me to push and support me also was some of the reasons that I felt like ok I'm not having a team or a manager to actually advise me see most artists you just what you can present is just talent the business aspect of it the branding and everything the planning all that is handled by a manager and we will be talking about that because probably someone is watching what is this branding all about and that is keen so having struggled with getting a manager or a team I sat down and asked myself how many artists could be going through the same there's so many and in Kenya I can tell you for free I'm probably the only person who actually went and studied it that talent management and development it's not a cost being offered anywhere within Kenya so having done it now I decided ok I did not just wake up one day and decided to do it I went off first like 2 years I took a break of 2 years then just to get my mind together because I didn't want to just rush into anything so I took a 2 years break then after that I started starting and doing a lot of research out there then started also networking with the media because you can't also say you're a manager you're a publicist all that when you don't have your connects right right so I started networking and studying then after now I felt ok I'm good to go I started out scouting for talent and I got my first artist that I started pushing and yeah that's how I picked it up yes we'll be talking about that especially about Nadia Mukami we'll be coming to that but let's now narrow it down even now to the entertainment company that you have what is it all about ok Helmand Entertainment Company it's a registered company in Kenya it's Helmand Entertainment Company Limited it's a recording studio actually the profile I would give it it's actually an entertainment and creative company so what we deal with we have a recording studio where artists can come and record we also have a next week we're setting up a photography skit where we love photography we also do artist management and development and we also do music distribution we do distribution to all stores worldwide if you're looking to get your music on iTunes, Spotify, all skis all that we do that before even ask my next question is it some sort of trying to venture into some business field because some people feel like these things not just another business it's a business it's a business we can put that on record it's a business for me in Africa looking back in history when you look at how we perceive music or entertainment it's something that you do as a by the way that's why most of our parents have not embraced music or entertainment as a career that's why if you're doing music your parent will ask you what else so they always make it look like so you should have a main asshole but I can tell you for free guys out here living off music so people are really living because of music not just living, living large wow, alright I love that living large and here I am I think I need to venture into music alright Hailment is all about that I saw from your public relations really touched you over the same in publicity actually I work with them even currently I'm working with a number of big names just trying to push the music out there let me ask this the PR is it about you or rather the persons that you work with ok so an artist approaches me then they tell me guru I have this new project it could be a music video I call it a project in totality because it's the audio bit and the video bit so I want to promote this music to get an audience an audience in terms of getting hair play and booking them for media to promote the music it's just actually a campaign alright you mentioned about big names for instance hey there are lots of them I've worked with Cindy Sanyu from Uganda I've worked with Gulan from France I've worked with Kristoff I've worked with Gabu I've worked with Bahati as an artist manager? no just managing artists I've always managed I've never wanted to manage any established name that's one thing you want to raise I want to raise that's one thing that I've always told myself I don't want to manage I've been approached by the number of them but I don't like managing an artist to be established how many PR firms do you work with? I just have one PR firm that works ok personally people engage me just to promote the music if you have a new music out there that you want me to push on the media, YouTube marketing I do all that so your work is I bring you my product and I get it to the market and I get it to the market probably someone is watching you and asking what are some of the things that you look at even presenting my work ok those levels and also having been in this for some years there's a relation I've created with some media personalities that even you right now we've created a relation like you know me in person next time I call you until you have this artist that I'm working with I would like you to just give them an audience or just listen to their work there's a way you already perceive me so you don't expect me to bring you poor quality audio poor quality video you get it so there's some level and you see not just the artist but you can also see the market itself the artist out there even in Kenya right now guys are now stepping up in terms of doing high quality music videos and stuff so you can't go below you just have to step up because ok that's the only way you guys are going to give you an audience that's amazing I'm loving what you do I'm really loving what you do and it's a big gap let's talk about what you mentioned earlier on about artist management about branding and all that what is it in full major in content what is it all about artist management mostly as an artist you're just a creative you just think and when you realise in developed countries like in the US they tap that and start nurturing that talent from a tender age that's why if you're a footballer your mum will take you to a football academy at a tender age so that by the time you're 15 you're a professional footballer so you just ok the artist management is now the business aspect of the talent ok I can sing anyone can sing you also sing in the shower it's just that you're not going to a studio so the difference between you and a professional artist is that a professional artist makes money off it so then how then do you make money you make money by first knowing that you are a business most artists do music and they think it's a hobby it's business when you start doing music as a business you start looking at things differently so as an artist manager when I look at an artist I first listen to their music then I picture which audience relates to that because I can't bring new rumba music public music comes in ya which cause I can't bring rap song to a rumba audience get it so I need first to picture which audience best fits this music then what are the trends in that market like right now this gang get on vibe that everyone is vibing to there are a number of artists trying to jump on it so right now those guys are making money but you see there's an artist out there who has pictured ok my audience is Afropop so I need to now do a lot of research on Afropop it's just like bringing a product into the market you need to know ok who are your competition how is the market you do some market research because if I were to set up a business next to a business I need to know what that business is not doing well that I need to improve on or what that business that hasn't introduced that I need to introduce you just need to have an edge in all ways so that you stand out cause ok fans of calligraph johns will not switch their mind to something else if it's not better than calligraph that's it alright guys that's the voice of none other than David Guaro himself the CEO of HailMind is giving us some good and insightful thing about music and business or rather music business in general it's all about talking about matters related to your music you've got a passion while you can get in touch with him and of course you can keep interacting with us on social media platforms at Y254 that is on Facebook on Twitter we are at Y254 channel you can of course even interact with me it's K underscore Alex Guaro let's talk about you've mentioned about standing out when others are blending in terms of their passion and what they love because you quit rapping and decided to venture into something different how best can you stand out because we are looking at the music industry it's really flocked how best can you stand out standing out is just having the right team behind you right team behind right team behind in terms of you don't need just a team you need a team of serial strategist people who look at you and try to try to manipulate in terms of business you get it like I look at you and I look at the market then I try to bring you in a way package you in a way presenting a way that people are going to switch their focus from the rest of the artists to you now you need that kind of a team how do you get that kind of a team that team if you're starting out that team could be your best friend that team could be your brother that thing could be your sister because you're not making money most successful artists are actually managed by like Bana Boy is managed by the mum wow alright Celine Dion was being managed by the husband and you see they didn't marry they started out as just purely business and they ended up getting married so cause this is what why I say like sometimes you need the first people you need in your business are people who know you because artist management good people don't know artist management is more like marriage it's marriage because when I'm managing an artist when I'm managing an artist how they feel affect my business do you know that if I'm like people know me for managing most females if a female artist that I'm managing has a problem with the boyfriend she'll come to the studio moody that will affect my business I won't get a good music I can even record a song from it exactly so it affects my business so I need to know what you're going through as an artist and what stage you are in your career you have worked with several young talents let's just mention one Nadia Mukami and of course you have been with others and all along you mentioned about you love nurturing talents other than going for the people established persons the reason I don't like working with established artists is because one they come with a lot of ego and know it all so I've never wanted to I didn't want to work with someone who one day will start feeling like they helped me I've always wanted to just nacha and get something new into the market I've never wanted to ride on someone's shine and Nadia is really doing nice? Nadia is doing great I'm really proud of her she's doing great and she's going places that's what I can tell just give us some of the things that probably you feel by now are really outstanding from her Nadia starting out she knows there are times we could walk in the streets of Nairobi and no one even cared about us then with the time she had to not even get into a matatu not even come down in the first place so there's that growth so right now I would say she's just outstanding she's one of the biggest female artists I would say right now because looking at her I don't see any competition that she has is music about fame? fame is just part of it publicity ok you can't put out a music and no one talks about it if it's not been talked about then you're not big what is being big? being big is just being on everyone's mouth and being on every screen being on every paper if guys are not talking about you in the neighborhood Mamamboga is not talking about you and the TVs are not playing and you're not getting bookings or shows and everything how big are you then? alright we only know you as a producer kando exactly so now that's when you need a team to ensure that you are all over the place so Nadia how did you begin for her? how did you go and get her? first thing people don't know is I remember it was on a Friday late 2017 I was just chilling at home then I received a WhatsApp message Nadia had sent me a WhatsApp message she told me I would like to send you something then I was like I don't like ignoring people by then if you send me anything on WhatsApp I'll just open and check it out so I told her ok send me an email she sent it Nadia sent me an email she sent me a career plan what she wanted and where she saw herself that's what made me work with Nadia she already had a picture of where she wanted to be she even had a logo she even added a name do you know that we had I changed Nadia's name she wasn't called Nadia Mukami she went with some funny name called Nadie Exclusive and I took her through a process of changing the name and it was tough she was like ah no no no but I told her stop thinking like an artist so most artists always put themselves in the artist's shoes as an artist you always want all these nice nice names but now as a manager as a marketer you think of how do we pocket this brand and does the name affect the image and everything what does that brand represent so we changed the name we changed the number of things she even came up with a logo it was restructuring and everything from there we started working and so far so good she's out there doing great things a big up Nadia we need to meet up atleast nukselimia let me get to this you are talking about artist management and from what I'm getting you really care about the image which relates so much to public relations you are talking about being branded still rates public relations is this some sort of a public relation firm that is in target for artists more like ok music entertainment is all about show and biz that's why it's show biz show biz so you have to show then from the show you need to make some money this is the biz aspect of every show so it's all about putting out music ensuring that that music gets you money it's not just the artist to just do it and something else you need to know not every artist does music for money, the artist would do music for fame that's why I had to ask the question between is it all about fame ok fame is good but fame is also very dangerous very very dangerous can finish you because lots of big artists go through a lot of depression that we never hear about because they are denied their selves like you can't just interact normally you can't when you may say you know in our sleepers you cross the road and go take to Mamamboga you can't do so you realize you just secluded fame is good but fame comes with a lot of consequences I'd like us to roll some of the pictures of Nadia and some of the things that she has been doing just Nadia now right there I wish we had some pictures from zero all the way going now to how I'm coming I love these so tell us more about what really outstands you that I asked before Ile kitu kimongile bengal samanga man she has really worked that journey Nadia has an image most female artists are always struggling with getting an image for females I don't want to use the word sex cells but I would say for a female 70% of a female fan base is male females are not always supported by their female counterparts never I can tell you that it's always a competition so for you to present yourself that's why a woman will wake up in the morning do makeup and all that so as a female you always need to picture that ladies are you doing it for us we need to you need to picture that first you picture that these are man that's why sometimes you go home you rush home to watch news because it's being presented by some female artists some female presenter so you need to picture that my audience is male so I need to look sexy and hot and besides that you need to present some really dope music that they will be like ok she is hot but then again she is also super talented so that's what more like nadiha has all that do men do the same yeah men do the same that's why some men would take off t-shirts do all those six park and stuff it's for women you can do that for a fellow man exactly now you have an event coming up this weekend yeah I have a workshop ok this year I just decided to just branch out and try do more than that than just doing talent management and development so I decided ok having interacted with a number of artists out here I realized most artists don't know so much about this music because even the most establish ones they are just there I don't know if it was just luck that they got there but most of them don't know anything or even most important things so with the lack of knowledge and misinformation in regards to branding marketing, PR and all that and artist management I decided how about I just set up a forum or a platform where I can at least have an audience of artists or music entrepreneur or entusiast just have a place where we can discuss and I take them through what it takes to have a successful music career, take them through contracts, take them through copyrights, take them through what publicity, music PRT is all about what actually artist management means because I get artists calling me that they want me to manage them I ask them a simple question what do you understand by artist management onanilipia studio, onanilipia video, onanilipia kilakitu that's what artists understand artist management is more like let's say for example, this is a simple understanding of artist management you have a company today but you are busy running other things, you are just an investor you have set up a business so you have to look for a manager, manager is probably on a payroll so what's the work of the manager you as an investor or an interpreter you pictured an idea or a business opportunity then you are like let me set it up for you to set it up, for you to grow people behind it, you look for a manager who is going to manage all things so the manager is co-work is just to ensure that the objective, the vision you had is achieved because of time unfortunately David you need to know where the event will be, how much is it actually I will be having an event on this Saturday in Nairobi October 5 this Saturday in Nairobi where it's a workshop where I will be just training and taking artists through how to start, run and grow a successful music career so artists need to be there you need to get your tickets actually we have very few tickets remaining at the moment so guys can follow me David Goro or Helma Entertainment for to just get to know how to get their tickets and stuff it's going to be an amazing thing because I've really prepared, I've never had sleepless nights trying to just gather lots and doing research and gather information about music now finally we usually have this question that you usually ask I know you probably in one conversation try to answer it but I said I'll ask at the tail end in the next 5 years where do you see yourself for me I see myself as one of those as a great music mogul a guru wow all right give us a parting shot to Malizai Ketru my parting shot is just to tell guys first I have two one is in regards to my event artist and everyone needs to get your tickets follow me on David Goro David Goro on all platforms and get your tickets it's not good I always say this like if you keep on doing things the same way then you don't expect a different result so come learn and start doing things differently in order to get a different result and lastly music is business it's not a hobby I wanted to look at this camera so to all parents out there let your child do music music is a business just try and nurture it and be there artists need support because sometimes these are matters of creativity they can't be creative if they have all this rebellion and resistance all around them so they just need positive energy and positive vibe around them nurture them and next time they'll just be giving you a key to your house all right the voice of David Goro what really outstanding for me in his parting shot is very straight support your children nature, character and creativity and they're gonna be great and awarding back whatsoever goes around comes around that's none other than David many thanks for making it we appreciate you being here you can of course interact with him well Barry Moss is coming up next please as entrepreneurship Tuesday Rangia Alex keep it Y254 thanks for coming


the imaging reporting further and to improve lesion diagnosis and management and bottom line to facilitate patient care. Thank you and with this I want to thank Shilpa and our entire team for having me here and they're doing such a fantastic job bringing us together in such brilliant academic feasts and I'm really really grateful and thankful to her. Thank you Shikha you were super as always you make MRI look so easy like nobody ever should struggle with MRI but that is in your talks yeah very very clear teaching points beautiful images and very music thank you so much thank you my pleasure really thank you ma'am it's really going to motivate more of us to get into MRI reporting because it seems so complicated that people kind of stay away of it but thank you thank you once again my pleasure ma'am few questions might be coming in the chat box if you could please answer them sure I'll write them there ma'am sure I'll look at it so we had kept the most interesting part of the session at the end but still we have over 300 people online and this is the time to introduce someone who does not require any introduction Dr Shilpa Laad ma'am she is the subspeciality head for breast imaging IRI and ICRI the entire last year all of us had a tough time with the ongoing pandemic but ma'am played a very key role in continuing the education specifically to this field of breast imaging and also for this particular CME she is the key coordinator and key organizer so thank you ma'am for all your efforts ma'am is consultant breast imaging and interventions at NM medical Mumbai and she is former consultant radiologist and assistant professor at the Otawa Hospital University Canada and president appreciation award ma'am received in the year 2021 and invited speakers for over 400 lectures in breast imaging and intervention related topics at various national international forums she has been invited speaker at RSNA 2019 India navigating cultural and socioeconomic challenges in pursuit of global breast health so it's an honor to be with you ma'am on this platform and over to you for the interesting quizzes and you have 15 prizes to be won so ma'am the quiz will have price on all the levels so be really fast and be correct with your answers all the best over to you ma'am thank you Mithusha thank you for your kind words I could not have done any of this without a super partner like Mithusha and Gauri and most of all without all the backing and support from Dr. Deepak Patkar, Dr. Sanjeev Mani, Dr. Jignesh Thakkar and Dr. Shailendra Singh who are always there in the background to support and like I said earlier Mamta ma'am Amit Poonkar and Priyanka oh my god the WhatsApp chats have been going non-stop so none of this could have happened without the support of every single one of you present here and most of all our participants it's almost midnight and you guys are still here it's past my bed time so it must be past your bedtime too so without any further ado let's have a look at some cases let's see if we have really picked on what our excellent speakers have spoken to us this evening so let me see okay Mithusha you can see my screen right yes ma'am okay so my only question is how do I go to okay this is good now so are you guys ready fastest finger first you're going to show you 15 cases and unlike with our previous session where we went through all the 15 cases one after the other after each case I'll give the answer but before I give the answer we will wait for your answer okay so once we know who were the first few people who answered correctly after that my answer will be given out okay so here we go okay one important thing this is one of my favorite authors Mark Twain who says I have never let my schooling interfere with my education which means don't blame your teachers don't blame your institute don't blame the region don't blame the country whatever it takes you get an education learn keep learning all the time and there will be resources okay and the 326 participants who are here are doing exactly that so here's your first case what is the most likely diagnosis this is a 23 year old with new onset palpable lumb in the inferior left breast on ultrasound we see a relatively oval marginally lobulated mass which is T2 hyper intense on MRI hyper intense on T2 weighted images we also did a limited mammogram for her and on the mammogram it looks like a relatively circumscribed mass there also seems to be a fat margin surrounding it what is the most likely diagnosis okay you can type your answers in the chat box okay do we have the answers mithusha i'm going to show you one more slide here we also have early subtracted image which is a dynamic contrast enhanced image which shows a heterogeneously enhancing mass with some non-uniform cystic spaces that is the margin is also not very clearly defined what is the most likely diagnosis that i'm about to give the answer is that okay yes you can go at triple triple negative breast cancer which is PR PR her to new negative okay this is what these type of cancers do they happen in younger women they grow very fast and they are relatively circumscribed they almost look like fibroadenomas because oftentimes they are well circumscribed on ultrasound when you see you may even see posterior through transmission therefore they confuse us even more one often wonders am i dealing with some kind of atypical fibroadenoma how can a 23 year old get a malignancy but it happens okay and as most of our speakers have repeatedly said try to look for the worst by rats features like you know what are the margins like are you seeing angulations microlibrations non-uniform cystic spaces on ultrasound or on MRI like Dr. Shikhar just mentioned to you like you know mass enhancement what is the margin like what is the enhancement like when those features do not fit into classic benign category if you have even one atypical characteristic remember to go ahead and biopsy it now the problem with these triple negative cancers is on ultrasound they can look like avoid masses and on MRI they can be T2 hyper intense the reason being they're very very cellular okay therefore one has to be very careful next case this is a 44 year old who presents with an increasing palpable lump in the right breast since six to eight months what is the most likely diagnosis on the mammogram we see a relatively circumscribed mass with smooth margins okay there almost seems like a halo of fat surrounding it however the patient says that it has been increasing in size of late what is the most likely diagnosis this is what we see on ultrasound on ultrasound it corresponds to what looks like a relatively circumscribed avoid mass okay it is hypoechoic but a little heterogeneously hypoechoic however I see an ecogenic capsule surrounding it and I also see an ecogenic septum like you know a septation within the within the mass what is the most likely diagnosis okay ready for the answer it is a fibroadenoma although she's 44 year old this is a fibroadenoma which is growing sometimes they can grow in the perimenopausal age group also and that happens under the influence of hormones these are typically described as giant fibroadenomas the higher likelihood of this there is a higher likelihood of this being a phalloides tumor because those are the tumors that can grow suddenly but those also are tumors which are new in this case the patient says she has always had this lump ever since she was a young girl okay it is only of late that it has started increasing in size having said that the differential for a tumor such as this is fibroadenoma versus phalloides tumor and this deserves to be biopsy okay next case okay this is a 27 year old she is six months postpartum and she notices an increasing palpable lump at the right breast what is the most likely diagnosis on the mammogram what do we see we see a large relatively circumscribed mass there are also some coarse heterogeneous calcifications within the mass on ultrasound it is a heterogeneously hypoechoic mass the margin appears relatively smooth but look how heterogeneous this mass is on ultrasound she is also lactating so what is the most likely diagnosis okay do we have some answers here okay I think devyani ghai has answered okay this was actually in keeping with a malignant phalloides tumor we were thinking could it be a galactosil when we saw the ultrasound but when we did the mammogram because there were some atypical features on ultrasound what did we notice we notice this heterogeneous we notice this large mass okay we don't see any layering in there like we would see with a galactosil plus we saw these coarse but heterogeneous calcifications so we were concerned and therefore a biopsy was performed and this turned out to be a malignant phalloides tumor like I said earlier malignant phalloides tumor typically happened in the 40s but it is not uncommon to see them in the earlier age group also next case what is the most likely diagnosis now this time the patient is three months postpartum and there is an increasing palpable lump in the right breast okay on ultrasound we see a heterogeneously hypoechoic mass which is oval and it has some clear cystic spaces within it when we do a limited mammogram we see layering inside it what is the most likely diagnosis when you have got this right I think the first is russica again excellent so this is a galactosil the reason I have put the cases one after the other is to make you understand what is the difference what do we typically see in a galactosil versus a solid tumor on a mammogram okay and how do we come to a decision sometimes like Derek said in his talk between benign and malignant features there is a huge category of indeterminate lesions where there are overlapping features and then we are obliged to do a biopsy but some of these features like the layering that we see on the mammogram can be pretty classic for a galactosil next case this is a 70 year old she has had a left mastectomy for breast cancer in 2014 okay at the scar site she now feels a new onset palpable lump at the mastectomy site since two weeks on the right we have the mammogram okay of the uninvolved breast on the left the ultrasound image is of the scar site where she is feeling that new onset palpable lump okay that corresponds to a heterogeneous like you know it almost looks like a complex solid cystic mass okay and the solid component looks irregular okay besides this is a new onset lump however one point is within the cystic component although there seems like a cystic component there is no posterior through transmission what is the most likely diagnosis excuse me okay i'm going to show you one more image here okay because of this appearance on ultrasound although the patient had had mastectomy from the little bit of breast tissue residual breast tissue or or tissue at the scar site we decided to do a limited mammogram of the mastectomy site and what did we see on the limited mammogram this is what we saw first okay we saw what look like speculations how do we differentiate whether this is speculations from local tumor recurrence we looked at the 3d tomosynthesis 3d tomosynthesis what do we do on a 2d mammogram we have a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional structure on 3d tomosynthesis we get slices it is something like you know the difference between a chest x-ray versus CT scan of the chest it's the same thing for mammography that is 3d tomosynthesis on 3d tomosynthesis what did we see at the site of palpable concern we see this fat in the center of the lesion okay so what does this fat indicate that this is fat necrosis okay so this was indeed in keeping with fat necrosis this patient eventually underwent a surgical excision biopsy because she was just too worried okay at the surgical excision biopsy also the the diagnosis was fat necrosis Manisa did anybody get this one yes I think Pushpa's got this right right at the beginning actually right at the beginning excellent that's great okay another similar case okay this is a 77 year old with right mastectomy for breast cancer in 2005 she now complains of new onset palpable lump at the mastectomy site since two weeks what is the most likely diagnosis on the right corresponding to the area of new onset palpable lump on the right mastectomy site we have this heterogenously hypoechoic mass and see these micro lobulations along the margin remember how Derek showed one image of a biscuit that almost looked like Monaco when you see a margin that looks like a Monaco biscuit okay then you be worried that's how you analyze margins how do you analyze them whether I'm seeing the margin of a Mari biscuit whether I'm seeing a margin of a Monaco biscuit or whether I'm seeing a margin of a animal cracker okay that's how you ask yourself what the margin looks like it is a heterogenously hypoechoic mass okay so are you worried about this what about the left mammogram does everything look normal on the left mammogram to you what is the most likely diagnosis okay let's look at a couple more images we also did ultrasound of the left periareolar region because there was some increased density in the left periareolar region besides there was also left nipple inversion I'm going to go back to that image to show you notice this nipple is inverted it has started going in something behind the nipple is pulling it in okay that's the reason we were concerned plus there is this increased density in the left retroareolar region okay and we are also seeing these prominent lymph nodes in the left axilla as well okay that's why we did ultrasound of that side and even on the left periareolar region we see a similar heterogenously hypoechoic solid mass with angulations and microlab relations along the margin in bilateral exilate what do we see enlarged hypoechoic lymph nodes with either complete loss of fatty hyalum or near complete loss of fatty hyalum which means the particle thickening is more than at least four to five millimeters so what is the most likely diagnosis what are we dealing with when he said we do we have we've got multiple answers but your correct answer that you wanted has not yet come okay people have written from multifocal breast malignancy to metastasis bilateral malignancy also yeah but you wanted it specifically as what you wanted it then i don't think that's come yeah but i think we can take it as bilateral malignancy we can there are many who've given that answer then right so on the right there has been recurrence of breast cancer and on the left there has been new contralateral invasive ductal cancer besides there is bilateral metastatic lymphadenopathy okay so we are dealing with recurrence why am i showing this case because i wanted it to register you do like you know what is the difference between fat necrosis which happens at the scar side versus how does a recurrence look at the scar side so you have a clear image of how different the two are next case this patient complains of right nipple swelling since a few weeks she says it is only of late that she noticed that the right nipple is slightly more prominent as compared to the left it feels firm as compared to the left nipple what is the most likely diagnosis i'll show you some more images here this is the spot magnification view of the right nipple that we did and we also did a focused ultrasound of the right nipple okay you can try the answer we have a correct answer i think you do that's awesome from guy three i was sorry one more let me recheck this is from amrita das amrita das okay excellent okay so the correct answer is a nipple adenoma okay what is a nipple adenoma nipple adenoma is basically a variant of intraductal papilloma what happens is there are there are central uh central papillomas which happen in the retroereolar ducts some of these papillomas may increase in size or may occur within the uh within the ducts in the nipple per se okay and that's how only the nipple on that particular side will increase in size when you try to look it or look at it on ultrasound it looks like a relatively well subscribed void mass now in this case we also had calcification so we were wondering are we dealing with something more sinister could there be a associated dcis with this but you have to be cognizant of the fact that just benign calcifications can also happen in benign intraductal papillomas so similarly in this case where there was this benign nipple adenoma there were associated calcifications which were benign okay this was surgically excised and this was indeed in keeping with the nipple adenoma next case now she has shown us some beautiful images of MRI okay so this is a 32 year old who complains of right nipple crusting and bleeding since six to eight months when we did the MRI what did we see on the dynamic contrast enhanced sequences like like um um she covers explaining to us there is asymmetric non-mass enhancement it is in a segmental distribution it is like you know clustered and clumped that kind of a pattern of enhancement besides there is also enhancement seen in the overlying skin and nipple areola complex what is the most likely diagnosis you got many with the right answer okay akanksha jane is is first i think amrita jane okay good once i show you the next image it will be obvious okay so this is the clinical picture so this is what the right nipple areola complex looks like there is right nipple crusting and there is bleeding it is not really six to eight months this has been going on for some time but she did not decide to go to the doctor simply because she didn't think it was more concerning okay this was in keeping with pageant's disease of the nipple with multifocal dci she eventually underwent a mastectomy next case okay this is a 44 year old who comes for a routine screening mammogram and on the mammogram the breast density is category b which is scattered fibro glandular densities however we see an area of global asymmetry in the lower inner quadrant of the right of the left breast what is the most likely diagnosis okay any answers sir yeah you've got the right answer from shanas many have answered this excellent but the problem was ultrasound when we did the breast ultrasound it almost looked like a sinister hypoechoic mass with posterior shadowing we didn't know what we were dealing with when we did the tomosynthesis what do we see we saw what looked like um encapsulated breast tissue okay but the two the two pictures were not matching like here on the left 3d tomosynthesis it looks like encapsulated breast tissue but on ultrasound this looks like a shadowing mass what should we do what is the most likely diagnosis this is indiren keeping with the hamar tomah what is the hamar tomah fibro adeno lipoma is the other name for a hamar tomah it is basically breast within breast which means embryologically a small amount of breast tissue gets separately and encapsulated and that's why we see it as an encapsulated separate mass okay now whatever happens in the rest of the breast can also happen within the encapsulated breast tissue which means fibro adenomas phyloid estumus cis cancers anything cancers also can happen within hamar tomahs but they are not very very common okay they occasionally happen and we have a poster also which was submitted to that effect okay and this was indeed in keeping with a hamar tomah a focal asymmetry or a global asymmetry does not always mean that we are dealing with a malignancy okay next case this is a 63 year old postmenopausal who comes with new onset spontaneous bloody left nipple discharge okay on the mammogram what do we see once again this is a fatty breast fatty breast means the sensitivity is very good again what are we seeing we are seeing an area of global asymmetry one more time okay it is predominantly in the lower outer quadrant of the left breast but some of it also is extending into the upper outer quadrant okay what is the most likely diagnosis what could we be dealing with here so you got answers from papillomar to dcis excellent so here is what it is on ultrasound we saw dilated ducts with some inter ductal lesions in there when we go a little bit more central proper inter ductal masses are seen within these dilated ducts on 3d tomosynthesis you can see this ductal pattern you can see this you know like how we see on MRI a segmental distribution that triangle shape you know with the tip going to the base of the nipple areola complex and the base posteriorly so this is that triangle right and this was in keeping with inter ductal papillomatosis with dcis okay we are almost there 10 cases down five more to go okay are you guys still with me okay excellent next case we saw a beautiful lecture on implants by Derek what is the most likely diagnosis this is a 32 year old she comes for a routine screening she has had a breast augmentation surgery almost 10 years ago and this is what we see on the mammogram we see bilateral retro pectoral silicone implants so this is the pectoral muscle and behind the pectoral muscle we have seen this implant on the mammogram is there any feature which concerns you either in the right or on the left do we have a diagnosis what are we seeing what could we be dealing with what could we be dealing with okay i'm going to show you one more image on MRI this is what we see okay we see this retro pectoral this is the pectoral muscle anteriorly and behind the pectoral muscle we are seeing this silicone implant okay within the implant what are we seeing are we seeing these layers what is the most likely diagnosis do we have a diagnosis sir yes we've got many diagnoses actually coming implant rupture yes yeah and yokesh yokesh was siddhartha has given intra capsular rupture excellent so that is the answer we are looking for so remember how derrick had described there is the linguine sign and then there is one more sign which is called the salad dressing sign you know you see a little bit of hyper intensity there that's what we see but linguine you know i have said this in one of my previous lectures on one of the forums too but before i left the shores of india and that was many many moons ago like in 2005 many years ago i had not i had not seen what a linguine is and today like you know all you kids have eaten pastas and linguines but when we were growing up there was no such thing so like it could be anybody's imagination what linguine is like but after going overseas eating all that coming back to india i realized if anybody had told me something like you know this is like alwadi sign or patra sign you know how that patra we make there are multiple layers in that i would never forgotten what a lingual water intra capsular rupture is like there is a nice little ball there okay and then there are layers in it just like patra okay so remember that when you see something like alwadi sign or patra sign remember it is intra capsular rupture so this is what it was right breast implant has an intra capsular rupture on the other side the left breast implant looks intact okay you have the uh you have the little uh uh layer from the uh muscle surrounding it the fibrous capsule is intact as well as the true capsule is intact here the true capsule is not intact and therefore we have the intra capsule rupture okay moving on to our next case okay this is a 46 year old who comes for a routine screening mammogram but what is the most likely diagnosis okay the breast is heterogeneously dense it is very hard to make out what is going on on your little laptops here so i'm going to show you some spot magnification views okay so this is what we see on spot magnification views one point that everybody should remember is spot magnification view is does not mean we just blow up the digital image okay these are taken separately these are taken in the cc craniocaudal and ml ml is mediolateral 90 degree view and the we use a smaller focal spot with a stand there why to magnify why do i need to magnify so that i can do a morphologic assessment of these microcalcifications okay so spot magnification views is not synonymous with zooming in on your monitor okay these views are taken separately with a smaller focal spot and like a distance from the detector the distance from the detector is increased to magnify it okay plus it is not the second view is not in the ml projection it is in the ml projection straight lateral view so that if there are layering microcalcifications you see them layering on that straight lateral view okay so these are some important teaching points having said that what we are seeing here is pleomorphic microcalcifications which are grouped grouped pleomorphic microcalcifications okay pleo pleo means different different sizes and shapes if you see closely there are some dots and then there are some dashes here but all the dots are also not the same shape okay some are bigger some are smaller some are fainter some are darker okay so pleomorphic okay as against this when we say monomorphic mono means the same they will all be like rounded dots of the same density these are not pleomorphic grouped microcalcifications what is the most likely diagnosis many sir yeah you got the correct answer from guide 3 dcis she's given okay guide three is a breast imaging contender she's going for a fellowship so dcis dakthal karsanoma in situ that was the diagnosis how do we come to a diagnosis here there are two ways either we do a stereotactic vacuum assisted biopsy you know dr benu vergis is going to be speaking about that in one of the lectures tomorrow or we do a hook wire localization dick also showed one of the cases where we put in a needle along with the wire we remove the needle leave the needle in there and that much part is surgically excised from the breast okay those are the two ways of coming to a diagnosis there is always value in coming to a diagnosis beforehand like before the patient goes for surgery so that one surgical procedure can be planned okay and the outcome for the patient is also good from that next case case number 13 this is a 45 year old who came for a routine screening mammogram okay again the breast is by a category b which means there are scattered fibro glandular densities there is a lot of fatty tissue here okay again because you can't see the abnormality on your monitors i'm going to show you some spot magnification views what do you see on these spot magnification views this is in the cc projection and ml projection okay and remember these are spot magnification views with a smaller focal spot and increased distance from the detector what is the most likely diagnosis you got it again from akanksha okay akanksha gene excellent so here is what we have on ultrasound it corresponded to this void hypoechoic mass with smooth margin also if you notice here although these micro calcifications are pleomorphic and they are coarse some of them are coarse and some of them are fine they are all within a relatively circumscribed mass okay and on ultrasound it corresponds to an void hypoechoic mass with smooth ecogenic margin okay what happens is with age fibro adenomas are typically lesions of younger women they typically happen in the late 20s or early 30s okay but eventually with age as women reach their perimenopausal or post phenopausal age group these fibro adenomas start calcifying but all the calcification does not happen at the same time small dots and ditches start coming up and then eventually the calcifications become more and more coarse and the soft tissue starts shrinking around it okay so therefore when it is in this phase of transition it can look quite sinister okay so oftentimes we will land up questioning these micro calcifications and oftentimes we will call them 4a or 4b and biopsy them okay there is no harm in that these come in the indeterminate category which means the possibility that these micro calcifications could be malignant ranges anywhere between 10 to 15 percent when we call anything 4a a level of suspicion for malignancy is less than 10 percent when we call something 4b a level of suspicion for malignancy is about 50 percent which means there is still a 50 percent chance that it could be benign okay so remember all these little little facts about making decisions next case 59 year old this time this patient complains of new onset palpable lump in the left breast what is the most likely diagnosis sir do we have any answers we're getting a mix from fibro adenoma to hamartoma okay involuting fibro adenoma okay so for this one we still don't have the answer right no okay okay good so this is one of those oddballs those cases and this case we did a spot compression view okay not a spot magnification view what is the difference between a spot magnification view and a spot compression view when we do a spot magnification view we use one of those parallels you know to increase the distance from from the detector and we use a smaller focal spot okay but with spot compression view we do not do that it can be done on the same detector only the compression paddle is changed why do we do that in the good old days now with tomosynthesis we require it far less but in the good old days just to separate out superimposed normal breast tissue such that we can do the margin assessment of a mass we have to we used to do the spot compression view now notice there is definitely a benign popcorn calcification there okay benign popcorn calcification indicates that there has been a fibro adenoma here which is eventually involuted and calcified but right around the fibro adenoma there is another soft tissue mass which is definitely there and which does not have a particularly good margin the margin here looks quite irregular there are even speculations surrounding it okay on ultrasound what does it corresponds to it corresponds to an irregular hypoechoic mass look at the margins there are angulations along the margins there are lobulations along the margin there is also that dense shadowing that we see from the coarse calcification so this is one of that unusual cases like what is the possibility that a fibro adenoma may turn malignant less than 0.1% literally one in a million cases and this was one of those like in my entire career as a breast imager of more than 15 16 years this is my first case of a calcified fibro adenoma with an associated invasive duct carcinoma but it just makes you cognizant of the fact it reminds you that you know there are always exceptions to the rule now the exception does not make the rule but it teaches you how to be like you know how to look for what is beyond what is obvious the obvious thing here is the benign popcorn calcification but that does not mean what the abnormality that we saw we should ignore okay this was biopsied and this was in keeping with invasive ductal carcinoma with an associated calcifying fibro adenoma okay that is awesome okay now this is our last case and some cases are really humbling and this is one of those cases okay now this was a 55-year-old she complained of a new onset left breast swelling and pain since three to four days okay now this patient was you know for lack of better word like she was a little bit slower like you know she she was she knew what she was doing but mentally she was a little bit slower okay so she gave us all the history and she said she's noticed this swelling and she's in pain so she can't get a mammogram done no matter what when we did the ultrasound what did we see we saw a little bit of skin thickening here and we saw what looked like a hypoechoic mass and there was ecogenic breast perenchyma around it there was also a prominent lymph node it almost seemed like you know there was irregular cortical thickening here okay our thinking was maybe we are dealing with um like a inflammatory breast cancer or a locally advanced breast cancer she's 55 she's postmenopausal um and sometimes when there is swelling there can be associated pain okay so we decided to call her back for a biopsy okay she said that she can't get a mammogram done and she was going to come back for a biopsy in a couple of days okay in the meantime nonetheless some painkillers and broad spectrum antibiotics were uh were prescribed to her she did not return back in say two or three days she came back only 15 days later okay but at this stage what is the most likely diagnosis that you would think of i'll show you what happened 15 days later but before that what is the most likely diagnosis that comes to your mind when you see this 55 year old so do we have any answers yeah we got a mixture of answers but you got breast abscess also as an answer we got that yeah so this was what we saw when she came 15 days later there was a huge abscess and there was this blackening of the skin why did that happen because the abscess was so huge that it led to overlying skin necrosis okay but the patient like i explained to you earlier she was a little bit slower she tried to figure out things on her own she tried to take the antibiotics which were not really helping her but in the in this case initially while the abscess was not formed there were only changes of mastitis and i'm going to go back to that image here okay one is like all this ecogenic breast tissue it's a sign of mastitis but the more important thing is when we use linear transducers our depth is not that much okay here we are not even seeing three centimeter thickness of breast tissue okay now when we use the the convex like you know or the larger transducer what what did we have we had a breast tissue of almost four centimeters was getting included here okay and and that time we started seeing all this abscess formation so be know your equipment understand that in bigger breast thicker breast sometimes a beam does not go that deep okay and therefore one has to be very careful and yeah this was one of those cases eventually a deep ride meant was done and patient was absolutely fine but this is it and this is one of those cases which actually teach us what the great Mahatma Gandhi said all the time live as if you were to die tomorrow and learn as if you were to live forever and thank you for your kind attention you are an excellent audience considering that you are here at midnight to learn so thank you to every single one of you congratulations to all those who got the fastest finger first but congratulations to all those of you who participated and Manisa thank you so much for doing everything not just this quiz but everything related to this course it is it is a task by itself thank you thank you Shilpa you you've been wonderful the way you conducted this quiz has been great we we are running it live on youtube also and more than almost 100 150 people were watching without even an announcement so thank you very much for conducting this and everyone who's out here almost 250 people thank you for being with us and we would like to see you tomorrow we'll start again sharp on time there is a slight change right Shilpa in the in tomorrow's session our first session at 9 15 will be by Dr. Raman Verma on how to evaluate nipple discharge Dr. Raman Verma is the assistant professor at the Ottawa Hospital University of Ottawa and he is also the residency program director at the Ottawa Hospital and he's involved with undergraduate medical education excellent teacher please don't miss this lecture and at 10 45 the lecture will be by Dr. Mandar Natkarni who's a breast oncosurgeon he he's a surgeon with more than 16,000 cases he's operated so far in the last 20 years he's been at Tata Memorial Hospital and Ammani Hospital and he is going to tell us exactly what the surgeons expect from radiologists we could find all the things and write fancy fancy reports two three pages but if they don't make any sense to the surgeon it is not going to reflect in our patient's treatment and our goal at the end of the day is that our patients should get the diagnosis in time and treatment in time so he's going to explain to us what we should be spending in those reports what he should be writing in those reports so please don't miss those lectures and then there is a whole bunch of other expert speakers all of them excellent speakers and very good teachers so please be there in time Mitusha any final words before we switch off nothing sir just that ma'am has already told them about tomorrow's the session and we'll start on time so I think all of you can join us tomorrow on time with these excellent panel of speakers tomorrow okay thank you everyone good


Hello everyone and welcome to Blackstar Potential. My name is Lee Fuge and I'm here today with MusicTeacher.com and in this lesson we're going to learn another classic riff. The riff we're going to look at today is the riff from the Van Halen track Unchained. So the riff we're going to learn today is in a drop tuning. The studio version of the track was tuned down half a step and then the low E string was dropped down a full tone from there. This gives you drop D down a semi tone. Today I'm just playing in a standard version of drop D tuning so D-A-D-G-B-E. If you've never played in a drop tuning before there's a video on the Blackstar channel where I explain the basics and the principles of drop tuning so go check that out first of all. All the tones that you're hearing are coming directly from the Blackstar IDCore V3 which is going straight into my DAW over a USB connection. The patch for this is also available on the Blackstar Architect website and there's a link for that down below in the description so if you want to take this patch sound and put it into your own IDCore amps you can download that patch and do so. So there's a lot of different things going on with the tone for this riff. I'm using the OD2 voice which is quite a high gain voice and I've got the gain at about 60% of the way up. I've got the mids pushed to the max and the ISF just leaning over on that British side it's set to about 2 o'clock.  I've got a flanger effect which Eddie Van Halen would often use to make his riffs move and sort of shift between the stereo field on the speakers. I've also got a short tape echo delay for some space and slapback and a plate reverb so all of this is in the patch. When you download that all of these things will be preset for you. So here's the riff in full and then we'll break it down. So this riff sounds a lot harder to play than it actually is. We're actually moving a chord shape around here. So the chord shape we're playing is this bar across the DG and B strings. So I'm starting out on the seventh fret. And what I'm doing is I'm playing that and then I'm adding my third finger on to the eighth fret of the B string. And then I'm doing four palm muted low D notes bringing that shape down here to the third fret and I'm playing it on the DG and B strings once again. Then I'm adding my third finger to the fourth fret and pulling off to the third. Then I'm coming up to the fifth playing that again and doing the pull off from the sixth with my third finger. Between those two I'm actually putting another open string. I'm leaving this third fret chord hang just slightly longer than the fifth. Notice I'm coming in on that one a bit quicker. So here's that first half around. The second half of the riff follows the same theme so we're starting off in the same place. Then I'm coming up to the ten doing exactly that same movement as I have been. Then I'm doing another open followed by the tenth fret chord once more and then this C major triad which is the ten on the D, the nine on the G and the eight on the B. So that little shift is a little bit tricky at first. I would recommend playing the first part with your first finger and then as you hit that low D switching to the third finger here. It makes getting into that triad a little easier. So here's the second half of the riff. So while there are some tricky moments in this riff you're actually just moving a very similar chord shape up and down the neck. So once you get used to that rhythm it's a very easy riff to start playing. The trickiest part in my opinion is that bit right at the end there where you go from that bar across the tenth fret to that C major triad. That's where changing your finger on the second part of that really comes in handy. So here's the riff in full slowly. I also forgot to add right before the slow play through. If you're doing the repeat there's also two open low D strings at the end of that C major triad. Right back into that repeat. So here's the riff now at full speed once more. So there you go there is the intro riff for the Van Halen song Unchained. Let me know down below in the comments how you guys have gotten on that riff and if there are any other classic riffs and licks you guys want to see in these videos throw those down below as well. Don't forget to check out Blackstar Amplification on YouTube for more videos just like this and like I said if you're new to drop tuning there is a video on the Blackstar channel where I cover the basics of how to drop tune your guitar and also what type of things to expect when you're playing with drop tuning. And if you're looking for a guitar teacher please head to musicteacher.com and check out the Music Teacher Database. There's a network of teachers all over the country waiting to help you guys out. Thanks so much for watching and I'll see you soon.


Hello, everyone. Yeah, I'm Otilia. By day, I work in cybersecurity. By night, I knit, which probably sounds a lot dorkier than it is. Anyway, I've always thought it would be quite fun to combine my love for computers or my hatred for computers with my love for knitting.  And I thought, what about a jumper that would trick facial detection? Yeah. It's not going to be a sock to put over CCTV cameras. Lots of people have asked me if that was the case, which makes me think maybe that is a business. Anyway, it's about making a jumper. So there's a couple of things that we're going to have to learn before we go into how to make the jumper. This is a talk on knitting. It's going to be a lot less sexy and cool than you probably thought it was based on the title. This is a knitting talk. I'm sorry. I'm going to try to keep it quite light on tech jargon, both in terms of algorithms and in terms of knitting. I'm sure all of our brains are sort of mush after listening to the glows of amazing talks and looking at like fire and lasers. So I'll try to be sort of kind of light and easy. So, yeah. So let's start about what is knitting. So how many people here have knitted before? A lot of people. I'm impressed. But yeah. So for knitting, it's basically the act of making fabric out of yarn in the knitting needles. Important here. This is not using a hook. That's called crocheting and it's a different thing. It's also like fun. But this is what we're talking about today. When you have knitting needles, you can either use two knitting needles like the first illustration you can see, or you can use five, which basically allows you to make tubes. So when you have two knitting needles, you're basically going like back and forth, back and forth. If you knit in a tube, you can just kind of do like imagine like a spiral. For the sort of concept of knitting, the basic unit is called a stitch. And there are two types of stitches. So you have a knit and a purl.  So if it kind of looks like a little V, then that's a knit. And if it has like a little squiggle, then it's a purl. So to begin with, those two and the ability to increase and decrease stitches on the needles, you can basically transform wool into, you know, a T-cozy, a jumper, whatever you want really. And you can make sort of different textures. So you can make like a stretchy rib. You can make cable knitting and all kinds of like cool textures. So knitting patterns. So this is the way that knitters communicate. And this is how you sort of document a knitted project. So knitting patterns, as I sort of briefly mentioned, are kind of like algorithms. You have a set of instructions that you follow. They're very acronym heavy. They use loads of repetitive components. You have if statements and for loops. And you use loads of maths. Thankfully, it's kind of easy maths.  So you see here, the knitting pattern basically tells you the written instructions. And the image is what this instruction actually like turns out to be.  And then you kind of reverse that to make a sort of checkered pattern. This is a bit of a random subsection of this talk. Mainly because I just want to tell everyone about this. And it's really interesting. Knitting actually has a kind of history about being used for surveillance. And I think that's really cool. Especially because I'm talking about anti-civilines. Knitted patterns and knitted items have been used in the past to basically transmit information across borders during wartime. There's loads of different ways that you can basically do a steganography with knitted items. So you could either kind of tie knots into the yarn itself. Or you can sort of knit in basically like Morse code, for instance. So say that a knit stitch is like a dot and a pearl is a dash, right?  It's actually used by the Belgian resistance movement in the Second World War. They recruited women with windows that overlooked railway stations to basically do surveillance for them. So they were keeping track of the comings and goings of the enemy forces and embedded this into their knitting. And then they went along and gave someone a pair of socks that then could be deciphered and they could know what the enemy forces were up to. And it was actually such a big problem that this like sending knitting patterns was banned in Britain during the Second World War just in case they could date secret codes. So this is a cutting from a newspaper from the 9th of January 1940. And I'll just read it out for you. So he says, knitting spice. Parts may not be sent to sensible countries by private persons. They must be sent by the makers of the contents and must never leave the shop until they're mailed. Reasons given for this is that enemy agents used hand-knitted garments to convey via neutral countries vital military and naval intelligence by means of cunningly worked codes knitted into the material during the last war. And that's crazy. I didn't know that until I started looking into this. And I think that's not like a super commonly known thing. But these days you don't really have to worry about someone watching you from their window and knitting things into their socks. They're not giving that to someone who's wanting to surveil you. Because we have modern surveillance. We have CCTV everywhere. So it's fine. So I'm going to talk a lot about facial detection. Because facial detection is step one of facial recognition. If you want to be able to recognise a face, you first have to be able to detect that there is a face to begin with. So there's loads of different ways that you can detect a face. You have neural networks which are probably the most common thing that people use these days. They're super fast. Really amazing. But they're really expensive to implement because they use quite a lot of memory. And yeah, they're not really applicable in all sort of technological situations. You then have the Viola Jones framework. And this is a framework that was created in 2001 by two people called Paul Viola and Michael Jones. And this is still used today even though it's 21 years old. Because it's really, really fast. So you can use it in handheld devices. So it was traditionally used in a phone camera where you wanted to detect a face so you could focus on it. Or draw a little square around where you think there's a face. So I'll very briefly talk about how this works. So the Viola Jones framework basically takes whatever input they get and it turns it into a black and white image. It then tries to match human face properties with a thing called heart features. Which basically uses the dark and the light areas of faces and match them to a face property like an eye or whatever. So if you look here, this is like an example of heart detection. So it's basically sort of calculating on like rectangular regions of the location of the windows.  I'm not going to go into it. But it basically sums up the pixel intensities in the different regions and sort of calculates the difference between the sums. If you look for instance with a nose, like if you have a nose, you'll have like a dark area, a light area and then a dark area again. So that's like a good indication that this is probably a face. So now we have all the sort of lore and the technical information where it doesn't even start to, you know, make a jumper. So I came across a project called hyperface a couple of years ago with basically it was like a prototype where a guy called Adam Harvey made a false face computer vision camouflage pattern. And this was basically created to be that ideal representation of a human face. And I was thinking you could probably knit that. I don't think anyone else has. I don't know why anyone would. But I was kind of looking and it didn't seem like anyone had. So I was like, yeah, I'll try it. But before you can start actually just knitting something, you kind of, especially like an image, you kind of have to go through quite a lot of steps to make it knitable. So I started out with editing the image to be completely black and white. So this is the original pattern. I'm not entirely sure if you can see it on the screens. But it's obviously black and white, but it also has like some gray scale. And I didn't want to add that because that's going to make it a lot harder. So I made it completely black and white. And I sort of scaled it down and pixelated it. So all the pixels were the same size. And then sort of did some editing just to make it sort of seem a bit more reasonable. I didn't have to calculate how many stitches one side of the jumper would be. Because it's basically two repeats of this pattern. So this is one section and then obviously the back is another section. So I ran it through some software to make it knitable, which basically makes it into like a grid. And also kind of slightly changes the width and the length of the pixels because like a knitted stitch isn't like a perfect pixel. They're kind of like slightly longer and wider. So, yeah, as I said, this is the original pattern. This is what I started out with. And this is the grid that I kind of ended up with once I really boiled it down. And because I was doing some of the edits to this, I was quite worried, like, is it still going to show off us like a face? So I continuously was testing it with a tool called OpenCV, which is basically an open source library used for computer revision. And I was running it with a profile called Harkis Games just to check that it was matching the intended profile. And then I had to start knitting it. So this was never made to be knitted. Proper knitting patterns have like really small repetitive patterns, like the sort of color work, so you can sort of memorize it as you go along. This pattern might look vaguely repetitive, but it has variations in each and single one of them. And you basically can't look away from the paper whilst you're knitting. So I was continuously staring down into this bit of paper, sort of manically drawing lines where I was, because if you lost track, there was a lot of counting and a lot of redoing, which I had to do quite a few times. I started making this project in lockdown early last year, Scotland had a lockdown. And I thought, this will be a fun thing. I'll make a tweet about it or something. And then I kind of stopped, because I was like, this is terrible.  This is awful. And then EMF came along and I saw they were looking for talks. And I was like, this kind of sounds like people would be into. So I submitted it and it got accepted. So then I had to start knitting really, really fast. So this only really finished like a couple of weeks ago. I was still doing the slides in the car down. But just briefly on the anatomy of a jumper, it's basically just like a series of tubes. This is like, the body is one large tube that I used a method called sticking, which you basically sort of sew it and then cut it. And you use it quite a lot in that kind of old traditional types of colour work, like fair isle or like traditional low region patterns. So I thought that was probably a good idea. As I said, the pattern repeats twice. Once at the front, once at the back. And then I sewed together the shoulders and knitted like a little collar. I realised for the sleeve, it was probably kind of pointless to make it into like a proper pattern because like your arms aren't really like flat enough to kind of show up and sort of represent like an entire face. So I thought I'd just like randomly make it up as I went along just to kind of match it. So here you can see the body without the sleeves. Also sort of testing it. This is basically a big tube that's been sewed together and cut apart. This is the insides of the jumper. And I think I'm just really fascinated by the insides of jumpers because if you're doing colour work, you're basically continuously bringing the yarn with you. So even though there's like huge bits of white, I still have to bring the black with me just in case there's like a random pixel that needs to be, you know, knitted. So it's pretty tedious work. And you have to kind of continuously weave them in so you don't like strangle yourself when you put it on. So now, does it work? Yeah, so this is a really awkward video of me rotating. But yes, it does kind of work. So all of the green squares is where it thinks that there's a face.  That's nice. But most importantly, I think there's loads of faces on the jumper. There are some like random kind of false positives where I think my ear is like a face for a second or so. But as you can see, it really like continuously do think that there's just a bunch of faces on my body. So here you can see just in the image form, the green squares indicate that there's potential face. If I wear a face mask, it doesn't recognize my face at all, because I'm being attacked by spiders. But yeah, it kind of works. So it works in the intended algorithms. There is a bot. It works on the intended algorithms, right? So as I said, I tested it with OpenCV using the Harkis gate profile. And also tested it with a tool called vFrame using the hard attack profile. vFrame is actually a tool created by Adam Harvey, who created the original hyperface project, which is like a tool for like OSINT work. I emailed Adam Harvey to tell me about this project, because I thought he would probably find it quite funny.  But as I said, it is still used in like other places. Just because I started getting sort of obsessed with like testing this out. Spiders. I just started going through like weird face apps and see what would happen.  I'm just supposedly sort of mad botnet. But here, who's an app? Yeah, so this is like an awful terrifying app.  But yeah, he thought my little pretend face just looked like sand. So he gave it like a beautiful perfect smile. And yeah, I just every time I go through this talk, almost like this image is getting imprinted into my brain, like, this is just going to be like the fuel for my nightmares for like the rest of my life. So yeah, super quick talk. I rattle through this. But conclusions. So I knitted this. So no one else has to. I thought it was a fun idea. And I thought no one else has done it. So I might as well try it. I will post the pattern on my Twitter if for some awful reason you want to try this yourself. But like I highly recommend that you don't. And sort of also in like a final conclusion is, is this going to stop you from being surveilled? No, no, it's not. You might get some confused look because you basically walk about looking like an ASOS bag, which I realized very late on in the project when I ordered something from ASOS. Now it's like that. But there we are. But yeah, no, I mean, it's not going to stop you from being surveilled. Of course it's not. I mean, what is. But, you know, it was a fun project. I learned loads. And at least now someone has done it. So that's it. Thank you so much.


this is Amit Dan of AmitDan.com. Today I'll have another episode of unboxing and review video and I'll be opening up and setting the Chromecast Ultra. So I have a regular Chromecast which I believe is the first generation and I set it up on my TV long time ago. So I'll show you what I have and I'll show you even the picture quality and then once I switch back to Chromecast Ultra then I'll show you the picture quality again. Now my TV is not a 4K TV this is just a regular 1080p TV but I believe that you know still the Chromecast Ultra 4K should bring a better picture quality on the TV. So let's look at the back of my TV where the Chromecast old version is sitting and I'll show that to you. So if you take a look at right here so this is the I believe first generation Chromecast and still I've been using it and I connected my cell phone to the TV and the one problem I'm having with the old version of Chromecast that you know it cannot take 5G internet Wi-Fi connection so it's still taking you know 2.4G and it gets like you know very slow if there's a sometimes you know if I'm watching a movie or YouTube video then it doesn't actually can broadcast without interrupting. So I'll turn on my TV and we'll look at the Chromecast welcome screen first time and let's take a look here. So if you can take a look here it's 720 by 480 60p it's not even 1080 and then the next thing I'd like to show you that you know this old version cannot support 5 gigahertz Wi-Fi connection it's only support up to 2.4 GHz so that's why it gets very like you know slow or it lags you know from time to time. So you will see right here that it's 2.4 GHz right here because it cannot support 5 GHz. So you know I have difficulty watching YouTube or a movie because it lags and it takes time to catch up. So once we switch back to 4K Chromecast then we'll see how things are and then I'll just show you a short clip of one of my 4K videos and we'll compare the picture quality although my TV is not 4K but I believe still it should make a lot of difference in terms of picture quality. Okay so it's starting up okay so here's the picture quality and okay so you're watching this with the old Chromecast and then once you know I'll install then I'll compare with the new Chromecast. So this one has two problems one is Wi-Fi connection it cannot accept 5 GHz and then the resolution is very low which is even lower than 1080 which I showed you before. So let's go back to the 4K Chromecast. Here is the box we have and it has some information for example here 4K HDR and then you can see that you know on the back on the side of the box. 4K HDR video streaming from the cloud and 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi support which is you know the old one cannot go to 5 GHz and then start streaming with your voice using Google Home and then screen mirroring Android smartphone. So plug it into HDMI port of TV cables included and works with Android iPhone and this device this systems. Okay so on this side of there's just you know some more information and that's all here so let's start with the unboxing. Remove the cover and this is our Chromecast so I'll just you know remove this one too. I'll put this here and I'll come back to this shortly and let's see what we have here. So you have just instruction manuals on here how this works and then there's another instruction booklet and warranty card so I'll just put this here and here's the cable and the power adapter. So the old Chromecast actually didn't have its power so it was just like you know you just plug it in and you didn't need any power so now I'm gonna have to use this power to plug power this Chromecast and if I take out so you can see that there's some sort of magnetic option so just you know holds on to have a you know connection port for regular USB this is not USB-C. Another feature I noticed that you know it has Ethernet connection so you can just connect to internet via this port right here and then this is the you know to power the Chromecast and this is the plug-in so if you're using the Ethernet connection or internet connection directly then you can just you know use that too without using Wi-Fi. Okay so that's all we have here so what I'll do I'll take out my old Chromecast and put it in and then you know I'll start showing you from that step forward. Connecting the Chromecast Ultra 4k was a breeze I just had to you know put in the HDMI input into the HDMI port and then I connected the other end into a power port and that's it so it has that big light right there so that means that you know I have to set it up so let's turn on the TV and see what type of message I get. It's telling me to go to Google Home app on the phone or tablet and start setting up the Chromecast Ultra so what I'll do I'll go to the Google Home app so once I you know open the Google Home so it's already giving me the message that one device found so if I just click on it it's recognizing that you know Chromecast Ultra found and it asking would you like to set up so say okay so it says connected and it's asking for the code to be confirmed on the TV and if you look on the TV then you will see that you know this is the same code so I'm going to just you know say yes and then it's asking if I would like to share stats and everything I'm going to say no thanks then where's this device my living room or back garden so I'll just choose my living room and then next and then create a unique so just name it Chromecast 4k next so choose the Wi-Fi connection so I'm going to just connect it to my 5G Wi-Fi I don't have to go to 2.4G anymore so I'll just you know go here and next okay so it's connecting to the Wi-Fi it's not it didn't ask me any password so I believe because my phone is already connected to the same network that's why it may not ask me a password let's take a look and see what happens here it's already connected I didn't ask me any password so if you take a look on my TV right now and then you can see that you know it's just going through the updates I have this error message which is that you know your Chromecast Ultra uses your Google account so whether if you'd like to use that I'm going to hit next and then the next one is going to be just you know asking to subscribe from the email so I'm not going to subscribe anything and link video services and then you know I don't have any Netflix so I'm going to go next and here's a review of what you have set up so devices and Wi-Fi continue and it's doing more updates so we'll just you know wait until the update is done and then we'll watch the same video we watched before on the old Chromecast okay so you can see that you know it's connecting after the updates and it mentions here that almost done I'm getting some message on the phone that choose a sample click to learn how to cast which I do not need so I'll just hit on skip tutorial and then you know it brought me directly to YouTube the interface actually looks different than the old one YouTube home okay so it's playing the same video we watched before but this is now playing on 4k and let's take a look to see if there's any you know video there's any quality you can see the quality if we can see a significant difference of the quality okay I can tell or I can see a significant difference in picture quality so definitely the quality is much better than what I used to have although my TV is just a regular 1080 TV it's not even 4k but yes it did make sense to you know purchase a 4k Chromecast instead of just going for the 1080 and another reason I purchased a 4k because I wanted to I didn't want to buy another one again in case you know if I end up buying a 4k TV in the future so this should be good for a while because you know I don't need to buy another 4k Chromecast had I bought just a regular 1080 version of Chromecast so that's all the setup and Chromecast unboxing thank you for watching forget about subscribing this channel forget about liking this video I'll see you shortly


The Quenmar package provides a set of tools for detailed development of ecological niche models using MaxENT, enabling rigorous calibration, selection, creation, evaluation, and extrapolation risk analysis. Best parameters are selected based on statistical significance, predictive power, and model complexity, while multiple parameter sets and model transfers are enabled for final models. The MOP metric is used to evaluate extrapolation risks in model transfers. This article was authored by Marlon E. Cobos, A Townsend Peterson, Naraini Barve, and others.