Theory of abstract ideas or general ideas occurs in the last section of book one part one and mae'r unrhyw bwysig yn gweithio'r prinsibl yn cael ei wneud, ac mae'n gweithio'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Felly, ydych chi'n gweithio'r ddweud yn gweithio'r ddweud yn fawr o'r bwysig o'r part 1, ac mae'r unrhyw yn gweithio'r ddweud. Mae'n gweithio'r ddweud. Felly, ydych chi'n gweithio'r ddweud yn y cyfrifysgol, fel Llock o Barkley o Hwm, yn y rhan fyddi'r cyfrifysgol, sydd yn ddweud i'r ideae'r cyfrifysgol. Felly, ydych chi'n ffun cofent o cyfrifysgol o'r ff luônaol iddyn ni, yn y regulation gwaith bythwyr, yn y fawr y bydd cael Llock o'r ddweud, fel Llock o Barkley o Hwm, rydych chi'n gweithio'r ddweud i'r cyfrifysgol. Felly, rydych chi'n gweithio'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ffaitho'r ddweud ond mae'r rhan fyddi'r ddweud oherwydd. The rock saying, all things that exist are only particulars. And he's echoed by Barclay, and he's echoed by Hume in the section that we're talking about 1176. Now if the only things we encounter in experience are particulars, this raises the question of how we are able to think in general terms. How do we get general ideas, or, if you like, how do we use general terms? So, dwi'n gweithio y teoriol Lox, oherwydd y teoriol Lox yn ysgolion ar gyfer Barclennol i'r Hwm. Fel hynny, mae'n ddysgu Lox. Felly, mae'n ddysgu Lox, mae'n ddysgu'r ddysgu'r ddysgu'r ddysgu Lox. OK, felly ydy'r Lox yn ymddiadau cyfrifol. Cyfrifol yn ysgolion, dar di oedd, lakhau mélidagol granithol shadeisudd a gweld delve yn o gyfrifol i'r ddysgu'r du顰 a'iaid gallu a dydd y dy Är eirft iddiling hefyd yw'r拙ad gyda oedd hynny. Felly, am ddysgu'r ddysgu, mae'n mewn gwneud � bwyd f enriched o bwerdangol schwier than whane ddig idded. Bydd ychydig dar bullion yma un rhetoric yn ddech pl minerals o termin y oedau hy contemporaryion yw fy modrion. Y dy cwell yn ymdweith yma, mewn gweld espyrig, ddysgu'r opaeth ei i'w gweithio i chi'n cael ei amser i'r unig. Fy gyddi'r ddysgrif hon i'w ysgolwyddon, roedd o'r baby, a'r tynnu'r ysgolwyddo i'r mwyaf, ymddor, ymddor, ymddor. I ddod o'r hyn o'r cyflawn i ddweud cyhoedd, yn ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud, oeddu yn ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud, mae'n meddwl ei wneud i'w wneud i'r hynny i ddeithasol a wneud i'r llyfrigion gennynol. Mae'r llyfrigion, mae'n mynd i ddod yn fwy o'r holl fyddion o'r llyfrigion rhaid i'r Mhwyter, i'r Petyd, i'r James, i'r Mary, i'r Jane, i'r holl yn cyllidol i chi, i'r holl yn ymddwyr i'r cymdeithasol. Felly, y ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb yn ei gweithio i'r ddiddordeb sy'n ddiddordeb am y cydwyr a'i'r ddiddordeb yn ei ddiddordeb yn ei ddiddordeb yn y ddiddordeb. yw'r idea ysgrifennu. Rwy'n meddwl, Lach gafodd unrhyw unrhyw sy'n meddwl gyda Ffanoff. Mae'n rhaid i ddweud oherwydd sy'n meddwl i'r ysgrifennu yw'r ysgrifennu sy'n meddwl sy'n meddwl i'r idea ysgrifennu. Mae'n meddwl i'r ysgrifennu sy'n meddwl i'r ysgrifennu. Mae'n meddwl i'r ysgrifennu sy'n meddwl i ddweud oherwydd mae'n meddwl i ddweudio oherwydd trangol, oherwydd equilatorol eich ceirol, urhaid isosili, neu skelinon, oherwydd wnaeth eich cwrs ond ry canw specifica sy'n meddwl i'r ysgrifennu. Nid yw'r amser y sy'n meddwl i ddiwedd y f等au Roeddem yn 快fynu y ddechrau maen nhw'n meddwl yn meddwl i fy modd o'r tryngylch, felly mae'n meddwl iawn yn ymdiddoriad. Rwy'n meddwl i'n meddwl. Rwy'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'r troch i'r troch yn ei ddau fath o'r amlwg. Rwy'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'r troch yn ymdill, yn ei ddweud, a yn rhaid i ddweud, ydw yw y cwm ddwy'n meddwl i'r troch yn ei ddweud? Roedd y gallwn gallu'n meddwl i'r troch yn ei ddweud? Yn gwrthod y gallau cyfnodd yn fywr o gyfnodd gyda LOX essay. Rwy'n rhoi bod y dyma'r idea. LOX's gorfod ythod i'r amlwgol a'r cyfrannu yw y cyfrannu. Ond, mae hwn yn cael ei wneud ychydig i'r cyfrannu cyfnodd yw'r ysgrifennig ddwy'r ysgrifennig wedi cael ei ddwylo'n gyfrannu'r idea. Yn gwrthod y cartwch, rydyn ni'n ddweud sy'n gwybodaeth yn ddych yn y rhagleniaid. along with some of the other ideas. It's clearly, any empiricist has to give an account of this. He might not say we have these weird general ideas, but he's got to give some account of how we managed to do general thinking. Here is Barclays rival account. A word becomes general by being made the sign not of an abstract general idea, but of several particular ideas, any one of which it indifferently suggests to the mind. a o! byddwn am y newid a rhoi ei ddim wneud yn mynd o'r bydd y bydd gwyrdd o'r bydd yn ymgyrch yn mynd i bydd pan allanol i'r byddwn a'r bydd yn ymgyrch mae hynny'n siargrwych o'r hyn i'r ddefnydd yw efallai am yma. Ydyn nhw y fydd y loketh sefydliad yлей yn gromopeth geolog ac yn gwneud yma'r gweld ben yw'r diagrannol o'r gwneud ydyn ni'n gwybod gyda y cyeffordau y llai gyda'r llai gwaith yn cymryd. Felly mae rywbeth ar hynnu'r llai. Mae'r llai gyda llai gyda llai, myfydloliw. Ond rwyf fel nid yw, mae'n cyffordd eich llai gyda. Dw i'r line ar ôl ohnogi, sy'n wentlynyddiad eich llai. Ac mae'n gweld cheifio ffyrdd â hynny byddai'r ffordd hanfodol yn eithaf, ac mae'r ffordd hwnnef angen – a'r ffordd hefyd yn eithaf angen, sy'n mynd i ddweud y mae'r ffordd hwnnef sgarwau. Mae'r ffordd hwnnef angen neu'r ffordd hanfodol yn y rhaeddaeth gwaith i'r lŷn iawn ymlaes brand. Mae'r ffordd hwnnef eich hollod o enyf yn y de realisech gweithnod a'r gyfan gweithwyr gyngor. O chi'n ei ddweud yr ardal i'n cael ei wneud hyn, Is that although when we perform the proof we're using a specific triangle as it happens a right-angled isosceles triangle, nevertheless the proof is equally applicable to any triangle at all. Though the idea I have in view whilst I make the demonstration be for instance that of an isosceles rectangular triangle whose sides are of a determinate length, I may nevertheless be certain it extends to all other rectilinear triangles of what sort or bigness so ever. And that because neither the right angle nor the equality nor determinate length of the sides are at all concerned in the demonstration. So a very familiar practice of using a particular example as a way of reasoning more generally. Once we've proved that the angles of that triangle add up to 180 degrees or two right angles we're very happy to extend that conclusion to all other triangles because we see that no part of our reasoning has depended on the specific characteristics of the triangle we've picked. Okay so that's Barclay's account of abstraction. We use individual specific ideas with all their particularity but we use them as representatives. Now just in passing Barclay is probably a bit unfair to Locke. It's not clear that Locke's theory of abstraction depends on producing indeterminate images that will equally match all triangles and none of them. Michael Ayers has argued this length but I just give one quotation here which suggests at any rate that Locke isn't quite in the position that Barclay thinks he is. But at any rate as I've said both Barclay and Hume treat Locke as a foil. They do take him to have this rather naive idea with abstract images. Hume accordingly credits Barclay with one of the most valuable discoveries that has been made recently in the Republic of Letters. Barclay's criticism of Locke, his development of an alternative theory of general ideas is a great success. And you get the impression from this that Hume's theory is going to be essentially the same as Barclay's. But actually it's not quite the same because Hume gives a major role to custom. Now we'll see later when we come to deal with Hume on induction that custom plays a major role there. Custom is habit, we see things happen, we expect the same in the future. And here Hume is appealing to a custom which he will later say is very similar in explaining our operation of general thought. So when we found a resemblance among several objects we apply the same name to all of them. And this name plays a crucial role. After we've acquired a custom of this kind the hearing of that name revives the idea of one of these objects and makes the imagination conceive it with all its particular circumstances and proportions. So notice when we conceive if I say triangle or dog the idea of a particular triangle or a particular dog comes into your mind with all its particular features. But as the same word is supposed to have been frequently applied to other individuals the word not being able to revive the idea of all these individuals only revives that custom which we have acquired by surveying them. They're not really present to the mind but only in power. We keep ourselves in a readiness to survey any of them. So you think of a specific dog but because the word dog has been associated by you with lots of other specific animals those other specific animals or your idea of them are as it were waiting in the wings waiting to jump in as needed in your thinking. So all of your thinking involves very specific ideas but other ideas are potentially there. So in particular Hume says suppose some proposition is put to us which may match with the particular idea we're thinking of at the moment but doesn't match in general. So suppose I think of the idea of a triangle and it happens that an equilateral triangle as it were appears in my mind. So when I think of a triangle I'm thinking of a specific equilateral triangle and then maybe the proposition occurs to me or somebody says to me all triangles are equilateral. Now you might think that I will be seduced into believing that because I have this idea in my mind which I'm using as a representative of all triangles and it happens to be equilateral but actually Hume says we've got this magical faculty in the soul that when this happens when some general rule is proposed to us which doesn't match with all of our ideas that are associated with the word triangle lo and behold by magic as it were another idea occurs to me and jumps in. The custom brings to my mind an idea of a triangle that is not equilateral and so I see that the proposed general rule that all triangles are equilateral is false. Okay so to sum up some ideas are particular in their nature but general in their representation. So everything that exists is particular but some ideas manage to become general in their representation by being annexed to a general term which from a customary conjunction has a relation to many other particular ideas and readily recalls them in the imagination. Don Garrett has coined a useful term for the set of ideas that are associated with a term and readily recalled in this way. He calls them the revival set, very appropriate name. Okay so Hume has his alternative theory but before presenting this he attacks Locke's theory using some similar considerations to Barkley but actually he puts forward three arguments one of them involving the separability principle, one involving the copy principle that we've already come across and one involving the conceivability principle that we've already mentioned but not discussed in much detail. So I've put references there, I would suggest go and look at those passages, see how he argues it. What I'm going to focus on now is the first of these, the separability principle because we'll see that that plays quite a significant role later on in Hume's philosophy. Now it's a little bit strange when he introduces the separability principle. He says we have observed that whatever objects are different to distinguishable and that whatever objects are distinguishable are separable by the thought and imagination. We have observed that, when did we observe that? Well it's not quite clear, he's never said that before. The nearest seems to be Treatise 1134 where he talks about the liberty of the imagination to transpose and change its ideas and he refers to that as his second principle the first principle being the copy principle. So it seems most plausible that when Hume suddenly starts talking about what is universally known as his separability principle, though he doesn't call it that that he's actually referring back to that principle of the liberty of the imagination. Okay, now what exactly does that amount to? Whatever objects are different to distinguishable and that whatever objects are distinguishable are separable by the thought and imagination. When we think of different things we're able to separate the ideas of them and he goes on to say these propositions are equally true in the inverse and that whatever objects are separable are also distinguishable and that whatever objects are distinguishable are also different. So he seems to be saying that distinguishability, difference, separability all come to the same thing. Well his argument for this is very cursory and this is a little bit strange because we'll see he does actually make significant use of this principle. He simply says for how is it possible we can separate what is not distinguishable or distinguish what is not different and that's pretty much it. He seems to think that it's a pretty obvious principle. Now I suspect that what's going on here is that Hume is motivated by his general picture of the human mind and his empiricist picture of our ideas as copied from impressions, copied from sensation and as always Hume tends to model all this on a visual picture. So although we have five senses and we get ideas from the impressions of all of those five senses Hume seems most of the time to be thinking in terms of visual impressions and ideas. OK so when I look around me I get a visual image My ideas are copied from that and Hume seems to be working with a picture of something like a pixelated computer screen. So I've got that image we can divide it into lots of parts and my imagination gives me the freedom to take apart here, imagine it over there so I can move things around how I like and it seems to be that if you can separate out a part of that and you can distinguish it, it's different, you can move it around and this seems to make sense of how I've suggested he's referring back to what he called the liberty of the imagination to transpose our ideas. It's as simple as that. But we'll see that Hume immediately goes on to draw quite significant conclusions from this principle which makes it look as though maybe it's not so trivial. In particular it is evident at first sight that the precise length of a line is not different nor distinguishable from the line itself nor the precise degree of any quality from the quality. So straight away, you think of a line, think of the length of a line you cannot distinguish those ideas, they're not separable so you can't think of one of them alone. Now that looks like a much more significant conclusion than Hume's rather short justification of the principle would seem to justify and raises an obvious problem because we do seem to be able to draw these distinctions. I can talk about the length of a line distinct from the line itself. Maybe I can't form an idea of the line distinct from the idea of its length or vice versa but I seem to be able to talk about it okay and think about it. So for example we can distinguish between the figure and the body figured. We can distinguish between motion and the body moved. Recall Barkley saying that when we think of a body in motion we always think of the body with its specific motion and we may use that as a representative when thinking about moving bodies in general but in our thought we cannot distinguish an abstract idea of the object that's moving from the specific motion. So again we've got both Hume and Barkley saying that when we think of things we always think of particular things in all their particularity so we've got this remaining problem how we can have general thoughts. So Hume at the end of section 7 talks about what he calls the distinction of reason which is so much talked about and so much misunderstood and his account of the distinction of reason the way we can distinguish between the body and the body moved is by means of his theory of abstraction or theory of general ideas. It's because of these patterns of resemblance. So suppose we see a globe of white marble all we get is the impression of a white colour disposed in a certain form.  So I can think of the globe of white marble I can think of its whiteness I can think of its circularity I'm actually thinking of the same thing I cannot distinguish or separate those thoughts however what I can observe is different resemblances so when I look at a globe of black marble I see the similarity in shape if I look at a cube of white marble I see the similarity in colour and it's because of these different patterns of resemblance that I'm able to draw the distinction between the relevant general ideas.


Hello everyone. I am Dr. Vanti Gulhane and I specialize in cardiovascular imaging. Today I am going to discuss a somewhat new but a rather important topic and a technical advancement that is T1 mapping in cardiac MR. Let us begin by discussing this case. We had a few days back where T1 mapping helped establish the diagnosis and solve the diagnostic dilemma. This was a 60-year-old man with a history of acute chest pain, ventricular tachycardia and hypertension. ECHO was done and it showed regional wall motion abnormalities and a moderate decline in the ejection fraction. The clinical question was whether this patient has an ischemic versus a stress-induced cardiomyopathy. For this, a cardiac MR was obtained with all the routine sequences. The short axis cine in this patient showed thinning and achinosis of the lateral wall and there was mild thickening and hypokinosis of the septum. The PSIR sequence showed a transmural infarction of the lateral wall. Now there was no enhancement in the septum to explain the hypokinosis of the septum in this patient and hence a T1 mapping was obtained. The T1 map demonstrated elevated native T1 values in the septum as well as the lateral wall. Now the LG distribution obviously pointed to the most consistent diagnosis of a prior diagonal or an LCX infarction. However, it was the native T1 value which was the clencher of the diagnosis in this patient, its elevation representing myocardial edema and thus recent myocarditis which explained his symptoms of acute chest pain. The extracellular volume was elevated at 31% which further supports the diagnosis. ECHO showed a gradual improvement in the ejection fraction in this patient over a period of one week which sealed the deal that he in fact had acute myocarditis. And thus this case proves a point that T1 mapping can be used and helpful to identify and establish the diagnosis in patients with diagnostic dilemmas such as this patient. Now before we begin to discuss the detail of T1 mapping we need to know the types of myocardial fibrosis. There are two types one is the interstitial fibrosis, second is the replacement fibrosis. Replacement fibrosis occurs in patients of infarctions. Interstitial fibrosis has two subtypes reactive and infiltrative fibrosis. The reactive fibrosis is seen in patients with hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy, volume and pressure overload conditions. Infiltrative fibrosis occurs in patients having amyloidosis and andes infibrates disease. Now it has been known that the diseases characterized by diffuse myocardial fibrosis cannot be evaluated by late gadolinium enhancement imaging as there are no reference regions of the normal myocardium. In this patient comes the role of T1 mapping. Now what is a T1 map? It is a parametric reconstructed image where each pixel's intensity directly corresponds to the T1 relaxation time of the myocardial voxel. This enables quantification of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in cases where LGE does not give an answer. The native T1 value reflects myocardial disease involving the myocyte and the interstitium. The use of gadolinium allows measurement of the extracellular volume fraction which reflects the interstitial space. T1 values can be obtained by different techniques. For example, the inversion recovery as well as the saturation recovery techniques. This is an example of an inversion recovery sequence where different T1 weighted source images were obtained and the pixel intensity of these images were fitted on the T1 recovery curve to obtain the final T1 map. The most popular sequence supplied by the vendors is the MOLI or the Modified Looklocker Inversion Recovery Sequence and its popular variation. Then there is MOLI or the Short-End MOLI where we reduce the time for acquisition. Sasha and Sapphire are saturation based recovery sequences. Extracellular volume fraction can be calculated by administration of gadolinium and obtaining the post-contrast T1 values but they can be influenced by number of factors. We optimize for hematocrit values by using the following formula of the extracellular volume estimation. We need to know what are the normal values of the ECV. It is average 0.25 in volunteers less than 40 years and 0.32 in those more than 60 years of age. Now how to obtain the T1 value? All you need to do is put an ROI in the myocardium in a native T1 map. In order to obtain an extracellular volume you need to put ROIs on the septum as well as the blood pool in the native T1 as well as the post-contrast T1 values and then put those values in the equation and obtain the extracellular volume for a particular patient. Now we need to know the conditions which affect the T1 mapping in ECV values in clinical practice. First being lipomatous metaplasia where there is severe reduction in the T1 values as well as the ECV. Then fibrous disease and iron overload conditions should drop in the T1 values but a normal extracellular volume. In patients with HCM and DCM there is mildly elevated T1 values and near normal ECV. Patients with acute myocarditis have moderate elevation of the T1 values as well as the ECV. Finally the most important to remember is that patients of amyloidosis show the highest increase in the T1 values as well as extracellular volumes and highest values of the T1 mapping will be seen in patients of acute myocardial infarction. Now coming to few more examples this is a patient with HCM who showed enhancement in the superior and inferior RV insertion points but not much in the septum but a T1 mapping showed an elevated T1 values in the septum as well identifying myocardial fibrosis. Another patient with acute myocardial infarction showed only a subendocardial infarct in the inferior RV. However the T1 mapping identified a rather larger area at risk in this patient. Another example of a patient with amyloidosis which shows a significantly increased native T1 values. Thus it may be implied that a non-contrast T1 mapping may be even more sensitive alternative to late gadolinium enhancement. It has been shown that native T1 performed better than post-contrast T1 and ECV measurements and compared with LGE T1 maps eliminate the influence of windowing and variations in the signal enhancement by directly measuring the underlying T1 relaxation times. We need to know the limitations of the T1 mapping. First of all T1 maps rely on anatomy being aligned between all the images hence the need for motion correction. Secondly it is important to standardize the T1 methodology at each institution and to determine the range of normal T1 values at your scanner. Finally we need to know what is a normal T1 value whether it is a 1.5 Tesla system or a 3 Tesla system it has been found that the normal native T1 value is in the range of 1 second or 1000 milliseconds it is a little lesser for 1.5T and a little more for 3T and the take home message. First is that the identification of diffuse mercurial fibrosis and edema is now possible with T1 mapping which may not be detected by late gadolinium enhancement. The technique is highly reproducible highly sensitive as compared to LGE to a point that now it is being called as a non-invasive myocardial biopsy technique. It also serves as a promising alternative to late gadolinium enhancement in chronic kidney disease. Thank you for your attention.


The question is the amendment 11803.1, in the name of Miles Briggs, which seeks to amend motion 11803 in the name of Emma Roddick, on the impact of UK Government asylum policy and legislation in Scotland to be agreed, and members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. I call Foisal Choudry for a point of order. My app was not working. I would have voted no. The result of the vote on amendment 11803.1, in the name of Miles Briggs, is yes, 30, no, 86. My apologies, bear with me. Won't you do that? Thank you. The result of the vote on amendment 11803.1, in the name of Miles Briggs, is yes 30, no 86. My apologies. Bear with me. The result of the vote on amendment 11803.1, in the name of Miles Briggs, is yes 30, no 88, there were no abstentions, the amendment is therefore not agreed. The next question is that amendment 11803.2, in the name of Paul O'Cain, which seeks to amend motion 11803 in the name of Emma Roddick, on the impact of UK Government asylum policy and legislation in Scotland, be agreed? Are we all agreed? No. The Parliament is not agreed, therefore it will move to a vote, and members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. The result of the vote on amendment 11803.2, in the name of Paul O'Cain, is yes, 20, no 97. There were no abstentions, the amendment is therefore not agreed. The next question is that motion 11803, in the name of Emma Roddick, on the impact of UK Government asylum policy and legislation in Scotland, be agreed? Are we all agreed? No. The Parliament is not agreed, therefore it will move to a vote, and members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. The result of the vote on motion 11803, in the name of Emma Roddick, is yes, 89, no 30. There were no abstentions, the motion is therefore agreed. I propose to ask a single question on three parliamentary bureau motions. Does any member object? The final question is that motions 11822, on approval of an SSI, 11823, on designation of a lead committee, and 11824, on committee meeting time, in the name of George Adam, on behalf of the parliamentary bureau, be agreed? Are we all agreed? The motions are therefore agreed. That concludes decision time, and we will move on to members' business, in the name of Collette Stevenson.


Some changes over which we have no control are called uncontrollable changes. So for example, the formation of clouds or the phases of the moon. We do not have any control over these changes, right? Or the coming of a storm. These are uncontrollable changes. But there are some changes over which we can have control and those are called control changes. So for example, if you're going to visit your friend on a cycle, you can speed up you can slow down. You can change. You have that control over the speed of the bicycle. This is an example of a control change. Also, if you want to protect anything made out of iron, we tend to apply a layer of zinc on top of it so that it does not rust. This is again a control change. We can control the rusting of iron. We can delay it by a long long way by just by just trying to protect it by by adding a layer on top of iron. Usually zinc, adding a layer of zinc on top of iron so that it does not rust. This is a control change. We can exert. We can have some control over it.


Hey guys, welcome back to my channel or welcome if you're new. If you don't know me, my name's Sam. I am a licensed hairdresser. So I was working in a salon doing hair consistently for a few years and then about eight months ago I moved from Pennsylvania down to Wilmington, North Carolina. I did switch over my cosmetology license to North Carolina, but I decided when I moved here that I wanted to take a little bit of a break, kind of take a step back from the hair industry, focus more on social media stuff and just kind of, I don't know, I was feeling burnt out and just not ready to jump right back in to being in a salon and taking clients when I moved here. But today I actually have an interview at a salon and I thought, let me take you along with me and share some of my tips prepping for the interview. I get questions a lot about how should you prepare? What should you expect? What should you wear? What questions should you ask? All of that kind of stuff. So first things first, I need to get ready obviously because I'm still just hanging out in my pajamas. So I need you to wear hair and our makeup. I would suggest when you're going for an interview in the beauty industry, obviously, like if you're the type that you normally do like a full glam makeup on a regular basis, do that. Do whatever you feel comfortable with, do whatever is normal to you. If you are typically not the type of person to wear makeup, I would maybe just do like a little something even if it's like light and natural, but just try to obviously look your best, look the part of someone in the beauty industry. And of course, if you're going to interview in a hair salon, the hair is probably the most important thing. So you really wanna make sure that your hair is looking good, that it is nice and styled. So I'm just gonna do my usual hair and makeup really quick and then we will talk outfits. Hair is done, makeup is done. Now, I need to pick out what I'm gonna wear. So I know a lot of people when they go to interview at a salon, they just automatically think that they should wear all black. But I would say do your research. If you've never been to the salon in person before, definitely look on their social media. Try to see if you find any photos of the stylist working in the salon and see what do they wear. What is the dress code there? Most salons back in the day used to have a very all black strict dress code. But nowadays, I feel like especially with more modern salons, that is not the case anymore. And you'll find that the stylists are able to dress in whatever colors they want and just kinda show off their personal style. So I would see how the stylists dress there and then have your outfit kind of mimic that in a way.  If all the stylists at this salon are typically wearing colorful, cutesy outfits or they wear a lot of light colors and you show up in a plain all black outfit, you're not gonna look like you fit in there. You know what I mean? So I think the best option is to just, like I said, dress the part. So I'm kind of thinking of wearing a skirt. I have this midi skirt, which I think is really cute with a bodysuit maybe tucked into it. Or I have these cute dress pants that I could maybe wear again with a bodysuit tucked in or with like a little crop top. So that it's like kind of dressy and like professional but still cute and like stylish. So I'm gonna try both of these outfits on and just kind of play around until I find something that feels right and that I feel comfortable and confident in. So I'll be right back. Okay, it took me a while to figure this out. As you can see by all the clothes on the bed behind me, but I think I finally got the outfit down. It's pretty simple, but I wanted to make sure that I was wearing something that really just felt like me and really like represented my style and was something that I realistically would wear. So I have the square neck bodysuit from Zara, these H&M jeans, this thrifted men's blazer and my H&M men's fanny pack and then these mules from Aldo. So that is the fit. And I just layered a couple necklaces. I'm feeling good. I think this is it. I'm feeling like put together, professional, but like not too dressed up. And I feel like based on the pictures on their Instagram page, I don't feel out of place. I feel good. Now I'm gonna put on some perfume. Super important. I always like to make sure that I smell really good. I never leave the house, even if I'm just going to work out. Like I refuse to leave the house without putting perfume on first. And this portion of the video is sponsored by dossier. Thank you so much to them for working with me. dossier makes perfumes inspired by name brand designer fragrances. And what has become my signature scent is the Amberie Saffron by them, which is a dupe for the Baccarat Rouge 540, which is full price, very expensive. It's like a few hundred dollars. And this one from dossier is 49, I believe. By eliminating celebrity marketing and retail markups and the fancy packaging and all of that stuff, they are able to offer the exact same high quality scents for a fraction of the price, 70 to 90% less in a lot of cases. Their perfumes start at $29. And they have tons of different perfumes on there inspired by popular high-end brands like Tom Ford, YSL, Jo Malone. And this one is my absolute favorite because everywhere I go, this stands out. Like it's so strong, it lasts all day. And I always get compliments when I wear it and people always ask me what I have on. I feel like when you go for an interview, you have to assume they're gonna be interviewing several people, obviously not just you. So you wanna stand out in the best ways that you can. Your scent can leave a lasting impression on someone.  You know, like I just feel like it plants a little seed and then they will remember you when they're going back through, like looking at all of the applicants.  It's SAM10, I'll have a link and that code in the description for you to use. dossier now also has a reward system. So every purchase you make, you can accumulate points. So make sure that you select catch at the last step of checkout so that you can start accumulating your points and rack up those rewards. Again, I'll have all the information in the description. Thank you so much dossier for working with me again on this video. So once you are all ready to go and looking put together, I do suggest bringing a resume with you. Even if they say that it's not required, I think that it's always good to just kind of leave them with something that has your contact information on it. So that way, again, when they're like going back through all the other applicants and they're trying to choose who they wanna hire, you will be like top of mind because they will physically have something in front of them with your name on it to remind them. And in case they forget about anything that you talked about during the interview as far as like your work experience and all of that goes, they will have your resume to reference. I think it's one of those things where like it never hurts to have it on you. It can only help and be viewed as a good thing. I also would prepare a couple questions that you have. I know a lot of people when they're going into an interview, they are just like so focused on the answers that they have to give and the questions that are gonna be asked of them. But don't forget, usually at the end of the interview, the interviewer will ask you, okay, do you have any questions for me? And I think A, having questions looks good because it looks like you truly are like really interested in this job and like you have questions, like there's information you wanna know, you're invested in it.  You wanna make sure that it's the right fit for you. So before you even go into the interview, I would just write down a list of some questions that you have like, what hours are they looking for you to work? Are you gonna be in control of your own schedule? If you need to request time off or something like that, like how does that process work? What's their policy as far as like taking time off? Cause I know some salons are a lot more lenient than others. Also think about asking like, how are you gonna get paid? Especially if you're looking to work as a stylist, are they a commission salon? Are they Booth rental? Do they take walk-ins?  Are there gonna be assistants there helping you? Is there gonna be a receptionist there helping you? What is their policy as far as like double booking clients? There's so many different questions that you can ask. Everyone's gonna have like their own concerns and their own questions. And I would say if you've worked in a salon before and there were like any issues or things about that salon that you didn't love, I would ask those kind of questions to see is the salon gonna be different? Is it gonna be a better fit for you? After you have your list of questions ready, I would then go on the salon's social media pages. I would go on their website. I would try to do as much research as possible. See if you can get answers to your questions based on what information is available online. Because if you go in and you're asking a question that is right there on their website, it's not gonna be a good look. It's gonna seem like you didn't do your research. You don't really know very much about this salon. So make sure you're doing your research. Make sure you know some basic information at least about the salon. You know, like I said, looking to see like what do the stylists look like there? What does the owner look like? What's the owner's name? Who are like the head stylist and what are their names? Just like some basic information just so it shows that like you did your research and you're really interested in this salon in particular because you don't wanna give off the vibe of like, oh, I'm just desperate for a job and this is like my fifth interview of the day. And you know what I mean? Like I'm just going around trying to desperately find a job and I don't really necessarily care like where I get hired. You really wanna show that like you are specifically interested in this salon because you feel like you would be a good fit here. I also would make sure that you have your portfolio ready to show them. Most people nowadays we, you know have our Instagram page as our portfolio. So I would have that ready to pull up or whatever photos you have on your phone. But I do think like social media is such a big thing nowadays especially in the salon world. So I would show them your Instagram page they may even ask to see or ask if you're on social media. So if you are, I would definitely, you know show them that show them what your social media looks like. So that way they can not only see what your work looks like but how are you at taking photos and like how many followers do you have? Not that that stuff is like the end all be all and super, super important, but it definitely helps. It's definitely a perk I would say. I would think like as a salon owner if a stylist is coming into me and I'm seeing that they know how to use social media and they have like a pretty decent following and their photos look really good and their work is really good. I'm gonna be like, oh, well I definitely want them on my team because they're good at social media marketing. So they're gonna be able to bring more clients into the salon and help grow our salons presence online on social media. Make sure that you're just like going in there feeling really confident. Honestly, I think that confidence and the way that you present yourself goes such a long way. You can have two different applicants and maybe one is technically a little bit more qualified for the job, but if the other one is like really personable cause think about it. Like when you're working in a salon you're in the service industry, you're dealing with people. So I think that it's better to have somebody that's more personable and that's like super confident and just really likable than somebody that's like not as confident and a little bit like awkward and shy and kind of like that. You know what I mean? You wanna make sure that you're bringing the right kind of energy and your personality is like fitting with the overall branding and like aesthetic of the salon. It's super hot in my car. So I'm gonna wait till the air condition kicks in and it cools down before I put my jacket on. But my other tip is make sure you are giving yourself enough time so that you are arriving to your interview early, being on time is late, being early is on time. Because obviously it's a good look if you are there early, you do not wanna risk being late. You never know what could happen. There could be traffic, like some kind of issue or like when you get there maybe you can't find parking right away or whatever the case is. So always give yourself extra time. I've been to this salon before so I already know the parking situation. They have a parking lot, it should be fine. My GPS is telling me that I'm gonna get there like 15 minutes before the scheduled interview time.  So I am gonna head to the interview now. I will check in after it's over and let you know how it goes and let you know like what questions she asked me and all that kind of stuff. So you have an idea of what you can possibly expect from your own interview. So wish me luck, I will see you soon. I'm back from the interview. It went really, really well. I got the job and I think I'm gonna take it. And it was pretty casual. I feel like unless you're looking to work in like a super, super upscale type of salon most of the time, like every salon I've ever interviewed at it's always been like a pretty chill laid back kind of interview. So we just kind of talked about everything. We got to know each other a little bit. We talked about like some personal stuff and I did ask a few questions like throughout as we were talking, but by the end all of the questions that I had going into it were already answered. So I feel like I got all the information that I needed and it was just super easy. Like we just had a conversation and then she ended up just giving me a tour and showing me the salon. There was none of that typical like so what are your strengths and weaknesses like that kind of thing. So yeah, I mean you never really know like what to expect exactly. It's gonna vary of course salon to salon depending on the type of salon that it is and what position you're going for. But yeah, you know, like I think just being confident, showing up early, looking your best and just doing your best and just being friendly and just trying to like put your personality out there is really all that you can do. So I hope that this video was helpful and kind of like put you a little bit at ease if you are kind of stressing the situation. Don't forget to check the description for my link and discount code to dossier. Again, thank you to them for working with me and thank you guys for watching. I will see you in my next video. Bye.


Hello and welcome to this Kickstarter. I'm Steph. You might know me as the average artist over on YouTube Or you might just not know me at all. I want to run this Kickstarter to back my new comic, Picture This. Picture This is about a woman who loves thrifting. She goes into an antique store and sees a picture of someone who could be a relative. Maybe her mother or grandmother. She takes it home, but things start to unravel from there. This comic came into the works about a year ago And I've been working on it solidly for a year after work through lunch breaks, and I'm really excited to share it with you all. It's nearly finished, so it's just about there. It's going to be 32 pages of full-color illustrations hand-drawn all by me, and I'm really excited to share it. It's going to be a great project, I hope, and I'm hoping that you're excited about it, too. Previously I've made three other horror comics. They're all short horror comics, and you can also add those on with your rewards if you're interested. The funding from this Kickstarter will go to helping print these comics, so I can take some to Comic-Cons and also share this story with all of you. I'm really excited to be able to finally reveal this comic and share it with you, and I hope that you enjoy it. Please check out down below for all the rewards and extra goodies that you can get. Thank you for taking a look at this Kickstarter.


Welcome to Designing and Implementing a Server Infrastructure. My name is Sandra Butekis and I will be your instructor throughout this course. I've had the pleasure of working with Microsoft operating systems and networking since my first MCSC and we're going back to DOS 5.0 and Windows 3.1. You heard it. I've taken a few of these tests and been playing with the Microsoft infrastructures for quite a long time. All the years, not only have I had a chance to take these technologies into the classroom, but also outside of the classroom, I have a chance of running a consulting company in which I go into all of these different networks and implement exactly what it is we bring into the classroom. So based on that, sometimes you'll get some good style and stories or how things really, really work, but we're going to take a little bit of practical experience and mix it with what it is you need to know in order to start studying for your 70-413 test. In this module, we're going to cover Server Infrastructure, essentially focusing on upgrade and migration. We'll start off learning what it is to plan for deployment of Server 2012. We'll move through the different editions you have to pick from and what it is you need to use as a deciding factor for which edition it is that you require. We'll go through a summary of choices, move through pre-installation requirements, and then start going through where it is that you can do an upgrade. One is it best to do an upgrade in place on the same physical hardware as opposed to just installing new hardware with a new operating system. So we'll go through all of those so that we know you have up and running Server 2012, but then we'll start looking at roles, what can be migrated, what can't be migrated. So we'll go through so you know what it is you need to build new servers for and what it is of course you can migrate through in place. We'll also get a chance to look at some tools, specifically the Map Toolkit and the Windows Assessment and Deployment Toolkit. These tools give us another set of tools that allow us to really look at our network, decide where we are, where we need to go, and how it is we're going to get there. So we'll go through them as appropriate so that you know that you got a few things in the tool shed in order to help you with your migration. When you're planning for deployment, there's a number of bullet items that you need to look into. Planning for deployment isn't always as easy as saying, let's see what this does, throwing a new piece of hardware in place, and seeing what Server 2012 is all about. We're going to go through a lot of the following in great detail, but for right now let's gloss over where the steps are that you need to cover when you're planning. One of the first steps, of course, is choosing the appropriate edition. Remember Microsoft never just publishes an operating system in place as is. There's always professional, there's always home, there's always the server level when you deal with enterprise or ultimate, and there's all different types of editions, whether you're looking at the workstation editions and whether you're looking at the server editions. So we'll go through the editions in a little bit to explain what the differences are, but understand that yes, we are really focusing on server editions, but you still have to look at the workstations in your environment to make sure they can communicate with the servers that you're choosing. We also have to take a step back and decide whether or not a migration or an in-place upgrade is in order. Now an in-place upgrade is always good at its advantages because you put it in the CD-ROM and you physically upgrade the same hardware that was running an older operating system so you're not buying new hardware. But sometimes if it's too much work, if roles aren't going to migrate or upgrade properly or if the hardware, of course, is really nearing end of life, it may not be your best choice. So we'll go through some of the decision factors between migrating or in-place upgrades. What about the current infrastructure? Sometimes what you currently have in your network is perfect. You have a domain, it's a nice clean single domain model. You just need to add some new domain servers and decommission some of the old ones, but sometimes that's not necessarily the case. So before you start adding new servers, you may want to step back and look at what type of infrastructure you're starting with because this is the time to make the decision on whether or not this infrastructure is correct for you, not just today, but in the future. What is it and where is it that you're going with this company network? We'll go through our installation procedures. Now, I've already mentioned you can put the CD-ROM in and you can run setup because that's what most people think of when they think of an installation. But let's say you're doing a rollout of not just a server, you're going to go ahead and roll out 10 servers or 20 servers or 100 new servers and you're going to deploy them globally. I think maybe putting in the CD-ROM and answering the same questions over and over not only is repetitive and time consuming, but you may not get the consistency that you're looking for. So we'll get a chance to also look at the installation procedures to find one that might work for you. Once everything is installed in place, the job is never done. We still have a lot of planning to do. And when you think of planning, you think of before you do the install, but really planning has to extend beyond the install. How are we going to monitor it? How are we going to back it up? How are we going to restore it in case of emergency? Are there procedures in place? And of course, how is it going to be maintained? We're not talking about set Windows updates to automatic and walk away, because that doesn't always go that well. Sometimes there's a lot of testing to take place. So when you plan for deployment, there's a number of areas that you have to look at before you even think about putting that CD-ROM or that ISO file somewhere, trying to run a setup program. We have a lot of planning, but with great planning becomes great execution. So if you do it right, the rest will be relatively easy. We have in front of you four different Windows Server additions. We have Windows Server standard. We have the data center addition, a foundation, and essentials. So many things to pick from. Well, the first thing I will tell you is you want to look at how many users you are going to need to support today, and how many you're going to need to support two, three, four, five years from today. The number of users really should become your very, very first question, because something as simple as foundation, which can only support a maximum of 15 users. If you know that you're going to plan on hiring a few more, even if you don't think they need server intensive applications, right off the bat, that's not going to be the one for you. And the problem with that is, of course, you're going to be left with an operating system that isn't doing what you want to do. So the cost is going to far exceed the benefit of getting something like a foundation when you have to replace and rework the whole wheel. So always look at the number of users first. Number of users are going to automatically exclude or include some of these additions. So let's take a look at each one of them separately. We have standard. Standard is we get all roles in all features that are available to server 2012. That's important because some of them have limited server roles. So if you think you need to deploy, failover clustering, you got to make sure that the addition you choose actually supports it. So all roles and features are available in standard. We have 64 sockets for CPUs. You can do up to four terabytes of memory. And we also have two virtual machine licenses. So this right here sometimes is my deciding factor between standard and a data center. So virtual machine licenses means a Windows server does come with a role called Hyper-V. Hyper-V allows you to virtualize many different server roles. So that you can essentially have other servers on the network or do a little bit of isolation or sometimes it's simply for testing.  With 64 sockets and four terabytes of memory, you know that you can pretty much satisfy a majority of users and most organizations and applications, four terabytes of memory is an awful lot of memory. Now remember, everything that we do for the record is also now going to be 64 bit. So we're no longer looking at some of the memory limitations that we used to have when we had 32 bit servers. So what makes the difference between standard and data center? When you look at data center, again, all roles and features are available. So so far, just like standard, we can do 64 sockets. So that's about the same, but take a look here, we can go up to 640 processor cores. So when you run something like data center, you really are looking at literally something you would put into a data center with a whole lot of virtual machines. Now again, we do have four terabytes of RAM, so that's fine. Meaning you're not going to max out the memory, at least I hope not on either one of these additions. But here really is a big factor that's going to separate it from standard. Of course, the number of processor cores are greater than standard, but unlimited virtual machine that licenses any virtual machine to run the same hardware. So what does that really mean? Well, if you have Hyper-V, and I have this in a number of places, I currently am running Hyper-V in a large organization, and we had to migrate 20 servers, but we needed some flexibility on migrating these servers. And when I say flexibility, we're talking, we wanted to start moving things around, but by the time we were done buying operating system license after operating system license, after operating system license, it became cheaper to buy data center, get unlimited software licenses, instead of adding, let's say, 15 new standard or 20 new standard and also having the hardware to boot. So I had one beefy machine, and then off of that machine, I can run all of the virtual machines for all of the different servers in the organization. So data center is going to run much, much, much more expensive, but when you run data center, you're going to spend less money on hardware, and I say that carefully because of course it depends on the server that you build, but you're building one beefy piece of server as opposed to buying hardware for, let's say, 20 or 30 servers, and then your operating system licenses to run Windows server are going to be built into that cost. So if you have enough servers, it makes more sense for you to run data center. So standard we use in a majority of networks, big and small. Data center is when the cost of software and hardware start to outweigh how many standard servers versus let's put it all in one area. Now we're going to move to what I call the small networking components. So let's say a Windows server foundation. You just need a simple file server to support a handful of users. It is not intensive with applications. So your processor core, how much memory you need, and even to today's standards, that's really not bad. I run plenty of servers with less than 32 gigs of RAM, and you don't really need everything that server has to offer. So when you look at foundation, it does have limited server roles. So if you are thinking, I only have five users and we basically need to log in and have a file share, make sure you do your homework on what roles you might need and which ones are included within foundation and not, meaning be very, very clear on what you need in your plan. We also have essentials. And essentials is basically what we used to have as small business server.  When I mean that, I mean we had a domain controller service. We could run SQL server. It had Exchange in it. So instead of having to buy a few thousand dollars worth of SQL server and a few thousand dollars worth of this Exchange server and the Exchange client licenses, and then of course the Windows software, for a small business who needs to run a lot of these core applications, it would be cost prohibitive in order to actually use them in-house. But if you buy small business server, they're wrapped right into that product. But what's missing? Well, you're not going to virtualize any other servers. You're not going to fail over clustering. You're not going to run SBS on server core and it can't be a remote desktop services server. But again, if you have a small company, less than 25 users, you need SQL server and or Microsoft Exchange for your email, then this might be the product that you pick. Again, this is the equivalent to the old SBS. Up to 50 devices. Workstation server, what have you. Two processor cores, 64 gig of RAM. And it does have to be the root server in the domain. Now what we really mean about that is, I guess to make it nice and simple, it is the domain. So this is your root server, the one simple domain model. We, in another module within a course, will talk about what a logical structure is.  That will not work in this scenario. So it has to be a root domain. It's basically a single domain answer to a small network. So again, foundation, real simple, almost good for a web server or a test server or just a couple of users who have very minimal requirements. We move to essentials, which is our old SBS, just given a different name, why they have to keep renaming them, I don't know. I'm thinking Windows Server 2012 SBS is something we can all understand because that's what they've always called it. But then in a standard networking environment, standard can meet most of the hardware. But if you get to the point where you're paying so much in physical servers and software licenses, you might wanna take that one step further and create data center. So let's summarize some of our choices. First off, when you're looking at the difference between data center and standard, how is it that you choose? Well, for me, my choice is based on two different things. The first one is how many physical servers do I think I need or am I trying to host and what are the costs to buy, let's say 30 physical servers and 30 Windows Server operating system licenses and then the client access licenses? So that's always my first and most definitive. But beyond that, it's really how many virtual machines? So the two are kind of related because when you have data center, you virtualize everything so you're not buying 20 or 30 different servers. You have one server that virtually hosts all the other servers. So you can really take your choice summary here down to how many virtualized servers do you need to run in Hyper-V? Remember, Windows Server 2012 Essentials is you have a handful of users, maybe they just wanna share some files and have a common place for backup. That's when you're going to take on Essentials. Now, with Essentials, remember, you're looking at that, you're looking at 15 to 25 users when you look at the SPS version and the Essentials versions, those are kind of our two small business packages. How many users? Do you have any virtualization requirements? Do you have to run Server Core? And as long as the answer is no to all of those, you have an ability to choose between the smaller additions within Windows Server. So just to make sure we're clear, Essentials is less than 25 users. You can't virtualize, you can't run Core. If you're looking at foundations, the smallest organizations, you're not gonna run Active Directory, you've got a handful of users, maybe they just wanna share some files and really where you're going to get foundation is usually through OEM programs, meaning you're going to buy them shrink wrapped with a small server with the original equipment manufacturer. Pre-installation requirements. This really is a very simple slide and I'd just like to make sure we're all very clear on what I mean by it. Do I need an X64 processor? Absolutely. It has to be 1.4 gigahertz. That's really not much according to today's standards. I only need 512 megs. I only need 32 gigs of RAM. This is your minimum requirements and you want to stay away from them. And when I say stay away, it means I know that even in a small network with two, three, four, five users, trying to run a full-blown server on these specs isn't gonna work. You will cry. You will cry almost immediately because it's just not gonna have what you need. Can you get it installed? Absolutely. When you look at the test and it asks you the bare bones minimum requirements to run server 2012, here are your answers. But I wouldn't go anywhere near these. I would double the processor speed to the highest processor you can find. Memory, realistically, I would go 16 to 32 gig. Now, I say that lightly because I don't even know what you're gonna put on that server that you're taking the course to learn all about. But I know just for an average server to authenticate and do file share and some of the core role services, you're gonna wanna make sure that that's beefed up. Hard drive space. If I was to ever partition the C drive on 32 gigs and install the operating system within three windows updates, I would already be out of space. So let's assume maybe you're doing an upgrade. How much more should you have free? But you don't wanna just put this on a hard drive with 32 gig. Is it the minimum? Yes, it's the minimum. Stay away. Make sure that you've got everything. On hard drives nowadays, if it is an operating system partition, maybe I would do 500 gig minimum. You could go smaller. Again, it really depends on your organization. You still have to find out what roles you're installing, how many users, whether applications will be installed on that server. So bare bone spec says you're gonna install an operating system and not do anything with it.  Let's look at what you can upgrade to server 2012. First off, can you upgrade Windows Server 2003 X64 additions? Absolutely. Should you? I don't think so. I always look at this right here. One, we're filming this course. It is currently the end of 2013. So we are looking at hardware that could potentially be 10 years old. I would never invest the time or the effort into any hardware that's 10 years old because it probably isn't up to par. Now, that's not to say that you're running Server 2003 on newer hardware for backwards compatibility reasons. That might be a different story, but a majority of the time, I'm not sure that I would upgrade based on the age of the hardware itself. We can also upgrade Server 2008 as long as we're service-packed to or released to. It does have to be the same processor architecture, which means if you have a 32-bit machine and you're hoping to go to a 64-bit, that's not gonna work. So you have to make sure that you're running the same processor architecture that you're really dealing with a 64-bit version of Windows Server 2003. You also need the same or higher addition. So let's say you are running Data Center for 2003 and you wish to upgrade to Server 2012 Standard. That's not gonna work. I would have to go from Data Center to Data Center or Standard to Standard or Standard up to Data Center.  So what about some of the other factors that we might wanna take a look at? So when you're looking at the hardware requirements and you're looking at what it is you're trying to run and then of course you look at the different upgrades, you have to make sure you know what it is you're upgrading. What was running on any of these servers and is that something that you can upgrade in place? You also wanna see whether or not you need high availability. If you need high availability and you're trying to do an upgrade, you have to make sure your version's correct and you also really have to look at the hardware to make sure the hardware that you've chosen is going to be fine as well. So what can you upgrade? It's all right here. What should you upgrade? Well, look at the hardware, look at what you're trying to accomplish, look at the applications, what you're trying to accomplish. How about the user load and make sure you know exactly where you're starting and where you need to go to? So when you talk about an upgrade, you're not talking about adding a new server and upgrading what was running on the old server, you're talking about an in-place upgrade for files and settings and applications. So yes, you need to look at the operating system versions but you also have to again look at what's on that server and whether it can be upgraded. There might be an application that can't be upgraded and maybe you have to upgrade the application first. So yes, you can go from standard to standard, you can go from standard on up to data center. In fact, you can even do something like Windows Web Server 2008 R2 to Windows Server 2012 standard. And I'm just gonna write that down because sometimes you can hear it but not see it. So 2008 R2 to standard for version 2012. Well, that's not a lateral upgrade but actually it is because we don't have Windows Server 2012 web server. So what is the closest equivalent to web server? So we do have a lot of those types of options with the upgrade and then within those options, once you know the operating system addition, let's look at the file settings. How is it that you're sharing your files? What type of technology are you using? Are you just right-click and sharing? Are you using DFS? Is there a third-party application? And what about the applications that happen to be on there? Now, the whole point of doing an upgrade in place is so that you could keep everything that you currently have with the least amount of stress. How do you upgrade? Nice and simple. Run setup.exe. As long as you've got the right addition to the right addition and you know the application requirements are there, the rest is taken care of just by running the setup program. Again, whether or not you can upgrade it based on the addition is great but make sure you've met all of these. Not just remember, not just to get the operating system on there but plan ahead. What else is going on there? What else is running on there? Again, make sure the software supports it. Make sure the roles and features that you're bringing over support it as well. So just before we leave this slide, let's put down some options because I keep saying software, software, software, hardware, hardware. Give me some examples. Well, some of the software and you've got to list them all out. Maybe you're running SQL. Maybe you're running Exchange. Maybe you have antivirus running. Actually, you should have be having antivirus running. So are those going to support your in-place upgrade? We're not just talking about Microsoft Word. Now, what about the user data? Are we going to keep them in the same place? Are the permissions all going to be the same? And again, we're looking at roles and features. Active Directory, Directory Services. That's a big one. DNS, that's a big one. DHCP, are we keeping those in place as well? So how are we going to do the upgrade and how are we going to make sure that those roles come back up and support the same way they've always supported? When you're migrating to Windows Server 2012, one of the biggest reasons for migration is because you're coming from a 32-bit operating system and you can't upgrade that in place. So migrations sometimes are because you're moving from the x86 processor architecture to the x64 versions of Windows Server. Also, when you're doing a migration, there's a whole lot of tools that are available for you. So let's say I'm just migrating and happens to be a printer server. Well, we have server migration tools that help me migrate that role from one piece of hardware to the next. So we can use the migration tools feature when you're migrating from any of the x86 versions, specifically 2003, 2003 R2, 2008 or 2008 R2. So it recognizes those four versions and or additions and if they happen to be running on 32-bit hardware, the migration tools feature will help you migrate them over to the new hardware. Now the software migration sometimes is a little bit different. That's done in a separate environment. So if you happen to have software running in Windows Server, let's say I'm running Server 2003 R2, it happens to be running Exchange Server. Well, I can't just migrate that over by using a tool. I have to actually use the Exchange tools and look at that as an entirely separate subject physically installing Exchange on the new server, migrating the mailboxes and all the email rolls over. So the software product migration is in fact handled separately in a separate set of steps in a separate environment. We're just talking about the actual operating system itself. When you're migrating the server roles features in all of the settings, again that can be done in a separate environment and the whole point is if you're going to migrate to Windows Server 2012, this means we're rolling out Server 2012. It does not currently affect our infrastructure. It's just the addition of new servers. There are certain roles that can be migrated and there are certain roles that cannot be. The roles that can be migrated off of the 2003 and 2008 editions are WSUS, Print and Document Services, Hyper-V, the Active Directory Federation Role Services, Network Policy Server, and Remote Access. So those six roles in particular can easily be migrated over by using some of the Server 2012 migration tools. Now if you need to do a little bit more reading on certain roles and what it takes to migrate them over some of the planning curves, go on up to the web on technet microsoft.com. You will be able to search for roles and migrations for Server 2012 and see what other steps you may or may not have to do. The full URL is technet.microsoft.com and we do slash en-us for English slash library and we can find the article from there 134039. Now I would rather go to technet and search for it because I do find that sometimes the direct links change on a regular basis. When you're migrating roles, make sure that you put a lot of planning into this. You can migrate and also combine more than one role on a single server, but you wanna make sure that you're not affecting the performance or the disk usage of the server when you combine them. An example, I would not add two roles that are CPU intensive on the same server. Maybe one that's CPU intensive, maybe not disk intensive, and then maybe another role would be more disk intensive, not necessarily CPU intensive. So you're trying to balance those roles out so that you're not absolutely squashing one element of hardware when under utilizing another. You also wanna make sure that co-hosting of those roles are going to be supported. So make sure you look up each role and make sure that it doesn't conflict with a role that you're hoping to combine it with. And last but not least, take a look at high availability. If you need to configure high availability on that server, there are some roles that work well with clustering and some roles that do not. So make sure you are aware of the high availability configuration that you need and whether or not it has specific requirements that can be met by all roles on that server. We have some tools that are available for download from Microsoft.com. The first one I want to talk about is our Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit, otherwise known as Map Toolkit. What Map Toolkit allows you to do is to take a full inventory of your IT infrastructure. Once it's taken the inventory, there's a ton of reports. Those ports help you for planning when you're looking at what roles you have and what's installed and where it's installed. It'll also allow you to run some performance statistics of your current infrastructure. So you don't wanna migrate to a new infrastructure to find out that you're not getting better performance. And it also gives you the tools you need to plan out what if you're gonna take a physical server and migrate it to a virtual server on Hyper-V, so the Map Toolkit helps you plan through that as well. So what the Toolkit is all about is to do, again, all the research for you. Instead of you sitting server by server by server by server and trying to discover all of this, it's going to find it for you, report it for you, give you the statistics you need and any information for physical to virtual migrations.


A president, Mohamed Buhavi, will depart Abu-Jer in Sunday for Al-Qaraghana to attend an emergency extraordinary summit of aqours, convened to discuss the recent political development in Mali. The presidential spokesman Femi Adesina announced their visit on Saturday via a statement. The president is expected back in the country at the end of the one-day summit. According to Adesina, the meeting is at the entrance of the chairman of the authority of Heads of State and Government of Aqours and President of Ghana, Nana Akufwadew. Prior to the extraordinary summit, the president had met with the special envoy and aqours midyata in Mali, former president Goodluck Jonathan, who briefed him on the latest development in the country following his meeting with key political actors in the West African country. NEWS OPDATES