a fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty hyo silver, the Lone Ranger. With his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the masked rider of the planes fought crime and criminals throughout the early west. In time, hyo silver came to be the battle cry of justice. But the Lone Ranger always believed that a man was innocent until he was proven guilty. He brought about the conviction of numberless outlaws, cattle thieves, and gunmen, and saved many men who might have been condemned to prison or to death by the primitive law courts of the frontier. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, when adventure lay at the end of every trail. The Lone Ranger rides again. Come along, hyo silver. Where on the loose, hyo silver? How are you? Young Jack Ross was sitting astride his horse in front of the general store at Willow City. When a girl came out, her arms were filled with parcels. She dropped one of them as she passed Jack, and he jumped from his saddle to pick it up and... Your package, miss. Oh, thank you. I didn't even know I'd lost it. There. I think I've got a word I'll say now. Uh-huh. I don't believe I've seen you in town before. Have I, Mr... Mr... Jack Ross is my handle, ma'am. Miss, uh, well, that is, uh... It's miss. I'm Gail Fisher. I was just on my way to my father's office.  Miss Gail, this morning, the only reason I was heading my horse for Willow City was in hopes of getting work. I was hungry, plumb-busted, and right down in the mouth. Oh, I'm sorry. You needn't be. That was this morning. It's afternoon now, and things are some different. You found work? Well, not exactly. Then... Nope, miss Gail.  But I'd done almost as well. I found me a partner. Oh. I came to him this morning, found him camp just off the trail, feeding himself coffee and bacon. Oh, gosh, I'll never forget how good that grub smells. He was no friend of yours? Never seen him before. But he asked me to light in and eat, which I did pronto. We got to talking, and kind of took a fancy to each other, and now he's inside the store here, loading up with supplies. Oh, nice. Uh-huh. We're going into the hills and do some prospecting together. I've never tried my hand at looking for dust before, but he said it's how he'd learn me the ropes. Then your friend must be a stranger here, too. Yeah, that's what he said. I would say, how'd you guess it? Well, if he thinks there's gold in these hills, he must be a stranger. Well, everyone knows there isn't. Gosh, miss, is that right? Well, at least everyone says there isn't. But of course, gold is where you find it. That's what I've always heard. Uh, this partner of yours, he's no prospecting? Oh, miss, he ain't more than a couple years older than me. Oh. But a mighty liberal fellow, I can tell you. Why, it's his own cash he's putting out for the supplies we need. Me being broke, he said it's how he'd take care of that party's self. I see. Uh, I was just wondering something, miss Gale. Yes? If I was to take a quick trip into town sometime, do you think that maybe you'd, um, well, I mean... I think I know what you mean. But I, I believe I would. Gosh, that'd be fine. Shots! What the heck's going on? Get the shove! Come on, come on! Max, get on your horse! We're going to lie down in here. There's trouble, I tell you. The old fool, give me an argument. Come on, before the law shows up. I don't say it. You don't have to. Get going.  Jack, wait! I'll be back, miss Gale.  Where's Gale? Where's your pa? Here he comes. What's the problem? What's going on around here? There were shots in Hank's store, Elvis. Yes. He shot me. Come on inside. All right, double. All right, come on. That hurt, Hank! Mr. Dirty Crook, he got all the cash I had in the tail. Oh, hold on. Them fellas had just rode away. It must have been them. I've seen them. I've seen them. That's who it was, all right. Father, he didn't look like an outlaw. Who didn't? Well, Jack didn't. Jack? Well, that is... Gale, how come you know the name of one of them crooks?  I'm sure of it. He was just telling me how he planned to go prospecting. There's just one fella inside here, Elvis. Uh-huh. But the other must have been waiting outside to keep watch. That's just what he was doing, Zeke. Oh, no. That was it, sure enough. And you stood right there talking to the lookout while he's partnered to shot and rob Hank. Doctor, I'm ashamed of you. But please... Gale, you keep still. Fathers, I want a poshie to take after them crooks. Who's willing to ride along? I don't think so. And somebody's got to see that Hank here gets fixed up. I'll take care of that, sure. Oh, thanks, stranger. The dark gate in town or we get him. Gale, you help the stranger. Yes, Father. All right, fellas, do your horses. All right. Anyone see which way they went? Oh, no, no. There now. I'll help you. Not so good, stranger. That Stephen Polkast bullet got me just above the knee. Yes. We'll fix that up. I can do it by myself, stranger, if you want to ride after the poshie. I'm going to. But I heard you say you believe one of those men innocent. He was. I'm sure he was. Very well. I'd like to hear your reasons while we're bandaging this wound when I'll ride. Stranger, if they were together, then them is both in on this sure as shooting. We'll see. Now hold still and we'll have you fixed up in no time. He started after Jack and his companion at once. But Jack's new partner seemed to know the country better than he had claimed. He led the way to a creek, which they entered and followed for several miles.  Here he rained up. Pull that. Pull that. Pull that. Well, we're safe enough here already. Look here. Yeah? I want some kind of an explanation. This looks mighty funny to me. I told you what happened, didn't I? Sure. I pulled out your gun just to show the storekeeper. He got excited, mistaken it for a hold-up. Well, what more do you want to know? The truth. Now didn't I just say that? Just hold up a second. I ain't no greenhorn. I strung along with you because you fed me an acted friendly. I thought you was on the square. But if you're up to something crooked, favor or no favors, I'm pulling my freight. Yeah? And right now. I reckon not. You think I won't? Well, then I'll show you. Rain up there, partner. Rain up. But I... Maybe you don't savvy just how things is. I savvy that I ain't having nothing to do without laws. I got a hunch that's just what you are. You ain't never asked me what my handle is, have you? I figured that was your business. Well, maybe I better tell you. Well? Folks call me the Panhandle Kid. What's that? You heard of me, huh? The Panhandle Kid? Who ain't heard that name? If you're him... Yeah? Then you're one of the lowest murder and side-winders in the whole West. You're calling me somebody in the rest of names. But I've heard a lot worse. Now I'm leaving. And get jailed for holding up the store? For being partner of the fellow that shot the storekeeper? For being a partner of the Panhandle Kid? You...  You framed me. I bet you done it on purpose. That's it. That's just what you're done. You knew when we rode to town what you planned to do. You had me wait outside the store just so as I'd look guilty too. I needed a partner, Jack. So you figured that by framing me, I'd have to throw in with you. Maybe you got more sense than I was giving you credit for it. Are you? I'll wait. Let me tell you what I got planned. I ain't listen to none of your crooked schemes.  I've got everything fixed. I've been looking over this part of the country for the past month without nobody knowing it. Just so as I'd know where to go after the cash is to be had. All I've been needing is somebody to help me. Now you throw in with me and in one month we'll both be rich.  Well, there's more in one way to prospect for gold, ain't there? Now take Zeke Munson, for instance. Who's he? And what about him? Who's Zeke? Well, he's one of the stingiest armories in these parts. What's that got to do with me? Jack, it just still got the first dollar he ever got his fist on. They say he's got somewhere between $10,000 and $15,000 hit away in that shack ahead. That don't interest me. Think of it, Jack. $10,000 or $15,000 in cash. How'd you like to spend half of that? For you. And I know just where that cash is hit. I won't have anything to do with it. Ah, don't be local. The law's already got your pegs to crook, ain't it? Yeah, but... And now he ain't got nothing more to lose by really turning crooked, have you? I'll clear myself somehow. I don't know how, but I will. And that ain't all. No. I'm gonna see that you get what you've got coming to you. Don't throw no threats my way. You wait and see. I'll fix you.  Not now or any time. You won't think it over? I've done all the thinking that's needed. Of course, you savvy. I can't let nobody loose. It's liable to tell what I got schemed. You mean... I mean take your choice between back in my play or taking my lead. So that's it. Yeah. That's it. Then fill your hand, Blastrup. You can't outlaw me. Ow! My gun! A mask, man, and a red skin. You shot my gun away! I can move for your other gun and I'll do more. But how'd you find us? We got clear of the posse. I was in town right after the shooting. I gave first aid to the storekeeper, then followed the posse. I just said we give them the slip. But you didn't give tunnel the slip. You decided you must have followed the creek bed. You did. When you left the creek, you made one mistake. Mistake? What mistake was that? You left the creek where there were rocks to hide the prints of your horses. You forgot however to choose a place where the sun would dry the water you splashed. Then that's how you found us. Right. All right, mister, you've got us. Now, what are you going to do about it? You'll soon learn. Stranger, I don't expect you to believe me. But I ain't a crook. Honest, I ain't.  Don't you believe it? He's in this just as bad as I am. I heard enough to know difference. You did. I did. How don't I? I'm keeping both of you prisoners. But we're not turning you over to the Lord, Jack, until we know you'll get justice. Now get mounted. We're going to camp. Then I'm calling on the sheriff. Jack Ross and the panhandled kid were taken to the well-hidden camp of the masked man then left in charge of Tonto while the Lone Ranger returned to town. It was after dark that evening when he saw the sheriff riding toward his home. Quiet, Silver. Here he comes. All right, old fellow. Hold up, Sheriff. Hold up. Hold up. Whoa, Silver. Hold up. I've got to talk to you, Sheriff. Don't slap, brother. A crook. Sheriff, your posse was hunting two men this afternoon. I didn't miss them, Blasted. I... What do you know about that? You ain't one of them, are you? If you are... I'm not, but I know where they are. What's that? They're in my camp. Thought I was keeping guard over them. Your camp? Where's it at? Come on, show it to me. I'll pick them fellas up right now. One moment. But I tell you... I happen to know that only one of those men is guilty. Before I turn him over to the Lone, I want your word, the other will go free. They're both crooks. No. One of them is the panhandled kid. He framed the other. The panhandled kid? Right. And you say he framed his partner? He didn't want a jack to throw in with him. They figured the jack would have to do that if the law believed him a crook. That ain't so. It's the truth. I savvied this now. There was three of you. Maybe more. But you had a quarrel and now you're trying to get the panhandled kid jailed while you and that other fella go loose. I've told you the truth about this. You mean to say this jack or whatever his name is can be innocent with all the evidence there is against him? Why, he was right outside keeping watch for his partner. He heard the shots and fam moved when his partner did. If that don't mean he's guilty, then I ain't no sheriff. Sometimes appearances can be made to tell a story contrary to the facts. Nonsense. You must have known of many such cases. Look here, mister. The only time anything like that could happen would be where there wasn't no witnesses. This time there was. And even if only one of them two fellas was inside the store, they're each as guilty as the other. You're convinced of that? I am. Now take me to them fellas or I'll put you under arrest too. I don't think you will. Now listen to me. You're going to pay for this. Perhaps. However, I'm keeping my prisoner. Do you? And you'll get neither one of them until you've changed your mind about evidence. If that's what your plan, you're going to hang on to them hombres for a long time, mister. Sheriff, I've got an idea.  You're crazy. That remains to be seen. And remember what I said. Until you do, jack and the panhandle kids stay with me. Come on, old fellow. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger drama. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. The Lone Ranger left the sheriff after the law man had declared that Jack Ross was just as guilty as the panhandle kid. Now we see the masked man as he enters his camp at the same night. Oh, little fellow. He wouldn't believe me, Jack. That's bad. I told you he wouldn't. Well, thanks for trying anyhow. I reckon you better turn me in along with this crook here. Maybe if I stood trial, I could get the judge to see it my way somehow. And I don't hanker to be dodging the law all the time. I have a different plan, Jack. You have. I'll need your help, however. But what are you planning? As things stand, the sheriff believes you're guilty. He refuses to take my word for your innocence. I doubt that he'd even believe a confession from the panhandle kid. He'd probably think it part of a scheme to cheat the law. I figured on that. What? Jack, the only chance we have is to prove to the sheriff that it's easy to make an innocent man look guilty. We must prove that even witnesses can be mistaken. I don't see how. It can be done if you and Tonto will help me. Tonto, do what friends say. I knew you would, Kimosabe. And you, Jack? Of course I will. Good. Tonto and I will have to ride a town. That means someone must guard panhandle kid here. You can do it. He'll give me your word not to escape. Then what else do I do? That's all. It'll be enough, however. And it won't be easy. The panhandle kid is dangerous. I'll handle him.  I am. And I won't be safe. I'll be twice to get even with me. Look, you can't leave me alone with him like this. Jack, that's another thing. The panhandle kid framed you. But it's up to the law to make him pay for that. You can't take the law into your own hands. Wish to heaven I could. You won't, however. No, I reckon not. If you say I hadn't better. You'll give me your word on that, too? You got it, mister. But what do you and Tonto plan on doing when you get to town? We won't go there together. Tonto will leave first. I'll get there tomorrow night after dark. I'm calling in the storekeeper and then on the sheriff again. And then what? What we do then depends on some information from the panhandle kid. From me? Yes. And you will talk or take the consequences. The following day, the sheriff let another search for Jack and the panhandle kid. At this time, the posse was given instructions to look for the masked man as well. However, the second search met with no more success than the first. The sheriff returned home that evening and... Hello, father. Good evening, honey. Is supper about ready? It won't be long.  You look all tired out. I am, that. Thank you. Well, we hunted high and low. And we never seen a sign of them crooks. And I hope you don't. Still thinking that one fella never had nothing to do with a hold up, huh? I'm certain he didn't. If you'd talked to him like I did, father, you'd feel the same way. I reckon not. Did you just get into town? Oh, he was back an hour or more ago. Had some work to do in the office before coming home, though. Then there was some fool ninja come to see me. An Indian? What about? Don't ask me. That's something I never did find out. He just hemmed and hauled around, getting in the way, till I told him to clear out. That's funny. I wonder. Oh, father. Huh? Your badge. What's become of it? A badge. Well, it's right. Well, I'll be gone. You must have come loose. I don't know where. Blasted I do know where. Yes. That Indian. But what? He took it. I ain't no dog gone while he did. That's what he was fooling around for. I'm sure that's where my badge went as I am that I'm sitting right here. But how did he get it? And whatever would he want it for? He stumbled again me when he was leaving. That's how he got it. And if it wasn't for some crooked scheme, I'd eat my Stetson. But I... And I'm going right back downtown to see if I can put my hands on the thieve and red skin. I'll teach him. I'll show him what it means to steal a woman's badge. Don't move. That same mask far. Take your hand from that gun. What are you doing back here? Came for you. No, please. You can't harm my father. He won't be harmed again. I won't go. I don't know what you're up to, but you can't make me go along. I think I can. You're covered, Sheriff. You called me an outlaw. Very well. An outlaw wouldn't hesitate to shoot if necessary. He's a huge father. Do what he says. Don't give him an excuse to fire. Why do you think you're all taking me? You'll see. You'll tell me. No, no way. I've talked enough. Go on. Walk ahead of me. Don't harm him, stranger. Please, don't. You said you wouldn't. That depends on you. On me? If you report this, if you send for help, I won't answer for your father's safety. Keep quiet and he'll be returned unharmed. Oh, I will. I will. See what you do. Down the steps, Sheriff, and get to your saddle. I wish I savored what you was up to. Do you recall the conversation we had last night? You might understand. What do you mean the conversation we had last night? If you don't understand now, you will before I'm through. Now come. We're riding.  Get up there. Come on, silver. It was much later that night when Zeke Munson, the man the Panhandled Kid had planned to rob of his savings, was awakened from a light sleep by noise in the adjoining room. What was that? I heard something. I'm blame sure I did. My cash. My savings. It's a thief. Where'd I put my gun belt? So doggone dark. There it is. Gone. The gun's gone. I don't dare to tackle a crook without no gun. I could just get a good look at who it is. Open the door a bit more. He's lit a match. White's. He's lit out. And the low down sneaking coyote of a thief was the sheriff. A hurried examination of his cash box revealed that Zeke's worst fears were true. Every dollar that he had saved over the years had been taken, hastily despite the lateness of the hour, Zeke dressed, saddled his horse, sent it racing toward the homes of his friends.  We'll show the sheriff. When will I tell the fellas about this?  Get up there. The words spread through the small town. Homes darkened for the night suddenly became bright with hurriedly lit lamps. Wives asked excited questions while their husbands made ready to join the men, gathering in front of the reopened cafe. At last, with more than a score of townsmen to accompany him, Zeke headed for the sheriff's home. There's still a light in his place, fellas. He's most likely just got back home. He died his horse out in front. Sure it is. And it's saddled. That proves what I said. Rean up, men. We'll go inside and find out about this. Move, move, move. Come on. Follow me. There he is. You can see him in there talking to Gale. Open up, Sheriff. Open up before we come in anyhow. What's the crowd for? Who is it, Father? Looks like near everybody in town. Is something happening? Stand aside. We're coming in. All right, fellas, come ahead. All right. Look here. What's this all about? I reckon you know. Yes, even coyote. But why do you come in here like this? Search the house. See if you can find Zeke's cash anywhere inside. That's right. Wait. Zeke's cash? It wouldn't be here. I'm doggone sorry, Gale. But I don't. I reckon it'll come mighty hard finding out your paws or crooks. A crook? Oh, no, no. You're wrong. I wish I was, but I ain't. Have you fellas gone, Roco? See if the sheriff's still wearing his badge, Zeke. My badge? I want to borrow it. Dance heels, Sheriff. I'll soon find out. Yep, there it is. Right there on your vest. I've seen it when you let that match. To see if it got all of my cash there was to get. But my badge was stolen. You're wearing it, ain't you? Listen to me. It was stolen, I tell you. I just now got it back. I found it right on the floor here. Well, mighty thing, the story. And now I suppose you claim you was home all evening, too. No, I wasn't there, fellas. You see? The sheriff's admitted he was gone. But he was away only because a masked man came here and took him away. He made Father go with him. A masked man? That's a good one. What else? What else did you expect this girl to say? I ain't seen no masked man around, of any of you. Where's this masked fella you're talking about taking here? Why, no place in particular. We just rode out of town away. Yeah? Then why? I saw all four horses and weeder dispels. After that, he brought me back. And I got here just ahead of you, fellas. I have heard some dull, gone toll stories, but that's got anything beat that I ever run across before.  He never tried to steal nothing from you or anything else. Is that it? Look here, man. I know it sounds funny, but that's just exactly the way it was. I give you my word. That's the truth. Ah. Why I seen you myself? You found it? Old places. He had it hid right under the rug by the door. Look at all them hundred-teller bills. That's mine, all right. That's it. It was in folding money. It can't be, Eurzeek. I mean, what would it be doing here if it was? I don't savvy this. Well, I told him. Wait, man, please. Listen to me, please. You know my father wouldn't steal anything. He's always been honest. While some of you men have known my father for years, how can you say he could be dishonest? There's always a first time for everything. Miss Gale, every bit of evidence is again your father. I've seen his badge. Well, look at it. Look where a bullet dented at one time. I'd know that badge anywhere. You might have been mistaken. But that ain't all. Your father was gone just during the time I was robbed. On top of that, here's the same cash he was stole. And he ain't got another but a tall story about a masked man to alibi himself with. And I'm the masked man. Well, 30 years, that's a fellow. That's him. Come in, fellow. Eurzeek, bring the prime handle kit along with you. All right. Get in there, you old stranger. Tell these folks the truth. You got to clear me. You know where I was. One moment, Cheryl. Every one of these men are convinced of your guilt. Because he is guilty. You see, Cheryl, they're convinced of your guilt just as you were convinced of the guilt of Jack here. Well, I... You said if he'd been framed, there couldn't be as much evidence against him. You know you've been framed. Yet there's even more evidence against you than there was against him. What's that about the sheriff being framed? I'll explain in a moment. First, I want the sheriff to admit he might have been wrong about Jack. I... Well, yes, I suppose I might have been. Plan the handle. Tell the sheriff the truth. I'll confess. But don't forget you told me it'd be easier for me if I did. I think the sheriff can arrange to keep you in jail here on a hold-up charge. If you deny the truth, however, you'll be sent to one of the counties that wants you for murder. And that means hanging. I'll tell the truth. I said I would. I don't want to hang. That's up to the sheriff. Then you did frame Jack here. That's the way it was, sheriff. But look here, stranger. How do we know you've been telling a straight story? If the sheriff was framed, who done it? And how'd the cash get here? You've done what I've told you. Check with Hank Jackson, the storekeeper. He knew my plans before they were carried out. I told him so that he could back up my word if you doubted me. But the cash and the badge. Tell the took the badge from the sheriff this evening. He disguised himself to look as much like the sheriff as possible. When he was in Zeke's place, he let a match on purpose so that Zeke could see the badge. Well, I'll be doggone. Then he put the cash under the rug there and threw the badge on the floor when I brought the sheriff back. Both the sheriff and Gale were too busy watching me to notice Tonto. Well, sheriff, what was the stranger's ID?  I wouldn't believe him when he told me Jack didn't have nothing to do with holding up Hank's store yesterday. But I've learned my lessons. Sheriff, anybody that comes close to being jailed for nothing as you did ought to have learned it. I sure got a scare when I thought my cash was stole. But you always was a bullheaded fellow, sheriff. And if the masked man fellow changed that, then I don't give a hoot. The story you have just heard is a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


Welcome to the next chapter on the forms of corrosion. And today we shall be discussing on what is called as microbial corrosion. What I have shown here, it is a pipeline got corroded due to microbial corrosion. To be more specific the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria and the ion bacteria were implicated in the corrosion of this particular pipeline. The pipeline lasted only for about 6, 7 years. This pipeline was transporting water from a river and this water went to a water treatment plant treated and then distributed. The corrosion occurred between what I would say the water treatment plant and where the water was taken out from the river. We call them as a raw water side. So, this is the kind of problems you normally encounter. There is other problem which we analyzed you know sometime back as corrosion of a pipeline you know carrying cooling water. And it was lasting about 5 to 7 years old. The cooling water here was treated sewage water.  This kind of silver silver is color let us see there you see the silver is color here. The silver is color that you see here are all due to the microbial corrosion more specifically it was due to surface reducing bacteria. And such bacteria can lead to premature failure see it is a pipeline. And in fact, this pipeline carries water from the chiller and goes to the heat exchanger and you know in fact, it was used for one of the the Pfizer hotel where the air conditioned system you know you know the air conditioned systems how it works. And and this is this pipeline is carrying the cooling water. Now, I do not know how much you can able to see visualize this here this is small leak you see here ok. There are a lot of punctured holes coming from the pipeline and and so there was as a problem. Now, the the microbial corrosion as we see it is it is a problem to several industries is just not only some industries having problems. It happens in in so many industries these problems really noticed it could it could happen even in the aircrafts especially in the fuel tanks. It can happen in the nuclear and thermal power plants. It happens in the marine atmosphere and it can happen in underground pipelines, sewage handling and treatment industries, metalworking industries. See I have just listed a few examples actually you know it is just not only confined to this chemical process industries. You know chemical process industries is a generic name it could be a fertilizer, it could be petrochemical, it could be various types of chemicals being produced. In all these industries you notice that microbial corrosion is one of the should I call a mechanism of corrosion that causes a premature damage to the structures.  So, I think you know we are not so comfortable in dealing with the biological situations. But nevertheless as a corrosion specialist you should understand broadly what kind of mechanism it operate in microbial corrosion and what are the types of microbes they cause corrosion, how do you control them and how do you monitor them. So, that is what I am going to discuss you know in this particular class. The first and foremost that you would like to know is the microbes are involved. The microbial corrosion in a way is not a mechanism by itself ok. The microbes presence can affect various forms of corrosion. What do you mean by that? It is a pt corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, uniform corrosion, even the intergranular corrosion. Many of these forms of corrosion can be accelerated by the presence of microbes. Now, how are these microbes really work on it ok. What is the mechanism through which these microbes really affect the metals? Now, the microbes first of all know they produce organic inorganic acids they produce this acid. How do they produce as a metabolic pipe product? What do they metabolize? They metabolize related to carbon containing compounds nitrogen and phosphorus these are all the nutrients. They take these nutrients they metabolize and the byproduct of that could be an organic acid or an inorganic acid. What are these acids? The organic acids are acetic acid, citric acid could be a succinic acid, lactic acid etcetera. They are the prominent acids they form. Now, the these organic acids are not as strong as inorganic acids right, but nevertheless they can bring down the pH of the environment significantly and especially so, in the localized areas of the metal surface. We see how these acids are confined to the surface. They are not getting affected by the external environment bulk water is not getting affected. These acids are secreted at the surface of the base metal substrate and so, they cause corrosion of the metals. Inorganic acid as much as 10 percent of sulphuric acid you can you can you can produce and they produce how they produce it is it is a I just tell this called as sulphur oxidizing bacteria. We will talk about in details about the nature of bacteria subsequently. So, they can produce these acids and these acids can lower the pH of the environment or the surface and so, they in turn cause corrosion. Now, you see that bacteria per se are not going to eat the metals. They create in a environment and that environment in turn is very corrosive in nature. This is one type mechanism. The other one is they can produce sulphides under aerobic conditions. This is done by sulphate reducing bacteria. Now, how does how does this sulphide affect corrosion? Let us say it forms iron sulphide. The iron sulphide are conducting I mean conducting means you are electrically conducting compounds. They can lead to galvanic corrosion. So, assume that you know I have metal sulphides that there is a one patch where you have iron sulphide formed the neighbouring metal becomes anode the iron sulphide becomes a cathode there is a corrosion or you have iron sulphide which is porous allows the water to enter into it. Then there is going to be a galvanic corrosion between the iron sulphide and base metal. Assume that the iron sulphide is quite continuous impervious and nothing happens. In fact, corrosion rate will drop, but that is does not happen in practice. So, you normally see that the presence of sulphides cause the corrosion of the metals more so, steels it can happen. You can also introduce new redox systems redox reactions I would say oxidation reduction reaction. Generally what is the redox system we normally you see for corrosion of metals either the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen with the hydroxide equilibrium or H plus hydrogen equilibrium right these redox systems. It can introduce one more and you can cause the corrosion process that is another cathodic reaction that will also assist the corrosion of the metals. You have seen in mixed potential theory right the more redox processes more corrosion can really can can happen. You can produce concentration cells cells either of chemicals and R p oxygen there. I can have oxygen partial pressure variation between two locations. One place is rich in oxygen content other place is poor in oxygen content there is a cell and so, there is going to be anode and cathode can lead to the corrosion process. Now, what what it does do what what does it do? In some cases they can depolarize the cathodic reaction. I think you guys are very familiar with electrochemical concepts of kinetics right. If it is depolarizing what happens to the corrosion rate increases right the overworld rate decreases and so, the corrosion rate increases. In example, here is just take this suppose you have iron it gets oxidized it is in anodic reaction right and you have water can get split into that can form hydroxide can form hydrogen. It could be a cathodic reaction right water splitting water reduction could be a cathodic reaction. If I can accelerate this reaction if I can accelerate the cathodic reaction then what will happen to anodic reaction will increase provided the cathodic reaction is the rate determining step. If this is slow step if you can fasten this particular reaction then the corrosion reaction overall increases. So, what is happening now suppose I have a sulfate and I can combine with this what happens it can form with SRB sulfate reducing bacteria. Please notice that SRB takes away hydrogen to combine with sulfate sulfate to form sulfides. So, that means, this is what is this called this is called as a depolarization please look at it is not an electrochemical reaction right the hydrogen is already in the atomic form. So, so this in fact, facilitates this one. So, this is called depolarization process. Now, what is this can happen this iron 2 plus can combine with sulfur sulfide can form iron sulfide right as a corrosion product. See notice here now sulfate reducing bacteria is not really doing anything to the metal directly it just facilitates corrosion indirectly by depolarizing the cathodic reaction and producing iron sulfide which also can catalyze through a galvanic action. So, this is going to be a problem if you have sulfate reducing bacteria in the system ok. So, this is another kind of mechanism that can cause the corrosion of metals. We talked about introducing a new rock systems you know. Now, suppose if the environment has traces of manganese ions it can accumulate right it can accumulate Mn 2 plus and form Mn 2 plus and Mn 4 plus redox system. This is another type of bacteria right. So, it can now introduce increase the rate of corrosion quite significantly. The bacteria can also form biofilms it is also called as slime it can form on the on the on the surface. Actually it is a byproduct of the metabolic product you know metabolic processes and these are all called protein rich polymers. If you have a metal it is also called as the biofilm now can consist of an acid we talked about before it can consist of iron sulfide. So, it can be corrosion products and it could be a metabolic products to sit on this biofilm right. Now, assume that I have some acid at local places or I have iron sulfide at local places. So, here I have let us say organic acid here I may have iron sulfide what happens? Now, the corrosion is now confined to that particular place because the biofilm it separates the environment you know this is your environment. The biofilms are formed as a result of the metabolic activity of the of the microbes, but in any case you see some kind of fouling happening on the metal on the metal surfaces if you have some organic products in water right maybe that you know some kind of fouled leaves for example, ok. And many of this the organic products can sit on the metal surface a few layers can form and in fact, that only invites the microbes you see the microbes will not go to the surface unless otherwise they find some nutrients in the surfaces. These nutrients are what they are consists of carbon nitrogen phosphorus compounds they are nothing, but organic you know organic substances actually. So, there is a relation between the cleanliness of the water or the environment and then relation to the microbial activity if the water is quite clean and everything in the microbial activity comes down. So, that apart when you have a organic fouling then you have microbes colonizing this have the microbes colonize it they secrete the extracellular substances as a byproduct they all form in the surface and these are all called biofilms. And this biofilm plays a critical role in in corrosion of the metal. First of all it localizes the environment here it can also here is environment. Now, I am going to magnify this biofilm and I make it quite bigger right. This is the please look at this is a membrane type you know the biofilm allows the water to diffuse through it is not it is not going to be a barrier like you know for water. The water will be there anyway that means, the water will be in fact, the metal will be wet completely it is not that metal will be totally dry at all this metal will be totally wet. The biofilm in fact, the major fraction of the mass is due to water only. So, water is going to be there. So, water is your water your air there is a dissolved oxygen present here d o is a dissolved oxygen content right right. Now, please look at as a biofilm what will happen to the concentration of oxygen as you move from here to this what happens? The oxygen is let us say here is 100 percent dissolved oxygen here right and as you move down here here least oxygen content in the water you can form a concentration cell with respect to the oxygen content. So, what happens now here that means, this place is totally an aerobic this place is an aerobic right and this place is what aerobic that means, you have reasonable amount of oxygen present here here the oxygen content is reduced. So, this leads to a different situations for the microbes to persist to live and the microbes live here they are called as aerobic bacteria and these bacteria called as an aerobic bacteria. So, it is possible that you have somewhere here an aerobic bacteria you have aerobic bacteria sitting on the metal surface. This is very dangerous you know combination for the corrosion of metals we will see that shortly ok. So, the idea of showing this right now is how these biofilms can localize the processes the corrosion products the metabolic products on the surface can cause localize corrosion thing and so that leads to severe amount of corrosion like a pitting leaking can happen at these places. In fact, if there are stresses it can lead to stress corrosion cracking as well ok. So, there are cases where stainless steels suffered stress corrosion cracking because of microbial presence because it gives an acid there are chlorides and there are stresses and in fact, there is a going to pitting and so that leads to stress corrosion cracking of metals whereas, as I told you before microbial corrosion is not a corrosion any different from the normal types of corrosion it only microbes assist the various forms of corrosion that we saw so far. Now, in practice what in fact, it happens I think if you can recollect my the photo I shown before this is very interesting actually right. If you see I do not know how visible it is is visible to you here this one so all this they are all called as tubercles called tubercles right your lumps you can see lumps of them you break it break open it you see the black here and this black is nothing, but this anaerobic thing because in over there the oxygen content is very less and the sulphur reducing bacteria remain there and create hydrogen sulphide and then what and then they create what is called as iron sulphide lead to corrosion process. So, is this what happens when you have you know microbes present in the water. Let me touch upon a few things about the microbes what they are present here ok. Again as I told you it is a huge classification I will make it a little bit more simpler here. Probably you can classify them as fungi, algae and you can also as a microbes. In fact, the fungi is known to induce corrosion in aluminum alloys happens, but these are predominantly the problem and these microbes can be classified as aerobic and an aerobic and sulphur reducing bacteria is among this. There are of course, several subclassifications I just give only two examples and what are their biological name one is called as de-sulfo vibrio ok. One and you also have de-sulfo is called de-sulfo to mac column ok. So, these are these are all affected this affect the this all affect the steels strain the steels etcetera in fact, actually all of them reduce sulphate to sulphides right. They have all this what they do is they convert that into sulphide they do that. This anaerobic I think I made a mistake I am sorry for that these are all this is actually is anaerobic bacteria ok. Please make this change it is anaerobic bacteria and this is a aerobic bacteria. The aerobic bacteria some of them are called as oxidizing bacteria in general terms ok and these are called as thio bacillus. Some of you might be aware of this thio bacillus and all you know some of you be knowing about bio leaching some you might have studied in the mineral beneficiation process you know they are used these things. So, thio bacillus is one gallinola is one another one gallinola anyway. So, these are all you know the one which thrive in the aerobic conditions these guys thrive in the in the anaerobic conditions. The situation where I talked about in normal pipelines or you know in industries you can also have on the top aerobic bacteria on the bottom they can have anaerobic bacteria right and they can they can synergize the corrosion process. See for example, you have iron bacteria here iron bacteria oxidizing bacteria sulphur oxidizing bacteria ok. What it can do? You can take sulphur converted to sulphate SRB what it can do convert this and the cycle again continues ok in the process. So, they can keep on you know the corrosion can continue even though you may not have large amount of sulphates with the limited sulphates the corrosion can continue and abetted in the actual situations. Now, let us go into how do we how do you prevent microbial corrosion. There are several ways that you can do first and foremost is to keep the system free from microbes and also clean. What do I mean by keep the system free from microbes? It is not possible always, but where it is possible you should do that. A good example is hydrotesting people do hydrotesting ok. So, this is what pipelines heat exchangers any pressure vessels that we talk about is designed to take a certain pressure right. Before you put them into surveys you need to pressurize it the best way to pressurize is with water they cannot do with the gas because it can be dangerous. So, when you use water there are many cases the heat exchangers hydrotested and even before commissioning the cubes started leaking primarily because the water that they used contain the microbes. So, what you can do in this case use sterilized water. I can also add along with us some bio-sides. We should be talking about this galionela right. This is what is very common in water and it can cause corrosion problem. In the pipelines people use cathodic protection underground pipelines. You do not have much control over the soil nature right. The soil you know you are going hundreds of kilometers of pipelines you are laying and you have no control over that it is not possible to keep the soil free from microbes. So, you do cathodic protection. In fact, the microbes can also degrade the coatings the paint coating that you apply microbes can disintegrate lead to corrosion and yeah we can do that of course, where possible we can do that yes. You can also increase increase the pH in the range above 9 to 10. So, what does it do? The aerobic bacteria will not live. So, the cathodic protection when you do it has two purposes. One of first of all it does not allow metal to corrode. Secondly, in the cathodic protection it will create a hydroxide is not it? There is going to be hydrogen evolution. So, both the way it is beneficial to that. In a closed system you can use biosides. Please look at when I said closed system and you know and what are these closed systems? It is a cooling water system right open recirculating system. It is a cooling water system. In fact, it is invariably they all use this and these biosides some of them are could be like chlorine gas, ClClO2, chlorine dioxide, activated bromine, ozone and so these are all they are all oxidizing right. They simply they are all called as they are all called as oxidizing agents. People also use what is called as enzymatic poisons. They simply attack the protein structure of the microbes and so these this may die. You can also use surface active agents. An example is a quaternary ammonium compounds they are used actually ok. So, they can penetrate the lipid cells you know and then they simply damage the walls of microbes and so they also you know kill the bacteria. The next is how do you evaluate? Actually it is rather difficult to exactly prove that the microbials are the reason for corrosion of the structures. Many times it can be done indirectly. For example, you take the material and you expose the same conditions in the sterilized water and if the corrosion of the metal is better corrosion rate is you know lower then we can say that it is suffered microbial corrosion. Alternatively you take the sterilized water and you dip the metal you add microbes and find out that the corrosion is is anyway different at all. Or the visual examination you just look at it and see there are any microbes present at localized areas. So, from the point of view of diagnosing whether the particular failure is due to corrosion or not is many times is indirect of that. You can take the corrosion product you can analyze for the presence of the various microbes. So, it is it is a kind of indirect evidence that you normally collect show that the microbial corrosion is in action. If you really want to monitor where corrosion occurs or not what people do is people install the coupons. The coupons are installed in a system you take out periodically see whether there are microbes or not. Very interestingly when you talk about microbes they are sessile microbes they only cause corrosion. When I say sessile what I mean by that the microbes which stick to the surface the one that flows in the water they may not really cause any corrosion. So, suppose you take water and you found that there are microbes present in water it does not automatically indicate to you that the system is suffering microbial corrosion. Alternatively you take water you analyze for microbes there are no microbes are present you cannot say that microbial corrosion does not exist because some microbes are sitting on the walls sessile bacteria. So, it is always a difficult exercise to analyze evaluate the microbial corrosion of any systems. But nevertheless you can use coupons you can analyze the deposits for what you deposit for what for the presence of microbes. You can also do what is called as chemical oxygen demand they called as COD correct. And what is this chemical oxygen demand? It is oxygen required for what for the but degrading the various biological systems it could be organic things also right. So, the oxygen is required to degrade them actually. Why are they important? Because these are the systems which are used as a nutrients by the microbes if I am having too much of COD that means, the system is full of nutrients available for the microbes to to survive. It talks about the quality of the water that can support the microbial activity. So, it is a indirect way of saying yes that can be microbial corrosion. Next is called as BOD it talks directly about the living organisms microbes. The microbes require the oxygen to survive. So, you can also look at determine the BOD content. I am not going to talk about how we are going to do that, but it is enough to say that these are some of the ways to assess the probability of microbial corrosion happening in a given systems. Again as I told you and the when you talk about the bacteria you know the only s l bacteria is important. The bacteria that move around which is called as planktonic bacteria ok. That is they are not that important, but more often people only determine the planktonic bacteria in the systems. Well, I think I have tried to give you a broad overview of of the the microbial corrosion, but it is just the beginning I think you guys can lead further and you know and I am sure that will be very useful because when you talk about a corrosion problem, microbial corrosion is one of the causes of corrosion of metals ok. So, ok. So, with this we shall now complete almost all aspects of activist corrosion of course, in the introductory level of course.


Let's go back to Deer River and see how this prescribed fire turned out. At 12 o'clock, a test fire was ignited. Acceptable fire behavior was observed, so the decision was made to proceed with the burn. The IC deployed ignition specialists along the river to start burning to the north along the riverbank. He positioned several crew members along and across the river to watch for spot fires. All went well for the first 60 to 90 minutes. By 1310, the pump unit based in the boat on the river was called to put wetline in the northwest corner of the burn ahead of the ignition crew. Ignition was halted for 20 to 30 minutes while this wetline was being established. What we were doing when we burned, we were using the river as a holding line and it's a good 50 to 60 feet wide. Most of the spotting that comes off of this grass falls within 100 feet of where it's at with the primary concentration of that being very adjacent within the first 10 to 20 feet of the fuel. So we knew that spot fires were a potential consequence and we set our holding crews up in order to be able to do that. We had people established on the offside of the river. We had a boat in the river that was an initial attack boat is what we called it. Crews on the river bank up there were positioned with bladder bags. The intention being that if a spot fire is detected, two or three people crashing on it with the bladder bag kind of hold it until the boat can run and get there. And we fire a little bit at a time making sure we're secured as we go. Anchor flank and hold, that same kind of scenario. Fire activity increased as the fire backed into the willow cane grass component about 30 to 50 feet inside the line. The first spot fire crossed the river at 1335. The holding crew quickly congregated at the spot and attacked it. The pump unit in the boat was repositioned to back up the hand tool bladder bag operation. However, trouble with the pump delayed its operation for about 5 minutes. And it was while we were doing that that we had multiple spot fires.  It became established and as soon as it became established it pretty much does what it wants to do out here. When you're lighting fire and whether it be out here in this grass component or in a slash component, brush component, timber, any of that type of thing, how you're using your ignition method and pattern can dictate fire behavior that could be completely different from what you'd see if that was a point source ignition. A one match fire that builds on itself and then gets up and runs. It's really obvious to see that change happen in grass because it's all right there in front of you. It's your standard uniform fuel bed that you can pretty much see wherever you have fire you have fire and you can see what's going on there. So when you're lighting that and using this as an example when we initially light a strip we have a lot of fire but then it quickly lays down within 30 seconds. It's probably laying down to where it's a one foot backing flame now moving off into there. If we had moved out into that grass just 30 to 50 feet and did the same thing just or even just dropped a dot of fire and let that get up ahead of steam and build and run on its own you'd see something completely different. And using that spot fire as the perfect example once that became established and started to run away as that intensity built and kept coming off the head of it it would pull in from the sides and then once it got a breath so to speak it would let the breath out and it comes back out and then it breathes again and it just keeps doing that and the more and more fire you have established the more perimeter you have doing the same thing especially in close proximity to the head and of course when you're attacking spot fires they're small you are in close proximity to the head almost any time you're working on that until they get to be of a reasonable size. Unfortunate thing about it is that we were only 200 feet from turning the corner in which case we would have started coming into the wind now with fire and we would have been home free so to speak it would have been well black lined and we would have had a wrap on it in about four hours it would have been done and it was about an hour into it it took us about an hour to get the top of the burn burned out black lined off the river and we were just another 20 minutes in 200 feet of hooking that corner and going and we would have been home free. At 14.05 an employee was moving along the left flank of the spot fire to see where it was heading the wind shifted quickly and the fire pushed him away from the flank walking was difficult in the thick grass and he decided to run through the flaming front into the black running through the flames he sustained minor injuries. And out in here this grass you don't see a lot of it right here farther on up it looks like just a big open hay field but I guarantee you that it's not hay field by any means the footing out there can be pretty tough and there's these hummock patches that you walk into if you've ever been walking in the low spot in the cow pasture you know how those holes are all over the place well you can get in the same thing out here and they walked into the hummock patch which slowed him down tremendously at that point they were already on their way out which scape route was just kick out to the side circle on around in behind it pretty easily done, commonly done type of scenario but that hummock patch slowed him down and that heavy grass burning the way it was moving out coming back in out coming back in like that just got too close and the person made a management decision to saw a window in the flaming front where the flame came down to about three to four feet high and they just tucked and punched back through it and did he sustain some injuries? he had burns on his face and hands they had lost their gloves while they were working with some mechanical equipment pumps that type of thing and had burns on the face and hands first and second degree burns from 1415 to 1530 the prescribed burn was still within a contingency plan for the operation between 1530 and 1600 a patch of jack pine east of the meadow had caught fire and was torching once it got established it ran across the meadow and went into the timber and for the most part it hit hardwood timber except for one little section of bank about a hundred foot long section of bank that rose off the river when it got to the timber it rose off the river about a 40 to 50 foot climb pretty hard steep climb and there was a pine plantation about 20 year old jack pine plantation 25 year old right up to the edge of it and of course it had a head of steam on it it came across it rocketed up that slope and it came into that pine and it took out just that first leading edge of pine probably 200 feet long and maybe 50 feet deep that's all it did and from there it threw spot fires out about 6 to 800 feet across our secondary containment line which was an old road and of course in this country you can't immediately see that aircraft actually has picked up the spot fires that the fire had thrown out there and they made us aware of those fires now that were the spot fires that now had also become established out there keeping in mind that at the time that it hit the jack pine and then went beyond that it was now burning in timber and it was no longer burning in this grass so we did not have near the rates of spread we didn't have the intensities for the most part I've done a lot of prescribed burning in timber and I would have said it was a great under burn the problem is that it was an uncontained under burn and that in itself had produced just those few spot fires which now we had several spot fires that we had to deal with which there again is a watch out and then there went your resources yeah then our resources became over taxed we didn't have enough of them of course resource ordering or getting resources in response time associated with that those spot fires become more and more established and within a mile of the river bank of course is the community ball club and even though we didn't have hard fire charging towards the community ball club it was enough fire on the ground and enough smoke drifting their direction that caused a lot of political concern and so we thought that it was probably best to move into there, alert people tell them what was going on and it got kind of a trigger point which what we used was within a half a mile if the fire got to within a half a mile we would trigger evacuation and it got to within 1800 feet so we triggered evacuation on a small subdivision up in there the fire continued to back into the grass bump the edge of the woods over here and we had a containment crew just following along with it kind of knocking it down as it hit just like we would have when we were burning making its way all the way down and we used the river here and a couple of wet oxbows out in there to stop it before it got to the highway just to reduce the complexity and now have an open flame bumping a major roadway while all this other stuff was going on had it just been a burn that wouldn't have been that much of an issue but with the wildfire and everything going we thought it best to just shut it down out here the fire was controlled on May 8th at 475 acres no structures in the ball club housing area were lost this scenario reminds us that situational awareness is just as important on prescribed fires as it is during a wildfire incident but it also brings up a good point regarding contingency plans although the after action review of this incident revealed that the contingency plan was not adequately addressed in the written burn plan all the personnel on this incident were well briefed on what the contingency plan was for the day the plan was communicated that if spot fires occurred across the river holding resources were signed in position to pick up these spots as they occurred the pump unit in the boat was available to supply water if needed in hindsight this contingency plan was not adequate but how far out do we need the plan do we need a contingency plan in case our contingency plan doesn't work in a perfect world of unlimited resources and funding maybe we can but that's never the case we've made our decisions on site-specific expected fire behavior and we're usually limited on our available resources let's listen to a few more thoughts from the burn boss on this incident regarding contingency planning if that doesn't work what'll we do and we had run through the we used the road up there I've mentioned a road earlier about a secondary containment line okay we'll pick it up at the road and that's fine but what then if we get spot fires 500 feet beyond the road what's our next line well our next line was all the way back at the subdivision we probably needed to have it in a little bit tighter than that especially since we established a trigger point within a half a mile of the subdivision so that's really where it probably needed to be and if that was the case what did we need to hold fire there and we didn't go that far out with dedicating resources to be able to hold fire there to do that I think on many occasions irregardless of what where you're at with it how many years you've been doing it we plan for the unexpected but whether we expect that or not is a whole different thing and you know the as they say the best laid plans can go awry and so you can think that okay if this happens and that happens is what we'll do and many times that's based on our historical knowledge it's either what we know or what we have been taught to know and I guess what I would say to that is just that it may not always be that way and so whenever you're dealing with any kind of a situation where you know that this could happen out here I would say really take another look at it really pay attention to it and run through that scenario run through that scenario with the entire crew don't just talk about it but actually run through it what are we going to do, who's going to do what how are you going to act what's the best method what are your trigger points for engagement or disengagement just be a lot more thrilled with it having gone through this spot fire that got away kind of scenario I can tell you that's one of the things that we will do we'll do sand table exercises on this very fire we will build it into 131 the class I taught last summer we're building this stuff into it we're drilling on it at our IC refreshers we will likely talk about it next spring at our spring fire it's a good lesson to learn for that alone yeah we know this can happen we get spot fires they run etc etc and we'll do this well what if that doesn't work then what or what if you go there expecting to do that and you get there and it's not at all what you ought to be doing or not at all what you plan to do based on now what you're seeing that you did not expect even though you planned for it so that's a great take home message there is just even though you plan for it we don't always expect that we end up engaging in that and we have to because it's as real as anything else that we'll do it's part of it to help us in the planning process let's review an acronym used by the military PACE stands for primary alternative contingency and emergency let's listen to Mark Smith share his thoughts on the PACE principle in the military when we talk about contingency planning there's an acronym called PACE which is primarily around planning communications but it means having a primary plan an alternate plan, a contingency plan and an emergency plan so in essence plan A plan B, plan C, plan D and as many of those as you can do in the limited time that you've got to work with your available time to influence what you can get done so you can't do it all you can only do those few things that are the most important things so those are the few things where you're really going to attempt to have a plan C or even a plan D if it gets that bad and those are the situations like Southern California in 2003 when we're talking about the Pacific Ocean as plan D that's indicative that we got overwhelmed in our initial contingency plans and underestimated what the potential of the environment well how many contingency plans do you make for a given situation you've got to look at the risk and you've got to look at the importance of a particular objective or a particular part of the plan to the whole so the riskier it is that the plan will fail if this fails it will depend on terrain on time on money all these things apply back home too budget decisions you know or fraught with what's our primary plan what's our alternate and so on so you've got to use your judgment you've got to look at what you've got you've got to say where are we the most vulnerable if this fails where are we the most vulnerable in terms of does this one objective or is this one geographic area more vulnerable we've got to devote our attention to trying to make as many contingency plans as we can in the time available so how many do you make as many as you can given the time you've got well trigger points come into the picture because that's what can actually manage when we have to shift from plan to plan to plan so in Southern California for example in 2003 the trigger points that they set were totally inadequate for what the energy that the environment was unleashing by the time they set a trigger point at the next ridge these fires had moved 5 miles and it wasn't until later on in the game where people started adjusting trigger points which was hard because it meant writing off subdivisions and huge tracks of acreage but you've got to have that size up that your team has done dictates the reality of where your trigger points can be as we go into this fire season keep updated on the availability of neighboring resources and coordinate your efforts and planning process with cooperators fires seem to come in busts or waves and chances are that when you need additional help you probably won't be alone in your request


Raymond Burr as Captain Lee Quince, specially transcribed tales of the dark and tragic ground of the wild frontier, the saga of fighting men who rode the rim of empire, and the dramatic story of Lee Quince, Captain of Cavalry. I'd rather take these orders than give them, Captain. Black hills, the black hills, the powder, the big horn, the Yellowstone, Montana territory. Cover's a lot of ground. Yeah. You want these orders, you say? I sure do. They're your orders. Why don't you take them? You might be gone two weeks. You might be gone two months. Now, I'm going to stay here, set up the parley. These are your orders, Lee. Well, see, in their mind, maybe you'll tell me what they are. Sitting bull. Sitting bull? I mean it. You're giving me the army from the Department of the Platte to go after him? I'm giving you a patrol and a slip of paper. This isn't an engagement, Captain. I want you to deliver an invitation to Sitting Bull to parley with us. Give me a lot of territory to find him in, Major. And I can give you about six scout reports. Each one definitely establishing Sitting Bull's camp at six different locations, from the black hills to the Yellowstone. Now, I saw Pete Hazen's last report on him. I'm the bell force here in the black hills. That was six months ago. That's the latest report we have. Well, I can start there. I might pick up some fresh word on the way. When you want me to leave. As soon as you can pick up a troll and outfit it, I remember you're heading north, planning anything from heat to snow. Yeah. When do you plan the parley, Major? We'd like to hold it before winter sets in. If he set up a winter camp, he won't move till spring. If he won't, we'll hold it in the spring. He might not move then. He isn't much to hold meetings with white men. And we're hoping he'll come. Yeah. Well, the finding him comes first. I'll get started, Major. Oh, uh, Lee. Yes, sir? You've, uh, you've seen him? Once. You talked to him? I listened to him. I didn't understand a word he said. But when he got through, I knew what he meant. I understand he doesn't speak English. He doesn't have to. He speaks, and you listen, and you watch him, and you understand. I've never seen him.   Just like to see for myself. When you see him, Major, you'll find out one thing in a hurry. Yeah? He hates white men. Corporal, that remount station's still ahead? Better be, Harrison. I'm counting on it. Thought we'd make camp there. We'll start tomorrow with fresh horses. Cratton and Doolin, their mounts took the brunt of it when them boulders shook loose a while back. The men hurt, Corporal? Shook up, that's all, Lieutenant Cybridge. Well, tell them the remount station is just a couple of miles away. I'd like to make it. They'll make it, sir. Yeah, yeah. Two more miles, Captain. That'll make 25 miles for us today. Not bad. I thought it was pretty good, sir, considering that landslide held us up some. We can average 25 miles a day. We'll be at. But we can't, Mr. Cybridge. Another day we'll be heading into the Black Hills proper. We'll be lucky to make 18 a day through them. Yes, sir. Heart going sometimes. Mostly, it's slow. I guess the Sue could slow us down some, too. I guess they could, Mr. Cybridge. That landslide, Captain. It could have been started by Indians. Could have been. You think it was? No. It's Indian country, sir.  Well, I've done it before. But they didn't try to make it stick. Or a dozen men. The slide did hold us up, stopped us for the best part of an hour. If there were Indians, Lieutenant, they'd have taken advantage of it. We were sitting ducks. Yes, sir. I guess we were. Well, it was an idea anyway. Lieutenant, before you came to B Company, we had a first Lieutenant who'd been through part of the war. Never said much. I'd give him an order. He'd follow it to the letter. I could count on that. He'd follow it to the letter. Yes, sir. He never asked questions. He never had theories. I understand, Captain. He wasn't much good to me, Mr. Cybridge. Yes, sir, Captain. Name Dunset. What'd you say? Your name, is it Dunset? Oh, oh, yeah. I guess it is. I don't hear it off enough anymore to be sure. Kind of quiet running a remount station, is it? Mm-hmm. Scout down in, nest her sometimes. This ain't exactly the Oregon Trail, you know. You staying along, Captain? Till morning. Your horses look good. They are. Have any trouble hanging on to them? You mean Indian raids? They gone on a style? Well, you just might put it that way, Captain. I'm high in the time when I couldn't keep a horse here with four broke legs. They'd want them off that fast. But lately now I get to know them just like brothers. Brothers, huh? Well, I say brothers. I don't know why. Never had any brothers. About Indian raids. I tell you the truth, I'd welcome one ever so often. A man needs more than horses, you know. Of course, up to a year ago, Lattie was with me. That helped some. Lattie? Yeah, Lattie Dunset, my wife. Oh. Just about a year ago now. A fellow came riding up one day and said he meant to do some mining. Though I swear he didn't have so much as a pick with him, as I could tell. He stayed a few days, and I was busy with the horses, you know. When he rode off, darned if he didn't take Lattie with him. Well, maybe you're better off with horses. Oh, yeah. Lattie wasn't much of a talker. Is it be Lance Crick along here? Yep, Lance Crick it is. I thought I'd follow it to Beaver Crick and cut up to the Belfors from there. Makes a nice pretty trip. Pretty country. Well, besides the scenery, is it that the quickest route into the Black Hills? I don't know a quicker one. We count 12 men, Captain. That's all there is. Well, you ain't going after him with 12 men. I say anything about going after someone? Well, army don't come traipsing through here getting fresh horses just for the ride. The way it comes to me, though, you'll need a sight more than 12 men. More than 1,200. Well, we're not starting any wars, Duncey. Not you, maybe.  And no 12 troopers is allowed. White man leading what, Indians? The Sioux. Now, don't tell me you ain't never heard telly him. Man, I don't never see nobody and I heard of him. Well, Si and I haven't.  Well, last time was from Coy. You're going to Beaver Crickway. You'll run right by Coy's place. He's tall, great and tall. And he's got a beard that's long. You know, long and flowing. Is that Coy you're talking about? No, no. The white leader, the Sioux. And they say when he talks, it's like thunder. And his eyes is flesh enlightening. Duncey, do you know what I think? Well, how'd I know that? I think you've been with horses too long. Take him down to Beaver Crick, Mr. Sabbaths. I want to talk to the settler. Looks like he's packing up, Captain. Oh, that by the barn. Yeah. Yeah, it does. Take care of things. Yes, sir. Moving time for you, mister? Half noon, Captain.  Yeah, just a few days.  Wasn't counting on no military escort, though. You need what? Not as a no, huh? I had a talk with Duncey at the remount station on Lance Crick. You get a word in. You know him pretty well? See him maybe twice a year. Don't dare go off in there. Poor old coup d'etre used to people.  Don't make a lot of sense. He's got a story to tell about a new white leader of the Sioux. That's what's brought you up here. Duncey says you told him about the white man. What did he say I said about him? That he's tall, has a long flowing beard, talks like thunder, eyes that flash lightning. Thunder and lightning? Well, well, that part is pure, Duncey, Captain. Sure didn't mention thunder and lightning. What about the rest of it, mister? Oh, that's gospel. He's tall. Tall as you. There's no doubt about the beard, all right? Of course you hear all kinds of things. Sometimes you're put to wondering what to believe. Now, I've heard he's got as high as 1,000 lodges. Some say more. 1,000 lodges? Figuring three men to a lodge, this man's got a Sioux following of 3,000 braves. I'm just telling you what I was told to make him. Duncey added the thunder and lightning. What did you add, mister? Well, now, King's word of lodges, I told you that. Hey, but the man himself, or what it looks like, that much I know. I know because I've seen him. When? Well, guess it's all four or five months ago now. Wrote up Malaine, watered his mule right there at Beaver Crick. Same as your men are doing.  He said as much, Captain. The Sioux need a new leader. Now, those were his words. I come to give him a new leader. That's what he said. The plane is anything. You ready to go to the agency as soon as you load the grain? It'll take me no time at all. I'll give you a hand and a military escort. Well, I think I've managed to quiet him. We don't get much army through here since the treaty. Your agency isn't used to cavalry patrols? Passing by, stopping for water, sure. They saw you setting up camp, made him edgy. Considering we're on a peace mission, we seem to be doing a job of making a lot of people edgy. It's the time, Miss Captain. Hey, look up there. The Black Hills. Last son of the day on them. It's beautiful. I look at them all day. The morning sun on them, the bright sun of midday, and now when they're given up to the night. They're always beautiful. But somewhere in those hills, something quiet is building up. I don't know what it is, but a feel-it. And the agency Indians feel it. Someday, I got a notion the whole West is going to feel it. You got mostly Sue here in the agency? Mostly. The Black Hills are par sapid to them, sacred. It's the home of the Sue Deities, maybe. Maybe that's the feeling. Whatever it is, I'm losing Indians to it every day. Winter coming on, that's the time most Indians head for agencies. Always before, yeah. But not this year. Just the opposite. I don't know. I left Fort Laramie four days ago to find Sit and Bull and invite him to pow wow with us. In every place I stop, no one wants to talk about Sit and Bull. All I hear is that the Sue have a new white leader. That's all I hear, Captain, but you never saw him. No? But I never saw Sit and Bull. That doesn't mean he doesn't exist. You figure you've lost how many Indians so far? Not over 20. I look around at days end. Everyone's accounted for him. By morning, two are gone, maybe three, maybe just one. And no one ever knows where they've gone, of course. I'm supposing you're reporting this to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Sure. Like I'm also reporting, there's fewer and fewer Indian raids. Less hostility, less trouble. Now, what do you think they're going to pay most attention to? 20 Indians going off an agency or four or five months of uninterrupted peace? Why do you suppose they sent this patrol up here? This whole area is so peaceful right now, they want to make it official. Want to smoke the pipe with Sit and Bull and tell the rest of the country the Indian wars are over. I don't envy you, Captain. Riding into the Black Hills just now. Thanks. You could send back for more troops. My orders are clear. I'm still looking for Sit and Bull. You don't believe the talk? They're about the white leader. I don't believe it when I see him. Patch of smoke ahead, Captain. Coming out of that line of hills to the west. First one you've seen, Mr. Simons? No, sir, it isn't. This one seems larger than the others. Sigma fires. Sue, we're just letting their people know we're here, marking our course for them. We're flying a white flag. They've honored it so far. Yes, sir. Those signal fires aren't bothering me near so much as that cloud forming ahead. We're going to get some weather before long. Bad weather. You're more worried about a storm than Sit and Bull? I know where the storm is, Mr. Cybert. Well, Sit and Bull might be nearer. He might. Signal fires are a warning to someone. I hope it's Sit and Bull. If it is, we can deliver our message and get out before we get bogged down by the storm. I guess I don't understand, sir. We may be attacked, Mr. Cybert, where in an unceded Indian country it can happen any time. But Sit and Bull isn't likely to attack a patrol flying truth flag. You know, you don't often hear him described as a man of honor. Does Sue think he is, Lieutenant? Yes, but, well, you've met him, sir. You must have an idea what kind of a man he is. I have an idea, Mr. Cybert. Hey, Captain Quitzer. Now, what does it look like up ahead at Harrison? The storm's heading our way, all right, Captain. But straight ahead over the rise, there's a valley set ablaze, sir. Can't see the smoke. It looks like part of the storm cloud near, Captain. You can take my word for it. It's burning away for fair. Rest the patrol, Mr. Cybert. Go right ahead with Corporal Harrison. Yes, sir. Come on, Corporal. Then right up into the ravines, Harrison. They've been marking our course all the way in with signal fires. Might be they set a good one like this to tell us we ain't right welcoming their country. And it might be they set it to cover their movement away from the valley. Only from up here, we should be able to spot them. I ain't seen an engine yet, Captain. We better find some cover for the patrol. Can't make it across a blazing valley. And we can't ride the long way around in this kind of storm. This ain't a bad campsite, sir. Them granite ledges making an overhang the way they do. Of course, I don't know how near we are at a water. Is there enough for you? Yes, sir. It sure is. Signal the patrol to move up, Harrison. I'm going to ride along this rim and find a spot for the horse. Yes, sir. You checked the pickets yet this morning, Corporal? Changed the duty at dawn, sir. Any of them drowned during the night? If they're dead, they didn't mention it to me. Are you still trying to figure out where we are, Captain? Yeah, I'd kind of like to know. Funny. You look at a map like that. Makes everything look real simple. Left the agency on the bell force, moved along it and to the west of a little powder. West again to the powder. Is a river in that valley below, Harrison? If there is, it was on fire yesterday. Now, let's take a look. Ah, golly, there is a river, Captain. Must be the tongue. This is new country to me. You sure couldn't see no river for the blaze down there yesterday. If it is the tongue, we're in Montana Territory, Corporal. Don't look much different. It's beginning to. Yes, sir. It sure is. Captain, coming up the trail, Indians. How many, Lieutenant? Six, eight. That's all I make got, Captain. Pass the word, hold fire, Corporal. Yes, sir. Hold your fire, man. Hold your fire. Don't seem to fear us, sir. Riding up from that charred valley as big as you please. It's their valley, Mr. Sammonds. Well, yes, it is. Might be they're just riding up to reminders of that. Look young, Captain. Very small camp. How many white soldier? 12. 12. That's right. 12. 12 is how many white soldier? You are six braves. Six brave? We are twice your number. Two white soldiers to one brave. Now understand. Why here? We have a letter. The white chiefs want to powwow a sitting bull. To smoke the pipe, to talk peace. Letter say that? Letter says that. I take. Captain, it's all right, Mr. Sammonds. This commander. Fort Larmy, filming terror. You see? I read. You take back. Thank you. You read well. I read well. Speak well? You speak very well. You white man, me red man. That's right. Color of skin not matter to leader. Who is your leader? Leaders say all men are brother. Now we go. What was that all about, Captain? I don't know, Mr. Zabertz. But I bet if we follow him, we'll find out. They slickered us, Captain. We ain't seen a sign of them in a full day now. Not Indians, Harrison. Patrol, halt. You can't see your eyes in things. It had comfort me some to know you saw him, too, Captain.  He's the new white leader of the suit? I'll let you know when I get back. Heard about you, Captain. I've heard about you. I didn't really believe it. Your patrol is flying truce flags. You've got a letter for a sitting bull. I don't have to tell you anything, do I? Red Bear was very proud of his knowledge. The young Sue Brave? He told me he met a white brother who was armed who did not shoot. You're not armed either. I'm armed. You mean the Sue up in the ridge? No, they're just interested. So am I. I hear you've got anything from a thousand lodges up. I wish I had, Captain. You can ride up and count them. On my best day, I've got 30 Braves. It's a beginning. It depends on what you're beginning. A small beginning?  You know where he is? The last I heard, his camp was on the Yellowstone River. You said you were armed. I am. A Bible? A Bible. I'm Father Farrell. I'm a Jesuit priest. You're preaching to the Sue? Teaching, I hope. Reading, writing, little farming. All men are brothers. The color of the skin don't matter. Red Bear's learning faster than most. You've cut out a big job for yourself, Father. No, I'm not alone. I'm a Jesuit, but there are Methodists out here, too. Presbyterians. You helped Captain with Red Bear. He seemed to respect you to know he could trust you. Maybe that's the way it begins. With one red man and one white man trusting each other. Yeah.  But it's a beginning. Fort Laramie is produced and directed by Norman MacDonald and stars Raymond Burr as Lee Quince, Captain of Cavalry. The script was specially written for Fort Laramie by Kathleen Hite, with sound patterns by Bill James and Ray Kemper, musical supervision by Amarigo Moreno. Featured in the cast were Jess Kirkpatrick, Jack Krushan, Howard Culver, Lawrence Dobkin, and John Daener. Sam Edwards is Corporal Harrison. Jack Moyles is Major Daggett. And Harry Bartell is Lieutenant Cybertz. Company tension. Dismiss. Next week, another transcribed story of the Northwest Frontier and the troopers who fought under Lee Quince, Captain of Cavalry. Every time a foot goes down on the accelerator of an automobile, somebody is taking life into his hands. And life, anybody's life, is something to be handled with care. If you're out on the highway, drive at the speed that best meets the traffic conditions you find. Obey the road signs and give your attention to traffic signals, too. Be sure the lane is clear for passing when you want to get around. And don't take a chance on the other fellow making room for you. In fact, don't take a chance. Remember, you can't save time by losing lives.