Hello, my name is Claudio Imbrenda. I am one of the commentators for KVM on S390 and KVM unit test on S390. And I'm here to talk about the challenges of asynchronous teardown. So first, I will explain what it is and why it's important and how we want to solve it. And then I will quickly go over how we solved it both for the reboot case, which is more S390 specific and for the shutdown case and some final remarks at the end. So what is it that we're trying to solve? What is the problem? Problem basically is that when a big process terminates, it takes a lot of time for the memory to be available again. It's especially true for protective utilization on S390 because of the way protective utilization is done on S390. So rebooting is also problematic. For example, an AMD protected guest is encrypted in memory. So when the guest is not needed anymore, the memory is just left there because who cares, it's encrypted. On S390, the memory is not encrypted. There's access control. So nobody can access the guest memory. But when the virtual machine dies, then there's a long process of having the secure firmware erasing and changing the security property of each page. And this adds a lot of overhead to the cleaning up process. What do we want is to have QMU terminates immediately and leave your tear down maybe to an asynchronous process. Now here I have a little benchmark down on this laptop, which is not a super powerful server, but just to show that this is a problem even for non-secure guests. I did the test with different sizes and we can see that it takes approximately 13, it goes at least approximately 13 gigabytes per second for clean up time.  So that's why we would like to have something where you press shut down and it shut down immediately and then you can start it immediately and something in background will take care of cleaning up. So there are some potential issues and one is actually an issue that we create exactly with this asynchronous tear down. It's a problem of resource allocation because if the previous VM is still being torn down in the background, it's still taking up memory and if the same VM is started again and it's using up memory quicker than the one that is being cleaned up can clean up, then we end up using maybe too much memory, which brings to the second item, that's how do we interact with the one killer. If we do interact at all, if you want to, proper accounting and a complexity of implementation. Let's have a look at the difference between the reboot and the shutdown case because on S390 rebooting a secure guest means that the secure guest needs to be turned down completely and then a new guest is started in the same memory. So from a KVM point of view, it's the same KVM guest but from a firmer point of view, it's a different secure guest that runs in the same memory. So in the shutdown case, when KVM gets in control, the memory is already gone. For the reboot case, the memory is already there so something maybe can be done for it. Yeah, so this is at the moment at least an S390 specific problem so I will not waste too much time on it but it might be relevant for other architectures in the future, I don't know if other architectures decide to do things in a similar way. So two possible solutions, I implemented both of them and they both work but we'll see the pro and cons for each of them. The first is very simple, when a secure guest is destroyed, you just start a candle thread in the background to clean the memory and then there is some work needed to allow a second guest to run on top of the first one that is still being cleaned up because maybe the second guest will use some memory in some places that has not been cleaned up yet so there's some exception handling, some situations that normally would not happen that now happen and need to be handled but that's not the end of the world. So this is very nice because there are no user space changes needed because it just works and there are no common code changes which is also nice, it's an S390 problem so it has an S390 solution but it brings to improper accounting of CPU time because the cleanup is done in the kernel and that's not nice that the cleanup for the VM is done in the kernel, this should be accounted to the C group or if not if not to QM itself at least to the C group that QM belongs to, this is quite important for accounting purposes. So next okay we try user space so we create a new interface, QM you destroy the guest with this new interface, the guest is not actually destroyed, it's just set apart, the new guest can be started on top of it already and then QM will create a new thread and do the tear down in background so basically what we did in the kernel thread before now we do in this user space, I mean it's still done in kernel context of course but in the context of QMU so the accounting works correctly because we are working with QMU context so we do have proper accounting of time and we do not need to common code changes but it requires user space changes now so yeah obviously what the solution is obvious, we prefer correctness so the idea is to have the reboot with the user space changes so some of the patches have been already merged, some are still pending, some mailing lists and should be merged hopefully soon, QMU changes are needed, small changes luckily there's like maybe 20-30 lines but I will send them once the kernel changes are in and libvert does not need any changes so this is for the reboot case, highly history 90 specific in this case, let's see what we can do for the shutdown which is a similar problem but more generic so again we have a kernel thread solution, a user thread solution and two more solutions, the third MMPot and clone, let's see what this means and yeah so shutdown, kernel thread, this is quite convoluted so the idea here is that when the process has been turned down in the arc hook that does the un-map of each PTE there is a flag that basically indicates if it's a lazy TLB operation or not which means is this an un-map like the final un-map when the process is dying or it's just a normal un-map so we can detect if that's the final un-map instead of just doing a normal un-map we do the un-map but we also do a get page on it so basically we pin it in place and we put this page in a list of pages that need to be cleaned up later and so at the end the memory mapping has been cleaned up except that the pages are still there they're not they haven't been freed and then when later on KVM is turned down we start a new kernel thread and in this kernel thread we can one by one clean up all the pages that are in the list so this is entirely arc specific so there's no and there are no user space changes needed this is entirely in the kernel and it does not touch any common code on the other hand there's a little bit of a lot of disadvantages first of all kernel thread improper CPU time accounting C groups again there's a large impact on memory management because if we have a huge guest then we have a huge amount of pinned memory which is just there and this makes interaction for example with the omkiller interesting because that's not even mapped to a process it's just been pinged and the implementation itself is complex because we have to go into the arc specific code and do some pretty hecky stuff to put all these pages aside and then yeah and again it's arc specific this is also a disadvantage because we would like to have a lazy or a synchronous tear down that maybe works on every architecture because this is is useful for other architectures as well so let's try to solve some of these problems and let's go with the user thread so this is kind of like the reboot case it's the same as the kernel thread but instead we have we force user space to create new process or a thread actually we need a process here the thread we just create issue an iocdl which will slip and then everything goes as for the kernel thread case we pin the pages when and then when kvm is stored down it will instead of starting our thread it will just wake up the the process that was sleeping in that iocdl and that iocdl will then proceed to take the hits and do the cleanup so it will it will it will be done in the context of that cleaner process so we have proper accounting and this cleanup process will be unkillable until it's it's done which is also what we want so yes we have proper accounting of cpu time so we're happy and it's arc specific so maybe we are happy it still has the same impact on memory management which is maybe not something we want it it does need now user space changes so it's not free lunch and there is still the same usual complex interaction with the omkiller and the same complex implementation because this is basically the same implementation as the previous one except that we are not using a kernel thread but you're using a user space thread and again arc specific why not make it arc independent so next attempt was using a mmput async i discovered that in the kernel there is a function called mmput async which is the same as mmput but is done asynchronously so i thought this is what i need so the idea is that in the core of the kernel where we do the mm exit or exit mm whatever it's called when when the mm is unreferenced so with mmput instead of mmput we do mmput async maybe we put an if with some conditions and so that's only the processes that are being marked for asynchronous tear down or down down asynchronously so yeah and then there's already infrastructure for it it just just works it requires minimal changes in the kernel it's actually simple implementation as i said instead of mmput it's like if something then mmput otherwise mmput async there are some arc specific hooks needed just to to mark which mm's we want to tear down asynchronously later but it's little so it's a simple implementation it's quite architecture independent and there are no user space changes user space changes needed so it would just work but we have two issues again now we are doing it in a kernel worker thread which means that we are not accounting CPU time properly again so CPU groups again and some people have been quite loud about doing it correctly moreover this means changing the core of the kernel where we do the mmput when the process is turned down and some of the people who are in charge of memory management were not exactly happy about that to put it mildly so um no they said you can do it in user space don't do it here so that's what i did clone so before shutdown ideally start up a second cleaner process is cloned using the clone vm flag which will start a new process sharing this the outer space of the parent but without without being a thread so it's a separate process it's not a thread when the parent terminates no memory cleanup is performed because the memory is still in use by the child and so the cleaner process we just wait until the parent has completely terminated and then just makes it and all the tear down will be on the child now so we have proper accounting of cpu time because it's done in the count i mean it's the child process that is taking all the heat for the for the cleanup it's actually a quite simple implementation it's around 200 lines of code including comments it is completely architecture independent and it is completely user space there are no kernel changes needed for this these advantages that we need user space changes well yeah and the kernel the cleanup process is killable actually so if you send a sick kill to the cleaner process the cleaner process will die and if you kill it before the parent dies then there's no more synchronous tear down that's the the only real disadvantage i would say about this this solution so of course that's the the one that's all the efforts have been concentrating on now there's still some discussion ongoing but it seems like the clone solution is the most it's the best one so there are no changes needed for a kernel and libvert interestingly so libvert will not have any issues or complain it just works with this thing and the patches are out have been discussed i don't know when they will be merged hopefully soon i don't know so this is the shutdown solution i will just now go in some more detail about what happens in this cleanup trend actually process first of all it's an opt-in feature so you need an addition a new common line option for qmu so that so that for backwards compatibility this is not done by default so this new process is created with the clone and clone vm and the cleaner process will call prctl with a p dead stick so that when the parent process dies which is this case qmu the child will receive sig hub and there's just signal handle for sig hub important the cleaner process also needs to close all file descriptors because otherwise libvert is not happy so if available close range is used if not available then we just open proc self fd and close all the file descriptors one by one close range is better because i've been told that sometimes container people do some strange things and proc is not always mounted all the time but i guess if the close range is not available then that's the next best thing this is because close range was actually introduced in kernel 5 something and i know there are some distros still supported that still have like four something like rel so yeah so what happens is then the kernel the cleaner process just wait for the signal and only when the parent process is completely terminated the cleaner process can exit and complete termination means that the parent the pit of qmu speed and the parent pit of the cleaner process are not the same anymore before cloning qmu will just write the pin the pit somewhere in memory which is readable of course by the cleaner by the cleaner process because they share this memory and when the when qmu speed is not anymore the parent pit of the um the cleaner process then it means that the parent pit is gone and we can exit so this is generalized solution for a synchronous teardown for any process it works for qmu but it can work for any other thing could work for databases for anything so maybe do you think this should be put in a library for everybody's use this is my question for you and after asking you this question i ask if you have any questions and you do yes so the if you kill the whole c group you might yes i'm doing it so yes the the the remark was if you kill this whole c group then you might end up killing the the cleaner process before the um yes that's true but if you are killing this whole c group and then waiting for the whole c group to be gone then this will not help anyway because the cleaner the the whole point is that the cleanup process will run in the c group of qmu so if you kill up if you if you if you want to kill the the whole c group and then you wait until the c group is gone then yeah yes i would think like if i'm a normal vm or any other user space project i don't really care about okay so the question was why do we care about cleanup accounting for and c group when the the determination uh the point is when the process is terminating so the process is basically dead and it's just being cleaned up this cleanup happens still in the context of that process and it's accounted to the c group of the process and you might want to have it accounted properly yes that's the current behavior yes exactly that's the current behavior and that's how it should still be yes the question was why does the kernel take so long to free the memory and the answer is that it's a lot of memory and you need to go page by page and you know unmap do put page now the page is free maybe you need to zero it out then put it in the free pool and whatever it's some amount of processing for each page that you need to do and there's not it needs to be done and if you have a small process like a few gigabytes it's okay but when you start to go into the terabytes of memory that's a lot just just that and if you go for S290 for example for protected guests uh that's uh even worse because as I said there's lots more cleanup needed for per page that needs that needs to be done by the firmware and the hardware and that uh that adds quite some overhead so it's even slower so that was my reason for doing this obviously but it's still useful also because I mean who wants to wait 20 minutes for a VM to terminate right well for the generic case okay so was I doing the pathological case with 4k pages um to be honest I don't know I just started a process on a normal Linux modern linux distro and allocated 4 8 20 gigabyte of RAM used all of it and freed and looked how much time it took on this laptop uh so yeah okay okay for example for example yeah yeah but for example for protected for for protective authorization S290 you can only have 4k pages at the moment for example so yeah that was that was my main use case to be honest although again if even if it's not 20 minutes maybe it's 10 minutes still why why x86 page tables and if you use 4k pages it's it's hilarious how bad you can make the kernel go if you bump up to even 2 meg I mean it's a factor of 512 this is x86 you go up to one gig and I forget what the math is there it's a lot though and it's just it's astronomically different where it goes from yeah it's a complete bottleneck on everything too it's a complete non-issue okay I'm thank you


The House of Representatives passed the Electoral Act Amendment Bill on Thursday. However, the lawmakers revised the compulsory direct primary clause, and the bill was passed after the removal of clause 84 requiring political parties to only select candidates through direct primaries. Now recall that the Senate on Wednesday included the consensus mode of primaries in the Electoral Act Amendment Bill as suggested by President Mohamed Abouhari and both chambers of the National Assembly. That's the Senate and the House of Representatives, however, deleted the compulsory direct primaries from the bill. To help us analyze all of this, we do have a guest since you do, I mean via Zoom, Shagun Shokpitor, who is on standby. He's a public affairs analyst. It's good to have you join us this morning. Thank you. It's a pleasure to be here. All right, so for me, the question would be, what do you make of this pattern that the House of Representatives and the senators have actually decided to take?  They have deleted the compulsory clause of direct primaries. But you still have the senators bent on including the consensus method of electing their representatives. And the House of Representatives also not agreeing to that. So you have senators on the other hand saying, yes, it's okay to have direct primaries, indirect primaries, and the consensus. And then the House of Representatives not agreeing, only saying we want direct and indirect primaries. So what do you make of this new route of things? Okay, so first of all, it's not a surprise that the Senate and the House of Representatives has made a U-turn. Initially, what we had thought was that they were going to exercise their power to veto the President and just approve the law. But anybody that is familiar with Nigerian politics would have been surprised if that had ever happened. So this U-turn is not surprising. The disagreement between the two houses, I think is a good thing. I'm happy about it and I hope that the House of Reps wins this debate. So to have direct and indirect primaries as an option is a good thing, in my view, because this is a democracy and it's all about choice. So if the political parties say that they would like to have the option as provided in their constitution to either use delegates to appoint or elect, to elect their representatives at the various elections, or use the direct primaries method, then I think it's the way within their rights. The consensus option is an entirely different matter. It is extremely on democratic. For the simple reason that there is no way to determine what consensus is. Who are the people that are supposed to arrive at that consensus? Must it be unanimous? Is there going to be voting and all of those things? So invariably what you usually have is when they say consensus, it just means that the strong man in that party has determined who is going to be given a team. Shagun should be talking to you Harris. So I think we actually lost connection with him, but as soon as we're able to establish that connection, it would be a great one. But Kofi, as we proceed, I really don't know. It was quite interesting what he was saying. Yes indeed. Questioning the democratic credentials of this thing called consensus candidate. And he was asking who is to say or who is to arrive at the consensus? Who are those making the decisions? And of course, saying this would mean that there are certain strong men who continue to have the power to decide and to pick, to cherry pick who will be the candidates of the parties. But one of the things that he also said that I pretty don't sit with is the fact that he agrees with the disagreement that's going on. Now let's not forget the bone of contention between both houses. Yeah, between both houses. As much as we don't expect them to always align and have to be in sync. But we're looking at the essence of this bill and the critical element in the bill. At the end of the day, we're talking about the transmission of result electronically that was outrightly rejected by these lawmakers. Now, therefore, because looking at it, it would begin to look like maybe this is also a delay tactic because we're looking at time as well. Let's not forget that there's also a time factor where this bill should be given ascent by the president, because with this back and forth, I don't know if the House of Representatives would actually come to that point where they agree. And then we'll have to send it back to the president for the president to ascent. And then before it becomes a law. So all of this, I'm just thinking that those who are saying that these are delayed tactics adjust so we don't arrive at that particular highlight. I think Nigerians are unhealthily over pessimistic when it comes to the National Assembly. I don't think that's the case. Can I get messy, can I? Okay, go ahead. Yes, thank you very much. So far, they're not doing badly. I mean, the bill was sent back to them. They went on their end of year recess. They have resumed. And as they have resumed, they're already working on it. I mean, how many days did it take for them to pass this? It's already been passed by the House of Reps. The Senate is also going to pass. And then you have what you call a conference committee. This conference committee is going to be the committee regarding this particular issue in both the House and the Senate. They'll harmonize. And then they'll pass a joint bill. I mean, they have a lot of other things to do apart from this electoral bill. So the business of legislation is not something you just do one day. But you can also not do everything in one day. But you can also not take out the politics. No, it's not a matter of relax. We're just talking about the interests here. Oh, these guys are doing what they do. And we already were crying they are delaying. No, no. It's not about them doing what they do. Have they expunged the electoral electronic transition of votes from the bill? So why do we even have it in the first place? I mean, look at the fact that. I know that these politicians give us reasons to be pessimistic several times over several things. I understand that. But it's not all doom and gloom. We have a guest back. So let's let's allow him to do the talking. Mr. Shingu Shopito is a public affairs analyst. Mr. Shopito, can you hear us please? Yes, absolutely. Sorry about that little break in transmission. Not a problem at all. So you can go ahead with your thoughts. Yes. So I was saying the consensus alternative is on democratic because it simply allows one guy somewhere. So in the case of ABC, it's probably between Oboe if it's in the Southwest or maybe O'Hare at the national level, if it's at the state level, then the governors always will tell you. I mean, I remember running up to the 2019 election Governor Idykone Amoso of Oboe State at that time. You know, I remember when he was was was calling me personally to send him raising the hands of candidates and saying, this is the senator for this this. So this is the House of Reps member for this one. He was practically telling members of the party who the ticket had been given to. That is not a democracy. So I agree with the House of Reps that, you know, to expunge that particular provision in that law. Yes, you can bring back the option of indirect primaries if that's what the political parties want. Well, it's okay. We would have preferred to have direct primaries forced on on the political parties because that would get us indicates what the general membership of the parties want. However, we also know that the direct primaries alternative comes with with a lot of challenges. One of those challenges, the very obvious one is if these parties don't have proper member register. So what would the voter register be for direct primaries? So all of those things also need to be sorted out. If they are sorted out, then the direct primaries is absolutely the best option that we can have to deepen, you know, our democratic experience. So my hope is that the House of Reps wins this debate and that the consensus alternative is expunged from that bill. I'm sure that the president would not object that all the president is saying is if you have direct primaries only, then, you know, you force the parties. It's expensive. INEC monitoring this would be impracticable. Blah, blah, blah. Yes, I agree with some of those things, but I can think that it's definitely the direction we need to move in. So all things being equal, fingers crossed, we hope that the House of Reps wins this debate and they get this deal across to the president as quickly as possible over the next couple of weeks so that the president can give us sense. Before we then start talking about, oh, we're too close to the next election and therefore we're not meant to. I'm not meant to have sense, you know, to this law. Mr. Chopiton, interesting one from you. You've talked about, you know, the fact that the consensus provision in this re-amended electoral act amended bill is something to be worried about and it's anti-democratic. I'm not coaching you there. But, I mean, even if it wasn't included, aren't we, I mean, is it not safe to say that there will still be these cherry-picking and imposition of candidates by political godfathers even under direct or indirect primaries? You know, because we've seen the conventions and primaries by the political parties where delegates go and cast their votes. But they've already decided who they're going to vote for before now. And most of these delegates, so this political party delegates from the world levels down to, you know, the world levels of the parties are subject and loyal, for instance, to the governors of the states. These governors are the leaders of the party who place them there and wouldn't go against their will. So, even if we're direct or indirect primaries, one would argue that the leader will still have his way. Yes, you do have a point. So there would always be that, you know, in Nigerian politics. And I think anywhere in the world, actually, you would always have strong party members that are influential and that would give instructions slash narratives to members and that would follow those instructions slash narratives. However, what the direct primaries option in particular does is that it makes it more difficult for the Godfather to do this. So, you could then have a situation where a particular member of the party decides that he's not going along with any consensus and he has the right to express his franchise and his right to vote it for. So he presents himself against the wishes of the party hierarchy. Now, because you are being direct primaries, for the leadership or the strong man of the Godfather and the party to have his way, he would have to bribe, you know, three million, four million members. You know, as the case will depend on the size of the party. As against bribe in maybe 300 delegates, you know, so it's more difficult. Clearly, the advantages of having a direct primaries far are very, very obvious, you know, makes life difficult for these Godfathers and I guess that's why they are so strongly opposed to it and they want the indirect primary option also included. So you won't be able to do a way with Godfather. It's entirely just by, you know, one simple act of the National Assembly but you will make it more difficult and you level the pain field for people who want to be outliers and rebuilds within the party structure who want to say, you know what, I have a letter to Godfather, I don't care what or Godfather or whoever the strong man might be is saying, I want to try my luck and if he has the resources and he has the popularity and he has the network on his own to convince, you know, the general membership of his party to vote for him, then he has a chance. Let's not forget that this is not just about the national election, it's not just about the presidency, it's not just about the humanitarian election, it's about elections at all levels across board. So, you know, I think this really, really, having direct primaries as an option will really level the pain field and hopefully with time allow us to get better quality leadership emerging onto the tickets and then people can then vote in the general elections. Okay, so first I'd like to ask you if you see the upper house and the lower house coming to a point of consensus, coming to that point of compromise where they will be speaking in one voice and having that bill being passed to the president for accent, that's on the one hand. On the other hand, some people are of the opinion that this is just another way, it's a process of just delaying the entire accent to it because at the time it would just become impossible and the president might just say the timing is not right and then we would just pass it again and fall back to the electoral act of 2010 or 2011.  My only hope is that they do it on time. They will do it, I don't doubt about that. Somebody will win the day eventually. I hope, like I said before, that it will be, you know, this argument or this debate or this battle will be the house of reps because their position I think is more representative of the wishes of Nigerians. So the hope now is that they do it on time so that, just like you said, they don't then now lend credence to the conspiracy theories that these guys really don't have the intention of signing this bill in the first place that all of this is just gamesmanship so that it will be seen to have tried but that they want to run the 2022, the 2023 general elections on the 2010 amended act rather than this 2021 act or bill. So the earlier they get their acts together and get this to the president, the better for all of us and I know that there are some members of both houses that actually are desirous of seeing this act go through because it actually improves their own chances as well of returning. It's not all of these legislators that have the apparatus to read elections and this act will definitely make rigging much more difficult. So it's in their interest to get this act passed and I think that we look at it, I think they will get it across to the president in the next two weeks at the most and the president will not have a choice but to sign you know because after this then we have no other excuse. So I really don't believe in those conspiracy theories I think that the president will sign once a month that's singular concern has been expressed. Let's not forget that has been addressed, pardon me, let's not forget that the president didn't raise any other issue. The extensive explanation that he gave all around the decision of the legislature to force the direct primary option on the political parties. So once they fix that, then I believe you will sign. Mr. Chopiton, you've talked about the inclusion of that controversial clause 84 and the need to have direct primaries as the panacea to rigging or lack of internal democracy, let's say in our political parties. But when you talk about political parties and the need to have direct primaries compulsorily so that we have everyone who can make a choice make a choice for the party. Now we can go back to the 1992 elections and option A4 which meant that as candidates you had to go from the state or even world level down before going to, yes, world level down to the state, from the state to the national level like Biola and Kingibe did. Tofa did, sorry. But some persons on the political landscape still believe that the direct primaries would have been a long shot. And I'm referring to the Interparty Advisory Committee which is a group of political parties. They are the ones who are bearing the expenses and are filling the heat. So you think the Party Advisory Committee saying thank heavens that we're not having direct primaries, I'm sure we will be listening to them and understanding that this will not have worked for the parties. Yeah, you make a very good point and that's why I said that even though for the good of our democracy on the long run this is the way to go. But at the moment the practicality from ground is that the direct primaries option will not work. And this has been tried in the recent past in the all-cycle election at those states. Some of the elections in Lagos state as well. The direct primaries option was used. And one of the controversial things that we had was having a voter, the number of voters that voted in some of those elections far supposedly voted. Far exceeding the number of members of ABC. So we know that these challenges are there. So if INEQ, if this clause had been passed and direct primaries had been made compulsory, the first thing INEQ would have had to do would have been to verify the voter's register. Has that been to be done? I mean how would that happen? Because with the national voter register that is grown and managed by INEQ it's biometrically verified if these individuals are all 60 something million or something million whatever the numbers are now registered voters can be individually verified with their fingerprint and with their face. So on the party level is that possible? The day use biometric machines, so what will happen that the party will simply come up with 50 shares names and they will do whatever elections and quotes that they want to do. I really, really think for us in the civil society space yes we love the direct primary option but we have to be pragmatic. It would have been a terrible, terrible, terrible blue if that deal hadn't passed with that direct primary as the only alternative. In fact, it would have been Celtic. It would have really, really degenerated into something. It could have snowballed beyond intended or expected consequences because we would then have people going to court to try and say look there's no voter this time in the party where did this voter come from? And that would then spill over into the general elections and people really have a Celtic situation. So I think it's a good thing that the indirect primary option has been allowed. I think most of the parties, most of the big, at least the big two parties are definitely up for that. It's easier for them. But what I think we need as citizens and as civil society is to begin to push to get the parties to clean up their act in terms of how we manage their member register. We need to push for that now so that the direct primaries can become a viable alternative as we go further down the road. Maybe targeting the 2027 elections for example the realistic option to say look the parties will need to invest in parametric devices and come up with verifiable register of members so that direct primaries can then be used. So that happens, I think this is a good move. All right let's quickly look at the role of civil society right now. I mean civil society organizations of the opinion that the introduction of the clause of consensus by the senate, that's the opera house would actually lead to litigation at the end of the day and they are planning a protest. So the question is of what impact would the protest add? What impact is the protest in all of this? Well you know the impact of the process the protest would depend on you and I physically, the ordinary Nigerian out there. If we support the protest we could make it loud enough and then we'll have an impact. You know one of the things that most people don't realize is that the politicians are afraid of the people. They understand that it's a game of numbers they're afraid of us. But they also and it's because of that fear that they have very smartly over time and are not talking to me as of three years over time the Nigerian political system has been designed in such a manner as to ensure that the people never come together. So poverty has been recognized. Division, alarms, ethnic, religious lines have been weaponized to ensure that we don't unite behind one cause. Every single time that Nigerians have united behind one cause and our cries have been cohesive and powerfully put forward. We have prevailed you know every single time. So if you just look back over the last three or four years every single issue that people have protested about you know when we say protest. Protest doesn't have to be about street protest alone. Online now social media is very powerful. The politicians are there to hear those things. So protest online, protest offline, go to the streets, go to the TV station, go to the radio, call on radio, whatever. Just voice your position to this thing. They will listen. They don't have a choice. So I think everybody needs to support the civil society position regarding this consensus. The consensus is one of the greatest evils you know in our political system. It's one of the biggest problems. Because what that does is that it allows some guy in his bedroom and his kitchen. If I mean who is going to be our next club now who is going to be our next senator, who is going to be our next rep. Even if that person is completely undeserving and lacking merit. So you know so you have area boys and pouts and multiple directs. Now have it. Mr. Shopee Talk, can you hear us please? Are you there sir?  So I listen to someone say you know in some states in Nigeria we have of course four tiers of government, not three. We have the federal, we have the state, we have the local government. An area boys. Agberu is the fourth one. Go to the streets sir, you may understand what that person is talking about. For me it's really surprising that dispassers ought to be very patriotic of democracy and want to defend that. I mean as a lawmaker as we're talking about to even think about introducing the clause or having the element of consensus in a democratic setting it's not really thoughtful for me and I'm just wondering what would actually preempt that. But like you have mentioned as much as we don't have that as constitutionally being backed up or a structure or recognized it's something that exists that we cannot and that has always played a role in our elections year in year out. And I don't know, I'm also thinking that you know 2023 might not be different. I'm sure you're saying that why we're so... You go down to the institutions of higher learning. These are institutions that are meant to to produce, be it a production factory for the leaders of the country. The framers of our society. Those are thinkers of our society. And what do you see when you talk about the play politics in school which people take seriously and fight over. You see people who contest for elections a campaign and on the day of the election maybe students union government for instance you won't see their names on the ballot. You see maybe one or two names or just one name and you say but I don't know this pain ever campaign. Where is this name coming from? Because some godfathers in the school probably in management or former students who've left and have refused to move on with their lives they said that we're going to choose someone to be the SCG president. And so they graduate from the schools with this mindset to say it's part of politics that we are the elders who can sit down and decide who should be the candidate. But then again, it's politics. You can look at it on the other side to say sometimes this allows for the best person to emerge. In some situations, let me explain what I mean. In some situations we have high voter electricity in the country. People don't know the right questions to ask. That's why in some cases the worst of us are ruling the rest of us. When it should be the best of us ruling the rest of us.  So everybody has to go down. You would see someone who is so enlightened and has a lot of qualifications fighting on the street because someone needs to scout because of bad road or poor traffic management. Just as we talked about the blows that actually was exchanged yesterday. Yeah, you see someone driving roughly because he has to because I mean so everybody's become this way because we have the, in some instances the worst of us ruling the rest of us. So the reason is also you know that the voting public, you talk to the politicians I've spoken to a lot of them over the course of the past few years and all that and they'll tell you that the voters they delegate for instance and even the voters out there they don't give one cobo about your ideas. They don't care. Down the grass roots they simply do not care. A lot of people who have had good intentions going out to campaign. Going to the grass streets to meet the electorate or reaching out to delegates. They've had to change their methods because these guys simply just do not care about your ideas. So they ask for the money. What is in it for me? So what's in it for you? In the course of this conversation. So I was about to say that these people may not have the capacity to intelligently elect the best. They will go for the person who is their brother. They'll go for the person who we've been seeing. We've been knowing this man for years. He's been there. He's been giving us care. Or he looks like as he talks like us. He's straight and won't go for the best. So in some instances. So I don't think that the people just woke up and became the way they were. I don't think that the people just decided that they will not think about it. Like he's mentioned he talked about the fact that you know poverty has been weaponized. And we cannot rule out the fact that there's so much poverty in the land. And some people will tell you that corruption and poverty and people not thinking straight. Not an excuse but you know that's a thing. So usually people just it's a mindset. It's a culture that has been you know that have been practiced over time because that's how culture is actually happening. I can give an example. It happens over and over again and then it becomes a norm and everybody feels like this is what it is. And so someone started this trend. Someone started this pattern. And then over time the people grabbed it and believed that this is it. And so if you look at the trend of things now. I always say that there's you know an issue of a trust deficit. People no longer trust the system. People no longer trust what you can say because that pattern had already been started by a politician and people have bought it and it has become a culture. And so when you come around the first thing we're asking is see because we know that when you go that's all. So what can we get for the now? That's a part of it. But trust me when you hit the road and you go down to the delegates. Okay. It's not about not trusting the system. They are the system. But we have our guests back on the line. Mr. Shegwin-Shopiton, can you hear us please? Yes, I can hear you. Okay, all right. Sorry about that. Sorry about that. But talking about you having this debate here in the studio the consensus candidates. Is it always negative? Is it always a bad thing? Is there some good aspects to this as well? Especially when you look at how our electorates and our delegates think? So looking for a good element of the consensus candidates the consensus alternative is like assuming that the political big waves like this McNanimals parent who knows what is best for their children and regardless of what the children want they will make a choice for them and at the end of the day everything will work out well. So I decided what cost my son and my daughter has been to waiting school. That's the analogy. And we know now with modern parenting we know that that's not true.  Or you look at what his skillsets are and all that and what his proclivities are and then allow him to gravitate in that direction. We can't assume that some big week in some political parties somewhere has the best interest of the majority of people at heart and it's going to be the person that he knows will be better for all of us. Who is he? Is he good? So no, I don't think there's anything positive about the consensus thing at all. I think that you have to allow the people at the end of the day if you allow the people to make their choices to make smart choices they are not being allowed. What we have had over the last, at least in this part with public for example, has been that the choices have been made for us. Just think about all the elections from 1990 to today. Choices have been made for us. We have always had to choose between the devil and the deep blue sea between, you know, a red devil and a black head. They've always been devils. You know, we've never really had options. So and that is because of all of this, the way the entire political system has been rigged up to function. So, you know, like the weaponization of politics, the weaponization of the UTC, you know, the weaponization of division of fault lines. All of those things are designed to ensure that we do not make the right choices. So they can make choices for us until we fight for a system where the majority of the people are the ones calling the shots with regards to who is going to run our affairs. Then we'll continue to have, just like in the same, the worst of us, you know, running our affairs for the rest of us. And, you know, we will never make progress as such like that. So, consensus should be thrown out of the wing. It should be, if I should be outlawed, you know, so it shouldn't be a case of how a party constitution allows it should be prohibited. This act, if the House of Representatives will win their argument, they should go instead for that by prohibiting it in its entirety. Okay. Yeah, at a point, this was, you know, between, it was a tussle between the federal legislatures, legislators rather, and the governors. Would you say this is now can be seen, can this now be seen as a victory for the governors? The concern of the legislators, of course, they were practicing the law of self-preservation basically saying we need to also take the power away from the governor so we can go back to the House and enjoy ourselves with work, do the hard work we've been doing. But how can, you know, Nigerians ensure that the governors do not continue to wield the power, they're willing to pick who they want to pick, and that there's internal democracy in the political parties? I think that is a fantastic question because it actually speaks to the heart of one of the things that I consider to be our biggest problems as a society. So when our governor structures, you know, civil service system, you know, and political systems became centralized by the military, what happened was that they also centralized our thinking pattern as a people. So we now find that by default, almost instinctively and subconsciously, everybody turns the search light towards a project and as a rock. And we are, you know, heckling the president, attacking the legislators to a lesser degree, but yes, we do that. And we forget completely that there's some national government level of governance. We have governors who have commissioners. We have states, as we've already said, where state laws have serious impact on our lives are made. We have local governments, where laws are made by the way as well, but people don't know this, right? So to begin to fix the problem of the power that the governors built, the first step is that we as a people need to turn the search light, not away from a project. We need to get a bigger side, so that we can point the search light at Asor and at the three arms zone, or also pointing it at the state government houses and we're pointing it at the state houses of assembly and we're pointing it at, so get three search lights and look at the federal state and the local government level for everything that we're doing, for all the accountability, for all the heckling, for the demand for transparency and whatever else we're doing. So civil society, for example, has to understand this. We need to come together, build structures that can better interrogate what is going on at the state level because when we do that, then the governors can be put a bit in check and really, hey, people are looking at me. Right now they know that their attention is away from them. Their attention is turned towards a majority of Nigeria. So everybody is attacking Bwari. But what about what the governor is doing? We know that they're not doing well at the federal level, but what about what your government is doing? You know, what happens to the federal allocation? We know that the current revenue allocation system is nonsensical and will not bring about development. But money is still shared to the governors. What do they do with these monies? Who's asking the questions? What happens to the security votes? So until these questions are asked, the governors continue to wield this power and they continue to determine who becomes a local government chairman. When I listened to Governor Wike the other day when he was talking about the issue of soot and he just said, then you look at the government chairman that is found not properly looking at this local refinery issue, will be removed from office.  These guys are not your appointees. They are supposed to be elected representatives of their own people.  They are gods. Local emperors in their domains and whatever they want happens. And when they come together as a force, they are actually very powerful and they influence what happens at the national level. So we need to come together and try to checkmate these governors by putting a bit more attention towards what's happening at that level. So as we begin to course the conversation down now, I'd like to ask, do you think that we should consider making legislation for the principle of zoning and allowing political parties to actually uphold that? Zoning, another conversation we begin and this is the conversation that is similar to the concept of federal character quota systems and what have you. And I have never really supported those things. I think they kill meritocracy.  So now, is zoning good? Maybe at a particular stage in our political history and our development as society, yes, probably you can say whether there's an argument for it, just for inclusiveness and to ensure that everybody has this our so-called sense of belonging. But absolutely not. I don't think any legislation should be made to force this on the political parties. I think it's an argument of convenience amongst the politicians. Let's not forget that these guys are not thinking about you and I, they're thinking about their interests. So the reason they go after the zoning are in my case so that their own tongue can come. But at some point, the thing would have gone round enough for us to be able to say enough and no further. So no, we shouldn't legislate zoning. In fact, my own agitation is even the federal character principle at some point must be expunged. I know there's position of affirmative action and all of those things, but it cannot be the major consideration when you're trying to select who runs the affairs of your country. If you do that, then you're going to kill off the chances for you to get the best people to run your affairs. So no, I think we have to run away from that. Mr. Schroff, it's interesting that you want federal character also abolished as well. I mean, even in the Supergirls, we see that they also try to balance things out to her federal character. But anyway, you've said you would love to see direct primaries as a provision in electoral law. Should we be thinking about going back to 1992 and possibly having a two-party state? That way, some would say, this issue of the cost and the difficulties with logistics of organizing direct primaries may be surmounted. Is that something that Nigeria should consider? Would it be good for a democracy? No, it won't be good for a democracy. I mean, first of all, in two, one we're running at the moment, it's a two-party state, to a large extent.  For the serious, in both serious positions, your candidates will always, the winners will always match on those parties. But because it's a democracy and it's all about participation and inclusion, you know, you cannot legislate a two-party state. What happened in 1992 happened because we're fledgling democracy, we're experimenting. And eventually, this case would have moved a bit upon that, because that's just the way democracy is run. It's all about ability of everybody to express themselves as a so-wish freedom of expression, freedom of association. All of those things are very, very critical to the democratic process. So no, we shouldn't have a two-party state. No, we shouldn't legislate that. In fact, we should expand the space a bit more. However, we need to have checks and balances to ensure that what we saw leading up to 2015 and then 2019 to a lesser degree, not where you have 92 parties presenting candidates. So, you know, what they do with that part of the world not as democracy is, you've got some sort of a collegiate system or a lead system where some parties can only participate at certain levels, until they have met certain benchmarks and then it can be promoted in quotes to the next level. So you can run at the local government level, produce a chairman or two, you know, and then on the back of that success, you'll be allowed to contest, you know, maybe the House of, the state houses of assembly and the governorship and then if you succeed to a certain degree at that level, then you go to the national level. You can do that. So what that does it allows people to join the parties that best express their own ideological leanings or whatever or the reason that you have of joining particular political parties. But I don't think that we should reduce the space. I think the space should be expanded a bit more in a well-coordinated manner. Well, as that, you know, sounds very awesome as that sounds very good because it's a case of saying we can't make legislation for a two-party system or return to a two-party system. Well, it's okay to see that over the years. I mean, if you look at the elections, you constantly find the dominance of just two-party. Despite the fact that you have several political parties and one would be thinking, why don't we rather start making laws, you know, to that effect? Just as saying, yes, consensus should not be, should be taken out of the clause. It doesn't promote democracy. But we still see that play in party, you know, at the party level, talking about the political parties at this point in time. However, we hope that we get to that point where you know, our democracy becomes very democratic. Interesting. Thank you. So, come on by sharing contribution and analysis from you. Thank you very much for your time, sir. And of course, we hope to have you again some other time on the breakfast then, of course, to analyze developments in a national policy. Thank you very much. Mr. Shagun Shopito is a public affairs analyst. Thank you. How was it? Pleasure to be here. How was it? Very interesting. Merci. 2023 is around the corner. Yesterday, some people were really going back to that video where Ashwa Jib you know, promised. Yeah, he promised. He talked about the the PVC that expired. And then for me, for me, it was about the women that the ladies who visited him. But you didn't say that yesterday. Yeah, yeah. So, is it that you think you took a closer look? It was so, people were still talking about it. You know, the yes from the women around. What are you trying to do now? As if they knew. They already knew. So, people could be justling for these opportunities to meet with these politicians to impress them and also to get some things from them. And the political landscape is written with all sorts of interests and all sorts of people. So, the question here would be have we really learned anything? Would there be anything new? When adjuvants act differently in 2023, looking at all of the elections that we've had from 1919 up until this point. Yes, yes, that's a good question. So, that would be that's one question. We'll see how this thing goes. But what is important is very important for, I think, a lot of experts have said, you know, experts in politics, in democracy, within outside Nigeria that the educated class in the country needs to step up. You know, those in the middle, those who have the middle, the lower middle class, step up and then do the enlightenment for those in their communities to educate them to say, you need to elect people based on what they have to offer you in terms of ideas, not in terms of rice or materials or 5,000 naira. Anyway, we'll keep talking about the Nigerian politics as today's draw closer to the 2023 election. That's Sabina, the size of a package on the breakfast this morning. Mercy? If you miss out on any part of the conversation, it's all right to follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, what plus TV Africa and on YouTube, subscribe to YouTube as a plus TV Africa lifestyle and plus TV Africa. I am Messi Bopor. Do have a fantastic Friday. And I'm Goofy Bartels, return on Monday. Keep watching plus TV Africa.


The suspended resident electoral commissioner in Ademoa, who do UNICEF Ari, says he does not regret announcing Ayesha Binani as the winner of the April 15 governorship election in the state. UNICEF Ari had stirred controversy by declaring Ayesha Binani the hero of the All Progressive's Congress APC, as the winner when the collation of the results was yet to be completed. The Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC, declared the announcement and summoned the wreck to its headquarters in Abuja. Speaking in an interview published by BBC House on Tuesday, UNICEF Ari said he wasn't offered money by anyone to make the announcement. I never demanded any gratification from either Binani or Finteri. None of the duo sent anything to me. If they have done so, by now they will be demanding their money back. Collecting bribe to influence results is forbidden by God. That allegation is baseless. When will I take $2 billion or two? I saw the story on social media too, where someone was advising that I go and enjoy the money. If I collected that amount to act in such a way, nemesis will surely catch up with me. Vault pulled by candidates who are disclosed. I don't have the papers with me here. But both in the main and supplementary elections Binani's called. 428,173 votes by Finteri got 422,303 votes. And as to the question of how he arrived at those figures, his response was that, we have gone past that point now. We couldn't have cooked the result of hand. I have no regret at all as I acted under the law. It is the law that warrant what I did and it shall absorb me. To Inaik, I have submitted written explanations. Though I was told it was rejected, but I know it was collected. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Everybody forced here rip in it's 2022 pristine baseball hobby 4 box number 26 random team style. I'll just check out the results here on screen for you for a moment There is a link and chat for the results as well Thank you everybody. Good luck Scared me Jake Break out with me Classic The Ravens aren't even bad Sean you're just a hater They might not be like great, but I don't think anybody's really like great right now The last undefeated team is the Golf is lost Eagles the Eagles of the last undefeated team everyone else has a loss There's a lot of very good teams, but great. I think we're pretty far from for a lot of teams So He's probably talking trash to everybody everywhere. I'm glad he's not here honestly. You just be You know have his face painted with the Eagles logo every day Commanders are great. I'm a hater. Oh, man. Oh, I just feel bad for that comment Sorry Sean blink twice if you need If you're being held hostage I'm sorry that Dan Snyder owns your favorite football team My condolences wow museums at one last baseball spot guys We got chronicles six box breaks half case chronicles basketball pick your team style guys We got teams on sale some big teams left as far for when I saw earlier as well We saw I saw the Warriors the Cavs. I think I may have even seen the pistons man Some big teams and chronicles A lot of those teams with rookies hit a lot. All right base packs here for boxing one Cooper Rush is undefeated. That's correct The go All right, Barlow Thompson pristine borders Miguel Cabrera Yeah, I like pristine a lot. 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See American League record hasn't broken even through the stairway there was never broken Got gold refractor Austin Meadows for the rays 8 of 50 a move on Red Sox pure power auto non-numbered Louise heel rookie auto Yankees non-numbered a third in case auto Josiah Gray Nationals 12 out of 99 rookie auto That's an extra hit Blue refractor Max Muncie for the Dodgers there 74 75 and a Joe Adele non-numbered refractor Extra hit so one of these might be missing any case to it then usually that's how it works the cases always seem to average out Guys if you're just tuning in we're doing a full sell-out promo $1,000 and break credit up for grabs five people are gonna win $200 and break credit for five winners I guess you can win more than once theoretically. It's every spot purchase in a break tonight if we sell out Do a random at the end of the night and that's hot five in that random. 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Yeah, that would be freaking awesome Caleb would be jealous of that got a blue refractor rookie Josiah Gray Nats 69 of 75 gold pirates Brian Reynolds 38 of 50 Sanchez refractor Jake burger fresh faces rookie Otto White Sox not numbered Louise Robert refractor and a Xander Bogarts City Connect Jersey on a 47 of 99 Digging that one there you go Red Sox.  We were talking about to start the break I'm happy to get me one of them Just the hats are like UCLA Those are sick, I like The feels cool, I like All right guys box three again baseball nearly sold out. I think we had one to go on museum. 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It's a really good reason to Show hey pristine borders, you know, I will say is that at least it's not like mid-summer if a hurricane Because if it's like my saving grace, it's like the oh man Jake, and I've been through that We've been here a whole lives got pure power Ken Griffey, Jr. It did feel like the Northeast ball with the window over the last night, dude It was nice. I woke up this once in my talk. I'm like, I'm wearing flip-flops and shorts. I'm like kind of chilly All right, here we go. Gold coming up is refractor with Merrifield Royals with Merrifield 25 out of 50 Purple refractor rookie Hoy Park Pirates 97 of 99 Orange Willie Sturgill Pirates 17 and 25 and Orange slice of a star Josh Donaldson twins Jersey Auto 2 of 25 Josh Donaldson nice hit for the twins Ernie Clement rookie refractor and Jesse Winker There's nothing people just like stand at their own home New rich is gonna be like sleepover ice cream and Orange Marcus Semi and Rangers 10 of 20. No blue jays. That's a blue jays card No team designation and that's the blue jays says American League. That's a blue jays That's a blue jays Semi and 10 of 25 in the orange blue refractor devours for the Red Sox 58 of 75 not numbered Joe Barlow Rangers rookie Mason Thompson. That's rookie Jake burger again rookie auto not numbered White Sox and a gold refractor auto twins Tori Hunter Good box for the twins 17 of 50 on the Tori rich also to be fair I really don't think my car could have made it in the storm yesterday to your house Like I think it might have fallen apart if I tried to drive yesterday I would invite people over if I didn't live in a one-bedroom apartment Plus you have to share the couch with my dog Probably have to sleep on the floor like he likes a space That would be something that happens in my house.  He'll just have it Yeah, either that or his car will legit die and he'll have to go buy a new one No in between It's not gonna work I can't come to work today.  It'll be just drive the Jeep. All right Well the last time I saw super out of this was with you To be fair a smart car be dope.   I Don't know. I've never been in one There's definitely a passenger seat No trunk Christine Borders Francisco the doors Are you guys looking at the smart cars right now doing the real important How sick is that dude? You can get it lifted. That's how the McGill fresh faces rookie for the mess Let me see Is that a suicide door on the smart car? You have to get it That's so cool Pure power Frank Thomas That's what I'm saying, right Oh, I'm not sure Brandon. They might have like the the engine in the back and the trunk up front Very possible Slamming Sammy pristine Borders. His record is safe. What is his high 66? I think I think 66 or seven He has like three of the top five numbers Yeah, he had he had some crazy seasons pristine Borders you Darvish Good ol cork bats and steroids. I miss those days. Don't you guys? Freeman he got purple refractor Sammy's oh lane lane. There's a super Lane called the super No way dude purple slamming Sammy 13 of 99 cubbies. Let's go super is Nolan Aronato boom Cardinals one-on-one That is disgusting Lane called that for you cardinals Lane called it christian e congrats christian Gorgeous natto super fracture. That's a huge card. So nice Biggie right there Yeah, it's gonna do well Congrats on that you got mookie hank Olson zander and a jersey out of glaber torrez nice glaber really good timing on that one. Yeah, glaber's having a Good season. I'm in a couple bounce back with groups and they are going wild the last couple days Yeah, he's playing. I mean he's had a good season quietly He finally stands second the whole season. Yeah, and he's been great recently fadal brujan rookie blue for the Raise 32 of 75 non numbered huskens blue gary carter mets 18 of 75 color match lalker buhler Based auto here for the Dodgers a Gavin sheets rookie refractor white socks and a kyle lewis non numbered auto for the mariners All right, let's go ahead and do a recap That was really good break that natto is so Huge all right, we had relic autos blu jay's tiaskar nandes The Yankees glaber torrez twins joe mower and an orange josh donaldson for the twins twins crushed it as well two of 25 my donaldson All right, I'll call out numbers if they are numbered we have Dodgers walker buhler Mariners kyle lewis white socks jake burger white socks jake burger Yankees louise hill uh Red Sox move on pure power insert josea gray gnats number 12 out of 99 red socks zander bogart's 47 of 99 twins gold tory hunter auto 17 of 50 and super fracture one-of-one cardinals null and iron auto Yup Yup, that one took a while to fill too. Thanks again everybody Got to your one up next


Okay fellas, it's time for me to stop fooling around and get this next part done. I'm talking about 2001's Space Odyssey, the book. I'm also going to spend a great deal of time talking about the movie because the book and the movie were developed together. Arthur C. Clark and Stanley Kubrick spent three years working together. But really, this is every bit as much a product of Kubrick's work as it is Clark's. This is very unusual for an Arthur C. Clark novel. I have to start by saying that I'm more familiar with Arthur C. Clark's short stories than I am with his novels. I've read countless Clark short stories and only a few of his novels. And his approach to novels is a bit different than his short stories. His short stories are classic hard sci-fi. They're short so he doesn't dwell on characters or world building or character development and he concentrates on the science and the grand cosmic ideas. In his novels, he takes time to give his characters backgrounds and to give them more personality or to try to give them more personality and he's not good at it. I have to tell you that. The reason this is unusual for a Clark novel is that like the movie, it's very spartan. It's very brief. It reads very quickly. The chapters are very short and it doesn't dwell on characters. It's not about the characters at all. Again, it's about the grand cosmic ideas. As I said in the introduction in the first video in this series, this book explains everything about the movie. Every question that you have about what you saw in the movie or what you experienced in the movie or whatever you thought was being communicated to you in the movie is covered in this book. One of my viewers didn't respond positively to that. He felt like if the book deprives one of the sense of mystery about the movie, then why read it? What's worth reading? This book doesn't deprive you of anything. It is a different experience of the same story and being a written novel it is not simply unexplained sensory experiences. It is, although it's different for an Arthur C. Clark novel, it is definitely Arthur C. Clark's style in that he tells you what's happening. He tells you what the characters are experiencing. He tells you why things are happening while at the same time preserving this sense of cosmic scale and cosmic mystery. So don't take it the wrong way when I tell you that this book will answer every question that you have about the movie. I recommend that you read it. If you've experienced the movie, if you've enjoyed the movie, if you have good feelings about the sensory overload and the mystery of the movie, then go ahead and read the book. It's not going to take anything away from you. You're going to have a different experience of this particular story. Now this book also has Kubrick's influence all over it because as I said before it is very spare compared to other Arthur C. Clark books. It's not as wordy as Clark's books tend to be and if you've read Arthur C. Clark's short stories and his novels you can tell that this has been influenced by Kubrick's ideas about the movie. You can tell that Kubrick has cut it back and cut it back and cut it back and Clark has responded. The question comes up, what would this novel be like if Clark had simply written it himself and it hadn't been a Kubrick movie? Well, we don't have to wonder because Clark had already done it. In 1953 he published a book called Childhood's End which covers the same subject about the human race encountering a superior alien race and superior alien technology with very different circumstances and very different results but the same subject and he did it again in 1973 with a book called Rendezvous with Rama which I think is a better book than Childhood's End. I've talked to people who feel the other way around. Childhood's End by the way is a good example of Arthur C. Clark's failure I think to understand human behavior. If you have read Childhood's End or if you plan to take notice I think you'll agree that the human race in Childhood's End does not behave like real human beings actually would. Clark had some very naive ideas about human behavior since this book really doesn't include human behavior I think it's the better for it. Back to the subject of what would this book be like without Kubrick's influence there's another answer to that question. This book The Lost Worlds of 2001 published in 1972. Some of you may remember when I got this book and one of my monthly roundups I showed it and I was kind of confused as to what it actually was. I thought it was going to be a collection of anecdotes about developing 2001 Space Odyssey and it is and I also noticed as I was thumbing through it that there appeared to be fiction. There appeared to be prose stories in here and there are and do you know what they are? There are alternate versions of the 2001 Space Odyssey novel that were ultimately rejected by Kubrick in favor of cutting out everything that was unnecessary and making the book more like Kubrick's idea of a movie story. It's fascinating and if you can find a copy of this give it a look. I have to tell you though the stories are really bad. The choices to leave out all the excess junk and to leave us with the book that we ultimately got was good choices all good choices. These alternate versions include extensive details about David Bowman's life and his career all of which is unnecessary. Many details about the history and development of Hal 9000 which was originally going to be a humanoid robot. There are scenes in here of teaching it to walk again stuff that's not necessary in hindsight when we look at what we ended up with. Arthur C. Clark's ideas about the scenes with the cavemen or the ape men I should call them. Clark actually wrote an entire alternate novel in which an alien a tall gray skinned alien with a big bald head lands on earth among the ape men. He brings camping equipment and a gun and he lives among the ape men and teaches them how to hunt and it's really bad it's really laughable. Do you know what it reminded me of it was Prometheus and Bob do you remember the Prometheus and Bob cartoons on Nickelodeon in the 90s it was Prometheus and Bob it was laughable but not funny it was just just bad. Ubrich had the right idea. Okay now I'm going to talk about what's in the book and how it compares to the movie and I'm going to spoil the hell out of the book and I'm going to explain the movie. No seriously I'm going to use what's in the book to explain the entirety of the movie to you and if you don't want spoilers and if you're not interested then just stop watching at this point because that's what I'm going to do from now on. Now the differences between the book and the movie. Number one chapter 37 in this book is called the experiment and I'm going to include a link to the complete text of chapter 37 in the description below. That chapter which is just a few paragraphs it explains what the monoliths are and where they come from. And here's the deal. The monoliths are space probes they are machines. They are highly intelligent but they are not alive they are not even sentient like how 9000 is but they are autonomous and they have very specific instructions. And chapter 37 explains that they were built by a race of ancient super beings who were ancient millions and millions of years before life even started on earth. So by the time we came along their science had progressed so far that we would consider them gods. They had the same kind of idea that we would have is that we want to find other intelligence in the universe and they weren't finding it. So they built these amazing probes called the monoliths and sent them out all across the universe to find planets to find planets with life on them to examine that life to find life that had promise of intelligence and to help it along. So by the time the monoliths came to earth and the book makes it clear that many monoliths came to earth not just one I'm having trouble saying monoliths. There was not just one monolith that came to earth to talk to the ape men. There were many monoliths. They didn't just talk to the ape men it it says that they were talking to other creatures on earth. It doesn't it's not specific it leaves it up to you what what were they talking to were they talking to birds were they talking to dogs and bears were they in the oceans talking to dolphins and porpoises or octopuses. There's no mention of what the other monoliths were doing. He also points out by the time the monoliths found life on earth they had been in space for many millions of years and in the course of those millions of years the civilization that built the monoliths had progressed even further much much further. They had abandoned physical bodies all together. They had learned to store information using the fabric of space itself and became bodyless intelligences that roaming the universe on their own however they never forgot about the experiment. Here's a difference with the book and the movie. The monolith that came to the ape men on earth in the book was not a black slab. It was a rectangular slab one by four by nine but it was transparent it was like a computer screen and it displayed images and patterns on it and it taught them target practice and it communicated directly into the eight men's minds. It experimented with different ways of communicating with them. It actually killed one of them accidentally. What it was doing the movie makes it look like if you're not paying close attention it makes it look like the eight men just turned into violent murderers and that that's what resulted in the human race and that's actually a valid interpretation because we are still a very warlike murderous race however the book makes it more clear that what the monolith was doing was teaching the eight men in addition to how to hunt it was teaching them how to manipulate their environment to make use of their environment so they wouldn't starve. This monolith had found this spark of potential intelligence among this small band of eight men in a desert and they were in very real danger of going extinct so it had to very quickly teach them you got to take advantage of what's around you so you and your children don't starve to death and number one you got to hunt so you can eat meat and don't die. The ape man that was the leader of this tribe by the way he has a name his name is Moon Watcher. Another difference the scene where David Bowman has to get back into the discovery without his space helmet it's one of the most striking memorable and most brilliant scenes in the movie and one of the most brilliant scenes in movie history it's not in the book it's not in this book at all. Frank Pool has died outside David Bowman knows Frank Pool is dead but he doesn't know where Frank Pool is he's actually in the process of waking up the other astronauts when he hears the airlocks open and feels the air pressure change so he rushes to a closet an emergency closet with its own air supply and he saves his life that way he there's a space suit in there and then he goes out and dismantles the Hal 9000 brain and here's something that the book makes obvious and it would be obvious if you think about it but we don't think about it in the movie because it's all just skipped over but after David Bowman dismantles Hal he still has months to go in space before he arrives at his destination in the movie that's Jupiter in the book it's Saturn that he has a lot farther to go of course during the months that he's in space alone on his way to Saturn he has manually repaired the antenna and gotten in touch with Earth and explained to them what happened and the scientists on Earth have gotten to the bottom of what happened to Hal the book explains what happened to Hal those of you who have seen 2010 Odyssey 2 the year we make contact there's a scene in that movie where the guy who designed Hal explains that Hal appeared to go crazy because he had been given contradictory orders or what he interpreted as contradictory orders and he didn't know how to deal with them there is no scene like that in the book 2010 that scene is in here it's in the first book Dave Bowman alone arrives in orbit at Saturn the monolith is waiting for him on the moon Iapetus Iapetus is an unusual planet in that one half of it is solid black and the other half is solid white it is normally an ice moon so it's white but on one side of it it encounters dust and debris from other moons on Saturn so that side is black that was not known at the time this book was written it was only known that Iapetus had one side that was bright white Arthur C. Clarke used that fact to construct an artificial surface on half of the moon of Iapetus so it looked like a gigantic white eye had been carved eyeball I mean carved into one half of Iapetus and standing right in the center of it was a giant monolith as David Bowman approached it and he's in communication with Earth as this is happening he says the thing is hollow it goes on forever and oh my God it's full of stars and that's the last Earth ever hears of him again in 2010 the movie it starts with that line my God it's full of stars that line is not in the first movie it's in the first book though and Clarke refers to the giant monolith on Iapetus as the Stargate he doesn't call it a monolith he calls it the Stargate chapter 40 which is only a few sentences long here it says the Stargate opened the Stargate closed in a moment of time too short to be measured space turned and twisted upon itself then Iapetus was alone once more as it had been for 3 million years alone except for a deserted but not yet derelict ship sending back to its makers messages which they could neither believe nor understand to see there's there's plenty of explanation in this book but there's also plenty of mystery so don't so don't give up on it now now I'm going to explain the end of the movie to you and this is all made clear in the book remember I read this book when I was in grade school I had seen the movie when I was 3 years old I didn't remember it clearly I read the book when I was in grade school then I saw the movie again when I was in junior high so to me seeing that movie at that time having been familiar with the book and the comic books I didn't consider the movie a mystery I understood it just fine I loved it just the same I felt the sense of awe and mystery that everybody else does but it was all familiar to me so here's what happened after David Bowman is pulled into the Stargate because that's what the monolith is he's taken down a wormhole although the flying lights he's taken down a wormhole he sees distant parts of the universe passing him by he actually sees what appeared to be other spacecraft passing through the wormhole going in other directions he passes through an area that Clark refers to as the Grand Central Station and then he begins to arrive at a massive red giant star with a white dwarf orbiting around it a giant binary star system he passes by a massive abandoned and derelict space ports that are the size of planets and the wormhole takes him directly into the heart of this red star where the monolith has prepared for him a habitat which takes the form of a hotel room something that the monolith took from his memory which would be familiar to him now all of these things I've just described you may feel like those those details aren't in the movie the movie doesn't inform you what's actually happened actually all of the different things that I described are in that acid trip scene it starts off with just the speeding lights and then there are the the distant mysteries of space and then Dave Bowman sees the Grand Central Station there it is and then he begins to make a descent into the binary star system and then he begins to arrive on the home planet surface it's all there and each segment is clearly separated by a close up of David Bowman's eye it's all there now here's another difference with the movie and the book in the movie it's kind of left up to you to decide what David Bowman's experience is in the habitat is he living out the rest of his natural life there maybe not because he he's not just experiencing his life firsthand he's actually seeing it from a third party point of view he sees his older selves aging and the editing of the scene makes that clear so he may not be living the rest of his natural life in the habitat but rather experiencing the rest of what would be a natural life over the course of a moment in the book none of that happens he arrives he explores the room he sees that the the refrigerator and the cabinets have bottles and cereal boxes in them but they don't have food in them they have some kind of putty like paste that that's obviously meant to be his his human chow or whatever the ceiling of the main room is one giant television he watches some movies and then he falls asleep and this is his first night in the habitat and that's and that's where it ends the monoliths as soon as he falls asleep they deconstruct him they literally deconstruct him they they devolve him back to his his earliest origin form which is a fetus and then they rebuild him into a superior being and this is where the book and the movie end the final chapter of the book again it's just a few sentences is called the star child Clark uses the word star child this new being this new creature that was David Bowman that is now the star child he returns to earth as you see him doing in the movie the governments of the earth completely freak out they send nuclear missiles to destroy this new being that's coming and the star child just deletes the nuclear missiles and the last thing here is for though he was master of the world he was not quite sure what to do next but he would think of something so it's the same ending just produced in a different form I could talk about it forever but I know so there you have it my little summary and explanation of 2001 space Odyssey the book and the movie in the next video I will cover 2010 Odyssey to the year we make contact or as I said in the introduction the unnecessary sequel that is not a sequel and I will cover both the movie and the book in the same video see then you can support 30 second sci-fi and my other projects by becoming a patron there's a link in the description below and visit the 30 second sci-fi tumblr that's my headquarters in addition to my videos I publish links and updates there every day


The new main became the new home of the George Rikki kinetic sculpture, Double L eccentric gyratory, last month when the sculpture was installed in front of the library, near the corner of Larkin and Fulton streets. The Double L sculpture was a gift to the city from Dr. Carl Gerasi, the Stanford chemistry professor, novelist and generous collector of modern art. The piece was formally installed on the wood side a state of Dr. Gerasi, who paid for most of the costs involved in moving and installing the sculpture at the new main site. Additional installation costs were paid for by the art commission. The day after the Double L sculpture was installed, art commission president Stan Lee Gatti hosted a public dedication ceremony that was attended by library commission president Steve Coulter, Mayor Brown and Dr. Carl Gerasi. The L doesn't just stand for literature, library letters and so on. It's the greatest letter in the English alphabet. It stands for love, libido, lust to give you just a few examples. But you know if you look at City Hall you could say it's liberty, laissez-faire. In San Francisco you'd even say lunacy, meaning lunacy as a complementary term. It's one of the few towns where it is a complementary term. You could look at the state building, federal building and you could talk about law and also largesse. You can talk about all kinds. L is a great letter. I must say the fact that there are two Ls in Willie that I knew. I did not see a W here before. I was long looking for a DJ in here. I never saw it so I'm amazed that they found W and E's in there but I'm happy to do it. One last remark I would like to make. I stopped by here yesterday evening driving by and I would say the great time to see is in fact sunset because the sun comes this way here. You have these enormous shadows over the library and it's usually quite windy and these Ls were really dancing and there were four Ls and not just two. And it's this mixture of literacy, law, love, laughter, light and so on which really all performs here in the square which I think is something that really to me denotes the city of San Francisco. And since this is also a library and I'm now finished I asked my secretary to call up. I didn't have the guts to go here and ask whether they had any of my novels in the library and to my pleasure you did have my last three fiction books but there's a whole pile of books right here which are also by me including an autobiography which you don't have and I said I will not only give it to you but I offer to shelve them too because I understand your problems so if you tell me where to shelve them I'll shelve them for you. Thank you. The 1982 Ricky sculpture rests upon a seven foot high pedestal. The two 18 foot L shaped arms pivot on ball bearings on a Y shaped base and are constantly changing in response to air currents. Sculptor George Ricky is considered a father of kinetic sculpture and his delightful works are installed throughout the world.