That's the theme from the Sears Radio Theater. Tonight, a story of the West with Lauren Green as your host. Here's a preview. Did he ever actually shoot anyone? Well, that's the story. After a while, folks just began to steer clear of both of them. Well, why Jubal? Well, because they were identical twins. You could never be sure which one you were confronted with till he opened his mouth. The Sears Radio Theater will begin after this message from your local station. This is Lauren Green. The town of Commodore's Gap sits on the rolling prairie in the Wyoming territory. It's nestled in an elbow of the Platte River just to the east of the Rocky Mountains. It's like any other frontier town in most respects, except for one curious feature. Just beyond the town limit stands a remarkable looking house. Three stories high, built in the Victorian style with a mansard roof, a tower, and a good deal of gingerbread trim. It seems as much out of place now as it did when it was built after the Civil War by Commodore August Milburn, late of the United States Navy, who for reasons of his own decided he wanted to settle as far away from water as he possibly could. He lived there only a few years before a hunting accident cut short his life. Two years later, a young man named Jubal Silatau came to town and inquired after the house. He was told no provision had been made for his disposal and whoever wanted the work of keeping it up could have it. Jubal moved in, but unfortunately he was not alone. He had a twin brother, Jedaya, who was as mean-spirited as Jubal was kind. Neither brother did much to fix the place up, but Jubal did tend the orchard and plant a small garden and folks liked him as much as they disliked Jedaya. So when it happened, they were stunned in disbelief and terror only the beginning of our story. Radio listening. Five nights of exceptional entertainment every week brought to you in Elliott Louis' production of the Sears Radio Theatre. Our story, Punishment and Crime by Percy Granger. Our stars, Parley Bear and Howard Culver. The Sears Radio Theatre is brought to you by Sears Robot and Company. Sears, where America shops for value. It is on the verge of statehood. The completion of the transcontinental railroad has opened the west to development unparalleled in modern times. But progress always occurs at the expense of history and even so slight a town as Commodore's Gap has a history. Or I should say, a memory or two it would be more than happy to have drowned out by the shrill of a locomotive's whistle. The year is 1890. We're in the office of the mayor, Edward T. Bone Pettygrove. He's entertaining a very important visitor. Now the main railroad line runs 15 miles to the north. Our surveyors have laid out a proposed branch line into Commodore's Gap, which I'll show you on the map. Wait down that end, would you? Surely. Here's the Cullen station on the main line at Elmore Springs. We lay track from that point south along the Platte River and build a station here. That looks pretty good to me, Mr. Peters. This, of course, is assuming that you can guarantee us the freight business we discussed yesterday. I sure can. Do you have any reservations about our proposed route? Nope. What about that house? Just north of town, that old mansion, it's sitting right where we want to lay track. Well, as far as I'm concerned, you can tear it down. Well, you have to negotiate to the owners, I suppose. There aren't any, not any more. Pace deserted? It has been for several years. And I think folks around here will be more than grateful if your men destroy all crates that had ever existed. Oh? Now, why is that? The last folks to live there were a couple of brothers named Silito. Jubal and Jadiah Silito. You ever hear of them? Never did. And you ain't been around these parts long. What happened there is one of the most grisly tales you'd ever want to hear. Make some of them Indian raid to seem like something out of Bill Cody's Wild West Show. The house itself was built after the Civil War by Commodore Milburn. Oh, is that how Commodore's gap got his name? Yep. He made a small fortune running a ferry service across the Platte River. Anyway, the Commodore died, and his wife went back east and was never heard from again. A few years later, these two brothers come out of nowhere and took the homesteading on the property. No one minded much at first because Jubal was a pretty nice fellow. Personally, I always thought he was a little feeble in the head, but he was harmless. And the local kids took a real shine to him. He never came into town, but when he'd bring some apples from his orchard to buy him some candy. But Jadiah, hmm, that was another story. Jadiah was mean as a buzz saw. The devil himself, if you believe in such things. He was a recluse and no one ever saw him much, unless you got too close to the house. And then?  Chased you off with a shotgun. Did he ever actually shoot anyone? Well, that's the story. After a while, folks just began to steer clear of both of them. Well, why Jubal? Well, because they were identical twins. You could never be sure which one you were confronted with till he opened his mouth. Identical twins and different as day and night. That must have been hard on Jubal. Yes, I felt sorry for him. It was pretty clear his brother's meanness embarrassed him, but I never once heard him say a word against Jadiah or against anybody else for that matter. I don't think he could have been cruel if he tried. I don't even think he really understood what cruelty was. Sounds feeble minded if you ask me. Now, how long did they live out there? Oh, nine and fifteen years. Then what happened? Well, sir, the whole gruesome story began to come to light one day about four years ago. I was a sheriff then. And my deputy was out riding the river scouting for traces of a party of rushers who'd been highly active in the neighborhood. He came to the rusting barbed wire fence that surrounded the Silatros property there. Land stretched down to the river, you see. And he cut inland. He didn't want any cook with Jadiah and figured no rushers would either. As he approached the main road, he saw something up against the fence ahead of him there. From a distance looked like a bundle of ragged somebody had thrown over the sagging wire, but when he got closer, he saw it was a man. The man was dead? Yep. Shot from behind. The force of the shotgun blasted hurled him against the barbed wire. He was killed by a shotgun. That's right. The same kind of gun that was owned by Jadiah. Coming to town, Commodore's Gap is finally growing on the map. Its future, like that of all America at the time, seems unlimited. But the future is built on the past, and the past must often be exorcised. Perhaps that's what the mayor of Commodore's Gap, Edward Pettigrew, is doing as he continues his story. Well, as I say, I was the sheriff at the time, and the body was discovered by my deputy, Jim Prescott. There he is, sheriff. Good golly. That's how you found him, thrown up against the barbed wire like that? I hadn't touched him. I come gut you, first thing. Half his back is blown away like he was trying to run. Looks to me like a shotgun blast. Let's get him untangled. Never look at his face. You ever seen him before? Oh.  Uh, check his pants pockets. See if there's anything that'll identify him. I'll check his coat. He asked me, it's pretty obvious what happened.  Like you find, few dollars, bit of string, nothing more. Look at here. What's that? An old photograph. A woman. Looks to be middle-aged. That's very good looking. Well, I've known men to carry worse. You didn't hear anything, did you, or see anyone? Nope. But in this cool weather, he could have been dead a couple of days. Well, you better get back to town. Bring out a tarp and a buckboard. Where you going? To have a talk with Jadiah Silatel. Riverdale, I came inside of the house. The whole business made me uneasy right from the start. I kept trying to reassure myself as I approached that Jadiah wasn't going to shoot me, too. I had this nervous feeling. I was being watched. And I'll admit I was relieved when it was Jubal who entered the door. And I told him what had happened. He was stunned. The man was murdered. Shot in the back. From the size of the wound, I'd say at fairly close range. He was on our land. By your north fence. This is terrible. I don't know what to say. Who was he? I don't know. I'd like to have a word with Jadiah. Oh, Sheriff, you don't think... No, you don't really think Jed could have done such a thing? Where is he? He's upstairs, but he's asleep. In the middle of the day, he hasn't been feeling well. In fact, he hasn't been out of bed for nearly a week. You sure of that? Well, I haven't been at his bedside 24 hours, but I'm sure I would have heard him. Mind if I go up? Well, no, but I wouldn't advise it. He's very sick. I'm afraid he has scarlet fever. Scarlet fever? Has Doc Hanson been out seeing? No, you know he wouldn't come, Sheriff. But I can take care of him. That's pretty dangerous. I know. I'm very worried about him. I meant for you, Jubal. Oh, I'll be all right. In a day or two, perhaps, if I'm able to bring the fever down, you can talk to him. Well, I sure don't want to go catching scarlet fever out all this. Where'd you keep your shotgun? Here, in the parlor. Let me see it. Looks to me like it's been fired recently. He went hunting across the river about a week ago, just before he took sick. A week? Well, I don't think the body's been out there that long. You have no idea who the poor man was? Nope. All we found on him was this picture. Oh. You recognize her? No. Well, it probably doesn't matter who she is or who he was either. I'm taking the shotgun with me, Jubal. And I'll be back the day after tomorrow to talk to Jadiah. Oh. Without talking to him. Yep.  How'd you know Jubal just wasn't covering his escape? I didn't. I trusted him. I could have saved myself a lot of trouble if I hadn't. And then I might never have gotten to the bottom of the whole story either. So what'd you do? Wait for two days and go back? No. Something was bothering me. I kept saying that the identity of the dead man didn't matter, but I realized the more I said it, the less I believed it. If he was just a tramp, what would it matter? I kept looking at that photograph of the middle-aged woman. The expression on her face just wouldn't let me alone. The eyes burned with the heat of a visionary prepared to show no mercy to the infidel. The photographer's hallmark was stamped on the cardboard matting, and it was from a studio in Laramie. There was much going on, and I kept telling myself it wouldn't lead to anything anyway. I could have discharged my duties in the affair, but just digging a hole and rolling the dead man in. But something about the whole business just wouldn't let me alone. I rode up to the polling station at Elmore Springs and flagged down the eastbound train that same afternoon. By evening, I was in Laramie. It was a long shot. The photograph was obviously old. It was likely the man that took it was no longer in business. But I was in luck. The fella was still there. You, Mr. Lombarda? Yes, but I'm sorry. We're closed for the day. Well, this won't take but a minute. Oh, no. All my equipment is put away for the night. My name is Ed Pettigrew. I'm the sheriff out in Commodore's Gap. Oh, what do you work with me? I was wondering if you could identify this picture. Well, let me take it over to the lamp. Oh, this is very old. It's got your imprimatur down there at the bottom. You recognize it? Sillito. What? Sillito. Her name was Sillito. You sure about that? Well, I remember she came into the studio with two young men. Her sons? I don't know. None of them said a word. Oh, she said she wanted a picture of herself and two copies of me, but that was it. Did they live here in town? I think they did. In fact, I believe she's still alive. She lives in the Angus Horn. That's a free bag hotel over the old section of town. Related to them? Yep. How? And what was that tramp doing with a picture? Those were exactly my questions as I left Mr. Lombardo's studio and headed for the Angus Horn.  Did you find the old woman? In a way. Well, what do you mean? Either you found her or you didn't? Oh, unless she was dead. No, she wasn't dead. But was she in that ramshackle hotel? Like the photographer said? Yeah. The Angus Horn had been a fine hotel once. One of the first permanent structures in Laramie. But its heyday was long past and it was now a run down boarding house. The desk clerk wasn't more than a half step away from being in derelict himself. When I told him I was a sheriff and who I was looking for, his job dropped. And he gave a kind of a mazed laugh and flapped his thigh. Well, has somebody else been here already? No. She's been saying for years how sooner or later some sheriff's gonna come by with word. Word of what? I don't know. She sits up in her tent in the desert waiting for God or the devil which ever comes first. She's crazy as an old hood owl. But by golly if here you are. You in particular? I guess not. But she knew to expect someone. Why? That's what I hoped to find out. He gave me directions to her room. Top floor all the way in the back. The building was so old the paper was peeling, there was dust everywhere. Wasn't any lights in the hall and it was pitch dark. I found a room by the simple expedient that it was the only one with light under the door. Waited in the darkness a long time. There was no answer and no movement from the other side. I began to imagine things. There was a violence in there. I could feel it. I caught myself fingering my gun. I heard sounds. I listened to the door. It was like metal objects being tapped lightly against each other. I gripped my gun tighter and carefully tried the door. It was open. The room was just about the weirdest thing I'd ever seen. I realized what the desk clerk meant about the tent. There were blankets and old faded beds, beds draped over the windows and all the walls. They were even over the ceiling. It was like something out of the Arabian nights except it was all dank and musty. The old woman sat in the corner. And the clanking you heard? Well, she was eating supper. I confess I felt a little foolish about that. She wasn't surprised to see you. She didn't even look up. While she finished the last few scraps of food on her plate, I surveyed the room. The only light was from a single kerosene lantern. I noticed the glass chimney was broken and the flame was burning pretty close to one of the blankets. I almost said something but it didn't. Everything about the room seemed so strange and timeless. I figured that lamp would probably set that way for years. If it hadn't caught fire before, there was no reason why it would now. Finally, she looked up. Yes. Uh, is your name Silatou? What, what do you want? Is your name Silatou? Yes. Well, I'm Ed Pettigrew. I'm the peace officer from over to Commodore's Gap. I'd like to talk to you for a moment. You're here. There's nothing to talk about. Why have you been expecting me? Who says I was? The old fella who runs the desk downstairs. You don't want to listen to him. But you were expecting someone, uh, a, a, a sheriff? Tell me what's happened. I was kind of hoping you could tell me. Do you, uh, recognize this? What is this? It's an old photograph. Where'd you get this? Is that you? Might be. The photographer remembers taking it. He says it's you. How'd you come by it? Do you have two sons? Do you have two sons named Jubal and Jadiah? I had two sons. Yes. When was the last time you saw them? I don't remember. But they're living not 50 miles from here in Commodore's Gap. Together? You mean you didn't know that? But they've been there 15 years. Together? They're living together? Her whole country came towards me like he couldn't believe what I'd said. She was their mother. She asked me one question after another, hungry for news. When I allowed her how'd you die, I was the less well-liked of the two. She nodded vigorously and a fanatical edge crept into her voice.  He was a judgment on us. But Jubal was good. He was the stronger he was. He would triumph in the end. I always knew he would. Jadiah's wickedness has been vanquished. The devil has succumbed. I don't know what you're talking about, but I'm afraid his wickedness hasn't been vanquished at all. He's killed a man. Killed a man? At least I think he has. Who? I don't know, but we found this picture on the body. You found that on the body? I don't understand. Who else would have carried your picture, Mrs. Silatou? I don't know. I'm not much to look at, sir. Well, anyway, it'd be a help if you could come with me and see if you could recognize the dead man. There's no need. What? What happens? Happens. I couldn't get her to say another thing. It was like she turned into stone before my eyes. As I left the old building, I tried to make sense of it. She knew who the dead man was. I was sure of that. But something I'd told her about the murder had frightened her in the silence. She'd been expecting me too. Maybe she'd been expecting the killing as well. That tramp wasn't just a passerby. And I figured for sure now that his identity was a crucial link in the case against Judiah. After all, at this point, it was only a circumstantial. Maybe the tramp was her husband, the boy's father. No, I thought of that, but he wasn't old enough. He wasn't more than four or five years older than Jubal and Judiah. But he had the old woman's picture in his pocket. Do you think Judiah put it there? And if he did, why? I didn't know. But I knew what my next move was. Illness or no illness, it was time to talk to Judiah and to make an arrest. Once we had a trial, we could subpoena Mrs. Silatou and compel her to testify under oath. Yes? Oh, Mr. Pettigrew. Good morning, Jubal. Come in. Thanks. I want to see you, Judiah. Oh, he's still very ill. You said you'd wait a few days. I know what I said, Jubal, but I'm saying now is I want to talk to him. Uh, he's asleep. He had a restless night. The fever's worse. If you could wait until he wakes up. I'm sorry, Jubal. There's been a murder and I aim to find out who that man was and why he was killed. Now upstairs, Jubal followed. At the landing, I asked him to point out Judiah's room. As he walked down the hall, it occurred to me that to the best of my knowledge, no outsider had ever been on the second floor of the house, not since he moved in. At the moment, my hand fell on the door latch to Judiah's room. I felt a pang of fear. I turned quickly to him.  I opened the door slowly and went into the room. Blinds were gone. I became intensely aware that this room was even better than the rest of the house. There was no rug, no pictures on the wall, no furniture. Just a bed. And the bed was empty. Empty. There was no one in the room. Judiah was gone. So he'd escaped. He'd never been sick at all. I'd been duped. I'd made an estimate of Jubal's character and I'd been wrong. But he stood there looking so bewildered that a part of me still wanted to give him the benefit of the doubt. Maybe Judiah had heard me coming. But the windows were shut. And moreover, the bed hadn't been used, at least not recently. And I had to accept the evidence. Jubal, where is he, Jubal? I don't know. I was taking the best care of him. I knew how. He shouldn't have gone. He's not. You lied to me. No, no, I didn't. What about this photograph, the one we found on the body? Now you said you'd never seen it. Well, I haven't. Who is she? I... It's your mother, isn't it, Jubal? I found her. She's living in Laramie. Is that your mother, Jubal? Is it...? What... What did she tell you? I lied to him. I said she told me everything, whatever that was. I thought that might break him, make him talk. But he just stared blankly at the floor, confused, lost. Well, what did you do? I had no choice. I put him under arrest as an accessory to the murder. But then I had to face the real problem. Jadaia had escaped. Somewhere, a maniacal killer was on the loose. Once I had Jubal locked up my next job was to find Jadaia. Jubal wouldn't talk. He said nothing that made sense. He continued to act confused as if he was bewildered by what was happening. It's a safe pose under the circumstances. Now, I figured there were two possibilities. If Jadaia was long gone already by the time my deputy found the body, he had a good four or five days head start and his wereabouts were anyone's guess. And the other possibility? That he was still in the house when I'd gone there the first time. That was true. He'd know I'd found the photograph of their mother on the body, and he could figure I'd probably try to crack her down. And he might make an effort to get to her first keeper from talking. Well, I could be fairly sure I'd beaten him to that particular punch. Mrs. Silatou had seemed genuinely surprised to hear that her sons were living together so close by. I could be pretty sure she hadn't been visited by either one, but he could have been on his way. Exactly. I missed the eastbound train, so I made the trip back to Laramieba Horse. I got there the following afternoon and went straight to the Angus Horn. That is, I went to the spot where the Angus Horn had been three days before of what had happened. It was burnt to the ground, nothing left but a pile of charred rubble. I was told the fire had broken out on the same night I was there. It had spread instantly through the old timbers and within minutes, the whole building was in gulf. And Mrs. Silatou, she was dead. Did you die? I set the fire? I don't know. It was possible. Something pretty bad had happened in that family that none of them wanted to talk about. But that included the old woman too. I remember the fear in her eyes. And I remembered the kerosene lantern with the broken chimney that was burning so close to the blankets and her sea burnt it down. She killed herself. Somehow, by my visit, I confirmed what she'd been dreading all those years. What did you do then? I went to see the Federal Deputy there in Laramie, an old friend with the name of Eli McCutcheon. We'd known each other for years. He'd been sheriff before he was appointed Marshal. It occurred to me if something had happened years before, maybe he knew about it. Yeah? T-Ball, come in, come in.  Have a seat. Coffee? Thanks. I could use a whole pot. You look tired. There. That'll wash the dust out of your throat. Thanks. We had a bit of excitement here a couple nights ago, but I know a hotel burned down. I know. That's why I'm here. Oh? There was a woman living there named Silato. Oh, yes. You knew her? I knew the story. Why? What's your interest? Story? What story? It didn't involve her directly. It was her son. Jubal and Jena? Yeah, you've heard about it too. No, but they've been living out in Commodore's Gap for the past 15 years. Living together? Yeah. I don't believe it. In the old Milburn house? On friendly terms? I'd say so, yes. That's incredible. That's the same reaction I got from Mrs. Silato. Now, why is it so incredible that they should be living together? Well, we all know Jubal didn't have a malicious bone in his body, but I'd have thought even he couldn't forget what Jedi had done to him. What was that? Well, you've got to understand they came from a very religious family. The father was a farm brimstone preacher, and the mother, the one who burned in a hotel, was his chief tambourine beater. They lived and breathed the Old Testament and raised those two boys so strict. You wouldn't believe it. Well, Jedi was the black sheep, real mean. But Jubal, what was Christian as a boy could be, didn't know the meaning of evil. That's them all, right? Jedi was a rebel, but Jubal was, uh, put it to be a tiffic almost. He glowed. He gave off a kind of goodness. Well, I don't know if I'd go that far. No, no, you got to understand. His mama thought he was Christ incarnate. Well, she really did think she'd given birth to a perfection. Well, you can't imagine the effect that had on Jedi. I think he wanted to destroy him just as sure as Cain destroyed Abel. As it was, he did the next worst thing. And what was that? And Jubal was in love with a girl, I forget her name now. They were going to be married when he finished two years of seminary school in St. Louis, and then moved west to Oregon and set up a parish. Had it all planned out there, whole lives ahead of him. But, Jedi, uh, two years is a long time for a young couple to be separated. He went after his brother's girl. He stopped at nothing. He even seemed to go through a whole reform for her sake. Anyhow, she eventually yielded. But no sooner had she done that than the mass came off. He humiliated her in public and vanished, disappeared. A short time later, she discovered she was pregnant, took her own life. My God. Jubal never showed the least sign of anger. You'd think a tragedy like that's got to take its toll somewhere. But he never, never spoke a word against his brother, even now. It's almost like if he refused to admit it, it happened. But never the subject came up. He looked puzzled like he, uh, didn't remember. I think he was the most remarkable person I'd ever met. He did become kind of withdrawn, though, and he never did go back to finish his studies. After a few months, Jubal left town too, and I never heard of either of them again. Until two minutes ago, when you walked through that door. So he went off and found his brother and forgave him. Even took care of him. And it's had no effect on Jadiah at all. A nastier person you'd never want to meet. I know it's beyond my understanding. But, uh, what's your interest in all this? Well, I'm afraid Jadiah's gone and killed a man. I'm not surprised. What was the cause? I don't know. I don't know, and I'm no closer to knowing it than I was when we found the body. But the fact is, he's escaped. I came to Laramie because I thought maybe he'd try to see his mother. And now she's dead. Anyway, he's still on the loose. Well, watch for him. Are you staying the night? Can you come to the house for dinner? Oh, thanks, but I'd better get back. Eli, you know that even now, Jubal's still defending Jadiah. He covered his escape. I had to arrest him as an accessory, and he won't say a word. I don't know how two brothers can be so different, especially twins. Twins? So identical you can't tell them apart until they speak. Yet inside as different as night and day. Jubal and Jadiah weren't twins. There must have been four years between them. They didn't look at all alike. Yeah, but they've been living together. They've been living together. Jadiah was dark-complected. Jubal was blonde. There wasn't a slightest resemblance. That's impossible. Did you ever see him together? Did? I never did. I don't recollect that anyone did. But they were like two different people. So Jubal was living alone pretending to be both of them. Now, what was the purpose of that? It's like this, Mr. Peters. He didn't have a choice. What do you mean? When I got back to Commodore's Gap the next day, I confronted Jubal in his cell. Jubal? Yes? Yes, sir. Jubal, do you know why you're in jail? You say? I helped my brother to escape. Did you? I don't know. Did you?  Were you taking care of him despite all he'd done to you? No. Are you your brother's keeper? No. Did you help him escape? No. No, I never helped him to escape. I'll never help him to escape. He's here. He's right here in this cell. He'll always be here. He'll never get away. And you're gonna hang me for all I care. You hear me? Hang me!  Look at ya! So he was completely mad. But why? Why'd he take on his brother's personality? Well, I think it's what the Marshall said. The pain his brother caused him had to take its toll somehow. If not in the soul, then in the mind. He couldn't let out the anger directly so he took on his brother's personality. Did he realize what he was doing? No, he was completely unaware. Well, so about now and have a look at the mind. But wait a minute. You never told me who was the murdered man. Who do you think? Jadiah? Returned after 15 years. Why only the good Lord knows? Maybe to ask his brother's forgiveness. But I doubt that. Leopards don't change their spots. From the looks of the rags he wore, I'd say it was because he was destitute. And Jubal killed him.  The perfect son. So Jadiah won after all. And that's what the death court meant when he said she was waiting word from God or the devil. Yes. And Jubal, what happened to him? He was made to stand trial for murder. The verdict was guilty. And the prosecutor asked for the death sentence. But the judge said no. Why? He said that Jubal had had punishment enough. What he'd done was commit the crime. They sent him to an institution for the criminally insane. And he's still there? Yep. With the last I heard, he's begun to read the Bible again. It's been brought to you by Sears, Robuck and Company, where our policy is satisfaction guaranteed or your money back. Sears, where America shop for value. Punishment and crime was written by Percy Granger, produced and directed by Fletcher Markle. Your host was Lorne Green. Our stars were Parley Baer and Howard Culver. Featured in the cast were Lynn Berman, Peggy Weber, Joel Maross and Jack Carroll. The music for Sears Radio Theater was composed and conducted.


Okay, I got to get real. Hey guys, this is my review for the last Jedi episode 8 otherwise known for the Star Wars canon universe and Well, let me Let me describe the movie first.  You know this everyone knew that walking in they were gonna get a lot of Empire Stripe back business all the while Rey is trying to Trying to get a very very very grumpy Mark Hamill to train her in the way of the force and to Come back to the light. I won't spoil anything this video But least to say I have I Don't want to think this way about this movie, but I have to there are a lot of very cool things in this movie cool Moments cool visuals really cool ideas in terms of the planets in terms of actions by characters in terms of connections between characters, but there is so much Garbage in between all of it.   It has a point in the story There is no point to the entirety of the casino planet There is a sort of a riff between the resistance members at one point between who's in charge and this kind of Convoluted plan. Where does that go?  There is so many parts of this film that are Disconnected there's a lot of elements that just feel like they're parts that were really good Like these really cool little elements, but they're unfortunately put into a very very Biodegradable sandwich, I don't know how to say it. Otherwise guys, it's just it's not well constructed There's a lot of really cool really amazing moments. There's a few moments that made me totally drop my jaw But otherwise there's a lot of filler. That's just Unnecessary there's a lot of moments that don't connect for instance the Force Awakens I had issues with it that Ray was a Mary Sue and that the movie was exactly a replica of a new hope well for this one We've got Empire Strikes Back and return to the Jedi as moments that they're totally copying which is midly I am looking forward to seeing nine now for that reason because they have nothing left to rip off So we will be getting something that is original at least that or they're gonna just do a copy and paste of all three but Everyone in this movie is really good in terms of how they do their character Ray I think does the Daisy Ridley did a lot better job of character John Boyega is really awesome as Finn. He's not given a lot of time in this movie. That's the other thing, too There's a lot of focus on Ray and Mark Hamill and I like that I do admit I like that they do spend time with a character that we were looking for the entirety of the first movie But we spend so much time that the rest of the film just slowly drags on Mark Hamill is really good though This is probably Mark Hamill's best on-screen performance. I think ever. I think this is the best version of Luke We've ever seen this is a very convoluted. This is a very conflicted. This is a very Given up Luke. This isn't a side of Luke that we never thought we would see Kylo Ren I think that you know what that guy is doing really good I think that how his character is connected with Ray and his past aggressions with Luke and Just the means in which his character develops through the movie is really intriguing until the end and then it just goes for straight up like the Completely most stereotypical avenue you could go. Like I said, I really want to like this movie guys There are some really cool moments. There's a super dope lightsaber fight scene at one point in this movie There's a really dope BB BB firing space moment.  I mean, it's a kind of a weird thing I'm not gonna say that it's not odd But you know if you enjoyed it, you know on an opening night a lot of people are like, yeah, that was cool. Cool. Great time No one One guy tried to and it sounded like an apathetic attempt to try and revive a dead dog That's honestly it gets you and that's an incredibly dark Metaphor there, but that's literally what happened at the end of this movie No one was whoopity-doop about it. And that's how I feel about this movie. I I Would rather watch the force awakens in this movie not saying the force awakens is bad I enjoyed the force awakens, but force awakens is a well constructed very consistent very well thought-out movie The last Jedi is a mess with some really cool moments in it, but ultimately kind of Leaves you wondering how the hell they are gonna do the next one So in the end guys my rating for the last Jedi is The three out of seven. I know now. Here's the thing while it is Tendically a negative it is still an enjoyable movie.  It's just a Disappointing one an incredibly disappointing one. Anyways guys, that's my review for this Please don't hate me. Please don't hate me. That's just my opinion I just that's how I felt. Maybe I'll feel different in a few days, but honestly guys usually when I first watch a movie That's how I feel and I'm sorry to have this sort of thought about it But honestly that is how I feel about the last Jedi and I know I'm not alone Because of how many quiet people left that theater Anyways guys if you like this video Leave a like if you want to watch more maybe subscribe Just don't say you're want to kill me because of this Anyways guys, thank you for watching.


On May 20th, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the first of the Homestead Acts. These acts were designed to encourage settlement of the West and for individual farmers to operate on their own land. From 1862 to 1934, the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads consisting of 270 million acres or about 10% of the total land in the United States. To apply for a homestead, an applicant had to be the head of a household live on the designated land, build a home, improve it, and farm it for five years. They could then file for ownership of the land for an $18 fee. There was no discrimination on who could apply for ownership. Immigrants, single women, and former slaves could all qualify. Homesteading ended in 1976, except in Alaska where it was allowed until 1986. Much of Wyoming was settled with homesteads, with many of the most productive lands put into private ownership. From the University of Wyoming Extension, I'm Barton Stam, Exploring the Nature of Wyoming.


drivers of the global electricity demand growth in India, China, ASEAN countries, and these countries are the drivers of the global electricity consumption. So therefore, we have to be very clever what kind of electricity sources, first of all, we are going to choose in order to provide this electricity, number one. Number two, it is very important to use that electricity efficiently so that we don't need to build unnecessary power plants than we normally use. For example, I mentioned air conditioners, let's take India and Japan. In India, in order to provide the same comfort with bringing the temperature down, you need three times more electricity than in Japan because of the low efficiency standards of the boxes, air conditioners. It may seem a trivial thing, but it's a big thing. The air conditioners and how the refrigerators and the other efficiency is critical. So the question is, we are going to see electrification is a major driver. And since we have the Chinese minister with us, minister, congratulations for your new and challenging job, by the way, we are seeing that we will discuss, I'm sure in a few minutes, the United States oil and gas production is growing, Middle East, already the major oil and gas center, Russia is like that. And the response from China in terms of energy, in terms of the global energy picture is electricity. China is today number one in terms of electric cars, electric buses, and now making a major move, changing the heating system from a gas and coal based system to electricity. So therefore, I believe electricity is very important. Let me finish by saying, with a good news at least, that many of you may know that the International Energy Agency, since 20 years, we are looking at how many people have no access to electricity in the world. It's a major issue. You know as well, we discussed this issue several times. In since the year 2000, it is coming, it was 2 billion people. Now for the first time at the end of last year, number of people who have no access to electricity went below 1 billion mark, benchmark. But still 1 billion people, 2 out of 3 people in Africa have no access to electricity. It's a shame. But it's a success. It came to under 1 billion. And here, the price goes to one country. Everybody made the effort, but one country especially, which is India. Under Prime Minister Modi, they brought electricity to hundreds of millions of people. And as a result, the problem is now an electricity problem in sub-Saharan Africa. To sum up, I believe electricity is definitely the future of the energy system. For many years to come, of course, we will need oil, gas, coal, clean coal, renewables and others, but the world is going in the direction of electricity. So to have this air conditioning load and to give access, it all comes back down to human beings and people. So Ian Kahn, consumers, how does this electrification change our relationship to consumers? How are you seeing that play out? Let me start, firstly, with some pretty big trends, which is, as we're responding to climate change, we are driving decarbonisation through policy. And this has resulted in the decentralisation of the energy system. As Fatih said, there's more going on at the edge of the system rather than a big central supply and transmission arrangement. The second thing is, because of that, customers have got more choice, they're becoming more powerful and then digitisation is accelerating the whole thing. What this is enabling, and Fatih's right, that is electricity dependency becomes higher. We have to find ways for customers to use energy and electricity more effectively and efficiently. And some of the technologies that are being used now are allowing, first of all, on-site generation at the point of use. They're allowing export of electricity back to the grid, so people actually can benefit from their excess generation and there's the possibility of turning down demand. And so it's actually very exciting, and the key technologies that I think are enabling customers to be more powerful and will have a very big impact on the overall energy per unit GDP. Because for years we've been focusing on lowering the carbon intensity of energy production. What we haven't been focusing on is lowering the amount of energy per unit GDP. And we should be very encouraged that since 1980 to about 2015, the energy intensity per unit GDP fell by two thirds. The technologies that are going to make a big difference, combined heat and power units, solar, heat pumps at the point of use, batteries allowing for storage and then re-export of energy or optimisation. The combination of batteries and demand response, which is allowing customers to effectively become virtual power plants where you switch on a battery and reduce demand at the same time. This means you need less central generation on the grid, electric vehicle integration, and then finally artificial intelligence, which is allowing predictive maintenance on the system. These are all the technologies we're going to need if we're going to be more effective and efficient in this electricity intensified world. Right. So I'd like to build on that decentralisation theme and turn to Jean Pascal. So how has this decentralisation changed industries' focus on technology? Are we looking at the right technologies? What do you see? Well, I believe that most of the technologies that allow or enable decentralisation and electrification are already existing. They are just not integrated. It's like every technology transition, they are not yet adopted completely or embraced completely by the users and the consumers, but it's going fast. So let me let me build on what Fatih was saying about electrification. You spoke about HVAC. One of the fastest electric consumption today is the IT industry and everything going around electronics. Every time we use electronics, would it be from semiconductor manufacturing as well as networks, data centre, data storage? That is fast growing. Today, 5% roughly of power consumption soon to be 10% and actually enabling the other face of it, which is a higher efficiency in everything we do. So to build on what Ian was saying, we absolutely see in our business a big move to the edge. So while the world of energy traditionally was very centralised, the world of tomorrow will be a combination of centralised where if you say, if you will, the cloud of energy is agreed, but more and more of the capacity is going on the edge. And you see consumers taking over their energy equation and combining the edge together with the grid. So that's enabled of course by digitisation, but if you look at the benefits of that, it's more efficiency and there is still a vast potential behind efficiency. You still have 60% of energy consumption where there is no objective, no regulation, no objective to diminish the energy consumption. So there is still the biggest, the fastest, the cheapest, the most effective way of saving energy or producing green energy is to save energy. The second point is resilience. We've seen a world where there is more climate disorders. Managing those variations of renewable energy is more complicated. Therefore managing your energy system is becoming more complex. And going on the edge offers more resilience. It's like in social systems, if you centralise too much, it's more complicated to adjust what's happening. If you separate those systems, it's easier to manage. And what we see is people really managing more of it locally to share energy better, shave the peaks, which have been the traditional problems of electricity, and be more resilient in front of issues. Finally, also what we should recognise is going on the edge will be very job-creative. It's creating many more jobs on the field close to the user to go on the edge and to deploy what we used to have before, which were centralised systems. And it puts people more in contact with their energy, what Ian was doing, and what we see is that every time we give access to a consumer to its energy bill, they immediately save on energy. So those things are combined together for a very different landscape of energy. Thank you. Minister Zhang, I would like to hear more about what China's energy policy is. You have the full spectrum of everything from very developed in many cities to developing. You have it all. So what is the, as you see in your new role as Minister of Energy, what is your energy policy looking forward? Well, from 2018, we should say that China's energy consumption has achieved a great success. For example, in 2018, the consumption rate of energy and natural gas reached 22.2% in 2017. It increased by 7% in 2017. The consumption of coal has reached 61% in 2017. In 2012, it dropped to 9.5%. The total consumption of natural gas reached 40% in 2017. The total consumption of electricity reached 30%. So the efficiency of energy has also increased significantly. In 2018, the consumption rate of GDP decreased by 20% in 2017. The total consumption of electricity reached 30.7% in 2017. So I think that China's energy policy is still important to the energy development of the country. Thank you very much. Dr. Birol, you mentioned oil and gas. So let's turn a little bit to that sector and transportation. What do we need to do there? What do you see on the oil and gas front that we need to really accelerate or transition? So first of all, oil and gas. What happened last year compared to previous devils? I think there are two major things happened. Number one, U.S. shale production. Now, that was last year. These times we came up with an estimate of the U.S. production growth. Very bullish at the time, many colleagues said, about 1.5 million barrels per day. Big growth, we expected. And again in the Davos meetings, many of the observers thought we were far too bullish. And I said, we don't know. We may revise them at the end of the year. We did revise them, but we revise them upwards. 2.1 million barrels of growth coming from U.S. shale. Huge growth. They added in one year, one Mexico, just a growth. And if anybody thinks we have seen the impact of shale revolution fully, he or she is making a mistake, but a big mistake. It is yet to come to see the impact of the shale revolution oil and gas in the United States. Farage implications, energy, economy, and beyond. This is number one. Number two, under natural gas front. Biggest development. It is China. It is China impact and gas is amazing. The picture what we have seen the oil markets, China effect, 10 years ago, we are seeing under natural gas markets now. Under the present, she is a motto of making the scars of China blue again. China pushed the natural gas consumption very strongly. And as we speak now, China took over Japan as the largest natural gas importer of the world. Big double digit growth. So under production of oil United States and under consumption of gas China, of course U.S. gas production increase very strongly as well. And now how do we use them in a more sustainable way? So I see that many companies are giving strong signals to use the produced oil and gas in a sustainable way, ranging from looking at the applications like hydrogen, carbon capture and utilization, or they are looking how to reduce the methane emissions in the production practices, which is very good. But it is very important to note that we will be with oil and gas many years to come, whatever scenario we look at it. The most important thing is how to use it in a sustainable way. I have to talk about oil and gas, and one final remark on Middle East, so that's not misunderstood. As I have here, we enjoy the presence of OPEC Secretary General, my friend, Mohammed Bakundo, with us here today. Even though U.S. is now a very important oil producer, Middle East will remain the largest exporter of oil many years to come, because U.S. produces a lot of oil, but most of them they use at home for domestic purposes. So Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia, will remain the largest exporter of oil for many years to come. But for this year, 2019, let's pay special attention to U.S. shale once again, because some of the observers last year, I think, made wrong assumptions underestimated the U.S. shale growth. Yes. So Ian, Kon, you have worked at BP for a long time, so you know this sector very well. Let's turn a little bit to, as Fatih was talking about, the acceleration of technology. And what is, how do we not have to reinvent the wheel? Give us some use cases. You have a lot of interesting things you're working on. How do we see this really manifesting in reality? So Catherine, just a comment to build on Fatih's points, because both you and Fatih mentioned using oil and natural gas more effectively. And I spent 30 years nearly in producing and also in the consumer end of the oil and gas business. I think there's a real obvious pathway for transport, which started some time ago, which is the increasing efficiency of the internal combustion engine, then very significant penetration of hybridization, so the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which have got the range and the interoperability, and then finally the penetration of pure electric vehicles. And what we're now seeing in Centrica is customers, whether they are business customers or consumers, wanting propositions that integrate electric vehicles into their lives or their business. The problem, though, is we've got to be, we've got to recognize two things. We need to decarbonize the grid in parallel with the increased use. And also, there are some practical issues around electric vehicle charging, for example, in multi-residential buildings or in the center of cities. Nevertheless, this is happening, and on natural gas, the biggest challenge, as Fatih and I often talk about, is the decarbonization of heat. And that is a really big issue, and we have to start with the efficiency side of it first, and then we need to progressively look at heat pump penetration and other ways of taking people progressively off the natural gas grid. But this is going to take a very long time, and in the initial period, we are actually going to be more dependent on natural gas as the minister has just described. Now, you asked use cases, and let me try and tie it also to digitization, which is accelerating things. There are, I described some technologies that are being deployed at the edge of the system, but some of the digitization technologies that are really helping optimize the system, firstly, digital control systems. From the simple in the home, we've got 1.3 million customers who control their heating in their home from their smartphone. So what? Well, the so what is that a recent survey we did, over 55% of them are saving 12% on their natural gas bill, just by being more precise, more in control. Integrated solutions platforms for business customers that allow the business to optimize the whole energy system that they've got, from production to storage to consumption to demand response. That's becoming a real business for the business customer. And then one of the most exciting ones is optimized dispatch using digital systems. We've got 11 gigawatts under management across Europe that sits in customers yards or on the roof of their factories, all low carbon technology. And we are dispatching that against micro management or monitoring of the weather systems to optimize dispatch of renewables. Those are some of the biggest applications. There are productivity applications for insight into energy use and productivity of all sorts of equipment. And then finally, the last one I'll mention is blockchain. We're currently working on a 20 million euro project in the UK to put peer to peer trading of energy in an automated way into the edge of the grid so that consumers and businesses, homes can sell to each other while we're all at work and the money can transfer into people's bank accounts and your home is just able to optimize your energy. These are all ways in which digitization is accelerating the system. And you asked me about the last thing, I'm sorry, just on learning and there's one plug for the World Economic Forum System Initiative on the future of energy that Fatih and I co-chair. We're trying to join the dots so that one country as it learns about a policy intervention can share it with others so that we can benefit and we don't keep reinventing the wheel. And as particular ways of solving problems are found, we can translate them into other geographies. An example in Colombia with a grid-edge experiment that the minister drove and we've been able to propagate that into Argentina and Brazil, for example. Yeah, and I'd love to get back to governance in just a second. But I want to ask you, Jean Pascal, something because we've been talking a lot about technology, about resources, and yet we're seeing before our eyes climate change manifesting in increased storms, in wildfires that we've had in the U.S. What are you seeing on technology from resilience, really from adaptation, but from resilience standpoint from where you are? Well, all the climatic disorders which we are facing today are putting a lot of pressure on the energy system. So what we've seen and we were speaking about that before, more and more customers have equipped themselves with an H-system, a microgrid, which is combining renewable storage and being linked to the grid so that they can better manage this equation of resilience. And doing that, they're also managing the equation of efficiency on cost because in many cases it brings the cost down. So it's started by the most critical application, typically the military, where you install a military base and you've got on some of them we are facing power breakdowns and we help them to build quite big installation, 15,000 people on the edge with microgrids. Then it went into other mission critical application, hospital, this is a place where you don't want the power breakdown to happen when you're in a surgery room, so more microgrids coming on board. And now it's spreading to neighborhoods, technology parks so that people are becoming more resilient. I'd like to add on what, on switching a little bit here, but Ian was speaking about the consumer with digitization. I think the potential of digitization is even far beyond efficiency. So we work in majority in the commercial and industrial part of the equation. Of course, an apex on energy efficiency which we see to the cross thousands of applications is 25% of energy efficiency. But think about it, when you build such a site, your biggest, large part of the investment is a capex. By working fully on digitization of this, this is more 30 to 40% that you can gain. And we've worked particularly as we speak about oil and gas. Oil and gas industry has been looking really to more efficiency, especially during the year of crisis. And you have a large part of your efficiency which is happening during the construction phase, during that phase from the capex to the OPEX where there was one digital model here on another digital for operation. And our obsession in the past 10 years has been to integrate all of that digital cycle with a software suite that follows you from the construction to the operation. And they have the gains of efficiency from the construction where we avoid many people bickering on the work side because the plans were not precise into the world of operation has been massive. So we started by operations, OPEX, but be prepared for a world where the next steps of efficiency will be in the world of capex on the transition from capex to operations. And we have the same thing with utilities, same thing with buildings. So the world of digital is integrating all of the life cycle of the installations. Yeah, that's great. So Minister Zhang, how is China looking at this? You and you have a history with oil and gas so you know that sector quite well. How is China integrating technologies as you move forward with your policy on decarbonization and access? China's development is also very fast. Last year, our production volume also exceeded 7%. Of course, it's our consumption volume. Since the north region needs to be cleaned up, we have to improve our north region. So our consumption volume has increased by 17% last year and has reached 2,800. In total, it has increased by 420,000 in 2017. Another thing is that as we have been talking about in terms of energy consumption, in terms of supply, we have been developing a lot. Just like we did in Qingqing, we have reached 3.5 billion kilowatts of water, electricity, electricity, electricity and electricity. Our electricity has reached 1.8 billion kilowatts. And the wind power has reached 1.7 billion kilowatts. And the nuclear power has reached 5,800,000 kilowatts of power at the same time. So in terms of supply, the amount is still quite large. And the efficiency of clean energy has also increased significantly. Including the wind power, it has decreased by 5%. The wind power has decreased by 3%. It has also decreased by 3%. So in terms of consumption, we also think that we have to do digitalization, which is the digitalization of the energy system to reduce our energy consumption. We have to use some artificial intelligence, big data and so on. I think that through this effort, we can do as much as possible to solve our own problems. Thank you. I'm going to turn to the audience momentarily for any interventions or questions from the audience. But first, I wanted to touch base with you one more time. Dr. Birol, to address this and also any governance issues that may need to change as you think about moving forward. So I want to react to two things here of my colleagues. The first minister mentioned the China and renewable numbers. So put the things in a context. China is today number one in terms of wind energy in the world, number one in solar, number one in hydro power. And if the US policies do not change, number one in nuclear power in a few years of time. So doing a lot of job, China, plus they have improved, for example, the coal efficiency, coal-fired power plants. China gets a lot of electricity from coal today. If the Chinese coal power plant didn't increase efficiency, today we would add one more gigaton huge to the global emissions. So good work for China, but more to do, I should say, especially in terms of reducing the emissions and maybe as important as that local pollution in the cities. It's a very important job. Second point on the oil and electric cars, if you have my colleagues mentioned. Now, one good news, one not perhaps so good news for the colleagues who are big subscribers of the electric cars. Good news is that we are now almost reaching five million electric cars across the world. Five million, and half of them are China. China, I forgot. Number one in electric cars, electric buses as well. Five million electric cars. Many of us hail this big improvement, big achievement. Yes, it is, big. What does it mean for the oil demand? I tell you, just to put in context, five million electric cars. This year, we expect global oil demand will increase about 1.3 million dollars per day. 1.3. Some people say 1.2, 1.3 million dollars per day. And the effect of five million electric cars out of 1.3 million dollars per day is 50,000 dollars per day. 50,000 versus 1.3 million. So just to see that we should put the things in a context, first of all, five million is nothing because we have one billion internal combustion engine cars. Number one. Number two, cars are not the driver of oil demand growth, full stop. Drivers are trucks, petrochemical industry, planes. Asia is just starting to fly. Asia is just starting to fly. So these are the drivers. Just focus on the electric cars. Big electric cars says, and saying this is the end of the oil, is definitely misleading. We like it or not. Some of us like it, some of us dislike it. This is the other thing. Second. Where does the electricity come from to say that electric cars is a solution to our climate change problem? It is not. Today we have five million electric cars. Even if there were 300 million with the current power generation system in the world, the impact on the CO2 emissions is less than 1 percent. Nothing. So the issue is not only the electrified cars, but if you want to have a solution for the power sector, if you can find a solution for the power sector, decarbonize it, CO2 emissions will not be going down. It may be helpful for the local pollution, but for the global emissions, it is not. So just to put the things in the context, electric cars are today, when we look at the numbers, not the end of the oil era. Number one. Number two, I wanted to say that it is very important to acknowledge what China is doing in terms of renewable energy, but also to say, Mr. Minister, we have high expectations from you as the world to reduce the emissions more and bring more prosperity to your citizens and to the rest of the world, Mr. Minister. Great. I would be glad to take questions from the audience and please wait for a microphone to come. There's one here. Hi. My name is Katie Hill. I'm from Liquid Telecom, which is a Pan-African digital infrastructure company. And among other things, we're building out a data center network across Africa. So we're talking about critical loads in countries that have fairly unstable grids. And I was wondering if the panel could speak about how utilities are coping with the transitions you've outlined as we move from centralization to the edge. Most African utilities are not profitable, but that is not an African challenge with PG&E just filing for bankruptcy and a number of other developed economies that have struggling utilities. And how will these firms survive and what will differentiate? Great. Ian, I'm looking at you. Well, I don't know why you're looking at me, because Centric is not really a utility, although we're labeled as one. But in the sense that we don't run big central generation and big transmission networks. But to answer the question, I mean, first of all, the micro solution. If you've got data centers that you're trying to build on the edge of the grid, or the grid's not very reliable, clearly that some of the distributed technologies that we've been talking about, John Pascal and I, combine heat and power units if there's some form of natural gas or solar and batteries. This is coming to the point where you will be able to put back up generation or it could even be based on diesel initially, so that you have the reliability. On the bigger question, I think the world of things called utilities is very much in transition. This idea of a central production and transmission system where the customer just takes whatever comes to the wall is gone. It is dramatically changing and all of the things we've been talking about is putting pressure on the central generation system. I'm talking mainly in the western world, clearly in growing economies, there is still a need for more baseload power. But what we're now seeing in Europe and the US, actually are people having to make political interventions simply to support the amount of baseload power that exists to keep the light on because it's becoming underutilized and unstable. And I believe where I can understand point B a little bit better than I can how we're going to get there, at some point we're going to reach a place where the transmission system will be partly an insurance policy. And what we haven't figured out is who's going to pay for it. There will be central generation and it will need to be highly utilized to be effective distributed systems will need to connect into the transmission system and export and import from it. And part of the remuneration of the grid will become a sort of membership slash insurance policy. I can't see any other destination. Most countries are having trouble getting there because you've seen it in the United States with solar where who actually pays if local generators don't actually pay when they take transmission off the grid who's going to end up paying? We'll solve all these problems but they're coming to a cinema near us. I think that decentralization of energy is a great chance for many emerging countries for what we see. We are equipping more and more places in the world that were really difficult to equip before because you can deploy a local grid. So speak about the island countries there are plenty in Southeast Asia remote places in Africa. I think here it's not only a technological problem it's a societal problem where if you want it to be effective you need to manufacture locally and this is what we do and you need to train a lot of people which is great because when those people when people are trained then they can take care of the community and bring more services around energy but the worst is to come with something which has been manufactured from remote and land it on the ground and there is nobody to take care because guess what after two months or three months it doesn't work anymore but what we see is that really there is an empowerment of people around energy. Now on the role of utilities in the world that's becoming more electrical utilities have a major role they are the conductors they're in the middle they can be insurers they can be providers but at the end of the day they have a major role but it's a major reinvention for many of them major reinvention we are working with them on the technology while digital is a big thing I mean it used to be a more simple world where generation was fixed consumption was quite fixed it was easy to administrate now everybody has gotten out of work I mean you've got renewable things which are going up, down consumption which are modulated up and down so the big things that utilities are doing is getting digital managing the central and the edge we see many of them inventing a new model which is really impressive so like in every transition there are risks but there are also opportunities on some are exiting us through winners of this transition terrific we have another question or intervention good morning everybody Johnny Maas from Repsol Mr. Virold you said that the electricity is growing and that's okay is right fortunately I mean a part of this electricity is produced using renewable energy but unfortunately I mean renewable energy is intermittent this kind of energy needs today a backup and bad news is that the coal power is still a large part of the electricity production in the world I mean do you think that for instance promoting electric vehicles in countries like Germany Poland and some others where we are burning coal to feed electric cars increasing the CO2 footprint in the world is a rational policy and do you think that shifting from coal to gas in this scenario on top of course of promoting energy efficiency and promoting of course renewable generation could be one of the most efficient ways to reduce the CO2 footprint in the world in a cheap way thank you so uh I mean CEO of Repsol asked many questions in one minute so if I can go very three blocks maybe renewables so first of a good news last year renewables grew very very strongly captain so the boat wind and solar 100 gigawatts solar 50 gigawatt new wind came in the picture again China United States India were main drivers as as the EU but if I can put in a context global electricity demand grows about two percent roughly in a year in in the world this 150 gigawatts of renewables the electricity coming from there is equal to one percent other one percent is coming mainly from coal and natural gas so therefore just to expect that with this pace of renewables we will see a decarbonization of our energy system is extremely optimistic because at the same time electricity is only a part of our total energy system and in terms of CO2 emissions it is less than 40 percent there is a more than 60 percent coming from other things this is number one number two electric cars now I completely agree I give you one without giving a country name in a country where you have about let's say about 40 percent 50 percent of coal in electricity generation if you have to choose one 1990 model diesel car versus 2019 electric car I think it is better to buy the 1990 diesel car if your bulk of your electricity comes from coal full stop the new thing doesn't mean it is better if you do not decarbonize your electricity system if you want to decarbonize your transportation you not only look at the cars but you look at where the power comes from this is number two number three what are we going to do with coal are we today a big chunk of the coal comes in China India Indonesia so these people provide electricity to their citizens which are low and mid income levels we cannot say we decided in Davos please shut down the coal plants it is impossible in the United States in Europe coal plants are on average 42 years old they are coming to the retirement age as many of us here so 42 years old but in Asia coal plants are on average 11 years old they have to pay back to the investment how can we dare to ask them please do so I wouldn't agree with that so what can we do two things one try to equip those coal plants with the carbon capture this is number one number two find incentives to compensate their losses if we want to ask for early retirement otherwise we can decide whatever we want in Davos Paris Brussels whatever we want but they will not do it because they provide electricity to poor people and their money is not returned back to the utilities who would Ian do it would Jean Pascal nobody would do it after they make the investment before it is paid back who would do that why if we don't do it why don't we ask China India Indonesia and the others to do so we should have double standards and in my view Captain if you ask me what is the main problem of the climate change today there are many of them but I would put the young inefficient coal power plants fleet of 2,000 gigawatts in Asia with all these conditions attached may I just add one little comment to that in the UK in the UK and I realize this is not the countries you've talked about a high carbon price the combination of the European trading system and a carbon tax or a floor has resulted in the early retirement of all the coal plants now who pays is the key question and the only way it's working in the UK is unfortunately for it everyone who's using electricity to pay and that way through carbon pricing we are accelerating the early retirement of plant they're not as young as those in Asia but it's going to be crucial we find a way to retire coal as fast as we can I would be personally less affirmative on the future of energy because what strikes me is that those kind of discussion is the one that we had about the internet on the world of telecommunication in the 90s with some kind of saying well the world of before we cannot decommission we cannot but we're always surprised by the adoption of technology and of course there are economics behind some power plants and things but in some cities emissions particles has become the first political debate then there is a new generation coming up youngsters and they don't have the same patience with a lack of reaction to the environment I think there is urgency respect to the climate question right we are more on a trajectory of 3.5 to 1.5 and we pay for the disasters linked to that so I'm not sure it's just economic it's about reality of life of people in their environment and we are always surprised by the speed of technology adoption so digitization electrification and the thing is that it's a parallel avenue of course electricity doesn't bring any plus if we don't decarbonize electricity so the question is how do we accelerate this in the future so I would say very open and alert on the evolution because well people youngsters the new generation will push us which is probably great because this is how technology evolves that's true speaking of youngsters my children say no I have eyes on the back of my head I think there's someone behind me that has a question there's someone you have the microphone it's good yeah good morning I'm Dr. Ramkumar from Indian Oil Corporation and my question is partly answered by Mr. Fete my question is actually on decarbonization of the whole economy and especially for countries like India and China we just can't banish the coal we can ill effort banishing the coal because coal is still the richest energy source and the cheapest energy source so my question is that world economic forum or any other global forum there should be a need for greater collaboration of exchanging carbon capture and utilization technologies I think there are handful of commercially established carbon capture and utilization technologies and there should be a greater cooperation to these Asian countries where the established technologies need to be shared so that on a global platform the decarbonization will gain traction so any comment is there any global framework that is in place are going to be in place to share these kind of technologies I would like to seek the views of the panel you know I would like to turn to Minister Chong to talk about what how China sees this it's a similar situation just now a friend from India mentioned this very good question I also think in China and India under the current situation it is not realistic to remove coal from the coal but through efforts it can be reduced for example China's coal has been down to 60% in 2018 we on coal production have closed a few small coal mines probably coal has been closed 80 million tons of coal has been removed on the other hand the low efficiency of the coal is 1.1 billion kilowatts yes 1.1 billion kilowatts so the efficiency of the entire coal has been provided on the other hand I would like to answer a friend from Africa mentioned the development of the nuclear power the development of the nuclear power I am responsible because especially in developing countries the development of the nuclear power is very necessary another but the most important problem you have to solve a the safety of the power you have to solve a the wind power so China is also developing the construction of the power plant another to build the fire power the fire power then we can solve the problem of the nuclear power then we can solve it thank you very much so what we're going to do now is just step back for a second and I'll give a few reflections and then pose one final question and I'm sorry we weren't able to address everybody's interventions and questions you can certainly pose them afterwards and I'm afraid I neglected to introduce myself I'm Catherine Hamilton I among other things I'm co-chair of the Advanced Energy Technology Council which is a new council under the Future of Energy Stewardship and we'll seize to accelerate at the same time that the youth of the world are stepping up and saying we need to do this faster and we need to do it in our terms without forgetting that we need all of the resources available that we've already invested in so that's sort of where we are in a very interesting geopolitical landscape right now as we go forward through this annual meeting and then you know this annual meeting is a moment in time we then have to take what we learn and the connections that we make and the collaborations that we form here and go and act and have impact going forward for years to come so I would ask each of the speakers here for a final thought on how do we accelerate or what should we be thinking about moving forward so we can really have an impact and make a difference Minister Zhang you start and we'll end up with you The Future of China indeed will lie in resolving issues and supply energy and the low carbon and greenway of course we have to leverage the resources that Mother Nature grants us these sustainable energy for example thermal wind power botafotag powers all these will contribute to the lower production of carbon dioxide as well as carbons so I think that's of almost most important so when when I look at the future I see the two biggest problem we have is probably climate change which is already visible collateral on the alleviating poverty and reducing inequality and the first inequality is access to energy I mean people who have access to energy have access to modernization the other ones don't so energy is at the crossroads of the two on in contrary terms but I think our generation has a fantastic responsibility on opportunity because in the past there was only one way somewhere to consider energy and we are at crossroads at the moment and I would insight all of us not to look at what we have to build from the past point of view but more directed to the future and consider all the implications but we are trying with energy to address probably the two biggest challenges of our generation absolutely my view is that as Fatih and others have illustrated we are not on the path that we need to be on and the problem is many of the reasons why we're not on that path are fundamental as Fatih talked about oil demand is going to go up etc and electric vehicles are not going to answer the problem the whole of transport so only 30% of greenhouse gases so my belief is boldness and understanding are the two ingredients missing in central government and our mission in the effort that we're all involved in here is to try and help governments understand that we're not on the right path and we're going to have to intervene in a more bold way and then so that's boldness and understanding with governments and then the second part is the unleashing of the discretionary innovation in society around new energy technologies and demand between these two things we will solve this but we are not there at the moment okay and so I would say the following very simple a we discuss you also lead a lot of discussion Keatin since some time how important the climate change challenge in front of us is it's completely true but the more we discuss the more the emissions increase at the same time so the 2017 and we just announced 2018 emissions increased so and we all know that energy is the main responsible sector here so in my view what we need is the following two things one we have to understand the order of magnitude of the challenge this is number one not only the new infrastructure how it will be but also the existing look in infrastructure is there that will be with us 30 40 years how we can intervene in the existing infrastructure such as the cold plants CCS I see is a very important part of the equation so this is the understanding the order of magnitude of the challenge this number one number two maybe more importantly now today everybody has his or her own solution some say is renewable the other one renewable the other one CCS the other one nuclear power this is completely absurd when you look at the order of magnitude of the challenge I don't like nuclear okay then nuclear is out nuclear people say I don't like solar because it's intermittent it's also out at the end of the day we have nothing left so when we look at the problem if we are serious we need all technologies all technologies which can help to reduce the emissions even one gram so if we don't have the luxury to exclude any of the technologies our aim should be not to boost our ego but to reduce the emissions and if we are serious about that we need all the technologies thank you so thank you Fatih Biral Ian Khan Jean Pascal Triquiao and Minister Jean thank you very much thank you everybody here now go forth forth boldly to the rest of the annual meeting thank you


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. Question says, find a particular solution of the differential equation dy upon dx plus y cot x is equal to 4x cos x. Given that y is equal to 0 when x is equal to pi upon 2, let us now start with the solution. Now given differential equation is dy upon dx plus y cot x is equal to 4x cos x. Now clearly we can see this is a linear differential equation in this form where p is equal to cot x and q is equal to 4x cos x. Now we can write this is a linear differential equation of the type dy upon dx plus dy is equal to q where p is equal to cot x and q is equal to 4x cos x. Therefore integrating factor is equal to e raised to the power integral of p dx that is e raised to the power integral of cot x dx. Now using this formula of integration we can find this integral. So we get integrating factor is equal to e raised to the power log of sin x we know integral of cot x dx is equal to log sin x. Now this is further equal to sin x only using this law of logarithms we get this term is equal to sin x. Now we know solution of the equation is y multiplied by integrating factor is equal to integral of q multiplied by integrating factor dx plus c. Now substituting 4x cos x for q and sin x for integrating factor in this expression we get y sin x is equal to integral of 4x cos x multiplied by sin x dx plus c. Now we will evaluate this integral. Now we know cos x and sin x are reciprocal of each other. So we can write this integral as integral of 4x dx. So we get y sin x is equal to integral of 4x dx plus c. Now this further implies y sin x is equal to 4 multiplied by integral of x dx plus c. Now using this formula of integration we can find this integral and we get y sin x is equal to 4 multiplied by x square upon 2 plus c. We know this integral is equal to x square upon 2. Now in this term we will cancel common factor 2 from numerator and denominator both and we get y sin x is equal to 2x square plus c. Now let us name this equation as equation 1. Now we are given that for the given differential equation y is equal to 0 when x is equal to pi upon 2. So we will substitute y is equal to 0 and x is equal to pi upon 2 in the equation 1. Now equation 1 becomes 0 is equal to 2 multiplied by square of pi upon 2 plus c. Now this further implies 0 is equal to 2 multiplied by pi square upon 4 plus c. Now we will cancel common factor 2 from numerator and denominator both. Now subtracting pi square upon 2 from both the sides of this equation we get minus pi square upon 2 is equal to c or we can simply write c is equal to minus pi square upon 2. Now substituting this value of c in equation 1 we get y sin x is equal to 2x square minus pi square upon 2 where sin x is not equal to 0. So this is the required particular solution of the given differential equation. So this is our required answer. This completes the session. Hope you understood the solution. Take care. Have a nice day.