Hello, and welcome to a special update of the Royal St. Lucia Police Force coming to you from these studios of the government information Service. My name is Jessie Léonce and in studio we have the commissioner of police mr. Milton Daisy the assistant commissioner of police dr. Machama Sealy and accompanied by the public relations officer within the Royal St Lucia Police Force and Joseph special good day to you all. Thank you so much for being here Good day. We have a few updates and this includes the Covid protocols updates as we have grown accustomed to as well as criminal offenses and Campaign protocols above all are being finally agreed upon by the three registered political parties here in st. Lucia Of course preceding the election day that is constitutionally due this year We do have Agreements made by these organizations the government of st. Lucia the Royal St. Lucia Police Force with these parties and The commissioner of police will engage you shortly on that but we start with the Covid 19 protocols and The offenses the updates that we have from the force in terms of enforcement of this legislation And we start with dr. Sealy on that dr. Sealy. Thank you. Good afternoon The following Covid 19 breaches were recorded by the Royal St Lucia Police Force from 27 December 2020 to 29 June 2021 Business operation breaches 196 Number of persons arrested 32 number of persons convicted one complaints lodged eight Number of individuals warned 158 home quarantine breaches 26 and These individuals were escorted to the quarantine site Quarantine or state quarantine breaches five These individuals were escorted back to their rooms in the quarantine facility home parties 14 number of persons arrested Five complaints lodged two warnings given seven Total minibus travel breaches 163 warnings 163 Individual protocol breaches and that would be non adherence to wearing a face mask 996 arrested 141 convicted 45 complaints lodged for warnings given 800 and 51 Mass crowd breaches 40 number of persons arrested for complaints lodged eight warnings given 28 hotel breaches 15 number of persons arrested one Convictions one Number of individuals warned 14 Co-fue breaches 307 number of persons arrested 111 convictions nine warnings 177 complaints lodged 10 Total number of persons arrested 294 Total number of complaints lodged 32 Convictions thus far 56 cases pending in the court 125 warnings overall 1437 Everyone is therefore encouraged to Continue to follow the protocols and persons who are not following the protocols As to do so for the safety of themselves and their families and these protocols include wearing a mask That covers your nose mouth and chin area Sanitizing Maintaining a social distance Avoiding crowded bars and other areas Maintaining the curfew These protocols were put in place to assist us and to keep us safe And so everyone once again is encouraged to follow these protocols For the past few weekends we observed that motorcades and other activities Which have not been approved have been taking place We are asking that people refrain from doing so as there's a process in order to request permission To have these activities After having a discussion yesterday campaign protocols and now in place and so They're finalized and approved and the commissioner will expound on these protocols. Thank you Thank you. Dr. Sealy assistant commissioner of police We now go move on to Corporal and Joseph who will give us an update on Recent criminal offenses were for the period of this past month Okay During the last month the Royal Sanitia police force recorded several Successes in relation to firearm recoveries as well as updates in relation to some homicides committed on island recently and In the last few months One such matter is that officers attached to the bicycle patrol unit Stopped a motor vehicle in relation to traffic violations on Bridge Street cast trees and During that time a passenger attempted to make a way and was chased by the officers He was arrested and was found in possession of a nine-millimeter Taurus pistol with 13 rounds of ammunition in a magazine as well as well as one chambered round Cuddle Alexander who is a 17-year-old resident of Marigold was subsequently charged for possession of firearm and ammunition on the 22nd of June 2021 officers attached to the grocery police station arrested and charged 26-year-old Travis Snack of Millennium Highway after he was found in possession of a point two to double barrel pistol and Three rounds of point two to ammunition. He was granted bail in the sum of $12,000 cash or suitable surety 42-year-old Blaine Girad who is of Jackmel Residing in Kappa state was arrested and charged after officers attached to the grocery police station Conducted a search of his place of residence at Kappa state as well as a motor vehicle he was in possession of and Following these searches the officers charged him with one count of possession of firearm two counts of possession of ammunition three counts of possession of control drugs and three counts of Intent to supply and that is because a quantity of what is suspected to be Cocaine a nine millimeter pistol seven rounds of nine millimeter ammunition 28 rounds of point two to ammunition will all recovered by the officers in his possession Curry Malix Xander of Henry Avenue viewfort was also a resident charged after he was found in possession of a tourist nine millimeter pistol and Seven rounds of ammunition on Friday the 18th of June 2021 by officers attached to the viewfort police station Randall Evans of Clark Lane viewfort was also a resident charged after he was found in possession of a nine millimeter tourist pistol 10 rounds of ammunition as well as a laser and light attachment for the firearm and that was on Thursday June 17th 2021 and the charges were preferred by officers attached of view for police station both Randall Evans and Curry Malix Xander are still in custody Awaiting a subsequent court hearing on the 21st of May 2021 Necron O'Neill Baptist who is 16 years old and he is LaMille a 16 year old of Denry Were arrested and charged for the murder of Daniel Lora Alia Sticky and that incident occurred on the 30th of March 2021 at White Rock, Denry They are both remanded in custody and are due to reappear before the court on the 23rd of July 2021 The major crime unit of the Royal Sonority Police Force also arrested and charged Miguel Lucien alias concrete on the 18th of June 2021 for causing the death of Taisha Raphael and Jason Paul use as well as the attempted murder of two other males And this was in relation to the incident which occurred on the 23rd of May 2021 about 9 0 5 p.m. At Bwarden Jacknell Miguel Lucien remains in custody pending a sufficiency hearing the major crime unit Also arrested and charged MacGyver show during a police operation and he was arrested in connection with the murder of Tony Edmond Which occurred on the 17th of May 2021 at cul-de-sac? He was charged on the 25th of June 2021 and he was remanded into custody His next hearing is scheduled for the 20th of July 2020 In relations to the campaign protocols that dr. Sealy referenced earlier and the commissioner will expand on an agreement Between the stakeholders was arrived at and it is that follows the campaign activity quota the guiding principle all campaign activities and events must comply with COVID-19 prevention and controlled protocols as directed by the Ministry of Health One small constituency office meetings planning meetings not advised not public and There's no limit on the number of meetings to in person public constituency meetings There is no limit on the number of meetings all meetings will require the prior approval of the police three national public political meetings or rallies No national public meeting or rally will be permitted during the campaign to reduce the risk of infection associated with major mass crowd gatherings for Island-wide national motorcades Island-wide national motorcades will only be permitted on a Saturday Sunday or a public holiday Each party will be permitted one island-wide motorcade per week Permission will be granted for a constituency whistle stops Five constituency motorcades only within the constituency one each Poor party or independent independent candidate poor constituency poor week and enough of the island means from grossly to denry south and Grossly to ancillary and the south of the island is from Mekudnoff to Souffre, Fonsejac There is also curfew compliance attached there and it says all authorized activities must end at least One hour before the curfew time There is an application process that all parties must undergo and That is parties must apply to the Royal Central Police Force at least three days in advance of the day of the proposed event or activity motorcades and public meetings included Providing all details of the activities and parties or organisers must gain written Authorization or approval from the police before proceeding with any activity Thank you very much for that update on the general criminal offences for the last month or so as well as Expounding on the campaign protocols that have been agreed by the three registered political parties and the government of St. Lucia. I now turn to you Commissioner of Police, Mr. Milton Daisy We've seen an agreement to quite unprecedented an unprecedented election campaign No mass gatherings Limitations in terms of meetings and so on speak to us about the process Prior to this agreement and some of the viewpoints of the registered parties and going forward The the feeling of the Royal Central Police force with this agreement made by all parties Actually when we realize that There were political activities going on which involve motorcades whistle stops all various activities of a political nature and We realize the need To come together and set protocols for those various meetings. Actually, I must indicate that All political meetings based on the law you must Person's must seek permission from the Office of Commission of Police. So there must be permission So when we realize that and especially since we are in that season of elections We believe that I consulted with CMO who agreed that yes We could have certain meetings, but on the strict protocols as a result we met and Divide some protocols and brought it out to the various stakeholders including the the political parties the various political parties also independent Candidates that we could have I didn't I identified. So these were security then to them and yesterday the 28th of June we had a meeting with the main political parties and also Some other members of the Green Party at that meeting We discussed and it was healthy discussion and I must say I was very pleased with the result and I had agreed on certain terms, especially on the CMO stressing the need for persons to comply with COVID protocols We agreed and the parties themselves agreed that there would be for every event You would have a team to ensure that they would be Reminding persons of the protocol have the necessary hand sanitizers and so on probably in the open you need to have Types running and running water so to say so that persons would frequently Wash their hands the wearing of mask was stressed and we believe and in fact they The persons who were in attendance agreed that they would Do all in their powers to ensure that persons adhere to the various protocols now one of the In as much as we have opened up so to say the campaign the campaigning But one of the things you must have permission that what we wouldn't want is for persons to have Meetings or motor kids at any part and the police is not away because that is what was happening We need to control these things. We need to have police officers Assigned to the various meetings for security purposes. So That is why a certain number of events will Identified where it was also agreed that beforehand the various parties would send a list of the dates that they wish to have their the event and the Applications could follow after for the various individual events But this we really would help us in our planning stages Okay, speak to us about the implications for political parties or independent candidates who go contrary to this agreement Yes, it is an offense to have any Political meeting any motor kid of any sort Without the permission of the commissioner. So once you are doing it without permission, it is an offense which involves Arresting now we the police. We do not want to go that route So we are urging persons and that was one of the main reasons that we brought The main parties together to understand that if they are going to have their Meetings the motor kids and so on that they need permission So the police is aware and could make the take the necessary steps to Police these events Okay, when it comes to enforcing the law particularly during the political campaign period It can be a very delicate situation Speak to the significance of this agreement being a basis for which all of the political candidates and hopefuls can Be judged by I should say So that if in case we do have an infraction of the law if the enforcement of the law is Brokedown brought to bear it will be against this at least the Ross initial police force will be able to rely on that yes, and as It was understood yesterday I told them that once you have you are adhering to number one The protocols they should have no issue I don't think there's any need for police to confront anyone if you have permission for your activity There should be no no reason for the police to confront any individual So the presence of the police there would be to ensure that you have a safe activity and we are asking and I'm still employing persons that you should not have any activity Without prior permission some sometimes we have seen in the past that persons have activities and Who called the police After to say I'm having this but that will not be permitted and of course I believe there's sufficient Activities that are set so that persons would get their required Permission with so that there would be no issues with the law Okay campaigning during the covert period speak to us about Enforcement in that respect. Yes, actually One of the reasons for an application and for permission is that the police to provide security for it. So That is why we asking the individuals who are applying for a permission to do it three days In fact, the law requires you to do it at least three days prior so that we could put the police in our policing plan in place To police that activity Where again where there's no permission? We are not expecting to have any activity and the police will do all in its powers to stop that activity Okay, and this agreement will it be published online? Yes Actualy every political party would have a copy of it. The intention is to publish it online Make it available to all stakeholders who? Who have the need to to see it and and so on? Okay Commission of the new protocols took effect on Friday That was the 25th of June if you just comment on the Resolve of the police force really with the relaxed measure so to speak the cofee being primary one. Yes, actually it I must say that it it was one that needs to be noted actually persons I don't know if they believed That the country was open and people were free you saw persons coming out in large numbers Without wearing the mask and so on and the without observing protocols The only major thing that was changed was the time of the curfew from 9 p.m. To 11 That's what was changed, but all other protocols remain in place, but persons were not wearing mask day you had some business places Who overcrowded and so on but especially in the Grozile area, but the police and I must commend the grozile police Corporal dashiville Who was in charge of a patrol team who ensured that persons shut down because it was becoming dangerous? Okay How is the force contending with this new input this emerging situation of vaccinated? individuals, you know globally they Privileged, I should say but not legally in all respects across the board How is the world's initial police force dealing with this issue has it had to contend with any particular instance of Non-compliance because a person felt that they were fully vaccinated I believe that it is an issue which brings about various challenges especially where persons Permitted to host a party with a certain number of persons who are fully vaccinated, but the checks and balances have to be done by By them to ensure that everybody who is in that Who is in that function is fully vaccinated. However, we have seen that there were not There are non-compliance in that in that regard and People It is free persons are going to attend their functions and no one is actually checking I must remind Individuals also that there is an application processing as much as you could have the Functions the social activities, but there is an application process and one of the Requirements is that you would have at least two security officers Present one being a police Okay, so you cannot if everyone is fully vaccinated you make the application you still must have a degree of surveillance Surveillance at that place because if not, our persons do not comply unless we become Responsible enough to do it. Yeah, there must be policing of it Okay I come to you doctor see we are based on your statements with regard to Breaches in the COVID-19 protocols Can you speak to additional adjustments that have been made from the enforcement perspective based on these adjusted COVID-19 regulations? As commissioner indicated the main change would have been the curfew so The hours of patrol would have had to change to be a little later in terms of Going out and then showing that the bars close on time shops close on time supermarkets close on time And that people are not roaming the streets and that the persons who are on the road have the requisite Nemo pass That grants them the authority To be out After curfew Okay, we're still getting reports of breaches in home quarantine What indication is this giving us in terms of our capacity to police public the public? Okay, so I would say with regards to home quarantine every now and again There are few individuals who they inform that they are COVID positive and they still they go to the supermarkets They go to the banks they go out and the excuses that they do not have anybody to do so for them So they're encouraged to Have a family member or a friend Pay their bills, you know purchase those groceries drop it by the door for them And you also have a few people who still believe that there's no such thing as COVID and so The behavior is not as it should be With regards to Other Breaches such as the curfew breaches that we have seen and we saw this with past weekend because the curfew Changed you will find people landing on the beaches after hours or staying out in the bars late and so It's just a matter of speaking with the bar Owners reminding them that they need to adhere to the protocols and doing some of the same things that we have done in the past to ensure that the breaches are minimized as much as possible Another thing to notice is the continuation of the transport sector being let off with warnings Can you speak to? Give us any insight on that in terms of them being just let off with warnings And also will we see in future a tightening in terms of the zero tolerance policy for four persons within the transport sector? Okay, so in the time that the hundred and sixty three warnings were done the protocol did not provide for Offense in terms of those breaches. So that is why those warnings were done But then you would have seen that those numbers did not increase for a while Because those issues were not as bad as in the past as officers were out Checking in on the vehicles and so on you will you will have the The bus drivers who will still not adhere and they will still carry more than the number of individuals that they're supposed to but the new protocols it does allow for now three persons per seat and so I Don't want to say I do not anticipate that people will not Add continue to adhere, but I think the number of breaches will decrease Coming back to you commissioner On the topic of the resumption of cruise tourism. So we can't expect what from today for the entire season Increased visitor activity in the city center Can you speak to the plans if any by the Royal Financial Police force to increase? patrolling to ensure the safety of our visitors coming back to our shores and also to ensure that there is Adherence to our national protocols. Yes First of all, I must indicate that especially with the opening today the the plan was to have the passengers the same back in certain numbers per hour and Also As part of the plan was that there would be persons wondering or walking about that They would if they are the same back in that they would be going on a Excursion on an excursion on an approved taxi would take them to a designated site So this is one of the measures that place also what we we have is a We have our teams when it is necessary for them to go off that Here and be walking this the streets that would have police police presence and to ensure that persons would be Wearing wearing of their mask because it is still required Yes until That Protocol is relaxed. We must still policy We heard from Corporal Joseph on the Criminal offenses updates with respect to that huge gains made in the investigation and conclusion of them What what plans are are? underway for hotspot areas because we continue to hear from certain areas continuously Generating criminal activity. Is there any plan of the world's police? police force to increase surveillance in these areas as with the case of What in Jack mill where we saw loss of innocent lives? Yes, actually we have had plans for that and the plans have been implemented and What you find happening that we would have special operations in those areas and also frequent police Presence in the in these areas it by way of mobile or food or food patrol What we normally especially we realize that the denry Jack mill view for terriers were on the increase So we have directed more resources to those areas to ensure that we bring those crime Level down also. We have had some community Interaction here the police going out there. We have Seek help from the Social transformation we have persons going out there speaking to both victims and in some cases suspects Understood and final question for me any connections being made in terms of the illicit Weapons and ammunition Trade and trafficking in country because we've seen quite a few instances as corporal Joseph indicated Yes, actually some of the most of the homicides committed will by means of fire fire with the choice weapon and We believe that the firems trade. Yeah, it contributes towards the homicide So what we will be doing also is to be concentrating on taking off those firems out from the street and Actually, we have a Strategy that would be developed soon from within This would be brought out to the fore as soon as we've We've completed that strategy. Yes Okay, understood at this time. I want to provide the opportunity for final words dr. Seedy So I once again, I would just like to encourage everyone to follow the protocols That is to wear a mask properly sanitize Social distance. I know when we have activities persons forget and so We do not social distance which is important and we remove our mask and for our safety and the safety of ourselves and our Families, we need to remember to be safe at all times also like to remind the public that we need to avoid overcrowding bars and any mass activity mass crowd activity, sorry that Should not be taking place. Especially if there's no Protocol or measure in place to ensure that whatever we're doing is done safely We are battling a disease and so we need to do so together and That is it for me. Thank you. Thank you Joseph, I don't know if you want to incorporate coming from the public relations desk of the force the engagement with media but of course they are anxious for Information coming from you in terms of criminal Updates criminal offense updates. Well, I think before we go to the media I think it's proven that I thank the members of the public who have been Instrumental in the Royal Sonority Police force recording the latest successes I think without them as our partners providing the support the information the Force as an organization will not be able to reap the rewards that we're reaping now As it relates to the media. Yes, we do believe and this is why we're taking this opportunity to Bring this information to the floor We do believe that they're also instrumental in our fight against crime One of the major challenges in our fight is actually getting rid of the fear of crime And one such way that we can do that is to put our successes out there to Restore public confidence and to let people since know that we continue to perform Towards achieving our mandate, which is crime reduction Thank you very much for that commissioner Yes, just to inform the general public that we the police is there to protect Protect and serve and that this we would do we would do it without any fear or favor or Prejudice we would give everybody the same opportunities Especially in that season and let me assure persons that they would be especially in Approving political activities that it would be police in a fair in a fair manner that Everybody would be able to put out their message and their supporters Enjoying or Supporting whichever party of their choice the difference would be on the day of election So we will be out there and the police and that is why we would not Like persons to hold any activity that is not sanctioned by the police So once it is sanctioned, we would have sufficient police officers to man those activities to prevent any disturbance or any security bridge Thank you very much for that commissioner of police Milton Daisy Corporal and Joseph from the public relations desk of the force and the assistant commissioner of police Dr. Mashallah see me in that order speaking today I'd like to thank you so much for watching. This has been an update from the Royal St. Lucia police force on the covert 19 Protocol breaches also criminal offenses and as well as an announcement on and the agreement that has been Come upon by the three registered political parties Independent candidates and the government of the St. Lucia Thank you very much for the work that the force does In terms of the times that we're living in COVID wise as well as campaign wise We're in the election season and we do hope that we continue to have Free fair Engagement with the public as well as the public being able to be responsible enough to adhere to the protocols and The law in general. My name is Jesse Leonce signing off for now. Do stay tuned to NTN for more programming. Goodbye


at the Technische Universität Tresden in Germany. Her full title is Dr. Susan Auer, with two N for Susan, don't get the wrong. And the title of the talk is Molecular Response of Collaborative Effective Plans to endophytic fungus acrimonium alternatum. Thank you very much and please take it away Susan. Yes, hello everyone. Let's see if that's going to work. So I'm sharing my screen now and I hope you can see it. So how does it look like? Do you see what I see? Which should be a presentation. Yep, that's great. So, first of all, thanks for giving me the opportunity still, although there's some poultry, which is good to know. So that's pretty democratic, that's really good. Just a few words about me. So I'm a postdoc, but I'm mainly actually a lecturer right now. So I don't really have so much time for science. I just try to do with my students what I can. And I want to talk today about food, coverages and the molecular stuff that we've found out that the plant actually doesn't respond to the disease when it's also challenged with another fungus, which is acrimonium alternatum. So the first thing, because out of experience, a lot of people do not know so much about club root, I think I have to go a little bit into more depth here. A lot of plant pathologists also don't know the disease, probably, so don't feel bad if you haven't heard about it. However, a club root disease is distributed right now, actually worldwide. This is pretty scary. When I started with club root disease something like 10 years ago, this was not how the map looked like. It was like one quarter of it or something. So now a club root disease is everywhere where brassica plants are grown, because club root disease is specific to proper crops. So you can see you have it here all kind of on all continents so far. Some truths and hard facts about club root disease. Club root disease is one of the most damaging diseases in crucifer crops worldwide. So all kind of cabbage plants are affected by this disease. Boy seed rich, also called canola in Canada or rapeseed as I refer to it, which is a huge cash crop. Broccoli, cauliflower, all kind of cabbage varieties you can think of are affected by this disease. And you can see here a few, you can see, I'm not sure if you know, if you see my pointer, but you see here, so on the left side of these panels there's always the control plant. So this is a rapeseed and on the right you see these specific club calls. So the thing is with club root that it was described already actually a little time ago in 1878 or something. And we still don't know so much about that disease. And just pulled up some numbers. So I don't know right now what's the situation in Australia but or in Canada and Canada, it's pretty dire right now as well for the European Union. I have found that the estimated annual yield loss right is 700 kilowatts of a rate which jumped up to 630 million euros. And this is just for the year 2018. So this is a pretty devastating disease also economically. So if you look at rapeseed it's just one crop where this is affected. So this is really bad. Also it spreads actually tremendously. So in Canada they did some digging deeper into the numbers and they found that it started in around 2000. So they had in 2003 they had something like 12 infected fields and now they have over 1000 and that was only in a couple of years, a little more than a decade. So what's the problem actually with club root? I want you to take away if you take anything away from that talk at least three facts about club root. The first thing is that club root is caused by a traffic protest. That's called plasmodiorfobrasek. So this is a eukaryotic protest. You can see here on the right a funny little, well pretty colorful tree. And you see on the top the rice area. So the rice area are a group which have several groups in them and some of them are plant pathogens. So the phytonyxids, this is the group where plasmodiorfobrasek is in. You might know another species here from the plasmodiorforids actually which is spongospora subterranea which causes the pottery potatoes gap. So I have just this really, if you address this really, we said in the paper review, a lot of times the review is to refer to this as a fungus or something. But if you just look here at the bottom, so the fungi are here. So we have a protasekaryotic protest. It's not an omnisate, it's a protase and it's also not a bacterium and not a virus. So that needs to be taken into consideration when we talk about that disease. So it's a little specific and proxotic. The second thing I would love to have you know about is that plasmodiorfobrasek has a very complex biophasic life cycle. So this is in a way it's very interesting and it's also on the other hand, preventing us from combating that disease easily. So what happens is we have the resting spore you can see here on the top. The resting spore that is very durable and can stay in fact in soils up to 20 years. This resting spore hatches a sews spore which in fact the root hairs of susceptible plants and then in these root hairs it propagates into something that's called primary plasmodior and at least the second type of sews spore, secondary sews spores which then infect cortex of the root. And then we see these symptoms and the root swelling. So here's a microscope you can see in the middle and the top you see normally the root is as you know pretty well structured. You have the central cylinder and then you have all the other cells nicely organized around this. And what Clubroot does actually is it disrupts the structure. So because the root cells at some point filled with these plasmodior, which are the machineries for the resting spores in the end and they are filled with resting spores which really disrupts the cells and lets them break off. And it also very enlarged the cells tremendously. So this is why we have this root swelling. Third thing is so Clubroot is soil. So it stays in soil and it's an obligate bio-trouble. So that means it actually stays in, when you have a field that has been infected or that has been infested with Clubroot, you will have that field being infested for the next couple of years as well. So once you have it because when the plants break down they release these resting spores which I just mentioned, they stay infective in the soils. They can just any other brassica crop that's up to come. So actually a field that has seen Clubroot is not suitable for any more brassica cropping. And that's a problem. It's a problem because let's just take the crop rapeseed again. Rapeseed is huge cash crop use from rapeseed we use for human consumption as an oil or it's used for machine oil. It has a lot of different applications and farmers get a lot of money when they crop this. So Canada, for example, as a country depends a lot on rapeseed production because they export that. It's very important for the economy because they have really big problems with Clubroot. They took a lot of money in hand to fund actually some good science projects and a lot of scientists and they do very great research on Clubroot right now. Unfortunately, the good funding situation is not the case with a lot of other countries. So in the European Union, for example, each country kind of tries to it themselves and this is not really for the benefit as far as I. So what happens soil acid with these, we know that infested soil moves from field to field mainly with machinery. So a huge tractor, a huge field tractor can have something like 50 to 150 kilogram of soil on it that in worst case, spears these resting spores and that just get for two else. So this disease, not respect, country board is a situation we have now and that farmers are in the tight bounds, farmers are in, they have to make money and they don't really have the time, most of the time to clean their machinery really extensively as it would be necessary in order before they move to another field. So this is what helped to other fields. Control measures that people have undertaken are they use linings. So they try to raise the pH of the soil because we know that with a low pH Clubroot infects much better. Fungicides have been tested because Fungicide is an against zoos for different modes of effects. Sustainable would be to have a wide crop rotation to not have rustic crops for the next consecutive years but to have a break in between for five years. But none of these methods so far is sustainable. So a crop rotation is basically would be one of the best options sometimes but it's not because the farmers are lying on these cash crops in order to get their income. And what we also see is when we use chemical control a lot of that actually is not in the European Union anymore but the response to chemical control on Clubroot fields is very inconsistent. So now an idea is what works for a lot of other diseases to really use integrated pest management practices to have a combination of practices in order to control that disease. So this is just a little cartoon I drew to show you what kind of IPM tools would be available. And it's so that it starts with the outer layer where you have a preventive crop protection measure which would be crop rotation or using tolerant or resistant cultivars. And then the middle we are really at the direct treatment of the crop.  However, what we know is that Plasmodiorthra develops within the fields, it comes in different pathotypes that have a variety degree of viral lands and aggressors and they have come all of them cultivars before. So the resistance is broken down by the pathogen because it favors specific very aggressive pathotypes and then these resistant cultivars are not an option anymore. So we are for this talk today we are here at the biologicals or the biocontrol agent which could be used in combination with other strategies in order to combat that disease. This is a little lap peak how we worked with Plasmodiorthra brasekame. So as I said before, I have to stress it again it's a biotrope so we cannot cultivate it outside of the host. And the full developmental cycle until you have the resting spores from the plants take something like four to 12 weeks depending on the susceptibility of your plant. So we use Arabidopsis for a lot of our studies because this is, well, you know the genetic resources are there and when we search for new breeding targets this is where we start our search because as I said before a lot of stuff is not actually known about Clubroot so this is, you have to start somewhere and here you can also, you can manage it a full experiment within six weeks. In brasekame, so I use, for example, rapeseed or a Chinese cabbage the whole infection cycle, the whole developmental cycle takes something like eight to 12 weeks before you can harvest and have these gulls to work with. And then we store the gulls in the freezer and extract those spores when they're ready. So the thing is you cannot work in exotic cultures with Clubroot because you always, when you do this spore extractions of the resting spores you always have a contamination with plant material that also has made the sequencing of that produce a little challenging. So exanic cultures are not possible so all the experiments that can go pretty quickly is not really possible with Plasmodiafra. So what I said here and that con is a Cromonium alternate, a Cromonium are pretty simple built fungi. They're very, one of the most simple structured filamentous anamorphic fungi you will find. And they are pretty ubiquitous so you will find them in a lot of different environments. There's known to be marine species of that and a lot of land and habitat species and they can colonize a diverse range of organisms. So there are papers of acrimonium species about entomopathogenic fungi. There's at least one paper from clinical research that reports about an acrimonium species that they found in a patient. Then there's a lot of plants colonized with these and also fungi so they can also hyperparasitize fungi and I'm pretty sure they can also colonize bacteria. Some of these acrimonium species reduce specialized compounds such as acrimines or acromolectones and the species I work with so far has not been reported to produce any specific compounds. However, the phylogeny of that species is a little complex as with a lot of fungal genetics and I'm using one particular strain that has been shown to have actually a good against some diseases. So the type of fungus I work with has been reported from the 90s from Brazil actually to work as a biocontrol agent against tar spot disease. However, because they don't report strain names or numbers, it's not completely clear if it's the same species, the same strain. We know from some European soils where you can find acrimonium alternatum because it likes to inhabit warm temperate soils that it has some effect against powdery mildew in various cultivars. And the specific strain that I use has been reported to reduce the feeding of diamond moth larvae in cabbage and it also increased flight of sterile content in these plants. So what I have tested so far with some colleagues is what it does colonize. So it works on rapeseed, it can colonize Chinese cabbage, maize, wheat, tomato, and then as I said before I use it in Arabidopsis a lot. You can see here, this is just the variable in our staining of Arabidopsis roots. So you see this very tiny hyphae which are pretty hard to see sometimes within the tissue. And then you can see here from tomatoes. So this is like a re-isolation experiment I did on tomato. You can see what the fungus here is growing out of this. So the type of experiments are, I use soil cultivation for anything it has to do with disease rating of club root because as I said before it takes something like four weeks until you can see the symptoms and assess the disease. And then I use in the middle, I came up with a hydroponic culture solution. So the thing with club root is it does not, in fact, as I said before, it can't take any culture dishes or anything. And actually the goal of development is best seen in soil. So in sand the goals do develop but not so good. But when I do, when I do RNA extractions and I do a lot of transcript studies I have to have a method to have a very easy access to the roots because roots are the main tissue that I investigate right now. So I came up with this hydroponic culture system. It's a combination of what other people have tried as well. This is also inspired by a paper that was growing broccoli in sand. So these are 10 millilitre pipette tips and they are filled with sand and then watered with a nutrient solution. They stand in that and here the hardness, these roots here is super quick and easy. So it's a matter of seconds. And if you just think about how much material you need for a good RNA extraction, not so much anymore maybe but when I started my research, something like 10 years back you still needed considerable amounts of biomass. And so this is what I use right now for a lot of my RNA extractions. And then to study the interaction of my fungus, acrimonyl, alternate with all kinds of plants I use a lot of exonic cultures. So what we study here, mainly as I said, is the pathosystem. What happens when we, in fact, Plasmodiophora with Clubroot is you will get these standard smaller plants here on the left, which have the typical Clubroot gauze with these symptoms and with microscopy you can see that there are some spores are forming in there. If you, in fact, the same Arabidopsis with acrimonyl-alternatum, you don't see any symptoms. That's very typical for a lot of endothelic organisms that they don't make any symptoms, no obvious phenotype. However, what I have noticed over the years is because I've done it a couple of times really is that the reproductive success of a lot of the plants is actually better when they are inoculated with acrimonyl-alternatum. So these plants will produce more flowers. There's also small paper that we published on that in Rape Seed. And when we combine both of these microbes, we will have a plant that does not suffer so much from Clubroot. So they will still get root gauze, the Clubroot gauze, but stems are longer. Reproductive success, the biomass is actually larger than in those plants that have been inoculated with Clubroot only. So before my research on that, we know already that acrimonyl-alternatum can suppress Clubroot disease. This has been done in the group I work in right now before my times, and this is what we are still seeing consistently, pretty much. So you see here on the right the actual plants. And also it has been shown on Chinese cabbage that an infection with plasmodiorfra and acrimonyl-alternatum actually decreased the infection rate of plants. So less plants were infected with plasmodiorfra. And the disease index, which is a measure of the severity of the disease, was lowered. And this is something we pretty much see consistently, which is really nice. So I look just to speed that up. I look at gene recognition in plant cells. So I do a lot of RNA extractions. I do a lot of QPCR before we go to the omics studies that we do as well. Here's just a small working model of the early response genes I look at. So you might know that when pathogens invade plants that they are detected by plants due to specific receptors. Here is just an example of two of these. So flakalins send FLS to receptor and then bakma, which can work together. And they can detect these so-called the microbial-associated molecular patterns that pathogens release. So these are conserved structures, which can be detected. So flakalin, the flakalin sensing receptor detects flakalin just as the name says. And then downstream of that recognition, we have a lot of other genes that are activated over certain plant hormones. Here for example, we have ethylene. So this recognition can lead to colostiposition and other measures that the plant can take in order to defend itself. So colostiposition is used to strengthen the cell wall. Then there is compounds produced, which have antimicrobial properties and so on and so forth. And what we also have simultaneously is the PTI response. So the pathogen-triggered immunity response that at some point in the cascade can activate a working transcription factors, which then can activate PO1 for example, which is the pathogenesis-related protein one. I think there's going to be another talk about pathogenesis-related proteins. And I'm looking forward to that. So this is the other response that I look at. And I also look at intermediate and late responses. So again, this is just a very small kind of model that highlights some of the genes that I used to look at in the last years. So from the side of the cellocytic acid, which is one of the major stress hormones and the genes that are triggered in that cascade, and then jasmineate and ethylene-related genes that are triggered, these are the genes that I look at. So this is what I mainly do. I look for dopses and a lot of these time points, intermediate and late time points. And in the end, usually there comes the disease rating. You're in mind. So there's always these four groups that I look at and they need a crucial amount of plans. So a lot of these transcript analyzes are done on roots, the major point of study that I had in the last course. And this is destructive. So there's always a lot of plans you have to raise, or you need a lot of hands, which we don't have actually in the lab. And then with Praseka, you can do similar things. And this disease rating, as I said before, takes a little longer until it's fully developed. So now just a few of the stuff that we found. We used a microarray a couple of years back to detect early responses in arabidopsis roots. And what we found was, first of all, that the numbers of differentially expressed genes in the mixed inoculation of acrimonium and plasmodiophora was actually much higher than, well, not much higher. It was higher than what we found with plants and plant roots that were only inoculated with acrimonium or only with plasmodiophora. So this was an early time point that was laying within the timeframe and plasmodiophora still gets established in the first primary infection stage where it makes these primordial, these structures in the beginning that release the primary sewer spores. So it could be that the few genes that were triggered here are actually because there was some sort of a lack of response in the plants because the infection of plasmodiophora was not established that well, but doesn't explain why we have a lot of genes triggered then when we have these covenuclein plants, which have here the acrimonium and plasmodiophora at the same time. So the response of plants to both of these microbes at the same time was elevated. That's something we see also with a lot of the genes we investigated. Sustain visualization of the stuff we found here at a very early time point. And you can see a lot of hormones are actually involved here in that stress response. You see cell wall changes. You see proteolysis, PR proteins are triggered. And then here we see signaling working transcription factors and others. And secondary metabolites are beginning to be triggered, but if they will actually produce remains to be seen. This is the comparison with other groups. You can see here, this is the plasmodiophora one, where you see not so much is going on. So less genes here are triggered and also again, here less genes are triggered. And there's not so much overlap between these three groups. So we did a lot of PCR also to confirm findings. And what we came up so far is that from the genes I showed you earlier, at least the genes for the receptors that could probably detect plasmodiophora or acrimonium or both. We saw that in this mixed inoculation, the fungus led to something like an increase in FLS2 receptor transcripts. So we've found more of this here in comparison to with plasmodiophora only. So if you look here at the top right and in the middle, you see actually FLS2 was not triggered at all in this early response. Some papers and some papers, it was speculated or actually it's one of the, well, one opinion right now is that probably when buck one and FLS2 work together, probably they can trigger that, they can of course make this pathogen triggered immunity response. And maybe they are also able then to help the plant to defend against club root. Because what we also found in later time points is that PR1 was actually triggered and the level of PR1 in the co-inoculated plants with plasmodiophora and acrimonium is always higher than it is with plasmodiophora alone. So obviously the fungus does something either it enhances some recognition or it does something else. So you can see here with acrimonium alone only FLS2 was not triggered actually. It was down-regulated a little bit and also buck one was only slightly up-regulated. But yeah, these are just some intermediate results right now. What we find consistently with all studies is always PR1. This is a very consistent response whenever we have a co-inoculation we have both microbes in the plant. We always have elevated on PR1 compared to the other two treatments. So the plants have in theory probably shown elevated response that might lead to these decreased symptoms to that suppression that we see in the end. We started to do some omics, some proteomics. So I'm just going to go through this rather quickly. We now look also at the upper plant parts at the shoot. So of course it's nice to have some transcript data with PCR or microarray where you would do probably direct RNA-seq today. With the omics response, however, of proteomics you can see what actually comes up then in terms of protein turnover. And here we found so in roots that yielded much more proteins, which is not surprisingly because you have the rupusco in the shoots which give a super large noise, so to say. And it covers a lot of things you probably may not attack then in shoots. So in the roots, we found some very interesting candidates. We found a lot of protein in their metapolar. Further look into this with functional analyzers. And just here are candidates which are interesting in terms of plant defense. So in roots we found an elevated amount of root endokitinase proteins. We found some other hormone-related proteins which were either more abundant or less abundant than in the other groups. And so far we found also some very interesting candidates which we will pursue further. So I'm not going to show that here now because it's still intermediate but we also, what we do now also, we look at the plus one you offer proteome actually to see what's going on in here. Then a few more words about rupusca. So I'm working also with seed. You can see here the symptoms of seed weeks after not killing. And on the right, you see that actually when if we think about priming, we want to introduce you, but that has an elevated defensive response when it is challenged with a pathogen that's not so drastic. And then it gets challenged again with another pathogen. It's actually pretty drastic, something like plasmodiorphera. You can sometimes see the weighted often actually plants combat disease much better. And this is what we tried here in rape seeds. So I first challenged the plants with the fungus and then I inoculated with plasmodiorphera. And in this small timeframe that you have in between both of these treatments, you could already see that the number of uninfected plants here on the right, on the top pedal on the left, the number of uninfected plants were considerably more than the number of uninfected plants that were in the control group with only the plasmodiorphera. So also this is just a hint, I mean, to elaborate on that, but use the fungus before we actually challenged plants with plasmodiorphera, we actually see the plants doing much better and have an increase in vitality. They have better reproductive success and they also have larger biomass. So the future paths we are going right now with certain different collaborations. We now luckily also have another postdoc in our lab who's working on global disease. We have industry partners that we work together with. We are now looking at that interaction from the omics part of you. So we're going to do proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics. And then look at some hormone related transcripts. We started looking at cytokinin transcripts in the roots and then how that transpires into the proteome. And now we are also right now doing more work in acrimonium with some collaboration partners. However, if you're willing to collaborate on working on this specific fungus, I would be very happy to chat with you because as I said, we don't really have so many hands and I'm always eager to look for companions who work on that with us together. So that's it for now. Thank you very much for tuning in. Please stay in Zion. You're Zion's in a lab where no one will enter for the next weeks. As I said, if you have some collaboration ideas, I'm very open to that. Working with Clubroot can be fun, as you can see here. So we have these different phenotypes here. I dubbed them the chicken, the caterpillar, you have a great time and you don't feel isolated so much. So thank you very much. Who are gonna do the clapping? Thank you. Thank you very much. It was very interesting. Very good entertainment with wine. So there's a couple of questions and I'm gonna just pick some of those. So the first question which was there was about, so you just played the differential gene expression plus minus the fungus and then plus minus the bacteria, like, sorry, the protist. So what do you think the molecular mechanisms are there? Like how does the fungus together with the protist actually to enhance PTI components? So yeah, one thing is, as I said, I try to mention the maybe a better recognition. So when the fungus triggers genes that are used for recognition of pathogens, probably that's working better with acrimonium alternatum because what we found was, what other people also have found that you have a suppression in these very early detection mechanisms. So we know from plant immunity, if the plant's able to detect specifically some sort of pathogen, then it can respond. If it doesn't detect, then it cannot really respond accordingly.  Plasmodia fra also does a lot of effectors. So you can also, this is something that colleagues of mine are investigating right now. So it hasn't been so well investigated yet, but that's the second thing. So I think recognition, that's the thing. Probably acrimonium does also compete for resources. So there's something that just space could be because it colonizes pretty rapidly. So it could make also something like wraps a tight hyphen network and then the fungal, the protists cannot invade so well anymore. The sewers spores of the protists are actually a weak spot of that disease because they are short-lived. And if you, for example, that's what people have tried. If you can have the resting spores hatching and have these sewers spores in the soil and then you present it with some crop that can be probably infected but that does not develop the disease you can get rid of some of these club root contamination in the soil. So maybe it's a spatial thing or it's a recognition thing or it's, yeah, it plants strengthening thing. So different opportunities. There was another question which was along the protest. So, which I forgot the name already. So the question was, how many effectors do you have and how has these effectors delivered? I'm not a good person to speak about that. My Canadian colleagues are researching that. So if you're interested in that, the search for anything that Canadian's publishing right now, how they are delivered. So what the protest does is it actually injects its cellular content into the plant cells. So it works with, there's the German terms for this. I'm sorry, but it's called Stache and something else. So it actually does inject its cellular content. So this is the mode of infection for that protest of how it does in the plant cells. So the effectors also will have a secretion signal or the effectors also going to be delivered just by some sort of secretion, whatever. So if it's inside of the cell, it's anyway, if you release a factor that's not detected by any receptor, by any, I don't know, then you're pretty successful. Right. So there's another question just coming in and there were more other questions. So in the disease control perspective, do you think that acrimonium and inoculation would activate plant immunity continuously and would lead to plant energy waste when it's not infected with the protest? Plasmodiophora. Yeah, people call plasmodium also, it's also four. Plasmodium is a different disease. So the question was, if you use that fungus and by control, if it's going to have that, the disease or the kind of resistance, if it's up all the time, did I get that right? Like if it would lead to like a base of energy and so, but like, would it be like it meant to supply it? I asked myself this question a lot as well because as I said, so we have a better reproductive success, they have more flowers. Usually more flowers means less biomass, but if I measure the biomass, it's not actually changed that much. I don't know what the fungus does in or in terms of a resource allocation, but so far, of course, the thing is, if you have priming, I mean, priming is a very low energy response. It's very energy efficient. And I'm pretty sure that acrimonium is capable of doing that. So this would be not so detrimental for the energy metabolism. But the thing with the flowering thing and raising the resistance of the plant, of course, the plant will always have basically a fitness, well, it will have a problem with its fitness because it has to put some coast, of course, into development and others into defense. That's, I mean, that's always the trade-off thing or that's always the competition. I think it's capable. So what we see is the PR1 level, as I said, it's always higher when we have both of these microbes, but they rise throughout the course of the disease. And these plants are doing better against the disease. So they were probably in the end, if you have a field application, you might have smaller plants, that's possible. But the trade-off for that would be, you have a smaller plant that still is able to reproduce because for rapeseed, you want the seeds. So you have seeds, not so many, but you have them. In comparison to, you have a disease plant and you don't really have any seeds or the quality is really bad. So these are the two things you will have. The thing why we work in biocontrol is, or why I'm interested in that, in the European Union, there's a lot of the chemical control means that the Canadians can use or that I'm pretty sure you can use in Australia. They are not available to us because they are detrimental for our health and for environment and so on and so forth. So we have to go into that direction. Acrimonial alternation will not be the solution. It will be probably a combination of different methods and probably if we use that fungus, it could work. But yeah, side effects and stuff, we haven't studied that yet. All right, so more questions, if you don't mind. So there's a question around, like a more molecular question again, around, it's a relationship between PR1 and cytokinein and does the cytokinein effect explains the flowering biomass resistance trade-offs? So the first, the questions, the cytokinein explain the more flowering, yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. So we look into cytokinein response right now to see if that flowering is related to that, although we can look at ethylene as well. We found so far, but this is exanic culture stuff, the fungus is able to trigger IPTs. So these isopentymal transferases, which are responsible for cytokinein production, could be, so they are elevated, but actually it's a little complex, only under certain conditions. So under certain stress conditions, the fungus can trigger cytokinein related by synthesis genes, but it does not under other conditions. And the other question, I didn't understand because my internet was like not proof. The other question was about, is there a relationship between PR1 and cytokinein response? Cytokinein, I think right now, some cytokines are known to be involved in resistance responses. I'm not able to answer on that yet, actually. So we started looking at that, but yeah, no. There are a few papers about the relationship of cytokinein and defense resistance implants. They are better explaining that, I think. I'm not, in that interaction, I cannot say much about that yet. All right, so, and another question was, so are there any fungal secondary metabolites involved in the response, especially maybe suppressing the protests directly, look, as an anti-protex activity? That's very likely. The thing is in direct interaction against fungus, against fungus. Acrimonium is not very competitive. So against very aggressive diseases like phosarium or aspergillus, if you do just a normal interaction study, it just loses. So it's an endophyte, it grows super slow. I'm pretty sure it can do some specialized compounds or I'm not sure, it's very likely, but we haven't found them so far. Because as I said, it's not very competitive against other fungi yet. I haven't tested bacteria. What it is able to do is produce oxen. That's something we found. So it can make oxen. I mean, a lot of fungi, you know, can make hormones that are plant hormones, basically. Well, just some compounds in that case coming out of the tryptophanes biosynthesis. So it might be also able to produce a kind or something, which would explain the flowering thing. But for secondary metabolites, I have no clue yet. I would have to do some analytics to do that. And I'm not yet there. Time-wise, it's skill-wise. All right. I think that's all the questions I have for now. If people have other questions, you could always go to the Slack and ask Susan something or send her an email, of course, too. Thank you very much, Susan, for being our first presenter in this series, which we'll go on for some time. Hopefully also in the future beyond this. Thank you very much for being our guinea pig and having a great talk. All right. So at the end, it's the last day. So this was number one. We will have a seminar next week, which is by Remco Stam. This will be on Monday at same time. So 7 p.m., no, 7 p.m. Australian time, or 9 a.m. European, Central European time. The seminar will be entitled So Diversity, Molecular Evolution of Plant Defense Against Passage and in Nature. So stay tuned, come along and check out the OPPP Slack and webpage for more information because we already have three or four more seminars planned. And so there will be, you can also sign up via Google Form. So thank you again for Susan. One round of applause. And you all have a good day, good night, wherever you are. Thank you. Bye.


AutoLite and its 96,000 dealers present Suspends. It brings you the story of a woman who finds a letter warning of death and has only three hours to deliver it. A transcribed tale we call the Death Parade, starring Miss Agnes Moorhead. Before our play begins, here is a word about AutoLite from our good friend, Harlow Wilcox. Hi, Harlow. You got the time? Always have the time to discuss those great Ignition-Engineered AutoLite Sparkplugs have? No, the time of day. Day or night, those matchless marvels designed by AutoLite Ignition Engineers are magic for merry motoring. Harlow, I'd like to know what time it is. Oh, oh, 10 to 1. 10 to 1? Yeah. 10 to 1 that when you replace worn-out Sparkplugs in your car with Ignition-Engineered AutoLite Sparkplugs, you'll get smoother performance, quick starts, gas savings. Oh, three o'clock. Then your watch is working. With all the precision of AutoLite Sparkplugs have, why they're designed by the same AutoLite engineers who designed the complete Ignition System for many leading makes of our finest cars. And that's why AutoLite Sparkplugs are world famous for quality and dependability. And now with the death parade and the performance of Miss Agnes Moorhead, AutoLite hopes once again to keep you in suspense. I'll say something about a parade. Yeah, you can say that again. I guess it's all over. Sure has been a nice day for it. Yeah. Not a cloud in the... Hey, hey, look. Up there on the roof. Where? The Benson Building. Hey, look out! Look out! She's gonna fall! She's gonna fall! Go back! Miss Johnson, let's try and talk about this. This girl fell or was pushed off a roof this morning. You say you were the only other person there at the time. I was. I told you. Being pushed, you think that... I know you're upset. That just take it easy. I'm upset. I'm nearly out of my mind. I don't see how you can expect me to tell you anything. First, you accused me of not feeling all I was trying to do. He's in here. You've no right to keep me in here. Here, try some coffee. It'll make you feel better. Now, you've told us you know something about this, uh, accident. Something more than we already know. Yes, I do, Lieutenant. I mean, it never would have happened. Don't you see? Oh, sure. Well, come on. Yeah, yeah, this'll help. I'm so nervous. I just... Oh. Oh, that's all right. We'll clean it up later. That's how it started. That's how it started this morning, just like that. The coffee that poor girl wouldn't have died at the Coffee Addons Bill. That's just how it started. My name's Ellen Johnson. Oh, I told you that. I work at the Farnsworth Chemical Plant. For 12 years, I've been there and never missed an hour of work. That is, until today, was so unnecessary. That horrible, rude little man. He was the one. I'm very precise about my daily habits, Barry. When you live alone, you arrange things that way. In the morning, I get up and allow myself time to take coffee and toast to the cafe on the corner. I've always disliked cooking in the morning. I leave the cafe at 8.15, precisely, in order to be at my desk exactly at 9. Well, this morning, it was the same. It was just the same, except for that horrible man. He was just awful. As I sat at the counter, you know, I could feel him there. He was two seats away. Thin and dark, making a nasty noise as he drank his coffee. It was all his fault. Are you going to see the parade this afternoon, Miss? I'm afraid I'll be working. Too bad. Should be good for business. I imagine so. Anything else? No, thank you. And you? 25. Coffee and toast, right? Yeah, that's right. And you, pass the sugar with you. Good morning. See you tomorrow. Hey, what's the matter? I asked for the sugar. You can't pass it? I beg your pardon. Ah, yeah, sure. Oh, why, look at that.  Oh, gee, ain't that a shame? What a clumsy gee. Am I sorry? He wasn't, he wasn't in the least sorry. He'd done it on purpose, on purpose. I was wearing a gray silk dress and it's probably ruined. And he just stood there and wiped at the stain with his napkin smiling. Dirty crooked teeth. I pushed him away and I walked out. I knew I was going to be late because I had to change, so I went home again. Well, if I hadn't gone home, this awful thing might never have happened. It took me 15 minutes to get back to the apartment, change my dress and leave again for the office. Well, I'd walked three blocks when I saw the letter.  It was unsealed and addressed simply to Miss Sheila Mannix. No house number or street. Dear Sheila Mannix, you don't know me. I just got into the city. It doesn't matter who I am. But this is a warning. Believe me, you better take notice. Jack's got it in for you. I stopped reading. There was some more, but I didn't want to go on. It frightened me a little. Well, I'm not one to pry into other people's business, but this wasn't crying, really. It wasn't. The letter was important. Whoever had written it must have forgotten to put the address on and it had fallen out of their pocket. I made up my mind then I would go into the apartment house. It was possible that the writer lived there and on his way out had dropped it. Oh, Janitor has here. Are you the Janitor? Yeah, I'm sorry, we've got no vacancies. No, I don't want... Look, this letter, it's not addressed. Do you know the handwriting? I thought maybe you might... No, nobody by their name living here. I didn't ask you that. All I want you to do is to tell me if you recognize the handwriting. It might belong to someone living here. How come you opened it? Well, it was lying on the pavement outside. So give it to the mailman. It's important. I mean, what's in the letter is important. I think she ought to get it. So the post office will forward it.  Listen, you don't have to get nasty. I told you she don't live here no more. I'm sorry. Who doesn't live here anymore? Mannix. She had two-way about six months ago. Sheila Mannix lived here? Where did she move to? Can you tell me? No forwarding address. But I must find her. I'm sorry, lady. I can't help. I thought of the police. I should have told them about the letter, but I didn't. I didn't know what else was in it then. So I went back to my own apartment and I looked through the telephone book. There were two Sheila Mannix's lists. The first lived on Maple Street and the second on South Tower. I rang the Maple number first. Is this Miss Sheila Mannix speaking? Mrs. Sheila Mannix, who's this? My name is Ellen Johnson and I found a letter this morning addressed to Sheila Mannix. I thought it was important and I wanted to make sure it got to the right party. Who's it from? Well, that's it. I don't know. Well, why don't you open it? I don't have, but I only read a few lines. What's your name, Jack? Well, then perhaps maybe... But he's in Colorado, though. Well, it seems to be some sort of a warning. Don't understand. Well, the letter says that Jack has got it in for you. It's a, well, a warning from... Oh, well, I'm afraid the letter isn't for me. My Jack is 10 years old. Oh, well, I'm sorry to trouble you. It's all right. Come on. As I hung up, I looked at my watch. It was nine o'clock. There was my job, but I just had... The second Sheila Mannix listed in the directory lived on South Tower. I dialed the number and I waited. I got the letter out of my purse and read it. This time I read all of it. Dear Sheila Mannix, you don't know me. I just got into the city. No matter who I am, but this is a warning. You better take notice. Jack's got it in for you. He was drunk one night and told me about it. Somebody you knew pretty well died last year. He didn't fall off that building. He was pushed and Jack did it. He said he was going to get you too. I would have told the police, but they'd start to get nosy about me. Jack's on his way here and from the way he talks, he better not find you around. He talked crazy about a parade. The corner of Maine and Thomas and 12 o'clock. That's when he's going to do it. A friend. I sat there holding a piece of paper that carried a death warning for a woman I'd never seen. And I knew where and when she was going to be killed. For the light is bringing you Miss Agnes Moorhead in the death parade. Tonight's production in Radio's Outstanding Theatre of Thrills, Suspends. The second Sheila Mannix's address was 317 South Power Street. I got my car out and I drove there. It must have been nearly a quarter to ten when I drove up outside. It was an old roaming house. Hurry up.  I'm very sorry to trouble you. Is your name... You have to talk louder. I can't hear you. I'm sorry. I wonder if you could tell me... Is your name Sheila Mannix? No, it's not. But the phone book has a Sheila Mannix listed at this address. Oh, it's her phone. She pays for it. I never have no cars to use it. She does live here then? Yes, she has a room upstairs. What's the matter? Does she work? Is she at work now? Well, how should I know? I never ask her where she goes. What's she done? You mean you don't know where she works? Do you know where she lived before she moved here? No. You see, she never says nothing. She's quiet and keeps to herself. But where can I find her? It's important that I learn where she is right away. Well, she'll be home prompt by 7. You always is, you know. You come back then if you've got to see her. Well, 7 will be too late. I've got to find her now before 12.  Well, I... I can't tell you no more than I already have. I don't know nothing about Sheila Mannix. All right, good morning. Now, I knew that I'd wasted far too much time. I had to call the police. There was a drugstore in the corner and I ran down the block to it. Yes, do you have a phone? One over there, but it's out of order. Oh, then I... could I use yours? It's an emergency. I'm sorry, I don't have a private phone. I've got to call the police. I've never been mixed up in anything like this before. It's a letter I found this morning, a warning about somebody being killed. Well, there's a phone in the next store. You can use that. Maybe you know her. She lives down the block. Who? Sheila Mannix. She's the one. At least I think so. Mannix? Sure, sure. She comes in often to have a prescription filled. Very nice young woman. Do you know anything about her? I mean, where she works? I've got to find her right away. No, I... Please, it's urgent. I asked her landlady. She didn't know. Well, it seems to me she did mention it once. Think you must think, please. Well, now, it was just the other day we were chatting while I filled her prescriptions. She said something about... Is it a restaurant? A cashier, maybe? No, no. Department store, elevator operator? Cats, clothes, shoes? A telephone operator, maybe? No, no, doesn't hit. I'm sorry. You're not thinking. Try to think... If I could help you, I would, but... Oh, my... Be friends in the neighborhood. Somebody you might know. No, never mention them. Can't you remember? Maybe she worked in an office, huh? Maybe... Excuse me a moment, customer. You better go to the next door and call the police. But can't you remember? I'll be back. Maybe a chorus girl. Does she work in a bookstore? Oh, well, I can't wait. I'll come back after I've called. Oh, a bar. What will they think of women going into a bar? Hey, ma'am, wait a minute. Look, I remember. You said bookstore. It's a book company. Simmons Book and Stationery Corporation. That will hit Simmons Book and Stationery Corporation. Thank you. It's on main. Yes, I know the place. Thank you very much. Book and Stationery. Why I had been there dozens of times. She might even have waited on me. I looked at my watch. It was 10.30. I really meant to call the police from the bar, but I didn't know how long it would take to explain. And even then, they might not investigate without seeing the letter first. I followed the corner of Maine and Thomas, the parade, and 12 o'clock, an hour and a half. I ran to get my car. I knew that once I found Sheila Manix and gave her the warning, she'd be safe. Good morning. May I help you? Yes, please. I'd like to speak to Miss Manix, Miss Sheila Manix. I understand that she works here. Yes, of course. Is there anything I can help you with? No, no, thank you. It's personal. Oh, yeah. One minute, please. I'd found her, and it was going to be all right now. While I waited, I looked at the books lining the walls. I was standing in front of the mystery section. Do you know the first title that caught my eye was Time for a Murder? I'm very sorry, ma'am, but one of the other girls tells me that Miss Manix had an appointment. She's not here. I'm sorry. Now, perhaps I... But where did she go? Let me talk to the girl. I think to the doctor. What doctor? When did she leave? Well, if you'll wait here, I'll find out for you. I could have cried. It was almost 11 o'clock and that silly, precious little salesman he took forever. How long does it take to get in the dress? I started to walk to the back of the store when he came down the aisle toward me. I'm sorry to have taken so long. A customer on the phone, you know. It's all right. I don't care. Yes, I have it right here. Dr. Morton, 101 flowers. 101 flowers, Dr. Morton. When did she leave? Oh, I forgot to ask if you'll... No, no, I'm going there now. Listen, if she comes back, if I miss her, you tell her to stay right here. Don't let her leave the store again until I come back. It's a matter of life and death. Oh, all right. Is something wrong? Something wrong. I ran to a telephone booth. I knew that I'd done as much as I could alone to save that poor girl. Please listen carefully. There's a murder going to be committed at 12 o'clock. Who is this? Oh, that doesn't matter. My name's Ellen Johnson. I found a letter in the street this morning. It was to a woman called Manix. Sheila Manix. Would you spell that, please? Manix. M-A-N-N-I-X. There's not time for... When did you find the letter? I told you this morning. What difference does it make? It was at 9, I think. Why didn't you call earlier? Well, I tried to find her myself. I think I know where she is. Yes, I have. There isn't time. You've got to send some men here. It's a warning. Somebody called Jack is going to kill her at 12 o'clock on the corner of Maine and Thomas. There's a parade going on. What does this woman look like? Can you give us a description? No, I've never seen her. I don't even know her. You say you think you know where she is? Yes, at a Dr. Morton, 101 Flower Street. Where are you calling from? Women's book and stationery store. She works here. Will you get a description of the woman, please? I'll wait. Yes, yes, of course. Don't hang up! I found the young man again, and he told me what Sheila Manix looked like. I got back to the phone and told the officer, short, about 5'2", thin, possibly 90 pounds, wearing a brown coat with a brown shoulder strap bag. We'll try to find her, Miss Johnson. Please stay there. Come to the store to pick up the letter. I put the receiver on the hook and sat in the booth. I was shaking, and my hands were ringing wet. It was 11.20pm. Somewhere outside, I heard a band playing. The parade must have started. I stayed in the shop and the minutes passed 11.30, 20 by the 12. At 20 minutes too, I just couldn't stand it any longer. The waiting, all the awful waiting. I had to do something. I called Sheila Manix's house again. There was just that chance, that slight chance. Maybe she went home after the doctor. Maybe she's there. Two more. Wait, no three. Let it go three more. Oh, be there, be there, be there.  Hello? Miss Manix? Who is this? Miss Manix? You'll never know. Listen, you don't know me, but I... You have to speak louder. I can't hear a thing on this thing. Who is this? Is this Miss Manix? Miss Manix ain't here. This is the landlady. I couldn't stand that story any longer, so I gave the letter to the salesman and told him to give it to the police when they arrived. It was quarter to 12. Main street was alive with people. It seemed as though the whole city had turned out to watch the parade. I pushed my way along the street towards the intersection. I just couldn't have stayed away, but were my own life depending on it. The crowd was so thick that it was impossible to see anything from the street, and I just had to see. Then I thought of the Benson Building If I was up on the roof, I could see everything that happened on that corner. It was 5 to 12 when I got in the elevator and took it up to the 19th floor. I had to walk to the roof and I could hardly breathe as I opened the door and stepped in out into the bright sun. Instinctively, you know, I knew that this was the building. The same building that the man in the letter had been pushed from last year. For a minute, I... I didn't see anyone. And then, at the corner, standing near the edge, looking down, I saw her. A short woman, quite thin, dressed in a brown coat with a shoulder strap bag. Miss Manix.  I've... I've been looking for you. It's about a man called Jack. He's looking. It's all right. It's all right. Don't be frightened. Don't be frightened. Don't, don't be edged. Don't. What's the matter? Get away from there. No, no, you just... No! No! You spend from 9 o'clock till 12 looking for her and then you don't call us till 45 minutes before it happens. I told you why. I just... You know something, Miss Johnson? I think you're lying. I thought it was the right thing. You pick up a letter, a warning letter. You go to a janitor. Not the police. You visit Sheila Manix's house. Talk to the landlady. Talk to the neighborhood druggist, to the salesman in the bookstore. All witnesses, all alibi. But I wanted a finder to warn her. And then you call the police when you're sure it's too late. How did I know she'd be up there? How? You set up a nice alibi for yourself. You were alone with Sheila Manix. Who's to say you didn't push her? Oh, stop it. You don't know what you're talking about. I was trying to help her. That's all. I won't listen to you. I'm going home.  I'm holding you for a while. We're going to check, Miss Johnson. We're going to do a lot of checking. Arrest me? Oh, yeah. Can I see you for a minute? Sure. You stay right there, Miss. We're not through. She's saying that. To me, after all, I was only trying to warn the poor girl. Look at the report. They're saying it's about me. I know it. All right. That does it, then. All right, Miss Johnson, we know what happened now. You know what do you mean you know? I told you that's how it happened. Every word. I'll tell you something. I've got to believe you. There's nothing I can do about it. Nothing you can do? What should you do? Instead of writing me the life out of me, you should thank me for doing it. You listen to me for a change. There's nothing better than to throw the book at you. But I can't. We've got the man called Jack. He was picked up in the parade. There, you see? There. I was right. The fellow who wrote that letter you found called the police about an hour ago. He told us the story. That's how we got our boy. Then she was safe. He couldn't kill her. She wasn't in any danger then. Oh, yes, she was. You. Because you found her and frightened her to death. I was only telling her that there was nothing to be afraid of. Oh, sure, that's all. You know that she was standing in the same place where her boyfriend was killed a year ago? Then you come along and mention the name of the man she knew killed him. Now maybe you know why she was afraid and backed away from you. You didn't know a thing, huh? Well, I want you to know something, though.  If you'd called the police when you picked up that letter, Sheila Manick would be alive right now. You think about that. I can't see where I was wrong. Oh, maybe I should have called sooner, but I did call if you hadn't taken so long. Oh, get out of here. Go on, get out. It's too bad we can't send you where the other guy's going. He killed last year. You did it today. Just as sure as if you'd shot her. Go on. It's all right, Lieutenant. I understand. I can see why you're upset. And I'm sorry. Sergeant, you understand that I was only doing what I thought right, don't you? It wasn't my fault. It wasn't. If it got there sooner, it never would have happened. I have nothing to reproach myself about. Nothing. Oh, I'm so upset. A whole day's work at my gray silk dress ruined. They'll never be able to get that coffee stain out. Tonight's star, Miss Agnes Moorhead. Backward, turn backward, old time in your flat, and give us a minute to talk auto-light. That's a good idea, Hab, but it would take us hours to tell about the more than 400 fine products made by auto-light for cars, trucks, planes, and boats in 28 plants from coast to coast. These include complete electrical systems used as original equipment on many leading makes of cars. Electric windshield wipers, starting motors, wire and cable, voltage regulators, coils, distributors, generators. All engineered to fit together perfectly, work together perfectly as a part of the auto-light team. So friends, don't accept electrical parts supposed to be as good. Ask for and insist on auto-light, original factory parts at your neighborhood service station, car dealer, garage, or repair shop. And remember, you're always right with auto-light. Next week on Suspense, in answer to your many requests, backseat driver repeated for you with its original stars, Fibber McGee and Molly. And during the month of March, you will hear Mr. William Bendix, Mr. Ronald Coleman, and Mr. Jack Carson. All on... Suspense. Suspense is produced and directed by Elliot Lewis, with music composed by Lucian Moorowek and conducted by Lud Bluskin. Portions of this program were transcribed. Tonight's cast included Joseph Curran's Jack Prussian, Byron Kane, Shimon Ruskin, Jerry Hausner, Luke Krugman, Jeanette Nolan, Jane Avello, and Lou Merrill. For some interesting backstage pictures of Agnes Morehead rehearsing for today's Suspense play, see the current issue of Quick Magazine. The Death Parade was written by Shirley Gordon and adapted for suspense by Anthony Ellis. Agnes Morehead is currently on tour with Charles Lotton, Charles Boyer, and Sir Cedric Hardwick in the drama quartet presentation of Man and Superman. And remember, next week on Suspense, Fibber McGee and Molly in Backseat Driver. You can buy world-famous auto-light standard type or resistor type spark plugs, auto-light faithful batteries, auto-light electrical parts at your neighborhood auto-light dealers. Switch to auto-light. Good night. This is CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.