Let us move on to cargo aircraft. Cargo aircraft basically are also called as freighters because their job is essentially to transport freight. Under the category of cargo aircraft again, we have different aircraft types. Mostly, these aircraft are converted from existing passenger or military aircraft, usually at the end of their service life as far as the civilian operations is concerned. Essentially, an aircraft may have a lot of residual life remaining when it ends its life for civilian purposes to carry passengers. So, it is very common to extend the usage of such aircraft by converting them into cargo variants of the basic passenger aircraft. Now, this conversion and the end of life may happen because of noise or environmental regulations. In most cases, it is either the noise limits or the emission limits which create a problem with the old aircraft and hence, they have become obsolete. A good example is Cessna Caravan 208 which was converted into cargo master and then into a super cargo master dedicatedly for FedEx. Similarly, a Boeing 747 also has a freighter version and Airbus 380 also has a 380F which is a freighter version of the same basic aircraft. There have been some attempts to design aircraft for dedicated cargo and freighters. Abinicio, one example from the channels of history is that of the spruce grooves from the Hughes Aircraft Corporation. And recently, a consortium between Casa of Spain and IPTN of Indonesia took up the design of dedicated cargo as well as military aircraft called as the CN-235. And there are also attempts to have a joint civil military air cargo aircraft. Sometimes, people wonder where is the cargo carried in a conventional airliner? Of course, it is carried in the belly. So, let us have a look. This shows the cross section of Airbus A320 where you can see that the fuselage is neatly compartmentalized into two separate segments. The upper segment which is shown here in which we have a six abreast seating layout and a passenger floor. And below the floor in the belly, we have this area where the cargo is carried and we call this as a belly area. In the case of Airbus A320, cargo in the belly is carried in a containerized form as shown here. There are dedicated containers which are designed and the cargo that you carry is first filled in the containers and then the containers are pushed inside the aircraft. This is very helpful in saving time on loading and unloading of aircraft as well as in ensuring that no cargo moves as the aircraft is flying. Plus, there are also some safety issues regarding any cargo which can create a problem. Maybe there is a small explosion that can be contained by the container. However, Boeing 737 which is competing in the same market, it goes for palletized cargo system. It does not have a containerized cargo. Here is a cross section of a larger Airbus aircraft where you can see the top cabin has a seating of eight abreast and on the bottom we have these containers. These are called as the LD-3 containers. Containers to be carried on the aircraft come in various sizes and there are there is a dedicated series LD-3, LD-4, etc. So, there are these dedicated containers which are designed keeping in mind their transportability below the belly or in the belly of a transport aircraft. Here is a comparison of the cross section of Boeing 737 versus Airbus A320. We noticed that the both the aircraft have a six abreast seat layout and a clearly compartmentalized fuselage and the dimensions are also quite similar. Question arises is what is the need to have a dedicated cargo freighter aircraft? Why can we not continue with the current practice of converting a passenger aircraft into a cargo aircraft as and when needed? A study called as class was commissioned by NASA in 1990. Class stands for Cargo Logistics Airlift System Study and this study was done by the Douglas aircraft company and the Lockheed Georgia company and it came up with very interesting conclusions. In the comparison between the dedicated cargo aircraft versus the converted aircraft, it was found that a dedicated cargo aircraft would have 20% saving in the trip cost and 15% saving in the acquisition cost. So, one fifth of the cost is reduced in operating cost and a bit less than that around one sixth is reduced in the acquisition. This study ensures that the comparison is at a comparable payload level. The numbers that you see here are sensitive to labour and fuel costs and the cargo demand growth and it ignores the competition from modified aircraft. So, there is definitely a case for developing dedicated cargo aircraft. This graphic which has come from the Boeing airplane company shows how the freighter fleet will grow as projected by their estimates up to 2026. So, we notice that the current or the retained fleet is going to slowly come down linearly whereas there will be a conversion market but there will be also a huge amount. So, the current fleet will reduce from 2000 to around 630 units. They will be reduced to less than one third but there will be an addition of 3350 aircraft of which the bulk will be from the converted ones but there also will be substantial around 1000 aircraft which would be dedicated freighter aircraft. So, there is indeed a huge market for dedicated freighter aircraft also and nearly 3 fourth of these will be the converted aircraft and the remaining 25 percent would be either the existing or the new ones. Let us have a look at some small cargo aircraft which have been converted from Pax variants, passenger variants. The first aircraft that comes to mind is the Cessna 208. Actually, there is a Cessna 208 family. Cessna began this particular family with Cessna Caravan 1 which was flown for the first time in 82 and certified in nearly a year later in 1984. It was a basic introductory model essentially for passenger operations but this was converted into Caravan 675 with modified with a change in the engine and then there was a cargo master which was a pure cargo version of the Cessna Caravan for FedEx of which 40 were purchased. From the cargo master the design was modified into Grand Caravan which is basically a 4 feet stretch of Caravan 1 with the same engine. So, you carry more passengers but you keep the same engine. So, with a small loss in the performance and the ability you are able to carry more people that is the Grand Caravan and then we had a Grand Caravan EX or the extended version which was certified in 2013. This one has a higher version of the engine PT6A140 which improves its climb performance by more than one-third. We then got a super cargo master which was the stressed version of cargo master. Again, it was dedicated for FedEx and 140 aircraft were purchased. And also there is an amphibian version of the Caravan 1 which is called as the amphibian Caravan which operates from seas and lakes. So, this is the Cessna Caravan, the basic aircraft Caravan 1. You can see that it has these passenger windows and high wing layout with the brazed wing. On the bottom we have a fuselage shape to carry certain items in the belly. The super cargo master is the one in which the windows are completely removed everything else remains and you actually fill up the whole aircraft with cargo and from super cargo master again a reverse version of a passenger aircraft was created called as the Grand Caravan. So, we went from a passenger aircraft to a cargo variant and the cargo variant was again converted back to a passenger aircraft in the name of Grand Caravan. So, this conversion takes place in both directions if needed. Just to give you an idea here is the cargo cabin of a super cargo master. There is a partition which protects the crew from the movement of the cargo and you will notice that the fuselage has got these very high strength floor boards and the seat rails. And these seat rails are having notches at every approximately 1 inch location. So, you can actually adjust the equipment at any particular point along the length of the fuselage. Another example of a popular aircraft which is a passenger variant into a cargo is the EMB-120 FC Brasilia. This aircraft has a payload of 3.5 tons on an empty weight of 7 tons and the max takeoff weight is 11.5 tons. So, you can see in this aircraft the whole of the fuselage is meant for only carrying the cargo. And in the center of the fuselage, there is a floor which is mounted with these roller bearings which allow you to slide the cargo to a location that you need and then there are these curtains which are used to separate or isolate various cargo pellets. There are four separate cargo compartments in this aircraft as we see along the length and there are two doors. There is a door on the back for cargo and there is a main door here. The cargo door of course is wider. So, we can see that the whole aircraft is compartmentalized into four cabins and in these cabins you can carry different types of cargo. Let us have a look now at some dedicated cargo freighters. Going back to history, we look at one aircraft called as the Messerschmitt ME-321 Gigant which basically means giant. This aircraft was conceived in a period of only 14 days over two weeks in 1941 during the Second World War. And the aim was to design an aircraft which can quickly be used to drop guns and tanks in Russia when the German forces were fighting the Russians. So, this is basically a gross rum last and cellular which in German means a large-sized long-range glider. And the mechanism used to launch this aircraft was also very unique, a bit dangerous but very unique. It is called as Troika Schlempp. That means towing by three. So, as you can see in the bottom, the aircraft was a glider so it had no engine of its own. It used to be towed by these three other aircraft and these aircraft were powered by hydrogen peroxide. So, they gave a huge thrust and they would pull the aircraft and they would just launch it. Once it launches, the aircraft would just glide to the location, land and release the cargo. But this particular aircraft was a huge flop because it was very difficult to have a three aircraft available always to launch it and it was very cumbersome. There were many accidents so therefore, it was a failure. Spruce Goose is a very famous aircraft which was actually a flying boat, a dedicated huge flying boat and a movie called Aviator was launched in 2004 in which among many things, there is a story of how this aircraft was designed and how it had its maiden flight after which it was never used commercially. As I mentioned, the Spanish company Casa and IPTN of Indonesia, they joined hands together to come up with this dedicated freighter cum military transport called as the CN 235. It was purchased by many other countries. The largest operator of this aircraft happens to be Turkey and many other countries like Morocco, Pakistan, they have purchased this aircraft and they are using it. Of course, Indonesia also uses the aircraft for its military applications. There have been very interesting attempts to provide features on a cargo aircraft which improve its usability. One of the main requirements for a cargo aircraft is the ease to load and unload huge cargo. So, here is Canadair CL 44 D4 which looks very conventional in the first look but pay attention to this particular portion on the fuselage where there are two huge hinges and when the hinges are permitted to be opened, the whole fuselage actually swings across those hinges and then you have an empty tube from the rear in which you can load or unload cargo as shown in this particular picture. So, this is a very interesting way of providing a feature of quick loading and unloading into a cargo aircraft. Here is the world's largest aircraft, the world's largest aircraft is AN-225 Maria which is a dedicated heavy lifter. This is the world largest aircraft, it weighs 640 tons, the max takeoff weight and it can carry a payload of 254 tons on an empty weight of 285 tons and it carries 300 tons of fuel because there are 6 engines. So, there has been a world record of a single payload of around 189 190 tons. It can carry 80 large cars, 3 or 4 battle tanks. Each of the engines produces a thrust of 230 kilo Newtons. The main landing gear of this aircraft has 32 wheels. It has 32 wheels and interestingly only one aircraft was built. The second one was also planned but then the plans to build it were abandoned. So, there is only one aircraft of this type available in the world today. This aircraft is really large in size. To get an idea about its dimensions, the length of the aircraft is 84 meters and the wingspan of the aircraft is 88.4 meters. And if you look at the passenger, sorry if you look at the cargo cabin, you have a height of 4.4 meters, width of 6.4 meters and a gross length of around 43.4 meters available for you to carry the cargo. So, this is a real heavy lift aircraft and the main design requirement for this aircraft was to carry the Russian space shuttle called Buran. So, you can see in this picture the space shuttle from Russia mounted on top of the aircraft being transported. As I mentioned, there are many world records in the name of AN-225 Maria as far as payload is concerned.  Let us have a quick comparison between the 4 biggies. Based on length, if you go in the increasing order of length, you have the spruce grooves followed by Airbus A380-800 followed by Boeing 747-8 followed by the AN-225 Maria. So, based on length, the longest among the 4 biggies is Maria and the shortest is spruce grooves. But if you base comparison on wingspan, then Boeing 747-8 is the smallest, the Airbus A380-800 is the second largest, the Maria comes third, but the aircraft with the largest wingspan is the huge H4 spruce grooves. So, these 4 aircraft are called as the 4 biggies because they are the largest aircraft which have ever been built. Let us have a look at large freighters which are derivations of passenger aircraft. Here is the cross section of Airbus A380. When it carries passengers, as we know, the Airbus A380 is an aircraft that has twin passenger cabin along its entire length. It is a double-decker aircraft for passengers. But actually, it has got 3 decks, the bottom one for the containerized cargo and it can carry 480 to 650 passengers. But when we use it as a pure freighter, then the Airbus A380-F uses all the 3 passenger cabins, the 2 passenger cabins and the bottom for carrying a total of 150 tons of cargo. Here is a big daddy, the Airbus Beluga, which was designed essentially to carry large sub-assemblies, fuselage of the Airbus aircraft for final assembly at Toulouse. And recently, the Beluga XL was launched and tested by the Airbus. And let us have a short video describing the first test flight of Beluga XL. These are the crew members who are a part of the flight testing team. So, notice it needs 5 crew members. This is a tow tractor which is pushing it back to take it to the runway for takeoff. This is the flight control center where all the key parameters of the aircraft as it flies are being monitored. Thanks for your attention. We will now move to the next section.


In the last nine years, under the leadership of the Honourable Prime Minister, remarkable growth and fast-paced development have propelled India to become the fastest-growing economy in the world. The accelerated urbanisation necessitated convenient and quick public transport of people. Metro networks have become the pulsing arteries of these bustling cities. The metro network in the country has expanded from 248 kilometres in five cities to 895 kilometres in 20 cities in the last nine years. And about 965 kilometres long metro lines are under construction in 19 cities. In the cities of India, in order to make public transport better, Metro networks have been expanding in two different cities. In continuation to inauguration of the line from Whitefield to Krishna Rajapura, on 25th March 2023, the two vital sections from Krishna Rajapura to Baya Panna Hurley and Kengeri to Chalagatta is all set for dedication to the nation by the Honourable Prime Minister. With the dedication of these vital sections under the joint effort of Government of India and Government of Karnataka, the complete East-West corridor is for a total length of 43.49 kilometres, with 37 metro stations which powers the seamless metro connectivity to I.T. and boosting economic growth. The total operational metro network of 74 kilometres is expected to serve more than 20% of Bengaluru's population, thereby reducing traffic congestion and carbon footprint. Nama Metro, the lifeline of Bengaluru, now boasts of a ridership of over 7.5 lakh people per day and is working round the clock to provide Bengaluru the infrastructure it deserves to serve generations to come.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with a Pelicans number block for impeccable 17 Which is sold out. That's coming up in a separate video after this big. Thanks to these folks. Thanks to the numbers Let's roll it. Let's randomize each list one and a five six times one two three four five six Allen down to Diane Diane Bailey this time Got a couple of Diane's that roll with us here one and a five six times The numbers two four Six After six times seven down to six All right So Allen with four ASA with Allen with seven ASA with four Allen with five Diane with nine Juan with eight Derek with two Phillip with zero any and all redemptions for the Pelicans go to you including one of one redemptions Matt You'll get any live one of ones Patrick with three Diane with six All right, so let's sort by column B and Coming up next will be the break itself jaspyscasebreaks.com. Bye. Bye


Well, hello, welcome everybody to our audience here and also our audience watching the live stream around the world. My name is Dr. J. D. LaRocque. I'm the president and CEO of the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship, also known as Nifty. We're a global nonprofit that works in the United States and around the world to help young learners and adult learners from underserved communities learn how to start businesses. And we're here today to talk about an important and very timely topic. How to prevent learning loss. And as all of you know, this has been a period in the world where learners have made a lot of strides backwards due to the pandemic, due to economic crisis, due to disinvestment in global education systems. I'm joined today by a fantastic panel who will shed light on this important issue and let me introduce them briefly. To my left, Catherine Russell, the executive director of the United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF. Next, Dr. Mohameda, CEO of Ammonot Holdings out of Dubai, making investments in education and healthcare. Next, Dr. Ashish Advani, president and CEO of JA Worldwide Junior Achievement, another excellent entrepreneurship education organization. Next, Jeff Tarr, CEO of Skillsoft, a leader in upskilling and re-skilling and transforming workers and workplaces. And then finally, at the end, Rachel Romer, CEO and co-founder of Guild Education, another real innovator in the education benefits and workforce space. Let me provide a little bit of context before we jump into our discussion, and you can see on the screens here some of the statistics that have really bedeveled us in this present situation. By age 10, only half of children around the world have developed foundational reading skills. According to the latest estimates by UNICEF and the Education Commission, nearly three quarters of young people aged 15 to 24 in 92 countries are off track to acquire the skills they need for employment. According to the OECD, it is likely that less than half of 15-year-olds have spoken to a career counselor in school, visited a job fair, or performed an internship. And 75% of young people say they would have liked more support from their schools in finding a job. So today's session will take stock of all of these challenges. But we're also going to talk about the positives, how we go from where we are to forge a better path for tomorrow. But let me start with Catherine. Slide us with a foundational view on what you see about learning loss around the world, particularly in the aftermath of the pandemic. Okay, great. Well, thank you, JD. And thank you for doing this. Excuse me, important session. I think the way we look at learning loss and learning crisis, it's really the failure of education systems to actually teach children in the classroom and to keep them in the classroom. It has many different causes. And that really can vary depending on the context. It can be an inadequate or really poor curriculum. It can be very crowded classrooms. And we've all seen photos of this, 75, 80 children in a classroom, one teacher trying to manage that. It can be a lack of testing that ensures that each child is actually being taught at their level. And it also is poor support for teachers and more. And as you say, our estimates actually are pre-COVID, it was about 50% of 10-year-olds couldn't read a simple sentence. Because of COVID, that's closer to 70%, which is an astounding number when you think about that. So it just gives you an idea of how vast this problem is. And really the result, regardless of what the causes are, is the same, which is that children aren't learning. It does differ across regions. Our estimates, as I said, are two-thirds of 10-year-olds globally are unable to read and understand a simple story. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected, and that can reach about 89% of 10-year-olds followed by Latin America and the Caribbean at 79% and South Asia at 78%. So if you stop and think about it for a second, it is a daunting, daunting challenge. Some of these children are struggling, many of them drop out. So we work hard to try to get them into school and then to try to keep them there. Thank you. We all know stories from our own global context about the ways in which learning has backslid on national assessments, not only for basic learning, but even more advanced learning. But yet it's also been a time of positive disruption and innovation. So let me go all the way to Rachel. Workplaces were transformed by COVID. And I wonder how that played out with respect to the work that GIL does at the intersection of workplaces and employee benefits and education. Well, first, thank you. I'm grateful to be here. So employers innately understand the connection between learning skills and then ultimately the output or the productivity of the business, as well as the employee engagement and satisfaction. But it's not the CSR, the corporate social responsibility that it used to be that's pulling employers into the business of education. It's actually four key value drivers. First, it's recruitment. So companies that are engaging in offering education and skilling to their frontline workforces or their whole workforce are seeing a dramatic improvement. Healthcare, the most exacerbated shortages in the US right now where we at GILD are primarily focused, are finding that nearly 50% to 60% of their employees are applying for the job if the company advertises the education and skilling or career mobility services that come from our platform. So it's dramatically improving recruitment. It then has a massive impact on retention. And that tends to make sure that the education investment pays for itself. Companies find that a learner in their building retains at nearly 2x the rate of an employee who isn't engaged in learning and skilling. And then it helps employees achieve career mobility, which is the number one thing American employees are looking for right now given the wage increases that we actually saw during 2020, 2021 and 22. Workers are now saying, okay, I'm now paid at the first wage that I want, but I'm thinking about my second wage. How do I move up within the organization or move onward in a way that advances? And employers are really attuned to that because if they don't harness that engagement and if they don't harness that interest, then they end up in the wage wars that sort of persisted through 2021. So those are the three key reasons from a pure ROI perspective that employers are really engaging in education and skilling. And then I think because we're here in this global stage, it's worth noting the other that's quite macro. I don't know an American CEO right now who isn't concerned about the rise in populism, the distrust in capitalist systems, and really the lack of engagement in democracy. And what we know is that there's a deep connection between providing career opportunity and the building blocks of that, which are education and skilling, to the 100 million frontline American workers who regardless of their political persuasion are the ones saying, I don't trust the systems anymore. I don't trust higher ed. I don't trust democracy and I don't trust capitalism. And I think if we don't fix that in the United States, what we see spill over our populist policies, lack of globalization and lack of global thinking that will impact unfortunately every other democracy. And the most thoughtful CEOs digging into this work will tell you that's the macro reason that they're investing in the skilling of their workforce. Mohamed, what Rachel just said sounds to me like a great opportunity for systems change if people are questioning existing systems of higher education, education, employment. From your vantage point as an investor in education, what have you seen that you think we should retain from some of the changes in education in the pandemic? What's the opportunity for systems change that you see now? First of all, thank you for having me here. It's a pleasure. We acknowledge that we are living today a turning point in education. And that requires probably a revisit to the classic model of global education that we are currently experiencing. Yes, technology is evolving and it's evolving faster and faster and we should expect it to continue to do so. And I don't think we've seen the tip of the iceberg yet. However, there are challenges that are across the globe, you see it in education that are quite contradictory in nature. For example, today as innovations such as AI enabled solutions and machine learning and what have you are being adopted in countries around the world, this is faced by decreased social interaction among youth, increased rate of mental illnesses among students. If you think of countries that are underserved where there's a big drive to prioritize access to education in those markets, this is being faced by a rapidly evolving labor market and a changing skill set that is required for those youth. So I believe we need to take a pause and acknowledge these challenges and think of ways to address them and this should guide our investment mandate. In my personal belief, to answer your question, I believe that the classic classroom, classic education model is dead, officially dead. This classic model is when a student goes to school for 15 years then graduates from a university, those are the privileged ones, graduates from universities and ends up with a huge loans and start to generate the first dollar of revenue in their mid-twenties and then struggle in their career later on. I think this model does not support the future anymore. So I don't know if everyone, I see eyes that are looking at, I don't know if everyone agrees, but by show of hands if who of you think that today's young learners are prepared for the challenges of tomorrow? Nobody in the room. And that's the role of education. Nobody raised their hand. And that's exactly the role of education. It's preparing young learners for the future and I agree with you, I don't think they're prepared. There's, we were discussing yesterday, the emphasis on emotional quotient and learning quotient versus IQ. Who of you believe that EQ and LQ should be more emphasized over IQ or alongside IQ in the job market? Most of the room. However, today you would notice that all of us in our corporates and many of us around the world still have to follow the IQ testing in the standardized testing across the world. So I would like to highlight something which the World Economic Forum along with partners who are here and on this panel and in the room have worked on which is the Education 4.0 framework that had outlined, sorry, the skills, the abilities, the attitudes and the values that will be required to prepare anyone virtually for the future. But in order to implement this, we need to contextualize it. What works in one market might not work in another market. If you take, for example, underserved markets where the real problem, challenge, is access to education. It's training teachers. It is attracting talent. It's trying to bring basic technology into the model. Then the focus should really be along any innovation or technology or investment that would bring the classroom closer to the students, to a wider number of students at affordable prices. Very simply. If you think of more developed and mature markets where these are the source of innovation and R&D and technology, I think I would focus then on identifying those innovations that have the potential to be scaled at a global platform and a global level to reach the majority. However, in growing markets, which is a bit in between, this is where the golden opportunity lies. Because this is, I'm closing on the education model. The real opportunity lies in creating this new model of the future. This is the education model where it's less number of years for education. It is subscription-based and not fee-based. It is skill-set-based and not degree-based. And it's educating the student throughout a lifetime and doesn't stop at any point in time and makes education more fun. So let me bring in Ashish and Jeff on those, some of the points that you've made. Ashish, you and I share something in common that we both run entrepreneurship education organizations. And I know we often both talk in our organizations about mindsets and skill sets, even more so than content mastery. Talk a little bit about why skill sets and mindsets as Mohammed and others believe might be more coming to the fore as we think about education from here on out. Sure, thanks, Judy. Great comments, Mohammed. Say that, so we, as an organization of junior achievement, we actually modified our vision to be explicit about skill set and mindset being critical to building thriving communities in the future. The challenge is we, for a long time, not just at JA, but really in the education of business and establishment have not been able to measure any progress on mindset shift. And what you measure gets done, I think we all know that. The challenge with measuring mindset has been historically when we've tried, we meaning the people who work in education, I know many people in the room here, are in the education industry in some way. The measurement of mindset gets complicated fast. As a parent, if your child gets a B in math, you react a certain way. But if your child gets a B in empathy, you react in a completely different way. And when we've sort of seen assessments of character, for example, measurement of something like empathy, it's been very, very challenging to get adoption for teachers and for school systems to be trying to come up with programs to measure progress on these so-called soft skills. So one thing we've done at Junior Achievement is we rolled out the entrepreneurial skills pass. It's a competence-based measure, just like you were talking about. And it's not about getting A's and B's, but it's about proving that you've made progress on a certain group of soft skills. These skills are aligned to the Education 4.0 framework that was launched just yesterday here by WEF. And this is just one framework of many, I would say, that are making it possible to build consensus across all the different regions of the world and all the different stakeholder groups for what are the skills that we should be measuring? What are the mindset and skillset elements that we should be measuring? And the good news is there's now psychographic measures. There's great academics who've worked on how to measure self-efficacy, on how to measure grit. So we can actually now finally not just teach to the test, but actually give students and teachers and the people who work in education some tools to make real concrete progress on what we all believe is necessary to prepare young people for the future. Thank you. And Jeff, your firm works around the world as well. And I wonder, multiple panelists have already raised this dimension. How do we pursue innovations in education and upskilling with a lens toward equity, especially given the range of readiness, of systems and places around the world? You know, while the pandemic contributed to this skills gap, this learning loss, it also transformed learning from a classroom-first approach to an online-first approach with many of the communities that we serve in the world. We focus on the workforce and the workforce moved from classroom-first to online-first. And the beauty of online is it's inherently more scalable and inherently more inclusive. And the work we're doing with the platform to reach marginalized communities and those who have special learning needs is really quite extraordinary. So first, think about economically disadvantaged communities. Online learning really is massively disruptive to the cost of delivering learning solutions. And so, we're partnering with organizations like I Am The Code that's focused on teaching a million girls and young women in marginalized communities, for example, in Kukuma, in refugee camps, to code, but not just to code, but also giving them soft skills, important soft skills such as wellness, which is necessary to be successful in the workforce. Those who have physical disabilities and learning disabilities are well-served by the platform. Whether it's closed captioning or audio descriptions that are embedded in the platform, we're also using AI to create custom learning journeys for people with a wide variety of learning styles, including learning disabilities. Online learning is unconstrained by geography, time zone, and language. So that lends itself to helping those who are geographically displaced. Ukrainian refugees who have technical skills, but lack soft skills and language skills necessary to find new work. Women who have very difficult schedules, who need to do their learning after hours, or in some parts of the world have safety concerns and can't go to the classroom safely, but can learn at home online. Perhaps the largest community is the deskless worker. 80% of workers don't have access to a computer or desktop, but they have access to a mobile phone. And so what we're doing with the platform is really focusing on how to deliver it as a mobile solution. It's no longer the 45 minute lecture, it's bite-sized snackable learning. Three minutes, four minutes, five minutes, strung together with AI to form custom learning journeys. Massively immersive, and by the way, it's not just video anymore. It's online mentoring and coaching, it's assessments, it's gamification. It's a wide range of technologies that are creating a more absorbing and connected way to learn online. Thank you. So we've all been talking about various innovations that we're either involved in or promoting, but I'd also like to ask a potentially provocative question. All of this is well and good. However, we all work in contexts where most of the learners that we interact with are getting their main learning experience from government education systems who make the rules and provide the funds or don't provide the funds. And so I want to ask the panel, and maybe we can go down the line, in light of all the things that we're pursuing, when you really take a cold hard look at it, what do you see national education systems doing? Do you see them changing, or do you see them slipping back into old patterns just because the pandemic is slowly coming to more of a close? Catherine? Well, I think it's hard to generalize about that, because I think it really does depend on the context, but I think you're making a broad correct point, which is education for the most part, especially for children, is delivered by ministers of education, ministries of education around the world. I think what we need to do, and this is a challenge for everyone here at Davos and for people who are thinking all around the world about innovative things, is how do we sort of feed into that system? That system is not, it's kind of the best game in town and it's flawed. So what UNICEF says is, excuse me, we have to provide foundational learning. That is key number one without question. Kids have got to learn how to read and do basic things. All of the things that you all are talking about beyond that I think are really important, but the question is how do you figure out how to take that to scale? It's not easy. I don't have an answer to it, but I think that is the challenge of saying, yes, we need to do innovation. Yes, children need access to technology, all the rest of it. We know that in many places, children don't have any access to computers. They don't have electricity, right? So you're dealing with really different situations, but I think that I would say start with foundational and then think about ways to work with these ministries to show them best practices, to give them ideas of how to do this at some reasonable cost and really bring these things to scale. Thank you. Who else would like a word on this question? And let me just prompt the audience to get ready. We're gonna launch into our question period in just a few moments. Who else would like a word, Ashish? I can just say that the metaphor I like to think of for the education industry large, particularly the government funded portion of it, is like a super tanker that wants to turn. There's a little thing on a super tanker called a triptych, which allows it to turn a little bit faster. It's a part of the rudder to think of it that way. And then there's speedboats around the super tanker, run by amazing social entrepreneurs like many people in this room who are doing education innovations and some of the programs we've heard here, which are very innovative that are kind of guiding the super tanker to turn. And we have to think of ourselves as doing both, trying to use that triptych to move faster and turn the super tanker, but also make sure the speedboats are all heading in a direction that we want to turn. That's the metaphor I like to use. Very good. Jeff, Rachel. Look, I would say that I believe it can't all be left to national education systems or state and local education systems. I was on the board of a charter school system, great innovative work being done there in the United States by charter schools. And my world, learning is lifelong now. Everyone's going to need to be reskilled many times in their careers. And so the employer needs to play a role in that. And then there's a role for social entrepreneurs and civic organizations that are making the learning that's available inside the workforce, available to people who lack the benefit of working but need to find jobs. I would say a simple framework that we think about is that we think governments ought to fund more education and skilling. Employers ought to inform more of what is learned and the end user, the learner ought to have more agency in how they learn. Does anyone have a word of advice for ministers of education or decision makers in education about what they could do or maybe should do at this moment in time to become more innovative and open up their mindset to some of the ideas we've been discussing? Mohammed? Sure, I think to that point, I believe in markets where the funding is available and where the private sector has penetrated. My message to the policymakers would be think of collaboration and cooperation with various stakeholders. You don't need to solve the problem on your own. There are amazing companies and technologies around the world. There's a lot of models that have worked in certain markets and there is a private sector that is willing to invest behind these projects and ensure its sustainability and long-term value creation and you don't need to solve problems on your own. All of what you need to do is, first of all, open up and embrace change, acknowledge that change is required and then start thinking of what models work in different markets. You know, I want to build one thing. There is a critical need that I see. In our humanitarian work and our CSR work, the biggest gap is connectivity and devices. And so even though we're not in the device business, we're not in the connectivity business. We end up funding that when we go into places like Africa to do our CSR work. We'd love to see enterprise companies who are in that business step forward and do something about that. Governments as well, there's a role to do something about that. Well, thank you all for this rich discussion so far. Well, let's move to our question period. I see a number of hands up. Do we have a mic circulating? Thank you. So we'll bring the mic to you so that the live stream audience can also hear. Please introduce yourself before you ask your question. And if you want to direct it to someone, please let them know. Please. Hi, my name is Sian Bailok. I am currently the president of Barnard College at Columbia and about to go be the president of Dartmouth and I guess I'm a super tanker in your analogy. And so I'd love to hear about where you think the opportunities are to collaborate with large institutions, universities, where you've seen that done successfully and where you think we might think about success or even what the role of our universities like mine are in these discussions. Please jump in. What a privilege to be able to share some insights with an incoming university president such an important institution and prestigious one. Thank you for the opportunity. I will say higher education is changing. We all know that and every university is carving out what makes them unique. Some like Northeastern have leaned into the relationship with business through cooperative education and others have found ways to deliver meaning from liberal arts education in a world where that meaning is harder to see for the student as well. So I guess in your situation, what I would say is encourage partnerships with not just corporations but all different types of employers around the world to allow young people to think of not just study abroad being this amazing experience they get but some immersive experience they get not just working for a company it doesn't have to be like a co-op a situation but something which gives them a real tangible experience which gives them more meaning from whether they're studying English or history or business and engineering. So that's the advice I would share. Yes. May I add very quickly to what Ashish said in the comments? Just to add on the other end of the spectrum so you highlighted the employment post graduation. On the front end, there are a lot of technologies that are looking for partnerships with universities to test some virtual reality and augmented reality and immersive learning technologies in the classroom and how to transform the classic classroom experience into a fully immersive experience. So I would just advise to open up and try to pilot some of these there that could be helpful. I see our mic is here, so let's go right here. Hi, I'm Hadi. I'm Hadi Partovi, I'm the founder of Code.org. We advocate for schools to teach computer science and we've helped 75 million students learn computer science through their schools. And my question is from Mohammed. You know, you said that the current education system is effectively extinct and the entire audience agreed with you, nobody said that people are getting prepared and the slide shows that three quarters of students are off track to learn the right skills. Meanwhile, the Education 4.0 Alliance at WEF has laid out the skills that are needed are computer science, digital skills, creativity and collaboration. That's the high level of the taxonomy. My question is how do we get the existing education system, the ministries of education to recognize that their system is dead unless they teach the new skills? And what would we advise them to remove from the current system to make the space? Because education is well funded. It has $10 trillion a year in terms of budget. But that money is being spent on the wrong skills, not the right skills. So how do we get that message and how do we get that shift in those funds? So you insist on getting me in trouble. I'll try not to get in trouble. No, with all honesty, I agree with the comments made and I think the changes need to be structural, like really fundamentally different. The model today where the curriculum is to provide a well-rounded knowledge, most of which or some of which will never be used in the future and by the time that student graduates, it's irrelevant to their career or aspirations, need to be completely rethought. I think we need to decrease the number of years by which this that learner enters the workforce. It needs to be at an earlier age. Education needs to be continuous, which means after they enter the workforce and they get into skilling and all of that, there are a lot of partners out there who could continue to help that person navigate the labor market and transform from one job to another and achieve or gain the skills that are required based on the skillset passport that was created by the World Economic Forum or others that are out there. So the change needs to be really fundamental. This sounds too theoretical, I agree, and it will not happen in the most mature markets and it will also not happen in the underserved market where the problem is electricity, but it will happen and it can happen in markets that have funding, that have talent and that are now ready to kind of figure out how to create a model. I think it's in those markets where we can pilot such a concept and then try to scale it to the global platform. I hope that answers your question. Rachel, let me get your take on this because I imagine that perhaps national policy makers who are interested in job creation and employment might be a little bit more interested in some of the innovation space, particularly in a time of highly constrained labor markets. What's your thought? Yes, and even in, I'll give an example, in the United States we have basically two different bodies working on the same problem called different things. We have a higher education under the Department of Education and then we have a Department of Labor that has a workforce development arm. And the reality is those two are the same now. Higher education and workforce development are two sides of the same coin. We were uncomfortable with that for a long time because there's a, and I'm in this group, a small percentage of us who, as consumers, hired college for a coming of age experience. I happened to be born into privilege and so I got to hire college for that. That is not what the vast, vast majority of Americans, let alone the five billion who need to be re-skilled in the global economy want to hire their education organizations for and in most cases hire their governments. If you can think of it that way, treating them as a consumer. And so I agree with you that there are individual policy makers tinkering on the margins here, but I agree with Muhammad that it is, the seismic reform that needs to happen is so difficult to describe because we need to rethink even the 100,000 person departments that run this in our developed economies. Catherine. I just like to make one quick point. I think you're right in that we have to really look at this in different ways. If you, yes, education is, there's a lot of money in education space, but in many countries, education is so underfunded, it's astounding because even if they take 20% of their budgets, they start with no money, right? They have no money. And so these schools are serving so many purposes in places they're providing lunch for people. You know, there are places where we're trying to keep girls there as long as possible to keep them from getting married. So in a sense it's serving a different purpose. There are places where a lot of violence happens, right? And they're trying to protect against that. So these schools are being forced to do a lot of things at one time with incredibly meager resources.   I want every kid to have that opportunity in the world, but we're in a really difficult situation in many, many places. And I think the challenge is to say, teach them how to learn, you know, teach them how to read, teach them how to do numbers, and then build in a system somehow that embraces this creativity, gives them the potential to use technology, but does it in a way that is recognizing the incredibly challenging circumstances that these schools, teachers, administrators are facing? You know, think about how to support these principals and teachers so that they can be forward thinking and thinking about skills, but also really keeping in mind how challenging the circumstances are. Thank you all for that. Next question. Is it on? Yeah, I think so. Hi, I'm Fahed. I'm a global shaper, and I run NAFTA Lebanon, which is a collective of multiple stakeholders and putting schools at the center to shape the future of schools in the country. First, I want to thank you for always bringing the reality because it's very important to think of the future, but while thinking of the reality. And it's very important also to think of the different model of the schools. But I think my question to you is, what's the different model of development that you are practicing in order to approach things differently? How are you stopping creating dependencies for communities to work with you and rather build more sustainable development models? Jeff, would you like a word on that one? Well, I think your question is, how are we creating a more sustainable model? And it's an inherently sustainable because really the cost of delivering an online experience at the margin is close to zero, right? So we can start, we can deliver it, whether it's being delivered into a school in Kukuma or to a global 1000 employer, we can deliver to the employee and then we can continue with them. We're also working with employers to reach out beyond the four walls of their enterprise to train people who would like to work for them, but don't have the skills to work for them. And so there's a lot that's being done with technology that just wasn't possible when it was all about the classroom. I just wanna say something that it's also very important for everyone who's either an impact investor or a development practitioner to keep asking this question. Because even though, as you're saying, I think it still creates dependencies for communities to work with organizations. And for instance, I'm part of JA and Jazz Lebanon and we're trying to do something that's very interesting to really decentralize how a nonprofit that has been working for 20 years and rather than schools depend on this nonprofit, having this nonprofit program within all the schools sustainably, systematically there. So I think we need to push more questions and think more critically of that rather than just saying, yes, we're building skills and this is sustainable. That's my opinion. Rachel. Just one other addition on that is I think you have to align shared interest. The joy of the work we've been able to do is that we've aligned the interest of the universities and learning providers and platforms, the employers and the employee who becomes the learner. But to do that, you have to have a shared outcome. And I find in so much discussion about education, we rename the inputs. So we've moved from degrees or higher education or the Carnegie unit to skills to competencies. Those are all still inputs for the learner. And we speak about them in a systemic way. What the learner or the worker wants is career mobility and often what the government wants is GDP growth. And those are nested within. When we create career mobility for all workers, we create GDP growth for all economies. And so I think shifting the conversation away from constantly rebranding the input, which is helpful, I believe in skills and competencies. I'm glad we're moving away from degrees and Carnegie units. But naming the shared outcome is the only way you can then drive shared interest and incentive alignment to fund sustainable models. Quick word. Quick word. So we have eight billion people in the world now. We're going to have 10 billion. Almost all of that growth is in Africa and Asia. So sustainability is going to be critical. If we really, really believe that every child in the world is worth helping in education, we have to divert resources to the place that need it most. And that is going to have some very difficult conversations for sustainability. One way to do that is exactly what you said, which is a very sophisticated train the trainer model where you can transfer without having to raise more money in large education budgets and create more aid by really creating systemic change. Let's go to the back of the room and then the front of the room. Thank you so much. Priya Lakarni, CEO of CenturyTech and one of the web first pioneers. Thank you so much for the comments. I just want to bring it a little bit back to lost learning and some of these really dire stats that are on the slide up top. So one thing with governments, right, who are in charge of their state education systems is that they're the super tankers, right? And when you want them to pivot, pivot in K-12, in primary secondary, which affects those children on those stats there, they always want to see the impact of the innovation before trialing the innovation, which is really interesting. Because when you're coming up with innovation, it's very difficult to show the impact without trialing it first. You're in this chicken and egg. And I just wonder, we've heard a lot and I know the Skillsoft team, which I'm so impressed with and I've met them and met Rachel at Guild and Ashish's work. How could we leverage you in your enterprise impact work? Because where I've seen you have loads of impact, people are really willing to use your technologies, they're really willing to have those entrepreneurship courses, they're willing to work with Guild and the USA, and you have got lots of impact. But you're working with a very willing non-super tanker. And so in order to essentially not find that we're working with people in enterprise who are older and further education and coming right back to K-12, like primary, secondary, before they get to you, how can we leverage you? What could you do to show the super tankers that using technologies in a sustainable, scalable way, train the trend? All these models work to convince those risk-averse policymakers that actually innovation is needed in education and it can work. But I think we need to use you as a case study. So how do we do that? Thank you, a couple of quick words from the panelists. What are good proof of concepts that you have already? Well, one proof of concept is one of our units is Code Academy. So we've taught millions of young people to code online. And big part of that, it's a free service. There's a paywall, so to get more advanced skills, there is a subscription. But there are tremendous number of people. I meet people all over the world who say I learned to code on Code Academy. So we can demonstrate that. I'd love to see it in the schools because I do believe that coding is a, having exposure to it is a critical skill. And I'm so glad that it's been integrated by the World Economic Forum into the 4.0 model. Catherine, how does UNICEF think about outputs these days? You know, it's interesting. We have something, and I can't remember if you know the name of this, it's called like the gateway effort or something, I'll send it to you. But essentially we are, it's gonna go live in March. And the idea is to put best practices up on this site.  And to your point, yeah, you know, they wanna know that it works, right? Because they have limited resources, they gotta invest it. So this is a place where people can put information about programs that they have, ideas they have. And so ministers have a place to go and see these things. And UNICEF will work with them to try to see if it works in their company or in their country. Because I think the challenge is they are overwhelmed. They don't really know where to go and what to take. And they don't know what works, right? So we'll say to them, well, we've worked with Microsoft on the learning password. That's a good thing, right? We can endorse some of them, we can be helpful. But I think there needs to be a place where everyone can go and put their things. Because otherwise it's just a cacophony of voices and learn this, code, do this, you know, and people don't really know where to go. So I think if I can encourage everyone to take part in that would be really helpful. Let me go to our last questioner here. My name is Wendro Hingeroghe from Kenya. And I have to first commend you for constantly bringing us back to the reality. Half the world is in the global south. And these are people who are constantly being left behind. The truth is that today we're talking about the metaverse. I come from Kenya. They are people who've never seen a laptop or a computer in their entire lives. So what are we doing here? It's sexy to talk about all the things you're talking about. But is it time we rethink our model? When I see UNICEF, my country has recently reviewed its curriculum to a competent based curriculum. But I surely tell you they are completely struggling with the implementation. And this is a story for every other third world country. We want to catch up, but we also don't know how to catch up. When I look at UNICEF I see a brilliant opportunity because government listens to you and you also have the opportunity of bringing all these stakeholders together to intentionally do the work. We've done a lot of talking about how do we bridge the digital divide, but can we start working? Because when will we ever catch up with the rest of the world? When will we ever have just the basics of understanding how do I use a simple computer? Even before I get to the fourth industrial revolution, which is something totally out of reach for most of the people. So I think even as we're having these discussions, I think it's important that we are in touch with the reality and remember that we will try to move forward and leave the rest of the world behind because I don't know what the competition is about. But if we are mindful and we have a chance of the great reset, we have a chance to move together as a people because at the end of the day, even those of us in the global south, we're really human. So I think I would really, I'm looking at how do we march and really reduce this gap and how do we start moving and actioning instead of talking. Thank you very much. Thank you for your comment. And I'd like to use this opportunity to call further attention to WEF's Education 4.0 project and the opportunity that it presents to actually do what you just admonished us to do. One of the fantastic developments of this project is WEF's identification of 16 so-called lighthouses around the world in many different country contexts with many different types of education systems in countries with varying stages of development and varying stages of economy. And I think the real opportunity for all of us and a few of us, including my organization are involved in this. The opportunity here is to be able to do the work on the ground in these country contexts with reference to these next level skills that the forum and all of us, many of us here believe are important and use them as potential proof points for scaling and further implementation and to build the policymaker and institutional support that so many of us have called attention to in this conversation. We are almost out of time, so I would like to thank you all for a fantastic, robust discussion. Let's have a round of applause for our panelists.


So we have another story where the right proves yet again that it is them and not the left Who are the snowflakes who are part of outrage culture and cancel culture because they reacted to a photograph of a pop star in a way That is just genuinely baffling to me because any serious person will see this and just not care But to conservatives actually high-profile conservatives like Ben Shapiro and Candace Owens Apparently this is a really big deal. So the photograph in question is this picture of British pop star Harry Styles Wearing a dress and Vogue magazine tweeted out this quote from him where he says there's so much joy to be had in playing with clothes I've never thought too much about what it means. It just becomes this extended part of creating something Okay, so you see that and then Apparently you are supposed to react to it in some way if you're a conservative for me My default position is that I just don't care It's difficult for me to muster up any feelings of positivity or negativity to this. I see this and I think okay I just I don't care. I couldn't care less. It's difficult for me to try to find emotions with regard to this photo But if you forced me to think of something to express the way that I feel I'd probably say Okay, great, you know, I don't care what pop stars do generally speaking But I guess this could have a positive impact if he's trying to break down these traditional binary gender roles Sure, that's great. But again, it's not that big of a deal. It doesn't really matter. There are more Pressing matters that I'm concerned with currently and what a pop star chooses to wear like the type of cloth that he puts on his body That's not that's not relevant to the things that I care about at all like it doesn't matter However, Candace Owens tweeted this out There is no society that can survive without strong men The East knows this in the West the steady Feminization of our men at the same time that Marxism is being taught to our children is not a coincidence This is an outright attack now. I laugh because she like is genuinely outraged by this Why why do you care? He's wearing a dress like it She's literally saying that this is like facilitating The end of our species because society can't survive without strong men And if he wears a dress than other men might want to wear a dress and because men wear dresses now that's bad Come on. I mean, how can you not see this tweet from her this outrage and think you are being a snowflake This is very snowflake. You like the response the outrage that you're feeling No serious person cares this deeply about this issue No serious person should care at all this deeply about the clothing that somebody else wears Who cares if you don't want men to wear dresses then like don't associate with men who wear dresses have your husband Not wear dresses.   I don't care about this Why do you care about this Candace Owens?     Despite no biological underpinning Okay, so first of all the fact that he wrote an entire thread about one photograph It shows you that he has a little bit too much time on his hands He's thought a little bit too much about something that is insignificant now He correctly points out that the left believes that gender is a social construct, but that's because it is there's a difference between sex and gender Sex refers to biology gender Refers to how we express ourselves how society views us So the reason why there are differences between what is considered masculine and feminine is because we ascribe masculine traits to men and feminine traits to women so if we say that like wearing a dress is associated with femininity then It's that way because society dictates that it's that way There's no like natural laws or anything that dictates in a concrete objective way that dresses should be associated with women Society can change and make it so that way, you know dresses are associated with Masculinity and only real men wear dresses.  I mean think about this like we attach blue to boys And you see these gender reveal parties with blue and pink to girls. Why is it that like a color is associated with Somebody's gender. It doesn't really make sense because these are things that we say they are so he has that right But he just he rejects that and he doesn't like that this photo shoot is intended to feminize Masculinity except gender isn't as black and white as he wants to believe and I mean he says well the whole point of this shoot, you know getting headlines is because it you know Everyone is trying to feminize masculinity Except everything that celebrities do is a headline like they're dating someone new and it's the headline They eat at a restaurant and it's a headline. Oh, they're just like us.   Right.  Look, I think that Hassan piker his response to Ben Shapiro was the best I've seen hands down He says Ben your 5 3 can't grow facial hair and weigh 100 pounds soaking wet if we can both be considered men You should probably be a bit more open-minded about gender expressions It's clearly not as rigid or binary as you try to imply it is And he's right I mean when you see Ben Shapiro this nasally little dweeb like arguing about What is masculinity like you have to pause for a minute and think Should you really be making this argument? Are you like the best representative of? This argument like I mean look again at the end of the day None of this matters, but I think that it's important that the left and political commentators such as myself Point out how ridiculous they are being because we have to discredit and delegitimize these people and we don't really have to do much They do that themselves.  I don't care. I mean if you have some reaction to this that's fine But I mean to get this outraged over this to actually melt down over this and Pontificate about how this is ruining society You're not serious So I mean we'll leave that there.