Everybody forced it ripping 2022 tops from f1 sapphire 5 box number 18 check the random results anytime late sports cards calm We'll go ahead and get started now Take your word for there the Red Sox one honestly All right, here we go y'all we got Leclerc Magnuson might crack in George Russell or share we got a chartreuse Bullock Bashi feature stars numbered 119 to 190 not for Sharuse Max was in there any Rick we got two stars sepia Clement Novolok numbered to 100 for MP Liam Lawson George Russell who won the race today piazzerie nice aqua Lewis Hamilton was numbered 71 out of 99 Mercedes very nice card got fit to Pauly Landon Norris Rikin and Wolf Lou ham and goss. Oh, nice Jordan. Sure. Chartreuse Pierre Gossley for That's a one-on-nine for Alphatari Stopping Latifi Hogger Vettel they're stopping bullock Bashi. Oh, wow. Look at that. Look at that gold Louis Hamilton right there 43 of 50. That's a big card for Mercedes Bobby s true gold Lou ham They're stopping a novel lock and then this is the Perez again on the front Great box for Mercedes had a couple of numbered Lewis Hamilton's Let's see some short prints now Vettel there's a green ghastly same Same car different parallel this time Alphatari. 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That's insane Got chartreuse Perez Grand Prix driver of the day Bahrain to 199 again for Red Bull Armstrong ghastly Alonso with another gold Max Verstappen short print the image Variation 23 of 50. Oh my god.  We won. Wow. We won ghastly and Lando Yeah, there's there's a beat don't have this break for sure that that's a huge card for Alvin Balthas another Aqua Luhammy the same exact card earlier 26 and 99 this time Lando and Sergio Perez Darvala Leclerc toast and Russell Carlos Sines chartreuse Sergio Perez again here your Red Bull to 199 Russell and the Lewis Hamilton. That's what I'm saying. Who let him out there. That's crazy I think we're down to one in the mix are still four on eminence. All right, Luham basur hogger and okon Landstroll Nice a green Albon for Williams. This is going 75 out of 75 Alonso and Sines Ricardo Alon Alonzo Steiner and Alonso again backwards Esonota You know Ricardo variation There you go, McLaren. Why are some variations backwards and others not? This is the variation The right code and everything down there in the bottom Nice card. I just recap that one. Yeah Luham and F1 winner Formula one of constructors world champion as Mercedes got stroll Cordial Perez hues that's all wow orange George Russell 7 of 25 Mercedes that was awesome as well It was Hamilton Armstrong. That's okay. You got sepia Lecler Ferrari, I agree Lane. I I'm not I know I'm not doing anything 59 of 100 So Wally here. Let me show you real quick Alonso if you got chartreuse Lando It's a 199 We're stopping in Sonota so if you look at you can find guides on on Checklists as well, but basically You'll have to match up like car number, but they're all on the checklist. So usually they list them but This code Code number CMP So you see has a six digit number behind that This one is zero five six five five two a regular base code is Different last three digits this one is five three zero. So that's like the that's the one way to tell Usually there's a lit usually the manufacturer leases a list of them or at least how to find them for the most part But you want to match up card number and then like The code number there, basically it'll just be different chartreuse is a made-up color Perez armstrong Lecler and Guan Yu Yeah, that's the best way to tell if when in doubt though always bring up a checklist Especially with stuff like tops chrome like tops comes where you really find the variations Magnuson with an aqua Lecler Nice Lecler to 99 for Ferrari got Alonso and Logan Sargent It also helps like we rip a good amount. So we can see oh with that photo might be like different or whatever Yeah, that's one way to tell hopefully they just make it they just are making it easier because I know in baseball this year so far they've Added like like indicators in the back of the cards was Lecler nice Alonso Alpine chartreuse to 199 Hamilton Russell Perez inverse stappin That's all there's a green JQs for Van Emers-Fort 56 out of 75 Joe Guan Yu Sebastian Vettel Sergio Perez taken in this year. That's kind of cool. Wolf Vesti Ricardo Sargent and Lecler Instead of besty. I'm sorry saying Vesti Landau, there's a chartreuse for Stappin for Red Bull Numbered to 199 Novolok and Lando. All right, we'll do a color recap here And there was like one of the variations that wasn't numbered so for one that I found anyway All right, so we had that Daniel Ricardo Image variation we had chartreuse to 199 of Sergio Perez same card here This one's 51 of 199. This one is 53 of 199 Landau Norris, Pierre Gasly, Fernando Alonso, Max Verstappen Sines and Bullock Vesti Sepia to 100 of Logan Sargent, Novolok and Lecler Aqua, you have the same Louis Hamilton here 56 of 99 and 28 of 99 There's another Louis Hamilton. That's a very nice one Lecler. There's a green Gasly These are the 75 JQ's and Alexander Albon gold Magnuson for Haas and an orange George Russell Mercedes killed this break that also that gold Louis Hamilton It's a 50 for Mercedes Gold image variation Max Verstappen monster for Red Bull there and a purple to 10 Max Verstappen for Red Bull Grumpy winner Mexico Ten that'll do it. Thanks again, everybody. We're on to basketball


Thank you, Stephanie, for your words and mostly for your leadership. I know how challenging the past few years has been for so many people and the way you've stepped up and gathered stories and shared them and been at the center of so many important conversations about the work that needs to be done on reconciliation. I'm deeply grateful for everything you have done. I want to thank Elder Commanda for your welcome onto this beautiful territory on this beautiful but very warm day. I want to thank the drummers, McWitch. Thank you for starting us off in the right way. Chief Dylan Lowight-Duck, thank you for your traditional welcome, and especially to our elders, Eugene, Vivian, Jimmy, thank you for your words. I know many people will remember your words long after mine have drifted away, as it should be. The stories, the knowledge, the truths you speak are unbelievably important and I'm deeply grateful that you are part of it to remind us of all the work we need to continue to do. To the survivors here today, to the members of their families, and to all those who are here with us, thank you for being one of us. Thank you also to all the indigenous leadership that is here today. We're missed not to mention Cassidy Caron, the national leader of the Métis Nation. Thank you all for being part of this here. I also want to say hello to the Minister Vandal Miller, Minister Fortier, who is here, and also to the parliamentarians, senators, members of parliament, who are all here to show the importance of this day. I can tell you our cabinet room is overlooking this flag, so we will be able to, as we deliberate on the important path forward of this country, be reminded that every child matters, and the work that we need to do needs to stay front and center. This flag is going to be a very important thing on this parliamentary precinct. Avant de commencer, je veux bien sur-soulligner qu'on est sur le territoire traditionnel de la nation algonquine à Nishnabek, qu'on reconnaît comme les gardiens passés présents et futurs de ces terres. On est réunis aujourd'hui ici pour ici le drapeau des survivants sur la colline du Parlement ensemble. This flag is an expression of remembrance. It is meant to honour all survivors and all the lives through the generations that have been our being and will continue to be impacted by the residential school system. It is an important but humbling moment to be here with you all today as a person charged by Canadians to serve this country through this challenging time on so many levels. And I am touched once again by the depth of the responsibility that I hold to serve you all well on this path to reconciliation and the work that needs to be done. Residential schools are a shameful part of our history. That is the truth. That's the truth we must continue to confront, to share and to be open about. And that's the truth this survivor's flag is going to remind us of every day here on Parliament Hill. Residential schools try to erase the identity of indigenous children, your children. With the drapeau today, what we are saying is that we will always remember this. We will continue to listen to the survivors. It says that we acknowledge the intergenerational trauma these so-called schools have caused, and that we commit to continue working together towards the future of healing and partnership. The survivors' drapeau also reminds us that reconciliation is not only the responsibility of the Indigenous or the government, but also of all Canadians. It is our duty to all of us to be there, one for the other, to listen and to learn. And as such, on this flag that we will be shortly raising, you will see various elements that all Canadians can learn from every time they look at it. On the flag, above the children in the centre, there's a cedar branch. Well, as Barney, a Nucha Nuth survivor, told us cedar is used in ceremonies for healing and protection. The cedar depicted in the image has seven branches representing the seven sacred teachings held by many indigenous cultures, including love, wisdom, and respect. We can also see an eagle feather on the drapeau, and as Phyllis, a survivor, explains to us that in her culture, the eagle has the responsibility to carry the prayers of the physical world to the spiritual world. When a person holds an eagle feather, the creator pays attention. And of course, at the centre of the flag, you can see the children and the families. It's important that we remember those families who were ripped apart. With the identification of unmarked burial sites across the country, the pain has resurfaced for so many. We are here for you. Survivors and their descendants will continue to guide us now and into the future we build together. Last month, when his Holiness Pope Francis visited Canada, I sat with survivors to hear his personal apology. I felt the reactions. I saw the impact that it had. As we all know, healing is a long journey, and it's different for everyone, but we must all be part of that. And that's why I'm so pleased to be here today with all of you, with survivors, with leaders, with folks from government busy working hard on this, but I'm also so pleased that so many folks who swang by Parliament Hill today, perhaps enjoying the last bit of your summer vacation, visiting Ottawa, showing Parliament, your Parliament to your kids, are able to participate in the ceremony. Because reconciliation is not just about Indigenous Canadians and government, while Canadians encourage and watch from a distance. Reconciliation is about each and every one of us who live on this land, who are accountable to the generations that came before and responsible for the generations still to come. We know that residential schools spent decades teaching Indigenous children that they had no value, that their language had no value, that their culture had no value, and that had a terrible impact on them and on our country. But at the same time, in every single school across the country, non-Indigenous kids, all of us, were learning the same thing. That Indigenous cultures, that Indigenous languages, that Indigenous identity was less, had less value than what settlers have built. And that, that trauma, those teachings, those echoes live with us today still in ways that need to be reconciled, that need to be faced with truth. As we see a rise in discrimination and intolerance towards so many, the teachings that held Indigenous people to be somewhat less and not in fact more as they should be in this land still echo. And it's each of our responsibilities, as parents, as community members, as Canadians, to be part of reconciliation every single day. We still have a lot of work to do, and the fact that we are here today is a witness of our willingness to continue this journey together as true partners.  And we will always remember and honor the memory of those who have never come back home. It's this flag that will remind us of it every day. Merci d'être ici des nôtres, mais qui n'en a pas ce que maintenant m'assoit-je au Gaila Kasna. Nakomek. Thank you. Merci.


We get started today. So, we are looking at temperature effects on rate in equilibria in this lecture. Now, temperature effects we tried to put together by looking at the van toff's equation a celebrated equation d l n k by d t is delta h by r t square. Now, k is the equilibrium constant, t is temperature in Kelvin delta h kilo reaction and r is the gas constant. Now, if delta h is not a strong function of temperature in which case we can integrate equation 1 and then get this relationship l n k by k 298 is given by minus of delta h by r multiplied by this term. Now, how good is the assumption that delta h is not a strong function of temperature? In many cases this is not such a bad assumption. The changes in delta h due to temperatures are not very serious. So, it is not such a bad assumption. So, we can use this relationship to find out if you know k at a given temperature you can find out k at any other temperature using this relationship. Delta h is heat of reaction. Now, we also know from our basic thermodynamics that r t l n k is minus of delta g which is the standard heat of free energy of formation. So, this is also another relationship we might use if you have known the standard heat of free energy of formation you can find k at a given temperature. So, that is how k 298 comes k 298 and you can get the value of k at any other temperature using this relationship. Now, let us see what it means from the point of view of our application to various situations. If delta h is positive which means what it is an endothermic reaction. Therefore, what do we expect as temperature rises? Suppose, our temperature is more than 298 what happens to this term? This term is negative and term outside is also negative. So, what it means the whole term is positive implying that l n k by l n 298 is positive. So, k at any other temperature greater than 298 is much greater than k 298 showing that equilibrium constant for an endothermic reaction keeps on increasing with temperature a relationship that we all know from our basic understanding of thermodynamics. Now, if delta h is negative which is an exothermic reaction the opposite is the kind of relationship you will get l n k by l n 298. Now, this becomes negative correct. So, for the exothermic reaction you will find that the right hand side term is negative and therefore, l n k value of k at temperature is greater than 298 is less than value of k at 298 showing that equilibrium constant for an exothermic reaction keeps decreasing with temperature as you increase temperature. Once again something that we all know from our basic thermodynamics with this let us just look at one example to understand what we are trying to say. Let us take an example simple case of a going to b where we say that it is a first order representation for R 1 and R 2 the two forward and backward reactions. Therefore, the rate of formation of b we write it as k 1 c a minus k 2 c b and in terms of conversion is written as k 1 times c a 0 1 minus of x and minus of k 2 c a 0 x. And at equilibrium of course, the R b is 0 therefore, the equilibrium conversion is simply k by k plus 1 something that we also know from our basics. Now, if you make a plot of the equilibrium conversion versus temperature it looks something like this why it looks like for the case this is exothermic is endothermic. So, we can easily understand here as k increases if it is an endothermic reaction k keeps on increasing therefore, the denominator what happens is denominator x c what happens denominator x c keeps on decreasing therefore, x keeps on increasing. So, you will expect that x keeps on increasing with temperature for an endothermic reaction x keeps on decreasing with temperature for an exothermic reaction.  So, let us look at how see for an exothermic reaction as you can see here that the reactants and products products are at a lower energy than reactants. Therefore, e 1 minus of e 2 which is delta h since e 2 is greater than e 1 delta h is negative which is what we know exothermic reactions delta h is negative. For endothermic reaction the products are at a higher energy than reactants therefore, e 1 minus of e 2 is positive because delta h is positive. So, we can use all these relationships to understand our rate function r b what happens in the case of an exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction let us look at that now. So, if our rate function r b is k 1 c a minus of k 2 c b and then we represent them in terms of the aniline's dependence k 1 0 e to the power of minus e 1 by r t and so on. So, this function which can be put in this form I have just taken k 2 0 outside it can be put in this form where the left hand side the outside the bracket is essentially rate constant k 2 and inside is the effects of conversion and so on. So, if you look at this term for the case of an endothermic reaction what happens to an endothermic reaction in this case for an endothermic reaction this is r b r b equal to for an endothermic reaction delta h is positive. Therefore, this term inside as temperature rises what do we see the term inside for an endothermic reaction delta h is positive as temperature increases what happens to the term inside it increases the temperature. This is the rate constant as temperature rises rate constant increases the temperature. Therefore, you have for the case of an endothermic reaction the term outside the bracket increases the temperature term inside the bracket also increases the temperature showing that the rate of chemical reaction keeps on increasing as you increase temperature this is for an endothermic reaction also stands to reason we should expect that it is endothermic the higher the temperature better it is. So, that is what we see for the case of an endothermic reaction. Suppose, we look at the case of an exothermic reaction the term outside bracket as you increase temperature you find that the rate constant keeps on increasing. But, the term inside the bracket what we find is that as delta h as temperature increases delta h is negative. Therefore, this whole thing is positive therefore, as temperature rises this whole term decreases. So, for exothermic reaction we find the term inside bracket decreases term outside bracket increases showing that there is a maxima or the other words what we are trying to say is that exothermic reversible reactions you see a maxima in reaction rate. You do not see any maxima in reaction rate if it is an endothermic reaction. So, this is what we are trying to say by looking at this rate function. So, suppose you make a plot of suppose we make a plot of rate of chemical reaction this is a rate function R b is this suppose we make a plot of rate of chemical reaction versus temperature. So, what we would expect to see for an exothermic reaction is that it keeps on going up and then comes down going up and coming. So, you will see there is a point at which the reaction rate becomes maximum when you plot this you will see functions like this. On other words this dotted line is the locus of maxima in reaction rate. So, our interest is to find out what is the equation to this locus if we can find out if the rate expressions are very nice we can find the equation to the locus. In some cases you may not be able to find an expression for the equation to the locus in which case we will do it graphically. On other words this curve can be determined either experiment graphically or mathematically in both case. So, our interest in understanding this function is that we would like to have our designs running around this locus of maximum reaction rates because that is when the reaction rates are the highest. So, we would like to see there are systems operate as close to the maxima in reaction rates as possible. Also you notice here this I have shown here graphs of R b versus T and as you can see here as x increases if you look at this function the rate function this is the rate function here. So, what happens as x increases this term decreases correct. So, what do you expect to see why I have shown here I have shown here as x increases we are moving in this direction. What it means as x increases the magnitude of the reaction rate keeps on decreasing which is also understandable because we are approaching equilibrium. So, as x increases these lines go inwards you understand what I am saying. As x increases this term what I am saying is that as x increases these two terms have the effect of these terms that you move inwards because you are moving towards the equilibrium. Therefore, the net reaction rates are smaller and smaller. So, therefore rate is decreasing in this direction as x that is what we are saying. So, our interest is to find out what is the equation to this locus. How do you determine the equation to the locus as suppose something that we have done before is that we simply look at that function and see where the maxima lies. So, we take the first derivative of this del R b with L t at constant x that means we are looking at what happens to R b at constant x. So, we can differentiate this and then set it equal to 0 I term this x as x m that means the equation to the locus of x versus t is given by this equation 1 minus x m by x m is k by k e 1 by e 2. This is for the case of a first order reaction which is reversible. So, if these rate functions are more complicated it will not be such nice functions, but whatever that may be you will be able to determine that function and plot that function. So, we can put it in this form we can put it in this form that the x m is given by k delta I have got delta is given by e 2 notice here e 1 by e 2 is less than 1.  So, when we make a plot of x e versus t and then x m versus t you notice here that x m always lies below the equilibrium curve. Why is it you can look at this function here you can say that since delta is less than 1 x m will have to lie below the x c curve. So, you have an equilibrium curve you have the locus of maximum reaction rate curve and therefore, you have all the information that is required for you to look at various design alternatives that might be available to you. So, what is it that we have done if you have an exothermic reversible reaction there is something called a maximum reaction rate curve there is something called the equilibrium curve and you have to operate around these regions. And therefore, we look for strategies that will give us an appropriately good design. So, let us say let us say we are looking at a CSTR a CSTR as a possible strategy for our operation. Let us look at one example operating on the locus of maximum reaction rates CSTR is in our mind what is the CSTR? CSTR operates at a given temperature or in other words the advantage is that you can operate at whatever temperature you want it can be here it can be here it can be here whichever temperature at which you want you can operate. Let us say you want to operate at the highest I mean highest conversion let us say you want this like all this is 0.8. Suppose, you want to get 0.8 conversion in one go on other words you want to get 0.8 in one go. Therefore, you will choose this temperature of operation suppose you want a conversion of 0.2 at the maximum reaction rate you will use this temperature of operation. On other words CSTR is a device which permits you to operate at the maximum reaction rate curve. You can choose that point and run your process at that point. Then question is how do you make it happen? You make it happen by recognizing that you have a material balance equation you have an energy balance equation you have a constraint which is defined by the maximum reaction rate curve. You have three equations and depending upon the number of variables which is specified you have to choose the variable which is not specified which is consistent with these three equations. Then you will be able to operate on the maximum reaction rate curve. So, most important point we must recognize is that CSTR is the device which permits you to operate on the maximum reaction rate curve. The second point which is also important is that suppose you want a very very high conversion 0.8 0.9 whatever 0.95 of the equilibria. So, you will be operating at somewhere here which means you will choose this temperature in this temperature can be very low. The reason is exothermic reversible reactions if you want to get higher and higher conversions your equilibrium constant will tell you that you should go to very low temperatures. Therefore, the reactor operates at a very low temperature and therefore, your reaction rates are very low. So, you are looking at a huge device which is very large in size. So, even though you can do it in one stage, but you might find as an equipment which is so large it is not you know satisfactory from an economic point of view. Therefore, you will often have to go through what is called as an optimization to get a proper size for which you will choose stage 1 here, stage 2 here, stage 3 here, stage 4 here or in other words you will operate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 number of stages. At each stage the temperature of operation is as per the maximum reaction rate curve and for each of these stages the heat load that you must add or remove will be specified by these 3 1, 2, 3. So, having chosen the temperature from here this defines x m this defines conversion sorry residence time this will define the heat load. You can see here if I specify temperature it will tell you what is the conversion at which you should operate. The moment I know conversion I can determine the residence time from here, moment I know residence time I can determine from here the heat load to be added or removed. On other words for every choice of temperature the equations 1, 2 and 3 will specify the conditions under which you should operate your process. So, 1, 2 and 3 tells you how to make sure that you get what you want.  And therefore, a choice of decreasing reaction rates and therefore, larger and larger equipment this is what this curve tells you. So, yeah number of CSTR stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4, stage 5 instead of you can do this go up to 0.8 or 0.9 of the equilibria in 1 stage. But the reaction rates are very low because of the fact that you are operating at such a low temperature. Yes size if you are going to operate with conversion at 0.8 what it means is that the actual concentrations are very low. And to get along this maximum reaction rate curve you will choose a temperature as per this curve. And that will turn out to be a very low temperature compared to higher conversions. So, this temperature being very low reaction rates are very low low temperature low reaction rates. And therefore, the equipment size is a very large instead if you operate a multi stage stage 1 at this temperature stage 2 at this temperature stage T safe. You will find that the net size of the equipment will be much in superior compared to a single stage operating at 0.8. So, what we are trying to say is that a multi stage CSTR design the optimal design will be a design of decreasing temperatures chosen along the maximum reaction rate curve. And the fact that the temperature are decreasing the reaction rates are decreasing therefore, the sizes are necessarily large. Suppose instead we have a multi stage P F R the question is often asked why multi stage P F R when you can as well operate a multi stage CSTR along the lochs of maximum reaction rates. We will try to address this question as we go along. So, once again we have our reaction A goes to B. So, you have our design equation this is for the design equation of a P F R which we have P C P D T D V R 1 minus of R 2 time delta H 1 star Q. Let us for the moment think that it is an adiabatic. So, that we remove this term in these two terms. So, that we have only an adiabatic process. So, this is the material balance F A 0 D X D V is R 1 minus of R 2. There are two equations dividing one by the other. You get a relationship which tells us that the temperature variation this is the temperature variation in our process V C P F A 0 divided by D T D X is minus of delta H. Now, if in this particular case for example, A goes to B the volume change due to reaction is not there, but there could be change in temperature as a result of which volumes may change. Suppose for example, we assume that volume does not change as an example then V becomes V naught therefore, this term becomes V naught by F A 0 is C A 0. Therefore, you will find C A 0 multiplied by delta H this is how I have written it in the next page. See therefore, D T D X becomes this becomes C A 0 times J which is a constant. Therefore, D T D X becomes a constant times C A 0 ok. What we are saying is that if you have a reaction A goes to B you conduct this reaction adiabatically in a P F R. If V equal to V naught is a satisfactory assumption then D T D X becomes a constant which is C A 0 times J what is J? J is heat of reaction divided by volumetric specific heat it is a known quantity. A constant D T D X means what if you make a plot of T versus X it will be a straight line. So, when you make a plot let us just do that when you make a plot of X versus T if you starting a T 0 then this is a straight line it can go up to the equilibrium curve we go it can go up to equilibrium curve. As you are moving along this curve what do you expect the temperature is increasing conversion is increasing at this point the reaction rate has reached a maximum. And as you move from this point towards the equilibrium curve the reaction rates are decreasing. So, on other words from point T 0 as you move towards reaction rates are increasing up to this point and it is decreasing. Now, if you are doing a design of a single stage. So, of course you will find because of the fact that it is a reversible reaction you are able to reach only up to this point. Say sulphur dioxide for example, ammonia for example, instances where the reaction is a reversible therefore, in one stage you are not able to push the reaction to its completion. So, the question is what is it that you do. So, what people do is that they cool this and run another stage they will cool this. So, if you are starting from here they will cool run another stage run another still you are able to get the extent of reaction that you expect. So, the why multi stage the answer to why multi stage is that in one stage we are not able to push the reaction to the end point that you desire. Why you are not able to push it to the end point you desire because the reaction is reversible. And therefore, as you move along the reactor you will at least you will end up in the end point at the equilibrium point therefore, you cannot go forward. And since the reaction rates become very small you will stop somewhere in little earlier than that otherwise it will become un-wheeled to operate. So, you will stop the process slightly before it reaches equilibrium and then you will run the next stage after cooling it. So, the idea of this cooling from one point to another is to give you the ability to go to higher level of conversion. So, this point all these points are points of design decisions decisions that will determine the economics of your process. So, how far you go in one stage how far you cool during the inter stage cooling and all these are decisions coming from economics only. So, you will have to do a number of iterations before you get the design that satisfies your economic criteria is that clear. And of course, criteria is not just economic there are safety criteria there are various other issues that goes into your objective function. But, once the objective function is defined you can definitely take care of all those calculations and come up with the best kind of design. Then another issue that frequently we have encountered is that if our initial temperature is T 0 therefore, let us say this is our T 0 I just draw here this is T 0. Now, you notice here that if your T 0 becomes much higher that means if you are able to preheat your feed to a higher temperature then you are able to I mean achieve a far better extent of reaction because you are able to go forward to the end point. On other words if you can heat the feed to as high a temperature as possible you are able to approach as close let us say you are able to heat it up to this point you are much closer to the maximum reaction rate curve. On other words preheating the feed facilitates you to reach as close to the maximum reaction curve as possible and to that extent you are able to save on the size of your equipment. So, the idea of preheating is this if you start here you will get a much bigger reaction equipment, but if you start here it is a much smaller reaction equipment because you are much closer to the maximum reaction rate curve. This is something you will see if you go to ammonia if you go to sulphur dioxide reactors these are things that is done routinely to provide the appropriate optimization. Now this interstage cooling as you can see these are all interstage cooling which actually permits you to go to higher and higher conversions for a gas phase reaction this interstage cooling is a huge investment. Why is it because gas phase heat transfer coefficients are small and therefore, and if the reaction is at high pressure for example, you are talking about high pressure equipment at the same time very small heat transfer coefficient ammonia is such an example. Yes number of stages might increase, but the overall size of the equipment will come down yes this is the optimization you will do. See you have to do this optimization to find out what is the best I mean too many stages there are problems all those issues are part of your objective function that you allowed to set for yourself. But even more important is that this interstage cooling whether if it is a gas phase reaction it is a it is a huge investment because it is a heat transfer coefficients are very low and therefore, the size of this size of the reaction equipment and size of the cooling equipment and you have to take both into account. So, that your cost optimization is taken care and ammonia and sulphur dioxide these are all instances was all gas phase coefficients corrosive and all those issues associated with problems that you will encounter. So, you have to do both the cooling equipment design as well as the reaction equipment design so that you are able to get the overall objective as per your objective set out. Now, if you if you go to sulphur dioxide they say what is called as DCDA the process that operates around the world to is called DC double contact double absorption. So, what is meant by double contact see you have you have this contact this is contact that means, you have push the reaction to a certain extent. Then you take this gas for absorption that means, you absorb the SO 3 and then you bring the thing back into the process absorb means automatically it cools. So, this cooling and absorption go together and then you do another stage. So, this is contact then this absorption contact absorption. So, they have double contact double absorption this is what is the sulphur dioxide process it is only two stage process where it take it to the end point this is something that you will see with ammonia I mean ammonia nowadays people do what they call as a radial flow you may have come across this radial flow.  So, these are consulate cylinders your catalyst is here. So, you have feed the gases are moving in like this is perforated this is perforated and then it goes out through this also perforated. So, gases are moving inwards now if it is a reaction which in which there is a decrease in volume SO 2 plus half O 2 is SO 3 is a decrease in volume you can see the facilitation. So, the volume decreases the volume of flow volume also decreases. So, the radial flow has certain and by keeping this thickness very small. You can keep this thickness very small by choosing the size of the cylinders and therefore, the amount of reaction the extent of reaction is controlled number one the extent of heat I mean heat release or what is called as temperature rise is also within the limits that you would have specified. So, the important thing about this radial flow is that you are able to regulate all that ensure that the catalyst call it I mean is does not deactivate because of very high temperatures. So, ammonia and sulphur dioxide are good examples in which this kind of issues become serious. Now, this another point we want to look at is we looked at del R B by del T at constant x and we showed plots of R B versus x and the R B versus T and then. Now, what we want to see is that what happens to this function del x del T at constant R B del x del T at constant R B or in other words what we are saying is that we will take this this function R B as some constant value some gamma and see how this function del x del T at constant R B looks like why we want to do this we will see shortly. So, we want just like we have done del R B del T at constant x now we are going to look at del x del T at constant R B. So, to do that what I have done is set up this function once again that means I have taken R B as constant and then it is k 1 c a 0 1 minus x k 2 c a 0 x just set up the rate function in the form that we all know and then I divided throughout by k 1 c a 0. So, that the right hand side looks like this 1 minus of x x divided by k y is it divided by k is k 2 divided by k 1 is k is it all right I have divided throughout by k n c a 0 this is all right what I have done. So, when you do that first term 1 minus of x the second term c a 0 cancels of k 2 by k 1 is written as capital K. Now, I have combined x together it looks like this therefore, the relationship between x and temperature looks like this where the temperature dependence is involved in capital K and small k. So, x for a given reaction rate x is related to that by this equation 3 is it ok. Now, if you differentiate x with respect to T del x del T at constant R B constant R B means constant gamma gamma does not change. So, we want to do del x del T at this one why do you want to do this what is the rational for doing this the rational for doing this is the following what is this term k by k plus 1 I put it in this form I have this term k by k plus 1 is 1 by 1 plus k as temperature increases if it is an exothermic reaction what happens to k it decreases. So, what happens is whole term. So, k by k plus 1 what happens decreases. So, k by k plus 1 decreases as x increases what happens to the first term 1 minus gamma by k 1 c a 0 as you increase temperature k increases and therefore, this whole thing decreases therefore, this whole thing increases. So, what we are saying is that for an exothermic reversible reaction x equal to this term the first term increases its temperature the second term decreases its temperature is this point clear to all of us this function what we have done we have done we just run through this once again we just run through this once again. We want to look at this function R B for the case when R is held constant and we change temperature. So, this is what we are trying to do. So, we want to see what happens to that function that is for which we have said we have divided throughout by k 1 c a 0 and got this function and so on. So, this increases this decreases and therefore, there is a maxima for the value of x. So, x versus t x versus t should show a maxima to find out what that maxima is what we have said is that we want to see how that function looks like let us do this once again. What we have done previously what we did was del R B del t at constant x. So, that means rate of change of rate with respect to temperature keeping x constant what we are now doing is that rate of change of x with respect to t keeping r constant. So, we are looking at the same function in two different ways these contours need not be the same it depends on the function and so on. So, we are looking at the same thing in a different way to see whether there is something more to be learnt at least from the point of view of a design. So, we are down doing not del R B by del t this we have done already we want to see del R we want to keep R B constant and see what happens to this function as temperature changes. So, now we are doing del x del t at constant R B to do that what we have done is the following. So, we have said this is I must have misplaced it why did I put it somewhere else anyway does not matter anyway this is the our function this is the function which is R B equal to gamma this is the function we want to understand and to understand how x versus t changes when gamma is constant. So, I divided throughout by k and c a 0 then our x looks like this where gamma is a constant we want to now do del x del t at constant R B del x del t gamma is constant. So, when you do that this function so this is the function we want to maximize. So, this is the function x equal to 1 minus the gamma k by k plus 1 del x del t at constant R B. So, this is what we want to do now. So, here the rate function k 1 is the function of temperature sorry k 1 is the function of temperature this k is also function of temperature correct. So, we want to differentiate this by parts this is what has done. So, I am differentiating this by parts let me write this here. So, that we remember x equal to 1 minus of gamma k 1 c a 0 into k by k plus 1 this is what we are differentiating. So, that so we are differentiating this. So, you can see here del x del t 0. So, I have got minus k 1. So, it is minus minus cancels of k 1 c a square d k 1 by d t is k 1 d 1 by r t square it is there k by k plus is the first term is first term differentiate the first term. See this minus term has disappeared because k 1 square with the minus sign comes. So, that is ok and then d k 1 by d t is k 1 d 1 by r t square that is fine. So, this term is all right second term first this remains and then multiplied by you have to differentiate this when I differentiate this. So, it become 1 by k plus 1 d k d t is fine that this differentiate the denominator k plus 1 whole square k plus 1 whole square correct with the minus sign d k fine looks all right looks ok. So, equal to 0.  So, 1 by k d k d t is. So, I put d k d t is k delta h by r t square this is ok. So, I have replace this d k d t by k by r t square delta h all right. So, this only we have to simplify now let us see how it simplify see this is what we had correct this is what we had.  Thank you thank you now it can be rearrange like this I think I have missed it there, but I have got it right here I think. So, what we are saying is that del x del t at constant r b if you set it equal to 0 this relationship is what we get. That means, this relationship is what comes out of that the differentiation and I have done some more manipulations some very elementary algebra is involved. So, what I have done is that I have replace this delta h as e 1 minus. So, this delta h I am putting it as e 1 minus of e 2 this delta h this delta h where are we this delta h I put a e 1 minus of e 2 it simplifies like this anyway. So, the basically what we are saying is that gamma k 1 c a 0 actually turns out something like this. This is the final form in which we get 1 minus of gamma k 1 c a 0 comes out to be e 1 k 1 plus. So, a relationship which is involves some amount of algebra gamma is rate the reaction rate which is held constant. We started with this equation correct x given by 1 minus of gamma k n c a 0 this is basically or this is the basic balance. So, what we are saying is that equation 1 holds as well as if you want maximum del x del t at constant r b this also should hold equation 6 and this is equation 1. So, if you manipulate further. So, you get essentially you end up with this relationship that for this case of del x del t at constant r b equal to 0 del x del t at constant r b equal to 0 you get x equal to k delta by 1 plus k delta. So, after going through this algebra what we have done we started with this rate function r b equal to this and then we said that this can be simplified to x equal to this. Then we did del x del t at constant r b and found that the relationship that satisfies del x del t at constant r b is given by x equal to k delta by 1 plus k delta and this is exactly the same relationship we got for del r del t at constant x. So, what we are saying is del r del t at constant x and then del x del t at constant r b the locus is the same what we are saying the following. Let us just run through the whole thing we started and said this is see del r del t at constant x it is this this we have done earlier and what is the equation del r del t at constant x or x m is given by k delta by this is x m given k delta by 1 plus k delta. That is for the case of del r del t at constant x now what we are saying is that for the case of del x del t at constant r b also give you k delta by 1 plus k delta or in other words we are saying that this locus this locus also applies for del x del t at constant r b. So, this also applies for del x del t at constant r b the locus is the same. So, what we have tried to do is that to show that locus of del r del t at constant x and del x del t at constant r b it is the same some of this is not clearly brought out in many texts what I find and there is a book written in 1965 it is he says in passing that you see it is the same, but some of it is not proved anywhere. So, I thought it is worth sort of going through this effort and proving this it comes nicely actually. So, let us look at the where is our function our function r this is our function r correct r equal to k 1 c a 0 1 minus k 2 c. So, we can plot this function correct this function r can be plotted for different values of r. So, when you plot this see I have just plotted for different values of r. So, what are we getting here? So, for different values of r you are getting your maxima the maxima is coming at that point only the reaction rates for different values of I mean for the assume values of r where the maxima appears and the other one both are coming out to the same locus. So, the point that we are trying to get across here is that if you look at a point somewhere here somewhere here which is what these are the points what is called as d x d t this is our equation here t t minus t 0 we did this a little earlier I would not be able to find it now, but let me write here t minus of t 0 this is for adiabatic p of r is given by c a 0 delta h x divided by c p we have done this a little earlier. So, what is d t d x here d t d x r d x d t is 1 by j c a 0 d t d x is j c a 0 therefore, d x d t is. So, what is that suppose I want to locate that point I can locate that point here you can see this point these are the points at which d x d t is 1 by j c a 0 or d t d x is j c a 0 d t d x is j c a 0 is that clear. So, d t d x actually the highest value that d t d x will takes is j c a 0 on other words plots of x words in the plots of x x t curve the point where d t d x is the highest value have shown by dotted line here you see this is the dotted line showing locus of points on this x t curve x t curve where the rate of change of t versus x is the highest value which is j c a 0 this is shown as a dotted line. So, we have 3 one is the equilibrium curve one is the maximum reaction rate curve you call it del r b del t at constant x or del x del t at constant r b both are the same. And there is a third line which is shown as a dotted line which is corresponding to d t d x equal to j c a 0 now the interesting point about d t d x at j c a 0 is that d t d x means the rate at which temperature changes as conversion changes and this is the point where the process is most sensitive to control. Because here the change is the highest whatever the process may be you are seeing your change as the highest. So, d t d x has the highest value as j c a 0. So, a process control around this point would be most effective at any other point it may not be as effective. So, the region of design is often people sort of draw a point point here which is something like some shall we say 98 percent of equilibrium conversion. So, and say this is the region in which your design must lie your region of design is between this dotted line and a line which is not at the equilibrium curve, but somewhere close to the equilibrium curve. So, some people take it 98 percent of equilibrium some people do less depends upon the objective function that you set for yourself. So, what we have tried to put across here is that looking at the temperature effects on chemical reaction we have defined a region over which you should look at your design and with respect to the objective that you would set for yourself this objective may involve cost may involve safety may involve consumption of water consumption of utilities. So, many see some people look only at cost, but in many cases cost alone may not be criteria in many designs today the most important criteria is water there is not enough water. I mean water may not cost you so much it may cost you some 50 rupees or 40 rupees the fact that it is not there. So, consumption of water is something that has to enter your the objective function the various issues like this which enters as a result of which the design that you will finally, end up with will have all the compromises that is required make sure that the plant actually runs satisfactorily I will stop there.


Steve Jobs Advice for young people who want to be rich About 11 years ago, I announced to my parents and family members that will not continue with my schooling. They wanted me to have degrees and live a normal life. To me, normal is boring. I wanted an exciting life. I wanted to dear life, try things, make mistakes and fail. I didn't want a life that pay bills. I wanted a life of purpose and to me, I was already getting old. I could no longer endure the boring classrooms. So I forego school. In this video, I'll tell you more of that story and I'll share with you the one important advice from Steve Jobs which I believe can change your life forever. If you're new here, consider subscribing so you won't miss other interesting videos like this. Here's the thing, Steve Jobs said, Don't wait. Do something when you're young, when you have nothing to lose. This is probably the most valuable advice Steve Jobs ever gave because if you truly follow this advice, your life cannot be the same. The world of waiter This last weekend, I and my wife went to spend some time with one of my old friends. As me and my friends were talking, he told me, You see, I didn't forget our last discussion. I'm making my plans. Our last discussion was about his dream of starting his own business and it is a good thing that he's making the plan, right? No, he has been making the same plan for more than one decade. Not just him, my general experience about most people convinces me that the world is filled with the dreamers and waiters. Most people simply do two things, they dream and they wait. Don't wait. Do something when you're young, when you have nothing to lose.  But why is waiting a good idea for most people? The only reason I can think of which makes us want to wait is because we think that tomorrow will give us better resources. Well, we are wrong because tomorrow will only make our dreams more difficult to pursue. The fear of my age I earlier told you my personal story, how I ran away from school without any degrees.  Though I hate school, I was having a lot of fun in school so I might never have left if not for the fear of my age. I was 21 at that time and my parents still wanted me to get all these degrees that will help me to become a great employee, meaning that I might have to get out of the school walls by age 26 or 27. To me, that was going to be hellfire because by this time, I was already having fear about my age. This fear was informed by the fact that I know it always takes a lot of time to achieve anything worthwhile. Since when I was a teenager, I've always knew that everything worthwhile takes a lot of time. So I knew that if I truly wanted to achieve meaningful success in life, I'll have to start early so that I could invest as many years as possible to my dreams. Not only did I know that I had to start early, I also knew that I had to forgo most things that are wasting my time. You see, time is the only true gift of life and it doesn't matter how early you start. As long as you let your time be wasted in little things that don't matter to your dreams, you'll still not get what you want out of life. Don't wait. Do something when you're young, when you have nothing to lose. The ignorance and youthfulness To succeed in life, you need brain and bones. Unfortunately, the young have bones but lack brains. While the old have brain, but lack bones. By brain, I mean wisdom. By bones, I mean physical strength and time. Most young people lack wisdom about life. Unfortunately, by the time they get such wisdom, they are usually in their late 30s or even mid-40s. Ignorance and youthfulness often go together and one major thing young people often get wrong is that they think they have something to lose.  If you're 60 and you meet a 21-year-old man who is afraid of pursuing his dream, you'll wonder what he has to lose. Listen to this, if you're in your 20s, you'll have nothing to lose. I mean nothing. I was speaking with a group of people some weeks ago and one woman stood up to ask me a question. She wanted to know how anyone could possibly do what I did with my life. I told her, well, I did it when I had nothing to lose. I was only 21 when I started out as a full-time entrepreneur. I had no money but I had wisdom and bones. I went around hanging with friends and wearing a shoe for 3-4 years. I took all the risk I could ever take and did everything I could possibly do. Many people were cautioning me. They wanted me to take it easy. They wanted me to calm down. They wanted me to get degrees and get jobs so I could have security. Security? What do you need any security for when you are 23? What do you need security for when you are 27? Now listen to me, if you're still young, you have got nothing to lose. Absolutely nothing. The worst that can happen to you is failure. The worst that can happen to you is rejections. The worst that can happen to you is criticism of the people who don't know what you know.  Allow not their fears to make you want security. You don't need security. You need success. You don't need security. You need progress. You don't need security. You need solution to your poverty. And for the older people.  Now you probably have a family and a lot of bills but all these are not your biggest problem.  This is what I mean. When we were born, we are usually very powerful individuals. We dream dreams and we believe we can achieve our dreams. However, in our teenage years, we started noticing that the world around us is different. We started hearing people telling us to take life easy. We started hearing people telling us that our dreams are risky and trying them may be the end of our life. In our 20s, we started seeing that the best way to live is to follow the common route. We noticed that certain people in our community simply studied hard, got good grades and good jobs. Once we see these people with new cars and big homes, something in us tells us that it's better to live a normal life than to take risks. Why trying something difficult when we can just obey the societal laws and achieve what society calls success? Now, the older we get, the less we want to try something different or risky. And that's the biggest problem with being old. The problem is not your age. It doesn't matter whether you are 45 or 57.  That's where the problem lies. Don't wait. Do something when you're young, when you have nothing to lose. Here are my last words. If you're young, don't wait till when the weather is perfect because it doesn't make any sense. Tell me, what are you waiting for?   Start seeing a new world, stop aligning your fear to influence your actions. Deer, pursue and run after your dreams. For everyone watching this video, don't forget that we have a single life and it doesn't matter whether we die at 39 like Martin Luther King Jr. or we live till 95 like Mandela. What matters is that we fight for what we believe is ours. Don't wait. Go out and fight hard. Thank you so much for watching our videos. Are you between the ages of 15 and 40? Then we invite you to join our new channel which was specially created to share with you inspiration and life's lessons to succeed in life. We call it Under 40 TV. Kindly look at the description box to join the Under 40 TV. We love you.


Boroddarr, gweithio. Fy enw i gweithio i mi i gael y gweithio y Llywodraeth Gweithgwyrdau. Felly, rwy'n gweithio i'r gweithio'r gweithgwyrdau o'r plan sydd wedi'i gweithio'r gweithgwyrdau o'r platform global sydd gennym ar y 2022 Fife Men's World Cup. Y Llywodraeth Gweithgwyrdau er mwyn i gweithio'r gweithgwyrdau, i gweithio'r gweithio i'ch gweithio'r gweithio a i gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio gyda'r Welsh's first World Cup campaign in 64 years. Yn y World Cup, mae'r bobl sydd yn gweithio Iwyrd, mae'r bobl yn gweithio'r gweithio. Y Llywodraeth Gweithgwyrdau sydd yn defnyddio'r gweithio, yn y rhwng hwnnw, ac mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio sydd wedi'i gweithio'r gweithio'r hynod. Mae'r ffordd yn ymddangos y ffordd yng nghymru sy'n gweithio'r ffordd. Mae'r ffordd yn ymddangos yng nghymru yn gweithio'r ffordd yn cynnodol i'r cyllidiau a'r cyllidiau, ac mae'r prinsbysgol yn ei wneud yw'r prinsbysgol yn yw'r World Cup. Felly, oherwydd o'r ffordd yng nghymru, ac o'r tîm yn y tornau, mae'n rhaid i'r ffordd o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r llwyddiadau ac LGBTQ plus yw'r rhaglen. Y Prif Weinidog dweud yw'r rhaglen o'r cyfnodau yn gyflawn i'r Cymru i'r UK yw'r ysgol, ac mae'n rhaid i'r cyflawn i'r cyflawn i'r cyflawn i'r cyflawn, yn cael ei wneud o'r cerddau hynny, mewn cyflawn i'r cyflawn i'r Cyflawn i'r Cyflawn i'r Cyflawn i'r Cyflawn i'r Cyflawn. Whilst Government Ministers continue to meet with stakeholders, including the international TUC and the rainbow war fans group, to engage on these critical issues. We are proud of the stance that has been taken by the team and we'll just fortunate to be represented by this special group of players under Rob Paaws' LEADERSHIP. The FAW players and fans rightly look to the Welsh Government for advice, support, and leadership on these matters. ac yn yr hyn, nynd surpriser sy'n gofynifio a gawsihwyr mewn ffordd ar y tornaf. As ydych chi'n trafodi ac brydydd i Anglennu yn y grwp. Doeddwn ni'n brifysgol sydd wedi bod ym thyf yn ei casig o'r panfloedau global sy'n defnyddio bwrdd y Cynllun i ddechrau'n wentlygedeithios yng Nghyrgr的ty SPA yn y DU. Ie, mae'r bwrth yr hynni sydd yn ystod y gwbl gwahodd. Roedd yna'n rhoi yw'r rhain ymlaen o'ch parwyr yn gweithio'r gweithio. Rydym yn wych yn chi'n gwasanaeth a'r gaf, rydym yn ei ffrasil o'r campain. Mae'r ffrasil o'r gweithio'r FFAW sydd yn y Cadeff City Stadium sy'n rhan o'r gwbl gwahanol gyda'r ffrasil yma sy'n gweithio'r Cadeff City Stadium. Mae'r gwbl gwahanol yn gweithio'r gweithio'r ffrasil o ffrasil o'r gwbl gwahanol. hwps a lwps. This is an LGBTQ plus refugee and asylum seeker support group for people who have come to Wales to escape domestic violence, persecution and even the threat of death. Wales's status as a nation of sanctuary matters. It is a core part of the values we choose to stand for and I'm delighted that those who are building a new life here are able to join us as we mark this major moment in Wales's sporting history. Our ambitious programme activities is designed to proudly promote Wales with new audiences worldwide and it is now well underway. Last week, Robert Page revealed the 26th player squad that will represent us at the tournament led, of course, by our talisman and captain, Gareth Bale. Today, I am pleased to announce four fresh additions to the Team Wales 22 efforts with our new group of Wales ambassadors. And these ambassadors working under the Clayshire Cymru banner will help to promote and celebrate the very best of Wales to the world. We have been incredibly fortunate to recruit the following. Olympian and World Champion Colin Jackson CBE former Wales captain, football captain, turn professor Laura McAllister, DJ and presenter Katie Owen and renowned chef Bryn Williams. As part of the wider Team Cymru 22 approach, FAW ambassadors and Wales legends Jess Fishlock and Ian Rush will also support our programme of activities. We also want to help to bring fans together at home and across the globe from New York to Stockholm and Wrexham to Rhondda. Our World Cup Partner Support Fund is now supporting 19 projects designed to promote Wales, to share our culture, arts and heritage as an integral part of this global celebration. They include the Grill Cymru Festival, led by the FAW and Arts Council of Wales which is celebrating our arts and sport across more than 200 events. S4C organised a concert in New York early this week. The Earth delivered their biggest singing jamboree across schools with 230,000 children taking part. And Street Games Wales is reaching out to those living in our least well-off communities. An audience of around 5 billion people will watch the FIFA World Cup offering a rare opportunity to introduce a progressive, dynamic Wales to new audiences across the globe. We have implemented our enhanced marketing campaign focusing on core target international and domestic markets including the USA, key European markets and here of course in the UK. The key campaign will promote Wales as an open, progressive nation a great place to do business and a great place to visit. It is focused on the people of Wales extending our warm welcome. A series of new short films are being released packed with authentic voices inviting the world to Wales. To further support our objective to promote Wales, engage in diplomacy and importantly to project our values the First Minister will attend Wales's group game against the USA and I will attend the England game. These represent the most significant opportunities for us to raise the profile of Wales and make connections where we can share our interests and values. We believe that it is proportionate for Welsh ministers to not attend the Iran game and will be supporting Wales from home. To ensure the safety and security of Welsh citizens in Qatar and a welcome for all we have also engaged regularly with the UK government and with a range of government agencies as well as UK police forces. Regular channels of contact have continued for updates on matters of security and safety from the Qatari Supreme Committee which as you know is a committee responsible for managing the World Cup. We have also been in regular contact with the UK Embassy in Qatar. Our ongoing investment in sporting facilities in Wales includes a capital budget of £24 million over the next three years alongside investments in schools facilities and support delivered by local authorities. The Welsh government does not underestimate the serious issues this tournament has raised for citizens, sporting bodies and governments everywhere. I'm pleased that our plans reinforce the values that make Wales the nation it is and we will not step back from those values. After a 64-year wait this Wales team deserves to be competing at the top table and to take enormous pride from the joy they have already given to so many of us. The relationship that this team has built with Welsh fans is something that is truly special. I'm sure that you'll all join with me in wishing Robert Page and the team all the best in this World Cup. Poblwch Cymru. I'll now take questions from journalists. And I think we're going to start with Felicity Evans on the screen. Borodaw Felicity Evans. Borodaw Minister, thank you very much indeed. Just on the rationale for when you decide that engagement with an oppressive regime dialogue and the demonstration of what you call an open and progressive Wales is the right way forward and when you decide that it isn't there's a ministerial boycott of the Iran game not of the other games, you are going to Qatar because you say you favour this dialogue as the right approach. What's the rationale there? Because it seems a bit of a confused approach. How do you decide which countries are beyond the pale and which aren't? Well the first minister issued a statement on values and responded to the broader statement of values that a range of stakeholders including the FAW and the Future Generations Commissioner brought together. And it sets out that these are judgments that we make and take are broad starting approaches that we favour engagement and as we are doing and standing up for what makes Wales Wales. The challenge and it's always a nuanced discussion in the sense of there are competing arguments for engagement and not and that's the discussion that the Government had about our presence in Qatar and we've taken a decision in terms of Iran about what is proportionate. As we look ahead to some of the challenges that families and others are facing and the way that we use ministerial time we took the decision that attending the Iran game wasn't proportionate but we'll consider again if as we all hope Wales do get through to the knockout stages whether ministers should attend future games as well. So it's hard to set out a hard and fast set of rules about where we would or would not be prepared to send ministers directly to that country and as I say we have tried to set that out in the statement. I think that people often look for black and white in a mathematical form and allow you to reach that but actually you have to look at each country you have to look at the situation you face what the opportunities are in engagement and what this means to Wales because much of course of what we're doing in Qatar is promoting Wales to the wider world and the two biggest opportunities are obviously our game against the USA which is in many ways our biggest target market and the game against England with as I say the opportunity to set out to a 5 billion people audience that Wales is a distinct nation within the UK and that certainly isn't something that is always clear. Thank you If I could change topic for my second question please and just ask for your reflections on the investigation currently and the way at Gwent Police after what the chief constable has described as the emergence of vile text messages involving homophobia, misogyny corruption and so on. Nazir Afzal, the former head of the Crown Prosecution Service also a Welsh Government advisor on tackling violence against women says he thinks that this and what we've seen at the Met Police that there should now be some form of national enquiry into all the police forces in Wales and England. Do you agree with that? Well it's the first time I've heard of the call from Nazir Afzal who I've met and as you point out has been an advisor to the Welsh Government on the individual issue in Gwent Police I think it's important to reflect on the business taken by the chief constable Pam Kelly. There's been no hesitation in how a porch has been at the allegations and the investigation has taken place by a separate police force. All of us should be able to have trust and confidence in the police and every time it is revealed there are people who wear the uniform who absolutely should not it is of course a point of concern I've seen the wider issues in relation to the Met and others I'd want to reflect and consider the call from Nazir Afzal and others for a wider investigation and to understand how that will practically make a difference because that's what I'm most interested in to make sure that we all get the police force that we deserve as citizens but also all the many decent men and women who serve in our police forces and I have friends and I know who work in the police force as well that they have officers alongside them that won't embarrass and shame them in the way that I'm afraid that many have done so I think we'll consider the call before coming out with a more considered view on Nazir Afzal's suggestion Thank you Flistie and now in the room we've got Will Hayward from Wales Online, nice to see someone in person again Will Thank you Minister Just keeping on the Gwent Police theme you say Pam Kelly reacted very quickly this hasn't come as a surprise that there's issues within Gwent Police we recently add two very senior officers as well one retired just before he was dismissed just two days before he was dismissed and another was dismissed we also saw the case of Clark Jocelyn where an officer was able to stay in post for many years and was found by the force itself to be controlling of other female officers Given that this has been a long standing theme with the force do you think that there should be a wider inquiry into the force itself beyond just the Wiltshire Police investigation? I don't think it's helpful for me to start freestyling on investigations into Gwent Police with wider culture and I don't think you'd really expect me to but I really do recognise the serious of the individual issues you raise and what it means about the broader force because I do understand in many organisations individual issues can be about one row group of individuals I also understand that frankly there can be a culture that leads to people feeling empowered to behave in that way and then how organisations deal seriously with complaints and concerns and that's what I'd expect a leader in any organisation to be prepared to acknowledge and then to act on but I'm not sure that would be sensible for me as a Welsh Government minister who isn't responsible for policing of course we have lots of relationships with all of our devolved public services and policing but we're not the responsible body when it comes to oversight to try to call for a wider investigation but I recognise the significance of the concern and the fact it does not appear that these are just a couple of bad apples Going back to the World Cup the events that are organised in the US some of them were broadcast but there are some events which are obviously taxpayer funded which will just be invite only they won't be broadcast will be to quite a limited group of people how does that project Welsh values beyond just the people that have attended relatively small events and hold invite only events we're holding a FinTech event in London later this month that's an invite list to a range of people who have got interest from different embassies and also different companies within the sector future investors and that's about gathering together and using the influence of this global platform to get to decision makers to pretend to investors who might not otherwise get the opportunity to gather together in the same place and it's exactly that approach to not just the events in the US I'm going to the US myself as part of that effort to project Wales on a global stage with a broader media presence and indeed a series of organised meetings that are by invite only it's the way we work in a whole range of areas and again it shouldn't be a surprise on trade missions we have organised events that are open we have others where it's invite only and that is about taking advantage of the opportunity to market Wales is a great place to visit and to come and do business in ways of trying to achieve our objectives without having simply one means of doing it and as ever we expect to have metrics on how successful our activity has been and they'll come on in a number of months afterwards and as you'd expect I expect to be publishing months after the World Cup something about how our initial phase has gone and then what the longer term impact of Wales's journey in the World Cup has been and obviously the longer that journey continues the better it is for all of us whether fans or interested investors are like thank you, thank you Will I've now got Adrian Masters on the screen Good morning Minister thank you very much and picking up really on the issues to do with Qatar Keir Starmer has said that he won't go neither will any of the Shadow Cabinet members because of the message it sends I realise that you're in a different position as a Government as opposed to an opposition in their case is it with you as a Labour politician to realise that colleagues who you respect and work with have taken a very different decision? I would say it's entirely reasonable for people to take different positions on the issue there is a reasonable case to argue for engagement or not and I'm not surprised there are people in every political party who have different points of view I think one of the key differences of course is that our colleagues in Westminster are for the time being on the opposition benches we're in the Government we are leading our country we have Government responsibilities and the FAW are very clear that they want to be alongside the Welsh Government as they take their journey on this global stage and we have opportunities to promote and project our values as I've set out and to engage in the country in a different way because we are in the Government and that's what we are choosing to do it's all the engagement we've already had that I set out with not just LGBTQ plus groups but also with the international TUC about workers' rights in the country and the international TUC were clear that they supported Welsh Government ministers physically attending in the presence and they want to see the progress has been made to date in Qatar both recognised but built upon as well they're very keen that this doesn't all come to a halt when the tournament ends so we're listening and we're engaging we're reflecting and recognising the fact that this is not the straightforward position for people whether they're interested in party politics or not and a very specific issue the Welsh Government as you said represents is representing all the people of Wales amongst them Alison Patterson whose daughter Lauren Patterson was raped and killed in Doha she's asked the teams to use their involvement in the world cup to highlight her daughter's case and remember what happened to her will you use your visits also to highlight her case and and make sure people don't forget that particular case Well I'm only aware of the headlines of the case Adrian and I thought this was a father myself about what you would think and feel if something happened to your own child of any age and I really am truly sorry for the family for what they have already gone to understand why they'd make the call I think it'll be a matter for the team what they decide to do but I'll certainly be interested because I know this is an issue that's arisen today that you're covering and I think it's a good thing that you are I'll be interested in getting a much clearer briefing on what's happened and if there are opportunities for us to talk about it and indeed to have a conversation with the First Minister as well Thank you Adrian I think those are the three sets of journeys today and no doubt there'll be more interest at the car later on and in the less than a week before we start I will campaign against the USA Thank you very much everybody


Okay, today we just received these Kveko Winter Novelty pins. This is the Kveko AL Sport Special Edition in Ruby, and this is another of the limited edition runs of different unique colors that Kveko releases, and this is when they release specifically for the Christmas season in 2022. The special editions are created with the same Kveko Sport AL pin design, so you've got the Sport pin design with the aluminum body, and you have the Kveko collection right there on the side, alongside the Germany indicating that they are made in Germany. So you have the octagonal faceted cap, and then you have your slight bit of gold trim with the wording there on the outside of the pin, and then you've got a matching nib, and it is a stainless steel nib that's plated to match the gold accents, and this Ruby material is kind of a pearlescent shimmery metal, and you have the ink cartridge stored inside for if you would like to ink it immediately with that Kveko ink, and we're going to go ahead and ink it today with a wear and roll Pinchley Exclusive, the taming of the shrew ink, because it's a great combination for this pin, and we thought this would be a great combination not only for the holidays, but for national novel writing months, so if any of you out there are in the midst of writing your great American novel, or great not American novel, maybe try out a little bit of fountain pin writing for some inspiration. Happy National Novel Writing Month, and we hope you enjoy the newest release from Kveko, this ruby edition of their Kveko Ale Sport Special Edition fountain pins. If you want more information visit pinchley.com