భடం఻చ్ చతర లారంచ్గిరిక౩ పదర రంట్స్ఫూ, చంటింటరడాలం divided సిండోది. చూట్గ్ లివంఎరంపే ఌం కమిక్ పీరంవొ మిండద చరకమటాక్ మ�� つ Negative we discussed in the last class that is direct use of RTD to estimate conversions that means no modeling in between can we use RTD information directly to get the conversion, okay. So any the meaning of that is that to any real reactor that means with all diseases like dead space, bypass and all kinds of things, okay good. So then we also discussed that why first order reactions only it is possible for them for the first order reactions to get the conversion directly using the RTD, okay. Now I think that you understood, right because that is a linear process and also RTD is also a linear process but on the other hand first order reactions require only information on timings, okay. So a packet how much time it has spent inside the reactor and there the conversion depends on the time it is spent inside the reactor. So then you can calculate from RTD those timings and then club with kinetics that will give you totally the information on, okay. So the information on conversion so for first order reactions first order reactions we have RTD plus kinetic, okay kinetic information that is first order only will be giving performance of reactor this is only for first order reaction and we have also derived I simply wrote an equation without derivation what is happening in first order reaction is because RTD gives me the fraction that is coming between time t and t plus delta t in that fraction how much time this particular fraction has spent inside the reactor and at the exit of course you know when you are taking and what is the conversion in that particular fraction, right. So how do we write that the and then we are averaging all the fractions mean conversion or mean concentration, okay mean concentration of we are only deriving an equation for first order thing you know in exit stream equal to concentration of reactant remaining in the element of age between t and t plus delta t that is one thing that is the fraction you know that is concentration remaining in that fraction and sorry concentration remaining in that pocket and then we have fraction of I have to just move the boundary a little bit fraction of exit stream exit stream which is of age between can anyone fill up that between same thing t and t plus delta t, okay what is this very good this is ET DT or delta t, okay and what is this one, where is ET it is the concentration of reactant remaining in that element it is CA by CA naught of that batch that fraction, okay and the sum over all these will give us the mean concentration CA bar by CA naught, okay sum over that. So in other words what we have written yesterday was integral form CA by CA naught equal to integral 0 to infinity CA by CA naught batch ET DT so this is the expression good and now because we are writing specifically for first order, okay so now I know CA by CA naught batch for first order, right but I have written yesterday only E power minus KT but that means what it is first order A going to R, right but there are so many first orders like for example A going to R parallel reaction and A going to S, A going to R R going to S, okay so the same thing is it valid for all first order reactions like series reaction parallel reaction and also reversible reaction both are first order is it valid zero extension of brain, why you know anyone yes, valid sir, valid why valid, we are swallowing water to explain but you explain if there is anything, it is linear, it is the right equation is still linear, why do you say no, because you have A1 reversible reaction you have K1 CA minus K2 CA it is a first order one linear process only all linear processes, right if A going to R and A going to S what is the rate equation, yes minus R A equal to K1 plus K2 CA because the power of CA is always 1 it is linear so please remember for any linear process whether it is parallel whether it is series or whether it is reversible all processes it is, okay and that is why what we do is I think please take this you know example Levenspiel there is example, I do not remember now that example, okay so there is a there let me check whether I have my notes so that example please see it is not here, it is not here, okay please see that example where he has used for first order reaction and then calculated conversion so what he does is that this is E power minus KT for first order reaction and simply A going to R, right so then this equation also C bar A by C naught is sigma of E power minus KT E T E T delta T, right so I know this E T delta T and corresponding timings and I can calculate this and then you will get the average conversion as 1 minus X bar A, right this is for first order and even I can put here for second order sorry reversible reaction both first order A going to R, okay K1 CA so all that information you can put here depending on parallel reaction series reaction and reversible reaction all that but still this is valid so please make a note that this equation is valid for all linear process such as parallel first order series first order reversible reaction first order, anything else? First order is first order whether it is gas phase or liquid phase or sorry phase or any other phase if you want to create in all these phases provided it is homogeneous reaction there is no external mass transfer coming into picture in fact by the by even mass transfer is it a linear process or non-linear process what is the mass transfer equation linear process what is the size absolutely day by day brain is shrinking you know brain is shrinking and I think it is not expanding, okay I think more and more you read I think you know less and less you are able to understand I think you know that is what is the problem all of us could have stopped our studies in school itself would have been very very intelligent people, okay yeah really by the time you reach the highest degree brain is zero we do not know what to say yeah today I saw I think Rahul sent to me that Einstein quotation where I think about technology, okay when technology surpasses human interventions, okay so that means you are accepting technology that means you know calculating 2 into 2 how much means you have to remove either cell phone or calculator or computer laptop and then only calculate 2 into 2 equal to 4, okay then next one is when technology surpasses human interventions it produces idiots same body has used idiots is there I mean the sentence may not be exactly right, okay Einstein told when he was you know when he died 1965 gopi when did he die 63 yeah around that okay so right right I think around 60s only I remember that so I think somewhere before that he told that wonderful know so that is what we are doing for anything go and open the calculator or laptop and we do not know how to use our brain correct no your name not Abdul behind Mahabub okay not required you know click that is all clicks number of clicks over operation is over okay anyway good so this is the one please write a make a note of that this is yeah this equation if I say this is equation 1 this is equation 2 in terms of differential form equation 1 is valid for all equation because I think mass transfer process you know it is n A equal to k C A minus you know the other side concentration gradient it is only linear no so equation 1 is valid for all first order reactions and I will underline all so because all means again I have to what are all yeah right all means first order series parallel reversible all that okay please write that also otherwise tomorrow morning you may forget what is this all we do not yeah good okay the first order reactions are over now now let us the next one what we have discussed was using this yeah asking question what will happen for other than first order yeah and also I think time too much I do not have watch I am very happy today because I can take any time so C A by C A naught batch E T D T when I have this and for ideal reactors what is E T for example for plug flow alone right what is E T and what is C A by C A naught for ideal P F R P F R means ideal so C A bar by C A naught equal to 0 to infinity E power minus k T yeah this one is direct delta function E T no delta this is delta yeah T equal to T bar P correct you know yeah so now tell me what is the equation for that you see now even from this you can easily get provided you know actually for first order reaction what is the equation right so similarly for reversible parallel everything you can substitute this equation and you know when this function is valid and correspondingly you know this function as it is the that appears therefore depends on what are the other functions also you can calculate same thing you can also put here for M F R oh my god I am taking lot of time C bar by C A naught equal to 0 to infinity E power minus k T what is for E T M F R E power minus T by T bar M by T bar M okay D T if you integrate that and put the limits between 0 to infinity what is that you should get here 1 by 1 plus k T bar M that is what is for first order okay good very nice okay so now the next one is this models what we have discussed why only for first order because it is a linear process and also first order requires only the timing and the timing is supplied by R T D so that is why I think we can use this very happily without any problem okay good but now what will happen if I go to other than first order reactions so for that we took that model very beautiful model for other than first order reactions we are just explaining with model 1 which we have discussed already but still I have to give some idea you know because yesterday this is T bar P no T bar 1 I said right T bar 1 this is T bar 2 and the other model 2 is just reverse of this yeah so same thing this is T bar 2 T bar 1 right and we found that for first order okay most important thing E T versus T this is T bar 1 right so if I do not give this picture this these two pictures and if I give you only this E T you know that yesterday we have discussed that this E T can represent model 1 and also can represent model 2 and not only that it can represent many other models which I will show you later a little bit later okay it can represent so many models R T D cannot supply all the information that means again what is the information actually you need if I go to n equal to 1 model 1 and 2 model 1 and 2 gives same conversion this again reiterating what we have told the meaning of this is if I know R T D it does not matter whether you have late mixing or early mixing because R T D tells me the time and if for first order we also require only the time of that for particular fraction how much it has you know the time it has spent inside the reactor excellent so now for the what is n 1 n equal to 1 right so n greater than 1 because I am worried about my time I think and I again started so again I will end up with the same thing what I have told you yesterday so n greater than 1 we have seen that model 1 gives gives more more conversion than okay more conversion why then I think is understood correct no model 1 gives means model 2 does not give that is all that is all okay so for n less than 1 even though we have not proved you will get the reverse model 2 gives or okay model 1 gives yeah less conversion so what we thought if I am talking about n greater than 1 for example second order reaction right so the it is giving more conversion the reason is that here we have late mixing and here we have early mixing okay so this information should be known and thus information is not given by RTD so that is why RTD alone cannot be used for estimating conversions for other than first order reactions conclusion number 1 right so now for other and unfortunately in industry and also in our profession we have other than first order reactions many right so that is why this this information we should definitely know what is the information information on late mixing and also early mixing this one is early mixing as I told you late mixing and early mixing are just vague terms so that is why now we want to define these mixings like okay when it is possible to have the latest mixing so there are two aspects one is the state of the fluid itself state of the fluid okay state of the fluid itself can tell me whether the mixing is taking place latest means you know it is never mixing Savita Savita is there okay yeah so when you say latest mixing means it is not mixing inside the reactor afterwards you may break and you may eat and whatever you want you can do that right yeah so state of the fluid is one parameter the other parameter is yeah the react itself right okay you know yeah the react itself what you said I will tell it is not correct later okay yeah state of the fluid itself that is one parameter the other one is how early these things are mixing that means how early mixing means it depends on what kind of reactors we have right how early when it is mixing means if I take individual molecules together and then individual molecules and if I put in mixing flow then you have earliest mixing possible right right so that is why the first thing what we have to define is state of the fluid and the second thing what we have to define is earliest of mixing that means the earliest what is called that is maximum mixing is that is possible earliest of mixing that means how early it can these are the two parameters which we have to define and the state of the fluid tells me whether I have micro fluid or macro fluid okay and the definition of micro fluid is the particles are individually capable of mixing right they are not forming any aggregates and any molecule can communicate with any molecule if it is allowed to communicate right but the same molecules the micro fluid individual molecules if I put in a plug flow reactor they never communicate they just enter go with all other you know only that cross section and then comes out that is what right so that is why we say that first state of the fluid will determine whether I have micro fluid but micro fluid is capable of mixing early capable of mixing early whereas macro fluid will never mix so this answer is answer to this late and early how late and how early right the latest one is never mixing so how do I define that using macro fluid macro fluid are the packet of molecules where I can give you know approximative which contains approximately 10 to the power of 12 to 12 to the power of 18 moles okay and they are independently moving without contacting or without coalescing or without breaking you know retaining their own identity from the beginning and then coming out now what is the advantage of looking at that because whatever conversion is happening now I know exactly that is happening inside that particular packet and this pocket is nothing but our batch reactor okay equivalent to batch reactor so any reaction may take place there first order reaction may take place second order reaction may take place or 0th order may take place any order reaction may take place within that particular packet that is the reason why we say 10 to the power of 12 to the power of 18 because that will give an idea about concentration so if I have only one molecule you cannot say concentration okay so that is the reason why we say you know that approximate value good so this also we discussed macro fluid and micro fluid micro fluid you know now we have to have the connection connection is this tells me early mixing and late mixing now vague words like late mixing and early mixing have to be clearly defined that definition comes by defining state of the fluid first state of the fluid okay this is one parameter state of the fluid and when I take this state of the fluid what we call this one is degree of segregation that means macro fluid is totally segregated whereas micro fluid is totally mixed right I mean if it is allowed to mix capable of mixing whereas here this capable of not mixing right that is the extreme right so can you give an example of macro fluid liquid droplets provided we very strictly follow that no liquid drop is allowed to coalesce with any other liquid drop or even if there is some kind of mixing going on and all that you know in the overall liquid then even the droplets are not allowed to break allowed to coalesce and you know those two are important things and the size is constant during the reaction okay yeah I mean if the gas phase reaction slight expansion may be there but condition is that within that reactor itself within that the packet itself whatever is happening good yeah so to take care of this late mixing and early mixing we have now two definitions now this is micro fluid macro fluid is giving the state of the thing and we also have two more you know scale of mixing scale of mixing many papers will tell us this is micro mixing okay scale of mixing one is micro mixing and Levenspiel calls this one as degree of segregation degree of segregation this is the definition of Levenspiel book where we have you know micro mixing but some papers will give that you know it is called micro mixing but Levenspiel book tells degree of segregation so when you are seeing the book degree of segregation means we are talking about micro mixing and the second factory is that macro mixing which he calls as earlyness of mixing earlyness of mixing okay so actually this macro mixing earlyness of mixing is given by RTD what is that no no you have to tell louder macro mixing is called as earlyness of mixing no no see he calls this earlyness of mixing is for macro mixing where macro mixing can represent RTD right yesterday I have drawn the scales also what was one scale this is micro mixing scale so micro mixing scale that is increasing from this side to this side because here I have segregation and here I have maximum mixingness don't get confused with maximum mixingness with earlyness of mixing maximum mixingness yesterday also what I said was right only okay earlyness of mixing it won't represent that you know maximum mixingness earlyness of mixing is associated with the reactor right so reactor means it RTD comes into picture right so this one has this RTD but this is late mixing right and this has early mixing but this also has the same RTD so these words are used earlyness of mixing represents okay so this is micro mixing and I have also written there if you remember if you see my notes here I have degree of degree of segregation this is Levenspiel's meaning okay so that is what is the degree of segregation and here what is the segregation infinity maximum and here we have segregation equal to zero that is what is the degree of segregation what we have and the other scale also what we have Rahul you have watch can you put that to your watch there so here we have P f here we have M f right that is what and we call this one as macro okay macro mixing macro mixing that is the scale right and I also wrote here this represents RTD and I think that side I have written I think residence term distributions okay this represents and anyway these two are the extreme RTDs for us where this P f tells me that the RTD equal to zero and this tells me the RTD equal to zero to infinity so everything covered this is zero that is zero to infinity so any other system may be intermediate RTDs whatever many other systems what we have so that is why we can call also in between we have intermediate RTDs intermediate RTDs and here we have intermediate mixings here intermediate mixings okay okay intermediate mixings states okay what do you mean by intermediate mixing states here this side yeah this side I have individual segregated packets this side I have individual molecules so here if I look at this point I have more number of packets and few molecules at this side if I look then I have more molecules and few that is what is the degree of segregation and now we do not have any possibility of taking care of them under those conditions when I have packets separately and also the individual molecules separately I can handle but few packets and few molecules information is impossible to get how can you get this information from the fluid when you look at that if you have water can you find out how many aggregates are there and how many individual molecules are there that itself is very very difficult that is why in reaction engineering what we do is we only find out what is happening at this point what is happening at this point and what is happening at this point what is happening at this point we have 4 cases like I take M f and then find out what is happening with segregation right and also M f I will take to maximum mixingness to covered same thing P f I put here and also P f I put here right and maximum mixingness can be obtained by a what kind of fluid micro fluid can be obtained right but the moment I put this this P f extreme here then it would not exhibit any mixingness right so that is why please do not confuse with maximum mixingness and early earlyness of mixing this is the word he has used for RTD representation which we are calling as macro mixing that is why macro mixing other people call and Levenspiel called this one as earlyness of mixing and the other one micro mixing which gives me degree of segregation okay micro mixing is called by some other people and Levenspiel calls that as degree of segregation okay good so I think this is clear now the connections are clear all these diagrams and then scales we have had the reason is only to answer how late how early and that is why this figure is very very important figure for us really very very important figure for us so now what we have to do is let us take this first one degree of segregation and then discuss quickly okay first take degree of segregation that means we are now talking about state of the fluid right degree of segregation this is segregation here complete segregation is macro fluid and if you want you can also write macro fluid do not write macro mixing this is macro fluid and this one is micro fluid right in degree of segregation let us quickly discuss for batch reactor what we have and also PFR and we have MFR all three right okay good so now let us take batch reactor first and the one extreme is let us first talk about micro fluid micro fluid means maximum mixing as that is possible right that means I am now putting this point here right this extreme PF I am just coinciding with that that means I have PF and maximum mixing as maximum mixing as possible only for micro fluid so that means what I am trying to say is we are now talking about if I treat micro fluid in batch reactor what will happen okay micro fluid also here individual molecules all molecules must spend exactly same time right so there is no I already we have the equations for this for micro fluid right micro fluid and you already know how to calculate concentrations for first order reaction second order whatever reactions okay good now the same thing I also put in PFR because batch and PFR both are same right so here also the molecules individually enter and then exactly spend same time like batch reactor and you also know under those conditions how to calculate conversions for micro fluid that is what you have done in your B Tech that is what we have done in the first few classes here it is only micro fluid without knowing we assumed so you have equations for batch reactor and also plug flow reactor and even for mixture flow reactor right so all these three but I think because I am now talking only batch and PFR because this extreme we put here where you have micro fluid because this extreme cannot be satisfied by this micro fluid because here you have segregation and whereas here this is capable of mixing right so at individual molecule level so that is why this one and now if I take this extreme and then put it here right PFR MFR extreme even then you have the equations because individual molecules will be moving and you know how to write the equation entering leaving and all that you have the equation so for micro fluid we have all the equations in the degree of segregation point at this extreme where you have micro fluid which is capable of giving maximum mixingness okay now we have to talk about only segregated fluid now same thing okay so that means PFR will put here and also batch reactor is PFR again and this one mixture flow also we will put it there first let us take batch and PFR which are both are same right because residence time distribution is equal to 0 now when I use batch or PFR like individual molecules here also each and every pocket should spend exactly same time so you know how to calculate that means now even this the packets also behave like individual molecules because individual molecules also spending exactly same time so that is why if you have batch or PFR and if you have micro fluid or macro fluid does not matter you have the same equations valid because it depends on the residence time residence time distribution equal to 0 even if it is individual molecules and also residence time distribution equal to 0 even in the molecules inside that pocket correct know each pocket is spending exactly same time so both are same so that is why batch and plug flow gives same conversions for macro and micro what fluid dash net so we do not have now we have to worry about only this flow MFR MFR also as far as micro fluid is concerned we have the equations micro fluid equations available available vtech okay good I mean you have done that definitely yeah so now for macro fluid we are discussing now macro fluid is nothing but segregated fluid and when you have this mixed flow and now what you have to imagine is so these are the packets coming they are supposed to be equal size okay we have stirrer and also packets are coming out okay mixing is taking place good so now when I look into the macro fluid this is macro fluid so continuously the packets are coming inside right and then continuously the packets also coming outside but if I look at the packets here if I take 100 packets just an example in that 100 packets what I see is packets which have just now entered or packets which have stayed overtime because the distribution is possible from 0 to infinity so what I do I break all that because and each the beauty here is that each element each element here each packet here will have the same conversion because depending on its own residence time inside whether I have first order second order third order because whether late mixing or early mixing will not come into picture for the molecular level late mixing early mixing will not come into picture here because only that packet inside that we have the sufficient mixing for the reaction to take place because all the molecules are communicating within that but if I compare two packets one would have spent one minute another would have spent 15 minutes so conversion in this is different and conversion in the other one is different so what we have to do there also is exactly the same equation what we have written for batch that means now I have to in effect what we are trying to tell is that when I assume segregated fluid now the conversion depends only on the amount of time that is spending inside the reactor and how do I get that information from RTD and from kinetics inside that packet right so that is why the equation that we have to use here is for segregated flow same balance we can write CA bar by CA not equal to 0 to infinity CA bar by CA not batch ET dt this is for segregated flow please remember that and only thing here is that the other one for first order reactions only but in this when I assume segregated flow absolutely no problem like I can tell you an example coal combustion right so coal particles have you know almost same size we assume and few continuously I am feeding coal particles 1 mm and they are coming out but depending on their time inside the reactor some particle would have completely burnt some people would have only partially burnt some particles may not significantly burnt at all because that would have spent only one second but what I see the total energy that is relieved from this combustion is that a total of average of all these particles where some partially converted or some not at all converted because sometime you know quickly it may come back or some overcome only ash structure you will see and ash alone will come out so that is what is the overall so same thing even I think someone was telling droplets I think many can tell so the droplets also when I look each droplet is exposed to the other material also okay we are not talking about mass transfer effects reaction is going on in these particles in these droplets and when I take different droplets then I can see what is the conversion but in the reactor they are not mixing but after coming out of the reactor I may break all that and then see what is the average conversion that is what is the latest mixing I am telling so inside the reactor latest mixing means they are not mixing you know at all so that is why this equation what we have to use now if I substitute here for mixed flow I know ET dt right for n greater than 1 second order reaction second order reaction I know what is CA by CA not batch what is CA not by CA not batch for second order reaction quickly expansion of the brain for n equal to 2 CA by CA not batch 1 by 1 plus K2 1 by batch reaction 1 by 1 plus KT CA not is not coming there CA by CA not batch equal to CA not 1 by 1 plus KT CA not or otherwise K CA not T because those 2 are K CA not T that is what what you have to substitute here and what is ET for MFR we are talking about only MFR E power minus T by T bar by T bar M if I want to put here so now these 2 we have to substitute there and then try to okay anyway so C bar substituting those two equations CA bar by CA not equal to equal to 1 by T bar 0 to infinity E power minus E power minus T by T bar M divided by 1 plus K CA not T this into dt so this is what we have to integrate it is not easy to integrate you cannot integrate okay do not try here do not try and then just give some answer okay so you cannot so that is why the exponential integrals will come here so that exponential integrals will come that means exponential integral you have to put this one alpha to sometime T some other variable I think tomorrow morning again I have to finish this and then we have we can cheat chart I think you know the other thing also this even as of mixing also I have to give some idea


If you drink alcohol on a regular basis, what role does Vodka or other spirits play? Let's talk about it. Hey there, njbrew22.com here with another unscripted, off-the-hook kind of discussion about alcohol. We've been talking about alcohol here for a while on njbrew22.com. It was a weekly wine review thing and then we decided that regular drinkers cannot sustain a long time on wine. We chose red wine and we just stopped. So we switched over to the spiked seltzers and we're still on them. They're really, really good and they enable us, especially when we water our drinks down. This is actually a vodka drink and we'll talk about that in a few seconds here. Totally different experience. Anyway, we're drinking these seltzers and we have one or two core spiked seltzers that we like to drink because we can control and throttle our alcohol consumption while at the same time enjoying these quote-unquote benefits of consuming alcohol.  But I was doing the math here and like, let's just say you drank every day of the week. And our two bottles of wine expenditures, we tried to find this sweet spot for a cost and it was usually around between $13 and $15 a night per person if you drank two bottles of wine. That was our little line in the sand. And then when I switched over to the seltzers, something happened. My tolerance for alcohol went down as well as my weight has gone down too. So even though I could polish away a 12 pack of seltzers just drinking them straight, we were able to enjoy a night of consumption. We had six cans of seltzer and that probably averages around out to about like $7, $8, $9, $10 a day. So the cost went down fairly significantly, 20-30% over drinking cheap wine. And the seltzers by, we're not cheap. It's not like you had a gold standard for seltzers where you felt better or more refined than a cheapo brand. All the seltzers were basically the same. We just decided we wanted the lowest carbs, lowest sugar because I think the sugar in these things can dictate whether you feel good or bad the next day depending on how much you drink.  So it doesn't matter if it's $1,000 a bottle of wine. So I started looking into like things like this Pinnacle vodka and I started examining the vodka industry in general. And I found something, I mean since we weren't regular vodka drinkers, I found something quite interesting. The price disparity for the similarly packaged products, 1.75 or 750 ml, whatever it may be, was incredibly different. The low end plastic bottles of cheap hobo vodka was, I don't even know what it cost. I didn't even look, I think it's like 10 bucks or less for 1.75 of the cheapest stuff ever. And I have bad memories of drinking those cheap vodkas from my early days when I was a teenager. Yeah, I drank before it was legal. Is somebody going to ban me because I'm 40, 30 years ago, whatever I drank illegally? Throw me in jail. Anyway, the whole point is that there's so much BS in this vodka and spirit. The whole alcohol industry is BS in my opinion. Most of it is marketing, most of it is fake beliefs that you think you know what you're talking about. But you never really step back and like almost have an out of body experience where you say, you know, really, does it really make a difference? So the price difference between the let's say the 1.75 liter bottles of vodka is incredible. It goes from like the $10 range all the way up to almost $60 or $70 a bottle, I think for the premium great goose. And I don't think it makes a difference, especially if you keep your drinking down. So here's what we did.  This wasn't $30, but like I was looking at Tito's, which is very, we've had that before and it's okay. We didn't like the taste too much. The $30 bottle of a 1.75 bottle of vodka is cheaper per night. If you drink the same amount of alcohol than drinking the seltzers by about, I don't know, I think 30 or 40% cheaper. I have another video coming up next week about being a math nerd and really truly having a controlled experiment. Because one of the things, the bad things, the negative things I can think of with drinking spirits or vodka in general are that it's extremely easy to over consume. Whereas a beer, you can't really, beer or even wine for that matter, you're limited by your rate of consumption. Each glass or can or bottle of beer is the same size and you just have to chug faster when it comes to drinking a beer or a glass of wine. That's why I throttle, I throttle by diluting and I enjoy drinking. I can't drink small, you know those little high ball glasses they have where people put whiskey on the rocks and they sip it. I'm not a sipper. Some people may be able to sip. I cannot sip. I love drinking fast. Coffee, water, this drink I'm drinking which is seltzer and like a little bit of vodka. Just to make it, it's about the same amount of alcohol as my seltzer drinks. I had to do that. But the thing with spirits and mixed drinks is that it's extremely easy to make your drink extremely potent and no two drinks are the same unless you use a scale like we're going to show you next week. Or, you know, measuring cup. It's so easy to, you can, let's say you're having a good time and all of a sudden you start making your drink stronger towards the end of the night. It happens to most people. It's very easy to fall into that trap of having this massive 50 something ounce bottle of 80 proof booze and then drinking too much. It's a really, really slippery slope to be on. So you really have to control how fast you drink it and that takes discipline and of course discipline is not necessarily conducive to the more drinks you have. Because once you're on drink four or five, your discipline goes down and you may, it's a slippery slope. So anyway, just real quick, this is supposed to be like a quick review about pinnacle vodka. I mean, I talked about it last week how it's a really good deal right now because they have a $7 rebate. I know we're splitting hairs and pinching pennies here, but it's a really good deal right now because $17.99 at most liquor stores with a $7 rebate, you can't beat it. It's a good, I think it's a fantastic, so fantastic vodka. So what I did was I bought these little airline bottles at various liquor stores and I'm like, I want to try various brands out just to see how I like the taste. And for a buck, for a 50 milliliter bottle, it's an easy to experiment. It's affordable. You don't have to invest in a $50 bottle of vodka just to be disappointed and have to suffer through it or donate it to somebody. So I bought a couple of these things. I bought, you know, this El Chippo. This is Platinum 7X. I have no idea who makes that. There's the pinnacle. There was this Seagrams Extra Smooth. And there was this Western Sun, Texas Vodka. This is 10 times distilled. They all have their little marketing sticks, whereas cars, you know, you get miles per gallon and cubic feet of trunk space. They all have features now. It's like, I talked to a lot of people at various liquor stores to get their true opinion.  Okay.  It's personal choice.  I think we tried one of those. I don't think it really worked. I think it was psychosomatic the whole reaction. You drink too much.  So, like now the 10X distilled, 7X distilled and smooth. You know what? I tasted these without even really looking at the labels. Just to give you a quick five second review of each one. The Western Sun was smooth. It was good. I didn't mind it. New Amsterdam, which is I guess being touted by a lot of people. I tried it. I didn't like it. It tasted like that bad vodka I had when I was a teenager. This Seagrams Extra Smooth, that passed the test. I'll try it if it's cheap. The Platinum 7X, that was just fine. I didn't even notice it in my drink. And the Pinnacle, we chose the Pinnacle because it was equally as smooth as the other ones that we liked. But we had the rebates. This became the cheapest. Let's say with tax, $12 for about, I think, God, I forget what the math was. It was like 40 or so drinks. 38 drinks out of $1.7. That's cheaper than any other form of alcohol that we can consume. So that's it. I think we like it because it's smooth. And if you can control how much you drink in a given night and maintain your hydration, I think vodka is really not a bad choice for alcohol consumption. Obviously it's missing the aura of, or whatever you would call it, the mystery of talking about wine and finishes and all this other stuff and hints and aromas. Your vodka, like if you get a good vodka that's not too harsh and smooth, you almost don't taste it.  Some people like to do it half and half cranberry. That's terrible. I hate it. Cranberry juice filled with sugar. Like I said, I mix it with non-calorie flavored seltzer. No artificial sweeteners either. And I put a splash of lemon and a ginger capsule in all my drinks these days. And it's just fantastic. You really ought to try it. So it all depends on your drinking style. I guess I kind of lost my point here, but I think vodka is completely different. It doesn't have, like I said, the same kind of mystery and all this other BS.  And I think it's the most affordable way. And if you find a good enough vodka with a good enough rebate, it's not low class either. Even though this is a plastic bottle, big deal. It's less heavy recycling. So that's it. I rambled on here, but I think vodka, we're definitely going to keep it in the rotation. I still enjoy the flavors of the spiked seltzers a lot. Especially the Smirnoff ones are still by far the best of the bunch. But vodka for economic reasons is not a bad idea either. And quick little no here. If you ever, like just want to have a couple drinks before bed, but you don't want to go through the pain of drinking six or seven drinks. If you need to and you can pull out your little like emergency weapon, if you ever want to just have three drinks before bed, you can always spike your spiked seltzer with a splash of vodka as well just to make them a little stronger if you need to. That's the good thing about having vodka on hand is that if you need to turbo charge something, say you're running late and you just have one drink before bed and you want to give yourself a little sedative to fall asleep, you can do that in short order by just spiking your drink. But again, that becomes problematic because you might overdo it and have another and another and another and all of a sudden you're hungover the next day. So self-control and throttling and being aware of how much you drink is always important. But then again, how often do we act rationally and intelligently? It's not too often. But that's it. Next week, it's drinking for math nerds. And I'll show you exactly how you can perform self-experiments which are a lot of fun. You learn a lot about yourself and you're able to find your faults and improve your daily life by using metrics and real world comparisons and so on. I'm rambling. I'm done. See you guys next week on the booze chat here on njbu22.com. Please visit the site. Subscribe to the channel. Hit the bell.  If you listen for 20 minutes, I think I don't know how long I talked here but that's it. Take care.


As we begin this study today, I'm going to give to you an introduction. It's going to take a little while normally mine My introductions do so I'm just going to read verse one here But what we have and I chose to entitle this particular installment of our study of Revelation I chose to entitle it a glimpse of glory and you'll see that in just a moment. So beginning at in chapter 4 just reading verse one John writes these words After these things I looked And behold a door standing open in heaven and The first voice which I heard was like a trumpet speaking with me saying Come up here, and I will show you things which must take place After this we're gonna have today in chapter 4 what I've chosen to entitle a glimpse of heaven in order for me to develop that Let me give to you an introduction as I was thinking about this I was thinking how there are many books that have been written about people who have said that they have visited heaven I had gone through a list. There's so many I just gave you a few I'll give you a few of books where people have said I have gone to heaven You have visions beyond the veil returned from tomorrow angels on assignment to heaven and back a glimpse of heaven visits from heaven 90 minutes in heaven and So there's a fascination in our society about testimonies of alleged Visits to heaven, but the sad thing about these testimonies is that they're simply not true There are those who publish books or give testimony of visits to heaven a man named Gary Wood Wrote a book called I died and went to heaven and in that book he claimed that he died in 1966 and that it was medically verified that he had died He also said that he went to heaven and saw body parts a body parts room full of replacements Waiting for people who need them I'll let that sink in for a moment Gary said he learned how to access this and now people are supernaturally getting new body parts in his meetings There's a woman a South Korean woman Calls herself a pastor who who says that she's been visiting heaven for more than 20 years And she says she actually saw Jesus opened the sixth seal of Revelation 6 in September 2012 Millions bought a book written in 2010 entitled heaven is for real or they saw the movie Over six million copies were sold in 39 languages It was written by a pastor claiming his four-year-old son Colton died and went to heaven In the book various unscriptural claims were made Colton said that he saw the Holy Spirit as a kind of bluish image He said that people have wings heavenly beings have halos and Jesus has blue eyes Anyway So a pastor by the name of Tim Chalice of Grace Fellowship Church in Toronto wrote that in fact the story Colton gives is really about The heaven we want the Jesus we want not the Jesus We've really got who is worthy of worship and won't allow unholiness in heaven You see often these supposed glimpses of heaven center on how a person felt While he was there But the Bible tells us that heaven is filled with God's glory and his glory would be the most important memory Anybody would have One pastor wrote stories like Colton's are as dangerous as they are seductive Readers not only get a twisted unbiblical picture of heaven. They also imbibe a subjective superstitious shallow brand of spirituality studying mystical accounts of supposed journeys into the afterlife yields nothing but confusion Contradiction false hope bad doctrine and a host of similar evils. So I need to say this. It's obvious I don't accept the books and testimonies of those claiming to have visited heaven You see in scripture, we have accounts of those who have seen heaven Daniel chapter 7 verses 9 and 10 I watched till thrones were put in place the ancient of days was seated His garment was white as snow the hair of his head was like pure wool His throne was a fiery flame its wheels a burning fire a fiery stream issued and came forth from before him a 1,000 thousands ministered to him 10,000 times 10,000 stood before him the court was seated the books were opened Ezekiel 1 26 through 28 Above the firmament over their heads was the likeness of a throne in appearance like a sapphire stone on The likeness of the throne was a likeness with appearance of a man high above it Also from the appearance of his waist and upward ice size that were the color of amber With the appearance of fire all around within it and from the appearance of his waist and downward I saw as it were the appearance of fire with brightness all around Like the appearance of a rainbow in a cloud on a rainy day So was the appearance of the brightness all around it This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord So when I saw it I fell on my face and I heard a voice of one speaking Notice the emphasis on these actual accounts of glimpses of glory I say a 6 1 through 3 it was in the year King Guzai died that I saw the Lord He was sitting on a lofty throne the train of his robe filled the temple Attending him were mighty seraphim each having six wings with two wings They covered their faces with two they covered their feet with two they flew they were calling out to each other Holy holy holy is the Lord of Heaven's armies the whole earth is filled with his glory When Steve in the first martyr had a glimpse in Acts chapter 755 and 56 It says he being full of the Holy Spirit gazed into heaven and saw the glory of God and Jesus standing at the right hand of God and said look I see the heavens open and the Son of man standing at the right hand of God and 2nd Corinthians 12 2 through 4 Paul saw heaven and he said I know a man in Christ who 14 years ago Whether in the body I do not know whether out of the body I do not know God knows such a one was caught up to the third heaven And I know such a man whether in the body or out of the body I do not know God knows how he was caught up into paradise and heard Inexpressible words which is not lawful for a man to utter when you read these passages Notice that in these descriptions God's glory and God's majesty is what they are left with Their reactions are not how they felt about it. The reaction is how majestic God is and So what we have here in this chapter is we have John's experience of seeing heaven and in this chapter We get a glimpse of glory the Bible refers to heaven Hundreds of times and John's vision is the most complete description that we find in scripture You know when you buy a home you have the opportunity of doing what they call a walk-through Well in this chapter we have an opportunity of doing a walk-through of heaven now the question is even before we begin is How do we get there? How do you get to heaven a lot of people think that the the way to get to heaven is to die You simply die and everybody goes to heaven everybody goes to heaven all good dogs go to heaven everybody goes To heaven that's kind of how people think all you need to do is die But that's not what Jesus said Jesus said let not your heart be troubled you believe in God believe also in me in My father's house are many mansions If it were not so I go I go to prepare for you if it were not so I would told you he said if I go and prepare a Place for you I'll come again receive you unto myself that where I am there you may be also And so as he was speaking concerning that he says where I go You know and the way you know and Thomas said unto him Lord We don't know where you're going and how can we know the way and then Jesus said I am the way the truth in the life No man comes to the father, but by me and so let not your heart be troubled you believe in God believe also in me I am the way the truth in the life. No man comes to the father, but by me. How do we get to heaven through Jesus? Christ it's not just dying It's going through Christ and that's a very important point especially in these last days Because there are many people saying all you need to do is die and you go to heaven. No Everyone will see God. They say everyone will see God. That's right Everyone will kneel before God everyone will say that he is worthy everyone will every knee shall bow the scriptures Every tongue shall confess that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father and the way you enter into heaven is Through Jesus Christ. That's why Jesus told us to go throughout the whole world to preach the gospel Because it's the gospel of Christ. It's Jesus himself who allows us entrance The way for us to enter into heaven is always going to be through the door Jesus himself You come to faith in Christ you confess your sins you repent of them And you say God be merciful to me a sinner forgive me of my sin Cleanse me of my unrighteousness Lord I need a new life fill me with your Holy Spirit that I might live for you and that's how you enter in to heaven through Jesus Christ and John is doing that and as John gets this glimpse of heaven He he is introducing to us what is called the third section of the book of Revelation remember in John chapter 1 verse 19 how it reads write the things which you have seen and The things which are and the things which shall take place after this So first the things which you have seen That refers to those things recorded in chapter 1 Then he said the things which are Well, those are the things recorded in chapters 2 and 3 and So the things which shall take place after this are recorded from chapter 4 to chapter 22 What we have in chapters 4 and 5 are an introduction to the events that are revealing a Rather recorded in the rest in the book rest of the book these chapters offer a glimpse into heaven Before we see the horror of the tribulation and the events That follow is what is called these are the events that follow what is called the church age From here on the church is not mentioned Attention is centered on God's activity and that's what would be seen so notice here again in verse 1 He says after these things I looked and behold a door standing open in Heaven after these things described in chapters 2 and 3 John receives further revelation from the Lord He sees a door standing open he gets the glimpse and he says in verse 1 behold Because what he sees startles him. He's getting a glimpse into the throne room of God and it astonishes him You see Psalm 11 verse 4 says the Lord is in his holy temple the Lord's throne is in heaven So behold the door standing open in heaven Now when you read your Bible heaven the word heaven can be used to describe various things. It's used in three basic ways Heaven is used concerning earth's atmosphere It is also used to speak of interplanetary heaven the heavens But it's also refers to the throne room of God And so this door is open and it allows John to enter into God's throne room Now that's where Jesus is now after his ascension remember in the book of Acts in chapter 1 Verses 8 through 11 how Jesus was speaking to his men and he said you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you You shall be witnesses to me in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria to the end of the earth And it goes on to say now when he had spoken these things while they watched He was taken up a cloud received him out of their sight and while they look steadfastly toward heaven as he went up Behold two men stood by them in white apparel Who also said men of Galilee? Why do you stand gazing up into heaven the same Jesus who was taken up from you into heaven? Will so come in like manner as you saw him go into heaven So Jesus ascended the scripture says into heaven He's seated at the right hand of the father, which is a picture of him ruling When Paul was writing to the Colossians in chapter 3 verse 1 He said if then you were raised with Christ seek those things which are above where Christ is Sitting at the right hand of God So he's there getting a glimpse of the throne room and in verse 1 again The first voice he says I heard was like a trumpet speaking with me saying come up here Like a trumpet speaks of a sound of the sound being commanding authoritative The first voice reminds us of Revelation 110 where the one speaking is Jesus and John is told come up here, which is a picture of the rapture H.A. Ironside in his lectures on the revelation said the rapture of the apostle is the symbol Now Jesus had made a promise to the faithful church in Philadelphia Remember in chapter 3 verse 10 he said because you have kept my command to persevere I also will keep you from the hour of trial which I'll come upon the whole world to test those who dwell on the earth Well the way that the church will be kept from this hour of trial this tribulation will be the rapture in First Corinthians 50 and 51 and 52 Paul said behold I tell you a mystery we shall not all sleep But we shall all be changed in a moment and the twinkling of an eye at the last trumpet for the trumpet will sound The dead will be raised incorruptible We shall be changed our bodies are going to be transformed to make them capable of living in heaven in First Thessalonians chapter 4 16 through 18 Paul said the Lord himself will come down from heaven with a loud command with the voice of the archangel with the trumpet call of God The dead in Christ will rise first After that we who are alive still alive in our left will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in The air and so we will be with the Lord forever Therefore encourage each other with these words the Lord Jesus Christ the next Prophecy on what is called the prophetic calendar the next one to be fulfilled is the rapture of the church And it can happen at any moment would to God it would happen today. Some of you are saying I wish it would happen right now Would to God it would happen today Come up here Bang we're gone Everything is left behind all your trouble all your pain all your tears all your sorrow all diseases Everything is left behind and we get an opportunity to be transformed Instantly and to behold the face of Jesus Christ our Lord and our Savior the one who went before us to Prepare a place for us is awaiting to greet us that we might be with him And that's something we ought to comfort our hearts with look at we're just passing through Where we were pilgrims or strangers or sojourners or moving on through, you know The earth is not our home heaven is Jesus has prepared it for us and we will be with you But that's the idea that has fueled the church for 2,000 years. That's how we make it through That's how people lost everything That's how people went through so much pain and so much sorrow and so much tribulation and sometimes even into martyrdom because they saw that as just a Momentary thing a fragmentary thing because the day is coming and it won't be that long guys till we hear the name We hear the voice of the Lord Jesus Christ saying come up here and we hear him say to us when we see him Oh to God, I hope this is so true with us that he might say well done well done my good My faithful servant look at the things that the Lord has prepared for you And when you have an idea like that when that motivates you you can go through anything John gets a glimpse of what takes place You see the scene shifts from things that are occurring on earth to God's throne in heaven and After this we see future events. We see we'll see the tribulation. We'll see what is called the millennial kingdom We're gonna see what is referred to as the eternal state But John is now telling us what takes place after the church age the churches removed to the rapture You see in verse 2 he says Immediately I was in the spirit and behold a throne set in heaven once that on the throne John is engulfed. He's overwhelmed by the power of the Holy Spirit heaven opens up to him in This overwhelming experience. He is transported into the presence of God and The following things that we see is an attempt to describe heaven Notice how he sees the king seated on a heavenly throne Raining as a one who brings judgment one of the commentators that I use as I study is a man by the name of Charles Feinberg Charles Feinberg was a Jewish was raised as a Jewish man was raised as a Jew Jewish believer, but he came to faith in Christ and he became one of the great Bible commentators and Charles Feinberg says That the one occupying the throne is Jesus and John 522 it says the father judges no one But has committed all judgment to the son and John 527 it says it and has given him authority to execute judgment Also, because he's the son of man So the king on the throne reveals his sovereignty as a ruler of the universe again. Let's remember man does not rule the universe Jesus does in Matthew 28 verse 18 Jesus came and spoke to them saying all authority has been given to me in heaven and on Earth and so we have a picture of his glory in John 17 He had prayed and said father glorify me in your presence with the glory I had with you before the world began he went on in verse 24 of John 17 And he said father I want those you have given me to be with me where I am to see my glory the glory You have given me because you loved me before the creation of the world John gets a picture of glory and as he does it He's beginning to try and describe verse 3 He who sat he who sat there was like a jasper a sardia stone in appearance There was a rainbow around the throne in appearance like an emerald So he's beginning to describe. He's trying to reveal the glory of the king He's trying to describe his awesome majesty and he speaks of these two stones Jasper and Sardias Now, why would that be important to know Jasper and Sardias? When you look in the Old Testament Israel was led by a spiritual leader called the high priest The high priest had special garments that he would wear There were 12 stones attached to the garment of the high priest and each one of those stones represented a tribe of Israel When you look in Exodus 28 verses 17 through 21 These stones are listed as the first stone and the last stone on his garment and So this is a picture of God's covenant relationship with Israel in other words. He has a work to do for Israel Jasper Sardias and a rainbow Describes the glory of his appearance Jasper is crystal clear some say it may be a diamond is representative of purity Sardias is ruby red. It's a picture of redemption And so there's a rainbow also around the throne in appearance. He says like an emerald now remember this for a moment God gave the rainbow as a token of mercy and grace in Contrast to judgment All the way back in Genesis 9 verses 14 through 16 It says whenever I bring clouds over the earth and the rainbow appears in the clouds I will remember my covenant between me and you and all living creatures of every kind Never again will the waters become a flood to destroy all life Whenever the rainbow appears in the clouds, I will see it And remember the everlasting covenant between God and all living creatures of every kind on the earth The rainbow is a symbol of God's mercy and grace remember that Because today the rainbow has been hijacked To represent the things that brought his judgment in the first place Think about that the rainbow has been hijacked to replace What God in what at first had brought the flood when you read through Genesis it speaks concerning every thought every Imagination of man was only evil continually and that's why God brought Judgment through the flood and after he destroyed every living creature that that breathed Oxygen from the air He put his rainbow as a symbol that he would no long he would not again bring a flood to destroy so for Thousands of years we have recognized the rainbow as a symbol of God's grace and Mercy but again as mentioned that symbol has been hijacked to represent the things that result in judgment Keep that in mind now in verse 4 Around the throne were 24 thrones and on the thrones. I saw 24 elders Sitting clothed in white robes and they had crowns of gold on their heads This describes His kingship over man 24 elders represent the church in the position of reigning There are those who say these elders are angels the they're not Angels are never portrayed as ruling in the book of Hebrews chapter 1 verse 14 It speaks of angels as ministering spirits who minister to heirs of salvation So they're not portrayed as ruling Angels are never referred to as elders because only men are referred to in scripture as elders angels Do appear in white but white garments is commonly used to speak of believers and Angels do not wear crowns the crowns that are here are victors crowns for those who overcame These are not redeemed Jews because Israel is redeemed during the tribulation They are not tribulation saints because the tribulation has yet to occur You'll see that in chapter 7 This means that those spoken of in this passage would be the church and in Matthew 1928 Jesus said I tell you the truth at the renewal of all things when the Son of Man sits on his glorious throne You who have followed me will also sit on 12 thrones judging the 12 tribes of Israel and second Timothy 2 12 Paul said if we endure we shall also reign with him And so you're looking at those who are reigning. These are believers notice in verse 4 They're clothed in white robes. They have crowns of gold on their heads Wearing robes signifies their righteousness. They're wearing victor's crowns in first Corinthians 9 25 Paul said Everyone who competes in the games goes into strict training They do it to get a crown that will not last but we do it to get a crown that will last forever He's speaking of the victors crown. These are people who are believers in Christ and they're receiving their crowns Now it goes on to describe in verse 5 from the throne Proceeded lightnings thunderings voices Seven lamps of fire were burning before the throne which are the seven spirits of God Now he tries to do something he tries to describe God's power God's majesty In in this particular verse by the way the throne isn't isn't representing mercy and grace In this passage the throne represents judgment Because judgment is about to break forth We already saw that the seven lamps of fire is the visible represent Representation of the the Holy Spirit.  I don't know. Let's keep going. No, we'll look at that for a moment a sea of glass like crystal Now we know that the sea of glass when he uses the word see can't be literal because there's no sea in heaven It's a picture of heaven shining like a brilliant light There are those and I agree with this that made us this may describe who say this may describe the purity the holiness of God It's an attempt to describe that which cannot be described It's God's throne room and he's saying God's throne room is beautiful beyond description He speaks about four living creatures in verse 6 This is a high order of angels guarding the holiness of God their station when you look at how it's portrayed in an inner circle order and They're nearest to the throne When you look into the Bible the cherubim were placed at the entrance of Eden to keep Adam and Eve out according to Genesis 324 and I say at 37 verse 16 I say I said oh Lord of hosts God of Israel the one who dwells between the cherubim You are God you alone of all the kingdoms of the earth you have made heaven and earth Psalm 99 verse 1 the Lord reigns let the people tremble he dwells between the cherubim Let the earth be moved and so these are angels that are there that are demonstrating the holiness of God Notice their eyes the description of their eyes reveal that they're alert and they're aware of their surroundings When he begins to describe it he speaks of living creatures a lion a Calf in other words these angels may symbolize the attributes of God These images are also associated you might find this interesting with each gospel over the years Church through church tradition each gospel actually has an animal that symbolizes the gospel Matthew in the ancient the ancients would look at Matthew and they would they would speak of the gospel of Matthew portrayed as a lion Because he's majestic. He's the king of beasts. He represented omnipotence. And so Matthew is symbolized by a lion Mark the gospel of Mark is a calf or an ox a domestic animal it described patience and labor To the Jew the lion would represent Majesty to the Roman a calf or an ox would symbolize a working animal because the highest To be attained in the Roman Empire was to be a servant of Rome So the calf became that symbol because it was domestic and it was patient and it labored Luke was was intended to appeal to the Greek thinker and that's why it was symbolized by the gospel Luke is symbolized by a man Because the Greeks idealized humanity and so Luke is symbolized by a man the greatest of God's creations It signifies intelligence and and rational power and John's gospel is symbolized by an eagle the greatest of birds symbolizing sovereignty and Supremacy so these images you find here represent omnipotence patience labor intelligence power and Sovereignty and supremacy as he sees these things in verse 8 it says the four living creatures each having six wings Were full of eyes around and within they do not rest day or night Saying holy holy holy Lord God Almighty who was and is and is to come This reminds us of what Isaiah saw and As it speaks here Isaiah said that it had they had two wings covering their faces because They're not to see the unveil glory of God two wings that cover their feet Because they are standing on holy ground two wings that are used for flying They're ready to serve God Instantly these four living creatures, but notice what they're saying. They're saying holy holy holy Lord God Almighty who was and is and who is to come holiness I'll take a moment to share about this you know in the When I first got saved and some of you can relate to this I I came into the kingdom I Got born again. I was born again and I came into my faith in Christ from a background of Being aware of a God that I believed was distant and Powerful and the way I was raised Which It served me well now in some ways But the way I was raised in the religious training I had and the influence of those who could influence me concerning those things. I Thought God was always mad at me. I Thought God was angry at me constantly which is in a sense true Because according to John 3 36 the wrath of God abides continually on the person who doesn't have a relationship with them So in a sense, I was right about that God is angry because I was not a I wasn't a believer in him I wasn't serving him. I'd never been born again And so there in a sense there was truth to that that God is always angry But what happens is I get saved and when I get saved I enter into something that I'd never really been taught about called the grace of God Some of you can understand what I'm trying to say the grace of God. I Can still remember speaking to a friend of mine. His name is George He's the one who stood up with me when I got saved And I still remember speaking to him and telling him Oh if I get to go to heaven man if I go to heaven if I get to go to heaven and George he was only a few months older in the Lord than me But every once in a while when I would say that in the first three months of my salvation He would look at me and say but you are going to heaven And I'd say I don't I don't know how that's even possible George I still he'd say listen.  He would tell me patiently and I'd say yes He said don't you know that the Bible says that you became the temple of God's Spirit That God's Spirit dwells in you. I'd say well I've heard that he said no and I remember the conversation It was more than once that I'd have with them perhaps some of you understand what I'm trying to say I was I was raised with this idea of works Righteousness if I work hard, then he'll he'll see my good works are Heavier and weight than my bad works and that's kind of how I was raised I I had a system of sins that I was taught that there are what are called mortal sins and that You better get rid of them and then there are what are called venial sins Which are smaller and lesser and I was taught that some of you were too But what that did is it gave to me this in this is the sense of of I need to do something better So that I can have good works outweigh my bad life And now I'm hearing about the grace of God I'm hearing that God forgives sinners and That was such that such a thought was too wonderful for me And so I was I was stuck in that and a lot of people are like that I remember a pastor who was trying to illustrate grace you sharing with the church and and he was saying to the church God's grace is a free unmarried in favor that gives to you and he had a potted plant and he lifted it up And he says I want to illustrate the grace of God. It's free. And so whoever wants this potted plant come up It's yours. Nobody would get up to take it in this this church He was nobody would get up to take it and finally a lady walks up and he says man You know saves the illustration. There you go He hands her the plant and then she walks away with it sits down He finishes his story about grace and he says it's unmarried it. She did nothing to deserve it I gave it as a free gift. All she needed to do is receive it and So at the end of the church service he went to the back He was greeting the people saying goodbye to them when the woman came with her potted plant And he reached his hand to shake her hand and she reached out and took his hand But he felt something on his palm and he looked it was a $20 bill and he looks at her and he says What is this? She said such a beautiful plant can't be free So she missed the whole picture the whole illustration of grace She was still trying to pay for something. He had he had labor to explain was free and I was that way I was raised in a mentality that if I work hard and I do good Then I received God's mercy and grace But what happened is I heard the gospel and the gospel speaks of God's unmarried in favor But I at the same time had a difficulty in receiving God's unmarried in favor I finally was able to do it, but this is what has happened in the last many years since I got saved is People many people who are professing to know Christ don't have the fear of God in them now They don't have a sense of doing right for right's sake. They don't have a sense with them Many don't have within them the sense that their lives are to be different transformed. They're supposed to be brand new That good works are not going to save them But are a part of their salvation in other words a person is is known to be saved because of the good works that they do for Christ's sake and what has happened is this concept of Nobody can go to heaven because nobody's good has been Reversed to this concept. Oh and God's grace. I can do whatever I want and still go to heaven And we're seeing a lot of that today There's a balance There's a balance Holy, holy, holy is what the scripture says Lord God Almighty who was and is and is to come holy, holy, holy Holiness is one of God's attributes Holiness speaks of separation from impurity in First Samuel chapter 2 verse 2 a woman by the name of Hannah said there is no one holy like the Lord There is no one besides you. There is no rock like our God and Psalm 111 verse 9 It says he provided redemption for his people. He ordained his covenant forever Holy and awesome is his name When Moses went to the to the mountain to receive the Ten Commandments The Bible says that there was lightning and thundering in all kinds of loud noise And when Moses came down the people of Israel said you go and you talk to him We don't want to go up there They were so afraid at the awesome presence of God as they saw what was taking place I think that within us today guys We need to return to that concept of holiness When when you stand before the Lord, I promise you you're not going to be just kind of goofing off I promise you that when you see him You're going to raise your hands and surrender, you know very often when we speak concerning the raising of our hands We forget that the raising of our hands is not just simply praise the raising of your hands and scripture symbolizes surrender and submission So when you are worshiping the Lord and we say let us raise our hands to the Lord It's not simply the joyful thing. It's a surrender. Everybody knows that Everybody knows that if a if an officer says, you know, raise your hands. It's not so that you can praise him You're surrendering. That's what you're doing You're surrendering and when you raise your holy hands like Paul says in prayer raising holy He said I will let the man pray everywhere raising holy hands. It's an act of submission It's an act of awareness That God is holy and we're not without him And that our raising of our hands is surrender.  That's why Because he has done that for us That's what christianity is It's a raising of your hands and submission and we cry holy, holy, holy Lord god almighty who is who was and who is to come and we will see him Face to face in this place called heaven that is so glorious. You can't even explain it. You can't even describe it That's what's going to take place He is holy and he is awesome There's no one like him He is there's no rock hannah said like our god And what happens well verse 10 the 24 elders fall down before him Who sits on the throne and worship him who lives forever and ever They cast their crowns before the throne saying you are worthy Oh lord to receive glory and honor and power for you created all things and by your will they exist And were created There's your example of worship in scripture These elders show us How to glorify worship and praise jesus christ By casting their crowns before him they recognize That if not for his grace They would never have had victory over sin and death Heaven is their home because god made it possible for them to be there heaven Is their home I've had the opportunity over the years to go into europe The first time I ever went to europe I was 25 actually 24 And when I was in france, I went to the palace there at versailles I've had a chance to go into madrid And to see the palace I've been able to See buckingham palace in england. I've seen human palaces And I have to tell you sometimes when you see these immense structures It actually can take your breath away When you walk into rooms huge room after room after room filled with priceless paintings and And decorated with such ornate opulence Blows your mind And if I were there inside of we'll say buckingham palace and queen elizabeth would come walking out I would show her respect As an american I don't bow before foreign kings or queens I would show her respect But when you go to heaven And you see jesus There's not going to be a hesitation whatsoever. You are going to see Something that can't be described. Oh, please help us lord to see this for just a moment You are going to see something so beyond your imagination You are going to see glory that you have never seen Ever on the face of the earth colors that are brighter sounds that are crisper And you're going to see the one on that throne seated there The one who gave his life for you Do you think you're going to just kind of stand there going?  You prepared a place for me This is where I live and I don't have to pay rent. It's all been paid for This is for Oh god Can you get it in your heart today? Please a little bit Earth is not our home We're just passing through One day we'll see him face to face We'll fall on our faces before him and we'll worship the lord. That's called christianity That's called christianity. Yes, there'll be a glad reunion.  Yes, it will be a glad reunion and yes, it'll be great It'll be wonderful But what makes it wonderful is we see Him the lamb of god who took away the sin of the world who gave me his Righteousness who filled me with his spirit who supported me every step of the way of my journey to heaven And welcomes me in that's what heaven is going to be for us and we walk in Oh god Every moment was worth it and all the complaints and the whines and the whys are left outside of the gates Left outside. I just got to ask you why you didn't give me that girl in eighth grade. I really loved her Oh, no Sin sin is not allowed in heaven No evil is allowed in heaven People make a big mistake when they think they can take their sins with them as baggage or part of their life No, it doesn't enter in there's no evil in heaven only purity and holiness and that's why the lord By his blood is washed and cleansed us from all unrighteousness So when we stand before him we're robed in his righteousness The righteousness of jesus christ the son the glory that we receive in terms of The glory he imparts to us is only because he first has it and gives us This beauty that come from him And that's why it's very important for us to know Who you are and who he is He is holy And without him we are not For his word says i am holy Therefore you be holy also How can that take place The gospel message tells us He imputes to us the righteousness of god and jesus christ He gives us a garment that enables us to enter in He gave us the story of a man who tried to enter into a wedding feast without the wedding garment And the the one who invited all to come said where is your wedding garment? He came in on his own and jesus made it very clear that that man was cast out Because he tried to come in with his own garment When the garments had been provided by the host You have to have the garment provided by the host to enter in This man didn't he was cast out how do we enter in Through the righteousness of christ Imparted to us as we said oh god be merciful to me a sinner What does that do it awakens us to our sin his holiness? What does that provoke gratitude in our heart that we might say oh god?  Why? Because you're wearing your own righteousness But when you get an idea a knowledge of what god has washed you clean from Gratitude is in your heart. My mom used to say we got to have an attitude of gratitude and that's true An attitude of gratitude. Thank you lord jesus for what you've done for me. John got a glimpse of heaven We're going to see a little bit more of it next time. We're together a little deeper look But john had a glimpse of heaven


Most of the time, we were standing over enemy bodies. I led the initial assault company in that four-day battle, and we took the position. I was wounded and then evacuated, so I was out on the first day. For days and days and nights, they were being hit by mortars. The Italian commander was killed, the sergeant major was killed. The forces went out to try to save some of these folks that were in battle outside the wire, and we were so tired we had trouble even engaging. It was a long grind. It was much tougher in many respects because of the jungles and the water and the leeches and the lack of American support. It's not a popular war. The country completely turned against the war, and that includes my friends. And they turned against anybody who had anything to do with the war.  Returning to America was difficult because the anti-war movement, up until that time, it was very bad. Unlike it is now, the people are very pro-military. There was a new line of patriotism that began with the country again, and the Vietnam vets were finally recognized and appreciated a lot more than they were. The Fifth Marine Memorial, I think, I think is great. It tells the other Marines that are serving today and will serve tomorrow that no man's left behind, and that's either physically or spiritually. You never forget. We take care of our own, we look after our own. I hope future generations of Marines look at that wall and remember the guys who died.


Yeah, hello this talk I will Obviously tell you about our migration from Jenkins to the good laps here. I I will give you a more Detailed inside how we change to get lab at all.  I'm from Hamburg. I'm work at at soul. It's more startup out of the other group And working as a full-stack developer mainly I currently doing DevOps and bug smashing at my company and yeah before I joined them in the start of the year I Got deeply in touch with get lab at my school and Fall in love with get left and wanted to work with that and yeah a part of that I'm a good up hero because I'm organizing the good lab meetup in Hamburg So if you are there and one meetup is happening there, you're kindly welcome So yeah And inside of that I'm a heck of school inspired to bring young people into the software development And teach them at a weekend. So first of all, what are our technical landscape and that's all we are mainly Developing spring boot application with the view front end and using a post-class SQL. We are building previously with Maven as our Building tool for us Java applications We used Jenkins and our own docker registry in the private cloud which is maintained by a provider There's also a Kubernetes cluster we use for our applications and yeah Source and product management source by github So what are our challenges? Why we wanted to change our? Defop strategy, so we are really young startup. We are five developers in our company So we have literally no time for everything to do So we need more time for developing our application than focusing on maintenance and our defops task so Because we are Jenkins The building process is a little bit tough to learn because no most of us could not easily read a Jenkins file and this is really Unfortunately Unfortunately when someone is in the vacation so Yeah, and it's an old application. So the old DevOps strategy is a little bit older Yeah, and we figured out our Jenkins is not so stable at all and it's really tough to change them because it's also managed by our provider and yeah We need some speed when we want to change something and yes a little bit of Mimi but the visibility of Development status of issues is important to our product management So it's hard to figure out currently In which state our issue is so yes And we are small development team.  Yeah, how was our journey to GitLab? I mentioned I got in touch with GitLab before I joined the company So I wanted really to work with GitLab So I introduced my colleagues to that and the first step of all were to gather all information to Asking myself, okay, what could be possible with GitLab? What is How could it affect our daily work and what improvements? Could we achieve with a migration so I gather all information and when I thought okay I have enough information. I started to get into My colleagues and speak to every specific rule where change with GitLab so yes I had several feedback feedback loops with every specific rule and Then in the end we committed with the world team to test GitLab at silver status So we using the SAS version of GitLab and yeah We said okay, let's try GitLab out So we started with the small project first We gladly had a small project where no pipelines at all. So we had a green field with our DevOps strategy so we Said okay before we start Let's think about how we want to build our software So we really We're deeply thinking okay what we need do we need testing? Yes, of course, it's obviously so which state of testing we use and We need and we try out something new for example we use Gradle instead of Maven because it's really More flexible for separate jobs in different environments Instead of Maven yeah, and we had a we had to find really We had to find solutions for our private cloud cluster or private cloud solution by our provider Because that can secure the concerns like how we connect to our Kubernetes cluster to deploy some app from the GitLab shared runner That was a really big issue. We solved them with Providing our own GitLab runner in Kubernetes so we had to Find out this is the right way because the GitLab runner is talking to gitlab.com and not GitLab.com into our cluster. So we don't have to provide a VPN or SSH tunnel Yes, and we had some other Challenges with our GitLab runner in our Kubernetes. I will mention on the next slide and yeah We tried out something of the GitLab Features like the Docker registry because we are running our own or getting our own by our provider So we tried out the GitLab registry So what are what were the what were the challenge with GitLab runners in our Kubernetes cluster? The important thing is caching. We had a lot of dependencies in our applications So we started with no caching which only downloads the sources and we had to stable duration of each step and We don't we thought okay, this is not really good for for a good duration So we want to want to speed up our building time So we tried out s3 caching by default And we figured out her okay. It's downloading and uploading the sources. So it literally doubles our duration and We got out or this happened to us that the upload of the sources Could fail so we had sometimes 30 minutes to wait Until the sources is uploaded and this is not a not an option for us and Another thing where a local caching so you have persistent volume in your Kubernetes cluster for dependencies and Mount them into your GitLab runners But our provider we are not supportive on that so we could not use that but this is maybe the final solution when you are providing a private cluster and your could not use the AWS or Google solution for caching Yeah, and notice we are using a private cloud Kubernetes cluster I think the when you are on AWS you don't have the problems so in the end what changed to our technical landscape after the test with the small project so we moved away from Maven to Gradle because it's more flexible and and In our private cloud we are only use the Kubernetes cluster where our our GitLab runners are working and connected to GitLab and we use GitLab for every every step So product management source hosting and CI and Docker registry and this works really good So we had our small project So let's move on with the main project. This is a really huge main project with which is a really old application and we thought okay, it's really good to do it in three phases and The first step. Well, okay move the repository simply to GitLab and link the Jenkins to the new origin So we use that we use the GitHub import by GitLab It's nearly run smoothly, but we had a lot a really big issue with the migration of our issues and releases and tags which are not transferred because no reason we waited every time over a day then the Job said okay, he could not migrate our project, but the sources are still there so it will Really confusing, but we found a solution. I will mention on the next slide so And the second step of the first phase where okay, let's modify the scripts to to to the new origin We exchange the GitHub API calls with the GitLab API so Yeah, that was really easy and we had a stable build with our new repository so we could move our project management to GitLab and Do not need GitHub anymore So this is our building step in the old version of our big application, so we had to get check our job and Jenkins Which is automatically done by other great tools then we had a huge step building and test and Finally when everything is fine, we deployed to Kubernetes This could which could be possible in five minutes and sometimes several hours depending on the customer when there's running a job so Yeah, for the problem of the GitHub issue issue We Created an open source GitHub issue migrator, so everyone can contribute. It's a CLI tool which You easy can can configure that you are Saying okay, this is my project from GitHub. Let's move it to GitLab so it's also fine so Right user of the the right owner of the GitHub issue, so it's transferred to the GitLab API GitLab user, but you have to do the mapping manually, but it's a lot of helping so yeah, and you can move your Releases and tags also yeah, and you can find it on the GitLab It's not so much perfectly, but when you have the issue you can use that and help Yeah, and then we stepped in the second phase Where we thought okay now we are on get a good lab fully with our Application so let's do a lift in shift. So we started to create a good lab YAML CI YAML and Try to simply lift and shift that the three steps, but Our thought were completely wrong our Process were really far too complex to and make an easy lift and shift because Yeah, it's where one Docker image would have Which contains everything and We found out okay We need too much time to get this running and let's skip the phase two and go directly to phase three yeah, and Cool pro tip if you're running your own Kubernetes GitLab runners increase the log limit if you have to debug your Application or your building step because when you are debugging you'll produce a lot of Information and the UI is the only source of your logs I think so And the standard size is for maybe bite. So this is not enough when you have a really long logging step Yeah But it's only possible when you provide your communities your good lab runners by yourself so We skip to the phase three. So we have to I named the proof of the Good lab as the CI CD pipeline. So we Thought about new ways of building our software. So we split every Step in one step. So like it's a job in the good labs here. I am so and our Idea was okay one job does perfectly one thing so we had That each rope is simple and everyone can modify it easily and we have small environments So we don't have to build our Docker images on our own and this is an example from our Small project a pipeline So, yes Yeah, which I mentioned especially in the third phase we Moved then to cradle Yeah, we tried previously one with maven, but we use cradle It's more fits to enter our new DevOps strategy. So Yeah, it's also improved our building time a little bit and It's where more flexible and everyone knows how to use cradle instead of XMLs so yeah, and we tried our parallel job processing. So like our unit tests and integration tests are Running at the same time. So we reduced some time some building time there and Yeah, and a huge impact where the that we are using standard Docker standard Docker images So we don't have to maintain The docker images by ourself and Yeah, this is far Far far less time for maintenance needed to to change the gillip CI yeah, and mostly the official Docker images Fits our requirements. So we don't need we don't have the need for a specific Docker image so What are our key learnings is? Yeah, what are our key learnings for migration? so One of the biggest issue is to plan your migration really detailed It could have really in the beginning to get every member of your team To know what's happened when we migrate to get lab like what changes to the product management and Case of okay, this is works in this works in GitHub and now this is different to get lab and Yeah, plan your migration well and especially take your time for the migration. It's not okay. We need two days and then we are finished take your migration and especially do it step-by-step. So Because we are using the three phase Plan We are able every time to deploy a new version and continue to work on our project. So we could improve our application without Yeah Without to wait for the better infrastructure so And yeah When you have time for your migration use it for rethinking your completely deaf up strategy. So when you are Yeah, use the time for something out new and Maybe okay. Let's do more security issues or automated security which is really important and Yeah, use it for for rethinking your deaf up strategy and Yes And yeah, when you have the possibility Star Wars small project Especially with with your colleagues so spend like an evening or something more To do it together and that everyone knows what's happened when they are using a good lab See I yeah, and another pro tip keep your pipeline user friendly. So we use a lot of commons to structure our Our config so we have a good overview and Yeah, it's really really nice to have a good user experience in your CI so you see everything on one side and Especially comment your variables if you're using them. So sometimes it's not really clear why or What for what purpose the? Variables So Yeah, and in the end why good labs suits us perfectly as a small company and tech team so The important thing is the powerful CI CD solution. It's very recustomized a customer as a custom Customer stability You know the words Yeah, it's really It's we have every project on there and don't have dependencies to other projects Um, what was one? One example which is useful for sharing dependencies is when you are having a step in every project is the same Yeah, build a template and use it for every project Like the bull step or something else and yeah, so see I provides us really low maintenance time so Normally, we don't have to care about our CI in a month or more time as But not when docker changes their security Images or the way how they seek using docker and docker Yeah, and it's one home for everything. So everyone knows where to find the information and Yes, especially the product management knows what's happened There's everything visible and you know it's afterwards and Yes The user experience this is my opinion the user experience is perfect I love it more than clicking two different tabs because different tools and yeah, and our maintenance is really low So we can keep focusing on building our product instead of struggling with our own infrastructure so Thanks for your extensions and if you have question just ask Okay questions. Thank you. Hi. What are the main benefits of using get lab runners over Jenkins? It's really easy as a you don't have Dependency between branches. So if you're trying something out new in for your For your CI You can do it simply in a branch and your master branch will not be affected of the changes So this is really cool and the CI ammo is really easy to read you have don't have so big groovy stripped and Yeah, you can it's more easier That's my opinion. So and you have the documentation everywhere and don't have plugins Yes Other questions Well forget Can you tell me a bit more about your maven to gradle migration? Because I know maven kind of likes to own everything and do the build the test the integration test You use fabricate to build the docker files and everything and splitting it all up Seems like it might be quite hard work to get your head around Yes with maven we had that were really complicated to Run a task only one task for example only the unit tests or only the integration test you have a Really strong configuration Afford to achieve that and with grade you can simply say okay This tar runs this task and it's only run the test and integration test for example So you don't have to do the steps before we I Don't know what I Don't know what I have the clue Maybe better after after but Do that as a follow-on perhaps any other questions? No Awesome Phil. Thank you so much. Thank you


Graduate recruitment in the labour market is being redefined during the pandemic. Employers are adapting to new processes associated with the COVID-19 response and it is expected that specific competencies when hiring new talent will be sought after by organisations in this thrust. Delivering welcome remarks at the Sa'afa Lewis Community College's Virtual Graduation Ceremony, Minister for Education, Innovation, Generations and Sustainable Development, Honourable Dr. Gail Rigabat, explain to the cohort that successfully completing their studies despite the pandemic may very well work to their advantage as they join the world of work. It is that experience above all that's in time, in time, well beyond the certificate that you received today that will prove your technical competency. It will be that experience of the lockdown and remain in productive and focused that will prove that you are made of something special. In time, employers may very well find themselves asking the question through the interview process, were you in school during that period, 2020 to 2021? Already knowing and embracing exactly what I'm saying now, which is that special crop of students, they would have had to prove their metal. The Education Minister credits the graduates for spurring urgent change in the sector under pandemic conditions, adding that their resilience is a foundation left behind for upcoming scholars. You are that crop of students who forced us to accelerate a very detailed plan for the integration of ICTs in education. You were the energy behind a more rapid implementation of that program. You were the ones who regrettably were cut flat-footed. Some of you not having yet mastered the various learning platforms, but you are also the ones who, when we made the training available, availed yourselves of the opportunity and proved your excellence again. The road ahead, thanks to COVID-19, is largely unpredictable. But I want to reassure you that your experience here, especially the experience the last 10 months in particular, these experiences have more than prepared you.  You are well-outfitted to respond to and to resolve the many issues that crop up in one's life. The South Lewis Community College's Class of 2020 will be honored in the virtual graduation ceremony on Sunday, January 51.