acity of chair that this is something that councillor anton has raised numerous times and she's right to point out this is something we should be trying to do but equally is entirely fair to point out it is incredibly difficult but obviously the matter will continue to be processed excellent thank you very much so we are at the end of our list of bullet points so now oh no councillor Bradlum's hand is up I do apologize because I thought you were I was yes I have three I note how everyone is ready for the next section each time councillor anton you set the tone on that earlier on and now of your colleagues are there okay so we are going on to more miscellaneous section anything people wish to cover we start with councillor Bradlum please raise your hand and count councillor anton I should you wish to say anything else right so I've got three questions as long as I don't lose them the first one relates to page 46 taxi licensing and I'm just interested uh at the amount uh expected to be expended in 2023-24 which seems considerably more than we expended in 2022-23 in the previous year so I'm just wondering why so much more uh is being put under gross predictive gross expenditure councillor John Williams it's on page 46 yes thank you thank you chair I mean one of the things that we are finding is that taxi drivers are referring to license with us rather than the city um there are lots of reasons for that um then you can see that um here we are expecting um although an increase in expenditure we're so expecting an increase in income which pretty much matches that expenditure and that's to say the increase in expenditure I think is due to increasing activity because we're seeing more drivers coming to us where they're likely to license uh particularly obviously private hire licenses so then we've gone off of sir infer as well if you'd like to have that before you carry on sorry so again there's an offer I think there's an officer ready to infer if you want to take that before you come back John or are you adding to this yeah yeah just just following from councillor Williams comment we have made a shift in the amount of full-time equivalence into that team there's there been additional half a post that's been moved based on that increased activity that half post came from another team within our service area so there's no additional cost to the councillor stuff it's still within that kind of salary envelope so there hasn't been a shift in resource and that's something we constantly review across all our services all the time to make sure that the the resort is in the right place and as you know um those additional costs should come in there's a cost recovery as well so that's a piece of work to make sure that any additional work done with taxes is is cost recovered so um reason I'm a little bit concerned about that is because um in earlier years we used to try and align our policy with that of the city so we didn't cause a uh an artificial shift uh from city licensing to south cams um and I'm just anxious that we shouldn't inadvertently create a situation which um is unintentionally adverse to the city um because actually what I'm concerned about is that we have the right number of licenses in the district council and the and conversely I hope we wouldn't inadvertently skew that away from the city accidentally so I wonder can we just um can I just sort of ask for a a note to John Hall that we might just be careful about that and do we know what it is about our policy and I suspect it's the I suspect it's our emissions uh criteria which may be more favorable to drivers of the current vehicles than the city terms are is that right John sorry yes sorry John sorry um I'm minded to suggest that the answer to this question is more than a licensing committee question than a switching over to your question um you entirely like to raise a concern about and I'm not in any way suggesting that but just mind for a time to get through what we're doing what's going on your answer is could we take that offline absolutely absolutely yes okay so can I move on to the next question then yeah the next one is about housing on page 67 yes uh well it's under the housing heading but it's homelessness page 67 and you know we have known for a long time that the um the risk of the cost associated with homelessness and uh finding temporary housing and I just wanted to check with the officers but what and indeed through the league member for housing whether this um anticipated expenditure relates to temporary housing for people who who are homeless in the district and the council of council of mills it would be um yeah I know I know it's the council of john bachon I'm just going to share with council of mills but I believe that the council of bachon I really think is left so Peter Campbell's ready to answer that question thank you Peter Campbell partially so the homelessness is a much wider service than just emergency accommodation the emergency accommodation will form just form part of that overall amount if councillor Bradman would like the a break down to provide the aid we can do with that outside this meeting if that's any help thank you that would be fine thanks for Bradman look forward to that offline thank you and the last I had was on page 69 which relates to um it's relates to traveller sites and I wanted to understand why we are anticipating a greater gross expenditure in 2023-24 on this uh than we've had you know obviously in costs increase but I just wondered why we are on at 438 000 uh rather than the lower numbers you know what is the increase in costs that's being anticipated here because um the reason I point this out is because this relates to management costs sorry if we just look at the narrative it says management costs of the county owned traveller sites in as maintenance this refers to in mud and mills and parish yes Peter Campbell yeah I'm sorry councillor that the sound cuts off on the from here for for quite a lot of your question um but um I think the gist of it that you want to know why the cost increased I don't have those details to hand but I can get those to you as soon as possible outside the meeting thank you you've got the gist correctly Peter do we have any other further what I would refer to as miscellaneous questions in relation to the budget presented by the administration because in that case then the final question will be me um um to either councillor John Williams or councillor Byron Milne's we get to be Byron Milne's this time say the councillor Milne's or councillor Milne's in the first instance um I'm just interested to know in relation to the budget obviously you're presenting it as what the administration believes would be the best budget to have in place um one of the things I've heard you talk about previously is the success that's occurred in the the previous four years of 2018 so I'm just wondering councillor Milne's if you could give me any thoughts about the extent to which you think that work you have done as the cabinet member since 2018 has allowed you to present this budget and I'm thinking more sort of long term in terms of work there because I've also heard you talk about what's coming in the next couple of years and I'd just like a bit more sense of what impact you think the work you've done in 2018 has had on the current budget well thank you um okay I think the there are two two things that made a big difference first is transformation one of the things that we did when we took control back in 2018 is to look at the way the council was structured and seek to improve its productivity and and and obviously its quality of service to to our customers and the public and so transformation has managed to deliver us savings that obviously wouldn't have been there if we hadn't changed the council the other area is our um and sadly put some changes to Government policy we're not allowed to pursue this anymore but it's our commercial investments when we um came in in 2018 basically the commercial the only commercial investment this council had was Urban Street and um and we felt that that was risky dangerous and as it turned out actually we were right because having a vehicle that was purely to make commercial profit purely there for gain for yield um has now been stopped you know or not stopped but you can't follow against the public works loan board for that sort of thing and what we did was diversify so we went and looked for investments particularly commercial investments and Cambridge Science Park for example where we now have three properties is now delivering us a very good income which obviously helps towards providing more services but it also spreads that uh that risk that we didn't have all our eggs and we don't no longer have all our eggs in one basket and obviously Urban Street again has has developed very well and we've taken Urban Street now into um our housing strategy so whereas before it's simply there to make money it's now seen as part of the council's housing policy and is helping us with our with our strategy to deliver affordable homes for everyone every sort of type of housing for everyone and we have concentrated it on the travel to work area whereas before it was about going on buying cheap houses up north to deliver us a you know a a good way to return um so i think those two things have fundamentally changed the budget fundamentally changed our income and our expenditure and have enabled us to do a lot more um and yes the you know the the the the total turnover of the council if you want to put it that way is considerably higher than it was five years ago but it's also enabled us to do that with with um more income from um sources other than grants and council tax and business rates and it's put us in a good position going forward because although as i said earlier you know the fair funding review is going to make life difficult for us it would be far far worse if we hadn't have done those things when we came in and the situation we wouldn't be sitting here now you've only got to go outside this council and look what other councils are facing to realise that this council's got a very sound financial basis and that those two things that we did have enabled us to say next year we're now looking at uh a small surplus whereas for many councils they are looking at big deficits so uh i think that's you know so i think we've achieved now over the last five years not quite five years yet actually by the way um we've achieved an enormous amount in this council so far as the financial um you know stability of this council is concerned thank you very much for your answer um so we come to the end of what i referred to as 7a which was the administration's presentation of their budget and questions from there and as i have said we now move on to what i'm going to tie to the 7b which you should have received both the paper online sorry emailed online previously and also as a hard copy which has hand out the site of the s and the conservative group budget proposal for 2023-24 um obviously as i said the process ends up being basically the same which is the rate of our questions but for the rare occasion as occurs we will look over to our right here and we're looking at counselling Heather Williams um in the interest of fairness because obviously the screen overview committee hears at great length from the normally in this case a deputy leader and this case thing from there um what i always kind of make clear is that people are able to take a very short period of time initially to kind of present their paper should they wish to do so and i know that motion time people don't take the opportunity but in the interest of fairness as i do offer it to others i will offer it in the first day to counsellor Williams maybe a couple of minutes counsellor Williams if you wish to make any statement regarding your paper before you are the one that faces questions uh thank you chair and i i think i will as is traditional i normally move the amendment at full council um and give the context uh and it's um the desires behind it um it's before you today it's scrutiny for me to receive questions answer them to best my ability but i believe officers are on hand if required um so i will just open up for questions and just to be absolutely clear all members present are able to ask questions and in the same way as counsellor Williams is able to ask questions of the cabinet members cabinet members are also able to ask questions of counsellor Williams on this occasion as i'm sure they're aware but just so we're absolutely clear so um counsellor Cone sitting there with his pen at the ready who would like to raise their hand first count i believe counsellor van der Rea has raised his hand first um thank you very much neat i would like to ask um point about point two and link it in with a little bit with point four um so the the proposal to um put some money towards board prevention is wondering what what um uh it's an interesting idea uh i'd certainly want to know a little bit more about about the mechanisms that would um uh be effective um how how would this money achieve those aims um and and isn't the south comes magazine as a as a um something that goes to everybody quite quite an effective way that we do have of raising awareness of our issues uh and therefore we sort of slightly undermining that that that's a aim in tune by the proposal in in for counsellor Williams uh thank you chair i think the um and thank you for the question in relation i'll start with number two um in fraud prevention because it's very difficult for us to ever really quantify how much money is saved through fraud prevention um but i think there's also a moral there's a moral issue involved as well i think we should be very clear to people that we are willing to um prosecute fraud and but that is no that that's a deterrent but i think the prevention is more than that so having spoken with um officers as to what they feel would be achievable this is why we've come to a figure that we have um just more awareness within community and schools because particularly actually what you find is through schools networks and from community networks you are you're you can achieve your aims more than you can necessarily council down so this would enable funds for promotions it will enable funds for you know promotional material to go into schools to to go into community builders all these things um not not suggesting that we set up a um what you know you just have at school as sort of grasping up or snitching environment but essentially making it really clear to people that where to go if they become aware because there can also be a big fear factor for people in reporting there reporting their neighbours but that is the best way to be honest that we're going to find out so this particularly focuses on on initiatives that would have maximum coverage through more local routes than necessarily council top down so i hope that answers where the money would be prioritised on number two when it comes to the south camps magazine i think it it does have a role to play hence we're not removing it entirely um but as we go forward and you see other some councils don't have one at all um other councils do one a year um do like an annual report and i do think that uh to do four is is too too much at the moment um i think also what we know is that people that have role mail and opt out for junk mail for example they're not getting it at all because they don't get it through the post um there are other ways of distributing things and actually if we could lower the amount of magazines that we're doing and and the huge amount of time and energy and effort that officers spend on producing the magazine when we know that the online has more impact now it has its place the magazine but i think we could actually alter and make sure that we are looking more into who gets it who needs it who wants it rather than a lot of residents that inevitably don't look at it it gets put in the bin and also i would say you know it's compatible with green to the core values of not using so much paper and and what have you so i think it's got an environmental benefit as well um so it has its place but it it is a cost to the council and it is something that is not used as much as it wants was and therefore i do think one every six months um is is suitable for for a modern caring council being green to the core thank you chair councillor van der Weer thank you very much that's a very informative response thank you councillor hope right so i uh my question is about item one freezing council tax and i suppose it's it's a concern and a question and and the concern is that uh at current rates of inflation a freeze would actually be a substantial cut in real terms and uh since council tax is progressive and our expenditure is sort of focused on uh perhaps more on members of our community on low incomes then if we were to put in substantial cut in real terms that might tend to exaggerate inequality in this area so that's my concern but the question really is is is to sort of balance that out what what would the what would the saving be for say a bandy council tax per month compared with say heating costs for an average house um in bandy per month so so you know what does the saving look like when compared with other costs such as heating costs so hello audience thank you chair through yourself um so in relation to the saving i think what's proposed on a bandy is the five pound annual increase but to put that in perspective that is 17 packs of spaghetti um from tescos it's it really is we are seeing people that are struggling for the first time um at the moment and forgive me i don't know the heating costs for a bandy property because i imagine that actually would be quite different because bandy can go from anything from a two bed to a four bed it all depends on where it is so i think that that would be very difficult to get a true comparable but we know the average bills are going up i think that's fair to agree and say um my my take on this as well is that actually we have a very affluent area in many respects in assets and therefore a lot of people in our in our district are above bandy and they're not people that are on particularly high incomes if you imagine if you bought a property in the 1940s you're now retired um and you you didn't pay a lot for your property but by natural values when it was even though some time ago you're you're quite a high council tax band and on a pension age so i think that i understand the issues around inequality but i think at the moment when we have fuel poverty um as high because we're so relying on oil i don't think it's as clear cut as if you're on a lower council tax bracket you're not going to be struggling i think people are going to be struggling across the board on this um i would say as well that i do feel it is it is fitting with the motion that we passed recently we passed a cost of living motion for council that did say and bear with me i can load it was that we would be mindful of the cost of living crisis in the setting of next year's council tax so i would say that i am being compliant with that motion in in promoting this here um i hope that goes some way to answering the question that's my hope right um yeah i think it does i mean the figure you put the figure you gave me was about five pounds per year is that right yes that is that's in the administration's proposed um what you've just been looking at i mean i think compared with monthly heating costs then that is the very small proportion okay thank you okay um my next person on this is councillor melds actually i was going to say a few of a very conscious that it's 929 and uh i'm quite likely to have something to eat today so i think um with um the conservative group promising to bring this back to full council for full deliberation perhaps that's the time that we could do that thank you okay councillor john williams yes i i can go without although i would say for those people watching this um what you're proposing is a 10p saving a week um and i would like to ask well i'll ask it later but if you if you don't put council tax up in next year you've still got to find that saving the year after that and the year after that and the year after that so what cuts are you going to make in future years to pay for your the not putting council tax up 10p a week councillor check are you asking councillor williams to answer answer that now or are you saving the are you kind of preloading the question for a later time because to some extent i feel it would actually only be fair to allow councillor williams to answer the question now if she wishes to do so because otherwise the recording of the meeting leaves the question hanging without the opportunity to answer so councillor williams if you would like to answer please do say thank you chair i'll answer it as i might not give the full answer that councillor john williams is looking for but i'll do my best to give what i can and of course the 10p a week relates to if you're banding as i've previously explained a lot of people aren't in banding properties um and i understand the principle of it's you're a lost fund and we keep going up and up and yes i'm not denying that there'll be difficult decisions to make but there are areas of of costs in the council that we could make going forward we have not got the resources as an opposition to put an mtfs together in a five-year five-year plan if you want to give me officer resource councillor williams um i don't think they'd be very happy with you for it but i'll happily take it and provide it but i i do think that we do have to bear in mind the accumulative impact of things like council tax we can throw it away and say 10p a week but as i've said over that year 17 packs that's a pack of spaghetti every week for some families and for those with higher council tax brackets it will be more and when you add that on with the rises at the county council you add this on you add on a potential new mayoral precept it just gets to a point where actually people are watching every penny at the moment and i think we should never lose sight of that or forget that so um i hope i don't think i'm you know i can go on till nine o'clock but i think council briar millons is stomach may be rumbling by that point chair i hope that at least has given some way to answering councillor john williams's question okay and since i don't see anyone at all count strange hope row so i did have one of the question i decided this is going to be the last one i promise it will be quick so it's about number three the the planning enforcement uh or compliance officer um so do do we know if the compliance department has been operating at its full existing staffing capacity in the current year because i i was only in questions it wasn't um but it might have been operating at reduced capacity due to recruitment recruitment and retention issues so i think i'm i'm not sure what the answer is to this but i think it's relevant to the um to the proposal so if anyone does know the answer then quite like to know i'm seeing councillor williams and at this point we may also be getting an officer intervention councillor williams first i'll try and go it alone first chair and see if i see if i require help so yes there has been vacancies um and agency support in the service um that doesn't mean that there isn't a need um what we're looking to do is sort of you can see from the figures that that could be a long term secured um extra resource uh we've been told four day week it's going to be easy to recruit so i would hope that you could fill two spaces if what we've been promised you know comes to fruition um but it's going to stop you for a moment um i'm going to say something that may not be completely popular with all my colleagues um councillor williams item was placed at the end of the agenda um i notes that a number of my colleagues are currently packing away at the end of the meeting can i ask you not to do so um councillor williams is answering questions still at this point i think it's only fair that we give her the same level of respect and focus as we have given to all of the answers given by councillor mills and councillor williams so i apologise for the fact that i am now developing a tone which is perhaps challenging the behaviour of other councillors but i think it's only fair that councillor williams gets to answer her questions with the same level of focus as everyone else i apologize for interrupting councillor williams please carry on thank you chair um so so yes i i do hope that we would be able to fill that even if potentially it would have to be filled with agency we you know i sit on planning committee and they're definitely in my view is a need for extra resources to deal with some of not necessarily the number of volume of cases but the complexity of certain issues that we have issues that have been going on many of them went from one of them at least for when i was still at school so i'm not wanting to reveal my age chair but it's longer than i might like okay thank you very much so i think we're at the end of that point so what i'd just like to bring us back to is the thing we need to do as a scrutiny and overview committee which is tonight we have looked at the business action plan we have looked at the draft budget as presented by the administration and we have looked at the draft budget as presented as an alternative budget amendments at this stage presented scrutiny and overview by the conservative group um our action in relation to this really is as we have said before at the scrutiny and overview committee to note each of those reports on a separate basis so we are noting the budget plan we are noting the administration budget and we are noting the conservative amended budget as three separate things and obviously as is the case in senior as our officer will make the notes on that and that will contain any particular points of recommendation which have been raised during the meeting which i believe councillor Stobart continues to offer wherever possible to attend cabinet so if i can just ask at this point we are noting all three reports and we are making our kind of recommendations and asked at this point if we can take all three and say that we are sent as a committee to noting all three and any recommendations that we have made agree thank you very much the next point relates to our work program and as it says chair and vice-cair will be updating the work paper on 25 January 2023 the investment strategy scheduled for 28 February um in the interest of privacy at this point i will say that the work of the young people's uh young people task and finish group continues um councillor Stobart is anything particularly quick that you wish to say in relation to that um chair thank you for the opportunity uh but now it's progressing well we meet on Tuesday officers are doing their work very well um and we seem to be on track excellent um i think it's entirely appropriate for the report to be very short as obviously we have said that it will be brought back to the committee at a future point and if we report on it now it kind of removes the point of reporting later on um other matters are continuing to be worked on as was agreed at a previous meeting there will be a specific s106 briefing and question answer session which will be arranged in the near future if you have any further questions and relations to that please submit them to myself or to Liz Watts and then our final point is the note the date the next meeting which is Tuesday 28 February 2023 so in very unscrewed in overview matter we now have a month without meeting and if i just as i always do turn to Ian and say Ian is there anything else i have failed to do this evening that i need to cover excellent thank you very much although it may seem like being a little long time it was only three and a half hours tonight as opposed to last week's four and a half hours we should give ourselves a mild pat on the back for that and thank you very much


A relationship between the Baltimore Ravens and quarterback Lamar Jackson has been a topic of conversation all throughout this year, especially early on this season, well really before the season started when the two could not come to terms on a contract agreement. And throughout this season, a lot of people have wondered and continue to wonder if this relationship will go beyond this year, if this will be the final ride Lamar Jackson's last ride with the Ravens, or if he's in it for the long haul with Baltimore. And that's still to be determined. But ESPN, they brought up a very, very interesting segment on if the Ravens should cut ties with one Lamar Jackson. And the way it started off, Molly started off by saying she brought up his current injury and saying that the most time that he's missed before when it came to injury was last season when he missed the last four games of the year. So Dan Ovloski, who's had a lot of interesting stuff to say about the Ravens, especially surrounding their scheme. But Dan Ovloski started, he said, my heart says you're initially insane to think that the Ravens should think about cutting ties with Lamar Jackson. He said he's one of the best players in the NFL. He's a great rep for the city and the organization. But my mind says that it's not a great organization for him. He's missed seven out of his last 22 games. He said that these past two years have been their two-year window. But because of the injuries last year and then this year, his play that started off at an MVP level, then it fell off because of the injuries this year. He talked about how the next six weeks are huge. He asks, will Lamar Jackson get back? What will he be like when he comes back? Can he take the Ravens on a magical run? But this is where Dan Ovloski, he took a little turn here. But hey, it's true because it's part of the business. Because this is what business people do. He said Lamar has taken 1,000 hits in his career. Now, we know when you look at a stat sheet and look at the amount of times Lamar had Jackson has been tackled or you look at the amount of times that he's rushed over his career, the numbers, they will not ever tell the whole story. If you're talking about tackles, that's one thing. But if you are actually talking about straight up hits, and we know tackles, they are physical, obviously. But you really talking about hits like that, like that? Yeah, I definitely wouldn't say it's 1,000. But anyway, we'll run with it for now to help Dan Ovloski prove his point. He said Lamar has taken 1,000 hits in his career. But this will be a conversation in the off season. And what he meant by that was it'll be a conversation between the Baltimore Ravens and Lamar Jackson if they talk in contract.  And he said that the injuries have added up. The hits have taken their toll. Now, initially you could think like, man, yeah, Lamar has missed time. He missed time last year. Then the year before that in the playoff game, he got knocked out. Then this year, he's hurt too. Man, well, he gets a lot of rushing attempts. He gets a lot of rushing yards for a quarterback. Man, is he running too much? Because if you just listened to what Dan Ovloski said, you could think that. And I could understand why you would think that. Because it's like, hey, this guy's on ESPN. Those hits, oh yeah, they must be really bad. But when you look at how and where he got injured, context is everything. Because this year, he's obviously missed the past couple of games. But why? What point did he, where did he get hurt? Oh, right in the pocket, you say? Oh, they didn't bring that up. But that's OK. That's why I'm here to let you know. He got hit in the pocket. Right in the pocket on a sack. That took him out the game. And then last year, man, how did he miss those last four or five games of the year when he got knocked out of the Browns game? Well, it was on a passing play. And guess what? Somebody missed the block. So he had to scramble and roll out. And he did complete the pass in the process. But he got hit by a Browns defender low. And so that, again, in the pocket again. Oh, what about the Buffalo Bills game? You say, how did he get hurt and knocked out of that game? Well, he got a concussion in that game. Why? Because he snapped the ball. And the center snapped the ball way over Lamar Jackson's head.  And then he had to pick up the ball. He scooped it and then threw it away. But in the process, when he threw it away, he got tackled by a Bills defender and his head right on the turf. And he got a concussion. That was the end of the game. So I just wanted to make sure that when it comes to Lamar Jackson's injuries, you had the complete context because I didn't want to leave you hanging. But anyway, it's still, regardless of how they happened, with Dan Ovlowski did have a good point because it still will be a conversation that the Ravens would have with Lamar Jackson, like, hey, look at these injuries. Why should we pay you X amount of dollars when you've had these injuries? Now, even with the context is business. In business, both parties are trying to get the upper hand. So Ravens are going to do everything that they possibly can to get the upper hand. Lamar is going to do everything that he possibly can to get the upper hand. So next, Steven A. Smith, who for the most part has not been a big fan of Lamar, hasn't really been interested in Lamar like that, doesn't really believe in Lamar like that. But he has some very interesting things to say when it came to this topic in this question. He said that Dan Ovlowski's head is insane, but his heart's in the right place. And then he flipped the script. So the segment was about should the Ravens think about cutting ties with Lamar Jackson. But Steven A. Smith said that Lamar should consider cutting ties with the Ravens. And he brought up some really good points. He said the Ravens shouldn't even consider cutting ties with Lamar. He said, when you look at what the Ravens have done, they've shortchanged them. He said they haven't maxed out on his potential. They haven't maximized the opportunities he's presented to them. And I'm thinking like, hold up, Steven A. Are y'all watching the channel too? Y'all been keeping up with team keeping. Let me know, Steven A. Let me know, because it's stuff that we've been saying for the longest. But anyway, he said, do your job and get talent around him so he won't have to do everything himself. If I'm Lamar, I'm thinking about moving on. I'm thinking about going to a franchise that won't be hesitant on not only giving me the money, but also spending it on resources around me. And I was like, yeah, hey, you're right. You're right. But let's keep going. He brought up Russell Wilson. I was thinking, OK, where's he going with this? But he brought up Russell Wilson, who went to Denver with a coach that he loved and that he had weapons around him and stuff. And he got paid the big money and he had an elite defense that showed up and showed out so much that the defensive players, they were willing to get in Russell Wilson's face because of what Russell Wilson wasn't doing. Because y'all remember the game with that, I think it was a defensive lineman. He was yelling at Russell Wilson, and Russell Wilson was like, oh man, I'm sorry. My apologies, man. Back up, buddy. But he said that you don't see that happening in Baltimore because they know. They know. He said, you don't see the defensive players all up in Lamar's face because they know that it ain't Lamar's fault that he hasn't, while he hasn't had his most stellar season because he hasn't. He said, when you know you don't have the requisite pieces around you, you may feel compelled to do more than you should because you're trying to win. You know what's crazy? Well, not what's crazy. Always talk about how you don't discredit what fans see just because they're a fan.  Do not disrespect fans' opinions just because they're fans. And so many fans, so many Ravens fans that I've talked to over the years have said this exact same thing that they see that Lamar is just trying to do so much so often because they can be this lack. They can be this lack. And so he got to make up for that lack. But anyway, so shout out to the fans. Stephen, they also talked about how Bateman and Dove going down with them going down that, of course, Lamar would feel compromised. But this is about what the Ravens haven't done as an organization to surround him. He said that this isn't about a deficiency with Lamar. He said that the Ravens are actually the reason that he's hurt because he has to do so much because he's asked to do too much to compensate what they lack. So interest and take by Stephen A. Smith. Now, I agree with most of what he said. The only part as far as the last part that the reason that Lamar Jackson is hurt is because because of the Ravens, they asked him to do so much in this case. I always say no because he got hurt in the pocket. I mean, put that on the offensive line. I think maybe somebody missed a block or whatnot. So this was he made it sound like to, in my opinion, he made it sound like Lamar got hurt. I see what the point that he was trying to make. I see the direction he was going. That's why I agree with everything up to but to that point because he made it sound like Lamar got hurt running or something like that. So somebody based off of what he said at the end to close out his argument, one could think that, oh, Lamar got hurt running. But that wasn't the case. But everything else that Stephen A. Smith said. Yeah, yeah, buddy. Keep it going, Stephen A. But then Marcus Pierce, he said that he was going to give them an example that will kill the whole conversation. Marcus Pierce, Mr. Swaggle. He said Lamar has been in Baltimore for five years now because he has. This is his fifth year. He said Lamar Jackson has won an MVP, won a playoff game. And he said he cannot ever count the Ravens out because Lamar can turn into Superman. Then he said, let's go to the other side.  But he said, Philly, they drafted a quarterback in the second round and didn't even know if he would play initially because they had a hundred million dollar quarterback in the building when they drafted Hertz. And it sounds like he's talking about Carson Wentz. But anyway, he said that they went out, got AJ Brown. Of course, they drafted Devonte Smith. They have an O-line that's built from the inside out. And he said, Harry Roseman surrounded a quarterback who people didn't know could be accurate or throw with anticipation. And Harry Roseman said that we're going to squeeze this orange and try to get as much juice out of it as we can. And this is where he got me. I was like, OK, I've made that argument on here myself before because there were so many people that talked about how they feel like, oh, with Jaylen Hertz, they wrote him off. They wrote him off. They said he started, said he can't throw, they said he's inaccurate. They said so much bad stuff about him, especially after that playoff game against the Bucks. But the Eagles are like, OK, that's cool. That's cool. We know that happened. We see that that happened. But you know what? Let's really go in for our quarterback. And let's really just go in with this team. We going all in. Let's make it happen. And you see how they're doing right now. You see what they did just now. And they are having a phenomenal season. And now, even though Jaylen Hertz is hurt and it'll be temporary thing, he'll be out this week. He's in the MVP conversation. It's been a beautiful thing. So anyway, he talked about how with Jaylen Hertz, with him being in the MVP conversation, the fact that he's in the conversation, just a conversation. He said Lamar, he already won one without even having half of the weapons that Jaylen Hertz does. So I was like, oh, well, Margot Spears, you got it. You got it because it's true. It's true. Lamar already won one. With a lot less. This is this was my this has been my argument for the longest. I see so many people talked about, oh, no, the Ravens, they don't need to add more weapons for what? Why should they add more weapons? Like if Lamar has already shown you what he can do with less, why would you not capitalize on that and give him more? Why not? But the fact that you have not, and it seems like you will not. That is what leads people to these conversations like this on the Ravens and Lamar Jackson cutting ties with each other because it is a real possibility in my eyes. I've said it time and time again, and I'm a Ravens fan. I love this team and they had a lot of ups and downs with these Ravens over the years, but you love them, but you got to be honest. And I think with people that you love or something that you love, it's always best when you're honest about whatever that is. And I've said it before and I say it again. I do not believe that Lamar Jackson will ever, at least under this current philosophy that the Ravens have right now, I do not believe they will ever maximize on his true potential ever. I don't. If they keep doing things that the way that they've been doing and then think about it, too, safe instance, they paid Lamar Jackson. What would change? What would change with the way that they operate? Are they all of a sudden going to be like, all right, Lamar Jackson, we paid you now, so now we're going to really start adding weapons around you. No, they would have every incentive in their minds to be like, all right, we paid them. Now we definitely ain't got to do nothing. And when he was cheap, they ain't really add around them like that. They didn't. So why when he got more expensive? Why would they all of a sudden add around him at that point? It just it wouldn't make sense, especially the direction that they've done. I think they still should. I think it was be smart, but they haven't. Will they ever? Well, we'll see. So will they end up cutting ties with Lamar Jackson? Will Lamar Jackson cut ties with them? It's to be determined. Love y'all team. Keep it clean. Appreciate y'all. And like Lamar Jackson could be after this year. Hopefully he's not. But we'll see how things go, but we out.


The ancient kingdom of Pickland is often referred to as just that, a unified kingdom of the Picks. However, as the mysteries of the Picks continue to reveal themselves, it appears as though Pickland was actually comprised of seven different but connected Pictish kingdoms who shared many linguistic and cultural characteristics. The Pictish kingdoms of ancient Scotland were Fib and Modern Fife, Cat to the North in Cathness and Sutherland, Cat on the East Coast around Aberdeenshire, Cersun in the Angus region, Fiddock around Inverness region and Fortley around the Perth and Kim Ross region. The seventh Pictish kingdom was Fortu, which is thought to have been situated around Moray in the northeast of ancient Scotland. Fortu, however, is often used interchangeably with Pickland, perhaps suggesting that it was one of the most powerful Pictish kingdoms. Exactly when these kingdoms arose and for how long they survived is largely unknown. The first reference to Fortu, however, came from a Roman writer in the 4th century AD who referred to them as the Verturions. It is thought that Venturion came from the Brithonic root Vertabra indicating that fortress people is how they were referred to. In Old English, Anglo-Saxon sources refer to these Pictish people as the Verturace. In the Pictish Chronicle, which is a loose historical account of Pictish kings, the seven Pictish kingdoms are said to have been founded by the seven sons of the Crusney. The Crusney refers to a people of early medieval Ireland who occupied the territory centered around Ulster. This is led some to argue that the Picts of ancient Scotland and the Crusney of ancient Ireland were connected in some way, although this is debated. We do know that the Crusney was and still is an Irish name for the Picts. In a religious book written between 697 and 700 AD called The Life of Columba, the author records how Columba baptised a man called Art Branan who was described as the chief commander of the warband of the region of Ca. There are still references to the Ca in Scotland today. The Benahí mountain range in Aberdeenshire for instance means the mountain of the people of Ca. In Irish sources, the seven Pictish kingdoms were said to have been ruled by hereditary chiefs or kings. It has been documented that the Picts most likely traced the hereditary line of kingship through the female line. In the early 6th century, the seven kingdoms of the Picts are said to have merged into two larger kingdoms known as Sutherland and Norland, Pictland. In the centuries to come, the Picts increasingly came under attacks from a seafaring people known to enjoy raiding. In a future series, I am going to focus on the Viking raids against the Picts and the other people and kingdoms of ancient Scotland. Through Patreon, you will gain exclusive access to participate in my bi-monthly Q&A. The ability to vote in exclusive polls and your name will be included in a special thank you message in each of my videos. All for as little as £1 per month. The link to the Patreon page of Celtic History Decoded is in the description below. Please also remember to subscribe to this channel and hit the bell so that you are notified every time I post a video. And remember to follow Celtic History Decoded on Instagram and Twitter. If you are interested in history in general, subscribe to my other channel, History Decoded. Thank you, speak to you soon.


So go ahead and just pull down from the top here. There's a hand right here in the middle, you just go ahead and hit that and the touchscreen will disable so you can go ahead and clean it. It gives you 30 seconds to wipe the screen down. I usually like to use the eyeglass rags, the real fine ones, so that you don't scratch the screen and I don't really recommend putting any chemicals on the screen, it's probably not a good idea to do that. So just grab one of those eyeglass wipes and just wipe the screen down with one of those and you should be good to go. That ladies and gentlemen as this panel is backing out of the mode here is how you put the Geo Alarm Control Panel into clean screen mode. If you have any questions or any comments please leave them below, take care and have a great day. Please like and subscribe to our page for helpful programming and installation videos, product reviews, monitoring, products, and more. Visit www.goram.com or call<PHONE_NUMBER>. Geo Arm, the worldwide leader in DIY security.


Tropical rainforests, first the contents, the definition of tropical rainforest, then the climatic conditions of tropical rainforests, the soil conditions of tropical rainforests and the plant life in tropical rainforests. So first the definition of tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests are actually the forests which are present at the equator of Earth. So tropical rainforests, they have very moist environment, very ideal condition for the growth of the plants. If we talk about tropical rainforests, then the area where we call it the equator region, where we call it Khate Isthwa, the area of Khate Isthwa, that is actually the tropical region. So tropical rainforests are actually the richest forest of the Earth, the highest in number. So the climatic conditions. Tropical rainforests due to presence at the equator, so they are usually have one season. So if we look at it throughout the years, the same season, temperature variations, both slight variations in temperatures. The approximate temperature of tropical rainforests is from 20 to 25 degrees centigrade throughout the years. I mean the entire year the temperature is the same, there the precipitation level is very high. So the rainfall pattern, they are the extreme rainfalls, the rain is very high, the approximate rainfall is about 200 centimetres per year, more than 200 centimetres per year. So if we look at all the biomes, the tropical rainforest, the rain pattern is the highest which is the highest. So climatic conditions throughout the year are the same, humid temperature, high temperature, humidity is present, and because of the rain, they have an ideal environment for the growth. Soil conditions, soil is relatively nutrient poor, tropical rainforest soil has a little deficiency. What is the deficiency? Because environmental conditions are very ideal, so plant growth is very high. Whatever nutrients are present in the soil, they will be obtained in the foreign plants and in the plant's body, in the biomass, they will be tied up. This is why the maximum nutrients of the soil are actually locked up in the plants in the body of the plants. So if we look at the second pattern, when these plants die, the decomposition process is very quick, very rapid, because the temperature is high, humidity is high, so decomposers are also very active in the equator or a tropical forest. But as the decomposition happens, that material will be used by the plants for the further biomass synthesis. So the plants for biomass will be used to synthesise. So whatever nutrients are used in the biomass synthesis, ultimately soil and nutrients will have deficiency. So the plant life of tropical rainforest, tropical rainforests are the most diverse forest of the world. The most diverse forest of the world is the tropical rainforest. So a small piece of land may have thousands of species of different plants. So the species of plants are mostly present in the tropical rainforest. The important thing is that in the tropical rainforest, none of the plant species is dominating. If we look at the conifers in the conifers, they are dominating. In the grasslands, grass is dominating. Similarly, if we look at the deciduous forests, the deciduous plants whose leaves fall and the broad leaves are dominating. While in the tropical rainforest, all the plants have equal chance to grow. So overall, if we look at this, none of them is dominating. So species richness is very high. Even one actor of the land may contain 50 to 70 species of plants. If we look at the comparison, in the tropical rainforest, there are deciduous forests. So in the temperate deciduous forests, one actor can have maximum of 17 to 20 species. So in the deciduous forests, one actor can have species richness up to 20, 70 to 20. While in the tropical rainforest, the species richness is up to 70 species per actor. Most of the plants in the equator are the tropical rainforest. They are evergreen and they are broad leaf plants.


Hi, and welcome to episode number seven of What's Sex Got To Do With It with my wonderful 84-year-old great-grandmother, Arthur, who is my favorite grandmother in all of the east coast of the United States. So this chapter is called My What A Big Brain You Have. Do you want to tell us why? That's kind of a play on Little Red Riding Hood.  My, what big ears you have.   And you know, I don't have a lot of faith in standardized intelligence tests. I think they measure, they're almost a social construct, but there's a lived intelligence that women are very quick to spot. And it's often, to me best reflected in a sense of humor. Women love men with a good sense of humor, quick on the uptake. Those are all signs of intelligence that women do code away. He was really smart. You know, like how could you not fall for him? He was so smart. You know, so I heard that kind of thing a lot. So it just sort of, this chapter indicates that I believe that one of the things that drove human evolution was selection for a special kind of intelligence. In our case, intelligence, you know, if my hypothesis about the origin of our species being that chromosome fusion, we might have been born with some traits that were not necessarily adaptive. And so by selecting for intelligence, women were selecting for men who knew how to fit themselves to manipulate the environment in such a way that they might survive in it, even though they were hairless apes. They might not have had the fur to keep them warm, but they had an ability to figure out how to build a shelter for those kinds of things. Right. I got you. This is so much in this chapter. It's going to be really hard to squeeze it into 30 minutes because I was really, you discussed a lot of things that I've thought about. And your conclusions, in some cases, are a little bit different than mine. So we'll explore that. Because you talk about the brain being more than a computer. Not necessarily more different from a computer. The brain is different from a computer. Right. But you do still see it as a mechanism, though, right? I guess, yeah. I have said to people, the human brain is not a skilled worker. That is one of my lines, but it's very good at two things. It's been shaped by evolution to be very good at survival, short-term survival, and at reproduction. That's what it's best at. And it can really trick itself, use language to trick itself about other things in order to make sure that those two things get accomplished. So it's a very skilled worker if you're talking about getting people to reproduce. But it's not such a good skilled worker if you're trying to, for example, get political parties to see reasonable solutions, that kind of thing. Right. So one of the things you say is that AI will not be able to reproduce what the brain does. Well, yeah. And you are much more familiar with AI than I am. So I'm interested in your viewpoints on this too. My bias on this is what little I've read on AI, which is just a few books, is that the human brain and artificial intelligence, to me, they're different animals with different functions. And so to try to use the computer as a model for the human brain, I argue with that a little bit, because I think our human brains are very good technologically. We're good at designing things because we have systems in place to keep us honest. You know, I really believe that language has given us the ability to lied ourselves. Self-deception, deceit, we're very good at those things. But we have designed systems to keep us honest. I was thinking about your remark the other week when we interviewed about the difference between logic and rational. Yeah. And I said, well, we're good at rationalizing. To me, logic is a set of rules that we've set up to keep our rationalization in line. So to me, that's a system of rules that keeps the human brain from getting out of line with its rationalization. And I view the scientific method the same way. The scientific method is a system of rules we've designed to keep our brain in check because it does get up to no good. And so that's why I think the human brain has designed computers to make up for the flaws. You know, the computer is really good at holding information in a way that the human brain is not. So we've designed computers, and probably artificial intelligence as well, to make up for some of the failings that our skill with self-deception put into the human brain. Does that make sense, Len? Does that make any sense at all? And so this is me, maybe at this point, there's not a good connection to the previous question, and maybe I'll tie this back in, maybe not, or just kind of having fun in this conversation here. So consciousness. I think of it as an emergent property. What do you mean by an emergent property? So to that, you have this network of neurons in the brain that are thinking, that are doing things, primarily focused on sex. And what was the other one you said?  Survival is a big thing. You can put a lot into survival. But the sense of self is emergent from that network. Because I think the sense of self is what people see as the spirit. And it's like, well, in their minds, there's no mechanism for the sense of consciousness. But I see it as an emergent property from the network of neurons in the brain. Where do you think consciousness comes from? I think that that's true. I believe that humans have consciousness. I actually think that probably all species have kind of a sense of consciousness. By that, I simply mean a sense of self, an awareness of self. And I think it's a real thing that like philosophers like Daniel Dennett, I parked company with him on this. He thinks that consciousness is an illusion. Maybe I've stated that wrong. He might not have used those exact words. But what do you think he means by illusion? That he doesn't think that it's, I shouldn't speak for him because I don't, you know, but I know when I was reading his book that I just paid over $30 for hardcover. He said some things that angered me so much. I felt like throwing it, not only across the room, but right through my skylights, which would have been very expensive to repair. So, so I know that and he's very held in very high regard. So I have to be careful not to misrepresent. But I, I have, you know, I, if it feels real to us, and we base our behavior on our sense of self, I, I just, you know, if it feels real, and you act as if it's real, then to me it is real. I like your idea of emergent. It's good.  So maybe the book that I wanted to throw across the room, I maybe should go home and read again. I still do have it with angry notes scribbled in the margins. That's how I read books. But a book that warrants no notes in the margins, that's not a good book. You know, the books that have influenced me the most or the books I fight with while I'm reading them. And, and I express, you know, I have dialogue like you and I are having now with the books I read, I write in the margins, I put notes on all the fly with page numbers on the various fly leaves. And if I filled them all up, then that's, that's a book I never want to lend to anybody. Gotcha. Yeah, of course, with your notes in it. So, so, so, yeah, so we're gonna, we're backing up as you can maybe tell in this chapter. So you had talked about it to some lecture that you attended with, I guess it was Elizabeth Laskas. She was, she was the speaker, yes. And that she, you say she not only convincingly described research that documented the ease with which false memories can be suggested into the distance, but she also fooled the audience into creating a few flawed memories of her own. Can you tell me a little bit more about that? It's, it's a subject I didn't realize I was interested in until I heard her speak. And I was there with a friend when it was over, Sarah and I turned each other went, wow, that was life altering, just the sense that false memories can be implanted that easily. Now most of the false memories that she implanted in the audience did not work for me because I suffer from face blindness, prosopagnosia, and a lot of those involved photographs of faces and confusingness about who did what. But the research that she described with children when she first began studying false memories and the ease with which false memories are implanted were astonishing to me. For example, she would suggest to a child, oh, we talked to your grandmother. And she reminded us of the time you got lost in the mall. This child has never been lost in the mall. However, that then became a traumatic memory for the child. And even having the grandmother tell and the researcher tell and everybody tell her no, no, no, that didn't really happen. We were just kind of playing a game with you. Very difficult to remove that memory even when told it was wrong. So she tried to move to memories that would be less traumatic.  Well, guess what?  So those were the kinds of experiments she talked about and how the the ethical responsibility she felt in designing those kinds of experiments to try to come up with a memory that wouldn't alter a person's life by being told that that it happened when in fact it hadn't. And so I just found that completely fascinating. I think in this chapter is this the chapter where I describe my sister and I having totally different memories of the identical event. Yeah, no, I think it's another chapter. But you know, but I mean, yep, why don't we save it for then? Okay, yeah, and if I don't talk about in that chapter, we can, or if I don't bring it up, you know, then well, it's just that I'm aware that the memory is tricky. You know, I can believe something passionately to be true. And then have to acknowledge that maybe I'm wrong about that. Right. And having seen Elizabeth Loft as one of the things that I say is I know I I yield too easily in family arguments now, because I now know that my memory can be wrong. And once you're aware of that, it is life altering. My friend was correct describing that as life altering. And my understanding to from I think it was on 60 minutes few years ago is that memories are immutable to it seems like each time you access a memory, you store it differently. And they did some research for people who had PTSD. And if they activated the memory, and they use the drug at the same time, when the memory was accessed, and they and then stored again, because it's somehow when you access the memory, you make it susceptible to being stored again with that drug there. I mean, it got stored in a way that wasn't as powerful, you know, so that it kind of took away the PTSD because the memory was there. But I think the deal is that for you get PTSD, the memory has to be stored in a way that also triggers an emotion. I mean, when I probably remember this, not quite correctly, but then when you put the drug there, I mean, when the memory is accessed, the ability to store the memory with the emotion that comes with it is removed. Oh, it's a disconnect. It's a disconnect. Now you have the memory, but it doesn't carry the emotional check. I think I'm quoting Elizabeth Loftus correctly. When she said memories are like Wikipedia entries, you can take your information out and alter it and then put it back in, but so can other people. Yeah. And that's what's astonishing to me. You're not the only one. And every time you take it out and remember it, it alters a little bit when you put it back in. So our memories are always transforming. They're not accurately stored, but they help us create meaningful senses of ourselves, a meaningful sense of ourselves and our lives and keep us, keep us whole in a way so that we can proceed forward. So we construct memories to help us survive, actually. Right, right, right, right. And it's funny to me, when you say about the Wikipedia, that was the end of that paragraph. I mean, and it was something about this section that kind of reminded me of something that was written by Jennifer Werner, who is at the Kennedy School, and she has this article called The Angry Mind. I'm forgetting the exact title of it. Something in the Angry Mind, you know, and it's really about how the Angry Mind is a mind that's very certain of itself. And when you are certain, that's when you stop thinking. And that's what generally gets us in trouble, is that we are no longer open to new ideas. And so with anger, you are convinced that someone else has done you wrong. And once you're convinced of that, you're not going to reconsider that at all. And uncertainty is the state at which you are most open to new ideas. But people don't generally like being uncertain. I mean, all I have to do is turn on the TV and look at the ferocity of the divides between people, the certainty that their view of something is correct. And of course, so many of our wonderful technological inventions amplify the worst of what it is about us, the ability to be tribal, first of all, and then algorithms that keep feeding us news that reinforces what we already believe. And so there is a lot of anger. And to your point, when you're that angry, it's very hard to let new information get introduced. That's a species-specific trait we've to learn to rise above. And we'll do it only by recognizing we're all vulnerable to getting a memory wrong. We all are. I think once we acknowledge that, then you're a little more able to listen to other people and think, wait, wait, you know, maybe I don't have that quite right. Right. So the article was on, the paper was called Decision Making and the Angry Mind. Who was it? Jennifer Lerner. I mean, it's really good. And so, and yeah, so uncertainty is where you are most open to learning new things, but no one really likes being uncertain. We always are fighting. It's like you're trying to resolve that uncertainty. And along with that, I mean, it's not only anger being that shuts down the thinking process. It's also happiness. Yeah, happiness can shut down the thinking process too, because it creates a state of certainty too. And I've noticed that from being a poker player, you know, I don't go to casinos or anything, but I play a lot with friends. And it's when you win, especially when you win big, I mean, you feel really good. And that's their sense of, well, I did this. So where it's anger is like someone's done something to me. I mean, happiness is that I've created this me. And so there's a certainty. And I learned myself is like, when I win big, I mean, I really have to work hard, you know, to be conservative in the way that I play the next few hands, because there is that sense of, well, I won. You know, I'm good. I've heard that someone who wins big the first time they gamble is much more vulnerable to becoming a problem gambler than someone who doesn't. I don't gamble. But the first time I ever went to a casino, I was my late husband was he was not late at that time. He was still very much a lot. But he went to get change. And so I just was using the change in my pocket in a slot machine. I knew nothing about them. And suddenly bells and sirens started going off. And I thought, Oh, I've broken the machine. I've broken the machine. I was a dutiful person. I didn't want to run away. I thought I should stand there and take responsibility. Suddenly one of the casino workers came to me and I forget I won some ridiculous amount of money. I said, I'm sorry.  I don't I didn't mean to break it. He said, Are you kidding me? Because I had no idea. But luckily, because I don't like that whole atmosphere, I never did go back. So I didn't become a problem gambler. But yeah, I won big the first time I ever pulled the handle on the slot machine. So the casino lost on you. Yeah, yeah, because they've never recouped that right. Yeah. Very well, good, good. You won big.  Yeah, I probably exaggerate how much. But it felt enormous to me. It's fine. So what's your sense on how the brain's going to evolve? Assuming we live long enough to evolve? That's an interesting one, Landon. Because as you know, part of my motivation for writing, I know, so let's not let's not. We just kind of eat people up. Yeah, but let's say the species. Oh, I would hope it would evolve to be more open to its own fallibility. I don't think we'll survive unless it does. Right. I think that's that's that's a necessary evolution our brain has to take. If we're going to continue to survive. So that so given that in my feeling, if we fail to recognize our own imperfections and try to rise above them, we're not going to survive. So to me, the human brain, I hope evolves to be more aware of its own frailty. So do you think it can evolve fast enough on its own? Or will humans have to get in there and muck around with evolutionary process? And maybe I shouldn't use the evolutionary process. It's like just get in there and intervene. What do you mean change? Well, genetic genetic therapies and things like that genetic intervention, which gets us into some interesting territory, right? Yeah, we're starting to make decisions about which genes and which traits mean. Yeah, that stuff makes me nervous. Lynn, I just want us all to become more aware of our own impact on the world around us and to take more responsibility. So right, but that awareness is generated by the brain by the brain. And so you ask me if the brain is going how it's going to evolve. My answer would be if we survive, that's how it's going to have to evolve. To become more aware, right? To rise above our own. And then my question to kind of repeat it was that, do you think it can evolve quickly enough? I don't know. Maybe, maybe, maybe there will be some environmental thing that will, I mean, who knows infection by virus or something that will change our neurology? It's possible. Or it could be that people who are more socially aware, I mean, select for each other, I mean, not select for each other, but are more attracted to each other and generate progeny that is more aware. I don't think that can resolve and change quickly enough. Interesting. And why is that? Well, just our generation, you know, what's a generation? How many? 25 years? 25 years. I mean, we don't have enough generations. I mean, I think it would take a lot of generations to affect that kind of change. Gotcha. Oh, oh. So I don't think there's an, I see the pessimist in me, and yet my family thinks I am such an optimist. I am, but in terms of humans, you know, if I watch the news, it's hard to remain optimistic. Right. Gotcha. Okay. So, so, so given, given the later chapters which we're getting, made a very nice big look at right now, you know, so, okay, you know, well, that's interesting. And, and even though we have a few more minutes to be left in this half hour, it's not quite enough meaning to, I think, launch into a whole other topic.  Fabulously generous. Thank you. Yeah, we're, we're going to end this chapter now and tease the next one with, well, what sex got to do with it, or apparently it's on the brain.   He is. So thank you very much, Heather, and thanks for watching and, and come back for episode number eight.