Good morning. You've heard Dr. Yal and Margaret talk about two different perspectives, how to work with open source and what kind of commercial things you can do with open source. But I actually want you to point, I want to point to a slightly different perspective. You actually witnessed two biggest networking vendors come into open source. So that's, I think, who says networking is not transforming, right? What I'm going to walk you through is Verizon's perspective on open source, why we like open source, why we want to work with it. But before going there, I'll kind of give you a little bit of context on where we stand and what is driving some of this. If you look at our traffic patterns across wireless global IP networks, they're going up. I mean, this is a story that you will hear from any carrier. They're going up at 40%, 50% a year, year over year. And this does not account for what is evicting, right? Things like AR, VR, AI and all. When those things start becoming mainstream, we expect these to actually accelerate the growth. At the same time, when you look at the industry, industry is evolving. VR seeing competition come from different areas. Even on the networking side, now you're hearing a lot about high-altitude platforms, whether it is SpaceX or not somebody else. Are you looking at the web-scale carriers deploying massive amount of fiber across the globe? So there is different kinds of competition emerging. Number of networks that each carrier is managing is increasing. Not only that we still have 1X, 2G, EVDO, and others, but we are deploying 5G, and we are working on, even on the fioside, multiple flavors. So as the variability of the network increases, there is a bit of complexity. And finally, the transformation complexity. This entire forum is about SDN and FE. And carriers haven't reached a point where this becomes a BAU thing. We are still exploring, figuring out what is the right way between us and the vendors and the open source bodies and others. There's a lot of work to be done to make this seamless. Same time, when we look ahead, there are new pressures that are going to come across at us. The physical, traditional integration, Sandra talked about and others talked about. When you live in a world of augmented reality and autonomous vehicles, networks can't just be managed by just varying bandwidth. That's what we've been doing. We were selling minutes of usage, and then we went to gigabits and megabits of bandwidth. We have to start looking at other levers to deliver those experiences. Latency is definitely one of them. Mass around connectivity. So networks will have to be developed to start providing those sort of experiences in slices. And that increases the amount of complexity within the network systems. The other point I want to point out is if you look at traffic between wire line and wireless, 80% of the IP traffic that goes on the carrier networks, and I'm going to talk a bit about US here, comes from five publishers. It might differ, for example, on wire line. We'll see Netflix being one of the biggest driver of traffic. If you go into the wireless, it's YouTube. But effectively, 80% of the traffic is going to five publishers. What does this mean? What this means is we're no longer a north-south traffic management company or organizations. We are also dealing with a lot of east-west traffic management because we have peering partnerships with these companies. Most of the traffic is finding the quickest way to exit our networks and enter these publishers' networks. So it's a different paradigm, a different way of building networks than the way we were building networks in the past. The third point that we look at is that we've built networks to have this monolithic centralized control. But the use cases that are going to emerge down the road will require networks to be ad hoc, dynamic. You may want to create networks to the edge and terminate them at an instant's notice. You'll require a very different kind of control system to manage this dispersed ecosystem. And that is, again, driving networks to look at what sort of future paradigms we could adapt to. And finally, there was a lot of talk about distributed clouds. This is what is going to be the future of networks. It's virtualized. And we are able to run any application anywhere in the network, all the way to the light pole having a computing storage, running any kind of packet code application or any application, you call it, to the centralized data warehouses, data centers. And networks are software-driven. They are adopting what IT teams have gone through, DevOps and Cloud and whatever else. But this also kind of illustrates the point I was making before is that it's about moving the traffic east-west. We're going to operate similar to the way what WebScale and other companies have figured out and do it in a very optimal sense. Networks will have to kind of get there. So why open source? Promise of scale and resiliency. And so when we look at the pioneers in this area who have developed white-box solutions and who figured out how to move traffic between data centers, we start seeing that the networks are going to be in this manner. We are going to have a large number of data centers. We'll have to start moving traffic. We see how the open-source principles were implemented by some of these WebScale providers. We see the same things can apply, and we can leverage some of those learning. The second key point is telco carriers typically followed standards. But standards bodies tend to be slow. It takes time. So what is happening now is that being part of the open-source communities, we're able to get like-minded people together, talk about things that make sense, quickly put that into code, and then take a deployment. The timescale difference between what you can do through a standards body versus what you can do through an open-source community is hugely different. And so this becomes extremely, extremely attractive. The other key point is we see that in open communities are companies that have implemented open-source-based solutions. Automation and others almost come in both internally because there is a natural development by the developers and others. But there's a lot of community contribution towards solving the problems. That is, again, attractive. And today when we deploy networks, appliance-based networks, and rely on one or two vendors, a problem to a solution typically has to come from that one or two vendors. And it takes time. Any kind of automation, any kind of optimization others, we're still relying on those vendors. In this paradigm, I think we see the community behind us and the community can actually help innovate faster. And finally, dollars. I mean, there's definitely in open-source the cost structures are different than what we're used to. So it's an interesting thing. So why are we not jumping in at full speed? This slide kind of reflects internal dilemmas that we go through. There are multiple groups. In fact, we are going through these conversations now about OSM, Onap, who's behind it. Remember, we talked about that these are becoming pseudo standards groups. So if you can get more people into one group, then you can actually influence the ecosystem and drive. Change is faster. But which ecosystem? So we're going through all these conversations. What we need is we need to see more deployments. We also need to see more contribution from a wide variety of sources. We've had examples where companies come and say, I've got this tool, or I've got the software, and it's open-source. And look who's developing. There's like one company developing. There's no contributors in that. We're seeing a lot of that confusion. And we've got to work beyond that. Finally, there's also, desegregation as a topic has been talked quite a bit in the last one and a half, two days. Open-source is driven by desegregation where each one of us can innovate in specific areas. But what's driving is that we need to do a lot more integration than what we had done in the past. What they ask for vendors in our suppliers is what we see today is at the lowest level is open-stack packaged around some of the proprietary functionality and given to us. And when I try to integrate that with somebody else's functionality, it gets extremely complicated. What we want to ask for vendor community is you can innovate on your own applications and others. But make sure that the integration becomes open. You follow the standard, or you follow the communities and open models and others so that we can integrate much faster across vendors, across different open-source projects and others. And that needs to be the one that needs to be solved. Finally, our ask is, harmonize the groups. There are a lot of open-source groups doing a lot of different things. I don't think we're recommending that it needs to be one open-source group or a project. But I think we need to have more dialogue between the teams, especially if we're all abstracting things quite a bit, then there has to be some level of integration level conversations that need to happen. We need to move towards deployable solution. At the lower levels, we are seeing open-stack and others. Carriers are deploying into the field. And we can see scale. We can see massive volumes of data going through them. But as we slowly start moving upwards, we haven't seen deployed solutions. Any questions? I know I have a minute.


finding happiness in hard times. My name is Ken Burtness and I'm coming to you from Haleva out at the North Shore and today is our first program of 2024. A momentous occasion to celebrate and to do that we've got a very special program for you that sort of really fits in in my way of thinking and it's called the magic of birth and the joy of parenthood. I mean you look at new years and new years there's always a baby springing on to the screen and looking forward to everything that's going to happen in this year and I have a very special person here with me. Her name is Brandi Wilson. She's a software engineer out at Seattle Washington but born and raised here in Hawaii. Welcome to the show Brandi. As good to be here. Thank you uncle Burt. Brandi is expecting in the spring first time mother a joyful thing that's about to happen and she and I are going to talk about that today and pass on some feelings and thoughts to everybody in the audience and I'm certainly looking forward to that. Now one of the things that happens at least happened to me with my child when she showed up one day was all the things that I had been anticipating for a long time and all of a sudden they're there and the things that I was looking forward to came true all in a rush and Brandi maybe that's a good place to start what you are looking forward to most of all in this springtime birth. I feel like you put it very well feels like for so long I was waiting and trying for pregnancy and just the possibility of having a child and now it just feels like everything's suddenly almost here and I'm maybe freaking out a little bit so but yeah what am I looking forward to like sounds stupid but like just like baby smiles like I'm just I'm really eager to to see my baby and just sort of see what kind of person they're going to be and even just like them as like an infant and a toddler and and see like do they cry a lot do they laugh a lot like what kind of what kind of baby is this going to be it's just kicking around my stomach and I'm just like oh you're you're you seem like an active one but we'll see how how you come out so that is definitely I think sort of the immediate what I'm looking forward to kind of in the long term I'm definitely looking forward to um seeing how they grow and and seeing sort of what kind of person they become and that's sort of that's a little ways off but um yeah just kind of seeing what who this who this person is yeah and the thing is it happens quickly you just turn around and all of a sudden there four uh eight uh they're a teenager and uh of course sometimes it goes by slowly as well that's one of the things that I want to mention at the very beginning of the show is that parenthood like every wondrous thing that happens to us in life is uh has its difficulties as well as its joys uh but since our program is finding happiness uh in hard times we're going to stick to the very positive things uh because there's so much joy uh coming up and uh for one I know brandy very well and I know that whatever comes up on the negative side she can deal with I have all the faith in this uh this lady who sits across from me on the tv screen and so that's what we're going to do we're going to focus on the uh the very uh positive things that I look at you we're looking forward to so um so I guess maybe a good place to start is fun you know uh in addition to what you're looking forward to what what fun moments are coming up for you and your child yeah I don't know about the like immediate like I feel like immediate is definitely going to be feed the baby and let it sleep burp the baby like change its diver and stuff but besides that um I think I'm I'm really looking forward to seeing like I had mentioned seeing their personality and seeing them grow and seeing what kind of person they're going to be but like related to that um like just all the experiences that come with being a child um I really fond memories of just various little like all the little details of just random moments when you're a kid like we just had the holidays and uh it was nice to sort of drive around and see lights like all these people who have decorated their houses with lights and whatnot and that was something I remember like with my parents them driving us around um my home of Waimanalo and Kailua like just going around and seeing all the lights that people have put up um for Christmas and just the wonder of like oh look at the lights it's so cool um and it's just like little moments like that where I I'm looking forward to giving them those little moments essentially of like oh let's go let's go to this area where there's a bunch of light like houses decorated um with lights or various other like little things um there's a bunch of like seasonal events you can do here um in Seattle um that I've sort of slowly been like keeping track of in the back of my head being like ah pumpkin patching that would be kind of cool to go with like a little one and go see the pumpkins not something you got to get to do in Hawaii necessarily but here we have pumpkin patching and it's just like oh I can take them there's gonna be like maybe a little farm maybe some hot chocolate and cider um so I'm I'm looking forward to exposing them to to things that I remember as a child but maybe creating new ones that I never got to experience when I was a child and seeing sort of the wonder and just them enjoying themselves and and discovering life yeah well that leads right into my my next question which was about being uh basically a two-place person I mean you're you've spent so much time uh uh in Hawaii and now you're up in the northwest in in Washington and each place in the world has such beauty and such differences and one of the things I remember about uh my daughter when she was young was the joy that had brought both of us when we experienced those new things like you're talking about experiencing the lights of Christmas and the holidays uh wondrous things I I remember very clearly as soon as possible we were taking uh our daughter down to the beach and uh I still remember her hardly being able to walk uh you know trotting along the beach and just enjoying it so so much and uh and both Hawaii and Washington have beauties I mean I I spent some time in Washington too the northwest uh with its own beaches and uh coastline uh with its own mountains uh it's a joyful place to be just as Hawaii is and and you get to show your your new your coming child both of those places and uh and they were just great memories uh for me as a parent with with my kid that's for sure so uh any uh when you come back and luckily brandy comes back to Hawaii for vacations on a sort of regular basis so um uh you just mentioned uh one of the joys of Washington what uh what are you gonna introduce her to in Hawaii when you bring her back to show her off to Hawaii yeah um well you pretty much mentioned it the beach like I have so many memories of just the beach um growing up specifically um I was very lucky to live nearby the beach when I was growing up so we uh as as children we went to the beach all the time neighbors by ourselves or not by ourselves but with our parents um but I that's one thing I kind of I almost want to come back to Hawaii more because I want to sort of expose them to the beach more because we have like you mentioned we have beaches here but they're they're not the same they're we're a it's very cold here even in the summer it's freezing um and maybe that's something that locals here get used to but I definitely am away girl as far as temperature is concerned and I just love the beaches in Hawaii so that's one thing I definitely am looking forward to um sharing with them is going back and visiting my family and taking them to the beach like I have memories of my my god and my grandfather who has passed away since um but he like when he was younger and we were like little tiny kids he would like we go over the beach and like play little games like running up and down the um trying to to not get hit by the waves or whatnot um staying out of the water's way little games like that he'd pick us up and like swirl us around like a pinwheel um just stuff like that like I want them to have great memories with their with their grandparents um and like just of the beach in general like I want them to be I want that to be a part of of their their childhood remembering those moments um hanging out at the beaches in Hawaii um yeah certainly and uh of course I spent lots of time with uh Randy and her parents and her brother when they were living out at Waimanalo and Waimanalo is a very special beach uh it uh has its own features and that's one thing I love about uh Hawaii in general and Oahu and specifically is that all the beaches are different they're like different experiences and Waimanalo was certainly a good one and I I also knew uh Randy's grandfather who was a very positive happy person that was always joyful to be around so um that's really uh you know that's that's really a wonderful uh type of thing um let's see where should we go from here do you want to talk about where else did in addition to the beaches here in Hawaii and uh oh I was going to say about the interesting thing about Washington was uh yeah you're right going to the beaches in Washington is uh yeah but uh I'd love to go to the harbor you know and the harbor was always interesting and uh and then of course you get the San Juan Islands uh down there which is fascinating too so um yeah there's lots of things to uh to look forward to down there as as well as to hear yeah I'll be something I'll be kind of interesting because in Hawaii you don't really have the idea of like day trips like as far as like you can go around the island in what two hours uh or is that I want to speak of Oahu specifically in very silence I assume it's gonna be slightly different um but yeah like here you can go on a day trip to somewhere or even a weekend trip somewhere um and like you had mentioned the San Juan Islands and um like I went to a small little I think I'm not sure it's the San Juan Islands I really bad at geography but um Atacordis there's a little sort of island uh northwest of Seattle about a two hour drive three hour drive I don't remember specifically um but like cute little quaint little like little town um and you can just kind of take a weekend trip there and hang out and do some local stuff there and then come back to Seattle um so that'll be kind of interesting having sort of uh sort of a bigger area to sort of explore growing up in Hawaii I actually didn't like it took me a while after I moved here to really capture the idea of like a road trip I was just like why would anybody do that um and part of that is like a terribly motion sick but um but yeah it'll be interesting to try some new things that I'm not necessarily I may not be comfortable with but hey like maybe it will be an interesting experience memorable um in one way or another for um for the baby so absolutely and you know the wonderful thing about being a parent is you you get a double joy and that you get to go back to your own childhood because watching your child uh interact with their environment around them like the beach or like uh you know the ocean you know or the mountains or everything it brings you back and you see it with your young eyes again and but you see it differently you're also seeing it through their eyes and that's pretty fantastic um the nice thing about the San Juan Islands which I loved when I visited the San Juan Islands was that you could get there by ferry and when I came to Hawaii in the 70s you could get to the other islands by a ferry we can't do that anymore we're sort of have to fly over to the our neighbor islands but in the San Juan you can take that boat and hopefully it won't get you seasick uh and I'm just and I'm guessing your your daughter will be very uh find it very interesting as well that's a wonderful thing about new kids as they find so many things interesting yeah the next thing I wanted to ask you brandy was about uh you know we're talking about the environment with which you're we're taking them to what about the things uh a lot of parents look forward to giving their kids things toys and uh introducing them to things like books and music and can you tell us a little bit about your thoughts on that yeah um I think my thoughts around that generally is I would love to expose them to as many different things as possible just so that like you can see where their interest lead them like see what inspires them like I I think partially because you Uncle Bird actually like I feel like I have really made writing a part of my my hobbies in my life um and I think my parents encouraged me to get into art and I really enjoyed art um so those have become sort of two of my main hobbies um as an adult and and those were things that like other people like they didn't force me into but they gave me sort of an influence that um and sort of guidance toward being like hey I really do enjoy this and I want to continue this into my adulthood and I just kind of want to make those I want to give my baby those exposure to those things to sort of decide oh I really am really into science or maybe I'm really into music or or maybe I I do like the stuff that my mom likes too I maybe I do like art and writing um I just kind of want to see where where that where that takes them um I am very like I am very passionate about stories and and games so I will probably definitely have some uh try and sort of expose them to many different stories and games as they're growing up um obviously like if they're they're not having it they're not having it but um I definitely feel passionate about those things so I'd I'd like to at least share those things um with my child um and various like various movies that that I enjoy um you'd mentioned are like stories and books specifically um like I have good memories of reading Harry Potter the Harry Potter series was coming out as I grew up so um I have good memories of my mom reading to me and my brother um the Harry Potter series so um that's one thing that I would like to uh I don't know how I'm gonna do it since the entire series is out it's not like I can kind of chunk it up into different uh it's like oh we have to wait for the next book it's like no they're all up um so I don't know how I'm gonna do that but I definitely like there's just certain book series that I I really remember enjoying that I'd love to to share with them if they enjoy them too so yeah and I I wanted to say I'm certainly envious uh Brandy is a real gamer and I never gaming was I was too far old for me I think to uh really get into gaming and Brandy is wonderful at uh doing the gaming's on the on the internet which I'm totally ignorant of so I'm I'm certainly envious of that I think your your daughter is really gonna enjoy uh learning that at your uh at your side so that that's gonna be terrific uh one of the things that I wanted to ask you about um one of the things about childhood is that uh we're sort of with uh our child like 24 seven for the first five years and uh they're really close and and all of a sudden uh they're going to school uh and and certainly even before then probably interacting with other kids and um and I think that's that's very important and uh I'm guessing that you've been thinking about uh you know playmates and uh what school's gonna bring and things like that and and how you might uh ease your daughter into uh into all that maybe you could tell us a little bit about that yeah I has definitely been on my mind um like even just the social my my current social circles um I know like I don't have a lot of friends who actually have kids so I've been actually having to sort of reach out or discover new social circles of folks who do have kids and learn from them and also like make those connections um in sort of toward the idea that like I would like to have sort of playmates for for my baby daughter when she gets here um and and yeah a lot of that will be sort of schooling I imagine um I will actually need to put them uh my uh yeah I will need to put them into daycare um not soon soon but like I am a working adult I will have to go back to work so um daycare is on the horizon and that will probably get them exposed to um to other kids pretty early on but um yeah I am I have been looking into like just like groups like you can find all these groups online of various um like on Facebook or there's also in Seattle there's a specific um community group I'm not quite sure what to call it um sort of a nonprofit called PEPS and it's all about making those connections with other parents who are expecting around sort of the same time and have kids around the same age um so I'm just trying to kind of dip my toes into all these different areas so that um maybe they'll meet their lifelong friend and then one of these like they're bestie or whatever or whatnot um it's I mean and maybe it won't come of it and nothing will come of it either but like having at least giving it a shot and seeing sort of where it goes is is sort of my my my thoughts there um and I am also um very blessed to have some amazing friends as well um who I all hope can be amazing hanai aunties and uncles um so maybe they'll I mean maybe they have some friends who will have kids and maybe they'll make that connection there I don't know it's it'll be interesting to see how it all unfolds but yeah definitely trying to to make those connections early so absolutely and I think that you're way ahead of the game and in the fact that uh from what you've been saying is that you're leaving the field open for your child to develop uh too often uh in therapy I find parents who have definite ideas on the way they want their child to grow up and what they want their child to be and who they want their child to be and uh and I think it's so important to understand like you're saying that this child is a unique individual and you're ready to support her and whoever she becomes and whatever she wants to do and I think that's really important because when you're making friends in that you need that that strength to know that you're you're okay that you're not having to be somebody you're not and I think that that's that's critical and I think that's that's wonderful that you're able to to pass that on uh one of the things I did want to ask you was that uh you know we're sort of focusing on your daughter who is to coming in the spring and um and what she's going to enjoy and how she's going to enjoy it uh can we get sort of specific about what the joys of parenthood is like what what you're what you're looking forward to enjoying yourself to make to give yourself joy along with giving your daughter joy I like that's a hard question to answer because like I've been so focused on like trying to have a child that um it's been on my mind for for years now um so like thinking more about myself is it feels weird to like be like well what about me but like I mean it's I do have to say like I I I hope that I will find joy sort of in just experiencing getting to see sort of them grow and seeing them get to experience what they experience but I think if we are like really just talking about me myself and I um I think it's just going to be the little moments at the beginning at least because it will be fairly focused on the child at the beginning but I think it will be like having a cup of tea in the morning like just enjoying like sitting down and like making my favorite cup of tea and just being like maybe maybe she slept through the night and she's sleeping in and I'm just sitting there being like oh it's like a moment of so quiet I don't know like um I think it will just be finding those little moments um and of and I do also want to sort of continue the friendships that I currently have I have some really amazing friends who are not parents so they won't be able to necessarily um relate to me in in those ways but they've been like super supportive and maybe it's just like every month or maybe every couple months like being like hey we should go out and have a nice dinner all like I'm gonna hire a nanny and like or like have my other friend who is not busy watch them so that I can hang out with you and like we can have a nice dinner and just sort of chat um so I think it's yeah definitely the little things I'm gonna try and make those moments so no that's terrific and that's the way it certainly happened with me is that I was the first of my group of friends to have a a child and so they became like you say and I aunties and uncles and uh and they formed a very special relationship I think the key joy for me was that uh was love you know I mean during life uh you get to know people and some of those people you come to really like and some of them you come to love uh the wonder of a child is that the love is there from the beginning you know you know all of a sudden like you said she's there in your arms and love is doesn't have to develop it's it's there from the beginning and it's it's truly a joyful thing. Randy our time is running a little low and I wanted to ask you finally because there are a number of other people that are watching this show I'm sure that are either contemplating having a child or in the process of having a child like you are and uh what advice uh might you give these uh you know the audience that is looking in on that about you know because you've gone through and dealt with a lot of this so far and uh so so what what might you say to those people in the audience? I'm not sure I can give any advice to the people who are expecting like me I feel like I've been accumulating advice brothers well I make my way through this but for those who are maybe considering um and I mean like it's something you feel strongly about like it's something it's a goal in life or something you feel passionate you know you want to have kids um I guess I would specifically speak to them and say like think about how you want to make it happen like maybe you're in your early 20s maybe you're in your 30s maybe you're younger than that or or even maybe you're reaching your 40s um think about how you want to make that happen and work toward it um and maybe it's just going to be little uh maybe steps um but um sometimes like you just you just got to work toward it and um sometimes you might need to adjust and and change plans as you as you move toward it and that's going to be okay um there's a lot of past to parenthood um and we're living in an amazing time where science and technology have enabled many different types of families so um it's not going to be easy but whatever path you take um try to find the joy in it so that's terrific that's uh thank you for that uh and thank you for the sharing today and uh you know it's just marvelous being with you as always brandy and uh I certainly will uh you know wish you the best and not only that but I'll hope that you'll keep me advised on how things are going and maybe we can talk you into coming back in the show in the summer telling us uh what it's like as a new parent uh after the event has happened so that would be wonderful as well yeah thank you very much for being with us and thanks at all to the uh the people here at think tech away at for Michael and Carol and Jay and Haley and everybody and thanks to you in the audience uh for being here with us it's always a pleasure having you join us and I look forward to seeing you again in two weeks same time same place uh and we'll be finding happiness in hard times aloha


demonstrate for democracy. We plan to go to Jerusalem after being clear that we won't stand for changing the democracy in Israel. Protest and trying to preserve democracy in Israel for my kids and for every kid of every religion and shape and color in Israel and to try to protect all that Israel has gained from being a global engine of high tech and a center of progress and enlightenment in the hostile region and to do whatever we can to make this country free for every child of every religion in Israel.


We know that transition elements form a number of co-ordination compounds and in this video we will take a brief introduction to co-ordination compounds and see how the idea about them were first found. Coordination compounds are found everywhere in nature. Hemoglobin in our blood for instance is a co-ordination compound where metal iron is bonded to a large protein molecule as you can see here. Similarly, vitamin B12 is another co-ordination compound that contains a transition metal cubalt. Coordination compounds also find a number of applications in our everyday life like in metallurgical processes as catalysts in electroplating, medicinal chemistry and so on. Now when we talk about its inception it was a scientist named Alfred Werner who first recognized the concept of co-ordination compounds and tried to explain the bonding in these compounds. He prepared and studied a number of such compounds and compared their physical and chemical properties to finally propose the famous Werner's theory of co-ordination compounds and based on his experiments he explained that the metals showed two different types of valencies in a co-ordination compound which are primary valencies and secondary valencies. So what are these valencies and how did he arrive at it? Let's see. So what he did was that he took a series of compounds of cobalt chloride with ammonia and reacted it with cold silver nitrate solution and he observed that in some cases agi-sil was precipitated but in some other cases when the compound was reacted with cold silver nitrate solution agi-sil was not precipitated. Now the importance of this is that agi-sil can be formed or agi-sil can be precipitated only if a free chloride ion is there or if the chloride ion is actually ionizable so that it can react with silver nitrate solution and precipitate in the form of silver chloride which means some of the compounds of cobalt chloride with ammonia had ionizable chloradions which precipitated in the form of agi-sil but some of them did not have that. For example 1 mole of COCl3.6 NH3 which is yellow in color when it was reacted with excess cold silver nitrate solution 3 moles of agi-sil were precipitated. On the other hand when 1 mole of COCl3.5 NH3 was treated with the same excess cold of silver nitrate solution only 2 moles of agi-sil were precipitated and just like that when 1 mole of COCl3.4 NH3 which is green in color was reacted with silver nitrate solution only 1 mole of agi-sil was precipitated. In addition to this the conductivity studies that were performed on these compounds also showed similar results. For instance based on the conductivity studies Werner proposed the following formula for these cobalt complexes. CONH363 plus plus 3Cl minus so this corresponds to 1 is to 3 electrolyte. Similarly conductivity studies on COCl3.5 NH3 and COCl3.4 NH3 showed that the corresponding formula for these should be CONH35Cl and 2Cl minus and CONH34Cl2 and Cl minus whose solution conductivity corresponded to 1 is to 2 and 1 is to 1 electrolyte. From these experiments he proposed that the metal in a coordination compound had two different types of valencies. Secondary valency or the one where the atom within the square brackets form a single entity and do not dissociate under experimental conditions and primary valency which was ionizable. So all of those chloride ions that precipitated as agCl were the ones that were formed by primary bonding or the one that was ionizable and if a particular chloride ion was within the square brackets or coordinated to the metal atom through secondary valency then that was non ionizable and did not precipitate as agCl. For example if you look at this particular coordination compound you can see that the reason it precipitates 3 mole of agCl is because there are 3 ionizable chloride ions right it is outside the square brackets and NH3 is bound to the cobalt metal ion through secondary bonding that is none of the ammonia molecules are ionizable. On the other hand if you look at the second compound here you can see that 1 chloride ion is within the square bracket that is one of them is coordinated to the central metal through secondary linkages and if this is reacted with silver nitrate solution you can see that 2 moles of agCl are precipitated because you have 2 ionizable chloride ions that are present outside the square bracket in other words which are linked through primary valency and if you look at the last example here you have 2 chloride ions that are linked to the metal atom through secondary bonding and only 1 chloride ion that is ionizable or linked via primary bonding and this is why only 1 mole of agCl gets precipitated in the last case. Now in each of these cobalt compounds the cobalt metal has a fixed secondary valency of 6 here the cobalt could be coordinated with 6 ammonia ligands or 5 ammonia ligands and 1 chloride ion or 4 ammonia ligands and 2 chloride ions essentially it had a fixed secondary valency of 6. We will discuss more about what ligands are and the different types of ligands in the upcoming videos but for now let's quickly look at the main postulates of Werner's theory that he formulated based on these experiments. The first one is that coordination compounds show 2 types of linkages or valencies which as we said before are the primary and the secondary valencies. Now primary valencies are ionizable and basically refer to the charge on the central metal for example binary compounds like CRCl3 has a primary valency of 3 as we can see from here 3 also refers to the charge on the central metal atom. Similarly the complex CONH36Cl3 exists as CONH36 3 plus and 3Cl minus. Here again the oxidation state or the primary valency of the central metal is 3. Since this coordination compound has 3 ionizable chloradans or the primary valency is 3 when we react it with excess silver nitrate solution we would get 3 moles of AGCl. Now the second postulate is about the secondary valencies. Now secondary valencies are non ionizable and refer to the number of ligand atoms that are coordinated with the central metal atom. It also gives us the coordination number. Primary valence gives us the oxidation number or oxidation state. Secondary valency gives us the coordination number. For example in the same coordination compound CONH36Cl3 we said that the primary valency is 3 corresponding to 3 chloradans whereas the 6 ammonia ligands are held together by secondary linkages or secondary valencies. Now these ligands that are bonded directly to the central metal atom through the secondary linkages are always enclosed within the square brackets. So here you can see that the coordination number is 6 that corresponds to 6 ammonia ligands. And lastly the groups that are bound to the central metal atom through the secondary linkages have a distinct geometrical and spatial arrangement that corresponds to different coordination numbers. And these spatial arrangements are called coordination polyhedra. We will learn more about coordination polyhedra in the upcoming videos. But to explain briefly if you look at the previous example where cobalt is bonded to 6 ammonia molecules you can see that here we have a distinct octahedral geometry right. Now if you have coordination number 4 where the metal atom is bonded to only 4 ligands in that case you can have 2 different polyhedra like tetrahedral or square planar arrangement. As I mentioned before we will look at coordination polyhedra in more details especially when we talk about bonding. In the next video we will discuss some important terminologies that are related to coordination compounds like what exactly is a ligand, how many different types of ligands are there, what is a coordination entity and so on.


A joint pavement evaluation has been undertaken by the Indiana Department of Transportation, the Federal Highway Administration, and Keystone Engineering and Indianapolis Corporation. This pavement evaluation will consist of dry milling three slots in the pavement within each wheel path, cleaning the slots, placement of an epoxy coated number 10 rebar, and backfilling the slots with a high strength rapid setting mortar. This video will briefly illustrate the series of operations which were necessary to properly install these retrofitted load transfer devices across random transverse pavement cracks which occur between the 40-foot joints. This evaluation is located at Interstate 465 and Interstate 70 on the east side of Indianapolis. The pavement evaluation was conducted on the I-70 ramp from westbound I-70 to southbound I-465. The pavement was a 10-inch thick reinforced concrete pavement with 40-foot joint spacings. The first operation was the simultaneous dry milling of the three slots in the wheel path. These slots were milled to a depth of 5-1.5 inches approximately 2-1.25 inches wide and were centered over the pavement cracks to achieve a 24-inch long slot at the bottom. The milling head was designed and operated by Keystone Engineering. The rotomill plunges to a depth of 5-1.5 inches, advances approximately 18 inches, and then is withdrawn from the slots. The tracked milling machine then advances to the next location. The second operation involves cleaning of the milled slots. Handpicks and shovels are used to remove the bulk of the milling debris. A front end loader is used to collect and transfer the debris to a dump truck. Since this is a dry milling process, an air lance is used to blow the fine dust and other remaining debris out of and away from the slots. This leaves very clean slots, which require no further surface preparation. Once the slots are clean, the backfilling of the slots begins by placement of a small amount of high-strength mortar in the bottom of the dry slots. This is followed by the consolidation of the mortar. The number 10 epoxy-coated rebar are placed and driven to the bottom of the slot. The remainder of the slot is then filled with high-strength, rapid-setting mortar, consolidated with a handheld vibrator, and finished at the pavement elevation with a trowel. This process was continued for the length of the ramp. In an eight-hour day, the milling machine was able to cut over 330 slots. Traffic was maintained in the adjacent lane to minimize any inconvenience to the motoring public. Curing compound was applied on the surface of the mortar patches after they had set sufficiently. This work was accomplished by the coordination of the Division of Materials and Tests, the Greenfield District's Indianapolis Sub-District, and Keystone Engineering. The intent of these installations are to establish load transfer across the pavement crack to avoid pavement faulting in the future, restrain the crack from future lateral movement, and allow the retrofitted load transfer system at the crack to function as a hinge. Thus, all future pavement expansion and contraction will occur at the pavement joits where epoxy-coated dowel bars are in place. Field monitoring of the pavement performance over the next three to five years should reveal if this pavement evaluation is successful. If successful, this pavement repair technique will give the pavement engineers another rehabilitation tool to extend the life of our Indiana pavements.


I would like all of you to please join me in welcoming Mr. Sunil Kataria, CEO India and Sark, Godrej Consumer Products Ltd., who will tell us the journey of goodnight. First of all, thank you and Ragh and exchange for media team for having me over for this conversation with all of you.  It took me more than an hour while I thought I'll take 35 minutes for something nearby and I think I'm roughly around 25 to 30 minutes and this is a long journey. I can't cover three decades of goodnight brand journey in 30 minutes. No amount of technology can help me do that. Okay, so what I'll do is I'll take snippets out of it. I've tried to carve this into some very broad macro buckets and I've tried to pick up some very big themes that have crafted this brand because I think while there's obviously huge amount of technology which is disrupting us and I'm true believer of the fact that we are living in transformational times, while that seems a very cliched word, but I know the struggle that the CEO I'm facing in navigating the business in such truly crazy times, but at the same time I can tell you while these technologies obviously making us unlearn so much in terms of the way consumers interact with the brands, in the way consumers consume media, in the way they consume content, everything is changing. But I believe in any such book or times, while that's a different topic as to how to navigate your the organization during that time, there's certain things will not change and I think that's the part which I'm going to talk about some basic principles of marketing and branding which will remain strong, which in fact need to be, you know, over invested in and obviously how they get executed, how they interface with the brand, with consumers, all that is going to change. Technology is dictating that, but there are some principles, some pillars which I think remain the same and actually that consistency to my message is that consistency is going to be the most important one. So let me straight away jump into this, make 30 minutes or so, three decades of happiness is what I'm calling this whole journey. So before I just maybe two three minutes on this category, the household insecticide category, but this is it so that you can get an idea of some constraints and some, you know, challenges of this category. First of all, this is very interesting data. Mosquitoes have killed more people than all walls combined. Since 1400 AD, the history is tracked in. So this is the biggest killer, not coronavirus, not the wars which have been fought and we hear so much of wars happening all over, but this is a very interesting fact that this is one, you know, living thing in the world, which is one of the biggest killers and it crossed the world. Some countries have conquered it, some countries have obviously eliminated it. Elimation is very difficult right now, but yeah, some have really, I think they can charge and some which are really struggling. It's this category roughly a $900 million category that's one size you need to be aware of the rest of the material. And the last fact is in India, roughly the penetration of this category is around 60% which is an urban around 75 and in rural roughly around 40. So there is still a headroom to grow in this category after three years of, three decades of work in primarily rural and little bit in urban as well. But yeah, that's it. But at the same time as market years, you know what does penetration mean? It is one product, one consumption in a year which hardly has any meaning, you know, we are on a point. So let me just sum to a good night's journey. Before I start, I think this is something I don't want to give you too much of gyan on this. This is all you know, but I want to reinforce this. As I said, in this changing world, three things which I think define great brands. And I think even after 30 years from now, which will continue to define great brands, I think are three principles. There are mode of execution, there are mode of transference may change. But these principles I think are going to be more true than ever. So first and foremost is the brand which will succeed will have to have deep consumer connect. Obviously the way of connecting will different, you know, which is building brand love and engagement. Second, I think what we call which is true of this brand. I am talking to talk to you all these three pieces of good night really. Today, my whole talk about these three pieces of this brand is navigated itself. Great brands have one lighthouse identity. They stray true to one essence. Obviously, over 30 years that essence evolves. It cannot remain constant, it cannot remain, you know, static. But yeah, it has to evolve, but it can't suddenly deviate too much. Unless until you are realizing certain fundamentals of your brand codes or maybe if you have fundamentally gone wrong in your essence itself, then you change it. But once you think you have arrived at a place where you want to be, you straight to that and you evolve it with times. And the last piece is which I think is very, very critical. And this is a piece which is changing the most I think in today's digital world where online brands are breaking a lot of barriers which exist in conventional CPG world is in fact one word I should have put it here is relentless innovation focus. And this is an important piece which I tell my teams, you know, that many times in marketing when we join, when we started marketing and all sales and all of a sudden consumer is king. Consumer connected the most important which I agree. But you know, there's one piece which an innovation we have to realize. And this is something which is another favorite topic of mine on how we do researches and how do we try to pick consumer insights, you need to listen to your consumer. But consumers can never ever drive your innovation journey. Because consumers can never think the future. Consumers can also tell you about what they feel today. Right? That's it. So listen to consumers, but great brands have to think ahead of consumers only then will great innovation happen. So that I think is a very important distinction which great brand do. You can't tell let consumer tell you what product they want. They will never be able to tell you what product they want. And the fact is this consistency is becoming more and more important. So now the good night journey, I was trying to see how this phase can be split. I've broadly split into three. Obviously, in retrospect, it looks nice to put it. But when I see broad themes which emerged in this brand's journey over here, I would put into three decades. The first decade is 1980 to 1984 when this brand took shape about the first decade of 84 to 94 when it was a niche entrant. This brand when it started playing a true category disruptor role, the second decade of 95 to 2006. And the 2000 onward, which is more than a decade now, is the brand when it started, it became a leader. It became an omnileader. And I explained that and it became a category creator. One thing, trusting pieces. This is the phase when this brand, the first one, when 84 to 94, it happened. This brand actually was never, it was not a Godrej brand. It was a brand which was launched by a company called Transcycle Electra, which launched electric formats. I'll tell you that journey a little bit quickly. And in 94, this brand got acquired by Godrej. In fact, we today celebrate 25 years of good night exactly in 2019 of it being part of the Godrej portfolio. So the last two decades, 25 years has been the Godrej journey, which obviously is, but I can tell you some of these pillars with full, I think, credit to the teams which actually gave birth to it. And we know some of those people, I know personally, who created this brand. I think there were some pillars, while they may not been true marketeers, conventional MBAs, but I guess some of the pillars they crafted very clearly in their mind. I think obviously as it came to Godrej, it took a very different size, shape, momentum, but I think those pillars by and large, we've been true to that. So the first one, in fact, interestingly, we see the Godrej logo has evolved over the period of time. All the three decades, it's a different logo. It's changed. Okay. So this one. So I'll just now talk about each of the three things in a very clear three slides. And then what I'm going to do is, I think the best journey can be communicated through the communication. I would love a lot of ads and I'll see how many I can show you, which really define what worked. Obviously this doesn't explain the full story. I think what I'm doing is I'm picking up some epic ads, which I think define, which communicate to this audience here. What are the direction the brand took and how it came alive in terms of its innovation, in terms of how it connects, in terms of its essence with consumers. Obviously there are many other things which happened in between. Many, many innovations have happened. Many, you know, micro segmentation initiatives have happened, which obviously cannot be covered right now. So the first piece is the three pillars. In the first decade, the deep consumer connect, the category inside at that time was in 84 to 94. This country was never bothered about vector bond diseases. We didn't notice dengue in this country. Chicken gania was never heard of, right? And even sensitivity at that time, this was almost a pre-liberalization period, you know. We didn't have any color televisions. It was more a subsistence kind of, a sustenance kind of economy, right? And by and large, people were more bothered and mosquitoes were seen as irritants, who spoil sleep. It is never about diseases. There was no fear or anxiety around mosquitoes. It was by and large a nuisance value. And that's the category in set which, and by that, there was these tortoise coils and all those you may have heard of. I don't know many of you heard. There was Kachuachap coil. I guess all those were there. India also used to be hell of a lot of unbranded at that time.  That was a by-large the country, the way it used to happen.  And that's what happened, right? So there's a category inside which this company, Trans-Electra, when they gave birth to this band, they picked up. And there was one thing which was happening. There were a couple of other brands which had come in, which were the tortoise or other brands. All brands were doing one thing. And this is the lighthouse identity of good night you will see has remained constant throughout the decades that all brands were talking about killing mosquitoes. And that was very clear. And if you see even today, that's a code of most of the brands in this category. Good night right at the beginning built a connected the consumer level. They said, okay, instead of talking killing mosquitoes, we'll talk about giving a good night sleep. In fact, I think this brand name itself is brilliantly crafted with the way the night has two meanings, protection as well as night sleep. So I think that's the big shift this brand started with. And that, I think, is the big first connect that you see, which came about. This gave birth to the lighthouse identity. Unlike competition, good night of the brand, and you can go back and check even today, all the advertising of all players in this category, they focus on the harshness and the efficacy of the product. The harshness of the cat issue and the efficacy of the product. It's all about me versus mosquitoes. And how I can kill them. This brand decided to focus only on one way area of cult. We are about caring and protection of the family. And the second essence which took shape is that product innovator to this country would be good night. And I think this is a lighthouse identity. These two pillars which have remained constant across three decades. The first decade led to this company, this brand started with India's first electric mat solution in this country. India had never seen an electric solution. I don't know how many of you in your time would have stayed in hostels and burned those mats even with, you know, the burnings from machines, you know. So the first electrical solution to this country was in the form of mat which was the birth of good night the brand. So that happened in 84. And then if the six years it created another electric solution called liquid. So this decade was the electrical solutions here with which this company came to be known. And this was also called a trans-electro as a company. You know, instantly one thing I would tell you why I'm going to talk a lot about innovation focus of this brand. There is one big regulatory challenge with this category faces. We are all marketeers who turn around innovation cycles in six months, 10 months, 12 months. All regulatory, all insecticide production in this country are regulated because they have actives inside it. And those actives are made by two big companies in the world. One is Bayer and one is Sumitomo.  Those are not actually in our hands. They are global researchers which are done by these large companies. So A, you are dependent on the molecules which are being evolved globally by these two international companies. Secondly, once those and those molecules will take five, five years to evolve, you know. And you depend on their global billions of dollars researchers. Once those molecules are even ready and this is an important piece to say how a brand can come up with innovation in this. Then the work of the companies which are insecticide companies takes over that how do you your R&D picks up those molecules, convert them into actives and mediums and products based on hell of a lot of R&D work and testing which happens. Now once your own R&Ds have created this product over two years, in India there is a board called insecticide board of India which is under the Ministry of Agriculture because these molecules have to be safe to be used 100 percent safe. And as I come like Godrej, we obviously are huge amount of trust. We don't let anything go which is not clear. The CIB or the insecticide board of India their own testing of each product that we supply to them and that testing takes anywhere between two to three years. They have a whole committees which keep on asking you for this data, that data on multiple stages they can reject things. So anyway, a product in this category if you're really wanting to be a true innovator is at least a four year to five year game. You can crunch it to three by being very agile and this is after the molecules have been there globally. And how do you convert those molecules? So that's the one challenge. It's not, you know, we are also into soaps. We're also into personal care. Those are much simpler innovation cycles. This is a very different advantage also of this. Once you have created a disruptor, you also have an entry barrier that somebody else before they copy you easily, you will get at least a 18 month to 20 month lead time. So these two formats happened in that decade. I was trying to dig out dates, one I didn't work. So I'll show you one very old ad of the electric format. Suresh Oberoi was the guy they were used at the time. Vivek Oberoi's father. So this is what I think. No films, no ash, no cream, no mosquitoes either, for hairs. Good night, good night, good night. Good night, so easy to use. Insert a good night mat, plug in and switch on. Freedom from mosquitoes. Sweet dreams and good night folks. Sweet dreams and good night folks. Good night folks. Did you notice one thing in this ad which we don't do today actually? It was an ad in English, right? Because this is such a premium product at that time, in the 84 of India, that people were buying large into coils or burnings. It was a very premium product. So the advertising was in English and it went only in very, very niche channels, et cetera, you know. So there was a very neat thing which I was obviously not there, I mean, that's what I related to. This is the English advertising at that time which happened, you know. Then obviously I do not have the advertising, the liquidator right now. So I'll skip that. Then, this is a bit, so basically if I were to define, I think this is the summary of the first decade broadly, as an entrant. Your premium niche entrant, there are a mass of coils all around these, you know, and some of the unregulated products, some of them didn't even have actives, you know. Do you know this tortoise kachochop coil? Actually had no active into it. It was, it was repelling mosquitoes only by smoke. That's it. It had no active. The first product which came with active was this electrical mat. You know, it didn't have actives. These companies didn't have, you know, money to do such expensive R&D and research, you know. So these two big innovations happened on the electrical side. The premium end, the light of identity got created and these two themes you will see are consistent, care protection for the family, not about harshness and product innovation. And obviously this was the, this thing. Now quickly I'll move to the second one because this gets interesting and the more work I want to show you quickly. This decade I think truly made good night what it is today. This is a defining decade. I would say if I reflect back when Godrej took over this brand, it had the might of Godrej, the resources of Godrej and they looked at his brand pretty differently. This is when it started disrupting the category. Or, thank you, okay, what will I do? There were obviously a couple of other innovations that happened in this category. By the time Godrej took over, it said now I want to take over. There's a brand which had happened in between, which had done one disruption, which Godrej actually had missed out, was all out. With a brand at that time by a company called Karamchant. It did not exist, it was a brand called Karamchant.  So it's all about killing mosquitoes, you know. So then Godrej took this brand. The one category inside in this decade which evolved and brought in a decade which mega insight which changed in the category. Consumers started feeling that mosquitoes are becoming stubborn and tougher. And now they're becoming immune to whatever I do a little bit. That, you know, things that we started picking up in this decade. Secondly, the consumer anxiety started moving ever from nuisance and irritation towards diseases. India started seeing advent of malaria. Malaria became pretty big towards the beginning of 2000s, and it's still pretty big in this country, even after 20 years, you know. So that whole shift while sleep was important, the genesis of disease, which can be called mosquitoes started becoming bigger and people started feeling mosquitoes are becoming that evolving. So then the brand which picked up in this whole thing, then one connect changed on this shift evolved, haven't. Godrej decided to portray mosquitoes and tougher and bigger and hot here, as we call hot here mosquitoes. And hence, how do we give, there was a greater need to protect the family against them. But protection of family remained the core and all innovation got focused on this. So Godrej to the brand stayed true to care and protection. That just never changed. This is the lighthouse identity of this brand. But the focus started shifting from pure sleep to assured protection against heavier mosquito infestations, because that was a big category shift which was happening. And secondly, the brand decided that, okay, I would not be a niche electrical premium player. There are many parts of this country which require protection. We're gonna be a mega brand. So it started doing product innovation across formats to drive category, penetration. In the format which existed, so coils existed, this brand was never present in coils. The band on one challenge, how do I disrupt electricals further because there's another innovation which had happened. But that innovation had not taken this insight of mosquitoes are evolving. In this decade, two big bang innovation happened which just changed the fortunes of this brand. One was, Goodnight came in 1998 with something called a maha jumbo coil. This is the first foray of Goodnight into a mass side of the segment called coils. And the inside there was, which I'm gonna show you that that consumers fight in coils that, okay, most coils were at that time small coil that they don't last more than four, five hours. Well, mosquitoes stay from six in the night to in the evening till six in the morning or at least four, five in the morning, you know. So the challenge was how can we create a coil which gives you a all night protection. And that was the time when this whole world came up, Goodnight maha jumbo coil, India's first full night protection coil came. And the second big innovation, this really made Goodnight into a different kind of a leader is the big, big R and D work which happened is an infestational led control with consumers dual moister mode system happened. Where the insight was that consumers came with the big insight, one of this night. The other was, okay, these electrical machines are there, but there are many times mosquitoes suddenly come in of hoards. Sometimes they go, they are not in big hoards. Why should my machine be all functioning the same mode? It's not effective all the time. I want more efficacy. I want left that we should be in my control. It all, there are also a wastage angle in their mind. Then the challenge was how can we give control efficacy to consumers? And that led to the birth of this product called dual mode active system, which exists till existed with us till a month back. And that's the last journey I'll tell you. We have killed this product last month ourselves. It's a 1200 code product, which has a marketing history, we're taking a call of getting it out of the market. That's a different, maybe I'll talk about the last. And this propelled GK to a market leadership, these two innovations. So quickly, I'll just run you through the, maybe two communications. One thing you should see in this communication, the connect of good night remains very constant. And then the first time this brand used, you know, okay, I don't have, okay. Can you play this side? This one? See, there's an add to this. Yeah. Hey, close the door. At this time there's a mosquito. At this time, there's a chandelier. Hey, put the mosquito in. Hey, the machine is on. The problem is not the children, it's the machine. When there's more mosquitoes, then you need a good night advanced. A single system in which there is an active switch, and its lightning power is more than mosquitoes, even though it keeps opening the door of the window. This is made of a doorkeeper, too. Stopping only on mosquitoes, not on children, good night advanced. Actually, this is the only time in society history, just one campaign has happened. And you never use a celebrity after that. And there's a reason after that. We will not, we will never use a celebrity till now. Okay. This is the launch campaign of that double Wustra Active Plus system. The first year, it, actually we tell you, it honestly didn't do very well. It was very surprising for everybody. Why didn't do well? And then we find, we need to change that. We need to go back to that caring, protection, connect maybe a bit more, because we're true to that. That's what we are as a brand about, right? So this is the second decade. When two big innovations happened, the first one had fully panned out, the Mahajambu Coil, which gave good night of foot holding to the mass segment, apart from the premium electric segment. And the second one where it started, it came into one of the best innovations this country has ever seen, or maybe the world has seen a double booster system, which has got copied globally by every MNC, the Active Plus system. So this is the summary, two big innovations in that nine years, shifting from sleep to protecting family against mosquitoes, product innovation across mass and premium both. And the last two is obviously, this whole insight of mosquitoes evolving, and we need to respond to that. Coming quickly to the last decade of 10, 12 years, this is the year when good night A became market leader. It became market leader across every single format of this country. It became an omnileader that it forwarded into all formats, and more than forwarding into formats, good night as a brand, riding its connect, riding the identity and riding its innovation. Created creating formats for this category, more and more. Many new vectors got blown up, and this is a very different decade, where we are today. The connect, two big insights in this last 10 years, which emerged. There's a huge boom of vector bond diseases this country has seen. This is a decade when chicken, guinea, dengue, malaria all have taken center stage. We hear of even celebrities dying of dengue. It all became clear dengue has not got to do only with poor, even the rich can fatal for anybody. It's got to do with maybe the climate of a country, it's got to do with the civil sense of this country, it's got to do with the hygiene of the country. So this is a real serious threat. Led to huge anxiety in mothers, and anxiety primarily from one vulnerability every mom has gets. Second thing, which one very interesting emotional insight which this brand picked up, is that while there's anxiety happening, moms also see themselves as a very big harbinger and playing a very big role of being creator and protector of happy moments of the family. Those precious moments when family comes together is very important for the mom. And they said this moment belongs to me. I'm supposed to protect this. And a mosquitoes can actually destroy that moment, right? That's a very big emotional space which emerged. So there are two large criteria context which came. The brand decided to take it in forward in three ways. And this is when brand became truly a thought leader. There's a decade of brand, wouldn't it being the Omni thought leader? First, we made mother and kids both central within the communication. Some would have mother playing a very critical role. Second, we decided to go away from brand investor. We made one attempt. We said actually who can be a better brand given that we are about a care and protection brand. Even the way we talk to consumers like no other mosquito brand stocks.  We are actually telling you we love you and that's why this brand, this brand is built on around love and care. We said what best way to assure the mom than actually to get kids with the brand best. And kids are evolving, kids are becoming smarter, smarter and smarter. A smart kid will bring two things to the brand. One is the cuteness and the love with the brands and will communicate. Second, an assured kid also immediately communicates the efficacy, right? And that's become the true shift of the brand. And the last is in this decade we started taking a role beyond category. We started creating categories. We started educating consumers about many of the vector bond diseases which are prevalent in this country which are much beyond just selling the product. And that's a large piece of social work which has happened which I'm going to talk about. We are very heavily working with many governments on programs which obviously would not be easily known in public domain, in MP, in UP, where you are working on behavioral change programs and it is purely a social task that we've taken off how to help the governments eradicate malaria in this country. And that's one program we did called Subabolo Good Night. It's a very interesting creative that Good Night is known to be nights. We said why it's Subabolo Good Night. Eventually, why this thing happened? Subabolo Good Night. So Lighthouse Identity remains same. True to care and protection. We evolved from protecting against mosquitoes in the second decade to protecting happy moments. It's a very powerful shift but it's all in the care and protection zone. And third, this is when we said we'll chow your market leaders that leadership agenda is behind us. We have wanted, because the secondary focus is how do we become leaders?  Once we achieved that, we said this is a decade now this category belongs to us. Now our job is to help India eradicate vector-bound diseases and we can play a small role by creating multiple vectors of this category. And this decade and this journey of Good Night is all about category creation across multiple vectors. And I'll talk about those vectors. So this is the third decade which is continuing. This is one communication shift which happened after running Mukherjee script which actually changed the whole portion of this brand. This Pushkara-Kaushara communication ran for five years in two different, you know, Abdar's. This really built the brand around at happy moments. And obviously this product was a killer and it just, you know, took over the category. This campaign, I think, is the Sova Volu Good Night campaign before the players just want to talk about it. This one genesis which happened in this India over the last maybe seven, eight years is the advent of Dengi, which is different from malaria. And we did a research which told us in that 80% of urban Indians, 80% of urban Indians do not know one thing, that Dengi is not a evening mosquito. The whole brand protection is still in this country only about evenings to morning five o'clock. This is a long agenda. Even move 5% of it, I can't tell you right now. 80% of Indians don't know that their Dengi mosquito bites during the day. So we said, okay, let's make a small effort on educating India about that there's a mosquito which comes in the morning itself. We've done a lot of social work on this, but we did a small campaign which lasted for a year, but at least, and it, more than a TV campaign, it was a lot of activation programs we did around this. Which is this, okay, yeah, this is the one. You will play this? I don't know whether this is there. I think I'll have to play it from here. Okay, let me just see. Hey, why is Sova Sova Good Night on? Hey, bro, you can do this much for your friend. What? Hey, I'm saving you from Dengu. The morning mosquito, usually Dengu. Why? Don't you know? Come on, bro. I didn't know, yeah. Thanks, Dholu. This was my first time. Don't call me cool. Dengu mosquitoes mostly come in the morning. So India? Sova Good Night. So this whole campaign called Good Night, Good Habit, which is about habit creation. There's a lot of activation that happens. There's not more a TV campaign, more activation campaign. So this is the stage we started taking. Okay, we'll educate India about the categories itself, you know. This is some of the activation's work which happened at that time, very interestingly. What do you see? Kids became center stage. They're the brand and best of this brand. It's smart young kids who are the advocates of this brand. This is a decade of innovation blast. And again, when I reflect back, I said, wow. In this category where every innovation takes so much of regulatory challenges, we have built categories, multiple vectors. So the first thing which this company did, as a brand we did, in 2009, we've said, okay, coils you've done enough. We picked up, what is the next way to get penetration to category? We realized that there are many people who don't want to use coil because they feel there's smoke. So the challenge was to R&D, how can we create a coil which has low smoke? It's not easy. The first coil and we called it, then later we called it a green shakti low smoke coil. That happened in 2009. I'll show you the communication of that. Then the, I think our most, you know, moment of pride which happened, which is this country, I think it's 2013. And that's the journey I partnered around from 2010 onwards I've been there, right? And I was very happy to see this happen. The brief to this, people inside was, India still has huge rural penetration unattended to, India can't afford solutions, right? It can't be transmuted, coils can tend to break. Electricity is not there in most of India. Even still it's on paper in many places. How do I give people a solution which is instant, which is easily accessible and transportable through wholesale of this country and which just comes at one rupee. Just one rupee, that is a brief. And it obviously has to save its good night. And we came up with this product called Good Night Fast Guard. It in two years took rural penetration up by 7%. It's never happened in this category. Two years penetration moved by 7%. And everybody else obviously copied us. That's another big innovation. But if you see, these two were all about driving rural penetration. Then we did one innovation which I'm not going to show you right now, which is, Premiumization Good Night Active Plus. To something called Express System, which was much more faster. Let me just show you this. That's the Good Night Green Shakti Low Smoke Coil. Maybe this can happen.  ACP, ACP. Really? I'm scared of your father So, free air. Small mosquitoes. Why aren't you scared? Son, mosquitoes are the most scared of Good Night Green Shakti. Good Night's 94% natural green Shakti Coil. Nature and active molecules have great power inside the coil, that is, mosquitoes are outside. So, ACP of the house. Good Night Green Shakti. Green Shakti is inside, mosquitoes are outside. This is the advent of the Fast Guard, which really made the rural penetration change. But if you see again, kids, mom. Kids, mom are kids and family. That's the whole essence. I don't know. Son, pray sincerely with all your heart. Everything will run away. Try it. Good Night Advanced Fast Guard. It's folded, it's lit, it's opened, it's done. Its TFT molecules will quickly affect the mosquitoes. See, listen to God. Hmm, the table is down, right? She's supposed to tell him. I think we'll skip this one. So, these three innovations happened in the first half of this decade. Then we said, what next? While we're doing this job, okay? There's one pivot which I realized, where mothers feel the most weakest. You know, moms, they're protecting kids, they're protecting families, all in home. But the biggest vulnerable moment of this mom is when kids go out of the house. Either during schools, deng is a day mosquito. They're completely vulnerable there. Can you believe it? I mean, they have no protection there.  But dengue actually strikes in the day. Second is, majority of time, kids go out to play in the evenings, which is the highest time of infestation, even of non-dengue mosquitoes. And that's a moment of biggest vulnerability for a mother. So, what do we do? This category, there had been a brand of ointments and skin application which has existed for 70, 80 years. But it had never grown the category. Because there's always one challenge, which consumers told us that, hey, I don't like the smell of this product. I don't want it to apply on the skin. Skin irritation. One big question comes in consumers mind is, how can you apply a mosquito repellent product on skin? It's a different thing putting it in homes, in corners. Applying on skin on that kids, it's a big one. We came back, okay, how can we actually give a product which protects mosquitoes against mosquitoes even in outdoors? Well, that category is very small in India, but it's not applied on skin. Big challenge, you see how the innovation... Consumers will never come back to tell you this. This is what we thought. And interestingly, India's the only country in the world where out-of-home is not developed still. Globally, out-of-home in Western world is one of the largest formats in mosquito repellency. Globally, it's very weak in India. And one of the reasons is because India has never seen innovation in this category. So we came up with this product called Fabric Roller. And that's a journey in progress for us. It's a huge categorization job we're doing. It's a progress which is we're pretty happy, but I think we can do maybe 10 times more than this. It's a habit creation. Because what we're trying to tell people is use proactively this when you go out. It's a fundamental habit change, but this innovation we've done. Second thing which has happened last year was a neem Agrabati. It's India's first 100% Agrabati format to drive rural penetration. And it's non-active based. So that's an interesting piece that happened. And the last one which I'll just talk about which is making us, which is a system we've created, which maybe I'll just talk last before I show that where we have decided to take a very disruptive call of killing active system.  So first quickly, let me tell you about this journey of Fabric Roller. No, no. There are a lot of kids out there. There must be more on the ground. Son, don't go. If you're in the Dengu area, then? Go.  Stop the mosquitoes outside, not your champion. Do you want to be a champion? You'll have to go outside. Good Night Fabric Roll on. There's a product which you apply on actually clothes. You don't have to put it on skin at all. We call it one, two, three, four. One, two, three, four. This is I think the neem Agrabati. Primarily for rural areas. Why do you want to wear it? Hurry up, girl. Come back, mosquitoes.  What's the guarantee? The guarantee of neem is Good Night Neem Agrabati. The power of neem and turmeric. Good Night Neem Agrabati. You won't get even half a mosquito in just three hours. In just 15 rupees. In rural areas, people still use neem leaves. And burn them. So I said, why can't we do something on neem? Which are nothing to do with actives. The challenge was, how do you create a repellency without actives? So that's the work which R&D did on this, you know. Now this is the last work which I will just say, and then maybe two minutes I'll just call it quits here. We realized over the last 10 years what's happened, while we've become huge market leaders, our active plus system has got copied by every other competitor. 10 years is a big time to copy it. They copied it up. It took them five years to copy, but they copied it. And obviously, it's led to pressure on the brand. It obviously the fact that then the consumers are telling us that mosquitoes have become more stubborn. What do we do next? And how do we make it a complete disruption? So what do we come up with which are just launched 15 days back. And it's still in the process of rolling out is India's first automatic. And I think what we can claim easily is the world's most powerful liquid vaporizer system and which is completely automatic. So it's got a smart chip using technology inside is where the modes that consumers today has to control, they completely change automatically based on infestation, levels and timing. So that's a big automatic, it's almost like a magic control which you're given. Plus we created a technology which, actually the three briefs maybe I'll just leave. We said, okay, so I think maybe one piece I need to tell you before this thing. There is one piece as a result of this compact of this thing was happening. We realize people have started using multiple solutions in homes. That they're using liquid vaporizer of good night, but they're using Agrabatri of somebody else. Or they're using Coil of somebody else or Coil of good night also. Because they're somewhere felt a solution coffee thing. Because the thing is much bigger, mosquitoes are becoming much tougher. So the brief we said, okay, can we have the reach in the room of Coil? Can we have the instancy of aerosols? Because aerosols last for two hours, but they kill immediately. And can we have the longevity of liquid vaporizer system all done automatically? It's a crazy brief in that sense. Can we give all the benefits of three formats? And it's a call we're taking because we are presenting all three formats. We are market leader in each of these formats. We have a brand called HIT, which is the market leader brand at 96% share in aerosols. We are a brand. There's nobody else. We're 96% of the category, right? We said, okay, it doesn't care. We give a product which is everything rolled into one. And we said we don't want to charge consumers premium. And against our 85 rupees, we just charge them 89. And we launched this product called Good Night Gold Flash System. What this does is it actually releases not smoke. It's a technology which releases vapors, which actually reach in the corners. It has an instant repellency effect. And then after a 10-hour, the machine automatically shifts back to a non-flash mode or the non-vapor mode. And it continues to repeat itself on cycles. So it's all in one product, which is we believe maybe the world's most powerful, but definitely the most powerful in automatic system. And we've taken a call that if we were to do this product, which is so brilliant and we're not charging consumers premium, then what do we do with Active Plus System? Which is a 1200 crore brand of ours? We said we kill it. Can you believe it? It's a marketing, this would work. I'm convinced and this will be a marketing case study. Right?  I'm gonna sell only this because I want single-mindedly focus the entire organization only on this. Because I know that if Active Plus is in six crore homes, as long as that exists and this comes, there'll be a much longer shift that will happen. I'm gonna switch the whole country to Gold Flash. And that's the call we've taken 15 days back. Right? So this is the Good Night Goaller and obviously, along with this campaign, we're doing a much larger digital habit change system with the separate creatives. Oh, sorry, this is down to one. Okay, yeah, this one. Okay, we can skip this. Yeah, just go into this. Can you play this one? Yeah, this act. Is something coming out of the machine? This is a Good Night Gold Flash. It's just flash wafers coming out. Why? Because the mosquitoes are hiding like flies. That's why in the flash mode, the flash wafers are like police. They're hiding like flies, and the mosquitoes are coming out. They're coming out. After 30 minutes, they're in normal mode. They're coming out automatically. If the mosquitoes are coming out, they're coming out after four hours of flash wafers. They're coming out. Good Night Gold Flash. The mosquitoes are coming out. Actually, this creative is still to go on air. It'll go on air in 10 days time. It's just gone on air in south, in north and east and west. It's not gone. So this is the new innovation, and there's a huge amount of six other creatives which are built around that. The intent is to completely switch the category to this all-in-one, one single solution which is there. And I think I'll skip this piece. I'm done now. Hey, something's coming out of the machine. It's not moving. Yeah, Good Night Gold Flash. So this is the summary of actually the kind of work we've done in the last decade. This is maybe just a second. Actually, this is the journey of the brand. We are becoming a dominant market leader in this country. We are 37% share, and the difference between us and the next player is three times today. That's why we are the category. And this doesn't include, in the H.I category, Aerosol, which is another brand of ours which is HIT. If I take that, we are 60% share in the category. What is the dominance? But this, as I said, this great spider-man dialogue, with great power comes great responsibility. And our last decade has been that, that if this is where we are, we are the category. Our job is no longer about market shares. Our job is about building category. And building category across all kinds of formats. India is a country which is in the midst of huge vector bond diseases. They're not going to go away easily. We want to play our small role in this. And I think that's the whole thought of the brand right now. We are there from one genesis of one electric premium solution of one format. Today, this brand exists across neither all formats, which have been disrupted or created by good night. Every single innovation in the last 30 years, except one, has been brought to this country by Godaj. Aerosol is HIT, and the rest is all good night. So this is the way we have created the categories. Obviously, there's huge amount of brand. There's, we are among, as for brand equity studies, among home care, we are the most loved brands, the number one brand amongst some of the iconic brands are there in the top 10. But we are one, and that's a great moment of joy to see how consumers love your brand. We are always among the most admired brands. And that is where we are. We become leaders. Maybe there's one ad in this, I want to just show which, this one campaign maybe we'll sign off, which we did, we had a very emotional moment for the organization when we became market leaders. Okay, and we become part of every family, this thing. So we did this one campaign for the consumers which are the thought leader, the market leader we did. I want to just show that campaign. It's all about family. This is after the leader slide, let's see that. By the way, families are of many types, small, medium, large, and some extra large. Some families are friendly, and some not so friendly. Some families are permanent, and some are temporary. Some families are national, and some are multinational. Some families have pinkies, rockies, and sweets, and some families have pinkies, rockies, and sweets. But families are of many types. One member will get the same. Good night. Good night to India's number one liquid vaporizer brand, thank you, and welcome to the family. There's one big thank you campaign that we did once we became market leaders. It's one of my favorite campaigns. So I think that's where the journey of this brand has been. It's built on these three pillars, we've been consistent, and I guess that's where it is. Thank you so much.


Thank you actually for the privilege to reimagine the world through your eyes. Thank you for building better everyday lives for the many. The top five risks identified by CEOs at the World Economic Forum in 2020 are all linked to environment. This underpins food systems, water security and a world safe from zoonotic diseases. All of these have material impacts on a company's operational cost, risk, profitability and reputation. Sustainability is a meta trend and it's not just because the Sustainable Development Goals set them. In fact it's been found that implementing the SDGs capitalizes new markets for next-gen prosperity in the trillions of dollars. Our attitudes to consumption and production are being rewired and rewritten. We're moving from eco-status to eco-standard. For example, Adidas tapped into the circular economy turning plastic ocean waste into 11 million pairs of shoe. Ford and McDonald's are partnering up to create car parts for coffee waste and this year the European Investment Bank committed to mobilizing a trillion euros of financing to the circular economy by 2030. We innovate for the SDGs to transform life. We need both dreamers and doers to change the world. 70 percent of the 169 SDG targets can be further enabled by applying new technologies already in development and being deployed. For example, Mercy Corps found sensors helped to better report on the actual use of latrines and hand washing versus the in-person evaluation survey which had a huge self-reporting bias of over 40%. Using locally built drones for precision agriculture in Indonesia, local farmers were able to save 60% of their expenses by helping to spot treatment areas with issues of soil fertility, crop disease, or water need. And when IKEA Israel worked with product designers and the physically disabled to create a new product line, they were able to access and empower a new market creating revenue and increase in revenue by 33%. For our world in which 15% of the population experiences disability, that's a billion people and we are grateful every time that technology, business, finance, engineers, and civil society come together to solve wicked challenges. For companies that view emerging and frontier markets as their source of long-term growth, consumers in these markets could be worth $30 trillion by 2025. During COVID-19, disruptions that occurred across sectors in just one quarter were actually projected to occur gradually over a decade. So the new expectations in customization, instant feedback, autonomy, and deep sustainable practices are taking root in retail, finance, food, and more. And once created, these new expectations spread across demographic, market, and sector. Consumers demand relevance and it was wonderful to see that the Siemens Innovation Challenge places human-centered design at the core of the challenge, requiring all entries to co-create with end users and embrace technology to create impact. All while tackling the issues of infrastructure, governance, upskilling, and commercial incentives for scaling. This pandemic has been the ultimate stress test of our local, national, global, and corporate system. We the world are sliding back at a time when we can little afford to do so. The COVID-19 crisis and resulting socioeconomic impacts are an unprecedented opportunity to regenerate economies and ensure growth happens within our planetary limits. I'm so happy to be with you here today to be part of the community that makes bold decisions to assertively direct technology to society's biggest challenge, deepening the pool of solution. Making progress on the SDGs is possible when sustainable alternatives are widespread, affordable, and just as good, if not better than the legacy option. So once more, a big thank you to Siemens, Asme, Engineering for Change, and the finalists for building community resilience by making access to safe water and food simple and affordable. Thank you for helping to create a prosperous world by putting equity and equality at the heart of your design. Thank you.