I'm Sheila Wilder and I'm Associate Director of the Health Justice Institute, the Dalhousie Health Justice Institute. We're grateful to convene today's lecture and this year's lecture series in Wignagi, the ancestral and unceded territory of the Wignagi people. We pay respect to the indigenous knowledge, health by the Wignagi people and the wisdom of their elders past and present. We also recognize that African Nova Scotians are distinct people with histories, legacies and contributions. I've enriched that part of the Wignagi known as Nova Scotia for over 400 years. This is the first lecture in this year's Dalhousie Health Justice Institute seminar series and yes we've officially changed our name from Health Law to Health Justice Institute and bear with me, that's meant to mark at least two things. One is that law is both a potential tool of health justice and of injustice, of inequitable health outcomes reflecting the deep and systematic inequalities of colonialism, white supremacy, heteropatriarchy and ableism. As a collective we at the Dalhousie Health Justice Institute are interested in convening conversations that reach into and through and beyond law to conversations about justice and we mark that as our name change. And two, second point, our change name which de-centers law convenes our interdisciplinarity. So the Health Justice Institute brings the faculties of health, medicine, dentistry and law together with representatives of other disciplines and with students, policymakers and the diverse publics we serve to engage an array of perspectives on and methods of exploring the meaning and determinants of health and health justice. I just want to point out a couple of people beyond myself as we start up the series for this year and before turning to introducing Dr. Sack. So first an invisible person, just invisible for the moment, our institute's director, Matthew Kerter. He gives us regrets today and wanted me to welcome you all on his behalf. I also want to recognize the critical role in this series of the institute's administrative coordinator, Ashley Johnson. There she is in the back. Great round of applause. Thank you so much. Thank you so much to make these seminar lectures happen. And last, I also want to recognize, I think maybe any visible person at this moment that's so present for us, our wonderful new dean of the law school, Sarah Kirby. Just a couple more words to introduce the series as a whole before turning to our much anticipated speaker for today. This is the 26th year and the 201st lecture in this seminar series. So once again, we offer eight lectures to the end of March. And this year we're framing our lectures around the deceptively straightforward question, what is health justice? Today's lecture by Professor Sarah Sack provides a critical foundation for this year's series as we explore that question. So I cast my mind back to almost exactly one year ago when I faced the hard task of introducing this seminar series, just a few days after the death of our long-time law school colleague and friend, environmental law scholar, Myne Hartdwell, taken from us in untimely fashion in a road accident while riding this bike. I found myself marking the tragic end to Myne Hart's life and life's work on a day that, just like today, was marked as a day of international climate action, a global strike for climate reparations and justice. I said a year ago that the personal tragedy that we were all so raw and still absorbing was amplified and given new force by our convening on that day of action. I committed us as an institute and as members of a common humanity to do more to consider the deep relationship between health and the environment and to respond to the enormous, inequitable global suffering that the resource extraction and consumption brought by us in the global north have unleashed in the form of climate change. I committed on behalf of the institute, now the Health Justice Institute, to do better in making connections between health justice and environmental justice and between talk and action. So it's in this spirit that we bring you today's lecture by Dr. Sarah Sack on plastic pollution and human rights-based efforts to evade it. It's in this spirit as well that we continue our next talk from McGill, Sebastian Jojuan, on September 29th, on addressing and addressing the differential climate vulnerabilities of persons with disabilities. I take the occasion now to mark, in a similar spirit to my recollections of my heart and the commitment that his passing spurred, the recent passing of another social justice warrior who lives here in our community, disability rights activist Stephen Estee, who was taken from us this past Monday. Steve contributed centrally to the negotiation and drafting of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to the passage of provincial and national accessibility laws and to the recent passage of the Canada Disability Benefit and to many other human rights victories, domestic and international. Steve's passing is being marked this week by disability justice warriors around the world. We will strive here at the Health Justice Institute to keep building to on these critical foundations of health and social justice. So now it's finally to turn the spotlight to our own justice warrior, Professor Sarah Sack. Sarah is the Yogis and Keddie Chair in Human Rights Law and Director of the Marine and Environmental Law Institute here at the Shewitt School of Law. She teaches and researches and is a global scholarly leader at the intersection of environment and human rights, international law and business. Recent co-edited books include the 2021 Cambridge Handbook on Environmental Justice and Sustainable Development and the 2021 Research Handbook on Climate Change Law and Laws and Damage as well as recent volumes of the Ocean Yearbook. In the last few years she's undertaken research contracts through Dalhousie with the UN Environmental Program on topics relating to business, human rights and the environment. These include a project elaborating on human rights-informed responsibilities or human rights-informed responsible business climate action and the focus of today's presentation, a human rights-based approach to plastic pollution. Please join me in welcoming Dr. Sack. Thank you, Sheila, for the wonderful introduction and it's a great pleasure and honor to be here sharing this work with you today. Yes. The photo here is from Von Wong Productions. The credit turned off the plastic tap. This is an image that was taken in Nairobi of a sculpture that was built at the time of discussions and negotiations around weather and if so how to address plastic pollution through a treaty. That process is ongoing and not yet finished and we'll see where it ends but it hadn't even begun at the time that I was asked to undertake the work that I'm going to share with you today. And the image is designed to signify really this need to turn off the plastic tap and that's going to be really difficult because plastics are everywhere and very much a part of our society and so this is another challenge but we can figure this out. So what I'm going to do today first is just briefly reflect on why plastic pollution can and must be thought of as a health problem and a health justice problem. Say a few words about the plastic treaty negotiation process and what led up to it. And then the focus is going to be sharing lessons from the development or training materials on a human rights based approach to plastic pollution which I was asked to undertake by the environment program. And here you can sort of subdivide what I'm going to share with you as materials that are focused on understanding the component parts of a right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment on the one hand. And on the other hand how to understand business responsibilities to respect human rights and circularity. Both through the lens of international legal instruments. And then finally I'll conclude just briefly with some reflections on plastics and health justice. So why think about plastics and health? What I did here was just to cut and paste a very small sample of headlines from the Guardian from 2020 and 2023 that say things like microplastics found in human blood for the first time. Microplastics found deep in lungs of living people for first time. Plastics cause wide ranging health issues from cancer to birth defects landmark study finds. Recycled plastic can be more toxic and is no fix for pollution. Greenpeace warns. Key messaging here is these are from studies from 2022 to 2023. And you can see that within them there's a large amount of first time and also uncertainty. This is reflected in where we are. So I'm guessing most of you probably aren't familiar with the Planetary Boundary Framework of the Stockholm Resilience Center. This has been ongoing for a while but what they've been trying to map are what they described as sort of planetary boundaries for different environmental problems. And there's actually a new one that came out two days ago after I made this slide and I didn't add it. You can go look that one up. But the key points here are in 2015 if you look at the top one you can see where climate change is. So the green is this is a safe operating space for humanity. The yellow is uh oh the orange is oh dear and including overshooting what are seen as planetary boundaries. Now the good news is if you look at ozone depletion it's nicely in the green and at one time it was in the yellow but we have an ozone treaty that actually works and so it's no longer in overshoot position. Again in that image you can see climate change which is really in the headlines now is actually sort of mildish yellow compared to some of the others like biodiversity loss that are in the orange. There's a little bit there called novel entities and I know you can't see the print because it's way too small but the novel entities part in 2015 says not yet quantified. In 2022 it was quantified and that's the giant orange thing there that looks like it's sort of going over the chart. This is referring to chemicals and toxic substances including plastics and plastics notably. And this one of the problems has been that since the 1950s these substances have been used increasingly increasingly increasingly and even in the last sort of 20 years the use of plastics has dramatically increased and is projected to continue to increase. But thinking back to the previous slide we're only just starting to understand what its implications are for human health. From the perspective of the UN environment program it's helpful sometimes to understand and to not just think about climate change on its own but rather to understand its relationship with other problems and so they're currently using this triple planetary crisis framing that talks about the interdependent nature of climate, nature loss, biodiversity, and pollution and waste. On the left is an image that we developed actually for the other project which was designed to sort of convey that the reason we're in this triple planetary crisis is really because of unsustainable production and consumption patterns and all of these have impacts on human rights and this includes rights to health. How did I get to being asked to do what it was that I'm going to share with you today? First of all the UN environment program has been aware that there's been a plastics issue for quite a long time but this has come from the obvious issue that has emerged in the context of the marine environment. So you can think about the huge collections of plastic trash circulating in different parts of the Pacific and so on and so on, pictures of marine mammals that are ingesting plastic bags and et cetera, et cetera. This has been something that people have been aware of for quite a long time and also particularly in some parts of the world there's been greater attention to the impacts on rivers, coastal communities, sewage, storm, water and infrastructure. So on part of the slide I have reference to the coordinating body of the East Asian seas. This is a regional seas instrument that is designed to address all kinds of things and marine litter at large which includes plastics has been on their agenda for a very long time. On the right is reference to the UN environment programs work gradually over the years recognizing plastic waste first as one of the biggest threats to the world's oceans and secondly noting the kind of initiatives it's undertaken including the global partnership on marine litter with the aim of bringing together government, civil society, local authorities, academia and the private sector to find realistic solutions to reducing and managing marine litter. And the aim of this of course is to address issues in the marine litter area that include economies, ecosystems, animal welfare and human health worldwide. So now March 2022 the UN Environment Assembly adopted a resolution towards negotiating an internationally legally binding instrument to end plastic pollution. As I say this is ongoing there will be a negotiating session in Canada in April 2024. There's a draft a zero draft of this treaty that's now available that one can look at and there are lots of different options on ways forward. One thing that's been very clear is the importance of taking what's described as a full life cycle approach to the plastics problem and I'll explain what that means in a moment. Now in 2021 I was approached by the UN Environment Program and somebody at the coordinating body of these agencies to undertake a preliminary research project which was to pull together a toolbox of resources on a plastic on a human rights based approach to plastic pollution. At the time I didn't know anything about plastic pollution this is not something I had been thinking about not on my agenda no idea. But it is something but certainly the human rights and environment intersection was something that was very much on my agenda as was business responsibilities for human rights and what that means through a human rights and environment lens. And the idea was first to pull together this toolbox of resources to share with their partners and secondly through a second contract to develop a set of training materials that could be delivered virtually in the region in collaboration with partners on a human rights based approach to plastic pollution with the aim of training businesses as well as states, governments, NGOs and everybody. I assembled a team a big team at first of lots of students to help me figure out what was going on. And then in contract two I was assisted in particular by a PhD candidate Kevin Burke and also by Victoria Kanyats who was an LLM candidate here at the time doing health law work. And so if you actually look at the C-Circular website you'll find a section there where they still have available videos of one of the training sessions that we did and you can access materials there and they're also available through the UN environment programs website more generally. COPSI and UNEP together created this initiative called C-Circular that's what this slide is about and their aim was very much to address the plastics crisis through what they're calling the plastic value chain and to inspire market-based solutions as well as encouraging enabling policies to prevent marine plastic pollution. So the project was not one that was linked to what should the plastics treaty look like. It was not one that was specific to if you think about environmental law how can we help states put in place better environmental laws in different areas. It was to draw upon ideas from international human rights law in relation to the environment and business responsibilities for human rights to develop trainings that would help us think about how to come up with solutions. The context one key piece of the context in the region and I'll note that the partners that we worked with were WWF in the Philippines who's done a lot of work on extended producer responsibility and also the Indonesian business council for sustainable development that's been working on a lot of circularity things. Partners shared with us ideas for different case studies that we integrated into the trainings and this was very I've sort of got them through the slides I won't spend much time talking about many of them but for some are useful I think for context. One is that in the Canadian context we use plastics we use way more plastics. Canadians and Americans use way more plastics than anybody in the world and we use far far more than anybody else. But we have this thing called municipal waste management where we use the plastics we stick them in something hopefully it's the right recycling container and then it's magically vanished from our. We don't really know where it goes. We'll get back to that in a minute because we should think about that a bit more. In terms of in the Philippines for example in many parts of the region that I was tasked with thinking about. There are not municipal waste management systems and so much of this work is done by informal workers often referred to as waste pickers and they have organized in different groups and are actually quite active in trying to ensure that they are included in the plastics treaty process. But one of the reasons that I was sort of called in I think was because of a sense that coming from a business and human rights perspective there's a lot of material and a lot of thinking about the responsibilities of businesses for workers and also informal workers and how to ensure that that responsibility is integrated into everything that business does. So this is sort of the context right it's a different one from in the Canadian context and the question is you know there's obviously a lot of impact on informal sector workers who are working with the you know collecting these wastes and a lot of health protection issues. But another piece referring back to our magically disappearing municipal plastic waste is the problem that historically wealthy nations have been tending to export a lot of their plastic waste to other nations despite lots of international law that would suggest this may not be something one can do. China was historically importing a lot of it and in 2017 they said okay that's enough we're not taking it anymore started going to lots of other countries in the region and some states started to ban it but unfortunately that's often not the end of it it sort of just led to increased in illegal imports illegal dumping and illegal incineration. So on top of all the issues all of the challenges in the southeast Asian countries themselves is the challenge and it's not just in Asian countries there's also a lot going on in the African context for example they're having to deal with the waste from the west. Okay. So business and human rights this is again a weird thing that many people don't know much about but it's actually gaining more and more increasing credibility and so this is again why I was asked to assist. So generally speaking we think of states as duty bearers in human rights law states having a duty to protect in the environmental context we expect states to pass laws and to regulate things we expect our rights and everything to be protected by states but of course international human rights law exists because states often don't do their job they often violate rights. The question from a business perspective is if a state is violating rights do you as a business just say well hey I'm complying with state law done sorry not my problem or is there a responsibility under international human rights law that all actors need to step up and pay attention to human rights and take on human rights responsibilities and this has been a very long-standing discussion at the human rights council in various human rights sectors and the short version of the story is that in 2011 the UN Human Rights Council adopted guiding principles on business and human rights that reflect what's referred to as the protect respect remedy framework they were developed through a multi-stakeholder process I was involved at different stages in some of this and so I'm very familiar with the history content and how this is supposed to operate. The state duty of course states are supposed to do their thing that includes regulating businesses but when they don't businesses are not off the hook businesses should never assume they're off the hook businesses have their own independent responsibility to respect human rights and this includes to adopt a policy commitment to human rights to engage in human rights due diligence processes and to ensure remediation of human rights harms and the third pillar focuses in on access to remedy at the same time a lot of work has been going on at the human rights council on human rights and environment and human rights and toxic substances we now have a new special rapporteur focused on climate change there's been a special rapporteur working on health for a really long time and I was quite familiar with this work and so putting together the work of the special rapporteurs on toxic substances and on human rights and environment into thinking about the plastic problem with the aim of developing guidance for business seem to be what our mission was so I'll note that the special rapporteur on toxics and human rights there being several of them and there being some really incredibly useful reports coming out of there some recent one that came right as we were starting this work was very specifically focused on plastics but there were other ones from the past that had had developed principles on the rights of workers formal and informal in relation to toxics precautionary principles in the toxic context right to science the special rapporteurs on human rights and the environment had also developed lots of different useful materials perhaps most notably the 2018 framework principles on human rights and the environment developed by John Knox and John Knox's reports but also more recently many of David Boyd's reports fleshing out aspects of a holistic understanding of a right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment where what served as our sort of background materials as we tried to figure out what we were going to do in these training materials and so this is what we did first again the task was to look at the full life cycle of plastics our tendency is you know we use it we stick it in there recycling and we assume it gets recycled but in fact an astonishingly small amount of plastic is effectively recycled globally it's about nine percent the other problem is if we care about climate change we should care about climate about plastics because virgin plastics are ninety nine percent derived from fossil fuels and so if you look at the linear plastic cycle and you start with extraction of fossil fuels through production transportation use consumption waste generation waste management and disposal and if at the disposal stage things are in landfills incinerated or dumped they're not going back into being part of new plastics and so we have more extraction of fossil fuels this is a problem for all kinds of reasons but including relates very clearly to climate in fact there are many who think that as pressure has been put on fossil fuel oil and gas producers to reduce production due to climate change there has been a strategy shift to increase plastic production as we were again looking through each of these stages and our first set of training slides actually go through each of these stages and sort of explore the human rights implications at each one and I'm not sharing that with you. We drew heavily on the report of the Marcus Orlana on the special repertoire of toxic substances in human rights and his report on plastics which hopefully covered human rights implications at each stage. Again I could spend easily twenty minutes on this and I'm not going to so if you're interested lots of training materials available online but yeah the aim again from the UN environments programs perspective in particular is for us to move away from what they describe as the take make waste linear fossil fuel dependent plastic cycle and to move instead towards circularity. Now what circularity means is something we'll talk about a little bit but the main reason for this again is first there are human rights impacts at each stage and you know secondly it's just contributing to the continuing need to extract fossil fuels and this is clearly not something we should be doing. So that report came out in 2021. As we were starting our work in this area one big question for us was to what extent we draw upon the full range of human rights in the materials rights to life right to health go you know sort of unpacking all of the different instruments that have informed all of the work of the different special rapporteurs to come up with the work that they have or whether we should take a slightly different approach and to think in a sense more simply about framing this as something that could be solved through the adoption of what we're describing as sort of a holistic understanding of a right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment. After or just before we presented I guess our final training in July 2022 the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution which recognized the right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment as a human right. There's a lot of things that are interesting about that resolution and it followed one from the Human Rights Council in November 2021 which is slightly different but for our purposes what was particularly helpful I guess is that the UN General Assembly resolution also acknowledges the UN guiding principles on business and human rights. So within that recognition from the General Assembly no states voting against Canada did indeed vote in favor there was this I mean we didn't know at the time we were developing the materials but once their recognition happened it seemed a particularly good idea that we had in fact decided to adopt the right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment as a framework. The other reason for taking that approach is that while in the Canadian context we do not have constitutional recognition of such a right at all we have you know Quebec has a bit there's some stuff going on but it's generally not it's generally seen as this kind of you know a non-thing in Canada right. The very first conversation I had with our partners at the Indonesian Business Council for Sustainable Development she referred to the right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment why well it's constitutionalized in Indonesia in fact it's constitutionalized in a number of the partner countries that we're working with and it already is constitutionalized or very much a part of the law in many countries in Indonesia. And so that's also another reason for having adopted this sort of as a framework. So what does it mean to adopt it as a framework? Drawing on John Knox's 2018 framework principles is a very helpful structure which I think is sort of hinted at in the first three principles. First that states should ensure a safe clean healthy and sustainable environment in order to respect, protect and fulfill human rights. But secondly states should respect, protect and fulfill human rights in order to ensure a safe clean healthy and sustainable environment. And then third states should prohibit discrimination and ensure equal and that sounds wrong and equal and something in relation to whoa in relation to the enjoyment of a safe clean environment something there's a miss word missing there. Key point being that equity and non-discrimination is a cross cutting aspect of a framework that draws on the right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment. And so equity and non-discrimination must be understood as cross cutting all of this. So and that's I should just say this is we were asked to develop you know visuals to accompany our work. And so with some great help with that we did this in this particular image is designed to capture this sort of holistic understanding. So in the blue is the idea of substantive dimensions of the right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment clean air, safe climate, clean water, healthy ecosystems and biodiversity, healthy food and non-toxic places. On the left are procedural rights protections and I will actually scroll through some other slides on that for a minute and then underneath is this cross cutting guarantee of equity and non-discrimination, the importance of centering groups and individuals who are disproportionately affected by environmental harms. So I'm going to very quickly scroll through a bunch of slides here in fact about 30 slides just to give you a sense of some of the stuff that we had in these training materials before I then sort of turn to reflections on where we are. So what we were trying to do drawing on different reports of different special operators in particular was to reflect on what would it mean if we all sought a right to clean air in relation to the different stages of the plastics life cycle. Similarly what would it mean for a safe climate? What would a right to clean air look like through each stage of the plastics cycle? Health ecosystems and biodiversity, right to healthy food, non-toxic places. And then we asked our participants to reflect on their own organization's contributions. So evaluate how the contributions of your business or organization to the plastic life cycle impacts the substantive components of the right including these different aspects. And then again rather than sort of looking at a you're bad, you know don't be bad. We took a and how can you be good approach? So the last part is does your business or organization take proactive action to support the substantive components of this right? And what would that look like? Similarly with the procedural components we drew on the work of the framework principles on human rights in the environment and also the work of the special rapporteur on toxics to contemplate the different procedural dimensions. Which includes, so from international environmental law we often talk about sort of the three pillars of rights to information, public participation and access to justice. This is fleshed out in lots of different instruments and here through the framework principles we have it more expensively understood as including rights to freedom of expression and association to education and information and principle four from the framework principles notes a very crucial dimension which is the importance of ensuring that there is a safe and enabling environment for those who are described as environmental human rights defenders to operate free from threats, harassment intimidation and violence and that's a huge issue in many parts of the world and it's not one that Canada is immune to. And so this is our next set of sort of you know how to think about this problem from a procedural rights perspective trying to see the okay just I'm watching my time over there I'm good okay there's a bit of a reflection off it so I can't see can't quite see it but we're good excellent perfect so in the next set of slides then we drew upon these materials to pull out some sort of essential pieces for thinking about prevention, precaution, impact assessment and application here in part the importance of avoiding false solutions because one of the problems is sometimes in the effort to quickly address the problem whether it's climate change or plastics one can adopt solutions that may be worse or just create different problems from the ones that one is trying to avoid and so always adopting a preventative and precautionary approach and ensuring that proper impact assessment is carried out is essential and this includes from a business and human rights perspective the idea of business and human rights impact assessment so from here you know and I don't think I've noted this but you know plastics we you know there can be many classes on what are plastics and how do we understand the different pieces and etc etc and we're not doing that here but one of the other problems is chemical additives to different plastics so often you can have all kinds of stuff in there and if it's not properly labeled and tracked then even somebody who's trying to recycle plastics will be putting things together and have no idea what it actually is and what the synergistic effects might be so you can't do your prior assessment if you don't have information and so the functional aspects are crucial and so therefore an entire slide on access to information the right to science, education, public awareness public participation noting of course that some communities have different rights than others so if we're thinking about self-determination rights of Indigenous communities this is something that's important to highlight as well and then accountability and access to justice and remedy and again we had a reflection, identify steps your organization is taking in supporting the exercise of the procedural components and this includes reflecting on how your organization might be supporting human rights defenders the last part, equity and vulnerability this cross cutting piece again notes the importance drawing on the framework principles of prohibiting discrimination ensuring equal and effective protection but also the need to take additional measures to protect the rights of those who are most vulnerable to or at particular risk from environmental harm taking into account their needs, risks and capacities an important piece of this that comes through in the 2018 guiding principles guiding principles, framework principles is the need to understand that many people may be particularly vulnerable to environmental harms because they have been historically discriminated against and so integrating an understanding of sort of how to move beyond colonial practices and histories as part of this assessment of how to ensure and support those vulnerable or at particular risk is part of the process and so again we have a whole bunch of slides that also note the importance of thinking from an intersectional perspective but of course in these trainings there's only sort of so much we can do we went through lots of different groups thinking about it the formal and informal workers were obviously a part of this I'll just note the racial or other minorities and persons living in poverty there is a lot of work that the different special operators have been done on environmental justice issues relating to the sighting of hazardous hazardous whether it's hazardous, whether it's the waste at the waste sort of stage of it or whether it's at the production phase and so that's obviously again a part of the discussion and so again asking them to reflect on all these different aspects so identify rights holders who may be disproportionately impacted by your organization's contribution to the plastic's life cycle including and identify how and when your organization interacts with environmental human rights defenders make a commitment to protect, support and collaborate with them to enable human rights responsible plastics action so in the next bit I'll just very quickly make reference to again some of the case studies that were hopefully shared by our partners and our partners were working on different aspects of this in particular on the importance of how to ensure extended producer responsibility models were integrated into laws and policies in the region and other related things in the Philippines there's a particular problem with what's referred to as the sachet economy and corporate actors have contributed greatly to this problem but it's also sort of in a weird way one that's targeted at addressing or enabling access to products by those who are poor and so sachets very small sachets filled with lots of common household commodities like toothpaste shampoo, coffee, cooking oil are available to be purchased in sort of little single use things and if you can't afford to buy the whole bottle it's helpful to be able to buy the little sachet right of course from the brand's perspective maybe it's more expensive to buy 30 sachets than to buy one bottle of the same amount but if you're poor and the whole bottle then you're going to go with the sachets right they're very common the suggestion was that there were 163 million sachets used per day in the Philippines and this caused all kinds of different problems but what's the solution so at the time Unilever was trying claiming to be putting in place some kind of recycling program to turn the sachets into school chairs and the idea was that the collection of this sachet waste would create opportunities for informal waste pickers and there's also this idea of a plastic crediting model that would come in there's a lot of questions as to whether that ever really got off the ground in the way it was supposed to and that was part of some of our discussions in some of the sessions including with representative of Unilever but of course ideally there would be less dependency on the sachets and on the single use plastics now how to move away from that is tricky I don't have a slide on this but I'll just note that following this work I was working with my post octani prior on thinking through the plastics challenges in the arctic context and a different group has done a study with the Sami in which the they were studying in a sense was what were all the sort of local practices before people started using plastics so what are the things that what are the practices and the ways that have been replaced by the plastic economy and how can or should they be brought you know be better supported so that's a really important and tricky and local question but really important part of it and then we had little reflections on these right like how do we think through this problem using these different components of an environmental human rights lens what would this mean and also transitioning into our third model which was focused on business responsibilities what would it mean for businesses to take responsible action to prevent and remedy the human rights impact identified and also an awareness of might the solution suggested different human rights concerns so I've already mentioned the guiding principles on business and human rights and I'll just quickly note that the guiding principles have been implemented in all kinds of other responsible business conduct guidance tools there is a working group on business and human rights at the human rights council they have helpfully come out with different kinds of reports including one specifically aimed at ensuring respect for human rights defenders which is very helpful in suggesting to businesses and others that if we're actually serious about sustainable action instead of looking at human rights defenders as enemies to be you know shut down and litigated against one should treat them as knowledge holders with important knowledge and ideas that should be valued and incorporated into way steps forward and so we ask businesses what would it mean for you to adopt business and human rights approaches and I'll note at the time while we were working with the UN environment program I was following closely and know people within the UN development program who had been launching at the same time a very rich business and human rights in Asia program and so there's some parallels and overlaps but these aren't the only ones there's also the UN global compact that has been doing work on responsible business conduct including sustainable ocean principles and so we shared some of the principles from this with participants there's the work of the OECD it's guidelines for multinational enterprises it's due diligence guidance and in particular this sort of model which is very useful in terms of how to think about problems and solutions and adopting risk-based due diligence to address human rights and environmental and other issues and so we developed various little images to try to share and reflect what would it mean to adopt a human rights and circularity embedded approach to product design what would it mean to do the same for waste management and then there's the question of responsibility liability and remedy so in the climate context I will say as an aside it's a massive missing piece of the climate regime which is highly problematic and we have seen and it seemed particularly appropriate in the context of the region to reflect on the responsibility and liability piece because the Human Rights Commission of the Philippines had engaged in a many year long inquiry into the responsibilities of businesses for climate change coming from their report we reflected on how could that report apply or be thought of in light of the plastics problems could, should plastic producers also be held viable for the human rights and environmental impacts of plastic pollution and waste as well as each stage of the life cycle we reflected on what the different special rapporteurs say about remedy and we developed our little business and human rights informed kind of image to think about the responsibilities of businesses and how their shifts depending on whether they have caused the problem contributed to it or are directly linked and went from there again lots of different case studies we could share I'll probably end with this and then a few reflections and this I think points to the complexity again of the problem this case study was shared with us by our Indonesian partners and it's the problem of a tofu factory that for a very long time was burning plastics for fuel because the plastics were that was the cheapest way they could get fuel the problem is that they weren't aware of all of the toxins that were coming out of the plastic as it was being burned and what its implications were for local food systems so once this information had been shared and revealed they then shifted and they shifted to burning firewood and of course that will have its own implications if there's a shortage if one is concerned about deforestation and their issues there I think this one illustrates also the way in which the plastics crisis is very much intertwined with the climate crisis and energy access as a part of it so their questions as to whether are there good ways of burning or incinerating plastics such as to use them as an energy source and there are very hotly held opinions on either side of that are there ways of doing chemical waste recycling that could be safe or is this again something that's likely to be cited in low income communities of color where the negative impacts will be disproportionately felt this is ongoing all over and so we reflected on that case study there's another circularity case study and from this you know here we are lessons from this human rights based approach to plastics for health justice for Canada I was asked to do this work for a very different context and I haven't had the time or the funding to reflect on okay what are we actually doing in the Canadian context I do know that you know the federal government has taken a few steps forward to try to address some plastics issues and is currently regulatory initiatives are being challenged by a group that calls themselves the responsible plastics coalition because as is always we spend a lot of time in environmental law talking about how the government passes a law and then they get told that it was beyond their jurisdiction under federalism doctrines you know it's sort of this back and forth right can the federal government regulate this is this something that's a provincial municipal thing if they do it how should they do it so we're sort of wrapped in that the usual environmental federalism frustrated unhelpful space unfortunately as part of what's going on but more generally the business and human rights approach and the right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment neither of them are well known well understood well integrated in the Canadian context these are actually better understood in many parts of the world outside of Canada but I think the time is right and I'm grateful for the opportunity to share these materials precisely for that reason I think the time is right for us to turn our minds to what the potential might be of these kind of instruments these kind of teachings these kind of thinking for being more responsible consumers producers of plastics and for ensuring that information is gathered and available and known about the impacts of these products and others that we use including for health and environmental justice both which are intertwined and I think that's all I was going to say we have plenty of time for questions and Sarah I can let you field I see Andrea in the back there with one to start and maybe I'll let you field them after that okay please hi what was super interesting about the process of the UN guiding principles on business and human rights is that it very much involved businesses business organizations were very much there as were human rights groups I had the weird experience of co-convening the only North American consultation as part of that process which involved bringing together corporate and securities lawyers from all over the world as well as businesses as well as human rights groups and I was accidentally copied on a message sent to somebody saying why would we go to this meeting with all these business people and I think the business and human rights movement has tried to change that and I think has been successful in starting a conversation so there's an annual forum in Geneva the UN forum on business and human rights and you will see the big monthly nationals there and all the human rights groups and rights holders and there are not happy conversations important conversations that take place and coming out of this we were asked to do the trainings but there's also and we did all of this stuff virtually there's also through the supported UNDP and others now a big Asian forum on business and human rights and again the business act the large scale businesses are there there's recently a new African forum on business and human rights it's going to be it's not an easier quick process the educational piece is crucial businesses can't and won't do anything if they don't know what they're supposed to do and so if we keep teaching things as if businesses are always or never have the potential of embracing these things we can't make the motion now there's a lot that can also be said about structures of corporate law and how that needs to shift as part of this and that's again you know something I can speak to let's say it's slowly starting absolutely I made the mistake Natalie and I were talking about this yesterday you're supposed to have a pen so you can write down your questions of course I forgot to bring the pen so you might need to remind me of that first one no hang on okay I know I know so in the first thing so this is a very simplified version thank you this is a very simplified version of what is essentially I mean you had been to put together sort of a 20 to 40 page background document and our background document is huge by comparison to that because it's so complicated and because you know when I say plastics that's an immense simplification right there's all kinds of different kinds and for details you can look at you know all the different work that you now had done in engaging with with our colleagues we had them and we had circulars being quite active in this trying to seek sort of good examples of producers that are transitioning so you have to look at or transforming their operations you have to kind of look at what is it that they're doing what are they transforming from and to some of it is easy a tremendous amount of plastics goes into packaging it's completely unnecessary in many many cases easy to just you know stop in other cases plastics used in the medical community and different kinds of plastics as you say so again it's complicated and we attempted to we attempted to not excuse me we totally losing my voice not sure why we attempted to be sufficiently general given the nature of what we were doing but at the same time to provide little sort of opportunities of guidance for some of the specifics oh my gosh now I forgot the second question which was impact assessment yes okay so some interesting thoughts on this I mean one question which is not your question is what should go through impact assessment so if you go back to thinking about the plastics life cycle we know impact assessment in the environmental impact assessment that happens sort of on the fossil fuel stage not not enough not too much that really happens when it comes to the building of petrochemical facilities transport so there's an example where a ship that was you know carrying plastic pellets filled this huge amount of them in and I forget where they were off the coast but it caused like a huge environmental disaster should there be an impact assessment of shipping and what is on ships same with rail lines most people have no idea what's going on the rail lines that are going past and a lot of this is stuff that if it spills is going to cause a disaster as we know but people don't know about it so impact assessment sort of more broadly should perhaps be used more people should have more access to information about what's going on at each stage then it comes down to what kind of impact assessment and that's tricky the you know human rights and environmental assessment is a tool that's been around for a long time the human rights impact assessment can be and should be integrated into environmental assessment I think in a holistic kind of way and we're starting to see that but then there's strategic and etc etc I know you know a lot about that Patricia and then yeah initially in the work that I done in the business and human rights context and human rights and environment context I hadn't grappled with the circularity question so this project was I mean it was immensely eye-opening for me on so many levels but one of them was the need to think about circularity at the same time as thinking about human rights that those two have to go together then it becomes a question of sort of how to do this and what that means I'll note that having the will to actually do something is the first step and so again I have not done the deep dive research in the Canadian context but I have some concerns we know we have a fossil fuel dependent country and in particular that Alberta is I mean Alberta is not the only one but Alberta is perhaps particularly keen on continuing the fossil fuel economy the federal government has said every now and then and sort of stepped up and looked like it's playing an active role in the how to address plastics and yet at the same time I saw within the last year you know statements from Alberta that building more petrochemical plants so as to produce more plastics was on the agenda and federal government support for that right I'm like okay that's not looking good right so that's the first thing but there's also a lot of I mean this is in a sense side stepping but not so much some real concerns also in how the structure of the treaty is going to unfold so we know in the climate context that there's the use of offsets and questions as to whether if you're actually you know you're getting a credit to offset your emissions we're not actually reducing your emissions we're seeing the same potential stuff through this idea of plastic credits and circularity emerging in the plastic context some of this is partnering with informal waste pickers ensuring that they're supported that they have better lifestyle and health things but at the same time gathering the waste might help keep it out of the marine environment but what happens with it when it's being gathered so there might be a credit that's given because a company is helping ensure it's gathered but then we don't know what's happening next I mean if that kind of thing gets embedded in the treaty we're in the same, exactly in the same spot as we are with climate which is we're pretending to do stuff but we're not right anyway there's more that could be said about that but I'll just note the the other thing is when I was doing all of this about circularity but I'm seeing now some people saying circularity is the wrong thing we need a regenerative economy and that that's even different and beyond I think there's one question here and then one over here so absolutely it's really important to be very aware of that and one can't say that the human rights based approach will capture everything but there's the potential for it to capture more than it might traditionally be thought to capture by attention to this exploring the human rights approach to what is referred to in this particular report by John Knox to a healthy biosphere so if you, if instead of thinking of humans over here and environment is over here ecosystems is over here if we can move to better understandings that humans are part of ecosystems in the biosphere and harming the biosphere is harming humans then a human rights based approach can help to overcome the limitations like that enriched understanding enriched and changed understanding of the human I think is sort of at the center of it but that must be central to it otherwise absolutely all those risks and limitations are there my sense to be honest overall is that most people don't actually understand what a right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment means and certainly don't understand all of its component parts and so there's a real tendency and we see this in sustainable development as an example sustainable development is often described as balancing environment, economy and society and they're all understood as separate but they're not and balancing is the wrong thing and that needs to be confronted but it can't be confronted if people don't actually if we don't train and talk about it so in that image it's not balancing ecosystems there are planetary boundaries there are healthy ecosystems as a floor and you can't have sustainable and resilient societies without healthy ecosystems and economy is part of that and all I can say is right now the dominant way in which all of this stuff is taught is not in a way that takes what I call an eco-relational approach to the human and to economy so it's starting with training starting with training starting with this sharing hoping that some people in here might think this is useful and for us to work with and definitely doing it with industry and industry associations this isn't the I think any audience is the right group I think there's real I think it's really important to have the other ones but I will say at the same time we were doing this we were doing a project with the OECD on responsible business climate action and you know that's some same ideas but you know much trickier audience because the OECD has to kind of satisfy all of its constituents and they're going to not want you know you not want you to rock the boat too much but I think I think increasingly so I'm the optimist I think education can play a role and I really do think that increasingly people are realizing that I'm hopeful that people are realizing that maybe new ways of thinking and knowing is going to help us move this forward but yeah thank you I hate to do this we've we're out of time so I'm going to please just stick in your chairs for one second longer so we can properly thank you and recognize just the value of what what we just heard today I also want to invite you if you happen to be sticking around to a gathering just an informal gathering that some that we're having between 3 and 5 today in room 411 so health law students, environment law students are invited to come and interact with faculty to talk a little bit more about these very questions the interaction of health and environment and the laws that apply international law, marine law our visitor Natalie Klein is also we're so grateful to have her here from University of New South Wales and she's also going to be present and there may even be a little bit of food if you can hang on until then but I enjoyed that last intervention because I was reminded again that this is an international day of action it's a global strike for climate justice there's a really interesting tension for me and some people felt it quite viscerally am I going to the strike where I'm going to stand in the streets or do what I do in the streets or am I coming to this talk and you're weighing those things there what is the value of talking and educating ourselves and others about these legal norms and regimes that Sarah we've heard today is so actively working inside and outside and really pushing what the inside is or was these questions of jurisdiction are just fundamental to what you've presented to us jurisdiction around is it just the state, is it the what is business, what is the point of this thing we call business right so Sarah that seems to be starting to riff last couple words I first met so I've already given you my formal introduction to Sarah's that but I wanted to just at this I first met Sarah in a lineup on our first day of law school in Toronto and she sort of turned around and we locked I and I could see right away that she had this tremendous you know quiet sort of outsider intelligence and I just knew you are my people and so in my own words Sarah is a big uncompromising dreamer and doer so Sarah steps up and just to go back to I'm sorry with the sad story I started with when we so tragically lost our colleague mine heart a year ago Sarah let go desperately awaited sabbatical the various teaching and other institutional you know urgent needs that arose so suddenly and she did that with her usual grace and her unyielding you know excellence and her willingness to do the work that's required to build a strong and sustainable community of research and teaching and social and climate justice leadership and so just this you know last point and Sarah don't know how hard but you know your scholarship your guidance of a whole raft like bevy of graduate brilliant graduate students your enormous willingness to do the work of and that includes the mostly uncelebrated work behind the scenes that's needed to shift law and practice to help climate justice is just an inspiration to us all so please join me again this is a poster of our health law our health justice seminar series I still have to adjust I noted that our next lecture is September 29th Professor Sebastian from talking about the climate vulnerability of people with disabilities how do we address that again we're from talk to action please come bring your friends and I want to just note the one after that on November 3rd so about a month later is only online that's the only one all year online Stanford professor grab your belt is going to talk about the American insanity defense and I really encourage it she's an incredibly sparky scholar so you really want to sign on to that one by zoom webinar and otherwise take a look at the full array of lectures and come on out thank you


First I would like to congratulate you and the Hamad Medical Cooperation for the achievement and for receiving the Gold Award. Also I would like to congratulate you personally for receiving the Trainer of the Year Award. Really a big achievement. But I would like you to share with us how you achieved that in brief. What did you do different? There's no one right way on doing what we've done. It was just sheer persistence, knowing what staff needed and obviously the most important thing was capitalising on this opportunity. This is a fantastic opportunity presented by an ICC guitar and definitely as a government organisation we just had to really drive this forward and that's what we did. What we really found out was staff in general, the people we have in this organisation and maybe in other organisations are people who are really hungry for training. So what we did was really camouflage, package things in a way for people to take this opportunity. There was no sophistication other than realising that it was something you had to do and people responded in a phenomenal way. Are you looking forward for 2011? Well what we're really looking forward to now is to switch gear into the actual deployment of implementing e-learning. I know it's easy to say this and there are a lot of hurdles on the way but obviously we've got our sights set on integrating e-learning and HR is going to play a significant role in this. Adoption is going to be important. One thing that we've recognised early on is the fact that e-learning won't replace or substitute traditional learning methodologies but e-learning will supplement, will be an option obviously to support any organisational training plans and so forth. Very good. What do you think about the ICC guitar strategy now that you heard it and we shared it with you for 2011-2012 and beyond? We're really excited. I mean just by being here today is an amazing thing. We know that we have professional business partners. What we hope to see is the sustainability of what ICC guitar is doing because obviously there is a fear factor by some organisation that once e-learning starts to kick through the system that maybe there would be a cut off point by ICC guitar but we are receiving assurances from you on that respect and eventually organisations will have to lead this on their own at some point. Yeah, definitely. I agree with you. That's the ultimate goal I think by the structures today is to prepare you for the future and to continue on your own as building e-learning culture in Khatam. I would like to thank you again and thanks for HMC and you personally. Thank you very much.


Statistics and Excel coin flip statistics example got data let's get stuck into it with statistics and Excel or one note in this case but we'll talk about Excel too you're not required to but if you have access to one note we're in the icon left-hand side one note presentation 1315 coin flip statistics example in Excel tab we're also uploading transcripts to one note so you could use the immersive reader to first a word from our sponsor yeah actually we're sponsoring ourselves on this one because apparently the merchandisers they don't want to be seen with us but but that's okay whatever because our merchandise is better than their stupid stuff anyways like our crunchy numbers is my cardio product line now I'm not saying that subscribing to this channel crunchy numbers with us will make you thin fit and healthy or anything however it does seem like it worked for her just saying so yeah subscribe hit the bell thing and buy some merchandise so you can make the world a better place by sharing your accounting instruction exercise routine if you would like a commercial free experience consider subscribing to our website at accounting instruction dot com or accounting instruction dot think of it dot com will possibly change the language if you so choose and then either read the transcript or listen to the transcript and multiple different languages tying it out to the video presentations using the timestamps one note desktop version here data on the left hand side remembering the two major categories of statistical problems one being where we have all the data all the information for the entire population and are applying our statistical tools to organize that information so we can get meaning from it and to a situation where we don't have all the data all the information for the entire population and are often reliant on samples of that data and then we apply similar statistical tools not so much so that we can fully understand the example the sample itself but so that we can infer the results of that sample to the entire population now here we're thinking more of the second of those buckets where we don't know the entire population however often times it's useful to think about situations where we do know the entire population and we can get basically the answers and then we can also take in a sample from that population and use our sampling techniques to see if when we infer the results of the sample to the entire population they are applicable and so in a prior presentation we did that with heights we had an entire population of heights we took samples of those heights to see how representative these samples were to the entire population now we'll do a similar kind of thing with coin flips which is a little bit easier sometimes because you have like the 50 50 the two results on the coin flips as opposed to the heights data where you have the range of the heights but also it's a little bit more mathematical and theoretical because when we think about coin flips the entire population you can think of as a conceptual type of thing which would be an infinite amount of flips so in other words when we're thinking about coin flips if we had a coin and we kind of assumed that if it was a fair coin that would be our general assumption the fair coin would mean that anytime I flip it you're going to get an even chance of it coming up heads or tails so that's going to be like the null hypothesis and then how would we test whether or not that is indeed the case well we would have to flip it a bunch of times and then test whether or not what we think would be happening is indeed what is happening and if we come up with evidence that that is not the case something else is happening then the question is what kind of statistical evidence would we need to override the general null assumption that it would be 50 50 now when we think about this from a statistical sampling concept you would think about well what's the entire population here that we're thinking about well it's a conceptual idea that if you flipped the coin an infinite amount of times then you would come out to 50 50 but obviously in the real world you will never be able to flip the coin an infinite amount of times so any amount of times that you flip the coin in theory you can think of as a similar kind of concept as when we took a sample of the entire population of heights so any amount of flips is going to be some finite example of the amount of flips of the conceptual concept of flipping it an infinite amount of times and if it was a completely fair coin we know the outcome of an infinite number of times just conceptually would be 50 50 if it was a fair coin so that's kind of the idea so then two things like like always we would like to do here we would like to say we want to know this conceptually for statistical and we also want to think about how we can we test this out in excel so we'll give an idea of how we can use excel tools to kind of test this out now obviously if you were to generate this in excel you can use something like the random generator again last time we used a random generator to just give us a random decimal number of multiple decimals out this time however we're going to use the random between so if i want to simulate a coin flip i can basically say look what i want to do is i'm just going to assign a one to heads two to tails and now that i have a numerical assignment to my outcomes i can use a random generator random between the bottom being one the top being two and then excel will give us this random generation which basically simulates anything that's random between two numbers right so now we've got our random generator that we can play with and simulate something of this nature so now as i look at my random generation i can use this formula and i can copy it down to as many cells that i want now however many cells i copy it down to if i copy it down to a hundred cells that would be like simulating a hundred flips of the coin and a hundred flips of the coin is kind of like from a sampling idea or concept a hundred flips out of an infinite amount of flips a sample of a hundred out of a sample out of the actual population which is a conceptual idea of infinity right so then so then uh if we if we take a look at our i can then basically organize my data so once i have my random coin flips i can then i can then say this random generator is going to keep on generating random results so i'm going to copy this random generated field and paste it static so now it's pasted without the actual formula but just as hard-coded ones and twos i can also use excel if i want to then give me the results in terms of words i can use a formula in excel to say if there's a one tell me it's a heads right so we'll do that in excel if you want to if you want to see those formulas to do that but but conceptually i can just say well one is a head and two is a tails i sorted it by heads and then tails here so we can sort them heads on top tails on the bottom i can get an idea from doing that just saying it looks kind of close to 50 50 maybe right but i can't really tell just by looking at the data results so then we have to run some statistical analysis on it so then i would like to tell excel to count the number of heads simply count the number of heads now conceptually that we would just take our data set and we'd say this is how many times it came out heads if you did this and you actually flipped the coin then you would have to tally out how many times it counts as head but excel will do that for us with our random generated tools here so we can play with this stuff a lot more quickly and understand it more conceptually and understand excel formulas so this is equals count if so it's taking this data uh we can take either one but if we take the the numerical data we're going to say count if there's a one uh and and if we take the the data that's the text data we can say count if you see a heads count if you see heads then pull pull that and we came out to 52 and then you can do the same thing for the tails so i'm going to say excel take this data and count if if it was this column you see a two or count if over here you see a tails and then if i sum those two up notice i didn't do exactly 100 flips and i'm kind of happy that i didn't oftentimes in statistics people use 100 because if i had 100 and there was 52 heads out of 100 well that's 52 percent but it's useful to do that added step of saying well what if it wasn't 100 flips then you would have to do the math to think about think about how much it was out of meaning if it wasn't out of a hundred 52 wouldn't be 52 percent if you came out with 52 so if i summed those up it came out to just 99 flips so we flipped it 99 times came out heads 52 times came out tails 47 times all right well then we can say if i take that 52 divided by 99 that's how i'm going to get the percent so i can pull out the trusty calculator 52 over 99 it's going to give us if i move the decimal two places over 52.53 about it's rounding right if i multiply times 100 times 100 the the percent 52.53 about and then if i look at the other one tails is going to be 47 over over 99 if i move the decimal two places over 47.47 about and that will give us the total percent of 100 percent so so we don't have to flip it exactly 100 times in order to get a percent right which is often what you see an example problem so if i do that with a formula it would just be you know the 52 over the 99 and this would be the 47 over the 99 this is a common calculation to to see right you've got the the the sum and then the total and then i want to see i want to see then the percent of each item compared to the total so this is like a running percent which is quite common calculation very useful to be able to visualize in in excel or mathematically because it's it's very common and useful all right i'm going down here now we go down and so now we could do this many more times in excel so now i'm going to use the same random between function here and and i could test it out and say let's say we have we're going to do a few different tests and we're going to flip it anytime between two times and 15 times now just like you would expect if i flip it just two times then then you're not going to get a result that's going to be representative in this case i got two tails and you know that might not obviously if i got two tails that's going to be misleading so i'm not i don't have a big enough sample to really tell me anything about the data right the more times i flip it intuitively you would expect that we're likely to get closer to the 50 50 right but but still three times is still you might get three tails if you flipped it three times right this is a test where we flipped it four times so i'm just using the random generator tool and just in each cell flipping it two times this one we flipped it three times in test three we flipped it four times at a test four we flipped it five times and so on and so forth so you can see as we go through the results as we flip it more times you would expect that we would get a result closer to what we know the actual result is in the actual population just knowing it intuitively or theoretically or logically if it was a fair coin using our conceptual knowledge would be 50 50 right the entire pop if we flipped an infinite amount of times all right so then so if i so so this is a another random generator tool and this will keep on populating random generations and so you can test it randomly and i can copy this entire test which will keep randomly generating every time i click on something in this table and i can then paste it down here one two three in other words pasting the value only and then i can run my statistical testing on it so in this case we had the test of two we came out with two heads and zero tails so if i was to do my percentage two out of two is a hundred percent for that for the heads zero out of two is zero for the tails so and there's our hundred so so that adds up to a hundred percent so this is kind of misleading we only flipped it two times and we we came out with a result that obviously isn't going to give us too much information about the entire population if we were to in flip it infinite amount of times so this would not be sufficient to overturn the null assumption that it's fair coin because we don't have enough of a sample to really get an information in this case we have three so it happened to come out one heads and two tails for three so one divided by three is thirty three percent about and two divided by three is sixty seven percent in this case we flipped it four times it happened to come out two heads two tails which are four and fifty fifty and this one it came out five times we flipped it five times two heads three tails and so on and so forth now in excel to get these results what we did is we used count if again i said count if these two cells have a one in it and so two of them had a one in it and on the second one i said count if the cell has a two in it so here's the criteria count if that range has the criteria of a two and then it counted how many of them there are and then we divided we divide out to get to our heads which is the heads divided by the total next we might want to run similar examples or experiments where we're going to flip it more times so in this case our number sequence got a little bit messed up over here in excel but we're imagining these are multiple tests where we're going to be flipping the coin many more times using the same concept in excel of equals random between one and two one representing heads two representing tails so now we have a bunch of tests that we did and we just copied this random generation tool in all of the cells this is just going to randomly generate all of our outcomes for us and then if i copy that entire random generation tool onto another cell so that i can then change it from a random generation to just hard coded numbers we get our results and so again the number sequence on the left hand side got a little bit messed up so we we uh we flipped it a bunch of times here i'm not sure exactly uh how many times but we will find out in the calculations down here so then i can sum each of these up so if i look at the heads the formula is going to be excel look at this column of numbers that we flipped i think it's going to be 75 times but look at that column of numbers and then and then tell me how many times count the times that you see a one and and excel gives us 34 times and then we do the same thing for the tails we say hey excel count this column of numbers and tell me how many times you get a 41 and i mean i'm sorry how many times you get a two that's this count if and excel says 41 times now between a one and a two which are the two things that populate these cells we come up to 75 as the total and so then we can say all right if there's 75 of them i can take a look at the heads 34 out of divided by the tails uh i mean divided by the total 75 and that comes out to 45 about percent 45.33 percent i could do the same for the tails 41 divided to by out of the total 75 gives us 54.66 55 about 45 plus 55 is 100 which is kind of our double check that we have done things correctly there so then if i if i look at it just the heads then i would expect it to come out you know 50 50 or the entire population if it was a fair coin would be 50 50 if we flipped it infinite amount of times here we came out to 45 there's 53 56 52 we could do the same thing for tails of course but if we just zero in on one of the outcomes then it gets a little bit easier for us to think of that series of outcomes right so 60 this one's you know pretty high kind of outline for 74 flips right but it still could clearly happen that we have in you know 45s here's our you know it should be you know we would think it'd be around 50 50 now if i took that series here of percentages results i might want to extract that and put it in a vertical column in a column format so i could do that so i could in excel i could do that by basically copying it and then pasting it and transpose it so we'll do that in excel if you want to practice that in this practice problem in excel and then i could compare it to what the hypothetical expected result would be meaning this would be the average for the entire population it would come out 50 50 if we flipped it infinite amount of times if it was a fair coin and then we can look at the differences between the outcomes per test so this is the outcomes per test 45 percent heads versus 50 percent for the actual this one came out 53 versus three versus 53 percent difference 56 versus 50 and you can see that of course we would expect that some of some of the outcomes would be over some would be under if these were random samples now if we counted all of the tests which we did 75 of them then and if i took the average of all the averages then we're getting pretty close right now we're at 50.33 as opposed to 50 so so so you could see as of course we take a larger sample you would expect us to get closer to the actual average of the entire population which is a theoretical concept in this case of 50 50 of an infinite number of flips so here's the the the the number of heads if we were to take a a histogram of the data and so and then this one so let's look so we could do and we could do this multiple times right i could take the random number generator and basically do the same the same thing again and we're not going to come out with the exact same results you'll see over here we came out with well i can see it in my data the first one was uh was 45 percent and over here where did i where did i just go i came out with uh 45 well that one happened to be the same but then it was 53 and 56 so if i go back on over so now we did the same thing and i've got uh i've got uh the 45 51 51 so here's the same process that we did to generate another bunch of flips 75 uh flips each and and we did it you know multiple times we could take the same you know data the heads data represented vertically so here it is represented vertically 45 51 51 and we can compare you know histograms that are generated from them the histograms are not going to be you know exactly the same but you would expect them to start looking similar as we have uh you know larger data sets would be the general idea so these are histograms of the averages of all the outcomes that we did uh 100 tests of 75 now then you might then say well well how could i simulate a a situation where it's not a fair coin so now i now i have the null hypothesis hypothesis which is 50 50 if it was fair but if it's not fair i would have to prove that it's not fair how can we simulate that well one way we could say let's use my random generation tool and say that if it's a one it's the heads and if it's anything other than a one it's going to be tails so we could use the same kind of concept but then go to three and so now we're going to apply everything that's one a heads everything that's not a one a tail do the same number generation tools but now we get from one to three right and then we can copy this whole random generator tool over to to get the hard coded numbers and so here's our hard coded number outcomes and again the numbers are a little bit messed up here for the for the number of flips but i think this comes out to actually 70 74 flips so uh and it might come out to 75 so i think this 74 is a little bit so what happened here is is here i took the number of heads which means that i'm going to say count if there's a one and it took all the heads now this one i actually cheated a little bit and i didn't catch the fact that my numbers were not properly uh calculated here because this is well actually this is one this one's populated properly one two so this one looks right so the other one had some funny business going on so i think this one is right but i still kind of short cut it by saying that well if there's 21 heads and i flipped it 74 times then the two and the three are going to be the what other rest are populated and i'm assuming those are tails so i just took 74 minus uh minus 21 gives us the 53 so that the 53 and the 21 add up to 74 which i'm saying is the total number of flips now notice that it would be better if i actually did another count if function uh to count this column if it came out to be three or two because then i get kind of a double check on my total which i like to do as an accountant but but uh but that takes a little bit more complex of a formula because then i have to hey say if it's not only a one but a one or a two right so i kind of short cut it here because if it's not a one i could have said i could also said you know if it's not a one then put something here right if it isn't this thing then put something here right but in any case that adds up to 74 and then i can take my 21 over uh 74 that gives us 28.37 percent and the other one is 53 over uh 74 so again and so that's 72 now again you would expect it to come out 50-50 so if i just look at heads and i was to look at these results if i flipped a coin multiple times and i came out with results of it came out 28 heads 26 heads 36 heads 42 heads notice that none of these results are above 50 percent that uh is quite unusual if it was a a fair coin right so so so this would this would give us a preponderance of evidence to say though the null hypothesis does not look proper here because uh although i'm looking at a sample it seems quite unlikely that this is going to be the case right so so then if i was to look at our results this way i transposed all the heads in a column and now we're going to compare it to the 50 percent that we would expect and the first one it's off by 22 so heads are too low by 22 it's too low by 24 by 14 so notice it's always too low right that it's not always the same number but but that's given us pretty good evidence that we're like okay this thing looks like it's weighted towards tails because because uh we would we would expect then uh that it would be that that it that you know it wouldn't so it didn't always come out tails right but but and this is the common thing that's going to happen we're going to get the expectation which is the null hypothesis what we would expect to happen if it were fair and then test it out and see if there's a difference to to to from the actual data to what you would think would be happening or to the entire population if it were in this case the entire population being as though we flipped a fair coin infinite amount of times and would have then a 50 50 split so here's a here's a histogram for the heads in a not fair coin of the results that we took here and notice it's the results that are populating around 31 to 35 percent instead of around the 50 and you've got this this shape that looks like it's that's happening somewhat consistently right and the outliers around around that center point somewhat balanced versus this is the histogram we looked at in a fair situation where it's closer to the 50 percent and then you've got this kind of shape populating around it so that's the kind you know just the kind of concepts that would that we can theoretically think about uh here applying more of a of a mathematical concept because we kind of thought of infinity in this case which is a mathematically conceptual term for the entire population if we flipped an infinite amount of times and also how we can kind and and then the statistics is similar to a situation that we saw before in weight where where we don't have a theoretical concept we have actual population of weights of individuals versus a sample of that example population but that's a similar concept as the theoretical infinite flips versus the sample a number of flips and we we can see how you can play with this stuff in excel pretty easily once you know some of these concepts which really helps you to understand it better if you can actually you know run tests in excel


This is one of the things we'll be talking about here at this meeting. I know that you can't conclude it here, but we'll be getting into that process. That will be worked out. We'll lay up the unemployment by staying within the treaty for a longer period of time, because that will make a deal. I'm worried that this treaty will make us less safe. In the final construction of the manufacturing plant where it's being built in the east, and the laser part, the left-hand part, is also in final check at a plant in California. We like to see that reality continue to grow. We also need boosters to put systems like this on orbit, because this is a laser in a directory system designed to operate in orbit around the earth. This is an experimental device we're seeing here, and it will give us valuable information. It's necessary to keep the promises. What is more? We are making good progress in building boosters, for this case to come up in another direction. Sensors, satellites, and space-small flights, and in the shape of it, there's people who are political activists, but they're destroying themselves. It will mean essentially the people killing them. It's really alive and crushed, even in some way. It is constraining the Soviets that looks like it will be ready in the early 1990s. The critical factors, the network of big Soviet radars, that will be finished about 1992. They're ground-based nuclear interceptors. They don't need smartphones like we're developing. They use gum, but highly effective nuclear bullets. They're already perfected. Mr. Gates in the 1990s, the Soviets should have it all together, ready to break out of the treaty, and they wish it will be their game. Meanwhile, if these testing restrictions are imposed, we'll have no comparable answering defense. The testing restrictions are the death now of SDI. Restrict SDI testing without doing irreparable damage to plans for defense in the 1990s when our country needs it. They are not giving you good technical advice. In this connection, we're dismayed at lethal restrictions on SDI tests in the arms control. We hope this is you.


If you're from my generation, there's a good chance you were that So Raven fan like me. And if you are, you probably always picture her in one of her on-set homes from the series or it's spin-off Raven's home. But if you've ever wondered where Raven Simone lives in real life, look no further because today I'm gonna show you. We found the spot she used to live in Toluca Lake as well as the gorgeous home in Sherman Oaks she currently calls home. In these videos we don't reveal any addresses and even though I've done a house tour of my own place, please do not show up at any private residences because it's not safe for anyone. Raven's Simone Christina Pirman, also known simply as Raven, is an actress and singer who's been ranked as number 9 on VH1's list of 100 greatest kids stars of all time and I can see why. She began her career as a child actress on The Cosby Show from 1989 until 1992 as Olivia Kendall and then on the series hanging with Mr. Cooper right after both of which earned her awards and nominations. I know Raven best from her work as a teenager starring as Raven Baxter on the Disney series That's So Raven from 2003 to 2007, which was one of my favorite shows. Since the success of that series, she's reprised the role of Ms. Baxter for the spin-off version titled Raven's Home, which aired in 2017. Raven's film credits include the Dr. Doolittle franchise, College Road trip and successful TV movies such as the Cheetah Girls movies which were also Disney produced. In terms of music, Raven released her debut studio album at the young age of 7 but I bet her success later around the time of that so Raven was in Disney tunes. She was also more recently a host on ABC's The View from 2015 to 2016. While you may not think that the star is still rolling in cash, think again. Apparently Raven didn't spend any of the money she made in her Cosby Show days and has accumulated more so she currently has an estimated net worth of between $55 million to $60 million. I'm still reading all of your comments and saw you guys requested this one so today we'll check out where Raven's Simone calls home including a place in Toluca Lake and her Sherman Oaks upgrade. Follow me on Instagram to chat and as usual let me know who's house to us next in those comments down below. Now let's get into this video. According to Google when you look up where Raven's Simone lives it claims she lives in Toluca Lake and in a very humble abode. Toluca Lake is a neighborhood in Los Angeles located in the San Fernando Valley just 12 miles from downtown and the name is also given to a private natural lake here fed by the Los Angeles River and maintained by neighboring property owners. The neighborhood has plenty of notable residents over the years and more recently it's been the home of entertainers like Hilary Duff, Viola Davis, Steve Carell, Melissa McCarthy and more. Records show that Raven indeed has lived in this Toluca Lake house for years or at least she used to. Apparently back in 2005 she purchased a condo town home at Valley Spring Lane which cost her $600k at the time and the name of the ownership is indeed Peerman Raven Simone. While we don't know many details from Raven herself old listing photos reveal what the home actually looked like. Raven's house was on the small slide and marketing materials state it was a condo town home co-op sending 1,429 square feet with more than one floor inside. Here she had two beds and two baths so it would seem her humble lifestyle has allowed her to save up a ton of her money. This building was built in 2004 and we can see that Raven chose to paint her unit with a lot of warm colors like reds and oranges. The main living room has a spacious sitting area with natural light and stairs to the upper level where I'm going to assume the bedrooms are located. Elsewhere there's some sort of all black movie theater room or lounge at least that's what I'm picking up from the photo with the large black sectional and TV. Can you guys tell what's going on here? The kitchen is cozy to say the least with only about enough room for one person to be doing the cooking but I guess if Raven was living here during her single days she would have survived just fine. One of the bathrooms has a large towel shower but no tub so I'm going to assume the bathtub is located in the bigger one of the two washrooms. We just can't see pics of it. The few photos we can actually see of the home definitely don't look like a celebrity living by any means but rest assured this was definitely Raven's longtime home. However in 2015 J-14 magazine reported that Raven was moving on stating she's officially moving out of the house she's lived in for eight whole years. The article shared an Instagram pic that Ms. Simone posted for her fans but unfortunately it's since been deleted. We do know what Raven talked about in the photos caption and about the whole new chapter coming up in her life. She said, woke up this morning to a house packed ready for everything to come my way today. Sterilizing the energy trap within the walls of an eight-year domicile ready to spread my wings as 30 makes its arrival. Woke up smiling from the thought of new adventures can't wait to round out the year. I know it's August but time flies and I'm going to make sure I don't miss any second of it. And the Disney star made quite the upgrade after this that's for sure. Let's take a look. Earlier this year Raven had tied the knot with her partner social media manager Miranda Maday and in more recent news also put her current Sherman Oaks home on the market. Listing photos show the home as somewhat empty and elsewhere it was virtually staged but either way it appears Raven has moved on from the house already. I'm just not sure where her new place is. The Disney star bought this house in 2009 for $1.4 million and is currently asking substantially more for the place at $2.1 million. Sherman Oaks is a San Fernando Valley neighborhood popular with those seeking suburban comforts. Bordered by busy freeways the area's also home to Ventura Boulevard which is a trip with pubs, cafes and more. Recently the area has become more in demand as it's a leafy retreat that still happens to be close to the Hollywood action. Inside Raven's home spanned 4,033 square feet with six beds and 6.5 baths and we can see it had open living spaces and soaring ceilings in many of the common rooms. The white stucco and terracotta roofed home is surrounded by a manicured grassy lawn and neatly trimmed hedges while the front door opens directly into a double height living room. Here there's an ornate iron spiral staircase leading to the upper level and a limestone fireplace set under a showy chandelier. The formal dining room is next door to this space with lower ceilings but yet another beautiful chandelier, hardwood floors and plain white walls. The open gourmet kitchen has elaborate coffered ceilings and appliances like a gas oven and range, double dishwashers and banks of natural wood cabinets. A sun filled breakfast nook is also included with built-in seating and there's an adjoining family room with access to the back yard. Other amenities include a classy and spacious office, a laundry room, two car garage and one of the guest bedrooms with en suite on the main floor. Upraised spiraling staircase in the entryway you'll find two guest bedrooms with attached baths finished in a similar style while the master bedroom has an oversized limestone fireplace and French doors opening out to a wrought iron rail Julia balcony. Outside on the property there's a guest house with bath and of course we can see the rectangular pool and spa bordered by the loft. While Raven is selling her Sherman oaks home weekend tell that it was a definite upgrade from her Toluca lake place and I'm gonna assume she's moving on to a new abode with her wife. Alright I think I'm gonna bring this Raven Simone house tour to an end right there. These two places are the only ones that I know of Raven living in. I mean aside from her fictional spots on That's a Raven. If you guys know any more of her homes are where she's moving to after that last house we looked at be sure to let me know. What did you think of her Toluca lake place and her Sherman oaks home? Clearly the newer house was an upgrade from the last one. That condo town home was super humble size. Tell me in the comments what you did or didn't like about where Raven calls home. I'd also love to get to know more of you guys so please like and subscribe to my personal channel I've been working on. I post every Sunday and reply to all my comments over there. We'll link you my latest vid. So I'm gonna use Facetune which is used and apparently it's really popular. I can see my flaws already. Thanks for tuning in don't forget to follow me on Instagram and I'll see you all in the next video. Bye!


Hello, I'm Lieutenant General John Evans, the commander of the United States Army North Fifth Army, and I'm Command Sergeant Major Phil Beretto, Command Sergeant Major of the United States Army North Fifth Army. On behalf of us both and the entire R-North team, welcome to R-North and Fifth Army. Here at R-North, Homeland Defense is our number one priority. As the Army Component Command of the United States Northern Command, we are prepared to dedicate ground forces anywhere in the continental United States to deter, detect, and defeat threats against the U.S. and the American people. Our forces are also prepared to deploy to provide defense support of civil authorities for disaster and emergency response across the nation when needed. Conducting theater security cooperation activities with our Canadian and Mexican counterparts to strengthen defense relationships is something of which R-North is very proud. Our military partnerships help us advance national objectives and support the cooperative defense of North America. In tackling our nation's toughest missions, we and you must know who we are. We are protectors. First and foremost, we are protectors of the homeland. We must always think and operate with homeland defense in mind. We're also problem solvers. With flat communication coming up with unconventional solutions, we extend trust and achieve mission success. We are professionals. We will treat everyone with dignity and respect at all times. Supporting a culture that encourages every member of our team to live by the Army's core values. We are people-focused. We encourage you to be compassionate, to be a humble leader, to help your fellow citizens and partners overcome adversity. We expect you to work hard, but seek a work-life balance in all that you do. The storied history of Fifth Army lives on in the spirit of Army North. From our humble beginnings in Morocco to the hard-fought battles of the Italian Peninsula in World War II, Fifth Army and now our North has always been a protector of our national values and our homeland. There is no mission more honorable than helping Americans in our own homeland, sir. That's right, Sergeant Major, and we are grateful that you are joining our team to contribute to this noble cause. We're counting on your commitment, your professionalism and your strength because this is our North and we are the strength of the nation.