Lux presents Hollywood. Lux Radio Theatre brings you Franchotone and Anne Baxter in Five Graves to Cairo with Otto Preminger, J. Carol Nash and Portunio Bonanova. Ladies and gentlemen your producer, Mr. Cecil B. DeMille. Greetings from Hollywood ladies and gentlemen. All the world loves a lover and all the world loves a mystery. Tonight we make everybody doubly happy by combining romance and mystery in Five Graves to Cairo.  Franchotone and Anne Baxter. This week we borrowed Franchot from the cast of the new Paramount hit True to Life. The studio Grapevine has a way of picking up advanced tips on promising pictures and my spy is all reported that producer Charles Brackett and director Billy Wilder had created a tramp of suspense in Five Graves to Cairo. So we had our bid in for the radio rights before the shooting had even finished. The setting of the play is the Egyptian Desert at the high tide of the German advance and the people are a British soldier, a young French girl and a rather well known Nazi general, Marshal Irwin Rommel. We invite you to join our hero in matching wits with the Marshal and turn your ingenuity on the strange secret of the Five Graves in the African sand. As a prime example of American ingenuity, I point to an Air Force Sergeant in New Guinea who has sent his mother in Kentucky a snapshot showing his tent with a box of luxe flakes in a prominent position. He's made a mattress by stuffing a sheet with grass, built a table and chair and rigged up a washing machine out of a discarded oil drum. And he writes that with luxe flakes, this unique washing machine beats washing on a board by quote, two gallons of sweat, unquote. Our thanks to his mother for this late communique from New Guinea. We turn now to North Africa as the curtain rises on the first act of Five Graves to Cairo, starring Franchotone as Corporal Bramble and Anne Baxter as Moosh, with Otto Preminger as Marshal Rommel, J. Carol Nash as Farid and Fortunio Bonanova as General Sebastiano. In June of 1942, the British Eighth Army was defeated in Egypt. Tobruk had fallen. The victorious Rommel in his Africa Corps had mounted an offensive that was pounding the British back step by step toward Cairo and the Suez Canal. On the desert, between the British and the German lines stood the town of Sidi-Halfaia, a blaze with heat which rose in waves from the dead street and the dead buildings. No creature moved, no sound was heard. And then far across the desert, a figure wove its way through the scorching sand.  From a window in the Empress of Britain Hotel, the native proprietor, watched the figure approach the town, watched with wondering, fearful eyes. Moosh! Moosh, look! What is it? He is coming here, a British soldier. This is Divisional Headquarters. I said, is this Divisional Headquarters? No, no, this is Hotel, sir. I wish to speak to the commanding officer quickly. But, but, but the British have gone, sir. What the matter with him, Farid? Fever, Sunstroke. Listen, the British have... Corporal John Bramble reporting, sir, Royal Tank Regiment stationed at Tobruk. You've been in Tobruk, sir, hottest blister in the Devil's Hill. We joined operations last night near Bir-Hakim, looked like a frolic, sir. We thought we had those German tanks on the run. Then, the 88s. Listen, please. Very clever, this blasted-hair rumble, 30 shells a minute. Oh, yes, sir. We pulled out all right. The rest of the men in the tank were killed. Ever see a five-passenger hearse, sir, doing the Lamberth Walk? Listen, please. The British are not here anymore. They left. Fitch dead. Yes, sir, but no English here, sir. O'Connor dead, all of them, driving themselves to their funeral. That's service, sir. Moosh, Moosh, bring water and salt. He has got to get out of here. Is there transportation back to Tobruk? No, sir, there is no more Tobruk, sir. They've taken Tobruk. Listen, this is the Hotel Empress of Britain in city Al-Fayah. You must leave. The Germans are on their way here now. Oh, hello, miss. Women at headquarters now. Sir, sir, please. Where's the commanding officer? I was speaking with the commanding officer. No, sir, please. I must rejoin my outfit. Hey, but, Steppen... Mister, listen. The Germans, they are here. Our new guest. O'Connor, I've got to find them. Mister, get up.  He's unconscious. Mister, wake up. Moosh, what can we do? I will put him behind the desk. I wouldn't do that, Farid. No, but where else can I put him? Right where he is, in the middle of the floor. Oh, no, no. They'll see him. They'll shoot him. I will drag him behind the desk. Help me. Please. Yes, help me. I will not help. I must hide him. There. Ah, I would not want them to shoot him.   Shoot me? Shoot me? No. Oh, no, they... Let's go. Let's go to the hotel. Oh, oh, Salam aleam. Good afternoon. Perhaps we're a little late for tea. Tea? Well, well, you see, see, the cook... Is this a tea time? Huh? Who, please? The Empress of Britain. I did not name the hotel, Lieutenant. That was the name when I bought it, Lieutenant. Let me see. Have some notes here. My name is Farid. Yes, yes, sir. My name is Farid. Egyptian. Oh, yes, sir, yes. But only because my parents were Egyptians, sir. Nothing wrong with Egypt. Oh, no, no, no, nothing, Lieutenant. Except too many English and too many flies. Yes, yes, Lieutenant. We've been killing the English-like flies.  Oh, yes, yes, Lieutenant. You have a native cook with the name of Barik. Terek, sir. Terek, yes, sir. But he ran away this morning with the British to Alexandria. You have a wife. Oh, yes, yes, sir. But she ran away too, sir. With the British to Alexandria? Oh, no, no, no, no, sir. With the Greek to Casablanca. That's a maid with the name of Marie Jacqueline. Oh, is that you? Yes. They call me Mouche. French citizen born in Marseille. Is that right? Yes. Informed of everything. There's a waiter here, Alsatian, with the name of Paul Davos. Yes, sir. He was killed, sir.  They're fluked. You, Mouche, what is a French maid doing in Egypt? Housework. What is the matter with housework in Paris? In Paris, there are one million French chambermaids. There is only one Mouche in city of Alphaya. The cook ran away this morning to Alexandria. Why didn't you? What for? You will take Alexandria? You will take Cairo? Naturally. Cigarette, please. You have some? Yes. Thank you. Write it for me, please. Your hands are very small. It's been a long time since I have seen such a small hand. Thank you. You, Farid. Yes, sir. How many rooms in this hotel exactly? This is the largest hotel, sir, between Alexandria and Benghazi. How many, I said? Sixteen, sir. Sixteen. What rooms? Oh, yes, yes. Of course, everything the best. How many? Two. One that works. Maybe you would like to see the room. Full of bed bugs, I'm sure. Oh, yes, yes, sir. Every one of them. Yes, yes, sir. Full of bed bugs. We always are. Oh, no. No, no, no. No, no, no, no, sir. We have absolutely no bed bugs. Not one, sir. Never mind. Bed bugs broken down bathrooms and all. We're taking over the Empress of Britain as our temporary headquarter. Yes, yes, sir. A great honor. I expect your fullest cooperation. But there will be any irregularities. You will be held responsible. Our complaints are brief. And we make them against the nearest war. Yes, sir.  He's warning you. I'm only a servant here. The room's immediate adjacent to the good bathroom will be occupied by the German High Command. Yes, sir. The one at the bathroom that doesn't work goes to the Italian general. The Italian general? I will inspect the rooms now. Oh, good, good, yes. Miele. Yo, hello, Tannick. The bad man's in my home. Undersoken. Yo, hello, Tannick. Oh, mate. Yes? If I make final arrangements about the quarters upstairs, which is your room? We're down to all. Next to the one you assigned to the Italian general. Oh. Well, if that worries you. I'm not afraid of general. You're not? It's Lieutenant's I'm afraid of. I see. Oh, go, go, go, right up, sir. I will be right there at once. All right. We do not enjoy waiting. Mouche. The man behind the desk. Get him out of here. Yes. Ah, mister, mister, you. Mouche. He's gone. What? He's gone. Oh, where? Oh, thanks to Allah. Of all the miracles, that was the most miraculous miracle.  He must have waken and gone out the back. Oh, Allah be praised. Well, he's gone. That's all. He was never here. We had nothing to do with him. If any questions are asked. Listen. They shoot. Oh. That's even better. There will be no questions asked. They found him. Poor fellow. Such a nice fellow. Well, maybe it is for the best. Cigarettes. All right. Yes. Yes. I am getting them. I have some right here in my room here, sir. Cigarettes. Cigarettes. Fui, where did I?  Oh. How did you get in here? The window. I woke up downstairs behind the desk. Yes. I heard a German talking. They are here now. Well, how did I get to this hotel? You had a sunstroke. I put you behind the desk. That is all I know. Except they shot you. Well, they shot an Italian soldier for stealing drinking water. Sir, but, sir, you cannot stay here.  You cannot. You have to leave, sir. Please. Of course. Why not ask that German officer to call me a taxi? Sir, please. I found these clothes on the bed and these shoes. Who's are they? They belong. Listen. Oh, they are here. The general staff. Please, sir. Get out, please. Sorry. I can't. The Africa Corps doesn't get me. The desert will. Whose clothes are these? I'm wearing. They belong to our waiter, sir. Waiter? What happened last night when room 14 blew into the cellar, sir? One of these shoes is bigger than the other. Was he lame? Yes, sir. A crippled foot. What was this waiter's name? Paul Davos. Davos? Yes, sir. Good. He was never killed, understand? Huh? Oh, but he was Alsatian. He was old, sir. Then I'm Alsatian and he was my age. Yes, but, sir. Hand me those shoes. No, please. Mush. Mush. He is alive. Because of the earth from the outside. Mush. He wants to stay here as Davos. Tell him he cannot help me. Only for a few days until the British come back. Until the who come back? The British? That's right, the British. Since when do the British come back? You don't like us? No. And if Ferry doesn't tell the Germans, I will. I thought you were French. Yes. I had two brothers in the French army. I don't care when the British decided to evacuate their troops. What did they do with the French? They left them on the beaches to die or to be captured. Who told you that? Laval? Waiting out into the water, begging the boats to come back for them. Did the British come back today? I'm only a chambermaid. If somebody rings for me, I come. If it's only a towel, they want. An extra pillow. Not life. Oh, wait. Give me just five seconds before you call the Germans. Five seconds, that's all. What do you want to tell me about? Blood, sweat, and tears? Pencil. Here is Pencil. This is the address of my wife in London. Oh, they are ringing from the lobby. The Germans. I want you to mail this note to her when you can. But you'd better get out of those clothes. They will shoot you for a spy.  They're thrifty with their drinking water. Put my dog tag inside. My wristwatch for my older boy. I wish I had something for the younger one. Well, now that we've disposed of the tears, any time Madam was out. Didn't you hear the buzzer? I was just coming. Hi, who is this man? He was... What's the matter with you? Who is he? Answer. He's our waiter. What waiter? Our waiter, sir. We always had a waiter. My name is Davos. I'm not stationed. I thought he was killed. Only buried alive, sir, when I came to it. Seemed as if the whole hotel was on top of me. It took me eight hours to dig myself out. So you're Paul Davos. Yes, sir. Come with me. Me, sir? Yes, you, Davos. We'll have a little chat downstairs. Yes, sir. Stop here a moment. Yes, sir. You know, I'd almost believe you were a waiter. I... I am a waiter. That's a special kind, eh? You play your part well. Come along. The field marshal will wish to speak to you. To me? Of course, to you, who else? He's working in the lobby now. Remember to address him as your accent. I will take another message. Yes, sir. This is to the Fuhrer. Your Excellency. My Fuhrer. I have today crossed the Egyptian border. I am now marching on to Alexandria and Cairo. Then I'll take the Suez Canal. Nothing can save the 8th British Army from a colossal catastrophe. They say the Red Sea once opened by special arrangement with Moses. A similar mishap will not occur this time. I pledge you herewith my word as a soldier. Signed field marshal Irwin Rommel. Her Excellency. What is it? Her Excellency, this man is Paul Davos. Davos? Well, Davos. Why in the name of the devil didn't we get proper information about the British withdrawal? Why? They told me in Berlin you were a competent man. Is that competent? Well, you're excellency. With the field marshal's permission, he's been buried in the cellar ever since last night. He couldn't very well have used the laundry communications. The field marshal will find he has a good record as an advancement. We use them as a waiter in Danzig, in Waterdam, and in Athens. Cognac. Yes, Your Excellency. Of course, no one in this so-called hotel is the slightest suspicion that you have been working for us. No, Your Excellency. You will continue here as a waiter until we can get you through to your new assignment. Yes, Your Excellency. Cairo. Thank you, Your Excellency. I'd rather like to think of myself as a vulture who flies ahead of the stucas, limping a little. Rather well said. Three glasses. Yes, Your Excellency. I suppose you'll be glad to escape from this sand trap. I will indeed, Your Excellency. How do you find a British intelligence service? Not very intelligent. Not an inkling about Professor Kranzstatter. I beg your pardon, Your Excellency. Professor Kranzstatter, the Five Graves. Oh, of course. No, no, Your Excellency, not an inkling.  Rather well said, Your Excellency. The cognac. Who is that singing? General Sebastiano, Your Excellency. Italian opera? I have always despised it. Yes, Your Excellency. You will drink with us, Davos. Speak hail to victory. To victory. To victory. Avanti! Yes? General Sebastiano, I've come with a request. Yes, yes, yes. What request? A request that the general cease singing. Who made such a request? The gentleman of the German staff. I'll tell the gentleman from the German staff. Among them, Field Marshal Rommel. Oh, very well, very well. But I ask you, can a nation that belches understand a nation that sings? Ah, no, sir. I'm getting very sick of these Germans pushing Italian soldiers into the front lines without letting their general in on their staff meetings. They steal the food packages my family sent me. They are censoring my letters, in fact. As we say in Milano, we are getting the short end of the stick. I have even been given a bathroom that does not work. Why? Because it was assigned to you, General Sebastiano. Oh, no, the kick in the face. They let us die, but they don't let us wash. Well, what did we expect? As we say in Milano, when you lie down with dogs, you wake up with pleas. That's right. Wait! You... you haven't heard anything.  Of course not. From so far away, how can I hear what they say in Milano? Good, good. I can fill a general's wash based in the morning. Please, please. My orderly is in the hospital with measles. German measles. Come in here. What is it? The key. Lock the door. What do you want, Farid? Look, I found his papers, Davos' papers. He has three passports. See? A Danish, a Swiss one, and a Romanian. Let me see how I look.  I'd never suspect myself. Now, how was I ever to know he was working with the German's glove-in-glove? He came here two years ago. What do you know about Professor Krohnstetter? Professor Krohnstetter. Yes, I think I know that name. Yes? Or do I know? Maybe I do not. Well, what about graves? Graves? Graves, graves, graves. Whose graves? All right. What did Davos have to do with the laundry? Oh, with the laundry. Nothing, sir. Nothing at all. Moosh, let me in. Moosh, come in quickly. Moosh knew him better than I did. Didn't you, Moosh? Who? Davos. What of it? We were talking about the laundry here. Where does Davos come in? I do the laundry. All alone? Sometimes he helped me put it out to dry. Flat on the sand, perhaps? Bedsheets, towels, washcloths all nicely spread out for the Messerschmitts? What Messerschmitts? Well, it's my guess, mademoiselle, that you've been washing some sort of alphabet. A towel could be a dash or washcloth a dot. But don't you see a sheet could mean 10,000 men in a towel? Petrel takes coming through. You suspected nothing? No. Bedsheet and a dash and a... Say that slower, please. It's perfectly simple.  Why not call us naive, mademoiselle? We use sheets just to sleep on and towels for drying hands. Your hands will need a lot of towels. Moosh, please, why fight? He will not be here long. He's going away. Aren't you, sir? No, I'm not. Huh? But, sir, I heard it with my own ears from the kitchen. They're sending you to Cairo, sir. You will be safe. Oh, yes, of course. I limp into British headquarters in Cairo with this clubfoot of mine. Where have you been, Corporal Bramble? Oh, nowhere in particular. I spent a day or two with Rommel. Rommel? Field Marshal Rommel, sir. You mean to say you were under the same roof with Rommel? That's right, sir. And? And what, sir?  Oh, dear, he's talking so fast again. He's talking foolish. Perhaps Corporal John J. Bramble, formerly with a four-square insurance company, always rather afraid of the manager, out of 120,000 men in the Army of the Nile that it should be this J. J. Bramble. It does sound foolish. I'm scared. I'm all scared inside. What do you think I am?  But we haven't drawn it. Side and eye. Oh, no, no, no, no, no. We haven't.  Didn't we, Mush? I know their wife crying and two little boys. Some words came out of my mouth. And I'm very grateful. But you won't be involved, either of you. I'll work it out. You will work it out. In the morning, his Excellency will ring for breakfast. Room number five, black coffee and bed, he told me. No one else in the room. I'll have my revolver beneath the napkin. It'll all happen very quickly. Perhaps as he drops in his second lump of sugar. So that's all you want? Yes. Because it's good for England. Oh, I don't imagine it'll win the war. It'll knock the breath out of him for a while. Well, you are not going to do it. Because it doesn't fit in with my plans. Understand? What plans? Why do you think I stay down here in this filthy place? I was waiting for them. Understand? No, I don't understand. Because I want to do business with them. Business? I see. That's not very attractive, mademoiselle. What do you think of me? I don't kill that. I advise you to postpone your business, mademoiselle. Mine is much more important. You'll stay in this room tonight. I'll sleep here in the chair. When room number five rings in the morning, remember, I take in the breakfast. Do we understand each other? Good. Trancheau Tone and Baxter Auto Pendenger, J. Carol Nash and Fortunio Bonanova will return in the moments in act two of Five Graves to Cairo. But first, Mr. DeMille has a very important message for you from our government. I want to step out of character for a moment and tell you about a drama in real life. A drama of medicine and which sulfur drugs and tannic acid, insulin and opiates are saving lives every day on our battlefront. You can have a part in that drama simply by saving used fat. Undramatic, unimportant? The Office of Price Administration thinks it's so important that beginning today you will receive two meat ration stamps for every pound of used fat you turn into your butchers and take them proudly. It's your government's way of saying thank you for this important war work. How do you go about saving fat? Well, kitchens are something of a mystery to me, so I'll let a housewife tell you in her own words. Mr. DeMille, I think it's wonderful that our government is giving us two extra meat stamps for every pound of used fat we turn in. We've been trying more and more to help win the war in every way we can, and we know how important saving used fat is, but just the same, we're mighty glad to get those extra ration stamps. So we say thank you, Uncle Sam, and we'll show our appreciation by turning in every single bit of used fat. There isn't much mystery about saving fat. Simply start with a tin can. Any size will do. Please don't use cardboard or glass. They may tear or break. Every time you have any drippings you can't use in cooking, pour them into your tins. You may have grease left over from bacon or sausage or fat you've skimmed from stews and soups. Pour it into the can and keep it in the icebox so it will stay solid. Don't throw away any of the blackened grease in your roaster or frying pan. It contains pure glycerin, just what the government needs. When the tin is full, take it to your butcher. He will pay you at the rate of four cents and two meat ration stamps for each pound. Yes, friends, it's as easy as that, but it's one of the most important war jobs you'll be called on to do this winter. Won't you do your share? Every tablespoon full counts. We pause now for station identification. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System. Act two of Five Graves to Cairo, starring Franchotone as Corporal Bramble and Anne Baxter as Moosh, with J. Carol Nash as Farid, Otto Preminger as Marshall Rommel and Fortunio Bonanova as General Sebastiano. In a little room just off the kitchen, Moosh and the British Corporal wait the summons from the German Field Marshal. Farid is quiet. A dark, silent shadow in the far corner. They're calling for you, mademoiselle, room number three. Farid is looking out for you. Farid won't do, obviously. They say Rommel keeps his Africa core in hot houses before he sends them out to the desert. Must be quite some time since they've heard a woman's voice. Well, mademoiselle, I think this is the time for an additional bit of information. I lied to you. I had to say something quick and effective to soften your heart. I haven't any children. I haven't any wife. I've never been married. Really? Can you forgive me? Thank you. Ah, here's a request from the Italian General. How about the Italian General? Not the Italian General. How about the Major with the Monaco? Not the Major with the Monaco. Who are you waiting for, mademoiselle? Number five. Good night, mademoiselle. Good night. Number five. You slept very soundly, Monsieur. Wait, wait, where are you going? To answer it. Moose, wait! Hey, where's my gun? I took it from you, Monsieur. I said you slept soundly. Moose, come back here! Good morning, Your Excellency. Where's the waiter? I'm peeking around my feet. Put the tray on my lap. Sugar, Your Excellency. I don't like women in the morning. Go away. Don't you understand English? Go away, I said. No. No, Your Excellency. I stayed down while this place was bombed. I could have run away. I waited for the German troops. I waited for Your Excellency. Why? I wanted to talk to Your Excellency. Two steps back, please! Now what do you wish to say? It's about my father, Your Excellency. He's in Germany. Continue. I had two brothers. One was taking prisoners. He's in a concentration camp in Wittenberger. The other was killed. Fighting the Germans. They were just boys. Their classes were called. They had to go. They didn't hate the Germans or anybody. Of course, nobody hates the Germans. Proceed. What I wanted. I know that one word from you, Your Excellency. He was wounded. He's lost one arm. He can't even work for you. He's useless. Maybe I'm not. If there is anything I can do. You're suggesting some sort of bargain? This is a familiar scene. A reminiscent of bad melodrama. Although usually it is not the brother for whose life the heroine comes to plead. It is the lover. The time is midnight. Place the tent of the conquering general. Blushingly the lady makes her proposal and gallantly the general grants her wish. Later the lady very stupidly takes poison. In one Italian opera, the two even go so far as to sing a duet. Schweigler! If I had any tears left, maybe you'd listen. There will be no duet today. Schweigler! Yes, Your Excellency. Take this woman out of my room. He's not an enemy of yours. He's only 19 now. A boy. And he's dying. Petitions for the release of prisoners must be addressed to the commander of the prison camp. They must be submitted in triplicate. You can have the Red Cross right and then they are the Quakers. But everything must be submitted in triplicate. We can use paper in Germany. A great deal of paper. Take her out. Yes, Your Excellency. You ought to keep out of this room from now on. Yes.   You'll get a little crazy if you think about something all the time for a long, long time.  Never ask a very big man for a very small paper. Sometimes a lieutenant can be of more use. Or are you still afraid of the lieutenant? No. I know people in Berlin who can pull some wires. I will meet you tonight and we will talk. Thank you. Lieutenant Schweigler! Yes? Major is waiting for you in the lobby. We have just brought in five prisoners. British officers. You must not go down there. Do you hear? It's all right. They're not from my outfit. They'll never recognize me. It is not that. I know that once Colonel Fitzhume lived in this hotel, he knew Davos. Go back to your room. Stay there. All right. Davos! Uh-oh. Yes, sir? You'll need it downstairs. You'll serve drinks for the others. Uh, yes. At once. Yes, sir. At once. May I serve you something, sir? Our friend's the British, Davos. Yes, sir. Is that Davos? Oh, Davos. It seems that I neglected to tip you when I was here. Why, you and... That's quite all right, Colonel Fitzhume. I really didn't expect you to remember me, sir. Oh. What will it be, Colonel? Cognac? Sherry? Whiskey? Uh, whiskey for me and a little soda. The whiskey's over here, sir. Will you help yourself, Colonel? Thanks. Who are you, intelligence? No, sir. Brambles, sir. Royal tanks. Just happened in on this, so to speak. Where is Davos? Davos is dead. He was a German agent. Go on. I have a plan, sir. What plan? If I can get hold of a gun somewhere and then get Ronald alone. No, none of that. Isn't it sporting to shoot a sitting field marshal? Dead field marshals tell no secrets. What secrets, sir? You have their confidence. You have your freedom. There's a bigger job. Yes, sir. Stand by. And no ill-considered heroics. Understand? That's ordered. Yes, sir. Gentlemen, the field marshal requests the honor of your company at luncheon. Coffee ready? Cream? Sugar? Where's the sugar? Five is getting it down in the cellar. I'm disappointed in you, Mouche. Having set out for a field marshal, I didn't expect you to settle for a lieutenant. What is it to you? Well, now that you're down to a lieutenant's, how about a corporal? Let me remind you, this foot of mine is only camouflage. Eight coffees. Ah, obviously I'm in the wrong army. You are.  That's a very agreeable mouth you're casting before these swine. Mouche. Mou-mou-mouche, I've seen him. What's the matter, Farley? I-I've seen him. Who? Davos, his body in the cellar. His hands stretched out like this all yellow with the fingernails white. Davos. I thought he was way down under everything. Me too, but when I climbed over for the sugar, the wreckage started giving away like apples, and there was his hand all yellow in the fingers. Quiet. What did you do? I piled the rubble over him more and more. That Davos could have been more cooperative and died further away. I better get the coffee in there. Yes, and you'd better give Farley a large cup too. Later we can find more suitable arrangements for the gentleman in the cellar. Gentlemen! Gentlemen, I understand that not long ago when the question came up in the British Parliament as to who should be entrusted with the supreme command of the Allied forces in Africa, some member suggested my name. Well, that's quite possible, Field Marshal. The British sense of humor is unpredictable, you know. You are first becoming a legendary figure. Yes, they say everything possible about me. That I'm a magician, a puller of rabbits out of hats, the man who can saw Africa in half. They also say that you entertain captured British officers by giving them lessons in strategy. Better a lesson too late than no lesson at all. Two more salt cellars, please. Davos, salt cellars. Yes, sir. Gentlemen, I have before me North Africa from Tripoli to Cairo. Ela Gaila, Benghazi, Sidi Barani, Alexandria, Cairo. Now, gentlemen, the subject being vast and my time brief. Why don't you ask me what puzzles you most? Suppose I give you 20 questions. That's uncommonly generous of you, Field Marshal. Certainly is. Are you there, Davos? Yes, sir. You'll be a branding, will you? Yes, sir. All right. Who will start? May I? How many men have you got in North Africa? Not as many as you. Well, gentlemen, if you count in the Italians... Nobody counts in or under Italian. I'm so sorry. Field Marshal, in February when we had you at Agadar beer, we had an idea they sent your best troops to Russia. You gentlemen have six senses. We have only five, but we use them. We must rely on preparation. For instance, we knew the Dutch would open their dykes, so we started building rubber boats. 50,000 of them as far back as 1935. What did you do in 1935? Took your wives on little pleasure trips, snapped their photographs, plucking Edelweiss in Switzerland. German wives found themselves being photographed on bridges across the Vistula and in the neighborhood of the fortifications of Brussels. Next question. Field Marshal, now that you've pushed ahead 500 miles, aren't your supply lines getting a little taut? They are very taut. And yet you expect to take Cairo? In six days, I have my reservations in Shepard's Hotel. Without supplies, how can you do it? Yes, Field Marshal, how? I'm speaking for the Britishers. I'm sorry. Gentlemen, it is not the supplies which reach us. It is we who reach the supplies. Is that clear? Not quite. You reach the supplies. How? Preparation, gentlemen, preparation. In 1937, two years before this war started, we dug supplementary supplies into the sands of Egypt. A number of depots under your very noses, thousands and thousands of gallons of petrol and water, ammunition, spare parts for our tanks, waiting for us. Under our very noses, eh? Where? Yes. Where? Where? I gave you 20 questions, gentlemen. That is question 21. We'd gladly trade you Rudolph Hess for the answer to 21. You may keep him, gentlemen. My time is short. I hope you enjoyed your lunch. Davos, is the gentleman's car ready? Yes, Your Excellency. Thank you, Davos. Davos, I'm afraid that tip will have to wait till after the war. Don't worry, sir.  I hope I know my job, sir. You do, I'm sure of it. Petrol ammunition. What is it? Are you looking for something? Yes, water, petrol, ammunition. Right here on the table? Between this spot and Cairo. You sure? Buried right under our noses. How could they do it? How? Who? The Germans.  Not a bit, thanks. But this is pepper and salt cellar, sir. I know. And you are looking for water, petrol, ammunition. That's right. Well, how could it get in here? That's what I'd like to know. Oh, dear, rumble on top of us.  I will put these things away. Clean off the table, please. Six days, he said. That means he'll be in Cairo Sunday, perhaps. Hey, hey, hey, that name. Hmm? Here it is. That name. In the newspapers lining the drawer. What name? Well, you asked me about it, and I did not remember, you know. And here it is under the knives. For years I've been looking at it every time I put the knives away. What name? Professor Kronstetter. Let me see it. Here's his picture. The German archaeologist Professor Kronstetter. Fareed, you're a great man. Who? Me? Archaeologist, of course. Oh, we get them all the time in Egypt, digging up the old mummies. London Press, February 17, 1937. That's the year. What year? Preparations year. And just have a look at Professor Kronstetter. Who is it? Oh, yeah. That's him. His Excellency Field Marshal Rommel. It's so simple. A highly respectable group of German scientists arrived in Egypt to dig for tombs between the Libyan border and Cairo. What a convenient way to send a military mission to full authority to dig, dig, dig. Only they didn't dig anything out, they dug everything in. What, sir? Water, petrol, ammunition. Oh, not again, please, sir. Fareed. Now we know how. Yes, sir, yes. Well, you don't know where. There's still question 21. Is Davos here? Quiet. Yes, yes, here, sir. The Field Marshal wants to see you in his room. Come in, Davos. I have just received information that my advance columns have reached objective Y. Objective Y, Your Excellency, that's good news, isn't it? Yes. Everything works out according to my plans. I wish I could have told it to those Britishers at luncheon. Their digestion would have stopped completely. If I may be permitted, Your Excellency gave them a very brilliant lecture. They will remember Field Marshal Rommel or should I say Professor Kroenstetter? Thank you, Davos. For a moment I was really afraid Your Excellency might put all the cards on the table, tell them about the five graves. My tongue did itch. Such blind ignorance. I might have just as well shown them my map. With the exact location of the five graves? Come here, Davos. Yes, Your Excellency. Here's the map of Egypt. You, of course, know the answer. But would they have seen anything? Not a thing, Your Excellency. They have such complicated minds. They expect invisible ink, maps that have to be warmed over fires or held against the light to reveal secret pinpricks. Too simple for them, this. I'm trying to look at it with an Englishman's eyes. Not a clue, just an ordinary map. There's nothing here that could give them a hint. Is there? After I've taken Cairo, I shall send a postcard to number 10 Downing Street to the correct solution. Davos, all arrangements have been made for you. Yes, Your Excellency. You are leaving for Cairo this evening. You'll be taken by motorcycle to El Daba. From there a guide will get you through the British lines. This evening? At nine o'clock. That gives me six hours. For what? Oh, some things here. Unfinished business of no importance. You can expect me Sunday afternoon. We won't have any difficulty with objectives P or T, I'm sure. P or T, Your Excellency? It seems improbable. Have a lukewarm bath drawn for me in Shepherd's Hotel in Cairo. The Royal Suite. In the evening a command performance of the opera. Aida in German. Omitting the second act, which is too long and not too good. It'll be all, Davos. Yes, Your Excellency. May I come in? Yes. What time is it, Moosh? Upper six. Oh. I hear you are leaving. That's right. Moosh, if there were a local florist, I'd offer you an armful of white lilacs with my humblest apology. For what? I had an unpleasant idea about you, Moosh. Farid cleared it up. He told me about your brother. I'm sorry. It's all right. Now let's see. Fort Said? No. That's too far east. What are you doing? What is that book? The Tourist Guide.  T.P. and Objective Y. Does that mean anything to you? T.P. and Y? Not a thing. It was maddening, Moosh. There was Rommel's map steric at me with everything in it. Eyes heavy, but I see not. T.P. Y. What's the key? Where's the answer? Say, that's a pretty dress. In Cairo, I wore it on Sundays. Drifting down the Sharia Ibrahim Pasha with a white parasol over your shoulder. There was a parasol that went with the dress. Where is it? In the shop. I could never quite afford it. The hand was real ivory. Maybe someday when I'm rich. Objective Y. Y. Listen, either you stop talking like alphabet soup, or you tell me. I've gone through this thing writing down the name of every village, every oasis, every landmark that begins with P or T. There are dozens of them, but there isn't a Y in Egypt. Hey, what have I said? Moosh, that's it, Moosh, that's it. What is it? Did you hear what I said? I said there isn't a Y in Egypt, but there is. There's a Y and a P and a T. I've got it, E-G-Y-P-T. The five graves. What five graves? The five supply depots of Professor Rummel. Of course, no invisible ink. Just the map of Egypt and printed across it. Egypt. And the letters, don't you see? Every letter marking a supply depot. Invisible because they're so visible all over the map. Just a moment. Since when was Rummel a professor? I must see that map again. I must get back into his room. Whose room? Raul's. No, please don't. You've had such luck so far. You can leave. You're safe. Why risk your neck again? What for? Thank you, Moush. Before you took pity on the neck of a married man, this time you know it's just my neck. Where's that agreeable mouth of yours? Oh, I'm sorry. I forgot. Wrong army. Well, I've got to get to those maps. Wait.  We'll see. Goodbye, Moush. And now, before Mr. Deleuze presents French Otone, Anne Baxter, Otto Pemenger, J. Carol Nash, and Fortunio Bonanova in Act 3 of Five Graves to Cairo. There's a thought I'd like to share with you. I read this about our soldiers. Only 50% of our army's time, only 50% is spent in actual fighting. So even our soldiers spend a lot of their time doing the unexciting things nobody hears about. Plain shores. Well, I'm afraid that's the way some women feel about keeping house. There are beds to be made every day. Cleaning and dusting. Cooking and dishwashing. Shores, yes. But a lot depends on how you do them. A successful businesswoman once told me about her first job. She spent every day filing cards all day long. It was so boring I could have screamed, she said. So every day I set myself to memorize a poem while I worked. Something that made the day seem beautiful. How about that for an idea while you're washing dishes? Next, make jobs like dishwashing as pleasant as they can be. Pour Lux Flakes into the dish pan. Turn on the water. See the rich, lively suds bubble up. That's a pleasure in itself. No slow-poke suds. No gray, greasy dish water. Best of all, when you finish that dish pan job, your hands will be as soft, smooth, and lovely as when you started. Changing to Lux takes away the red course look as strong so please. Scores of women found changing to Lux Flakes made their hands look nicer in just a few days. Use all the Lux you need to get good suds, but no more than you need. A little Lux goes a long way. It's really thrifty. Why not try the Lux way of doing dishes tomorrow? Now our producer, Mr. DeMille. After the play, we'll get some news on the off-stage doings of our stars. Now the curtain rises on the third act of Five Graves to Cairo, starring Franchotone and Dan Baxter with Otto Preminger, J. Carol Nash, and Fortunio Bonanova. In the Field Marshal's quarters, the British soldier bends low over the map of Egypt. E, G, Y, P, T. Each letter marking a supply depot for the German-Africa Corps. But now the sky overhead roars with flames. British planes returning to bomb C. D. Halpheier. You, what are you doing in here? Well, the maps, Lieutenant. I thought the Field Marshal's map should not be left behind. You did, eh? Very conscientious. Thank you, sir.  Yes, sir. Alex! Yes, Lieutenant? Tell me something, doubles. When we arrived here, I understood you had been bombed into the cellar. Is that correct, doubles? Yes, Lieutenant. This cellar, doubles? Yes, Lieutenant.  That's right, Lieutenant. You are sure, doubles? Quite sure.  Come here. Over here behind the sugar barrel. Isn't it strange, doubles? It seems to be the body of a man. Yellow fingers and the club foot. Yes, so it is. Yeah, snap! Yeah! Why did you lock the door? Sit down there and listen to me. You'd better go. Sit down. Go, please. Lieutenant Schweigler is coming. Lieutenant Schweigler begs to be excused. He's dead. Dead? No screaming, please. You were shot. You killed him? Yes. Unfortunately, he ran across the lake, Mr. Devils. Unfortunately, no one knows about it yet, and they mustn't until tomorrow morning. If I read his full instructions, the body will be found down below in the sand outside this window. There'll be my waiter's jacket and my shirt with some blood on it, enough to prove I did it. Farid and you will work together. Farid and I? That's right. I need six hours to get through the German line. Why did you kill him? I said no screaming. Why?  See? Just a piece of paper with some pencil marks on it. E.G., Y.P.T. That's why Farid and you must cover up till I get there. Is that clear? Perfectly. You have killed two people. You have killed him and my brother. His only chance to get out alive. And now all you ask is that we cover up so you can get back to the British. Is that it? Like Dunkirk again? Well, what about Dunkirk? Yes, some were left behind. French, Polish, Belgian and British. Some? They had to be. The rest were to carry on. Carry on for what?  Oh, yes, there are a lot of dead moosh. In Tobruk, I saw them piled up with a hundred. That's a vast of all they lay ten deep. They were blown to bits under a pulse in the Prince of Wales. In Athens, they're dying of starvation, 400 a day. For what, moosh? So that somebody like you can hold out a tin cup to a victorious lieutenant begging for pennies with a penny? It's not one brother that matters. It's a million brother. It's not just one prison gate they might sneak open for you. It's all their gates that must go. All right. Talk. You talk such big words. You have a million brothers. I'm small. I have only one. And I want him to live if it cost a piece of paper. I see the Phil Martial himself.   Maid! Come here. Your Excellency. Be quiet. It concerns your brother. I remember I advised you to approach his case through the Red Cross of the Quakers. You thought it wiser to approach it through a certain lieutenant. Did you? Well, I have just found out that this certain lieutenant has shown you some telegrams. Telegrams that were sent to Berlin and telegrams that were received from Berlin. They were never sent. They were never received. They are forgerous. Oh, no! You will wait for that certain lieutenant. I prefer to have him present. Your Excellency. We're schweigler. They have found him. He is dangerous, Excellency. He was shot twice. I see. Self-defense, of course. Maid. Speak up. Why did you do it? Because I thought I could make a bargain with him. Because he lied to me. Because he was dead. Because he was one of you. First, you made him forget that he was a German officer. Then you killed him because he was one. He was only 23. At 20, he was decorated important for his vigorous gallantry in action. At 21, he was commanding a tank company. Best aid I've ever had. The German officer. With a brilliant future. Yes. He might have become a field marshal with somebody on his knees before. Two steps back, please. Sway! A field battle. Well, what is it, Davos? Oh, your spy wants to speak. I will say what there is to say. I knew you'd work for them all these years, Davos. Get out of here, Davos. Get out. What is it, Davos?  Your Excellency. There's no further orders on about to leave the Cairo. Nothing, Davos. Good luck. Yes. Good luck, Davos. Thank you. I read from here. Yes. Tomorrow morning, give them the proof that Davos did it. Understand? Uh-huh. And will you say to her, for me, God bless you. There's objective EG and Y, sir. They've used E and G already. Yes. Well, I doubt if they'll ever use Y or objective P or objective T. The English Eighth Army under General Montgomery is still pursuing the Africa Corps. From El Alamein, they have pounded their way eastward, step by step. Benghazi has been reoccupied in Sidi Barani. And today, the British forces entered Sidi Al-Fayyat.  Keep moving. Hey, soldier. Who are these men? Italian prisoners. Millions of them. Keep moving, boys. Well, hello, General Sabasano. What? You know me? That's right. As we say in Milano, it's a wise man that drops the short end of the stick, huh? Who are you? Soon you can lie in your tub and get rid of the fleas. What fleas? The ones you caught from lying down with the dogs, as we say in Milano. Now I remember. Hello, hello. Arrivederci, General. Arrivederci. Arrivederci. Falla, laura, laura, le bionco versita. Move! Hurry. You'll come back. Oh, it is good to have you here again, sir. What happened? Where's Moush? Well, uh, maybe you would like to have number five this time, huh? With the good bathroom. Where is she? Tell me. There was a trial that morning. I brought in the evidence, as you told me. They found her innocent of shooting Shregler. Well? But, but they found her guilty of spreading enemy rumors.  They beat her, beat her. Then they, they let her out. One bullet would have been enough. Where is she? Out there on the desert. I put her with the other horses. Show me, Farley. Yes, sir. We buried her there. Perhaps I should bend down so you can hear me better. I brought you that parasol, Moush. In a shop, they swore it was real ivory. Let's hope so. It will give you some shade, until we can come to take you back where there are trees and leaves and rivers and dew on the grass. Don't worry, Moush. We're after them now. When you feel the earth shake, that will be our tanks and our guns and our lorries. Thousands and thousands of them. British, French and American. We're after them now, coming from all sides. We're going to blast the blazes out of them. We're going to pound and pound till the earth shakes like a great bell, till it rings with a new song. A better song. Oh, my God. In just a moment, our stars will return for a certain form. Listen. Did you count them? Ten. There are only ten more shopping days till Christmas. Ten days to get all the things you've put off till now. Well, fortunately, there's still time to buy bombs. And here's another gift the women on your list always appreciate. Langeries. And if you choose just the right type of slip or nightie for each person, it won't look like a last-minute selection at all. Try easy-to-pack-round jerseys for young army and navy wives living out of a suitcase. Oh, trimly tailored kinds for war workers or women in the arms services. A more elaborate laces out for the brides, you know. And if you can, include a small box of luxe flakes with your gift. Isn't that a good idea, Libby? Yes, it's a gift of extra long wear for Christmas undies. We all want our nice things to stay lovely a long time these days. If your dealer is out of luxe flakes, you might put a hint about luxe carrot to rhyme instead. A lot of luxe is on the way, and it is worth waiting for. You can be sure it will come to the rescue of our undies and stockings very soon. Now, here's Mr. DeMille with our stars. From Five Gates to Cairo, it's only five steps to the footlights and a curtain call for Franchotone and Anne Baxter. Thank you, CB. You're one of my favorite hosts. Well, thanks, Franchot. You're one of my favorite fathers. How's your son? He's probably one of the handsomest men in Hollywood, CB. Fathers always take the credit, and mothers do all the work. Oh, I don't know. I built the baby's crib. Good job. He likes it. I didn't know you designed furniture for a hobby, Franchot. My grandfather has a hobby something like that. He designs buildings. Have you heard of him, Mr. DeMille? Frank Lloyd Wright? Anne, even if he is your grandfather, one of the world's most famous architects might resent your calling his art a hobby. By the way, what's yours? Cooking. If I hadn't been happily married for more than 40 years, I might make an offer at this point. I mean, have you got a favorite recipe? Oh, yes, herb omelette. I'm quite proud of it. Well, let's have it. I'm sorry, but I can't give the recipe. I kind of make it up as I go along and never do it twice the same. That's a fun and cookie. You mean you'll never use a cookbook? Oh, yes. I collect them to read, but I don't always do what they say. Well, CB, maybe you'd better give us the recipe for next week's play. Mix carefully. Equal parts of music, comedy, and romance. And the result is the paramount hit, Dixie. And the stars, well, who else but Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour. It's the story of the first menstrual man, Dan Emmett, who gave us the great song Dixie. Bing will sing that and the other big hits of the picture. So don't miss Dixie next Monday night. I wouldn't miss it for anything, Mr. DeMille. Good night. Good night. Good night. We'll hope soon to say good-bye to Marshall Rama. Our sponsors, the makers of Lux Flakes, join me in inviting you to be with us again next Monday night when the Lux Radio Theatre presents Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour in Dixie with Barry Sullivan. This is Cecil B. DeMille saying good night to you from Hollywood. Five Draves to Cairo was presented through the cooperation of Paramount Pictures, whose current release is the Technicolor production, Riding High. Anne Baxter will soon be seen in the 20th Century Fox picture, The Sullivan's, and in the same studio's production of the Maxwell Anderson play, The Eve of St. Mark. Otto Preminger will produce and direct the 20th Century Fox picture, I Marry the Soldier. J. Carol Nash is currently seen in the Columbia picture, Sahara. Portunio Bonanova is currently seen in the Paramount picture for whom the bell tolls. Ladies and gentlemen, it's Christmas seal time again. Put Christmas seals in all your letters and packages during the holiday season, because every Christmas seal you buy helps the fight against tuberculosis. Third in tonight's play were Fred Mackay as Shregler, Edward Harvey as Fitzhume, and Charles Seal, Ed Emerson, Dennis Green, Norman Field, and Vernon Steele. Our music was directed by Louis Silver. This program is broadcast to our fighting forces overseas by International Shortwave Radio in cooperation with the Armed Forces Radio Service. This is your announcer, John M. Kennedy, reminding you to tune in again next Monday night to hear Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour in Dixie with Barry Sullivan. In these days of food shortages, don't be confused about vitamins. Give your family VIMS, the new money-saving vitamin mineral tablets, scientifically designed to help make meals complete. VIMS give you all the vitamins recommended by government experts, including those of the B complex. All the minerals commonly lacking, too. Get VIMS from your druggist, the qualified vitamin dealer. VI for vitamins, double MS for minerals. Get that VIMS feeling. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Thanks, Jeff, and thanks for calling me an expert. It's from you. That's kind of pleasing. Anyway, I'll be briefly talking here about Europe's lost frontiers from the road sensing side of things, looking at 3D seismic and also 2D. Apologies, this will be a whistle-stop tour due to the time constraints, but hopefully this will give you an understanding of what we've done and some of the processes we've done to achieve this. First thing. Sorry. Sorry, it's going. First thing is that, obviously, we have a series of targets we have to meet. And the first, this is obviously to use the legacy 2D and 3D reflection data to achieve a high degree of coverage to not obviously achieve the best possible mapping we can. We can't obviously cover everything, but we try to cover as much as we can with the data that is publicly available to us. We also want to provide an interpretation from the regional down to the human scale. And this is quite important, and this will be part of the topic of this talk, is stepping down in scales from the big to the small. We also need to provide material that will be used, that will allow our other colleagues to extract, for example, DNA or archaeo-environmental material from the sediments, and we need to locate those sediments. And the other thing, obviously, the main goal of this is to provide data on the landscape that can be plowed back into simulation. You can see one of Phil's little simulations in the bottom there. So the background, obviously, very briefly, as archaeologists, maps have dominated our thinking of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic in Doggerland. Obviously, we need accurate maps to guide us to archaeology. We need to locate where people are living and understand how that exists. And that's true for both the Paleolithic and the Mesolithic. One of the critical aims, obviously, this part of the project is to improve the maps that we have, expand them, investigate new areas and see what extent they might need revision. Now, there have been some geological surveys in this area. For example, Britaus being a major one, looking at the glacial, and the glacial processes that go on. And some of their size is actually very interesting. But obviously, that's targeted for deeper sediments, older sediments, and not really for the Holocene. Obviously, Vince has touched on the Humber REC, again, funded by the ALSF, and a very good thing which allowed us to look in detail. But again, we have gaps in those lines, so we can't join things up. There have been some very small detailed surveys for Andy Emery and Anderson, excuse my pronunciation. But both of those, again, using energy data, have picked up the Lake Pleistocene, some of the Holocene, but again, they're little windows into the landscape. And we need a big joined-up picture to understand the archaeology and doggalands as a whole. So obviously, as Vince just showed you, these are some of the datasets we've used. And as you can see, there's an awful lot of them. Obviously, very, very useful 2D data, but obviously has gaps between lines. And 3D data, the blue blocks you see there. Obviously, it covers quite a large amount of landscaping. Hopefully, as I'll show later, we've covered a lot of this landscape in quite some detail which will allow us to actually refine our understanding. So the 3D dataset, primary one is PGS's SNS dataset, which is shown here in the red. We have used this in the past, but this new dataset we've used has been expanded to new areas. There's additional datasets that have been bolted on, so it's a lot bigger, some 10, 15% bigger than the original North Sea and later the American survey that we did. We've also had access as well to the blue outlined area, which is the CNS data, and that is totally new to us in archaeology. That has allowed us to not only explore the North Eastern side of doggaland, but also move up, and this dataset, it doesn't show it here, but goes all the way to the Norwegian trench. So it allows us to explore a whole of what might have been doggaland in the Paleolithic and the Mesolithic. So we've got a very useful set of data that covers this area in 2D, but obviously there are other areas, and as you can see here, some of the other datasets we've gained from other geological surveys and oil companies that allow us to cover the areas which aren't covered by 3D in some detail, and allow us to map features, obviously they're profiles, and that obviously means there's some interpolation between the lines, but it does allow us to gain at least a better understanding of some of the features within that landscape. So, one of the things we obviously want to look at is the 3D data, and as you can see, the 3D data produces a wonderful map view of the landscape, both temporally and spatially. As you can see here, for example, the little paleo channel in blue, this is a very late Pleistocene, early Holocene channel, as you can see meandering down from the doggabank, probably following the course of an old glacial meltwater channel, which has then been reused, but as we go slightly shallow and further up in time, so towards the end of the doggabank, we can see, for example, the area of inundation, the coastline there, which is drawn in in green, and this is on the gray image, and you can see a later channel, the cross-cutting the older channel, so the drainage pattern has changed to reflect the change in the coastline and the inundation. So we can actually start seeing the landscape in detail, understanding some of the processes, some of the things that have gone on spatially within that landscape. And hopefully, yeah. So one of the things we can do is obviously map the opposite GIS, and as you can see, this is now the revised GIS, it's covering a lot further in the landscape and showing a lot more interesting things. As you can see, there are some areas we still have where there is no data, or for example, there is data, but it is not yet publicly available, so we can't gain access to it. And I've drawn them on there just to show you, once those become available, it will be very, very useful to be able to join things up, but even with these small holes in the data, and they are relatively small holes, we can actually start joining up features, having very long channel systems, which we can start understanding the nature of the landscape, it's connectedness, and the connectedness of the environments within the landscape, which is really important. Now, those simple GIS shapefiles will actually hide some complexity beneath them. When you look at some of these features, and for example, this is one of the big channel features at the bottom of the doggabank, which is previously not being noticed, they actually are made up of many different phases, many different times, and obviously, you can't reflect all of that in the GIS shapefile. However, how we've actually recorded the GIS shapefiles does allow us to understand the evolution of the landscape and how everything connects together, and that's really important, because obviously, it is a very complex landscape. If you look at the bottom image, just the raw output from one of these seismic time slices, it is quite a complex picture. And although you can just about, you can obviously make out the big palliative channel, you don't, it's very hard sometimes to understand how all these things connect and how they all relate to each other. And so having GIS interpretation files is really important, allowing us to break that all down and make it understandable. Now, obviously, we've looked at a big regional landscape, and we've mapped that all and produced wonderful images and a lot of new areas which have never been mapped before, have been mapped. But we archeologically, we want to drop down in the landscape from a more regional to a more local scale. And therefore, obviously, as Vince has mentioned in collaboration with Vliss, we have actually gone out and taken a parametric echo sound and looked at some of these selective features in more detail. And through looking at these, we have a variety of seismic fashies which we've seen come up that allow us to understand the study era a little bit better. For example, just to let people know SRF stands for Southern River Fashies, that Southern River being the location where we have basically made a type site of these different types of fashies which allow us to expand the interpretation out over other areas. Most interesting of these are those that relate to the emergence of the landscape and these being, for example, Southern River Valley III related to flood plain deposits, Southern River Valley IV, which are the main palliative channel deposits, but also Southern River Valley V, which are related to sand and gravel deposits at the base of some of these channels. And also more importantly, Southern River Valley VI type, which are basically fashies which relate to the inundation and intertidal deposits within some of these channels which are very, very good for preserving certain types of features. So once we've got all these fashies and data maps within the landscape, obviously we want to produce surfaces for the archeological modelers. And so one of the things, one of the problems we have obviously, as you've seen with many of the 2D areas and things like that is we have some gaps between the data. And so the data is therefore combined, as you see the colored image, which is rather garishly red-green, we combine some of the seismic pick data, obviously the bathymetry data to produce a surface which is a combined combination of the two, which allows us to at least produce an approximation in most of the landscape of a continuous land surface. Obviously the bathymetry isn't perfect in those areas where we don't have full D3D seismic data, we have to rely a little bit on that. That has a problem obviously that the bathymetry is a part of both erosion and deposition, but at least it is a reasonable proxy and allows us to actually produce a model for surface for modeling. This contiguous surface is obviously very, very good for archeological modeling and Philip will talk about this slightly later, but obviously it does make some very good graphics as well. Now, what are the benefits of that unified surface? Is obviously we can actually explore the effects of sea level rise, for example, models taken by Sarah Bradley and Sheffield and can be applied to this. And so we can actually model the rise of sea level and see the effects on the land surface, on the landscape. And we can actually understand, for example, how inundation breaks up the landscape, where inundation occurs and how it affects the features in that landscape. So you can see here through these various slides, going from the Lake Polyolithic, through to the early Mesolithic, through to just before Storahiga and into the Neolithic, how the landscape starts breaking up, how it affects the features until eventually the Neolithic, virtually none of the features actually available and there's just a little rump of land sitting off East Anglia and off the coast of the Netherlands. So the coastlines are quite important and they allow us to understand the correlation between the map features and the coastlines and they allow us to test the coherency of the picture through the Mesolithic and throughout the Paleolithic and see some where there are areas, mainly because of the bathymetry. Now this has allowed us to gain a lot of new insights. So the North, one of the things we have seen and because we have the CNS data that goes much further to North and stretches up to the Norwegian trench, as we can see that the landscape is a lot, extends to North, a lot smaller that it does than we previously thought. That doesn't mean necessarily there aren't, isn't the late Paleolithic coastlines to the North in Scotland, they do exist, but more excitingly, they're perhaps close to the coastline and shallower than we previously thought. That's really, really interesting, but it also means, for example, that the landscape to the North, the Northern coastal doggaland is also very, very stable and very, very important. So we've gained all these new insights and that's really interesting, but it does mean we're gonna have to change some of our maps. For example, this is one idea for Splash Cross in 2009 and you can see the change just applying some of these new thoughts of the occupiable land, that's a place where people could have lived in 2021 and there's quite a big change in that. Now, it's important to think what would happen around the world if we applied that and I haven't done that yet, but it is something to be done and I know that it's something that will be discussed later in this talk by James about the impacts of some of these things. When we start applying these potential methodologies, it could have some very big impacts into our understanding of human occupation and movement through the landscape worldwide, which is quite interesting. So obviously, I've mentioned the Lake Paleolithic and certainly for the doggaland at least, we have some very new insights. One of the big ones being the coastal stability of the Northern coastline of doggaland and the doggabank. Certainly from about 21,000 killer years BP, to almost the submerged doggaland, that coastline stays relatively stable. Also very interestingly, many of the paleo channels you see here are reused or modified. So they exist throughout various periods of history and they have an imprint in the landscape which continues on into the mezzalithic. There are also some more unstable features. For example, the out of the lake in its outflow and whilst it's a rapidly changing feature, it does have real significance to understanding our landscape. And so there's some real, this provides a real new opportunity to start investigating and doing some really new significant research into the Lake Paleolithic, which we couldn't do before. Previously, we'd kind of guess where the coastlines are. Now we have a fair idea of where we are. We're kind of at the beginning of the North Sea Paleo Landscape Project back in 2007, thinking of where we go with mezzalithic. In the Paleolithic, we now have at least some idea of where to start. And so that's really important and offers a new spring ball for research there. Obviously in the mezzalithic, there are some major changes. And again, we can see the importance of the paleo channel networks within here, the connectedness of the landscapes and the connectedness between what is currently in the modern landscape. We also have very interesting the three axes of flooding. Previously, we kind of had a theory, you know the landscape was inundated from the North. Now we have three axes with the out of the silver pits, the Channel River in the South and the El, which allow water into this landscape from three main directions. And that's really significant. It allows us to start thinking about the impacts on the mezzalithic occupants in this landscape and how that impact differed around the North Sea and Dogelan Basin. Now the Southern embayment is quite interesting. Now I'm at work by Michael de Klerk in Belgium from some of the cores down from the Belgian continental shelf which started showing this. And this has been confirmed and supported by this cause in Southern River and Brown Bank that the inundation in this area has started relatively much earlier than we thought. And that's quite interesting because obviously it provides a whole new environment of resources, of travel and access into the landscape which in the early mezzalithic we perhaps weren't quite as aware of as we thought we might be. And it also has some interesting implications obviously whilst the area that's flooded isn't available for occupation it perhaps the landscape around it, the edges and the coastlines would have been more attractive and may, for occupation and may have actually explained some of the distribution of the finds we find in some of these dredge finds. So that's looking very broadly at regional landscape we'll drill down now perhaps into a more local look. Obviously one of the things as Vince has shown we need to support obviously environmental coring we need to target down and find these caches on material in the landscape. And we'll take here the Southern River as an example just to show you how that was achieved. Now the Southern River is a large the large green river here as you can see with all the dots in the center just it cuts through several different glacial marines formed by the last glaciation pushing basically sediment, dumping sediment as it expanded and retreated through various stages. There are, it is only one of several other channels in that region which run down to a coastline shown in black here. They all penetrate the glacial marines and follow some of them follow the paths of late glacial meltwater channels. Other ones are cut later, but by and large these are glacial, sorry, fluvio-glacial channels that have been reused in later periods and used into the whole scene as active channels. So we've taken pro active profiles across this you can see here seismic line across the data. And as we can see from the models and seismic flashes we built up we can understand that looking at that particular parallel channel that is rather full of SRF6 the intertidal deposits and when we core it and you can see on the cores up there you can see lovely laminated sermons all the way through. So that's good because it allows us to validate. So we're predicting what the sediment caches are within that feature we see we can assess its environmental and archeological potential. And then when we go and core it that gives us a better idea of what we're gonna get out of it. And that's really important. For example, previous survey we've been involved in many years ago when we just used 2D coring and so on which is mapping the seabed we only got about 48% success rate of getting material we needed archeologically. Now when we use the ELF server we use 3D refined by 2D so we have a picture of a landscape and we know where the position of the core in that landscape and we know where it is in the feature we can know what the sediment is is and we got a much better success rate between 90 and 82% and that's really significant. There's a big up thing. It also of course means for our Palimba and Atlas and other work DNA where people work a lot more work but that's a good thing and it's a good recovery and compared to the slide Vince showed earlier for example of just taking cores pretty much randomly it's a much more significant achievement and given the difficulties of taking survey in this area and recovering material obviously any kind of step forward in that way is a good thing. Now obviously we're archeologists and recovering and mapping landscape recovering sediments and that's all very nice and very, very useful and it allows us to tell us about the resources in the landscape the DNA for example, marine mammals and other critters in the landscape as well as plants and of course the polypaleology telling us about plants the geology can tell us about Flint resources and freshwater resources with a landscape but we want to see the people and like Terry Jones there in Monty Python how not to be seen we have people hiding behind bushes and trees we don't see the people from the things in the landscape and we can't really ask them to stand up to know where they are. So we obviously need to start using some of the higher resolution stuff and start drilling down and so obviously the techniques we have done allow us to start looking into this landscape in more detail. Now obviously talking about the fine will be covered by I think by James and several other people later but by actually using these techniques of looking at the landscape and here you can see the 3D surface of the landscape the paleo channel, the estuary we can start predicting where people would have lived in that landscape and then targeting high resolution survey over that and then obviously we can then go to recovery. So that's a real benefit in actually allowing us to understand the various different stages of actually working down from the big down to the small and actually starting making recovery. So we're now getting to the stage where instead of guessing and relying on chance finds for locating archaeology we can actually do specific targeted work actually know in the landscape where things are, look at the environment look at where the resources are and then start targeting using our archaeological knowledge where we can actually find things and evidence of people and that's a really big step forward and where we hope to be in the future and go forward in and that's gonna be a big area of research certainly in the future. So some conclusions for you and then we'll move on to questions. Really what the work has been has been very successful in providing a much more comprehensive map of the emergent and land holiday landscape that's been pretty achieved in the past. We've looked certainly at the South in great detail. The CNS data has allowed us to look further north and actually confirm what many other people have thought about huge great glaces and that they're actually perhaps they're not good places to live. And so as archaeologists we now have to start really thinking about the late polyelithic and mesolithic landscape in terms of that coastline that northern doggabank coastline and obviously thinking as well for tastes like Scotland you know, late polyelithic coastlines being a lot closer to the shoreline and that's really important and really more means really exciting in terms of new frontiers of research allows us to actually start predicting and looking for areas where we can actually start prospecting for archaeology which is quite interesting. And obviously on the mesolithic front allows us a whole new understanding of the connectedness of the landscape the different resources environment within that landscape and how they all joined together and how Britain and Europe through its various forms is connected in many different ways and how that linkage as the sea level rose and the indentation occurred was broken up. Obviously we have new insights into the multiple regional scales working up from the large scale down to the small scale and we can now have a kind of methodology where we can step down in different various stages to the small scale and we're able to do that because we understand the larger landscape. And because we understand that larger landscape obviously we can then an understanding where we might find in environmental material we can now start prospecting in a much more directed manner for DNA, for polyenvironmental and obviously for archaeological material. And again that's very significant when you're working in the marine zone the costs and the difficulties and dangers of working in the area make that kind of approach very very important. It also, as I say, allows for significant new research back into the Blake Paleolithic but also into the Mesolithic. And as we move forward we'll be able to understand the new material and the new sites that we discover in the future in a much more holistic fashion. So thank you to all these people without all these industrial partners without all these academic partners this wouldn't have been possible. And I'd like to thank many, many, many of people who without whose help this just wouldn't have been able to be achieved. Thank you very much. Thank you, Simon. And thank you for being ahead of time, in fact. Really interesting paper. And I can see I'm going to have to redraw my maps of the Doggerland shelf. And we have some questions in the chat box. You can probably see them, but I shall read them out. Our first, I think we can deal with all of them. Our first question is from John Adams who's saying, are there any indications of settlements of possible thought on water channels? So obviously that is the next stage of research as we've drilled down. There at the moment we are just at the stage where we're starting to look for those things. And I'll just show you the southern river find. We are at that stage where we can start looking for that kind of thing. There are indicate some indications that perhaps there may be areas which are more interesting in the landscape and more useful environment. But we are yet we have still need more research and we still need more funding to actually get down and actually explore those kind of areas much more. So it's a yes, there are indications, but we need, as you say, we have the technology. We have the ability now to do that. And we've proved it's possible. It's now time to step up and actually do more of this to actually do that. So yes. Okay, thank you. Moving on to the next question. Trevor Faulkner asks, what age is meant by late Paleolithic? Is it early Holocene? So late Paleolithic in this case is late Pleistocene. So we are talking everything. Well, in late Paleolithic terms, up to the 10,500 Kiluranum BP. So before that in time. So we're talking back, you know, 21,000 Kiluranums and maybe a little bit further back in time. So the Holocene generally, and this is very, I know Jeff will probably disagree with this, but generally the Holocene is the Mesolithic. If you think of the start of the Holocene, start the Mesolithic in very, very over simplistic terms, that you can think of it that way. So that kind of boundary kind of reflects the late Paleolithic Mesolithic boundary. Okay, yes. These are rather arbitrary labels and arbitrary boundaries in different places. Okay, Jerry Gillies asks about the fourth bank complex, a large island group in your recent maps. And is that something you're looking into? That's something we will look into. Obviously lost frontiers, as you probably saw with the original diagram that Vince showed up. The core area is that Northern Doggo bank boundary down to the bottom of the channel. Obviously that fourth bank complex falls just outside that. So obviously that is something we hope to look to in future research, but unfortunately with the scope and the limited funds that we have available, fortunately that's something we couldn't look into as part of this project, but it is something we hope to look to in the future, for sure. Okay, always a good answer to the future. Definitely. Now, we have Stina, I hope I've pronounced that right, Hilda Brandt is asking, could you just quite a technical question I think? Yes. I want to find a seismic data. Right, okay. Well, this is quite complicated because obviously there are lots of different sources of seismic data. For example, the 3D seismic data was taken with air gun, been spacing of 12 and a half meters. But obviously, for example, the parametric echo sounder is a lot higher frequency and we're talking of resolutions of decimeters. So obviously there are, as I talked about in the talk, being nested, moving down in scales of size, there is a broad landscape scale set of data, obviously working on air gun and things like that, moving down to higher resolution data sets, such as the pairs which are working much higher frequency and much more area, but working obviously in a much smaller bin spacing and much tighter resolution. So hopefully that kind of answers it, but basically the answer is a lot of seismic data and a lot of different types. Okay, well, I'm sure that could be pursued in more detail. Now, there's another question here from Katrina Yul Anderson. Time frame for discovery of submerged settlements and direct human rendments. I think the question here is about, I'm not quite sure whether this means when do you expect to discover such things or what age of material do you expect to discover? Probably the first one, I think. Yeah, I suspect is obviously a question of funding and I can't unfortunately predict the government's mind on whether it feels generous or not, but we have the technology and techniques to do it now. And so certainly for the far shore areas, it's a possibility. That said, there obviously are places near shore, which for example, Bald McClifford, Gary Mumba, who have actually discovered near shore sites very, very close to the shoreline in the Solent. So these kinds of sites do exist and the fact they exist very close to shoreline tells us that actually they're probably gonna exist much further out and now we have the techniques to find them. So I would hope it wouldn't be too long before we find these things. On the time scale, well, as I've talked about, certainly for the mesolithic periods and I would say definitely from the Paleolithic period as well. Obviously in the deep Paleolithic, we can go much further back, but for certainly I think there's possibility for finding things very close, relatively close to surface in some areas for the Lake Paleolithic. So that's 21,000 to the 11,000 Kiluranum time zone. I think there's possibilities there as well for sure. Okay, thank you. I think we'll just take one more question. I think you've partly answered the final question, but Mark Bateman asked this rather interesting question about the data gap between sites that we have on dry land, present-day dry land and more distant offshore data that you have. What about the near shore zone? You mentioned that briefly in relation to boldness. So there is obviously things like boldness and there is actually new technologies. For example, the parametric echo sound that we used and Tina Missian over in Belgium now uses that similar device into very, very shallow water. So we now actually have technologies where we can start joining up those two zones. We are still, I'd say in early days, but the technology and the techniques do exist now to start connecting that up. And it's really a question of, I think, getting down and doing the work and actually joining those up in the key areas, which I think is the way forward.


What differentiates your faith from the faith so-called of a demon presumption presuming upon God for his blessings presuming upon God for the salvation that is offered in Jesus Christ often presumption in the face of a Complete lack of understanding of our own guilt. You believe yourself to be a good person You don't see how you've offended God with your sin and yet somehow you presume that you're right with him And you're on your way to heaven presumption a lack of understanding of your own guilt a failure to consider the high cost of our redemption You bring the law to bear on someone when you're witnessing to them It's no I've never sinned in that way. No, I've never sinned in that way. No, I've never sinned in that way They're guilty of sinning in every way according to God's law and yet they can't see it. Don't comprehend it. Don't acknowledge it What presumption?


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us understand the following question today. Is the following pair of linear equations has unique solutions, low solutions or infinitely many solutions? In case there is a unique solution, find it by using cross multiplication method. We have equations as x-3y-3 is equal to 0 and 3x-9y-2 is equal to 0. Before starting with the solution, let us understand what is the unique solution, low solution and infinitely many solutions. Now, if the lines are represented by the equations a1x plus b1y plus c1 is equal to 0 and a2x plus b2y plus c2 is equal to 0, then if a1 by a2 is not equal to b1 by b2, it implies it is a unique solution. And if a1 by a2 is equal to b1 by b2 is equal to c1 by c2, it implies infinitely many solutions. If a1 by a2 is equal to b1 by b2 is not equal to c1 by c2, it implies no solution. Now, this is the key idea to our question. Now, let us write the solution. The given equations are x-3y-3 is equal to 0, that is equation number 1 and 3x-9y-2 is equal to 0, that is equation number 2. Now, comparing the equations with a1x plus b1y plus c1 is equal to 0 and a2x plus b2y plus c2 is equal to 0. So, we have a1 is equal to 1, a2 is equal to 3, b1 is equal to minus 3, b2 is equal to minus 9, c1 is equal to minus 3, c2 is equal to minus 2. Now, a1 by a2 is equal to 1 by 3, b1 by b2 is equal to minus 3 by minus 9, which is equal to 1 by 3 and c1 by c2 is equal to minus 3 by minus 2, which is equal to 3 by 2. Now, we can see from this that a1 by a2 is equal to b1 by b2 is not equal to c1 by c2, 1 by 3 is equal to 1 by 3, which is not equal to 3 by 2. So, by key idea, we have, by key idea, we see that if a1 by a2 is equal to b1 by b2 is not equal to c1 by c2, it implies no solution. So, hence, there is no solution. Therefore, the answer is no solution. I hope you understood the question. Bye and have a nice day.


You too. I got rid of Patrick Mahomes. I'm gonna tell you why All right boys Patrick Mahomes, let's just put the stamp out there He's the best quarterback in the game 99 Patrick Mahomes best quarterback in the game, but For him to be the best you have to use the light them up token and with all the tournaments on players lounge Those links below if you want to join them all the tournaments money games and stuff a lot of people and all the tournament's Band pre-lit items so you can't use light them up. So the fact that can't use the light them up light them all that You can't be pre-lit. Then Mahomes is no longer the best quarterback. I think I'm gonna go back to Doug Williams I'll show you guys what I did and what I did Doug Williams same team as I've had you guys know I have 50 Super Bowl 50 ghost Doug Williams. We're gonna put all our AP on them. We're gonna put Omaha Gift wrap roaming that I set feet lead and hot rod mass. So you don't need gunslinger with Doug Williams You don't need roaming as well But the thing is if you don't have roaming you got a time those rollout passes perfectly every time or you'll get Tons of overdose so roaming just makes it so much easier. Why not have it, you know So that's what I got. He's my quarterback now, especially for he's just better comp because you don't need that token with them We have two zero AP secure protectors at my tackle position Rob Havenstein is one of the I would say must have ganky force players because of that zero AP secure protector Defense we got cam. We're gonna use Cam and Bo Jackson. We're gonna use Randy Moss We're gonna use Herb Adderley and we're gonna use the rest of my players are actually hidden right now We're gonna use Derwin James who was another ganky force player pick artist and mid zone for zero Jair Brown deep knockout and pick artists for one and then we're gonna use Tremaine Edmonds is my other linebacker who has mid zone and lurk artists for one So essentially when I run a cover three I'm going to have everybody up top with deep knockout and everybody on the underneath zones They're going to have mid zone knockout. So that's what I like to have That's what I got going right now And I actually have three inside stuffs if I'll show you that for the run everything like that any RPO inside Stuff is gonna get it done We have mod of bees one AP inside stuff warren sap one AP inside stuff Jared Allen one AP inside stuff So that's what we're gonna rock and it looks like warren sap isn't even activated. So, you know all the games I've been yelling at him. He hasn't been activated. That's tough. That's tough.   You're not agreeing to get rid of the prelits I mean, maybe you guys are playing your friends and you guys Gentlemen agreement they not use the the light them up sort of prelit X factors If that's the case then Doug Williams is better than the Holmes But if you're just playing head to head light them up token, I would still use my home But I'm gonna stick with Doug just to get those reps tournament style Check out these games like we are over 70,000 subscribers boys. Make sure you guys subscribe Like all that good stuff. We are farming lately. I appreciate all the support you guys have been showing me Remember catch these games live twitch that link is below but check these games out Yeah, I mean the quarterback takes all day people. I mean, that's I mean, that's kind of like franchise That's a franchise movie takes all the salary cap. If you want a worse quarterback, right? If you want a worse quarterback, let's go ahead, right? Let's let's let's we want the shitter quarterback and maybe some more You know what I mean? That's why like people want to go back to the three wide receivers or the three The three players with abilities, but like I like the sour cap aspect of it I mean, they should have been ultimate legends better the fact ultimate legend program is trash is sad Dude, what's up?    Like he's got everything.  No like the full back Like that's miserable, dude.  What do I do? I think if I keep these corners off the line, they'll get to the quarterback better Could be a lie could be fake.  What do you want me to do, dude? This guy's the best player ever No, there's just no way we were that bad out there brown. Come on, man All right, all right, this is disgusting, man dog. This is insanity. How does human beings playing the game? Insanity I'm gonna have to make a little switch. So I didn't I stopped pinching my line contains nbb fire So he's not rolling out. So now now now he's his processing faster. He's scared. He's nervous. He's not comfortable Now we can do a little more coverage. I think edmunds is like the best I think he's the best But he's got to have dashing dead.  I want to know what's going on. Where is my corner? That's supposed to be blitzing I got a new I got a new adjustment. You guys ready for this one dog. He's not running every dog.   Don't pick the ball up.   We manned up. Come on, man.  All right, look at the line I mean dog.  Like that was the worst pass ever.  Drink your coffee. Good morning boys. Love to see it Dude, I have two picks. How do we not score? Like that would happen to us. We fumbled the first drive We do a pick on a post.      I have three. I oh my only scores are pick sixes Like what is like I have no idea what I'm doing on offense. No idea.  I mean, dude, he should punt He punts a score like I can't take the whole I could take the whole clock, but like Mid zone. Thank you, man. Oh god. Damn. He tried to sneak down in my face, huh? He's the man covers. I'm gonna call man This kid is 10. I don't even know like bro.  He is so random that it's god tier It is god tier whatever he's doing. It's god tier like that time we're on this We're on this 12 yard line. I swear. He had everybody the deep blue confusing. All right I think I've cracked the code here in that moving these guys He don't like he might go for a quick snap pass dog.   I can't have him throwing that wheel.      Like you're just giving you're just taking the field bowl there You're just taking the field bowl. Like you're just giving up. You didn't even try like That was just bad really bad. Now I lost that game on offense I I really entirely did not score. Yeah, we had three interceptions. That's how we lost the game I don't know. I fumbled twice in that game I fumbled the first drive. I think I don't know. How did I don't even remember how I like got stopped and like I think I fumbled the first drive. I fumbled with bow, but I do too many interceptions I really didn't but it sucks. But moving those dbs out. That's it definitely Yeah, I mean he just he just contain he just glitched the contains every play Literally it's been in Madden for like the last four years since man 20 really Just catch it and run around and contain under center like


Bloomberg reports this week that on Wall Street, men have started to implement office strategies that some managers and employees believe will minimize the likeliness of being accused of sexual harassment. Hello, this is Ryan McMakin, and you're listening to Radio Rothbard. According to Bloomberg, quote, while the new personal codes for dealing with me, too, have only just begun to ripple, the shift is already palpable, according to the people interviewed, who declined to be named. Many of the men are saying how uneasy they are about being alone with female colleagues, particularly youthful or attractive ones, fearful of the rumor mill, or of, as one put it, the potential liability. A manager in infrastructure investing said he won't meet with female employees in rooms without windows anymore. He also keeps his distance in elevators. A late 40-something in private equity says he has a new rule established on the advice of his wife and attorney. No business dinner with a woman 35 or younger, unquote. Not surprisingly, some advocates of female employees have protested, claiming they are being iced out of important meetings and are now, quote, excluded from casual after-work drinks, leaving male colleagues to bond, unquote. Nor is avoiding a lawsuit simply a matter of being more polite or less sexist, since that doesn't necessarily reduce the risk of false accusations. Thus, for male workers who wish to reduce the risk of lawsuits, the key is often likely found in avoiding situations which could even lead to the very possibility of a lawsuit. Avoiding potential for accusations and lawsuits becomes all the more high stakes if male workers believe that they will not receive adequate due process in case an accusation is lodged. That is, if a male worker believes he'll be entitled to his day in court, so to speak, he might be willing to risk the appearance of impropriety or private settings which could lead to a he-said-she-said situation. It's easy to see how in today's environment, though, that many male workers may conclude that even an accusation will be enough to ruin one's career. In that case, understandably, they may be willing to go to great lengths to minimize risks. This isn't the first time we've seen this sort of dynamic at work. Last in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act was followed by a decline in employment for disabled workers for similar reasons. The ADA mandated that employers provide, quote, reasonable accommodations, unquote, to disabled employees who needed assistance in performing job duties. Employers that did not comply opened themselves up to lawsuits. For this reason, it is believed, many employers sought to avoid lawsuits altogether by simply not hiring disabled workers. The empirical data showed a measurable decline in employment for the disabled. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, quote, using data from the current population surveys for 1988 to 97, the authors find that the ADA had no effect on the wages of disabled workers, which are still approximately 40% below those of the non-disabled. On the other hand, employment rates for disabled men in all age categories and disabled women under the age of 40 fell sharply after the ADA. This decline represents a clear break from past trends for both disabled and non-disabled workers, and therefore seems likely to have been caused by the ADA. Additional evidence for this claim is the finding that mid-sized companies show the most pronounced decrease in hiring the disabled. Large companies probably have sufficient resources to absorb compliance costs, according to the authors, while small companies are exempt from the ADA requirements. Also, in states with large numbers of ADA-related discrimination cases in previous years, fewer disabled people are hired afterwards. This too suggests that concern about costs from ADA provisions may have been driving the decline in disabled employment. More recent indicators also indicate that employment among the disabled continues to lag. In fact, 27 years after the adoption of the ADA, researchers found that disabled people were making gains in most areas, but not in employment, quote. My organization has been collecting data on disability going back to the mid-1980s when we did our first so-called GAP survey, which reports on quality of life for people with and without disabilities and looks at the gaps, said Carol Glazer, president of the National Organization on Disability. A number of gaps have been closing. Unemployment, unfortunately, is one thing that hasn't improved appreciably since we started measuring, unquote. Keep in mind that according to the NBER report, there had been a downward trend in unemployment among disabled workers prior to 1990. It may very well be that the ADA stopped that trend in its tracks, and employment among the disabled has never recovered. In practice, of course, the ADA essentially turned disabled workers into walking potential lawsuits. While prior to the ADA, employers had leeway in negotiating with disabled employees as to what accommodations might be made, the ADA replaced this with mandates under pain of legal action. Under these conditions, even those employers who might be truly motivated to give more disabled workers a chance may think twice about endangering their businesses in this way. This situation is made even worse by the vaguely defined nature of reasonable accommodation, and the fact that employees and employers might disagree as to what constitutes reasonable. Given the lack of any precision as to defining what might lead to a lawsuit, employers have likely taken to avoiding the issue altogether. Wall Street, it seems, may have come to some similar conclusions about sexual harassment lawsuits. Thank you for listening to Radio Rothbard. Have a wonderful day. For more content like this, visit Mises.org.