With eBay's new managed payment system with Payoneer, many dropshippers have found it very confusing to understand what's going on, how the fees work now, how the payouts work and everything else that comes along with it as it's much different from PayPal and everything that we were used to up until now but do not worry because in this video I will explain how to work with eBay and Payoneer once your accounts are connected so that you will understand exactly how everything works and what you need to do. Quick intro and let's go. What's up everybody, hope you all are having a wonderful day today. My name is Duran from AutoDS, I'm the content manager and I've also been dropshipping for the last several years and in this video I want to talk to you guys about eBay's managed payment system with Payoneer, how everything works, how the whole payment system works, how much fees we have to pay compared to PayPal, how we can get the money when we get the money and how we can use the money in our Payoneer account to withdraw to a bank account, pay other services for example to fulfill by AutoDS service if you're having AutoDS fulfill your orders and so much more so let's get right with it and one second before that if you are new to our YouTube channel this is the part right now where you need to subscribe to always stay updated on all of the latest and all of the hottest topics that we have coming out in the dropshipping world when it comes to suppliers and marketplaces, features, content and so much more. Hit that subscribe button, enable those notifications and let's go. So one sec before that if you haven't connected your eBay account to Payoneer yet I'll leave a link right below this video and I'll also leave a link at the end of this video and another one talking about this update in general if you haven't heard about it yet go watch those videos and then come back to this one once your accounts are connected. So let me show you my eBay account. First thing that you need to do is head over to your seller hub and of course this is only after you succeeded with the connection process. So what you want to do is on the top right go to my eBay and click on selling to get to the seller hub that we see over here then you want to click on payments up here. Now as you see we didn't have the screen before when we were working with PayPal but now everything is being managed through eBay so let's see what we have here. First we have the available funds these are funds that are ready for me that eBay still hasn't paid me yet. Then there's an invoice this is the old way of working where eBay would issue an invoice once a month with all of your final value fees all of your promoted listing fees and every other fee that you're paying for eBay you would get an invoice once a month be sure to have enough money on your PayPal account to pay for that invoice but now everything is being deducted in advance so you won't be surprised by any invoice at the end of the month and then you'll have to go into it check everything see that everything is okay which is a little bit more of a hassle. So this invoice these 80 dollars is what I had left from the month before when I was still working with PayPal I used to make one-time payments every week or two and I only have 80 dollars left to pay there so that's no problem we don't need to worry about that anymore. What we need to worry about is the following first you have the available funds then your next payout is scheduled for July 1st now today is June 30th while I'm recording this video and as you see here on the settings on the right side I have my payout schedule to be daily which means I want eBay to send me my payments every day now it does take them a couple of days to send you the payments for the orders that you are getting so for example if I'm getting an order on my store today I'm going to get those funds in two days from now this means that you will need to pay for your orders two days in advance so if you know that you're making $500 in sales in a couple of days make sure that you can pay for those orders because you won't be getting the customer's money before those two days are up so you need once again to pay in advance for two days on all of your orders so make sure that you have enough on your pay on your account or on your PayPal account if you're still loading payments through the managed system from PayPal so let's see exactly what we have here over here you see all of the recent transactions if I click on see all we will see all of the transactions that have had ever since I've connected Payoneer with eBay so here's all of the transactions and let's move on to the second page the oldest transaction or the first transactions that I had after the connection process so as you see here I have a whole bunch of orders sorry for the blurred screen guys I know that you cannot see what items I'm selling you can definitely understand why we need to blur out these pictures I have more than enough dropshippers copying my items as it is so you can see the funds here on the right side for example I had one order totaling $509.97 eBay deducted $72 from that order in advance so they're not going to invoice me one month from now for this order and for any other order they already deducted it in advance and out of those $510 they sent $437.90 to my Payoneer account from just this transaction now if you want to see exactly why they took down why they deducted $72 you can simply click on transaction details here on the left side and here is what we can see now on the transaction details first you have the date when the buyer paid which is June 21st eBay process the payment on June 21st and the funds were available on June 22nd one day later and then they simply sent the funds to my Payoneer account I saw it a day later there that's why I'm saying that I'm seeing the funds two days after I'm getting the order let's break down the fees and see exactly why they deducted $72 from an order totaling $509.97 so here are the fee details as you can see we have a final value fee which is something that always existed eBay you would take an average of 9.15% from the old method but now today they're taking 11.7% but do not forget that eBay used to take 9.15% and PayPal used to take another 3.4 to 4.4% depending on your location when you put these two together you would get to your break even so it used to be 9.15 plus 4.4 in my example since I'm an international seller 9.15 final value fee from eBay plus another 4.4% from PayPal used to sum up to a 13.55% break even before taxes and other things so this is something that I knew that I had to take in advance when I was selling with eBay and PayPal but today it's not totaling 13.55% as you can see here we got 11.7% final value fee raised from 9.15 and another international fee since I'm an international seller I don't reside in the United States I am a US citizen but since I don't live in the US I pay another 1.3% final value fee on top of that international fee on top of the final value fee so 11.7% plus 1.3% total 13% so that's 0.55% lower than what I used to pay for PayPal it's only half a percent but it's still money at the end of the day and the more money that you make the more money that you're saving from that half a percent and as you see here they're also taking another 30 cents from every transaction no matter what percentages you are paying which is the same thing that PayPal used to do so no harm no foul there so if we take the total order which was 170 dollars the buyer bought a quantity of three we negotiated a best price he agreed to that best price and bought three units totaling $509.97 out of that eBay deducted 13% plus another 30 cents totaling $72 in fees and if you guys want to see the example let's take 509.97 minus 13% so we're down 66 dollars just from the final value fee of 13% and the international fee but as you see here they took down they deducted 71.77 so there's another five dollars missing here and where are those five dollars let's go back to all of the transactions and as you see there is an ad fee for this order because I sold it from promoted listings eBay deducted another another five dollars and 10 cents from that so 66 plus five is 71 and as you see that is exactly what eBay took here or 72 if you add the other 30 cents and other sense value that I missed but that is exactly how we got to that price and that is exactly how the fees work so go inside every order and see exactly what fees eBay took from you what they deducted from you see that makes sense on your end and then you'll know exactly what your break even needs to be and how much profit you're making at the end of the day so as we can see here we saved another another 0.5% when compared to working with PayPal so that is how the fees work so as you see here we see all of the transactions that we had and you can also see your payouts so let me show you the first payout that I got here I got a payout of 461 dollars on one of the payouts that I got from eBay now I remind you guys eBay sending me payouts every single day that is because I set a daily payout on eBay settings that I showed you in the beginning of this video so here is a payout that eBay sent you can also click on that just like any other transaction that you had that I just showed you guys so let's check out this payout eBay created this payout on June 23rd it was in progress on the same date and they sent the funds on the same date as we can see here the total payout received funds 461 dollars and nine cents funds on hold zero dollars funds release zero dollars payout amount 461 dollars and nine cents so I got every last penny from that transaction and all of the orders that we have inside that transaction can be seen here I know that you guys cannot see the products themselves but you can see the dates June 21st on this store and the amount from every order so we had some cheap orders 10 dollars 9 dollars 15 orders and we had a nice order of 510 dollars so this payout amount came out to 461 dollars after the fees here have been deducted from every transaction that is how the payouts work and that is how the fees work now let's check out how it looks on Payoneer so let me log into my Payoneer account we saw how we can see the transaction when clicking on payments once again you have your available funds so this is the next payout that I'm going to get and here are the previous payouts as you guys saw yesterday June 29 today is the 30th so yesterday as you can see here I got a payout of 267 dollars and 65 cents so once again I'm getting the payouts on a daily basis because I got the payout schedule here on the right side to be on the daily I can also make it weekly or anything else but I really don't see the reason for that you want to get the money as soon as possible there is no reason to have my money held at eBay or Payoneer or anyone else for that matter now let's go see how it looks on Payoneer so here is Payoneer's website I'm going to click on sign in to get into my account once again I'm going to sign in okay and here's my Payoneer dashboard as we can see here I got 385 dollars that are completely free for me to use I can pull them to my bank account withdraw them I can keep them for the managed payment system and as you can see here here are the transactions that I'm getting so here is the payout that I'm getting from eBay 267 dollars was the last payout before that I sent to lear at autodesk.com 200 dollars and another 200 dollars before that because I'm loading money onto the managed payment system because all of my orders are being fulfilled automatically if you guys want to know how to fulfill your orders automatically without having any buyer accounts without worrying about locked accounts check out the link that I'll leave right below this video to the fulfilled by autodesk managed system this way all you have to do is load balance you're paying 0% fee from transferring money from Payoneer accounts to Payoneer accounts so there is zero fee from doing that up until now I used to pay 4% fee for every 100 dollars that I'm transferring to pay for my orders because that's what PayPal used to take now with Payoneer we're down to 0% so from 4% to 0% that's money at the end of the month the more you buy the more you purchase the more you'll profit from that so sending money from Payoneer to Payoneer comes at no cost all I have to do is click on pay make a payment to a recipient's Payoneer account pay for free then I'll click on lior at autodesk.com take from my USD balance 200 dollars purpose of payment autodesk managed review and confirm this payment so transferring payments or making payments on Payoneer is very very easy to do now let's see what else I can do with the funds that I have so one I can send it to my managed payment system to pay for my orders two well I'm making profit here at the end of the day so let's take that profit and withdraw it to our bank account so what I'm going to do is click on withdraw here I can choose where to withdraw from so my USD balance to my bank account how much do I want to withdraw let's go with 300 dollars now here I have a fee of five dollars and 40 cents that's a 1.8% fee that Payoneer takes when withdrawing to my bank account it differs depending on your location so check out Payoneer's fees how much you're taking for the withdrawal let's just make sure that we got the right numbers here so 300 minus 1.8% is five dollars and four cents which is exactly what I'm seeing here so I know that this is true I know that that's exactly what they're taking that's it you can write a description review and then confirm the transaction once I click on withdraw the money will get to my bank account and that is how I can get all of my profits and withdraw them to the bank account that I specified on my Payoneer account the last thing that I want to show you guys is the processing fees so here we are back at eBay's page on the financial summary when we clicked on payments on the seller hub as we know we've got the available funds which are funds that are going to be released to my account soon and this number is building up as I get more sales throughout the day then I got my next payout scheduled for July 1st which is tomorrow and my last payout was sent on June 29th which was yesterday and as you can see here we got 355 dollars and 92 cents that are still processing from the sales that I had the other day then I've got the funds that I have on hold so if a customer opens a case against me that fund will be on hold but since I don't have any funds on hold right now everything is working fine everything is actually in processing and if I click on that I can see all of the transaction all of the sales that are currently processing which is everything that we see here from June 29th which is just the other day so these are the sales that I had here is the amount as you can see here 34 dollars to 130 dollars 28 dollars 100 dollars so we had some high ticket sales we got some medium ticket sales and we have a couple of low ticket sales or maybe even one so as you can see this store is profiting well it's connected with eBay and Pair near and everything is working fine if you have any questions on how to work with eBay and Pair near if there's any question that I did not address in this video please let me know right below in the comments and I will personally answer them just so you guys know this is actually a very smooth and very streamlined process for managing our payments I'm very happy that eBay actually made this partnership with Pair near it is making me pay less fees at the end of the day I do have to wait two days to see the payments for the orders but I have enough money to pay for the orders until those couple of days have passed and then I start getting those funds into my account using it to fulfill my orders once again and the other half withdrawing to my bank account because we're here to profit at the end of the day and that is exactly what is happening let me know if you guys have any questions do not forget to subscribe to always stay updated on all of the latest and hottest topics that we have coming out in the dropshipping world stay tuned thank you for watching see you in the future videos


Good morning everyone and welcome. This is Melissa Arma with the stocks. What should I'm here today to review the market? I have not looked at the market in two weeks. This was my first look at a chart in two weeks. Long time for me to be away but I needed the rest. I needed the vacation. I had an amazing time and I'm back and ready to trade. Now today is not a day to do anything. It's Columbus Day. The market will be slow today. There's probably very few gaps of any. However, it's a nice nice day to kind of regroup for me, get ready for the rest of the week. Earning season starts. Perfect time to be trading. Perfect time to be trading gaps. Perfect time to be trading period. And I'm very excited to be doing just that. Now I'm looking here. Again, this is the first look I've had at charts in two weeks and look at the market. This is the QQQs. It looks fabulous. Wow. This is right before I left. So right before I left the market came in here. Everyone was saying it was lower except for me. I said we were higher. Look at what we did. This looks like this was on the second. On the second the market had a big rally. Actually, we gapped down. Look, we gapped down on the day of October 2nd that we had the rally and the gap down got bought and we rallied three and a half dollars. Beautiful and gapped up right after that and we're holding, holding, holding. Market is higher. Market is absolutely higher. Wow. This is this is so terrific. So all along everyone predicting the market would make another new high. Even when the market fell, fell, fell, fell, fell, crashed on the anomaly day. I predicted the market still would make another new high. Everyone thought the market was lower. It's going to crash and I said, No, this is amazing. This is beautiful. I love the knowledge that I have because if you didn't know what I know, you would never know the market was higher after this, after this, after this whole thing. And all of this in here kept confirming to me the strength of the market. And when when this happened, I looked at it, I rated the gap, the market gap down the day that it fell like this and I rated the gap, but it didn't rate per the system to short and it was not a short. And in fact, I also said here, this is probably going to be the low of the year for 2015 and for a long time to come. I mean, it doesn't have to be, but I'm telling you, either way, the reality is the market's higher and is going to make another new high before the end of the calendar year as I predicted. Now, will we get up over 120? The previous high we could I mean, depends how big and fast and hard the rally comes in. It really depends on how quickly that takes hold right now. It's October the middle of October. So a long time left for the end of the year. But it'll be very interesting to see either way, we will get on over this number before the end of the calendar year. Either way, this is this was an amazing call by maybe even call the market would even do all of this after this. And the reason that I called it accurately and predicted that the market would continue hold rally and make a new highs because I read all the gaps over the bearish gaps and the bullish gaps and I know how to read gaps. And that is what enables me to predict what somebody's going to do on the live trading day in the gap as a day trade and also in the longer term in the market is something you just need to know how to do. And if you want to make money consistently because a lot of people a lot of people got creamed in here a lot of people gonna get creamed in here. This is the fact that I was able to predict this is really a credit to myself and the knowledge that I know and everybody that's taken my class knows this because you could have rated any of the gaps that the market did after all of this and you could have rated them for day trades or for the longer term and seen exactly what I saw. So markets doing just what I thought and the market is rallying every day since I left and it's it's fantastic. It's absolutely fantastic. The market is higher. So I am back this week gonna get some good plays this week and the markets gonna rally this week as predicted to and continue higher and make another new high before the end of the counter year 2015. This is Melissa Armel with the stocks which calm. This is a market review of the QQQs nice rally the markets had in the last two weeks. It will continue now. It's showing its hand which means who is in charge and who is in charge is the bulls and the fact that I knew who was in charge here when everyone said the market was gonna collapse. I knew the bulls were stolen charge here and I knew this for many, many reasons. Number one was the gap reading system that I applied to the gap where I rated the gap and it didn't rate good enough to short and then I knew it wasn't a short in the day and it wasn't and I knew it didn't break the chart which it didn't and also the swish which happened in the morning and so that's you know all of those combinations of factors which was an allowed me to predict everything that's happening right now which is which is turning out to be true. So have a great day everyone. If you'd like any more information I'm back. Email me at the list at the stockswish.com if you'd like more information on upcoming classes. The next golden gap class is October 24th and 25th. Have a good weekend everyone.


So there'll be 15 euro questions and let's start with the first one here on your screen MRI finding depicted on this image Maybe seen with all except So the question is all except So I saw most of you chose option a but later on you saw that word all except So extra pontine my lino lysis flavivirus and kifillitis verni case of billsons So this is something very easy. We all revise it often t2 basal ganglia symmetric hyper intensity and their differences so 37% have said see and then again. There is a divide. So let's see what the answer is It's see so it can be seen with this extra pontine my lino lysis This and Wilson's but this kind of appearance of t2 a hyper intensity in basal ganglia is not common with verni case So this is a list of differential of t2 hyper intensity in basal ganglia is chemia hypoxic ischemic Entiphylopathy venous infarction. We already saw auto immune and kifillitis CJD extra pontine my lino lysis toxins like carbon monoxide cyanide neurotoxicity Almost any kind of viral and kifillitis can lead to this picture and even lymphoma can cause it But what do we see in verni case? We see it as t2 flare hyper intensities without which are symmetrical But they are in the areas of mammillary body, which we saw today in the anatomy talk dorsomedial thalamide Pectal plate periequeductal green matter around the third ventricle. So now this is the second question on your screen and You can see the images sagittal t2 post contrast even and action And these are your options on the screen What is your possible diagnosis patient who is a 47 year old male and has complaints of acute onset upper limb tingling and numbness Right, so we have received a lot of responses and let's see What it is so it is 42% of you feel it is hemangioblastoma and 13% as thinking of B 16 for tuber colomas also So what is this it's a 47 year old? male gentleman and the diagnosis for this case is hemangioblastoma So what we saw here was a lesion which is Relatively hypo intense on t2 weighted images and a lot of perilesional edema and it's a nodular enhancement which we are seeing That what we are not identifying is that there is no obvious large cystic component No obvious hemorrhagic area and anything which will be there in this spinal cord will always cause a lot of edema or Disproportionate edema because of the fact that spinal cord is a small area is a constricted space So spinal Hemangioblastomas are the third most common Intramedulary spinal neoplasm representing 2 to 6 percent of all intramedulary tumors So they should be thought as a differential whenever fits into and their age group is 40 to 50 years of age Mostly you see like discrete nodules Sometime there will be syringes or cysts associated with them and the most common location is the thoracic cord Great now. This is another differential question on your screen and the options are also there so we can start the poll MRI findings depicted on this image can be seen with all except so there is a finding these are diffusion and axial flare images and you have to identify What all can cause it but the answer has to be the one which cannot cause this particular finding So we have received the responses but lot of confusion in there So but 29% think that it is the option D, which is methanol toxicity So let's see what this entity is and what is the answer the answer to this question is methanol toxicity And this is called as the cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum also called as the transient sprenial hyper intensity And we have a lot of causes for this like seizures can also that's good just a post-tictal thing So it is most of the time confused with infarct restricted diffusion may make you think that it's a small infarct But the location and player hyper intensity and clinical correlation makes it easier So it can be post epilepsy or post seizure Metabolic disturbances like electrolyte imbalance infections CNS malignancies Drugs and toxins can also lead to this even subarachnoid hemorrhage sometime can cause this to happen But methanol toxicity will not cause this finding commonly here that time we see bilateral basal ganglia changes So now let's move to the next question and this is the question with options on your screen There are sagittal T2 and T1 weighted images and you have to identify what this condition is So 36% of you who think that this is metastasis and then 37% Have diagnosed it as cumulus So this was cumulus So this is an entity where we have the osteonecrosis of the bone and you have delayed vertebral body collapse due to Ischemia and non-union of the anterior vertebral bodies with which fractures after major trauma These are not metastasis Where you can see that even the posterior margins are not convex. There is wedging of these vertebrae They are not homogenously hyper intense on T1 weighted images and on T2 you can also see this positive fluid sign Which is seen with osteoporotic fractures. So these are all osteoporotic fractures or traumatic fractures And they have developed into bone infarcts or osteonecrosis Next question is on your screen and with four options So we can start the poll at the same time 57 year old gentleman with progressive bilateral facial nerve palsy and all of them are the possible diagnosis except so we have the result and the Maximum 47% votes are to the option number D Which is scleroderma and that is the correct answer So what we are seeing here on this image is that there are multiple cranial nerves which are involved and they are Thickened and they are enhancing so we are dealing with a situation where we have multiple cranial nerve Involvement thickening enhancement and the differential to this is Metastasis neurofibromatosis type 2 lymphoma is an important one leukemia multiple sclerosis CIDP Limes is not very common in India Neurosarquoid and metachromatic So commonly seen our lymphoma and Neurosarquoid and Maybe with metastasis and also with para neoplastic syndromes, but scleroderma will not cause any CNS symptoms So that was the answer Next question on your screen. This is a young male patient 29 year old and He has complaints of headache and vomiting and these are the images on your screen and see the images and I'll take The slide to the option one. Also, this one is the slide with options this Colorful image which you are seeing is the perfusion ASF Non-contrast perfusion which we can perform and assess the areas of hyper perfusion within this region This is post contrast T1 pre contrast T1 So most of you have identified it correctly as her typical Central Neurosytoma. So this is our typical Central Neurosytoma and because of the location because of the morphology You can identify it correctly. So these are WHO grade 2 neuro epithelial intraventricular tumors with fairly characteristic imaging features and they usually have heterogeneous appearance and heterogeneous post contrast enhancement Calcification is common and can be typically puncted MR spectroscopy where we saw a tall Colleen peak also is a characteristic feature Another set of images on your screen next question. So here you see a post contrast actual T1 diffusion and coronal T2 You see a lesion which is homogenously enhancing restricted Diffusion and T2 hypo intensity. This is the same patient Where we have obtained a single voxel spectroscopy. So this is how this patient's spectroscopy look like and these are your four options All are true for this pathology except Lipid peak is seen due to active presence of macrophages containing a strong rate of moving lipid CT hypodense enhancing supratentorial mass Colleen peak may be seen Restricted diffusion is a characteristic. So again, I'll show you the image This is the finding and these are the options. So we have the answers with us and 34% of you feel that this is answer number C 32% are towards answer option number B So what is it? Colleen peak may be seen and CT hypodense enhancing supratentorial mass So first of all, we should diagnose what this situation is This is primary CNS lymphoma a lesion which is homogenously enhancing lesion which is showing the restricted diffusion and is showing a Tall Colleen peak. So this is your creatinine at 3.02 So this peak is your Colleen at 3.22 and you can see that The Colleen peak is above the creatinine peak which should not be there So this is the reversal of your hunter's angle. So you definitely see elevated Colleen So what are all these features suggestive of these are suggestive of hypercellularity? So you have something which is hypercellular densely packed cells are there and that fits into lymphoma So anything which will be densely cellular and which will be a kind of densely packed cells will be present Then that has to look hyper dense on CT not hypodense. Therefore, this option is correct This option is the answer of the question. So you will see everything except a CT hypodense lesion. So that was the question In primary CNS lymphomas, you can have a typical hypodense T1 lesions Which are showing restricted diffusion and MR spectroscopy will show you Colleen peak and along with the Colleen peak because of these Macrophages, you will also have a lipid lactate doublet peak. So that is a twin peak sign which is seen with lymphoma So this is the next question on your screen. These are MRI images depicting acute and subsequent chronic changes in pediatric disease spectrum So the question is not asking you the diagnosis So these are three images of the same disease in acute phase and these are the two in the same disease spectrum different patient in Later phase chronic phase So in this particular disease The calvaryl size changes whatever the diagnosis is the calvaryl size changes. So you have to choose one option Where the size of the calvaryl does not change Similar to the change in this disease. So little tricky question, but you can attempt it easily So the responses wise the answer to the question You have given is C-glutinous acid urea type 1 which is the diagnosis in this situation So that was you are correct But the answer as per the question asked is D fetal rubella syndrome. So what is it? This is glutinous acid urea type 1. So you see that there is Area of restricted diffusion and T2 hyper intensity with edema in bilateral basal ganglia And later on you can see that the sylvan fishers are widened out and these areas are smaller in size And basal ganglia T2 hyper intense. So this is glutinous acid urea type 1 What happens to the calvaryl here? You get macrocephaly. So the size increases So everything which can increase this skull size or macrocephaly related pathologies are congenital hydrocephalus Hydrogencephaly neurofibromatosis type 1 Cubrosclerosis metabolic storage disorders Alexander's canavans Glutinous acid urea nunans, but rubella, which is a part of your taut spectrum Torch infestation need to microcephaly and not macrocephaly. So therefore that was the answer Now this is your next question the ninth question on your screen. You can choose your answers from the option box So most of you feel that it is the second option medulloblastoma and that is the correct answer The appearance is little odd So there was some confusion but this is medulloblastoma, which is the most common malignant brain tumor of the childhood And just to revise we have four types. That is your WNT Sonic hedgehog and group 3 and group 4. So the ones which are in midlines, they can be group 3 group 4 cerebellar hemisphere involvement is very likely with the sonic hedgehog variety and therefore that has Intermediate prognosis whereas the cerebellar peduncles when involved with the WNT subgroup that has the best prognosis Next question on your screen. So we can have the polling options So here is a young person who has developed progressive thoughts welling over the left frontal convexity and The person is immuno competent. So what is your diagnosis? Metastasis osteosarcoma aspergilloma or lymphoma So we have the answers and most of you feel it is aspergilloma 41% and then 27% feel it is osteosarcoma So we have a CT image also where you see that there is complete bone erosion So this is a case of aspergilloma Where retrospectively we saw that this mass lesion was completely more or less hypo intense on T2 weighted images and flare images and Also that there was complete cautious erosion on swan They were areas of blooming which could correspond to the fungal hyphae and fungal byproducts So aspergilloma can have various radiographic presentations and they may be associated Fungal ball or masses which can be slow-growing and they will cause cautious erosions like this They can also cause the involvement of the vessels vasculitis and cerebral infarction Next question on your screen. You have to identify the phenomena. So you have your polling options So most of you have identified this phenomena correctly. So this is cross cerebellar diastasis So this is something interesting We had this in last year's quiz also and you see this on ASL Non-contrast perfusion image. There is a phenomena where one part of your cerebral hemisphere is hypoperfused and Contralateral cerebellar hemisphere is hypoperfused. So this refers to depression in function, metabolism and perfusion affecting the cerebellar hemisphere occurring as a result of the contralateral focal supratentorial abnormality So this patient had status epilepticus episode and this is a post-tictal change So most likely the phenomena is due to interruption of the corticopontoserebellar white matter tract But this is the question on your screen. Identify the lesion. This are very commonly seen in the brain But in the cord sometime it's rare So your polling options are on your screen and you see sagittal T2 and sagittal T1 post contrast and axial post contrast So 50% of you think that these are intra medullary tuberculomas and that is the correct answer So still 50% had some doubt related to this particular thing So these are typical T2 hypo intense lesions which are peripherally enhancing and we see a lot of perillational d-mark Conglomerate lesions, spinal intra medullary tuberculomas are rare and most of the time secondary to the tubercular involvement elsewhere in the body So this patient also had multiple tuberculomas in the brain and also there were pulmonary involvement. So this is the next case fetal MRI and you can start And to this most of you have replied as a venous gallon and then see a C-dural sinus malformation So this is a fetal MRI with a large abnormal flow void, which is a vascular channel But the location is not venous gallon. So we have just seen the venous anatomy and revised it So we know that venous gallon malformation is somewhere here. So this is a dural sinus malformation Which has been partially thrombosed and they are known to resolve also So in fetal MRI if you pick it up or even on fetal ultrasound if you pick it up, if you follow them They will slowly reduce in size. So that is important to identify Sometime if they are thrombose on ultrasound people may think that these are posterior fossa masses So this is not venous gallon malformation Another question you have this phenomena of transynaptic degeneration Which track is involved in this particular phenomenon? So you have two sets of images and We are showing two abnormalities which are interrelated So we have our polling answers and we see that 43% of you feel it is dentator rubro olivary pathway and next 38% is cerebellum olivary pathway. So this is something related to the olivary pathway So this is hypertrophic olivary degeneration, which is happening because of this cavernoma and the pathway which is involved here is the Dentator rubro olivary pathway which is resulting in hypertrophy of the inferior olivary nucleus So the parts are red nucleus inferior olivary nucleus and the contralateral denti nucleus. This is something interesting Last question for this quiz Identify the pathology. So we can start with the polling options so we have already received over 100 responses and Most of you feel that it is Option number two sin telencephaly, which is the correct answer. So what is this sin telencephaly? so this is a Spectrum in the entity of holoprosencephaly and you will see middle inter hemispheric variant Which is a mild subtype of holoprosencephaly that is characterized by an abnormal midline connection Of the cerebral hemisphere between the posterior frontal and the parietal region So this is something with which is very similar to low bar holoprosencephaly But the inter hemispheric fissure is characteristically absent. The rest of the brain appears more or less Normal structurally and here you have appearance of a mono ventricle due to fusion. So this is sin telencephaly So, thank you everyone with this we come to an end of this short quiz


The cherry's back in defence. Well, are your thoughts on Ben Pearson ahead of Lewis Cook today? Look, we've got a chance here. Come back to that in a second, Stannis last fight in, and the ball across the face of goal is clutched out of the air by Samba, but that was a lovely ball down the right flank. Do you think he tried to pull it back or lob the keeper? I think he's tried to pull it back, as the men coming in the middle. I think he's just trying to loft it over the goalkeeper to the far post, where Long was sniffing around. It's at least 25 yards out, and it's Nilnil. It's taken short, and it's Kravinovich who shoots, and it bobbles right in front of Begovich, and it's a terrific stop in the end to hold on. Kaffu is booked after 11 minutes. The first of the players into the referee's notebook is Bournemouth player, short corner, left side of the box. They saw a 2 on 1, and hit Stannis last, drives it across the face of goal and passed everybody from Junior Stannis last. I think he was trying to bend that in the far post himself, and unfortunately for him, he went past the post and passed everybody else. Love it. Great set play. Stannis last just trying to kill it into the far corner. Oh, just didn't get enough whippage on it for it to come back. Oh, lovely turn by Wilshire away from his man, completely left garner. And now Wilshire to the left-hand side, and Dan Duma. He's got a chance here to pull it back. It'll need to be first time. Dan Duma's ball to the fat post, and then off balance. Shane Long heads it over the bar. I think he got a touch off a defender on the way through. 12 minutes remaining. Forrest have a corner from the left-hand side. Whipped into the near post and cleared away off the line by the goalkeeper, and a combination of defenders as Forrest got a head on it at the near post, and Bournemouth somehow got bodies behind the ball. Well, we're going to get a look now. We're on the replay as it flashes in towards the near post. Glenn Murray got the header on it, and it cleared off the line by Pearson with his left thigh. Stannis last left corner of the penalty here and tried to knock it in for billing. Gets it back. Stannis last shoots and turned over his own crossbar in the end. Warrell threw himself in the way. Goalkeeper had it covered, I think, from Stannis last, but Warrell took no chances.


Our next speaker is Cami Dixon. Cami is a biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. She spends her time addressing uncertainties associated with managing grasslands and wetlands. She is based at the Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge in North Dakota, but works across the Prairie Pottle region. She has a program coordinator for the Native Prairie Adaptive Management Program, which was a multi-state initiative focused on managing prairies, invaded with smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass. In recent years, Cami has also taken on roles to help support pollinator conservation in grasslands. The best part of her job is collaborating with partners and colleagues to address the numerous challenges associated with conserving grasslands and wetlands. Cami's title today is smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass. Does increased invasion, decreased management, effectiveness in mixed grass prairies? Let's welcome Cami. Thank you. So I first want to acknowledge my co-authors on this presentation. Jill Gannon, who did all the quantitative work that I'm going to be talking about. And then Jennifer Zorn, who does all the data management for the data setup that I'm going to be talking about. So back in the early 2000s, several of us US Fish and Wildlife Service biology, biologists and managers in the Dakotas started to notice that our prairies were looking more like this instead of this. This of course is more of a monotypic type of smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass. And the other one of course is a high diversity, mixed grass prairie. So as we started having these conversations, we realized that we actually wanted to quantify what was going on on our prairies to determine if what we thought we were seeing was really happening in that we had more smooth brome in Kentucky bluegrass than we previously it had. So we went out and surveyed almost all of our native prairies on US Fish and Wildlife Service lands in the two Dakotas and into Northeastern Montana. So these are the results. This was in the ballpark of 200,000 acres that we surveyed. The y-axis here is percent frequency and the x-axis are our plant groupings. So as you can see our native grass and forb groupings, we have about 25%, 25% or less of the native plant cover. Got a few low shrubs like Western Snowberry, about 10%. But what's most eye-opening on this figure is that our prairies are so highly invaded that we smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass at the two of them together are making up more than 50% of the composition of our prairies. Got a little bit of crested wheatgrass and some weedy forbs, things like sweet clover as well as leafy spurge. So this was pretty eye-opening to us to see that our prairies were so degraded and we really felt the need to do something immediately to see if we could at least slow down the tide of invasion. So that led us to create what we now call our native prairie adaptive management programmer, N-PAM is the acronym you'll hear me use. At the core N-PAM is a decision framework that uses science and our values to be able to recommend optimal management actions on native prairies that are invaded with smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass. The objective of the N-PAM program is to increase the native plant cover at the least cost. Here's the spatial area of our N-PAM program. The green polygon, the dark green polygon is the prairie pothole region, whereas the shaded green area are our administrative areas where N-PAM is currently occurring. These purple dots represent our management units and on average we have about 120 management units enrolled in N-PAM every year and we have both mixed grass prairies which is everything to the west of that yellow dash line and tall grass prairies, which is everything to the east of that. So for the sake of the presentation today, I am only going to be talking about mixed grass prairies. So keep in mind we're all, everything I'm talking about is west of that yellow dash line. Sarah Vossick will be giving you a rundown on what's going on in tall grass prairies tomorrow. I call this slide the year in the life of an N-PAM unit. So this is gonna give you an idea of what happens on these N-PAM units every year. So remember N-PAM is a decision support framework. Every year these units are managed and for tall grass prairies, our management treatments are rest, grays, burn and burn grays. So we manage, then we monitor these units every year that management and monitoring data are uploaded into a centralized database and then those data are processed in a pretty complex decision tool that I'm not gonna go into details on today, but I'm happy to discuss afterwards if you want more details. Then that decision tool provides a management recommendation. Okay, so now that you've had a little bit of background on what N-PAM is, I just wanna step back a little bit and talk about how philosophically U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, how we're thinking about dealing with uncertainties associated with these prairies that are so invaded with smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass. I think of it as three legs of the stool if the seat of the stool is our uncertainties. So the first leg of the stool is our N-PAM program which I already talked to you about and that gives us our annual decision guidance on how to best manage our prairies. In addition to that, we can do retrospective analyses of the N-PAM data. We can answer questions if we can, we can hope to get answers if we know the questions we want to ask. And then finally, the third leg of the stool is targeted research where we might ask a partner to help address a specific question. And actually a good example of this is gonna be Sean's presentation today. He's giving a little bit later, that's some targeted research we did in collaboration with him. So for the sake of the presentation today, I am gonna be focusing on retrospective analyses of these data, of this data set. So a few sidebars background details on this data set. So the first thing I want you to recognize is a data point for N-PAM is we monitor, we manage, and remember those four management treatments we use, it's rest, graze, burn and burn graze for our mixed grass prairies. And then we monitor again and get the results. So we call this is a single data point, sometimes we call it, it's a single time step. So keep that in mind as you're seeing the results. The other thing to keep in mind, I've already showed you how highly invaded our prairies are. Turns out when Fish and Wildlife Service was first acquiring the lands we managed in the Prairie Pothole region, we thought it was best to idle these prairies for the purpose of a certain group of wildlife. So we didn't do things like burning and grazing for a lot of years on many of these prairies for decades actually. So I always like to point that out, it might not be comparing apples to apples if you're thinking about a prairie that has a long-term history of grazing and looking at our data. So keep that in mind. And then finally, we use what's called the belt transect method to do our annual monitoring. The belt transect method is a fairly rapid assessment. It's a lumping versus a splitting monitoring protocol. And we do by percent cover and we lump plants by functional group. So keep all of that in mind as we go into our first retrospective analysis that I'm gonna talk to you about. So the first analysis that we did is relative importance and we defined that as the amount that a variable explains the change in smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass cover relative to other variables. Okay, let's get a few more details on this and talk specifically about what variables we looked at. So in terms of doing this analysis, we could only pick variables that we had data for and we wanted to pick variables that were important to us. So these are our base variables that we hope, these are our base variables, seven base variables and they are treatment. Remember those four mixed grass treatments I've been mentioning. The dominant invader, whether it's smooth brome, Kentucky bluegrass are a combination of the two. The defoliation history for NPAM purposes, we look at what happened the prior seven years in terms of defoliation. The invasion level, this is kind of that threshold thing that's already come up in some previous presentations. The prior year precipitation, the long-term climate which includes both precip and temperature for prior 30 years and then the ecological site. So these are the seven base variables. We also did interactions with these. And so truly there are in the ballpark of 30 variables but I'm not gonna show you all that because that gets pretty overwhelming to look at in a presentation pretty quick. So we're gonna focus on these. As I start revealing the associated number with these, hopefully you can see that at the bottom but let me make sure I read this clearly. So these numbers are gonna range between zero and one. And so what these numbers mean, if it's a zero, it means that that variable doesn't explain the change in cover of smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass much. Whereas if it's a one or near one, it explains the change in the plant cover a lot. So let's look at these and see what we learned from this. Okay, so the treatment. Now again, remember the question we're asking, how do these variables explain the change in smooth brome in Kentucky bluegrass cover? That's a question you wanna ask in your head as I go through all of these. So treatment, treatment's an important variable for explaining the change in the cover of those species. How about the dominant invader? Well, it's pretty important for smooth brome, not at all important for Kentucky bluegrass. Defoliation history, somewhat important for smooth brome, not at all important for Kentucky bluegrass. The invasion level, it is somewhat important for smooth brome, very important for Kentucky bluegrass. Prior year precipitation, really important for smooth brome, not important for Kentucky bluegrass. Long-term climate, important for both of them. And so is the ecological site. A few take home messages on this slide. This was actually pretty heartening for me to see that treatment is this important in terms of explaining the change in the cover of these two species. That's something we can actually control, theoretically, whether we're gonna go out there and burn or graze or even rest as a treatment too. So in comparison to things like long-term climate, which of course we have no control over or prior year precipitation or even ecological sites. So I was actually pretty excited about that. That made my day when you spend a lot of time working with smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass. The other thing I wanna point out about this is note the differences in these variables as you go from smooth brome to Kentucky bluegrass. These variables have, some of them have similar importance, but they're different from one another. So essentially I think of these two as they're two different beasts, even though a lot of us are challenged to manage prairies that have a combination of the two. One thing I really wanna emphasize, so this suite of variables that we used for this analysis, again, these were variables that we had data for, certainly variables that we're interested in. But for example, if there's something going on, like Dr. Lam talked a lot about the nutrient cycling and that sort of thing, if there's something like that driving the change in smooth brome cover, we didn't capture it here. I just can't emphasize that enough. This is based on the variables we had available to assess. So I could go through each of these variables and show them the associated figures that go with them, but I decided to select just one of them. This whole concept of this invasion level, this is a bit of this threshold conversation we've already talked about and I chose this one because it seems this is something we talk a lot about, especially in the coffee shop, after hours, campfire chats and so forth. So I'm gonna show you the results of the analysis, the specific graphs that went with this relative importance analysis. So just bookmark that 0.48 for a smooth brome and the 0.99 for Kentucky bluegrass. Okay, here's a few details of the analysis. So the question we asked to the data is do burning and grazing become less effective as invasion increases? Well, what's your hypothesis? Our hypothesis was as invasion level increases, burning and grazing will decline in their effectiveness. Anyone agree with that that you would think that's a reasonable hypothesis? So here is our sample size. We had 105 units, data from 2010 to 2020. This is 843 data points. Now, do you remember when I told you what a data point was earlier? We monitor, we manage and we monitor again. That's a data point, that single time step thing. So keep that in mind. We had 334 rests, 367 grazes, 90 burns and 52 burn grazes. So let's start to look at the graphs. Okay, so we're gonna start with smooth brome and I'll walk slow this first graph so you can get an idea of these box plot diagrams if you're not used to looking at them or it's been a while. So we're talking about smooth brome here. So our question remember is do burning and grazing become less effective as smooth brome increases? And remember our hypothesis is that yes, that's gonna be the case. So on these box plot diagrams, first of all, smooth brome is on the Y axis for percent cover. Across the top here, we have our level of invasion in three categories on three different panels. So medium is our average invasion level for all the units that were part of this analysis. So that's average invasion of smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass. On our respective units, keep in mind. So anything above average would be high, anything below would be low. We have our management treatments on the, excuse me, we have our management treatments on the X axis here, of course rest, graze burn and burn graze. This dashed line on each panel, that dashed line is the starting state of the smooth brome cover before we applied the treatment. So the results you're going to see is anything above that dashed line is an increase in smooth brome cover. Anything below is a happy face. That's to help you remember that we want below that cover. So I put a happy face just to help you remember that and help me too. What's really confusing is if you suddenly have native plant cover on the Y axis of these, then you have to, it takes me a minute to flip my mind around. So I kind of like the happy face. Okay, so let's start looking at some results. For rest, it's predicted that under low invasion, we're going to see an increase in smooth brome cover when we rest. Same under medium and same under high. So this is not living up to our hypothesis so far in terms of we should have, I would have expected rest under low invasion to potentially be at the maintaining or even decreasing potentially depending on. So all right, let's look at grazing. Okay, under low invasion, it's predicted that a graze is going to increase the smooth brome cover. Under medium invasion, maintain. And under high, roughly maintain. Again, not meeting our hypothesis and there isn't, is similar to rest, it was pretty much across the board among the three panels. In graze, there's a very slight difference from low to medium and low to high, but not dramatic across those three invasion levels. Okay, let's look at burning. Okay, before we look at burning and these box plot diagrams that taller the box, the less confidence we have in the results and the longer the whiskers. So you can see, just be wary of that. And when I pull out burn graze, you'll notice it pretty dramatically. So under low invasion, it's predicted that if we burn, we're gonna see an increase in smooth brome cover, potentially maintain under medium and potentially maintain under high. Again, my confidence on this high with the long whiskers and even on the medium is sort of shaky on those. And then finally, the burn graze. As you can see, these are real tall boxes and long whiskers, but burn graze is predicted based on the data we have is predicted to show an increase in smooth brome under low and medium and possibly maintain under high. Okay, so what does this all mean? I would appreciate feedback on this if you all have this because I'm still getting my head around it, but bottom line, we are not seeing when you look, especially at, and for now I'm just gonna, I'm gonna put the burn graze out of my mind just because I don't have a lot of confidence in these results with the high variability in there. So let's just talk rest, graze and burn. So with rest, not much of a difference across the board. Burn, there's not much of a difference either. If you lined up these red boxes where they're sitting on these dash lines with each other, those red boxes are crossing over there. So there's not much of a difference across those three panels. There's a slightly something going on in grazing, but it's not too dramatic. So that said, all of this, remember what the relative importance of smooth brome was? It was like 0.48, it had some importance, but not as dramatic as Kentucky bluegrass. So again, there's not as much variability as you're going from low, medium and high, especially for rest, graze and burn. Okay, are we ready for Kentucky bluegrass? Okay, same question. Do burning and grazing become less effective as Kentucky bluegrass increases? Okay, so now remember our Y-axis is percent Kentucky bluegrass cover. So first of all, under a low invasion level, arrest is predicted to increase Kentucky bluegrass. Under medium increase as well, and under high decrease. Boy, I'm dying to hear some of your thoughts on that because this is really a bit mind-blowing on this, but bottom line, this is pretty much opposite of our hypothesis in that rests, rests do better under high invasion levels. Okay, let's see what grazing did. Quite similar to rest as you can see. So grazing is predicted to increase Kentucky bluegrass under low, also increase under high, but look at the, under medium, I'm sorry, but under high it's predicted to decrease the Kentucky bluegrass cover. Let's check out burning. Okay, so burning under low is predicted to increase the Kentucky bluegrass cover. Under medium and high, both predicted to decrease Kentucky bluegrass cover. And then under burn graze, the burn graze is really trying to follow our hypothesis. Again, with these long bars, a lot of variability in there. We can't quite say that yet, but that's really trying to say, yep, a burn graze becomes less effective. Looks like we show a decrease in Kentucky bluegrass under low, potential decrease under medium, but under high, we're gonna see an increase. So all of this, there's a lot more variability, especially compared to the smooth brome as you go from low, medium and high. So what this means is that this is, remember this is a 0.99 for the relative importance, is that this is an important variable for Kentucky bluegrass because there is variation across these three invasion levels. Okay, let's talk about a few take home messages. First of all, management treatments are important. As I said, on that relative importance table, I was pretty excited when I saw that treatment was a one. Oftentimes our managers and especially our administrators will say, well, Kami, why are we spending money on prescribed burn? Alls you're doing is saying we need more fire on the landscape, you want more money to burn, you want, and they say, how do you know, how do you know this isn't all driven by climate, that long-term climate prior to your precipitation or ESD isn't driving all this and our management treatments aren't doing anything? Now I have this analysis to show them that our management treatments are important. So that's really important to me. And I think it's important to tell our managers, our land managers, that keep doing what you're doing, keep burning and grazing. So also, if you remember in the relative importance analysis and as well as the invasion level, figures I showed you, smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass need to be, they're their own beasts, I like to say, in terms of you really, of course our goals to increase the native plant cover, but you really need to know what your dominant invader is, the species that you want to manage against. This is this threshold question. Management effectiveness did not decline with increased invasion as we had thought. Really, there weren't many, I think maybe there was one scenario under burn graze where it was really trying to follow our hypothesis where to show that under high invasion, our treatments aren't doing a thing. That didn't really occur. And again, in this world of working with smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass, that's actually a little bit exciting to know. And then another take home message, keep studying and learning. We have done this one analysis and I talked you through how we did that. So we're gonna look at this a little bit different way, this threshold or invasion level question. For the NPAM program, we have four native plant cover states. The first is zero to 30% native cover. So the question we're gonna ask next for our next analysis is if you are a manager and you have a prairie with zero to 30% native plant cover, and that's in 2010, in 2020, have you moved to this second higher state to that 30 to 45% native plant cover? So with that, I want to emphasize that this is, I appreciate being here and having this opportunity to be able to talk through these and think through these. And these are challenges that don't seem to go away or don't seem to get any simpler as I was watching or listening to Dr. Lam this morning, I'm like, oh my goodness and trying to get your head around all that and bring all this together. But I do have some optimism with some of these results. Definitely we need to keep going, we need to keep burning, we need to keep grazing. So with that, I'll answer any questions you might have or try to answer anyway.


Hello, we are back once again with this exercise five of circle chapter. So we will be solving this exercise five of circles. Okay, so let's take the first question. It is saying if the tangent at P on the circle x square plus y square plus six six plus six y equal to two meets the straight line five x minus two y plus six equal to zero at a point q on the y axis. So, then the length of PQ. Okay. So, let me draw. Circle what is given there. So, here one circle is there was a question is known to us. Now one tangent at point P. So, I'm drawing one tangent at point P to the circle. That is meeting the straight line five x minus two y plus six. So one straight line is there. I don't know whether that straight line will intersect the circle or not. That is not important for me also, and I'm drawing one this y axis also right. So, this is the sketch as per question. So, this is our y axis. Let me reduce the thickness. So, this is basically our y axis, this green line. Okay. And what else. This is our line five six minus two y. This line is five six minus two y plus six equal to zero. This is point P where we have drawn one tangent that tangent is meeting this straight line on the y axis. This is what it is given and this is meeting it. This point is basically q. Okay. And this is a circle sequence is given as x square plus y square plus six x plus six y minus two equal to zero. This much information we are given in the question. Now, the question is asking to find the length of pq, we have to find pq length of pq right. This is what we need to find. So, okay, let's extract all the information from this equation of circle. So, the center of this circle is minus three comma minus three. The radius of this circle will be nine plus nine minus of two minus of minus two that will be plus two. That means under root 20. Right G square plus F square minus of C. So under root 20 under root 20 means four into five so two root five. So radius of the circle is two root five and center is minus three minus three. Okay. So, we need to find the length pq. Okay, can we identify the coordinates of point q. If you see the coordinates of point q. One thing is sure that since this is lying on the x y axis sorry, since it is lying on the y axis so x coordinate will be zero. Right. Now how to find the y coordinate put x equal to zero in this equation. So if you put x equal to zero in this equation. So put x equal to zero in this equation we are headed minus two y is equal to minus six, or we can say y equal to three. Okay. So the coordinates of q will be zero comma three. Now, q is a point outside the circle q is a point outside a circle and it is touching the circle at point p. Okay, so pq if you say me to find the length of pq pq is nothing but under root s one where s one means power of point q right power of point q under root is will be equal to length of tangent that is pq. Okay, so what will be s one s one will be x square plus y square plus six six plus six y minus two put x equal to zero and y equal to three. So, like, means we have to put the coordinates of q in this equation and we will, we will get this s one. So, if you say that x will be zero and this was zero plus y three y square will be nine plus zero plus six and two three, that is, six and two three know that will be 18 minus two. So, 27 minus two that is 25. So, if you see this length of pq length of pq will be equal to, or this is the length of tangent only this will be equal to under root s one means under root 25 that will be equal to five minutes. Okay. So, option C is correct. Option C is correct for discussion. Let's take the next question, question number two. So, what is saying if the circle x square plus y square plus two gx plus two a point plus equal to zero this is the general equation is given here is judged by y equal to x at p. Okay, such that OP is equal to six root to where is the origin, then the value of C. So one circle is here. This is our circle. Okay. And it is given it is touched by the line y equal to x. So, let me draw a coordinate axis. And let me draw this y equal to x line. So, it is touched by line y equal to x right. It is not cutting it is touching the line y equal to x. So, if you say, y equal to x will be somewhere. Okay, then he could have omitted this one. coordinate axis. Okay, let me draw it once again. Let me draw it separately. So, this is suppose this is our line y equal to x. Okay. And it is touching the circle. It is touching the circle. So, suppose this is our circle. And this is why y equal to x is touching this circle, such that OP at p. Okay. So, this is the line y equal to x. Sorry. This is the line y equal to x. This is our circle. And this line is touching this circle at point p. And one distance is there. OP is given as 6 root 2. So, this suppose I am taking this as whose coordinates are 0 comma 0. So, this OP is given as 6 root 2. OP is given as 6 root 2. So, this is our line y equal to x. So, this is our line y equal to x. OP is given as 6 root 2. So, what is OP basically? OP is nothing but the length of tangent. And we get the length of tangent as under root s1. So, this under root s1 means power of point under root. Right? So, power of which point, power of this origin. Under root of that will give us the length of OP. That is equal to 6 under root 2. Now, put the value 0 0 in the equation. We get 0 plus 0 plus 0 plus 0 plus c under root. That will be equal to 6 root 2. So, under root c is equal to 6 root 2. So, is squaring this, we get c. c is equal to 36 into 2. That is nothing but 70. Right? So, this will be our answer. The value of c will be 72 basically. Okay. Now, let's take the next question. Question number three. The God of contact of engines from a point P to a circle passes through Q. If L1 and L2 are the lengths of the tangents from P and Q to the circle, then P, Q is equal to. Okay, let's try to visualize it by trying a sketch. This is our circle. The God of contact from a point P. Suppose this is our point P from where we are growing the tangents. This is our pair of engines from point P. And this is our God of contact. Right? This is our God of contact, which is passing through Q, which is passing through Q. And if L1 and L2 are the lengths of tangents from P and Q to a circle. Okay. So, we have to draw tangents from Q also. Right? So, let me draw the tangents from Q. Suppose this is one tangent and this is another tangent. Okay. So, this is our point P. Basically, this is our point P. And this is our point Q. Okay. So, and this is our point of God of contact. Suppose this is AD passes through Q. If L1 and L2 are the length of tangents. So, this PA, this PA is equal to L1. Right? This PA is equal to L1. And this Q, let me name it as CD. Let me take it as a point C. And this has point D where this tangents are touching the circle. So, PA is given to be L1. And this QC is given to be L2. Right? So, this is what it is given. And we need to find the length of PQ. Then PQ we need to find this length PQ. PQ we need to find. This is not equal to us. So, if you say, let's assume the coordinates of P is X1 comma Y1. And the coordinates of PQ is X2 comma Y2. Right? So, what will be PA basically? PA will be equal to under root S1. Means power of point, power of point P. And taking under root of that will give me the length PA. So, this will be equal to... Okay, let's me... First, we have to assume the equation of circle. So, let me assume this circle as X square. Let the equation of circle as X square plus Y square is equal to A square. Okay? We are assuming this circle. So, this S1, under root S1 will be under root of X1 square plus Y1 square minus of A square. For power of points, we put the coordinates in the equation of the circle itself. So, this is what we have done here. And what will be our QC? This will be under root S, power of P I am telling. So, this is I am telling as power of Q. Okay? That will be nothing but X2 square plus Y2 square minus of A square. Okay? And what will be PQ? If you see the PQ, PQ is nothing but... PQ is nothing but distance between... We can write it the distance between these two points. So, this is nothing but X1 minus X2 whole square. Okay? Plus Y1 minus Y2 whole square. Okay? So, let's open it.  Right? Whole thing will be under root. Okay? One more thing is given here. If you observe, let me... So, if you see, this is the equation of AB, like equation of chord of contact we can write. Equation of chord of contact. How we used to write the equation of chord of contact? We used to write it as T equal to zero. Now, T means X, X1 plus Y, Y1 minus A square is equal to zero. So, X1 and Y1, I'm taking the coordinates of P. Like from P, I have drawn a pair of tangents. Okay? That touches the circle at A and B. So, this equation of AB, the equation of the chord of contact is given by T equal to zero. Where T is nothing but we replace the equation of circle, means in the equation of circle we replace X square by X, X1, Y square by Y1. So, this is what we have done. And so, this is our equation of AB. Right? This is nothing but equation of AB. This is our equation of AB. But this is passing through Q also. So, this must satisfy Q. It must satisfy Q. So, this will be, in place of X, we can write X2. In place of Y, we can write Y. So, this will be X2 into X1 plus Y2 into Y1 minus A square is equals to zero. Okay? So, we will use this information here. How? If you see, this will become X1 square plus X2 is equal to plus Y1 square plus Y2 is square, taking two common, minus two common, we are having X1, X2 plus Y1 by two. Right? So, in place of this X1, X2 and Y1 by Y2, what I will do? I will write it as minus of A square. I will write it as minus of A square. Right? Sorry, A square, not minus of, because after putting it to the right side, it will become plus A square only. So, here we get this X1 square plus Y1 square and minus two A square, I will split it into minus of A square. Okay? And plus, this will be Y1 square, Y1 is already, we have to, this will be Y2 is square and X2 is square. This X2 is square plus Y2 is square and minus of A square. Okay? So, this is nothing but, what is X1 square plus Y1 square minus A square? This is equal to L1 square. Okay? So, from here you can see, this is L1 and this is L2. So, squaring this, we are having this L1 square plus L2 square. Okay? So, this will be the length of P cube. Under root L1 square plus L2 square. Right? So, option C is correct. Option C is correct. This question. Now, let's take the next question, question number four. It is saying, if a chord of contact, if the chord of contact of tangents from a point X1 comma Y1 to the circle this touches the circle X minus A square plus Y square equal to A square, then the locus of X1 and Y1. Okay? So, here it is given that this is the circle. This is one circle. And we had one pair of tangents is drawn from this point Q, from this point P. Okay? So, from this point, a pair of tangents is drawn and we are now making this is the equation of, means this is the chord of contact, which when extended touches the circle, this one. Okay? So, one more circle we have to draw there. One more circle is there. Okay? So, this is touching this chord of context is touching this circle. So, if you see, this is our point P, suppose I'm taking this point as P. Okay? From a point X1 Y1, which coordinates are basically X1 and Y1. So, from this point of pair of tangents is drawn. And this is our part of contact, this AB. AB is our part of contact. And this, what is the circle? This circle is X square plus Y square is equal to A square. So, AB, when extended or AB when produced, it touches the circle, this one.  Right? So, this is what it is given. So, what do we need to find? We need to find the locus of this P. We need to find this locus of P. So, how can we calculate it? We need to find the locus of P. Okay, we can draw or we can say P. What can we do? Whether writing the equation of AB will be helpful. Let me try. Let me write the equation of AB. The equation of AB will be basically T. Equation of AB will be T equal to 0. Where X, X1 plus Y, Y1 minus A square is equals to 0. Okay, I have written the equation of AB. I have written the equation of AB. This will be our equation of AB. Now, this is the straight line and okay. This is, what is the center of the second circle?  So, this A comma 0. This is the center of this circle. Okay, so if you see, if you draw the perpendicular from this C on this part of contact, it will be 90 degrees. So, let me take this point as C, P, Q. Okay, let me take as Q. So, this C, Q will be equal to radius. C, Q will be radius of this circle. Radius of this circle is equal to A, right? So, this C, Q must be equal to A. Now, how to get this C, Q? So, it will be A into this means X1A, right? Plus 0 minus A square upon under root of X1 square plus Y1 square. And this must be equal to A, right? So, taking this in model. So, further on, further simplification if you see, this will become, if I take A comma, it will become X1 minus A is equal to A into X1 square plus Y1 square. So, we can cancel this A. And we can take the square. We can take a square on both sides. So, it will be X1 square plus A square minus 2AX1 is equal to X1 square plus Y1 square. So, this X1 square, this X1 square will be get cancelled out. And we are left with Y1 square is equal to minus 2AX1 plus A square, right? So, this is the, like, this is what we got in terms of X1 and Y1. For low cost, for low cost, what we do? We used to replace this X1 and Y1 by X and K. So, our equation finally becomes Y square equal to minus 2AX plus any constant A square. Okay. So, this is nothing but, if you observe, this is nothing but the equation of a parabola. Y square is equal to 4X. It is of the same form or minus 4X. So, this is a parabola. Means the equation, means the locus of this point P is coming out to be a parabola. So, this will be our answer. So, option B is correct. So, this is clear to all. So, let's move to the next question. Question number 5. It is saying the locus of the midpoints of a part of the circle X square plus Y square equal to 4, which subtends a right angle at the origin. Okay. So, one circle is there. One circle is there. And one chord is there. Okay. So, let me draw this chord. And it is subtending. This chord is subtending the right angle at the origin. Right angle at the origin. Okay. So, the center is the origin for this circle. This is subtending 90 degree at the origin. Okay. So, let me name it. Let me name it as O, which is the origin and which is the center of the circle. The coordinates are 0 comma 0. Let me call, name it this chord as AB. And this angle AOB is given as 90 degree. This is what it is given in the question itself. And the equation of circle is known to us. This is X square plus Y square is equal to 4. Means center is at origin and radius is equal to 2. Radius is equal to 2 for this circle. So, this AO will be equal to 2. This OB will also be equal to 2 since this is the radius only. We have to do one more construction. Like what I will do? I will drop a perpendicular from this O on this AB. Okay. So, this will be 90 degree and this will bisect this. This will bisect this AB. So, let me name it as C. So, this AC must be equal to CB. Now, what we need to find? We need to find the locus of the midpoint. Okay. So, this is the midpoint of the chord. This C is the midpoint of the chord. Let me assume it as coordinates as H comma K. We need to find the locus of the midpoint of the chord, this chord, which is up to 90 degree at the origin. So, if you observe, if you observe the triangle, the bigger triangle, this triangle AOB. If you observe triangle AOB. So, this is a right angle triangle basically where this 2 is square plus 2 is square is equal to AB square, right? So, our AB is square is equal to 4 plus 4, 8. Or from here, we can say AB is equal to 4 into 2, means 2 root 2, right? If you observe in the bigger triangle AOB. Now, let's take the smaller triangle. Which triangle? Anyone? OCB. Let's take a triangle OCB. Triangle OCB. I'm taking triangle OCB. Here also, if you see, this is also a right angle triangle. So, here OC is square. OC is square plus BC is square. This must be equal to radius square, that is 2 square. Okay. And what is unknown here? OC, we don't know OC. BC, we know. BC is half of this AB. Okay. So, let me write it separately. What will be OC? OC is the distance. Okay. So, we can write here. OC is H minus 0 square H square plus K minus 0 square means K square under root. But it is square so that under root will be cancelled out. So, this will be H square plus K square plus BC square. So, this will be BC. BC will be half of AB, right? Half of AB. BC will be half of AB. That is nothing but root 2. So, root 2 guys square, that will be 2. And that is equal to 2 guys square. That will be 4. So, now replace this H and K by X and Y. So, we get the locus of the midpoint of this part as X square plus Y square is equals to 2. Right? This is the locus of the midpoint of the part which is subtening 90 degree at the center. So, X square plus Y square is equal to 2. So, option D is correct. Option D is correct for this portion. Now, let's take this next question, question number 6. It is saying the length of the tangents from P whose coordinates are given Q. Coordinates are given to a circle R root 2 and root 6 respectively then the length of the tangent from R. So, we know length of the tangent is nothing but the under root of the power of certain. This is what we know. Length of tangent is under root of power of that point from where the tangent is drawn. So, from P if you see, if you see from P. So, I am writing it as under root of power of point P that is equal to what will be there. So, let me assume the equation of circle, let the equation of circle, let the circle be, let the circle be.  So, we will apply here. So, under root of means power of point P under root will be given as what is the coordinate of P. That is 1 comma minus 1.  Okay. So, from here if you see, we are getting 2 plus 2 g minus 2 f plus C is equal to 2, right. So, this 2 2 will be cancelled. So, 2 g minus 2 f plus equal to 0. This is one equation what we got. Okay. Now, we know the power of this Q also means length of tangent from Q also. That is nothing but under root of power of Q point that will be, we know the coordinates of this Q. So, this will be a 9 plus 9 plus 6 g, right, and plus 6 f plus 6 f plus C that is equal to root 6. So, this is 18 plus 6 f plus 6 g plus 6 f plus C is equal to 6, right, is square in both sides. So, finally, we get 6 g plus 6 f plus C is equals to minus 12. So, this is our second equation. Now, we need to find the length of tangent from R whose coordinates are minus 2 comma minus 7. So, this is what we need to find, length of tangent from point R. So, this will be nothing but under root of minus 2 square like this will be 4 plus 49 and minus 2 into 2 g that will be minus 4 g. Then, 7 to 14 like that will be minus 14 f, right, minus 14 f plus C. So, this is we need to find out. This is what is asked in the question. So, from equation 1 and 2 if you see, so if you see if you multiply equation 1 by 3, equation 1 by 3 and then plus equation 2. I'm multiplying equation 1 by 3 and I'm adding with equation to this f term will be cancelled out. So, this will be 6 g, 6 g minus 6 f plus 3 C equal to 0. And now I will add it with equation 2. I will have them 6 g plus 6 f plus C equal to 0. So, this minus 6 f plus 6 f got cancelled out. This is equal to 12 g and plus, okay, minus 12 is also there in the equation 2. So, this is not equal to 0. This is equal to minus 12, right. So, this is 12 g plus 4 C equal to minus 12. Okay, 6 g, 6 g, 12 g plus 4 C equal to minus 12. So, 4 if you take 4 common it will be 3 g plus C equal to minus 3. So, from here we get g as minus 3, minus C equals 3, right. This is what we got the value of g here. Now, similarly, we find the value of f also in terms of C. So, put it in the equation 1, this value of g. So, 2 into g is minus 3, minus C upon 3, 2 g minus 2 f plus C equal to 0. Okay, so from here we get minus 2, 3 into 3 minus 1. So, minus 2, minus 2 C upon 3 minus 2 f plus equal to 0. This is 3, this is minus 6, minus 2 C plus 3 C is equals to 2 f, right. So, C, 3 C minus 2 C minus 6 upon 6 is equal to f. So, this is what we got f, means we find the value of g and f in terms of C. Now, I will put the value of this g and f here. So, putting this we get under root of sr is equal to under root of 4 plus 49 that is 53 minus 4 into g. g is minus 3 minus C upon 3 minus 14 into f, f is c minus 6 upon 6 plus C, right. So, this will be 53 minus 3 upon 3 means that will be plus 4, right. Minus 3 upon 3 minus 1 into 4 then minus C by 3 that will be plus 4 C by 3 and here we get minus 7 C by 3 plus 14. Plus 14 and plus C. So, here you see 4 C by 3 plus C will be 7 C by 3 and here minus 7 C by 3 this whole thing got cancelled out. So, we got 53 plus 4, 57, 67, 71. So, this power of point with respect to r or we can say length of tangent from r is equal to root of 71. So, this is our answer. So, option b is correct. Option b is correct for this. Let's move to the next question, question number 7. It is saying if the angle between the tangents drawn to x square plus y square plus 2 gx plus 2 y plus equal to 0 from 0 comma 0 is pi by 2. Okay, angle between the tangents. So, it is like fine tangent first, then I will put one circle here. So, if the angle between the tangents drawn to this is our circle, general circle only x square plus y square plus 2 gx plus 2 f y plus equal to 0 from 0 comma 0. So, this is our origin we are drawing. So, we have made pair of tangent from origin whose coordinates are 0 comma 0 is pi by 2 this angle is given to be this angle is given to be pi by 2, right.  Okay, this angle is pi by 2, right. So, we can do one thing we can make we can we can do one construction, what is that construction. So, basically this is our center of the circle, okay, whose coordinates are minus g comma minus f, because it is a general circle only. And this angle will be basically 90 degree and this angle will be pi by 4, because this OC will, OC will bisect this angle with the pair of tangents. So, if you observe here, 10 pi by 4 means 10 pi by 4 will be equal to I am taking this point as P. So, this will be basically PC upon OP, okay, this will be PC upon OP 10 pi by 4 is nothing but one so this PC will be equal to OP. Now, what is this OP, this OP is the length of tangent from length of tangent. Okay, and what is this PC this PC is nothing but radius of the circle. So, we can write here, what is the radius for the circle this is under root of f square g square plus f square minus C, and that will be equal to under root means power of power of this point or is it with respect to the circle. So, all thing will be all the time will be zero only we are left with this C. Now is firing this, we got g square plus f square minus C is equal to C, or we can say g square plus a square is equal to 2C. Right, so this is our required answer g square plus f square is equal to 2C. So, this option B is correct. Take this question number eight. It is saying the course of contact of the pair of tensions drawn from each point on the line this to the circle this passes through a fixed point. Okay. Maybe confusing but let me draw it it will be. It will be for you to understand. So, this is the circle. Now I will draw a pair of tangents. Okay, a pair of tangents from this point. This point. This point is line one this line right and we need to we have to construct this point point of corner sorry corner of contact also. Okay, so let me draw this part of contact also. This is what this is what we need to draw. Now let me stay here. So, what is given the God of contact. Let me start from day. This is point B outside the circle. Okay, from here we have drawn the drawn a pair of tangents. And this is this AB is the part of contact. Okay, this is the center of the circle, which is origin basically 0, 0 and the radius of this circle is equal to one. So, this is known to us. Okay, one important thing is that this point P is lying on this line, whose equation is 2x plus y equal to four. Okay, this point P is lying on this line segment 2x plus y equal to four or we can say 2x plus y minus four equal to zero. So, suppose if I'm taking the coordinates of P as H, the x coordinate as H, then what will be its y coordinate, y coordinate will be four minus two H, right. The y coordinate will be four minus two H. Okay, now this, it is given that this AB, this God of contact always pass through a fixed point. Actually, this point P will vary, right? This point P can be anywhere on this line. If that is the condition, this God of contact will definitely pass through a fixed point and we need to identify that. Okay, so let me first write the equation of God of contact. Equation of AB, let me write it first. So, what will be the equation of AB? It will be t equal to zero. That means xx one. What is the equation of circle? The circle is x square plus y square is equal to one. Right, so xx one plus y y one minus one equal to zero. Now put x one and y one as the coordinates. Now what is x one? x one is h plus y and y one, y one, we can replace it by four minus two h minus one equal to zero. So, this finally becomes hx plus four y minus two h y minus one equal to zero. Now I will write it in this way. This, what you say, this four y minus one, I will group it in this way. I am grouping, taking these two terms and I am taking h common from these two terms. So, it will be x minus two y equal to zero. Actually, if you observe this, this is nothing but a family of the lines. Means this is becoming of, this is like L one plus lambda times L two four. Right, this is representing this formula. This is the equation of line, this L one plus lambda L two. So, all the lines, like passing through the intersection of this L one equal to zero and L two equal to zero means, what is this basically? This is basically a family of lines, okay, which passes through the intersection of L one equal to zero and L two equal to zero. So, it is clear now, like what is this represent? This represent a family of lines, okay, which passes through the intersection of L one equal to zero and L two equal to zero. So, what is L one here? If you see L one, so this will be four y minus one equal to zero. So, from here we get y equal to one by four. And what is L two here? L two here is x minus two y equal to zero means x equal to two y. So, two into one by four that is one by two. So, x is coming out to be one by four. So, this family of line will always pass through the fixed point that is one comma two and one comma four. Okay, so this will be the fixed point that is fixed point one comma two comma one by four. So, this will definitely pass this chord of contacts will definitely pass through this fixed point. If we change the position of P also, this will definitely pass through this fixed point. So, option number C is correct. Option C is correct for this question. So, I am stopping this exercise here only like we are done up to this question number eight. We will take the, we will take further questions in the next video. Okay, we will, I will try to record it as soon as possible. So, till then Tata and take care. So, I will release one more video for this exercise this exercise five part two. Okay, so there we will cover the remaining questions of this exercise. So, thank you. Thank you all of you.