First, I would like to thank the organizers for the invitation. This has been a very stimulating week. And I think I would like to thank all the organizers that have been involved in this nice meeting, and in particular, Asia, Irene, water Dario, and Yen, and also Antonio. So I will focus my talk. A very simple example of collective behavior that happen in fish schools when they have to decide collectively and spontaneously to change their direction of motion. This is probably not as spectacular as many other forms of collective behavior that can be observed in nature that have been presented in this meeting. But at least it can be investigated quantitatively in control condition. And I hope you will see that we can learn a lot about the way individuals interact with each other and how collective decisions emerge from these interactions. Indeed, one of the fundamental questions in this field of collective animal behavior studies is how groups make decisions collectively. And this comes down to understanding the mechanisms by which individual influence each other and how these interactions are combined and integrated at the collective level. And earlier this week, Andrea Giovanni Reina presented one of a very famous example of collective decision based on direct interactions between individuals during the process of nest site selection in Hollybees. So in this situation, you have hundreds of scoots, bees that explore the environment for potential nest site. And these scoots bring back to the swarm some information about potential nest sites and they share this information with the other scoots by the means of these waggled ends. And the strengths of these waggled ends is directly proportional to the site quality. So that the scoots that are committed to high quality site execute much more vigorous dances. And as a consequence, they have a higher probability to convince other scoots to visit their site. And although they abandon their own site more slowly than the scoots that are committed to lower quality site. So there is a form of competition of information at the collective level and the information that succeed to grow faster than the others will determine in the end the final choice of the swarm. And all this story has been nicely described by Tom Sile in his book, On a Bee Democracy. And in that particular case, in fact, the entire decision making process requires sometimes the dance activity of the scoots can last several days. But in many other situations, animal groups must take a decision on a shorter time scale. For instance, when a predator is detected in the environment, in the neighborhood. And when this happens, for instance, in fish schools and bird flocks, the danger is generally detected. The video is not working. I don't know why. OK. So the danger is detected by only a small number of individuals that change their direction and speed. And this leads to the formation of an escape wave that propagate across the entire group. As you can see here, when the flock of starlings is reacting to an attack by a peregrine falcon. So this ability to rapidly and coherently react to a perturbation certainly brings some important benefits to the individual as it can provide them an advantage of detecting the predator faster. And there are also many other situations in which the perturbation is not triggered by the presence of an external threat in the environment. A group may change its collective behavior spontaneously, simply the consequence of stochastic changes that affect the behavior of a single or few individual in the group. And these behavioral changes then propagate within the group. And they lead all individuals to adopt, for instance, a new direction of motion here, for instance, in Locust, or a new form of collective motion, for instance, here in this work by the group of Hien-Ku Xin. So these situations are quite interesting because they can be analyzed and used. They can be used, in fact, to analyze in undisturbed condition how these behavioral fluctuations arise at the individual scale. And then how this information propagates within the group and determine the change in the collective behavior. So in the end, we expect to get a better understanding about how individual interact with each other during these events and how these dynamics of interactions can lead to a collective decision. And the first important step to do this kind of investigation is first to find both a species and a situation in which we can observe, in control conditions, such spontaneous change in collective behavior. And the species that we have studied is this one. It's Romino stetra, emigramus rhodostomus, which is a small tropical fish species that exhibit a strong schooling behavior, and in which that can be handled, in fact, very easily in control condition. And the average body length of these species is about 30 millimeters. And we found that when groups of these fish frame swilly in a ring-shaped term, they regularly change their direction of motion from clockwise to anticlockwise and vice versa. So with this experimental setup, we can record a very large number of these collective view terms, and by tracking the position and the heading of each individual within a group, we can also analyze the interactions between fish during these collective view terms and how the information propagates within the group. So here is the experimental setup that we use for this series of experiment. You see that it is protected from the outside with white curtain. And so there were no external visual cues that can influence the behavior of the fish. And we filled the arena with the limited depth of seawater so that the motion of fish was mostly in two dimensions. Then we tracked the position of fish with ID tracker. And here is an example of collective view terms in a group of four fish. And you can see the corresponding trajectories of each individual during the new term and also the degree of alignment of the fish with the role, which goes from minus one to plus one when the fish is swimming counterclockwise after the new term. And on each of these events, we can then identify the time of turning of each individual. So when the degree of alignment with the role equals zero and also the position of the individual when they make their new terms. Then we have investigated how these collective view terms arise in different group size from single individuals up to 20 individuals. And for each group size, we have recorded a very large number of this event that you can see here. We have more than 5,000 events in total. And as you can see here on this graph, in fact, the size of the group strongly affects the ability of a group to spontaneously perform a new term. Indeed, in groups of 10 fish, the average time interval between two successive view terms is about 20 minutes, while it's about 12 seconds in a group of two fish. So you can see that the average time interval between two successive view terms increases by two order of magnitudes when the group size is five times bigger. And the decrease in the number of collective view terms, in fact, is mainly a consequence of the fact that the probability of a fish to initiate and propagate a new term, decrease as group size increases. So individual fish tend to adopt the behavior of the majority of the group members and this tendency, in fact, inhibit the initiation of view terms. Now who are these individuals that initiate collective view terms and under what condition does it happen? In fact, in all group size that we have investigated, we found that collective view terms were usually initiated by the fish that were located at the front of the school. And once a fish has decided to make a new term, the change of the swimming direction propagates toward the rear of the group. As you can see here, when we plot the average position of individual according to their rank of turning when the U-turn is initiated. And we also found that all collective view terms are preceded by a period during which the school slows down and, in fact, as the fish speed decrease, the school is in a state close to a transition between a schooling state which is characterized by a strong alignment between fish and a swarming state which is characterized by a weak alignment. And in a previous work, we have shown that when a school is close to this transition between these two states, the swarming and the schooling, the fluctuation in the swimming direction of the fish increases, but also the school has a hole, becomes very sensitive to a perturbation that may affect the behavior of a single fish. So this may explain why all the U-turns occurs after the group has collectively slowed down in our experiments because the school is in a state near this transition between these two states. Then how does the U-turn propagate within a school once it has been initiated? So if we look at the average time interval between the successive turn of individuals, we can see that it is almost constant in a given group size. So we found no evidence for the existence of a dampening or an amplification of information as fish adapt the new direction of motion. There is no amplification like that. And moreover, on average, the turning information propagates faster in larger groups, as you can see here on the right. And this happens to be a consequence of just the increase of the swimming speed with the group size, which requires that individual react faster. And you can see indeed on the right that the reaction time of individual decreases with group size. And if we normalize the time interval between the successive turns of individual by the average speed of the group, you can see that all curves now collapse on the same curves, which suggests that the shorter reaction time, which is observed in larger groups, is mostly due to their faster swimming speed. So once the U-turn has been initiated, the wave of turning propagates in a sequential way. And this is similar to a chain of following dominoes in which the time interval between two successive folds is constant without any positive feedback. So what does it tell us exactly about the underlying phenomenon? This phenomenon suggests that, in fact, each fish mainly copied the behavior of a small number of its neighbors. Now how does this fish copy the behavior of their neighbors? And what are the interactions between individuals? We have recently characterized and modeled the functional form of this interaction from experimental data. So this hemigrammous species perform this kind of swimming, the burst and ghost type of swimming, which is characterized by a sudden sequence of sudden increase in speed, followed by mostly passive gliding period. And if we look at the variation of the velocity with time, you can clearly see this succession of short acceleration phase followed by a gliding phase in which the velocity decreases. So we call this event during which the fish changes its velocity and its direction of motion a kick. And most changes in fish heading occurs exactly at the onset of the acceleration phases. So we can analyze the fish trajectories as a series of discrete behavioral decision in time and space. And we can describe the trajectory as a succession of segments and angular changes between the segments. And here in our experiments, we found that the average duration between kicks was close to 0.5 seconds when both fish were swimming either alone or in pair. And the mean length covered between two successive kicks was about 70 millimeters, which is a little bit more than two body lengths. But the main interest of this burst and glide swimming mode is that we can use the spatial location where the kick have been performed by the fish to identify the potential stimuli or the potential information in the neighborhood that could have elicited their behavioral response. For instance, in this situation, when a fish is swimming alone, the information which is used by the fish can be, for instance, the distance to the wall or its orientation with regard to the wall. So we can measure the behavioral response of fish, which is the amplitude of the angular change when they detect the wall. And what we observe is that a fish mainly avoids the wall when it comes close to the wall. He performs a kick that sends him away from the wall. And this curve, in fact, corresponds to the intensity of the avoidance reaction of the fish as a function of the distance to the wall. Here the fish is close to the wall. Here it's far. And you can see that the range of interaction of that wall is about two body lengths. And the color dots that you can see here corresponds, in fact, to the experimental data that we have gathered in different arena size. And you can see that the reaction of fish, in fact, do not depend on the size of the tank. And the pink curve that you can see here, in fact, is just the fitted function to this data that we can use in the model. What we can also observe is that the intensity of the fish reaction is strongly reduced when a fish is parallel to the wall. Here it's minus 90 degrees or 90 degrees. So this is interesting because when the fish is parallel to the wall, in fact, it seems to be not really interact with the wall. And when the fish is far from the wall, it no longer interact with that wall. And you can see that in this situation, in fact, the distribution of angular changes between two successive kick is a narrow Gaussian, which is peak on zero. And this Gaussian distribution introduce a kind of directional inertia in the fish movement. Now, what about the interaction between fish? Here are the results that we have obtained. I'm not going into the detail about the way we extract this interaction function, but we can go back to this paper to have all the detail. It's a little bit technical. And what we found is that there is a continuous combination of attraction and alignment interaction whose intensity depends on the distance, on the angular position, and on the relative orientation of individuals. So the strengths of these attraction and alignment behavior depend on three parameters. And this makes very difficult the use of simple 2D behavioral maps to characterize and then model the functional form of this interaction between fish. So first, if we look at the influence of the distance between fish on the intensity of the alignment of attraction, you can see when the distance of fish is less than 30 millimeters, which correspond to one body length, there is a short range repulsion. This is the attraction. You can see here it's a negative attraction, so it's a repulsion. And then at the distance between the fish increases, the attraction here in red becomes more important and reaches a maximum value around 200 millimeters, which corresponds about to six to seven body lengths. We also found that the alignment interactions dominates the attraction up to 2.5 body lengths while the attraction becomes more dominant for larger distance. And as the distance between the fish increases even more, attraction, the attraction must of course decrease, something like that. But we have not been able to measure this effect because of the limited size of the experimental tanks and also because of the lack of data, because we do not have a lot of situation when the two fish were far away from each other. And the full line that you can see here in fact correspond to the functional forms of the attraction and alignment interaction that can be fit to the experimental data. We can also clearly see that the behavioral response of fish are strongly modulated by the anisotropic perception of their environment and this leads to an asymmetry of the interactions between fish, depending on their relative position in particular. You can see that the maximum amplitude of the alignment interaction here in blue is when a neighboring fish is located either on the front right or on the front left and then you can see that it decreases as the focal fish, as the neighbors move toward the back of the focal fish. So the social force which is exerted by the fish J on a fish I is much more important than the social force which is exerted by the fish I on fish J when J is in front of I. And this asymmetry of the interactions may explain also why the U-turns are mostly initiated by the fish that are located at the front of the group. And indeed at this position, the individual experience a weaker influence from the other fish. So this frontal individual are much, they are much subject to heading fluctuation especially when the speed of the group decrease and at the consequence they are less inhibited to initiate a U-turn. Then we have checked that the implementation of these interaction functions in a burst and glide model qualitatively and quantitatively reproduce the movements of pair of fish in a circular arena. You can see that the fish tend to stay close to the wall and also close to each other but the temporary leader which is in the front is much more closer than the temporary follower. So we find a very good agreement between the model and the experiments if we consider the distance between the fish but also the distribution of the orientation of fish with regard to the wall. But the big question is to understand how a fish integrate multiple interactions with the other fish and how the combination of these interactions affects its behavior. So to better understand the combined effect, the combined impact of the tendency of a fish to adopt the behavior of a few of its neighbors, what we call social conformity, of the asymmetry of interaction between fish and also the impact of group size on the propagation of information during collective U-turns. We build an easy type spin model. It's a very simple model. So in this model each fish is represented by an agent that can only move in two directions, either clockwise or anti-clockwise. When it moves clockwise, its direction is minus one when it moves and plus one when it moves anti-clockwise. And in the model, the relative position of individual and the interaction networks are kept fixed here, you can see, which is obviously a simplification. However, one can justify this simplification because during the very few seconds before a U-turn, the topological structure of the group doesn't change much in particular for the fish which is located at the front of the group. So the agents are positioned in staggered row that correspond to the fact that when group size is increasing, the shape of the group becomes more elongated. And in this configuration, each agent in the model can only interact with a small number of their direct neighbors between one and two. And the strength of the interaction between an agent I and its neighbor J only depends on two parameters. The first one, J, control the strength of social conformity. So the strengths with which a fish adopt the behavior of its neighbor. And as a consequence, this parameter here control the stiffness of the group behavior. And the second parameter, alpha, controls the anisotropic perception of the fish and the asymmetry of interaction. So this parameter accounts for the fact that the fish reacts stronger to a frontal stimuli. So when J is in front of I, alpha, I, J equal one plus epsilon. And when J is behind hind, it equal one minus epsilon. And epsilon is a coefficient of asymmetry that is kept constant for all group size. So at a given moment, we can compute the propensity of an individual to make a U-turn. And this propensity only depends on its current direction and the direction of its neighbor and the strengths of the interaction. And this propensity to make a U-turn reflects in some way the level of discomfort of an individual that can be expressed in the following way. You can see that the level of discomfort, the discomfort of a fish I is minimum when all its neighbors are locally aligned and maximum when the fish, in fact, is in opposite direction of all its neighbors. So when a fish flip, then we can compute the change of its discomfort, which is associated with a probability to accept the turn and the strengths of the social conformity, a J, as you can see here, controls the nonlinearity of the acceptance probability. And you can see that for how high value of J, if the turn would increase the discomfort of the agent, the probability to accept the turn is very low. And on the contrary, if the turn would, in fact, decrease the level of discomfort, you can see that the probability to accept the turn is very high. So we use this model to explore both the impact of J and epsilon on the collective dynamics. And we found a couple of values for these parameters that lead to a fair agreement between the simulation result and the experimental data for all group size. In particular, the model here in red quantitatively reproduced the effect of group size on the dynamics of collective U-turns. So the number of collective U-turns decreases as collective U-turn increases. And we also find in the model that the tendency of individuals to initiate U-turn and move in the opposite direction of the other fish decreases with group size here. The model also reproduced quite well the impact of group size of the probability to initiate a U-turn. And the simulation of the model also reproduced quite well the sequential propagation of information both in space and time. And in particular here, you can see on this graph the crucial impact of the anisotropic perception of fish, which is controlled by epsilon here. So this is in gray. This is when there is no anisotropy. So you can see that, in fact, the information, the U-turn can be initiated both at the front and at the back of the school. There is no more asymmetry. And in the model, in fact, this individual that initiates a U-turn are located at the boundaries of the group. And since these individuals have the same probability to initiate a U-turn, you can see that when there is no asymmetry, in fact, there is no particular direction. No particular direction is favored. And the U-turn can propagate from the front to the back or to the back and to the front. So the anisotropic perception of fish impose a directionality to the propagation wave. The model also reproduces creatively well the linear propagation of information at the individual scale. So how do U-turn propagate within the group? And we find in the model the same domino-like propagation of direction of motion across the group that we have observed in the experiments. And finally, the model predicts that once we scale by the U-turn duration, in fact, the average swimming direction profile doing a collective U-turn is independent of the group size. So you can see that despite the fact that we have only two free parameters in our model, G and epsilon, that we have also fixed apological configuration and only nearest neighbor interaction, you can see that the model is able to reproduce quite well the chains of turning decision and also the main features of the experiment of the experiments. So to summarize our results, you have seen that the detail quantitative analysis of the propagation of information within a group during these collective U-turns, both at the individual and collective scale, I showed that the speed decrease facilitated the amplification of fluctuation in the heading of the group, which can trigger the U-turn. And this observation is in agreement with our previous theoretical prediction. We have seen that there is a linear propagation of information in all group size, and that the time between two successive individual performing U-turns doesn't decrease with the number of fish that have already performed a U-turn. This means that there is no amplification of the individual tendency to perform a U-turn. And the fact that we observe this linear propagation also suggests that each fish only interact with a small number of their neighbors, typically one and two. And we get, in fact, a similar result using a different kind of analysis, based this time on short-term correlation, direction correlation, that also show that the movement choice of a fish are affected only by one or two influential neighbors. And the fish regularly shift from one neighbor to the others. And we have also seen that a simple model that integrates this effect of social conformity that is the nonlinear tendency of individuals to imitate the behavior of a small number of its close neighbor and that also integrate the asymmetric interactions between fish, reproduce the sequential propagation of information within the group, and at least for the group size that we have studied in the experiment. And also, the main features are the dynamics that we observe in our experiments. Finally, I would like to thank all these people that have been involved in this work in the past five years. So Valentin Lecheval, Daniel Kalovi, Alexandra Lechinko, Lee Jung, and Piattici in my group, in Toulouse. Also, Charlotte M. Reich, who co-supervised Piagetisus, Valentin Lecheval, Hucchati from the French Atomic Energy Commission, and Clemenci from the theoretical physics lab in Toulouse. Thank you very much. Thank you, Guy.


Check it out, folks. You know what I'm doing? I'm finna bring the fare to your house, right? Listen, if you go to the fair, you know you gotta have Fun O'Cake. And guess what, folks? I'm gonna give you a little bonus. We doing these deep fried. Let's get it. So when making Fun O'Cake, you guys probably have all of these ingredients inside of your pantry, your cover, or wherever you keep your ingredients at, right? And don't forget, it's on the website that's smokingandgrillingwithab.com and that's W-I-T-A-B.com. Now, this is what we're gonna do, right? I'm already putting heat under this because this is so simple to make, right? We go to the fair and that's the only time we make it. I'm gonna show you guys making it that the house is easy. I got oil, I'm gonna use my wok. You guys can use cast iron, whatever pot or pan that you have that you can get that oil in there and get it up to 350. That's what you're gonna do, right? So that's working. Got these ingredients, let me move this. Okay, so listen, I'm getting back to the basics, folks. When I say that, listen. When I line out all my ingredients, I got everything measured out. That's what makes it go fast, right? Now, as I need them, I like to group them up. I'll put these three together and this and then I got salt, right? So I'm gonna add my flour, right? And these ingredients right here, baking soda, cinnamon, all of that, right?  And then here, I'm just gonna give it a little pinch. Well, just a little bit more than that. Yeah, that's it. Now, take my whisk and we just wanna get this, you know, mixed and combined together, right? All right, so now we're gonna take this bowl and we're gonna put all of our wet. Now, again, I'm just emphasizing how I just get everything over here and just group it all together, right? So you guys can see it. Yeah, I'll just pour this in here like this. All right, we'll do our eggs, extract. All right, so I just wanna break my yolk, that's all.  But once I get it broken, now I'm just gonna go ahead and add my sugar. And don't, you know what, folks? I got a funny way of doing things myself, you know what I mean? But you can put it all together. There's no reason why you don't. Hey, here's a little note for you guys too. Whatever milk you guys have, you can use. You can actually even use almond milk or any of those other milks, you know what I mean? A whole milk, I like the whole milk when I'm cooking. You know, that 2% is what I normally have. I grew up on that 2%. Now, I got all of this, you know, whisked up and, you know, mixed, nice, right? Now, we wanna get this together because we're making our batter. Now, I want you guys to notice the consistency when I'm done, that's gonna be key. Okay, so remember I said, this needs to be at 350 degrees, right? So, I use a meat thermometer. You guys can use a candy thermometer, you know what I mean? But let's take a look right now to see where we at. If I'm anywhere near that, okay, 315, come on. 340, 350, 350, three, 53.  We bring it over here, we have 358, 360. Now, I'm not putting nothing in here cold, right? But my milk was a little bit cool. I knew it was gonna drop down a little bit. So, I'm gonna make it just a small adjustment and bring it down just a tad bit because I wanna stay at about 350, right? So, next thing we're gonna do is you're gonna need to get yourself one of these little squirt bottles. This will make it like super easy, right? So, we have that, I got myself a funnel. All right, so after you get your bottle filled, you know what I mean? You wanna do two things. You remember I had the funnel on the top? You wanna make sure that the spout down on the bottom has big enough so that everything, because remember, look, you can see, you know, it's a little bit thick, so I had to take a little time. Now, I'm at 350, I just checked again. Now, I'm gonna show you. I'm gonna have this, just bring it down like this. And what we're gonna do is, I want you to pay attention. I'm gonna go around like that. We're gonna get our shape and we just go into metal. So, it's so easy. You know what I mean? A good, fun project to work with, you know, like with your family. You know what I mean? Of course, we're working with hot grease, but you know what I mean? You wanna keep everybody back. Let's keep everybody safe and let's just make these funnel cakes.  Then you flip them. Now, I'm gonna show you guys what it looked like underneath the bottom. You see that right there? I'll spin this around like that. And that there is funnel cake 101. Okay, so you saw that one over there, right? I'm gonna show you one last time. Look, really, now let's focus on this too. You don't want just to be too big. You see that's just cut about that size right there. That's probably like a quarter of an inch. You don't hold in diameter, right? That's good enough.  You wanna make sure you got enough in there and you just wanna make sure you squeeze it. I go around a couple of times and then I do the zigzag. You know what I mean?  You know what I mean? That's the key part. You can make them as big as you would like. But after that, that's what they should look like. Key thing is you wanna make sure that oil is at 350 degrees, folks. Okay, so anytime I fry, I like to use my thermometer. You know what I mean? Just to see where we at. I like to get back to where we at, right? So 354, 358, we good. But don't forget, once I put this in the inside, it's gonna cool just a little bit. Real simple, folks, Oreos. Same batter, right? I just take them, push them down, right? You just wanna get them completely coated. I bet you guys see it right now. I did not know that it was that easy for that deep-fried Oreo. All right, so now we take that. We just take it, get it right here and we just get it off, just like that. Real simple. I want you guys to let me know down in the comment section below. You know what I mean? It's about deep-fried. I know one of the things you're all gonna say is do that, you know, that twinkie. Okay, so again, when you're doing these, it's really about the color, right? So if you had 350 degrees, you just wait until you see that nice golden brown color and then all you do is you just flip them. So once you achieve that color you're looking for it, that's a good color right here. You know what I mean? We just flip them over and then you just repeat the process until they done.  So I just put a little bit in here. Look how fine that is, my strainer. All right, so I take it just over the top and I just make it look like Christmas. All right, so look. This is just some strawberry syrup. You know what I mean? It's nothing but like a filling type. You know, I make this, but you know what? You guys can take the strawberries, right? Take the strawberries, put some sugar on there, put it in the refrigerator, let it sit up for a couple of hours and then you'll have this right here. But you see that right there? Okay, folks, now you've seen it, right? Now listen, you know, we do into fair type foods, you know what I mean? You see this right here? This is really, really sweet. If you guys haven't had it before, trust me when I tell you, you know it's like super, like on steroids when it comes to sweetness. But listen, we only add those every now and then, right? And then the funnel cake, I'm gonna turn this into a star. I gotta get some pictures and that's the thumbnail that y'all saw that made you come here and watch this video. So listen, if you're new to my channel, let me tell you what you gotta do. You gotta like this video, you need to subscribe and tell everybody out there. There's a channel out here that simplifying these recipes and taking the mystery out of cooking. And with that being said, it's photo time. I'm finna get my milk, fill it up with ice and I'm about to eat. I'm out.


Another proudly we hail one of radio's outstanding dramatic half-hours starring Lee Tracy and presented transcribed by your army and your Air Force Radio City New York here is your star and host on proudly we hail the distinguished Broadway stage screen and radio star Lee Tracy. Thank you Kenneth Banghart and hello everyone. Welcome again to proudly we hail a very spine-tingling title to our play Lee house in the fog. A very spine-tingling title Ken and a very spine-tingling play a tale of high speed on a California highway which leads to well Ken we'll be ready for the first act after your very important message. Thanks Lee. I do have a most important message for all the young men and young women of America the United States Air Force needs volunteers. It needs volunteers right now so that they can be trained to fill specialized vacancies that exist in radio radar electronics and many other critical fields go to your nearest army and Air Force recruiting station and volunteer for service in the Air Force today and now with your star Lee Tracy in the role of Paul Carr your army and your Air Force present the proudly we hail production of house in the fog. One of the characteristics of our eight seems to be that we're always in a hurry. Paul Carr was a perfect illustration of this observation always in a hurry. Live fast and curiously with his cradle it may have been one of the reasons for his success as a writer for even his books and plays had speed. Paul Carr was a fast moving light in the literary world. A regular comet bound everywhere in a hurry always in a hurry. What do you mean the flight's been canceled. I'm sorry Mr. Carr but all flights have been grounded before. I gotta be in San Francisco by eight o'clock tomorrow morning. I thought your guys flew on anything. No sir not anything not when our passengers lives might be in danger.  Oh yes Mr. Carr we'll get you there in plenty of time. No Mr. Carr there'd be no delay. The weather moved in very suddenly. I know it always does. Well you've got all the answers. What am I going to do. We'll arrange a birth on the train if you like. Trained. There isn't any train I can get that'll put me in San Francisco before 10 o'clock. I'm sorry sir I don't know of any other way unless you drive. Maybe you can supply me with a car too. I'm a stranger in town. Looks like you just have to wait until the fog moves out. It might move out tonight. Fat chance. Oh I don't know. Mr. Carr I do not run this airline. I only work for it. I don't control the weather either and I don't see any reason to take it out on me. Well I'm sorry miss I didn't mean to take it out on you. It's just that I'm in an awful hurry. I gotta get to San Francisco that's all. What a service. I want to get to San Francisco by morning. How much do you charge. What time in the morning. By eight. You don't want to drive you want to fly. That's right. But with the fog I can't. How much. That's you. That's right. To go to Sacramento the tool you can fit the car to there. OK how much. Fifty bucks. That's robbery. That's right. Well I want to get started right away. Where are you. Hotel Hilton. I'll be in the lobby in five minutes. What's your name. Paul Carr. What's yours. Mike. A test in advance Mr. Carr. If you guarantee to get me there by eight. Bar and anything unexpected. Yep I'll get you there. So for foggy. You want to go or don't you Mr. Carr. What about the other passengers. He's here all ready to go. A woman. That's right you got any object to. Oh no no no I guess not. OK then hang up so we can get started. Mr. Carr. Oh yeah.  That's right. What are you staring at. Nothing you're just a kind of big that's all. Yeah I'm big all right. Is that your bag. Yeah give me the drone we'll hit the road. Give me a receipt and we'll hit the road. OK Mr. Carr. Here you are. Nice and business like. Now I'll just count this. Even Stephen. After you. I've gotten a bit bit thicker since I came back from the airport. You won't be able to make much time in there. I may tell him in anything you probably need a new set of nerves by the time we get to San Francisco. I like speed never bothered me a bit. You were. Ain't that poor car guy that writes the books now are you. Now yeah I'm afraid so. You don't like them. I ain't much for reading I only read one. Well part of one it wasn't my type. I'm a mystery fan when I do read. Where do you write a mystery. All right one Mike. Now dedicate it to you. Here's the car.  What do you like. Not my type. One kind of nice looking. Refine. New day. Well I think I'll sit in the back. Oh what's her name. Fenty I think she said. Mr. Method. I didn't go into a history I didn't think it was any of my business. OK Mike. Get in and I'll put your bag in the trunk. How do you do. How do you do. My name is Paul Carr. I'm going to. Well miss. Looks like we're going to have a long foggy trip ahead. Well said. Well speed ahead. Wait till you hear this baby. If it'll fly it's all right by me. You in a hurry to miss that. But not so much of one that I want to risk getting my neck. With me at the wheel ma'am. I'm the best driver this side of the dockies. He certainly wasn't kidding was he. I wish he'd slow down. Oh don't worry he knows these roads and he knows his car. But the fog you can't see a foot. I'm a cigarette maybe that'll help. Oh yes I would like one. Thanks. Back there. Oh no. He really. Doesn't. What do you do about the scene in the road. Just like a cat. The fast for you. No that's all I go fast you like. This is plenty fast enough for me. In fact I'd be a much better if you slow down. We're going to get Mr. Carr to San Francisco by eight. I can't remember. What is it Mr. Carr a matter of life and death. No no not quite. I have an important business appointment. I can't afford to be late. It's a business appointment no matter how important worth risking our lives over. Oh now I don't think you should look at it that way. We'd be just as safe here as we would be on a plane or a train or anything that goes fast. I'm sorry I don't agree. Really Mr. Carr I hate to see you late for your appointment. What would you mind terribly slow down a little. I'm nervous. Okay. Mike he's off the accelerator. The lady's not in a hurry. Good give her the gun again. Miss Fenton are you asleep. No I'm not. Oh you wouldn't like to go any faster. The only way I'd really like is to go slower. Say why didn't you walk to Sacramento. You booked for deceiving I had the idea you were a gentleman. I'm allowed and I'm in a hurry. You are. Let's go. I can't hold her. What happened what happened. Miss Fenton. Miss Fenton. Are you all right. What. Yes. I think. What happened. It's that curve I guess. Let's see if we can get out this door. No we're on our side I'll have to climb out through here. I'll go first and I'll pull you out. Are you sure you're all right. I'm not sure of anything. Just get me out of here. Take it easy now everything's going to be OK. There. Now give me a hand hold tight. Up. Up. Up you come. OK. Yeah. Sit down there. All right. Now slice yourself one of these. Well I'll see how Mike made out. Mike. Mike. You're alive. Where are you Mike. Looking back. Look at that color. You OK. Yeah I guess so. That's all clear but. When you look at that car. We're just lucky we're all in one piece. Yeah. Is the game OK. Oh she's shaking up a bit. We're going to climb up out of here and see if we can flag down somebody. Oh look at my car. What did you have to be in such a hurry for. That way. I think you're right. It's a driveway. Oh I wish you'd had the same attitude about being in such a hurry. Oh I'm sorry. Really I am. Well you should be. It's a miracle none of us were hurt. I'm hurt.  Well it's just what you deserve you should know better. You sound just like a school teacher. Well that's because I am. And the children I teach are a good bit younger than you in years Mr. Carr. But mentally they have far better judgments. I'll bet you're awful rough on them too. Hey look. There's the house. It's in the windows people must still be up. Ah big place isn't it. There's not many houses around here. Well here it goes. Maybe you better let me do the talking.  Fine. Are we are we had an accident back there on the road. Could we use your telephone. Do for me. Thank you. That feels better. Could I have a drink of water please. All right this way please. Would you mind waiting in the living room. Oh that's fine. But could I use your telephone. I'm sorry sir that's one thing we don't have out here. No telephone. Wow. What do you know classy joint like this in your telephone. Make yourselves at home. I'm more than. Should you need anything just rain. Do you. Do you own this place. Oh no sir I only work here. Where's your employer. Employer. Oh yes. You'd be here soon. This is the living room. What. Oh I'll be.  Our car ran off the road. Well my name is Roger. We got here a while ago same sort of thing. Flying and had to come down in the fog. Great I did make a very good landing. Oh these other people were on a bus. It ran off the road. Amazing that we all found our way here. Slightly. Well what do we do. Just sit here and wait for the owner of this milk to show up. I guess that's about all we can do. They don't have a phone. Something very odd about this place if you ask me. Well Judith why don't you sit down. I will and the name is Miss Senton. Oh no it isn't. It's Judy whether you like it or not and I'm Paul. Well since we're being so familiar could I have that drink of water. I'm sure you bet. Oh where do we ring for that character. That's another odd thing.  Well I'll go find a kitchen myself. I've already tried. What. No kitchen. No you can't get out. What do you mean you can't get out. Well the doors won't open. They won't even budge. Same for the windows. Even if you could open up the windows it wouldn't do you any good. Look at those bars. They must be at least two inch cast iron. You'll see about that. Well what's the matter Mike. I can't do it. It doesn't even budge. Oh what does it mean. I don't know. It's crazy. The whole thing is crazy. Lee Tracy starring in the role of Paul Carr in the proudly we hail production of House in the Fug. Will return for the second act in just a moment. These are critical times. Each day the headlines bring news of grave situations. Headlines that indicate our freedom is being challenged. Our American way of life being threatened. But there are headlines too about the number of young men and young women of our country who are meeting this challenge by volunteering to serve in our armed forces. Right here I'd like to point up the needs of one particular branch. Our Air Force. To continue the marvelous job it is doing now and what it may be required to do in the future more young men and young women are needed. Here is an excellent opportunity to help your nation build and maintain the best equipped Air Force in its history. Also as a member of the Air Force you can take advantage of countless educational facilities which may help you plan a career. Drop in at your local army and Air Force Recruiting Station today. Talk to the recruiting sergeant. Learn for yourself how you can be of tremendous help to your country in these critical times by volunteering in your Air Force now. You are listening to proudly we hail and now with your star Lee Tracy in the role of Paul Carr we present the second act of the House in the Fug. Can't you sleep? No. For some reason I don't feel sleepy anymore. I don't even feel thirsty. It's all kind of weird. Mike and I should be trying to tear the walls down to get us out of here but I feel kind of resigned to the whole thing. Like you'd rather wait here to see what's going to happen. Right. Kind of grows on you. There wasn't any point in being in a hurry anymore suddenly getting to San Francisco. That is important as getting to Sacramento. Yeah. Seems we all feel alike. There's a chance to write a mystery. Hey you do that Mr. Carr and I'll be sure to read it all of it.  What gets me among other things how is it that all of us managed to find this place? Roger's there. He says he landed on the side of a mountain knocked his plane all the pieces. Those four over there were with him. None of them got hurt.  Bus went off the side of a road like we did. There's people here somehow got separated from the other passengers and get up where are the other passengers? What are you trying to say? I don't know Judy. It's short it's cruise. Let's ask that creep of a buckler what goes. Yeah well wait a minute how do we get hold of him? He's got to come back sometime. Does he? Look duck what do we do? We sit here till the roof falls in. What do you suggest Mike? We've tried every way that there is to get out so you can't get out through windows and you can't get out the doors what's to keep us from knocking down the wall and how do you knock down a wall Mike? About 20 of us here aren't there? Well if we break off a few table legs and things like that we ought to be able to do something. What do you think Judy? I find I'm changing again. Well I'd like to get out of here very much I don't like it. I'm getting sort of restless myself. In fact I'm starting to get sore again. I say okay. Let's get out of this place anyway we can even if we have to burn it down. No you're talking. Listen folks I don't know how you feel being kept here like this but we don't like it we want to get out. The doors are no good. The windows are barred with iron. A Mike here thinks we might knock a part of the wall down. Okay okay okay so it's funny. But is it funny being stuck in this place held prisoners? Anybody who wants to give us a hand is welcome.  Now don't get angry. Now take it easy there's no need losing our head. After all where can you go if you do get out of here? It's a terrible night and we seem to be miles from anywhere. Maybe our host does have a strange way of making us welcome but you must admit it's comfortable and not unpleasant here. I'm sorry I'm not that patient. Well you can't go about wrecking a man's house. Well you can if he won't let you out. I'm not sure if you'll just be patient for a little longer this whole thing will be cleared up. Maybe it will. We're not waiting. Well I'm sure that the rest of us will insist that you don't start tearing the place apart. Or is that so? Listen Bob believe us not have any infractions. You might calm yourself. Look right where that devil of you been. I'm sorry sir I was called away. The car will be here shortly for all of you. Oh well that's a relief. The car for all of us. We're not all going to the same place. Quite correct sir. But you'll all start from the central point. It will be much easier that way. Hey you see I told you everything would be alright. Hey what's the idea locking us in here? Locking you in. I'm afraid there's some mistake. Oh yeah you can say that again Bob. You know we couldn't get out of here. We tried. You tried? Oh I'm sorry. Would you mind telling us who owns this house? I'm sorry I must leave now sir. The car will be here shortly. It would have been here sooner but the weather always throws things off. Please be patient. Hey come back here. Let me get that thing. Won't give it all. I've thought it all over. When G's there or whatever his name is shows up again.  We go through that door no matter what. But he said the car was coming. Listen Judy nothing has been right since we got here. We don't know who owns this house or why we're held here. I'm through being docile. Let the others go for a ride. I say we break out of here and keep running until we get back to the road. I'm all for that. I run into fear. Well what about you Judy? I've come this far with you or because of you. I might as well go the rest of the way. Good. Now let's sit here and keep our eyes on that door. Just as soon as it opens we go through it. And the devil takes a hindrance. He said shortly I wonder how he measures time. I feel like a printer waiting for the gun. I feel like busting somebody's jaw. As the good Mr. Rogers said let's not get excited. What time is it Mike? My watch got broken in the festivities. Mine's all smashed. Time's up at five after nine. Well let's take care of that. I didn't really care anyway. Why don't you ask one of the others? The way they're all sitting there. You think they were dead? Yeah.  Come on let's go. See here. What are you? How about a way bump? Hold on Judy. Get him out of the way Mike. He's as strong as he's not. Really this is a fine way to act. Go on you two. I'll handle this guy. Run. Come back here. You can't leave now. The front door is wide open. There's a bus and a driveway. Head off to the other way. Please can't we stop now? Not until we reach the road. I can't run anymore. Please let's rest a minute. He's thinking somebody was after us. Okay. Now just for a minute. What about Mike? I don't know. I was really giving him a hard time. You shouldn't be waiting for him to catch up. This fog might mess us all together. Come on, Holly. We've got to go on. What's the rush all of a sudden? I don't know. I just have a feeling we should hurry. Oh hurry, hurry, hurry. Well you'll have to help me. I don't have to heal on my shoes. Oh, of course. I'll help you. I think we could wait for Mike. He'll be all right. You know if it hadn't been for him we wouldn't have gotten away. Well you're right. He hung on with everything he had. I wish I could understand all this, Paul. I wish I could. What about it, Doc? The big guy's all done, Sergeant. If his body hadn't blocked that engine the woman, the man, they'd be done too. They got much chance while they'll pull through. Both pretty badly banged up. Tell them to get the stretchers. They ought to put a mess. Some guy always in a hurry. Hurry for what? To get nowhere. First the airplane, then the bus, then this auto. Our star, Lee Tracy, will return in a moment with a word about next week's show. For many weeks now I've been telling you young men and young women of America that the United States Army and the United States Air Force need you now more than ever before. The ever-changing global conditions of today make it mandatory that our Air Force be up to strength and ready at all times to carry out its mission. Visit your nearest army and Air Force recruiting station and find out how you can best serve. If you meet the physical and educational qualifications you can join the aviation cadets and when you successfully complete the period of training you'll receive your commission in the United States Air Force. You'll be proud of your silver wings and don't forget you'll be serving your country when you're needed most. Volunteer today. This has been another program on Cloudly We Hail presented in cooperation with this station by your army and your Air Force. Cloudly We Hail stars, Lee Tracy. House in the Fog was written by Roger Whitcock. The music was composed and conducted by John Guarnieri. Cloudly We Hail is directed by Charles Wilk. This is Kenneth Anghart speaking and here again is your host and star, Lee Tracy. Join us next week for Cloudly We Hail, won't you? Our play is called Hideaway and it's a story that'll keep you guessing right up to the final curtain. I hope you'll be listening. Goodbye.


Good morning. Okay, I will try to speak a little bit about VUMAT, Volumetric Modulated Archaeotherapy. Why a little bit? Because I think that today, the scientific community are discussing a lot about commissioning and quality assurance on VUMAT. Because there are a lot of open problems regarding VUMAT commissioning and quality assurance. So the aim, the purpose of my presentation is to give you some idea of what is VUMAT and some reference about commissioning or quality assurance. Even if, to be honest, in my institution, we are not working today with the reference of TG, the guidelines that are usually used with VUMAT. Because our experience is that it's necessary to work not only with the machine, and usually we are too much interested to the quality assurance of the machine. But it's important to get the line and the water we have as a reference, just to have a point, a starting point. Okay, VUMAT is a dynamic treatment modality. A treatment modality that is usually defined as a complex modality, because during the delivery we have a gantry, the gantry is moving with MLC, and we have even a dose rate modulation. So because of three parameters that are synchronized during the treatment, our idea is it's very complex, even related to the quality assurance. These three parameters, the synchronization of these three parameters are necessary to reach a good plan in terms of conformity index, in terms of homogeneity, and in terms of dose sparing or that risk. In my mind, it's important to know the different steps that were in the road to the VUMAT. So, sorry, it's easier for me. The first idea that we have on VUMAT is the conformal archetype. A dynamic archetype that means that the gantry is moving around the patient during the treatment, and the field match the target thanks to the beam eye view. No modulation is inside this treatment, and the dose rate is constant. This is the characteristic of conformal therapy. But conformal therapy is able to reach a good conformity index during the treatment with only a conformation, thanks only to the MLC and the gantry rotation. In 9823, Chin showed that if we work with the gantry rotation, collimator motion, that means MLC, but even collimator rotation, and we work with dose rate variation that at that time means different weights, it's possible to hardly improve conformal dose distribution to this, from this. The first step was brain, working on the idea that we can change the weight of the field, that means in certain things, we are modulating the dose, rotate paper, the first paper about the Fluence Intensity Modulation Concept. If we are able, but you know I think about IMRT, if we are able to modulate the Fluence inside the field, we are able to improve our homogeneity and conformity index. The first example is the Tomo Therapy. Tomo Therapy is a machine, it was the first machine, we have the first machine in 1993, and it is the first example of the therapy in which we have a gantry that move around the patient. In this case, we have a binary collimator, but thanks to the binary collimator, it's possible to modulate the Fluence. Tomo Therapy has a problem, the treatment had a problem, maybe that today is not, but the treatment time is very long because the coach moved inside the board during the treatment, but at the same time, Tomo Therapy was a good starting point to improve IMRT. IMRT was the first idea that not only we need to conform, to move the gantry around the patient, not only we need to conform the field using the beam eye view, but we need to modulate even the dose during the rotation of the gantry. Using the Lenac machine, the Lenac we can use, oh, sorry, we can use the conbin, and thanks to the conbin, we can have a time of delivery very optimized, very short respect to the Tomo Therapy. I would like to show you the difference, and this is the first example. If we compare 3D CRT with IMAT and IMRT, we see that the idea of IMAT, so the idea that we have many gantry but many gantry, oh, sorry, the gantry rotating around the PTV. Conformed to the PTV, the beam eye view, and with different weight, we see that it's not possible, it was not possible the first time to obtain the same homogeneity that we have with the starting fix that IMRT treatment. Why? We have, we are using, working if we change the sides of the collimator, and we don't use the beam eye view, we see that it's possible to move to a homogeneity distribution, conformed to one, and we see the dose over the target is more, the deviation is given less, and at the same time, the dose to the region at risk, we are sparing the organ at risk. And again, if we move with three hungers, seven hungers, 11 hungers, 33 hungers, so at the same time, we reduce the dis homogeneity inside the target, and it is important to observe that the integrated dose, it's the same. This data, it's very important because in our mind, often we think that because the vomit or the conformal arc, as the gantry that rotates around the patient, the dose, the integrated dose may be higher than for IMRT. This is not true, and this is the demonstration. So starting from this experience, dosimatic experience by Shepard, said that Q observed that IMRT means N field, so what, M intensity, intensity level. Probably the idea is that the quality of the plan is related to the multiplication of N and M. So we can reduce N and enlarge M, or we can reduce M and enlarge N, so the idea is that increasing the number of gantry angle, we can reduce the number of intensity level. Why we needed to move on this direction? Because in vomit, we have no intensity level differences. So the idea is that if with stepping shoots, seven field IMRT give us a good plan quality that means that we are able to reach our dose constraints, PTV coverage, we are able to reduce the door to organize the risk of rectum, parothid, and so on. So the same would be possible with 68 gantry angle, with no modulation, because the factor is equal. It's only an idea, but this is the idea of intensity modulated archetype, and it's easy to understand with this picture. Static gantry IMRT means that we have different entry angles with a field that is, it's modulated. So we have a different fluency level. In vomit, we have a lot of gantry angle. It's a different form system to system. And for every gantry angle, we have a field. Every field is not modulated, but it's different weighted in which way, changing the dose rate of the system. And the superposition of every field give us, if you look, for example, to this gantry angle, you see that in that point, we have a three level of modulation. But just behind, we have only two level of modulation. So we are able just with small field, very near, but not modulated to obtain the same modulation that we have with a fixed gantry angle. Just one, no, sorry. The question could be, is it true? Are we able to obtain with this method the same quality of plan that we are able to obtain with the IMRT? Probably up to now, we are not able to answer to this question. There are plenty of paper and the way we do it. We will see after trying to compare IMRT, Vimat with only one arc, Vimat with two arcs, with more arcs, how many arcs we needed to reach a good plan. But to have an answer is very difficult. And this is the question, it is the reason that make it difficult even to choose a right, we will see method for quality assurance. We don't have up to now a metrics to measure, to compare plan. In my center, we use the coverage of the PTV and some data, contact data, for example, on organ at risk, but in other center, they use another metrics. So when we look at all these people, we have no answer. But probably we must be confident that the plan must be good enough to guarantee a good coverage, to guarantee low dose at organ at risk. And probably with Vimat, we are optimizing something else and so could be important move from IMRT to Vimat. And what are we improving? Okay, IMRT, for example, if we look at this paper, IMRT is largely better, is superior for better PTV coverage. Only, I would like only point out that probably tomotherapy is better that Vimat. Up to now, we can say that probably this is true. And a lot of article supports this idea. The same is not for IMRT. So it's better, IMRT seems to be a little better, but here Vimat is a little bit superior to IMRT. What is clearly true is that if we look at the MU per fraction, we have the MU reduced to a third, respect to the MU of IMRT. So if we look at the time of delivery, we have the time reduced from five minutes to one minute, we say for one hour, two minutes for a treatment, yes. No, not so true. My experience, yes, Vimat treatment is around two minutes. Being on time, it's around two minutes. So if you have two arcs, it's one minute for arc with two gray per fraction. But the, yes, but the wall time, the beam on time, yes, only beam on time. The beam on time is around two minutes, not less. Because even if we work with the maximum dose rate set in your machine, the system, because you need to guarantee the accuracy of the MLC, but we will see later, works usually with less dose rate. And so the time is longer than one minute. But it's one of the reasons that it's not easy to understand if Vimat is better than here. Regarding time, it's easier, but about the distribution, we are not able to decide. But it's two. I can spend only experience with Varian machine. And with Varian machine, if you have a two gray per fraction or 2.2 gray per fraction, if your treatment is a simultaneous integrated boost, is not too far from two millimeters. Even in head and neck, it's around two millimeter, two minutes, in my experience. Eugenia? You are seeing that at the neck, three opportunities, it's natural, so maybe there's a different between the modulation of the angular speed and the dose rate. With Varian machine, it's not too easy to stress the modulation. So the time is quite fixed, in my opinion. Varian, the dose rate is changing, but with electric power, it's just the steps. Like we start with 600 and then three. Not now, not now. Now it was, but with the new machine, it's not a two. They are able with the same, yes. Yes, it's not a two. It was a two, but now it is not. But in any case, it's a two that, okay, we are discussing about two minutes, three minutes, but when we speak about three minutes with Vumat, probably we have seven, eight minutes be more on with Armourty. So in any case, we are sparing time. And the sparing time doesn't mean that we can treat, yes, means that we can treat more patients. But the important thing is that we can treat a patient in a very short time so we can be more confident about movement of the patient during the treatment. So probably we are reducing residual errors that we know even after a verification of the patient's top with can be an important vision or brain lab system as you want. We have all the time residual errors, but if the time of treatment is very short, probably these residual errors is smaller. Okay, so this is very important. Which system we have to plan with Vumat? Different TPS, Variant Eclipse, the system is called Rapid Arc, Phillips Pinnacle, Smart Arc, Electa, with Monaco or Oncenta, Massaplan that is working, yes. And the right search with Vumat module. All the system works in a different way. The same as with IRMRT, because even with IRMRT, the optimization model, we have a different optimization module, a module that use a leaf sequence inside the optimization and so during the optimization, you take into account all the mechanical limitation of your delivery system, or you can have software optimizer then works with two steps. The first one, optimizing the fluence, that in that case means something else, we will see. And after the optimization of the fluence, we will introduce the mechanical limitation of the accelerator. Mechanical limitation that with Vumat are very strong because with IRMRT, we need to set the maximum leaf speed. With Vumat, we need to set the maximum leaf speed that must be, must work together with the maximum acceleration of the gantry, the maximum speed of the gantry and at the same time, the maximum dose rate or minimum dose rate that we can use. Usually, every system try to work with the gantry rotation working at the same speed. Why? Because it's very difficult to accelerate or decelerate the gantry because of its weight. And this could be introduced an error on the gantry position. And this error can create inaccuracy on the delivery dose. So even variant and electa and at the same time every TPS that we have seen before in the list must work trying to set, to fix the speed of the gantry. So we can work on, we will work at the first time on the M and C speed and dose rate modulation. Pinnacle, okay, probably we can go on. This is just, I would like to show, to compare, but it's not important, the two modalities, Pinnacle, master plan and the right search that try to work in two steps. As we said before, at the first time we say they fix the arc, fix the limitation of the gantry and then they optimize a fluence for a fixed number of the gantry. And from this they split act, splitting the fluence in a different gantry angle, but in the second step. At the second step they introduced the limitation of the delivery machine. Eclipse doesn't work in this way. It's not possible to set in Eclipse a rapid arc. The number of the gantry angle, it's set by the vendor equal around two degree, but there is at least two papers that shows that is important to work with a small gantry, because when you would like, you must, in a commissioning, in a quality assurance, so you have to compare the calculated dose with the delivered dose. If you calculate with the gantry that is not so fine in degree, but for example, you use four degree or eight degree as it's possible with some TPS. At the end, we will see a picture later. We will have a difference between the delivered dose at the calculated one, because the calculated is very different from the delivered one. We don't take into account all the gantry delivered, okay? So we can say that Eclipse has fixed the gantry angle to the minimum up to now possible. The optimization at the first time takes into account the limitation of the MLC and of the speed of the gantry. To conclude, if we needed to move to Vumat, as I told before, we can't say if Vumat is better than IMRT from the dosimatic point of view, but we are sure that it's better in term of time. So what we would like to know now, if it's better or it's equal to IMRT in term of the accuracy of the dose delivered to the patient. And we need to move to the commissioning. Commissioning, what does it mean? To be sure that the calculated dose matches with the delivered one. Problem, dose rate, variable dose rate, variable gantry speed, dynamic MLC movement. We are very confident with dynamic MLC movement. We have a lot of experience about the accuracy of the MLC position with IMRT, but we don't know nothing, nothing, but we are knowing something about the synchronization of the gantry and the MLC movement at the same time, variable dose rate. So we need to think some test able to give us the information if this synchronization is accurate, is enough accurate to guarantee the dosage of the patient. But at the same time, we don't need to work a lot. To do a quality assurance is very expensive in term of time. So we need to understand what it is necessary, probably it's necessary, a good method of commissioning, but we must be relaxed about equality assurance. It's very old and it's an article by Ling. I don't remember, but 2008, it's true, 2008. But it's probably the first and the only paper that we can take as an example to do the commissioning and even to catch test for the quality assurance. Ling has a big story with IMRT and so know that we need to check the MLC position. We are able to do with the fancy test strip where you check the position, the accuracy of the position of the accuracy of the gap of the MLC. We are able to do this with IMRT static field, but we need to do the same with the Gantt movement. Look that these tests are done with film. It's important this aspect. We can do the same test with portal vision. It's easier to do with portal vision, but we must be sure that our portal vision doesn't move because this test not only guarantee us that the position of the MLC is correct, is accurate, but is an example of synchronization of MLC movement and Gantt position. If during the movement the PV is not stable, we will have a wrong information. So please, before you need to check the stability of your portal vision, then we need to check the ability to vary does rate again to speed at the same time. Again, we make a copy of the same test that we thought with IMRT. We need to be sure that in that case it was the MLC, in that case is the Gantt speed. We will change the Gantt speed and the does rate for every strip with the idea that the does delivery for every strip must be the same. And to check, we will go to compare with a uniform field. And if the superposition is good enough, it means that our system is working well, good enough. What doesn't mean good enough? We need to decide a matrix. Matrix for commissioning. TG 119 suggests 3% of three millimeter for quality assurance for patient. I don't remember if suggest some criteria on a gamma matrix for commissioning. Now it is clear that 3% of three millimeter as gamma matrix, you know gamma matrix. Okay. The three millimeters, three centimeters is now clear that is not good to solve some errors. But even, but this is a very open problem. Is not good when you are sure that you are using a method to measure the error that is able to see less than two millimeter, two millimeter, two percent. What I mean, probably I will not use gaff comic. I will not able to solve 2% dosimatic differences. I will be able with portal vision. So 3% of three millimeters is probably too large, but is accurate for a large number of center that are using different system to check the accuracy of our system. So what I would like to point out is that when you select a criteria for commissioning, the first question is which system I am using to test my delivery system or my TPS. This is the first question. Going on, it's possible to have this test for rapid art is possible to catch all the tests for the delivery machine from my variant website. And these tests are the same that are implemented in Epica that is a student very useful for quality assurance of the machine and for commissioning. In my mind, it's not useful for patient query. Another article, but I have no time. I can't spend more time on this paper even if I think that there is a good paper to understand a method for commissioning. And the important aspect of the paper by Anvanesh is that Anvanesh has clearly in mind that we need to test delivery machine, TPS, and patient. Delivery machine link does a lot of tests so we can catch tests from link paper or from variant, if we have a variant from my variant website. But TPS is the important aspect. We need to check to be sure that the TPS is rightly commissioned for the Vomit system. Why? Sorry, because this is an example. Probably you are not able to see the field. This is the open field. So we are giving those only in this area. So we have small field, a large coordinator opening, small field of access, and a lot of my MSC, very small field, very near. Usually when we make commissioning for the TPS we don't check this kind of field. So it's important to move on this kind of test. And Anvanesh has done a big offer to depict some tests, small field, on axis of axis, tongue and groove, to be sure that our system is able to depict tongue and groove effect. Gantry test in which we test the delivered dose from a small sweeping gap with gantry rotation on axis and off axis. So in my opinion, this is the important point and all of us must repeat this kind of test. We have done in our institution and I know it's not a good thing, but we had to repeat a lot of measurement just to rightly commission our TPS for Vomit. This is the picture I told before you that if we plan with gantry angle, two degree gantry angle, four degree gantry angle or eight degree gantry angle, there is paper by Masi. We have a difference from the calculated and the delivered one. And this is because we are calculated in different way that the delivery and system. At the end, we must check the plan, plan patient plan, plan it with the delivered one. Thanks to a test plan verification, good for commissioning. And again, we, we must check the calculated dose with the measured dose. How many system we have? A lot, 2D system, circular system, 3D system, maybe? 3D system, maybe? We are not sure that is a 3D system, but could be. So, we check, we compare, calculated with measure. We need to do this. How many patient, how many test patient, five, 10, 11, but the important things is the criteria. Gamma, gamma index, two millimeters. I repeat the same thing, two millimeters, two percent, three millimeters, two percent, 90 percent, 95 percent experience. Our check, we are using our check. Our check, look. In a TG 142, we need to check the laser localization with a tolerance of 1.5 millimeters. Our check with our check because your dosimeter is in a circular surface is not possible to correct for translation. So, what we see with our check is only the gain rotation, an error in rotation. We are not able to see an error in translation, X translation, lateral translation. But this means that one gain to your rotation, one rotational error is equal to millimeter on surface phantom. So, two millimeters, two percent is not a good enough for our check because we will see our setup error at not the delivery error is our check around the dosimeter, I don't know. At the same time, we needed to know that, for example, the system in the last version, not now, the new version, they correct this problem, but the first version of the our check has bigger error with field bigger than 15 centimeter. We haven't 15 centimeter with IMAT or VUMAT, but we have a lot of field outside of axis, so in a range of 15 centimeter. So, we need to pay attention about our dosimeter. And just the last thing, so on the dosimeter. This data measured from different dosimeter of error. Hussein did a very interesting work, intentionally introduced the MSE error from 0.5 to two millimeters. This is measurement results of the error. As you can see, different dosimeter have different mean value of gamma and minimum because we have from 0.5 to two millimeters, but when we use the software with the dosimeter, we are not able to find a statistical differences from this dosimeter. So, the software implemented by the vendor is seems able to correct for dosimeter resolution, characteristic of the dosimeter, so on. It seems. I would like only to say this one. Is it true that we need to spend a lot of time on patient quality assurance at the machine? Is it true that we are not confident on the delivery system? Many papers now are telling us that we must be confident on the Linux delivery. We are not confident on the TPS. So, we need quality assurance and we need to make measurements on patient to test the TPS, not the Linux, because rapid dark is not more critical that the IMRT, and we are confident with the IMRT. We know the error in IMRT. You see, we have no differences with post-8 and a little bit with add-and-neck. More with IMRT if we introduce error, shift error in position of the MSC. And at the same time, the system is not sensible to random errors and we have a lot of random errors, but we haven't systematic errors. We needed to check our system. We needed to be sure that is as a long term stability, but we must relax about some error. Two millimeters random errors doesn't matter. There are a lot of articles that tell us this. And at the end, because I have no time, this has the data from the Varian Linux. What we see here is that we have no errors about Gantry during the rotation. This has the data related to 2,0600 delivery. And you see that the error in Gantry angle is quite randomly distributed around zero, not for all the arcs. We have a little bit of shift, but 0.2 degree doesn't matter. In the same way, we have no errors. Okay, we have errors up to one millimeters in gap width, but it's randomly distributed. So, Santa, yes, it's not possible in it. Because when you check one millimeter, when you check differences in those around one percent, it's not possible to use any kind of instrument. So log file, these are data from the log file. You must be confident on the log file. Yes, but about this, I think a lot of paper. The only problem is that you check the system only 50 millisecond. And so you are not able with 600 in our machine, the MU, the maximum doser rate is 600. So you don't have many point of measurements during the treatment. You have many points if you work with 100 MU per unit. But in any case, the long-sterm stability, here you can see only the error on the MSC position is quite good. And this is more than one year of check on our machine. So just to conclude, I think that VU-MAT is an important technique that we need to implement in our institution. I don't think that is need a big offer more than we have done for the MRT. So if we are confident with MRT, we can be confident with VU-MAT. We need to do quality assurance on the patient treatment, not to check the machine. But to check our TPS so properly, we need to reduce measurement of the machine because we have no dosimeter able to tell us nothing but we need to work more about TPS commissioning and about long-term stability to check this with a good frequency. This is my personal opinion. Thank you.


Hey guys, what's up? Welcome to my channel. So for today's video, I am going to be reviewing the brand new NARS Hot Trist Cheek Palette. So if you're interested in hearing my thoughts on this product, then just keep watching. Alright, so the major facts about this palette. It is $59. You can get it right now on the Sephora website and the NARS website as well. It is a limited edition and currently only available online. This is a six-pan cheek palette that features four blushes and two highlighting powders. So let's go into the packaging of this guy because I'm not going to lie, that's probably one of the main reasons that I bought it. So it has a beautiful spiked cover and of course it says NARS on it. I'm not a very edgy person, but something about this packaging just, I really feel some type of way about it. And then you're going to open it up to reveal a big mirror and six cheek shades. As you can see, the first row is of the highlighters and the last four are of the blushes. So I do have some swatches for you guys so you can see them. They have a shimmery finish to them. Not a ridiculous shimmery finish but definitely an opalescent look to them. They are not matte by any means. I think you have a really pretty range of colors. You have a beautiful peach. You have a pretty pink, a magenta and almost a red copper color. And then of course you have the two highlights. Now the formulation of these guys are awesome. The blushes are really buildable. They aren't super duper pigmented but you can get a lot of pigmentation from them through layering which I think is very important for blushes. I think the color range is awesome. This caters to both light and deep skin tones and you can make it work for you really no matter what skin tone you are. These two shades in particular are quite deep and they're going to look awesome on deep skin tones. And then of course these two shades are going to look awesome on light skin tones.  And then I went in with Kings Road which is this light highlighter color and I put it on this side of my cheekbone. It wasn't quite as bam as I thought it was going to but it is still a very pretty subtle sheen to your cheek. On the other side of my face I put the shade Bowery which is this shimmering coral and I put it on this side of my cheek. Now what I really liked is that I could really tell the difference between this cheek and this cheek. I could tell this was pink and I could tell this was coral which is very important because sometimes with blushes they all kind of look the same on your cheek. But I could really tell the difference with these guys. I then took the shade Friction and I put that as my highlight. I was initially afraid to use this as a highlighter I felt as though it was going to be too deep but it actually really worked and it is super shiny. It is that bam. It did leave the slightest cast on my cheek but no reason for me not to wear it kind of thing. It is really gorgeous and really really shiny and I feel like layering it with the lighter highlight is going to work for my skin tone very well. But this highlight is also going to work very well on medium skin tones. Because I did want to play with the last two I did place the shade Untamed which is the shimmering magenta on this cheek right on the apples. And then I took the last shade Adrenaline which is a raspberry and I put that on the apple of this cheek. I kind of look like a clown but I did want you to see how it worked. Those were very pigmented on my personal skin tone. You definitely have to be careful with them if you are of a light complexion. But it really does work applying the lighter shade all over the cheek and then the darker shades just as the apple color if you're into blush. So I look like a crazy lady but like I said I could really tell the difference in each shade on my cheek. Even though they are shimmery they didn't emphasize my texture on my cheeks at all and they just look really natural on my skin. They're very buildable and they're very blendable and there's nothing more I can ask for when it comes to blushes. So this is a very quick review because this palette is awesome. Each shade is awesome. It's going to work for a lot of different skin tones and it's just pretty to look at. So if you're interested in buying this palette I would definitely pick it up. I'm rating it a 10 out of 10. I am super impressed with it. I always love NARS palettes. They're face palettes. They're always so amazing and this doesn't fall short and I don't know this is a super quick review. I just really like it. It's really good. I didn't mention this palette was limited edition. If I didn't this palette is limited edition. When you swatch these they aren't going to be the most pigmented but that is how the formula is supposed to be. It is supposed to be buildable and blendable and have a sheen to them. It does exactly what it is advertised to do and so for that I don't have any complaints. Anyways I hope you guys enjoyed this review. Remember to subscribe to my channel. I'll like this video and if you have any comments, questions or concerns just let me know down below. I'd be happy to get back to you. Anyways have a great day guys. Bye.


So we have appreciate time as always, just about two weeks into pre-season so far and obviously early days, has everything gone okay so far? Yeah, generally pleased, a few knocks and one or two problems but we tend to get that at this stage. Stephen Derby probably being the main one which is stomach problem which he played with towards the end of that season and we thought we'd rectify over the summer but it's flared up again but we've subsequently seen it, especially as to who we feel is with the latest injection he's had and hopefully we'll solve that problem. And four new faces obviously, I don't have time to look at my hand, was here last season but four signings over the summer, looks on the face of it, each one will bring something different to the squad? Yeah, you know we're building slowly, still got a lot of work to be done but we're getting there and all managers would like the squad in place at this stage of the season but sometimes it's not possible but we're working on several players to bring in and hopefully the squad will continue to get stronger. And looking ahead to the Saturday, obviously first friendly over the summer, a nice opportunity for the fans to see the players again, couple of new faces and for the players to get the boots out, the grass under the feet and get a match after the summer break. Yeah, looking forward to that, a lot of the youngsters are going to get a chance to play which is great for them as well and the lads we gave contracts to and a few of the ones younger than that as well, got a few trials, a few of the senior boys won't be playing tomorrow, they'll probably get the first taste of football when we get to Scotland. So yeah it'll be interesting and it's a great experience for the younger players of the club.


Nabilung Cat vs Russian Blue Cat. What are the differences between these two cat breeds? The International Cat Association breed standard for the Nabilung calls for them to have a modified wedge-shaped head that is more pointed than rounded, although his long hair may give the head a rounded look. Large ears are wide at the base with pointed tips, and rich, deep green eyes have a slightly oval shape and are set wide apart. Kittens may have yellowish green eyes, but by the time they are two years old, they should have developed into the vivid green of maturity. The nose pad is charcoal gray. A long, slender neck sometimes looks shorter than it actually is because of the Nabilung's dense fur. The body is what's called semi-foreign, meaning it is moderate in shape, falling somewhere between the short, compact body of breeds such as Persians and the sleek angles of Oriental breeds such as the Siamese. It is athletic but not bulky, with a medium-boned body that is well proportioned. Russian Blue's elegant yet muscular body led one cat judge to proclaim him the Doberman Pinscher of Cats. He has what's called a semi-foreign body type, meaning it is moderate in shape, falling somewhere between the short, compact body of breeds such as Persians and the sleek angles of Oriental breeds such as the Siamese. The cat fanciers Association Breed Standard for the Russian Blue calls for him to have a head that is a smooth, medium-sized wedge shape with a blunt muzzle. The broad wedge of the head and its flat skull are often described as Cobra-like, although that is much too dangerous a description for this sweet-natured cat. Regal is perhaps a better term. Regiars are wide at the base with pointed tips, the interior lined with thin, translucent skin, and rounded vivid green eyes are set wide apart. A long, slender neck segues into high shoulder blades and a fine-boned body that is firm and muscular, covered with a short, thick double coat with a plush texture, often described as similar to that of a seal or beaver. If you were to run your fingers through a Russian Blue's coat, the patterns they made would remain until they were petted smooth. The body is supported by long, fine-boned legs set on small, slightly rounded paws with pads that are a pinky lavender or mauve shade. The tail is long but in proportion to the body. The navelung has a reputation as a gentle, quiet cat, somewhat shy, but don't get the wrong idea. This cat may have a reserved nature, but they love to play being especially fond of retrieving and enjoy jumping or climbing to high places where they can study people and situations at their leisure before making up their mind about whether they want to get involved. Guests will not receive this cat's immediate attention and may never see them unless they decide the humans are worthy of their notice, but toward family members, especially their favorite person, the navelung is ever loyal, following them through the house and even riding on a shoulder. The navelung is a sensitive cat who doesn't like to be ignored and will be hurt if they don't receive the same amount of affection they give. Lack of attention can cause them to become anxious or fearful. While the navelung loves your company, they're capable of entertaining themselves during the day while you are at work. Unlike some active, intelligent breeds, they're not destructive but move through the house with the live grace of a Russian ballerina. When you are at home, their subtle sense of humor and manual dexterity will never fail to entertain. Just make sure you laugh with them, not at them. They have a strong sense of self-worth and don't like being made fun of. This is a cat who does best in a quiet, stable environment. They don't like change, and it's especially important to them that meals arrive on time. Count on them to be a faithful alarm clock and the morning knot so you don't miss work, but so they don't miss a meal. If you take the time to develop a relationship with a navelung, your reward will be a deep bond with this loving cat. The Russian blue has a reputation as a gentle, quiet cat, somewhat shy, but don't get the wrong idea. This cat may have a reserved nature, but he loves to play in enjoys jumping or climbing to high places where he can study people and situations at his leisure before making up his mind about whether he wants to get involved. Guests will not receive his immediate attention and may never see him unless he decides they are worthy of his notice, but toward family members, especially his favored person, he is ever loyal, following them through the house and even riding on a shoulder. The Russian blue is a sensitive cat who doesn't like to be ignored and will be hurt if he doesn't receive the same amount of affection he gives. Lack of attention can cause him to become anxious or fearful. While the Russian blue loves your company, he is capable of entertaining himself during the day while you are at work. Unlike some active, intelligent breeds, he is not destructive but moves through the house with the live grace of a Russian ballerina. When you are at home, his subtle sense of humor and manual dexterity will never fail to entertain. Just make sure you laugh with him, not at him. He has a strong sense of self-worth and doesn't like being made fun of. This is a cat who does best in a quiet, stable environment. He doesn't like change, and it's especially important to him that meals arrive on time. Count on him to be a faithful alarm clock in the morning, not so you don't miss work but so he doesn't miss a meal. If you take the time to develop a relationship with a Russian blue, your reward will be a deep bond with this loving cat. Hello. This video is sponsored by Beemix Pets. Are you looking for high quality cat collars at an affordable cost? Check out, BeemixPets.com. Use coupon code KittenLife, to get 20% off. The Nabelung's long, dense coat should be combed twice a week to remove dead hair and distribute skin oils. The Russian blue's dense coat should be combed twice a week to remove dead hair and distribute skin oils. Brush the teeth to prevent periodonal disease. Daily dental hygiene is best, but weekly teeth brushing is better than nothing. Trim the nails every couple of weeks. Wipe the corners of the eyes with a soft, damp cloth to remove any discharge. Use a separate area of the cloth for each eye so you don't run the risk of spreading any infection. Check the ears weekly. If they look dirty, wipe them out with a cotton ball or soft damp cloth moistened with a 50-50 mixture of cider vinegar and warm water. Avoid using cotton swabs, which can damage the interior of the ear. Keep their litter box spotlessly clean. They are very particular about bathroom hygiene, and a clean litter box will help to keep their coat clean as well. It's a good idea to keep Nabelung in Russian blue as indoor only cats to protect them from catching diseases spread by other cats, suffering attacks by dogs or coyotes, and the other dangers that face cats who go outdoors, such as being hit by a car. Nebulungs and Russian blues who go outdoors also run the risk of being stolen by someone who would like to have such a beautiful cat without paying for one. Nebulungs have a tolerant nature toward children who treat them kindly and respectfully, but they can be wary of younger children who pet them clumsily. Always supervise very young children when they want to pet the cat. Russian blues have a tolerant nature toward children who treat them kindly and respectfully. They will even put up with the clumsy pets given by toddlers as if they recognize that no harm is met, and if necessary they will walk away or climb out of reach to escape being bonked on the head. That said, the patient and gentle Russian blue should always be protected from rough treatment, so always supervise very young children when they want to pet the cat. The Nabelung and Russian blue are also accepting of other animals, including dogs, as long as they aren't chased or menaced by them. Introduce pets slowly and in controlled circumstances to ensure that they learn to get along together. What is important is that you try to find a cat that will interact with you if you want it too. All cats are not the same and how each individual cat behaves with you can depend on its inherent personality and early experiences, or lack of experiences, which can make it fearful or confident with people and life in general. If you enjoyed this video, kindly press the like button. Also don't forget to subscribe with notifications on, so that you don't miss out on videos like this. Thank you for watching.