Let me welcome you to the final project briefing of the first week of the CNI Fall 2020 virtual member meeting. I'm Cliff Lynch, the director of CNI, and just a couple quick logistical things before I introduce the speakers. This session is being recorded. The recording will be available later. There is closed captioning available if you'd like to turn it on. We do have a chat running. Please feel free to use the chat as the session proceeds. You're welcome to use it to introduce yourself if you'd like as well. We have a Q&A tool at the bottom of your screen and you can use that to queue up questions at any point during the session. We will deal with all the questions after the presentations in a question and answer session that will be moderated by Diane Goldenberg, heart of CNI who will beam into existence when the presentations are done. I think that's all of the logistical things I want to cover. We have two speakers with us today, Alyssa Guzman and Albert Palacios, both from the University of Texas at Austin. They are going to tell us about a very interesting NEH funded project that they have underway. There are aspects of this that remind me a bit of certain kinds of crowdsourcing projects related to archives, but there also are some very important differences. There's also a fascinating multilingual aspect of this which I think they're going to fill us in on. I'm really looking forward to hearing about this. With that, let me just thank our presenters for being with us and I'll turn it over to Alyssa who will start the presentations. All right. Thank you and good afternoon everyone. Like Cliff said, I'm Alyssa Guzman. I'm the Digital Scholarship Librarian at UT Austin and I'm here with my project co-director, Albert Palacios, who's the Digital Scholarship Coordinator at Leela Spencer. We're here to talk about our project which is called Enabling and Reusing Multilingual Citizen Contributions in the Archival Record and I will explain what that means as I go along. Our work centers around a piece of software called From the Page and From the Page is software for transcribing documents and collaborating on transcriptions via crowdsourcing projects and there are many libraries, archives, museums, and independent scholars around the world who use From the Page to do simple text-based transcription projects or even create digital scholarly editions and the two links that are on the screen here point to our UT library's installation of From the Page. It's open source software so we have our own installation but Broomfield Labs who are our collaborators on this project also have their own installation of From the Page that they run as a software as a service so if you're interested in using From the Page without setting up your own instance you can access it there. Okay going to show you a little bit about the interface of From the Page with one of our transcribed manuscript pages from the Benson so the From the Page interface has a window here where you can zoom in on the document especially with these older handwritten documents it can be a little bit difficult to read and then there's a pane over here that shows the already transcribed document and these words in red are place names that have been indexed so if I were to click on this it would show all of the places that Oaxaca appears in this document. To participate in a transcription project that's live anyone can click transcribe and then the live text window appears and you simply type the transcription into the window over here and at the bottom of the page there are some transcription conventions which can be updated for each project and there's also a translation feature so if we were to translate this document into another language there's the translation pane and you can look at either the transcribed document or the image and there's a nice dictation feature if you want to just read instead of type so that's a little bit about what the interface of From the Page looks like moving back over to our presentation. All right so in our project we decided to use the term citizen contributors to refer to the participants in these crowd sourcing projects oftentimes they're anonymous and frequently they're not affiliated with our university at all but they do provide meaningful intellectual labor in the service of these projects so they often have subject expertise around the documents they're transcribing or language expertise or even handwriting reading expertise so for our project we have two main goals number one is to break down barriers to access to our Spanish and Portuguese language collections for speakers of those languages so most of the interfaces for the software that we use are in English and we want to be able to collaborate with our current Latin American partners in the interpretation of their digitized text that were digitized during our post custodial archiving initiatives but are hosted on our servers so some of the considerations that we're making as we undertake this work again we're using From the Page to work with citizen collaborators on these crowd sourcing projects translating primary source materials our end goal is to be able to reuse these transcriptions in other systems and projects so for example exporting the text of a transcription and ingesting it into a digital asset management system to enable full text searching in providing corpora for text analysis or even simply providing access to hard to read handwritten materials we recognize that this transcription work requires thoughtful interpretation and decision making it's not simply filling on a form it's not a road task we're situating it as an act of scholarship and we recognize that our citizen collaborative collaborators though they might not be affiliated with the university possess meaningful knowledge that they're contributing to our projects so we believe that they deserve to be credited for their labor we have three sets of deliverables for our project the first is to internationalize the interface from the page into Spanish and Portuguese and that work has largely been completed and we hope that the workflows that have been established can be used by other organizations who are interested in internationalizing from the page into different languages for their communities so I believe there's some interest in translating it into French possibly German and Japanese we're also introducing faceted browsing features so as a relatively large institution we have some very large collections of documents with many pages and it can be difficult to find things within the interface of from the page so there will be basic metadata ingest and then the ability for collection owners to create custom facets and then finally since we're really interested in the enabling the reuse of these transcriptions and translations we're looking at the export features of from the page to make sure that we're exporting documents in formats that can be ingested back into our digital asset management systems and then we have several and we're also looking at exporting the attributions for our collaborators so that they can be contributed in the metadata we did a user study in the spring of this year where we surveyed and then did follow-up interviews with from the page project owners to learn about the challenges that they're encountering in doing this same work and some of the challenges that we identified were things like determining what actually counts as a meaningful scholarly contribution to a crowdsourcing project so is transcribing a single page enough do they need to transcribe an entire document is participating as a reviewer or an editor does that count and then challenges in actually gathering identifying user information since people can contribute anonymously there's not a way to gather their user information but for people who do decide to create a user account what type of information do you want to share about them there's now a field in the from the page user account where people can indicate what name they would like to be credited under and then we encountered some issues around privacy copyright and the use of these transcriptions and translations so making sure that you are communicating to your project participants about the type of license that might be applied to their work so for example kind of applying a blanket Creative Commons license to all of the contributions to a particular project and then finally the workflows what do you actually do with the products of this work how do you get it out of from the page and what types of systems are you exporting it into and that varied significantly across the board between the different types of institutions these colors we interviewed you can read more about our findings we will share them more broadly with the other from the page project managers and you can find them in our institutional repository Texas Scholarworks and now I'm going to turn it over to Albert who will talk about the internationalization thank you Alyssa so I will be going a little bit more into depth in terms of current work as well as future work for this project so the first part here or some of the work that we've already undertaken and we're about to wrap up is the internationalization of the platform itself now most of this work has been done and I want to give due credit because that's something that we're really focusing on our grant project give due credit to Joshua Ortiz Paco who was our graduate research assistant for this project he undertook the translation of the platform into Spanish and into Portuguese alongside with Broomfield Labs Ben and Sarah Broomfield who are the developers or from the page so together they were able to essentially have created a shell for the platform itself with dictionaries that are in English and in Spanish as well as in Portuguese that enable the user to toggle between them whenever they're using the platform so a lot of the work that has been done in the past couple of months has been the translation work of the platform itself and so as I mentioned they created a shell right and these dictionaries are fitting into it and as Alyssa indicated there's interest in creating additional dictionaries for other languages to enable users throughout the world to be able to contribute to collection materials that are often not in English particularly the case for the Benson Latin American collection here at the University of Texas at Austin so what you see here on the on the first screen right here on the on the slide is a translation into Spanish as you can see the tabs have been translated as well as the navigation view at the top and here you see it in Portuguese again the same controls have been translated into that language and that includes not only the tabs but also the navigational buttons as well as the the text that is consistent with the platform itself anything that is associated with particular projects that is dependent on the collection owner or the collection administrator or the project administrator they are in they're enabled to provide those translations for each of their projects here's another view of the workspace that Alyssa demoed earlier on today with the translation in Spanish now current work as I mentioned we're wrapping this up we're just finalizing some of the random words that we didn't catch in the first place space but current work we are doing a couple of things the first thing is we are focusing on and by we it's a team of metadata experts at the University of Texas libraries as well as room field labs trying to figure out how to bring in metadata along with the materials upon ingestion currently the way that the system functions you're able to bring some metadata in most of the time you have to provide it on the platform this would enable us to upload a CSV of the metadata along with the assets to to automatically populate the metadata for each object in the platform so here you see an example right of how we are bringing in a variety of metadata fields we're working with both mods and Dublin core there is going to be flexibility though within the platform for the collection slash project administrator to be able to not only do some renaming of the metadata field names but also be able to hide as well as show particular metadata in the platform part of that work one of the reasons why we wanted to bring in the metadata was to also facilitate the browsing for our users currently there's only search fields that are available for each collection where users can look for particular keywords of course that's dependent on the metadata being there as well as some of the transcription work already starting since where the metadata being ingested our hope is that users will not only be able to search that metadata but also be able to filter the collection and browse the collection through filters that they have been creating this semester so as you can see here there's an example here of how a user can navigate through location county and these are determined by the project slash collection and administrator they decide what will be filterable in a particular collection so that's work that we are currently developing for this platform also what we're doing and this is in preparation for the deployment phase of this project is we are developing user guides and by by we it's primarily our incoming or relatively new graduate research assistant bryce mclean he is taking our user rights are our current user guides in english expanding on them based on the new features that are being introduced and once they're fleshed out and illustrated with screenshots he's also going to be translating them into spanish and portuguese and this will come of use as i mentioned in the next phase when we start working with our user community communities now future steps and this work will begin largely in january february so it's coming up relatively quickly we will be first off we're going to be deploying the tool with our communities part of the impetus as elissa mentioned early on is we have been working quite a bit with international partners uh land american partners in particular through our post custodial initiatives which we call here land american digital initiatives this is the landing page for that international collaboration um and so part of besides making their collections accessible online we also want to create uh we wanted to create a workspace for them to be able to transcribe and enhance the accessibility of these materials for not only for searchability for their own communities but also for usability within their communities and so from the page this is really what you know we're hoping to leverage the potential from the page to be able to not only enable but also empower these land american communities to work their materials and really be able to build them build on them efficiently so we are working primarily with two partners that are part of this land american digital initiatives the first one is it's an archive that is in puebla mexico it's called the royal archive of chulula it's predominantly an indigenous archive that was created from the 16th century all and it dates all the way to the 20th century and this is a project that we have been working in collaboration with faculty at the meritorious autonomous university of puebla specifically dr lydia gomez carcia now part of the deployment uh the deployment place would be that our partners will we will ingest some of these materials into from the page and our partners will not only test the site for its functionality but also assess the language accuracy of the navigational buttons as well as the platform generally there will be transcribed as we're transcribing materials are going to be providing us feedback on anything that needs to be corrected anything that might not quite make sense in terms of the language and as well as providing us feedback on bugs that they might encounter throughout their work and so as i mentioned the first one's going to be the university in puebla and that one is going to be a class of undergraduate history students who are focusing on paleographic work the collection that they're going to be working on is mainly 16th century 17th century so they're going to be doing some paleography there um the second community they're going to be working with is with uh acone um and acone is based in brazil um and uh it stands for equipa de articulação asociarias as comunidades negras do vale de libera um it's a community organization that actively fights for land rights for afro descendant brazilians in uh in sao paulo the state of sao paulo primarily now with them we're also going to be working on some of their documentation handwritten documentation to be able to test out the tool for again linguistic accuracy and functionality we're also um and this this is likely going to be coming after their transcription work has been completed we are going to be developing uh and finessing the from the page export features again our goal was to uh not only enable our partners to build on their own collections but also be able to reintroduce uh their contributions back into the archival record uh not only the contributions themselves but also include them and acknowledge them in the archival record as contributors to this intellectual work um now in terms of the features we uh we conducted the user study to be able to get some feedback from the from the page community in terms uh to try to see what um formats as well as uh file types would enable reuse as well as reintegration into the archival record so um in collaboration with our metadata team at ut libraries we're going to be not only deciding on the outputs but we're also even be looking at the structure of the outputs so that we can best integrate them into our systems and uh so this feeds into um so what you see here is is a small representation of the different repositories that we have here at the University of Texas at Austin libraries um each one of them each one of them has a different um technology stack and so part of the collaborative work with our metadata librarians is to try to figure out again what the outputs have to be and how they have to be structured in order to be able to feed them into the systems part of that work will also be based on how do we acknowledge the transcriber in the archival record so that we can ethically attribute the work and again in the record and that's pretty much it you know in terms of the upcoming work for this coming year this slide here we really again it's this is a project for most about acknowledging acknowledging a collaborative work and so here you know we list all of our partners in our project team as well as the advisory board anybody who has been providing feedback and work to this project and last but definitely not least we want to thank the national endowment for the humanities for supporting this grant project thank you thank you albert thank you elissa for that really interesting presentation on um this really fascinating project um we really appreciate you coming to cni to talk to us about your work and show us how it's coming along it's quite fascinating i'd like to open the floor now for questions um any attendees who would like to ask a question please feel free to type it into the q and a and we'll be happy to take that now um i'm interested in the work that you're doing with your partners um logistically how is that likely to play out sounds like a sort of a complicated process can you talk a little bit more about that sure um with the university of puebla we've actually been working with them with this platform uh this is going to be the 30 or that we've done it so typically um in january we upload a batch of documents up to the into the platform and i lead a training in spanish for the students um and throughout the semester i support them as needed um so for our public partners it's it's an established relationship for our coordinate problem uh partners or brazilian partners this is the first time they're going to be doing this and uh this is something that we've had to we we first we didn't quite foresee but there's an issue of connectivity uh so this community in particular uh they for the most part do not have internet access um there are a few members that do and so we've had to coordinate with them to see who's going to be able to contribute to the project considering the connectivity issue um luckily we've been able to um address it for this particular pilot but i think that's something that we need to consider um for the remaining year right try to see if we can find a solution for um our community partners that have that that you know the connectivity issue oh right yeah that's a really important point elissa did you want to weigh in um i just to say that the pandemic has kind of affected the way that we plan to deploy this work um you know we had some travel um planned and i i don't think that that will happen but um thankfully albert and i are both working in the realm of digital scholarship and i wouldn't say it's been a seamless transition to working remotely um but i think we're we're ready to take on that challenge now yeah good good point both of those i just want to read a comment here from um liz gushy who writes uh liz uh elissa and albert thank you so much for this work it will be such a useful model for us at the university of miami especially given our depth of archives for cuba and latin america so that's great thanks thanks for that comment uh and now i see that cliff has a question so um over to you cliff okay um so here here's something i'm wondering about um i've seen two kinds of crowd sourcing projects over the years one kind really opens a resource up to very public crowd sourcing and in order to deal with it at scale it either does some kind of redundancy for example you get at least three people to transcribe the same piece and then check them to see if they're this the same or more or less the same or you put a human reviewer in the loop um or um in some cases you build statistical models of the behavior of people and build confidence in them over time the other um kind of model is where you pick your um crowd in some way for example i've seen projects where they've enlisted um classes of undergraduates and you had mentioned uh example of uh you doing something along those lines for a collection how are you thinking about the whole question of enrolling and qualifying um and quality controlling your crowd source participants that is a great question um and i think so i'm the service manager where from the page installation um so i see the way a lot of our collection owners are using it um and it kind of varies from collection to collection so i'll let albert address our community partnerships in a minute um but i've seen certainly the you know the faculty member using it in the classroom with their undergraduates for example we had a faculty member who wanted to use some archival materials and they had an in-person kind of um assignment setup but it was actually starting to cause harm to the collection over the years so they got it digitized and now the students work with those materials and from the page instead of handling the physical materials and causing further degradation to them and i also can hop back over to um the live from the page demo because i want to point out the um the version control that's available in from the page so every um edit that happens to a page in a document gets recorded in the history um and you can roll back to a certain version um so i actually do some amount of um kind of spam control on our installation of from the page um we got hit in the summer of 2019 with a lot of fake accounts um and from page dot com got hit and so we worked with ben and sara um and they developed some kind of uh site level management tools for managing that kind of like malicious links or people just kind of posting um or like bot text and things like that and the the version control makes it really easy to roll that kind of thing back um but do you want to talk about the projects that you've worked on yeah in terms of recruitment um we've tried it all uh it seems for for us at least the more um fruitful avenue has been to be uh recruiting targeted audiences in particular uh we do a lot of partnerships with faculty and researchers in lat america uh we do a purposeful um uh either educational or research oriented initiative with them um and that typically has been uh successful we've tried you know the the transcribathon model um we've we've uh we've done it twice you know with varying successes one time we had a dedicated cohort of uh paleographers or either three or four of them but they probably produced quite a bit of work within the month's window uh we did a time limited thing to kind of uh empty the urgency of it and that was productive too um but we found the most productive sessions and meaningful engagements to be um collaborative sessions with with uh faculty and researchers in lat america for us that's that's really interesting thank you um that that's very helpful thank you thanks thanks claire for that question there's also um a request again from liz gushy um asking for your um the doi for the publication you mentioned earlier yes um i'm going to stop sharing my screen in order to get that link and i see we're a little bit past the hour here so elissa while you are looking for that i'm going to um there it is thank you so much for it's not a competition now thanks thank you so much to both of you elissa and albert for coming and talking to us about your project we'll look forward to seeing how it progresses and um thank you so much to our attendees for making time out of your friday to hang out with us here at cni uh we will be back again on monday where cliff will do his wrap up of the week's project briefings before we launch into week two of our presentations um so with that i'll bring the recording to an end and any attendees who wish to hang back and um have a chat with elissa and albert have any questions or comments please feel free to do so just raise your hand and i'll be happy to unmute you so have a have a good weekend be safe everyone and be healthy take care bye


Is natural Cognum worth supplementing? And does it even work? Well let's find out. Hey what's up Greg here from your inception. If you wanna learn top secrets about entropics, subscribe below to start your journey. Oh, and don't forget to press the bell icon as well. Today in this video we gonna talk about natural Cognum. We gonna look at the benefits, side effects, our experience and at the end of the video we gonna tell you if we recommend the product or not. So if you're ready, let's just begin. A Cognum is a stimulant free brain health supplement that contains only one under research compound called CeraQ which contains silk, protein, hydrolysate. Developed by the company Natural, this supplement could enhance memory in as little as four weeks.  Now compared to tens of brain supplements, Cognum is the only one that we tested so far with only one main compound. And even despite the lack of effective nitrophics and ingredients in this supplement, we decided to do a complete review. Now the main question we had was does this supplement really work? As we mentioned before Cognum contains only one compound, CeraQ powder. And this one contains about 60% of silk, protein, hydrolysate. Now what exactly is this compound? CeraQ is also named Brain Factor 7, is a unique protein that you can find in the silkworm cocoons. Despite its promising effect, our search on two of our favorite sites for research, PubMed and Xammon showed zero results about this compound's benefits. We actually couldn't find any reliable human clinical studies or even basic know-how about this compound first. Anyhow, we continued the search on our sites and came across a few Korean studies on this compound. Sadly, some were in Korean language so we didn't understand anything. But after quite some research, we finally managed to find one study in English. It showed that supplementing 280 mg of this compound can improve memory in healthy adults in just three weeks. Now before you make any conclusions, we would need to see more studies to confirm the results. Also, a peer-reviewed double-blind placebo study would be very welcome in this case. Anyhow, if this only research that we found is correct, this means that supplementing Cognum should improve your memory. But there is an issue. The optimal dosage in this study was 280 mg of silk protein hydrolysate. Cognum on the other hand contains a special powder which has only 60% of this protein. What's even more problematic is that the recommended dosage of Cognum is only two tablets, which contains about 200 mg of CeraQ powder. It has only 120 mg of silk protein. Now basic math tells you that you need to take at least four tablets of Cognum per day to see the results that were found in the study. And this would mean taking a two times higher dosage than it is currently recommended by the brand. Besides the main ingredient, you can find 10 additional compounds in this supplement. We don't know exactly what they're rolling in, but some are typical fillers found in many capsules to fill up the free space or to make the structure of all compounds more favorable. And many of our favorite and really high quality and tropic supplements actually contain zero fillers. Now based on our research, we do not recommend supplementing Cognum. It lacks all essential tropics, vitamins and minerals that have improved benefits for improving memory and brain health. The only ingredient in this supplement seems to be underdosed, so you would need to take a higher amount every single day than it is currently recommended. And this would of course dramatically increase the price of this supplement. Now when it comes to side effects, it's really hard to talk about them because we don't have studies that would confirm the benefits or the potential side effects of CeraQ compound. However, based on our experience, experimenting with under-researched supplements can bring the following side effects, headache, stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, brain fog and even upset stomach. So the question is, are Cognum tablets safe? Well, we absolutely don't know, so it's hard to say. By the way guys, if you liked this video, please press the like button below. So if you decided to test natural Cognum anyway, the recommended dosage are two tablets. You can take one in the morning and the other one in the afternoon with your meal. So what do other people say about natural Cognum? Well first of all, since this supplement was designed to improve memory, how can you measure the effects of memory? Do people use any kind of tools or memory games or do they track results somehow and compare the results before or after? Well we believe that most people don't do it, so it's really hard to include the opinions of others because it's a very subjective thing. And since you're spending so much money on a supplement, it's highly likely that you're gonna favor a particular supplement even more. And since it's hard to track improvements in memory, this is probably the reason why we found so many terrible custom reviews and also really bad reviews from others experts who reviewed this particular supplement. They kind of came to a similar conclusion as we did. By the way guys, we have revealed 7 hidden secrets about entropics that no one else will tell you. To get them, download our free handbook below. So the final question is does this supplement really work and do we recommend it? Well based on our detailed research, we found a lack of evidence of the positive effect and benefits of SeraQ, the main ingredient in Cognum. Also the specific products contain a considerable amount of fillers, which are a stable of low quality supplements. What's even worse is that Cognum lacks all scientifically proven ingredients that are usually found in high quality brain supplements, such as Bacopammonieri, Rodularisale, Lion's Main Mushrooms, Tickling, AlphaGPC and more. And based on that, we doubt that Cognum is an effective supplement and as such we currently don't recommend it. However, if you're searching for a high quality supplement, then check below our top recommendations you can currently find on the market. Alright guys, that's it for this video, thank you for watching, don't forget to subscribe to this channel, follow your inception on Facebook and Instagram, please press the like button and we hope to see you soon again. Take care.


The governor, Albu Kaffir, says his administration was improved a benchmark for teachers in primary and secondary schools in the state to raise the state education standard. He made the disclosure at the 6th and 7th combined convocation ceremony of the Federal University, Wukhari, where he insisted that his administration would implement minimum requirement for both schools to ensure that learners, guided by educators with solid academic qualifications, are correspondent Jude Nuhu-Gundali's report is presented from our studios. This is the 6th and 7th combined convocation ceremony of the Federal University, Wukhari. A convocation drew people from all walks of life to the ancient city. The spiritual headquarters of Kwanarafa Kingdom. Speaking at the event, Governor Albu Kaffir said he will implement minimum teaching requirements to raise the standard of education and ensure that learners are guided by educators with solid academic qualifications. He explained that primary school teachers would be required to have a minimum qualification of a degree, while secondary school teachers will have at least master's degree, among others. As part of our commitment to raise the educational standard, I am pleased to announce that in the near future, we will be implementing minimum requirement for teachers at various levels. For primary education, the minimum requirement for teachers will be a first degree and ensuring that our youngest learners are guided by educators with a solid academic foundation. Similarly, for secondary education, teachers will be required to have a minimum of a master's degree and ensure that students receive instruction from highly qualified and knowledgeable mentors. The Governor said his administration will provide no training opportunities to ensure that teachers remain updated and build their capabilities in the discharge of their duties. He asked the Grodrens to concede that a noble teaching profession and that their expertise can shape and aren't valid to the education sector. The Governor gave his command that the Federal University will carry full its dedication to knowledge, delivery and the role it is playing in shaping the future of the young ones. He said as a government, effort will be made to follow up with the Federal Government to ensure that laws established in the University are properly put in place. As a State Government, we will follow up with the Federal Government to ensure that the enabling law is established. In this speech, the Vice Chancellor, Federal University Rukari, Professor Jude Sanani Rabbo, commended the dedication and commitment of the staff of the institution in equipping the Grodrens and equally enjoining them to strive to become beacons of hope in their respective societies. The Vice Chancellor commended the support the institution received from the Terrabber State Government under the Governor, Albucaves, to include donation of a general hospital, which is now the University's teaching hospital, the donation of a piece of land and funding of a convocation ceremony, among others. On behalf of the honorary degree recipients, the former SGF, both most of us, thanked the management of the University for approving their awards and said the honor bestowed on them is an additional responsibility to grow and develop the University. I am glad to invoke the vision that now the project that has been completed and our permission yesterday. Similarly, the program that has been completed and commissioned largely but more importantly, teaching hospitals has now been established for the University. I am honestly excited that I am being honored today along with two great Nigerians, that is His Majesty Manu Ishaapu Adah, the Akuka and Chairman of Terrabber State Traditional Rulers Council and Chief Obadiah Ando, former Minister of Water Resources in the Federal Republic of Nigeria. We are all conscious of the fact that this award bestows on us more responsibilities than privileges for the growth of the Federal University of Uca. Those honored with honorary doctorate degrees, honorary course includes the former Minister of Water Resources Obadiah Ando, the Akuka, His Royal Majesty, Manu Ishaapu Adah Ali and the former Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Boss Mustafa. Highlights of the occasion include a presentation of prizes and awards to some of the graduates who distinguish themselves in various fields.


It picks it picks that up not exactly the way I would have had it on the bottom, but that's fine plus and then X To the end To the end Boom. Oh See it didn't like so now it says plus X minus in so I'm gonna say erase that What are you thinking? Maybe it didn't like that X. Maybe it's plus is even wrong. I'll make plus X in all right that looks good, and then I'll put this whole thing over Underline on in So this is this is for Now the X was on top So I actually erased it and then I made a very large X bar on the left-hand side So now it's properly picking up the X bar which is standing in for the mean or the average the mean or average often being shown in the symbol of X bar or Mu which is the Greek letter looks like a you is the Greek letter Mu and it might differ depending on whether we're talking about the entire population or a sample of the population We'll get into more of that in future presentations But the average calculation then is going to be X one plus X two plus X three and so on and so forth up to X in in Representing the number of items in the population the number of X's all of that divided by then in Representing the number of items in the population so I can go ahead and say that that looks good So let's insert it So we'll just insert down here and there is our formula now once made I can go to the Home tab over here and increase the font if I so choose so we might want to make a larger formula and Sometimes it might wrap it so if this gets too small it could kind of mess up the formula So you have to make sure that your font size Lines up with how large the box is so it's being represented properly and I'll type mean Calculation up top I'm going to select the entire worksheet and go to the home tab Fonts group and make it bold. Let's actually format the worksheet like I normally do as well So I'm going to right-click on the worksheet Format and then I'm going to make the entire worksheet is going to be numbers I'm going to go into the numbers group and then I usually go currency negative numbers bracketed and red No dollar sign. I don't need any decimals So I'm going to say okay, and then I'll make this my header.  It's kind of like the title so maybe black and but we'll do that black and white on the header now notice This obviously is on top of the cells It's not within the cells so you're gonna have to kind of be careful and move it around When I select a column this isn't selected when I select the column Generally, it's kind of attached possibly to a particular cell that it's in but it's not really it's it's not attached to these columns for example You can also copy this if you wanted to Copy it and you could paste it As an image and that could be a useful tool if you wanted to paste it somewhere else So you don't kind of mess up the formula that kind of makes it almost hard-coded in a sense So that it's so you can't go in there and type in it You can see through it here So the other thing that that you could do is you could put some formatting around this so that there's a Fill color so I could make a shape fill and make it white so that now It's you don't see the background of it. The other way you can do that is actually make the cells behind it White I can go to the home tab font group and make the cells behind it white And so now it's it doesn't you can't see the grid lines in the back of it, but it's probably better I'm now that I'm working with this I'm gonna control Z or undo to make to make the actual box white or some other color you can make it So that it stands out as its own as its own thing, right? Maybe orange isn't too bright. So something like that. Maybe so let's do another one I'll do another formula This is another way that we can express the mean and we'll talk about other formulas in the future And this is so so we'll practice this as well in the future, but let's insert another equation And so here's my equation thing. I'm gonna go into it now. I have the equation up top I'm gonna make an ink equation again and just type this one in so this one So we're gonna represent the mean in a different way So I'm gonna start with X bar again this time. I'm gonna type it really large I'm gonna say this is gonna start with an X on the left So it knows that that's on the left. It's gonna be an X bar So pick that up properly and then I'm gonna say equals go somewhere in the middle here equals So there we have that and then I want this some Symbol so the some symbols gonna look like this did Yeah, and so I picked that up then I want an end on top the end sometimes it doesn't pick up until I do the bottom bit So it didn't really see it yet, but I'm gonna say that's okay. I'm gonna say let's put an eye dot equals One so then it saw that and then it picked up the end so that looks good on this side. I want to say X and Then to I sub I And so it picked up a J instead of an I Let's erase that. Let's see if I can erase just that and then say no it needs to be an eye So there it goes.  So I'm gonna underline it and then in And on the bottom Boom so there it goes so it formatted so now instead of putting the end like on top it put it a little bit off to the side So that's fine. So we'll keep that that looks good So now what this is basically saying is we're gonna it's another way to express this right? This is the sum function. We want to sum all of the X's X sub I Where we're going to be implementing X starting at one and keep on summing up all the X's until We get to the number of X's to be subbing in there Which is in Represented here and then take that whole thing that we summed up and divide it by the count Which is in so this is another way that we can express it That's going to be once again the mean or like the average. So let's insert it. So there we have it so I'll pull this down here and Let's make this orange on the fill again and this how big was this one this one was like 24 so let's make this one 24 as well. So we'll bring it on up to 24 So there we have it. So that's nice Now the next thing we might want to do is say well How can I represent some of these items in Excel like an X bar for example? How might I do that? One way you could do the X bars you can type in an X and you can go into the insert tab up top and Then in the symbols we're going to go into the symbols here Now when you're using these symbols often It's useful to go screw all the way up top to this on the left the font It's just being the normal text font and then I want to combine this X with something else the bar on


Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, most human interaction with computers was done through what are called terminals. A terminal device is a piece of hardware that combines a keyboard with some kind of character display, which in the early days in the 1960s was usually some kind of printer that would print out characters line by line. Or later in the 1970s it was usually a video console, but the video console was not capable of displaying arbitrary graphics, it could only display text characters. And these text characters could only be displayed in a fixed grid. So you wouldn't have arbitrarily positioned characters anywhere on screen. And also these devices usually only had one display font and one display color. So the idea of a terminal is that when we hook it up to a computer, the computer can then send text characters in sequence to the terminal, which get displayed character by character on the screen. And when the user sitting at the keyboard types anything, a character is sent from the terminal to the computer. So there's a neat symmetry there. A strict sequence of characters flows from the computer to the terminal and vice versa. As you can probably guess, the text going in both directions was almost always ASCII text. In Unix systems, a process may communicate with the terminal through a file representing that terminal, a terminal character device file. When a process writes to a terminal character device file, that's putting data in the output buffer of the device file, which then is going to get sent out by the operating system to the terminal device associated with that character device file. Conversely, when the user at the keyboard types something, that data gets sent from the terminal to the computer, and then the operating system will take that data and put it in the input buffer of the associated character device file. And then the process then may read from the character device file to get that data. So again, be clear that the terminal is a totally dumb device. When you see text displayed on the terminal, that's something that's coming from processes running on the attached computer. The only exception to this is that with a terminal character device file, we can turn on a mode called echoing. When a terminal character device operates in the echoing mode, then any input it receives from the terminal, it will then immediately echo back out to the terminal so that it gets displayed on screen. In practice, what this means is that when echoing is on and the user types something on the keyboard, then whatever key they type, they will then immediately see appear on their screen. Just be clear that the terminal doesn't have an echoing mode. It's the terminal character device file that has an echoing mode. So the data is actually being sent from the terminal and then immediately back to the terminal. As the years went on, some terminals began to add more features, like for example some terminals featured the ability to change text color. The way this would work is that you would set the terminal's mode, like say what color it's printing, by sending it an escape sequence, that is a sequence of characters beginning with the ASCII escape character, which is ASCII code 27. By sending escape sequences to the terminal, we can set its modes and thereby change its behavior, like say what color of text gets displayed, or maybe say how many lines of text get displayed on the screen. Things like that. Now the trouble with this arrangement is that early on the escape sequences weren't really standardized. Every manufacturer did their own thing, so what you would need to do to control one terminal differed from what you would do to control another. In time though, eventually a standard did more or less emerge. Unfortunately, the end result of this process ended up quite messy. So if you look into the details of terminals and want to know exactly what you can do with escape codes, it's all surprisingly complicated, so that's a whole area we're going to alight over. We'll just think of terminals as simply displaying a sequence of text and sending back to the computer whatever gets typed at the keyboard. End of story. However, I do mention these capabilities because you will likely interact with some programs that when they do use a terminal they seem to do things that otherwise aren't possible, like say changing the color of the text. In Unix, we have this convention whereby processes, when they are started, expect to inherit from their parent two open file descriptors, 0 and 1. File descriptor 0 we call standard in, abbreviated as STDIN, and file descriptor 1 we call standard out, abbreviated as STDOUT. In the usual case, processes expect standard in to be a file descriptor open for reading a terminal character device file, and standard out is expected to be open for writing that same terminal character device file. In practice what this means is that when a program wishes to read input from a terminal, it reads from standard in, its file descriptor 0, and when a program wishes to display text on that same terminal, it writes data to its standard out. Now be clear, this is what processes expect to inherit from their parent. Recall that when a process forks in Unix, the file descriptors from the parent get copied to the child, so it has all the same open file descriptors. So the convention in Unix is that when programs wish to interact with a terminal, they usually don't locate an appropriate terminal themselves, they just expect to inherit these file descriptors already open to an appropriate terminal. Now you may be wondering why do we have two separate file descriptors, one for reading, one for writing? Well first off, something I didn't explicitly mention in the coverage of Unix system calls is that when you open a file, you can open it in a mode such that only reading is allowed or only writing is allowed, that is possible. Still, that doesn't explain why we have two separate file descriptors when we could just get away with one for both reading and writing. This is something that we'll be explained a bit later when we talk about what's called redirection. Something else you may be wondering about at this point is, hey, my computer doesn't have a terminal, I have a proper monitor that's a full graphical display, and on that display I have a graphical user interface, which I interact with through a mouse and keyboard, but those are totally separate devices. I don't have a keyboard bundled together with a monitor as a single unit called a terminal. So what the hell is going on here? We don't seem to have any terminal in a modern system. The answer is that while hardware terminals are a thing of the past, what we do today is we imitate them, we emulate them in software. We have what are called terminal emulators. This window here, for example, is a terminal emulator program. To explain what's going on here, we actually first have to talk about the graphical user interface in Linux in general. In Microsoft Windows, the graphical user interface is a part of the operating system itself. It's tangled up with all the other operating system code. In Unix systems, in contrast, including in today's Linux, the graphical user interface runs basically as an ordinary program. It's not a component of the Linux kernel at all, in fact. When running a graphical environment in Linux, the program which controls your screen and which gets the input directly from the mouse and the keyboard is called an X-Windows system server. When you then run a program which has a graphical interface, like, say, the Firefox web browser or the GIMP image editing program, these programs send the content of their windows to the X-Windows server, and then the X-Windows server is responsible for actually displaying those windows on the screen. When a user then, say, clicks on one of these windows, that mouse data is read by the X-Windows server, which then sends it on to the appropriate program. Usually in this setup, we also have programs running responsible for, say, drawing all of the interface elements of the desktop, like, say, the desktop wallpaper and all the icons on the desktop, and also whatever interface elements you have for task switching and starting new programs. One program commonly used for that purpose is a program called Genome Panel, which is part of the whole Genome desktop, which is a whole collection of programs in libraries for creating a graphical user environment on Linux. And then additionally with an X-Windows server, you need what's called a Window Manager, which is a program which is responsible for drawing the borders around windows and also keeping track of the positions of the windows on screen and moving them around and resizing them and such. The Window Manager included with the Genome desktop is called Metacity. So, notice that Genome Panel and the Metacity Window Manager are both otherwise ordinary processes that talk to the X-Windows server. So, they actually talk to the X-Windows server using the same X protocol that all other programs like Firefox and Gimp use. Be clear that the X-Windows system is defined really by a protocol, the X protocol, and there are a few different X-Windows servers available. The most widely one used though is called Xorg. If you have a Linux system today, most likely it's using Xorg. Also be clear that though we call it a server, the X-Windows server is usually talking to programs running on the very same machine. So, when I run Firefox on my system and I see it displayed on my screen, then it's connected to the X-Windows server running on my same system. Part of the reason though for this client server architecture is that it is possible to run a program like Firefox and have it talk to an X-Windows server running on a different system. So, if we run say Firefox on your system, but have it connect to the X-Windows server running on my system, then I will be seeing that Firefox window displayed on my screen and I can interact with it just like it were a program running locally on my system, but in fact it's actually running on your system. This is an example of a feature called network transparency. And the idea going back say 30 years ago when the system was first devised is that we would have a bunch of what are called thin clients computers which don't have to be very powerful yet simply just display programs that are actually being run on other systems. It's an arrangement actually very much like the idea with having a bunch of terminals all connected to one system where all the code is really running on that computer system and the terminals themselves can be very thin clients. They don't have to have much smarts in them. So now getting back to terminals, a terminal emulator is a program which sends window content to an X-Windows server to display on screen as a graphical window and it also receives textual input from the keyboard and also perhaps mouse clicks from the X-Windows server. The question now is how do we get other programs to read and write from the terminal emulator as if it were just like a regular terminal, an actual terminal character device file. Well the way this is achieved is with another mechanism introduced in Unix systems called pseudo-terminal device files. These pseudo-terminal files actually called in pairs, one the slave, one the master and the program which is imitating a terminal, it reads and writes from the master and the program which actually wishes to use this fake terminal reads and writes from the slave. So for example I open up my terminal emulator in X-Windows and then I click in the window and say start to type something. That text data I type is sent from the X-Windows server to the terminal emulator which then writes it to the master pseudo-terminal character device file. The operating system then copies that data over into the associated slave to be read by a process. So be clear that pseudo-terminals are in a sense a fiction. They represent terminal devices which don't actually exist. In fact it is the responsibility of the terminal emulator when it starts to ask the operating system to allocate a new pseudo-terminal just for its own purposes. You generally want each terminal emulator to have its own unique pseudo-terminal master slave pair. In the context of Linux you'll hear talk about a feature called virtual consoles. On a Linux system if you hold down control and alt and hit F1 or F2 or F3 or F4 up through F8 it'll switch you to another virtual console. So the X-Windows system by default actually runs as usually the 6th, 7th or 8th virtual console and so you switch to your X-Windows server by holding down control alt and hitting F7 or sometimes F8. If you hold down control alt and hit F1 that switches you to a different virtual console one without an X-Windows server but rather just a terminal.  It's just that it's implemented inside the Linux kernel itself. And though these virtual consoles by default simply run with a terminal command line you can in a virtual console launch an X-Windows server and thereby turning that virtual console into a proper GUI desktop. So what typically happens in most Linux systems is upon boot up it launches an X-Windows server in one of the virtual consoles and then switches to that virtual console. So the purpose of the system is it's the way Linux gives us a terminal even if we don't have an X-Windows server and also it allows us to in case something goes wrong with our X-Windows server we can just switch over to another virtual console and use the command line there. Assuming you have an X-Windows server in which nothing ever goes wrong you probably don't ever need to use virtual consoles but it's there as a nice fallback feature basically. Just remember though if you accidentally for whatever reason switch away from your X-Windows server because you hit CTRL ALT and say like F3 just remember you can get back by hitting CTRL ALT and F7 or sometimes F8 or F6 it depends on your Linux distribution. The last thing to say about terminals here is where you will find the character device files. This is something that may vary depending upon which which Unix you're using and if you're using Linux which distribution but on my Ubuntu system for example if I look in slash dev I will see a directory called pts which stands for pseudo terminal slaves and in this directory I find all of the pseudo terminal slaves that are currently being used and then in the dev directory itself you'll find a file called tty this is a special kind of special file it doesn't represent a character device when a program opens the slash dev slash tty file what they get back is a file descriptor for the so-called controlling terminal that is the terminal that is associated with their process which is a concept we'll talk more about later on but the point here is that when you open this file there's some special magic going on where what you get back for a file descriptor depends upon which process is opening the file and finally also in slash dev you will see a number of files starting with tty and then a number these are character device files representing the virtual consoles and again remember that virtual consoles are a Linux specific feature but in any case if say you open and write to slash dev slash tty1 what you're doing is you are writing to the terminal of the first virtual console I believe actually these virtual consoles are numbered starting from 1 rather than 0 if you're wondering what tty stands for well that's a historical mechanism back in the 50s 60s and 70s we had these devices called teletype machines that is over a communication line you'd have two devices on either end you type on one end and the character is printed out on the other end so these were actually predecessors to hardware terminals and for whatever reason that's the name that the creators of Unix went with even though it didn't really even make sense at the time and certainly doesn't make sense as a given name 40 years later but that's what we're stuck with when people talk about tty's they're talking about terminals


All right, we're moving into our first major conversation for today, and that is the cabinet reshuffle by President Muammar Dabuhari. He has fired two ministers, the Minister of Power and Agriculture, and replaced them. Of course, it has been described as, you know, the steps being taken because they were underperforming ministers. This morning we are speaking with Mark Adebayo, who is a public affairs analyst, and Mr. Ayodili Adyo, who is the managing director of the Avalon here in Nigeria. Good morning to you both. Thanks for joining us. Good morning. Good morning. Thank you. Thank you. All right. Mr. Adebayo, I'll start with you. I want to get your thoughts on this story generally. When you heard, you know, the news that these two people have been fired, do you see this as great news in the steps towards achieving, you know, better for Nigeria? Well, my first impression was that, well, the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is constitutionally empowered to appoint ministers and to relive them of their appointments. He has the power of hire and fire over all his opportunities. So, but to basically speaking for me, it's a non-event, but it is something that I only hope that those who are replacing them with would do something better. In the area of the Minister of Power, for instance, it's difficult to be able to point out at any achievement, any sterling performance that he has been able to achieve since he came into office. You know, what we have seen is that the last two years, four years before he came into office, electricity staff has been increased by about 400 percent, with that corresponding deliverables to Nigeria. You don't see power is far and in between, the issue of power in Nigeria is degenerating by the day, in the area of generation, in the area of distribution. So that was not in the Minister of Power did that was, that couldn't have warranted him relive of his appointment. In the area of agriculture, you would discover that things, food is extremely expensive now. You know, when as a family man, we are used to put $20,000 down now, now you have to put something like $50,000 to $60,000. For upkeep, for just the buy food for one week, it's extremely expensive. So a lot of hunger in the land, which is causing a lot of hunger. But for me, the President is not go far enough. The President is not go far enough. Okay. So what do you say about the Health Minister? Now the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria have been in the strike for about three or so weeks now, hundreds of Nigerians have died because of that. And then, you know, right here in our shores, right there in our country, right there in the federal capital territory, Nigerian doctors in their hundreds were clean up to get job from another country, Saudi Arabia. I mean, it tells you that Nigeria Health sector is in crisis. What is that minister still doing there? Now we have a minister that has been alleged to have, you know, terrorism sympathy, who is still in the government. I was thinking that those ministers should go, the health minister, the communication minister, because once there is a serious allegation against you like that, you have to be, you have to go, you know. So the reshuffment did not go far enough. The President needs to look at critical area. What are the area of defense? You know, which is responsible for our security? Well, what does the, the President should look at critical, everybody, everybody involved in the security management of this country ought to go, ought to be replaced. Okay, Mr. Adebayo, let's quickly bring in Mr. Adebayo to get your initial reaction to this Cabinet reshuffle by the President. I think it was very important to move by the President because these were two ministries that have quite frankly been on the performing in the last two years. Now if you talk about the agricultural sector, you know, Mr. Adebayo alluded to the fact that food prices have been skyrocketing. Of course that is not directly the fault of the minister, but you would have expected some strategic response from that ministry in terms of certain policies and initiatives that would have driven the agricultural sector forward, which did not happen. You would realize that in the last few years the agricultural sector has been the engine of growth of our economy. It's been growing steadily over the last few years. But in recent times, the agricultural sector has been shrinking. In fact, in the last two years, the economy has enjoyed a boost largely from the information technology sector, whereas the agricultural sector has been shrinking. So it points clearly that it's a problem with the leadership in that particular sector. So to that extent, it seems like a very sensible decision for me. On the part of the power sector, I mean it's clear to everyone, in 2017 the former minister of power had initiated some sort of a strategic roadmap called the past sector recovery plan, which amongst other things was to do three critical things which was to increase power supply, to make the sector more robust and attractive to private sector investment and to make the sector financially viable. And that roadmap was to run up to 2021, such that even the World Bank was willing to provide a counterpart funding of $2.5 billion. Unfortunately, when this new minister came in, the biggest mistake he did was not to stick to that particular roadmap and decided to invent the will and pursue policies that were counter to roadmap that delayed on the ground. And what did that give us? That continued to give us frequent grid collapses, higher electricity tariff, a very result, very little results to show for it. But thankfully, the president has found the courage to do the right thing. Even though many would argue he's coming at the eighth day of the week, but thankfully he's done the right thing and we can only hope that the two people that have been replaced in those both ministries will chart the course forward. Well, we'll get to talk about that and also look at these two people who are replacing the ones fired and seeing how much they've also performed where they're coming from. But Mr. Adio, there's something that I feel and I've said here before that a lot of times we don't have actual indices for rating the performance of people in government. And that includes not just ministers and everybody who's in charge of any MDA, even governors and presidents themselves, there's no actual indices for rating how they perform. So I want you to share your thoughts on how you rate a performing minister. In what ways can you properly rate a performing minister and how long should it take before a government realizes this person doesn't seem to be doing well enough. It's time to make a change. I would argue that there are ways, there are standard ways to evaluate people who hold political offices. The only difference is that because usually political office is more emotional and once you connect to people emotionally, you blow the lines of how to really evaluate you in terms of the work that you have done on the ground. But to the extent of the question that you've asked, I think there are clear ways to evaluate a minister. One is first the strategic agenda and the policy direction that the ministry sets. How clear that vision is, what the objectives are and how achievable those objectives are. You also have to look at how well that ministry had implemented that plan and consequently the results of the policies that that particular minister had pursued over that critical period of time. And so you are able to access that given the context of the budgetary allocation available to that particular ministry. So for instance in the power sector, you can measure it by the amount of investments that have come into the private sector to improve transmission capacity, to improve generation capacity, to improve distribution capacity. You can measure that the amount of electricity supply that average Nigeria now has, you can evaluate that by how cheap and affordable the power supply is, especially for the manufacturing sector to be able to produce and become globally competitive. So there are clear indices for which you can evaluate setting ministries or departments of government. Now the only problem is that people like to be a lot more emotional than they are and looking at the numbers. And if we look closely at the numbers, you will see that these particular two ministers have dropped the ball. And if you went to the streets in Yaba or in or in TBS or anywhere in Lagos and you put a microphone on anybody's mouth, they will tell you clearly that there have been a problem with these two ministries and the results are clear for everyone to see that they are quite underperformed. And it's a courageous thing for the president to change, to change, to do a quick substitute. In about 20 seconds, in 20 seconds, how long would you expect the change to be made when a minister is on a performing? Well, I mean, that's quite a difficult question. But I think that a four-year period, I would argue that a four-year period is enough for you to implement an idea and to see the situation. A four-year time will be a sensible time. Okay, let's bring in Mr Adebayo now. We know that Nigeria needs about 180,000 to about 200,000 megawatts of electricity, you know, of power for us to have stable electricity in Nigeria. But we're currently around 4,000, you know, generating just about 4,000, you know, way, way, way under what we need. And when Salim Maman, you know, came into office, he said that he was going to take our power generating capacity to 11,000 megawatts. He then upped that to about 25,000 megawatts. But then we know that we're still highly underperforming. So when we look really at, you know, the gap regarding where we are with power and where we ought to be, what do you think the minister, you know, missed out, what he could have done, you know, to make sure that we close that gap? And is that going to be possible within the next two years in power? Thank you, Anita. You see, the issue is that he probably sets a bar for himself that he couldn't he couldn't scale. And it is quite clear that he did not have a strategic plan of execution of the bar that he set by himself. It's like identifying a destination without having a roadmap of how to get to that destination. That was what happened to the minister of power. So I, and of course, as my colleague said, you know, he made a plan on ground, discarded it and started to begin to reinvent the wheel. I am aware that a few professionals submitted a robust plan of action to him, which he just ingested. I know this very well because these professionals, these experts are my friends. A total job submitted it to him and he got it, he tanked them and discarded it. He never did anything about it. So meanwhile, the one he met on ground, he refused to implement. So that is one of his biggest of doings. And I think when you set a bar for yourself, it's like setting the question for, if you set the question for yourself, you know, when the university, just for the sake of maybe for the fun of it or to discipline students who are not in class, you know, the national comes into class and says, write the question for yourself and answer by yourself. You know, he comes, looks at the class, see that less than 50% of the students are there. He didn't plan to give you a question before, but he just said, okay, write the question by yourself and answer. It happened to me like twice or so when I was in the university. But if you, how do you now feel a question that you have asked yourself? That is what has happened to the minister of power. You know, he set the bar for himself, he set the standard which he was unable to achieve and that is not good for us. Everybody, look, I, my son had to put on generator now because there's no power here. That's not, because he also looked at, we may be having maybe 4,000 or 5,000 megawatt has been generated. What about the distribution? The distribution level itself is still abysmal. It's still abysmal. We have generated like 4,000 also, but it is not, how many communities even benefit from that? There are thousands of communities in this country. I read the material, the distribution in this country. I see that the distribution level is abysmal. All right. It's abysmal. So, let's bring, yeah, let's bring back Ayodele Adio.  But Mr. Adio, I want you to go back to the initial selection of ministers and share your thoughts on the persons that were placed in these, you know, capacities. Do you feel like the current administration had done a thorough job or had made the best selection of persons to handle these ministries? And also, are there other ministries that you feel you would rate pretty much the same way you've rated the power and agriculture and these ministers that have been replaced? Okay, so if I get the question correctly, you're not talking about this election of these new ministers. You're talking about the old ministers, right?  And, you know, are there other ministries you've also looked at and thought to yourself, you know, this person needs also to go. Or these three also need to go. Yeah, quite frankly, we haven't put square pegs and square holes in many ministries. In fact, it's easier to count, you know, the amount of ministers, you know, that are really performing because they won't go past your first hand. And that's the sad reality. We can go all and all. And you see, it's so bad that there are so many ministers that you can't even remember their name. You know, you don't even know who they are in this particular administration. And it's quite a shame, the Minister of Interior, for instance, who is supposed to be in charge of internal security, I think can do a lot more better. I think that the Minister of Labour has been quite shocking in many of the things that he has said and many of the things that he has done and the way he's handled Labour disputes over time. I mean, the list is just endless because that's why we seem to be where we are, you know, as a country because there's too many square pegs in round hole. And the process for really many ministers were giving offices. I think it was more a reward for political loyalty as against competitors in a particular role, you know, responsibility that they were given. And that's a sad situation that we find ourselves in. Yes, Mr Adio, that point you just mentioned is what I was going to bring up. When we take a look at how appointments are made, especially regarding the Cabinet, doesn't it seem to you that this is something about politics more than competence and professionalism? Because I took a look at the profiles of these, you know, new ministers that have replaced the old ones, and it really doesn't seem to match up with the professions and disciplines of these ministers and where they're coming to. For example, we know that the new Minister, Abubakar Aliou, former Minister of State for Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, is a professional engineer. You know, he's now been brought into the power space. Also, we're seeing that Mahmoud Abubakar specialized in microbiology and, you know, a mass degrees in resources management is now coming into agriculture. So are we still having the same mistakes or are there, you know, lessons that they can, you know, bring over to their new ministries to make it work? Mr Adio, and then Mr Adibayo please. Okay, I saw there are two things with people that you are pointing to here, very big governments, agencies, organizations. So it's either they have the technical expertise or they have strong administrative competence. And so the real problem happens when they lack both, when they do not have the technical expertise that is required to supervise the ministry and when they lack administrative competence. Now, if you talk about the two ministers who have just been sworn in or who have just been appointed, I really can't speak for the Minister of Environment because I really do not know this background. I really not followed anything. But to the to the former Minister for State for Housing, which I have followed for quite some time. Incidentally, I met him in 2009 when he was the head of the Yobi State Housing Agency. The truth is the civil is I think is a civil engineer. Yes. So it might not directly in terms of technical expertise, marks the requirement that is required for the power sector. But he's been a seasoned administrator for the past 12, 13, 14 years. And he spends his entire career in government bureaucracies, heading various government agencies at the state level, became deputy governor for about 10 years. And of course, and then Minister of the State for Housing and Works and Ministry. So I think that to that extent, and from the few things that I've learned about him over the years, he seems to be a hard worker, is quite a seasoned administrator would bring is likely, let me choose my words carefully, is likely to bring stability to the power sector. And I have the confidence of the fact that because he's worked with the former power Minister for Power, who had set up a roadmap for the power ministry before he was relieved of his duties in 2019, he may he may be more open and willing to continue to pursue the plan or the roadmap that was left behind by the former minister and see that to completion. So if there's anything that gives me gives me confidence is the slight, the slight antecedent of the fact that he's quite a seasoned administrator and might just be willing to follow the laid down plan and procedures on ground. So fundamentally, you just need two things. I think you need a technical expertise. The perfect scenario will be someone who has the technical expertise and the administrative competence. But once you find one of the two, you may just be able to model through. But if you have none of the two, then you're going to have yourself in a real, real, real part of soon. Okay. Mr. Debayo, I want you to wait on this, because when we take a look at the cabinet of other countries, for example, the Joe Biden cabinet, when he announced it, we saw people that he put in people who are young, vibrant, and people who have ownership and authority of the different sectors that he would have plugged in. But it doesn't seem exactly so in Nigeria. How do you react to this regarding professionalism and basically politics? Well, you see, the country will not be able to get it right if all we do is the qualifications and considerations to appoint people into office is political or ethno-religious. And that is what has been happening since the inception of this country, that there is no deliberate attempt to bring in people with expertise, except in the very few circumstances that we have been able to get this right, like former minister of finance in Nigeria, this is a great woman who was brought in and was able to do wonderfully well. You cannot say that for many people. Late Dr. Professor Akuyili, look at what he did at the area of drug management and administration in the country. Except for a few occasions like that, we have not been lucky. People come in through political consideration ethno-religious sentiments for which this government is the most notorious, you understand me? Now, if I were the president, the minister of finance of defense will go because of the state of insecurity, the minister of health will go because of the health crisis that is not being able to manage well, the minister... All right, seems we may have lost Makadibayo there. Mr. Ayodele Adio, can you hear us? Yes. Yes, I can hear you. Okay, well, just before we get Makadibayo back. Okay, all right. Just before we get Makadibayo back, I want you to quickly just start with setting agenda for the new ministers. They have about two years until a new government comes in, so there's possibility they might remain or not. But what would you describe as hitting the ground running in the time that they have? In what ways can they achieve the most with the time that they have left? Okay, I think they actually even have less than two years and realistically, realistically, I really don't know how much time they have to implement anything meaningful because after 9, 10 months, it's going to be politics all the ways. I'm not sure they have enough time to implement or achieve anything meaningful. For the power sector, like I said, all the new ministers need to do is to follow the roadmap that was already laid down, which is the power sector recovery plan, and to see to the implementation of some of the areas that have lacked behind over the last two, three years, to see that the counterpart funding from the World Bank, like I said, $2.5 billion comes through. And so many other reforms that were targeted at expanding the power sector and opening it up to investment, increasing power supply, making the sector more financially viable. Those things need to be done. I mean, he might not be able to get carried over the line because it's going to be a short period, but I think it's important for them to begin to implement many of those ideas and initiatives for the agricultural sector. I would argue that the challenges they are quite robust. I'm not even sure where he's going to start from. There hasn't been a clear-cut plan or agenda the last two, three years. I'm more confused as to what to even recommend where he starts from, because it's a really chaotic situation. Food prices are growing up across the entire country, and farmers can't access their farms, which is largely due to security, produced and not getting to markets. The value chain is completely broken. People are suffering from exporting some agricultural products. And investment in the mechanized agriculture also, we don't seem to have had a lot of that. Oh, yes, yes. So that's why I said the challenges in the agricultural sector is huge because it's largely, it's still largely holes and cutleries and not mechanized farming, you know, which doesn't create the kind of jobs and wages that are important to lift people out of poverty. And it has to be a gamut of policies of course, to actually drive the agricultural sector to tide, to interest the legislation, to tide to exports and all of that. I don't think that can be done in a one-year period. So he has my sympathies, actually, the agricultural sector, because I don't know what he's going to be in the next one year. I really don't know. He has my sympathies. Really, I am just reminded of statements that Nigerian food exports, you know, have basically been banned because of, you know, they found agrochemicals and them, you know, talking about the fact that farmers haven't been properly trained on how to use these chemicals, because they have standards when it comes to food that gets important to their countries, you know. But when they're subjected to checks, they don't pass those checks, food live in Nigeria, cannot make it into other countries. And it really got me wondering what then has been the quality of the food that we're consuming here, because nobody's really putting any check on these food items. We just consume them without knowing exactly what's contained in those food items regarding chemicals and harmful substances. But I want us to look at, you know, this situation with our agricultural sector to consider the irony of the fact that we're coming from, you know, when you look at, you know, pre-colonial era, how we're coming from, you know, an agriculture-based economy to one that has now become dependent on oil and how much agriculture seemed to be regressing in Nigeria, despite our huge agricultural potential. And what really the new administration, let's even look forward to 2023 and beyond, what the new administration need to do to, you know, to shake that up in the agricultural sector. Okay. Listen, there's a whole lot of work that needs to go in the entire value chain of the agricultural sector. And you need probably like a 10-year, 15-year roadmap for you to begin to see some sort of tangible results. First of all, you have to realize that we are a cultural market, some sort of a global market, wearing, if you rely on the primary products, which is the yams or the cocos that you produce, and you're going to leave your farmers in an inadvertently poor, because those prices are controlled by the international market, wearing you now have countries in the European Union and United States that used to be our biggest markets, also subsidizing their farmers or their local farmers for political reasons. And so once you subsidize the farmers in the international market, it becomes impossible for local producers to be able to compete in that kind of global environment. And then they end up, you know, getting poorer and poorer over the years. So what we have experienced in the agricultural sector is that what about 11 million people are presently operating in that sector. Many of them are operating at the subsistence level, and many of them are extremely poor. So for me, what needs to happen is for us to be able to tie the agricultural sector first to mechanize it, support it with robust research and development, and then critically tie it down to an industrialization policy that moves us not from the primary product into more processing of these primary products, and into industrialization process where we can create meaningful jobs with better wages, better opportunities. We also need to support our export industries. We're the hegemon in the West African region. And rather than importing from, and countries in the sub region, the Nigerian government should actually be exporting and dominating the markets in the West African region. But for us to do that, we need a set of policy objectives that makes exporting agricultural products or value added agricultural products easier, cheaper, efficient, and effective. And that has to do with choosing policies wisely and smacking by first having a clear road plan and a clear agenda. And I hope that from 2023 we can have a clear roadmap to fundamentally move the agricultural sector away from the subsistence level into a more mechanized level tied down to an industrialization policy, and support it with the robust research and development industry from universities and institutes of agriculture so that we can begin to make sensible progress in that particular sector. All right. Ms. Aya DeLea, I also want you to speak on this. One of the things that you mentioned earlier is not even knowing a lot of these ministers and who they are. And I saw a couple of the reactions to this news online. There's a lot of people saying, oh, I've never ever heard about Salim Amman before, or the Nanono name. They're not familiar because they don't seem to have made a lot of impact. And so talking about impact, do you think or would you say that these two ministries were the most urgent for the current administration? The newspapers say that it's maybe a start, and there's other ministries that would also be touched. But do you think that power and agriculture were the most urgent for President Amman to take action with? Or are there others that he probably would have also added to this list or started his reshuffle with? I'll just play a very quick joke with you now. Can you in two seconds tell me the Minister of Defense, the name of the Minister of Defense? I was going to say Basham. Oh, I normally wouldn't know. So I mean, there are a lot of ministries that are underperforming, right? The Ministry of Defense is quite an urgent ministry for me because of the rising security across the country.  Our schools are so vulnerable. It seems like we don't have a tactical response to anything. There was a news yesterday that 70 children were kidnapped somewhere, I think in Zamfara state or so. We just wake up to bad news every day, and we were supposed to have a Minister of Defense.  I'm Minister of Education. I'm not sure what is happening at the Ministry of Education. I'm not sure what is happening at the Ministry of Police Affairs. It's just a whole lot of ministries that are quite underperforming. And we can have an entire program about that. And it's just sad. So when you say that which other ministries are urgent, I think 80% of the ministries are urgent for a change and fresh legs. You know, there are just less than five, six, seven ministers who are really doing the job. And the change is required in broad scale. Unfortunately, we don't really have enough time. It's just one year to go. And I don't know what impact any new minister coming in is going to have in less than a year. I think we've left it too late. We've let the change too late. We're already on the eighth day of the week. And I'm not sure what real difference changing a minister two, three months from now will really make the scheme of things. Where would you say the President's mindset is, you know, with a move like this? Well, I mean, I don't know. I've never spoken to the President. I don't really, I can't even say how his mind works with things like this, any longer. But I think in these two ministries, I think because the President seems to have a thing for agriculture and he's paid attention to that sector, because every time you hear him speak, he talks about farmers and he talks about the agricultural sector. And so I would imagine that he had paid close attention to that ministry and he hasn't seen the kind of results that he wants to see. And he's probably looked at the big stick. So to that extent, I think he's acted in the ministry that is close to his heart and made a very quick decision, you know, for the power sector. And I don't know. I think he probably felt that the minister wasn't doing as much as he had seen when the previous minister was in charge of power and maybe he needed fresh legs, you know. But it is really hard to tell you what the President thinks on issues like this because he speaks very less on many of these issues and it's hard to predict or comment on what he thinks about many of these issues. So yes, we hear you when you say, you know, it's two years, less than two years, you wonder exactly what you would achieve in less than two years. But the President, he has said that the few cabinet changes, you know, mark the beginning of a total continuous process. So would you, would you finally say better late than never? Yeah, I think the study bio is back. I think I can see him on the screen just to point that out. Yeah, better late than never, obviously better late than never. But I think the truth is, the truth is, I'm not sure what you're not going to be able to reinvent the wheel in one year. You will not be able to set out a new course, set out a new policy plan, implement it and achieve anything meaningful in one year, which is why I said initially that except there is a clear policy agenda on ground and that all the new minister needs to do is to support and implement that plan and putting a lot more energy and vigor in implementing that sensible idea. You're really not going to achieve anything in one year. You just have essentially one year to turn a new ministry around. And I think it's going to possible. It's going to be impossible to do. The People's Democratic Party has also criticized this.  So you're not the only one with similar thoughts with regards to this. And then there's also people who have said that, you know, this may not really be because of underperformance. It might just be politics being played here and there.  Well, to be honest with you, politicians are in the trade of play politics, right? So you shouldn't expect anything less from politicians.  They shouldn't surprise us. Neither should it shock us because they are politicians. The only thing is that whatever political decisions that they make, our argument is that it must be in the interest of the Nigerian people or the majority of the Nigerian people. And that's why in the median civil society, you're constantly on your next to make them make the right decisions and sensible decisions. And so that anybody who wants to make political decisions you should appoint competent people in your political party or who have political affiliations to your political party into these positions of authority. So yes, of course it's a political decision, but we can only hope and we can only ensure and continue to demand that that political decision that was made is in the interest of the majority of the Nigerian people. And if they do not perform to the extent that you expect, we should also raise our voices to the rooftop to either demand their resignation or criticize the president because the book essentially stops at the state.


Stepper motors are classified as brushless DC electric motors that divide full rotation into an equal number of steps. They are used in many applications in our daily lives that include CD players, electric tools, and automation equipment. As the name suggests, each pulse of electricity produces one step of rotational motion. For this exercise, we'll discover the basics of stepper motor technology beginning with the brushless DC motor. Unlike DC brush motors, DC brushless motors do not utilize brushes to control current. Permanent magnets bonded directly to the rotor of the brushless DC motor create rotational motion as current passes through the stator. A rotating magnetic field is formed by electrical pulses generated by a converter. As the rotor turns, a rotor position sensor provides feedback to the converter so the required stator field rotational sequence is maintained. The change in sensor state reports back to the converter, which continually switches the phase to the windings to keep the motor turning. The sequence is further explained here when the hall effect sensors turn on. Coils are energized by the converter. The coils alternate in order, creating the magnetic field to turn the rotor. The sequence is repeated with the next set of hall effect sensors and coils to continue rotation. With the DC brushless motor being the foundation of stepper motors, let's look at how the stepper works. Stepper motors are so named because each pulse of electricity turns the motor one step. A simple stepper motor system is comprised of four elements. The user interface allows the operator to input motion parameters such as speed, distance and direction. Controls of an interface would be a programmable logic controller or data entry terminal. The indexer converts the data input from the user interface to motion signals that the motor will turn to a defined position in speed. The driver then takes the data from the indexer and provides current pulses to the motor. The number of steps the motor turns is equal to the number of pulses transmitted to the driver. The stepper motor is a brushless electric motor that converts pulses into mechanical shaft rotation. Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle defined by the multiple-toothed electromagnets arranged around a gear-shaped rotor. Stepper motors have three step modes of operation that include full, half and microstepping. The type of step mode output of any stepper motor is dependent on the design of the driver. The driver also controls both the step angle and speed of the motor by switching the field coils in a set sequence. For full step mode operation, energizing each set of coils sequentially, the rotor can be made to rotate or step from one position to the next by an angle determined by its step angle. Shaft rotation is achieved by energizing both windings while reversing the current alternately. Switching coils A, B, C, D, one coil at a time repetitively will rotate the rotor in the forward direction. In this example there are six steps arranged on the rotor 60 degrees apart. Twenty-four steps are required to make a full rotation at 15 degree increments. For half step mode, the stepper motor's resolution can be doubled by altering the switching of coils. Half stepping occurs when one winding is energized and then two windings are energized alternately, causing the rotor to rotate at half the distance. Switching coils in this combination will rotate in the reverse direction. As you can see in this example, forty-eight steps are required to make a full rotation at 7.5 degree increments. Microstepping controls the current in the motor winding to a degree that further subdivides the number of positions between poles. To achieve microsteps, the coils are only partially energized. As we apply a maximum voltage of 5 VDC to coil A and a minimum voltage of 0 VDC to coil B, rotor position one will line up. Reducing the voltage to coil A and increasing voltage to coil B, the rotor will begin to rotate in a clockwise direction and continue until the voltage is zero at coil A and five at coil B. This process continues at all coils within the stator to provide accurate positioning. As you can see in this example, one hundred twenty steps are required to make a full rotation at 3 degree increments.