So, focusing on the golden hour because there is so much of science in that one hour, what is happening in that hour. So, I'm going to discuss that and if I have some time then I'll go more into nutrition aspect of six months and above, but let's just focus on, you know, first golden hour. So, what happens we know about the thousand days, right? So, thousand days, so out of thousand days, your 270 days are basically your pregnancy, correct? So, in that pregnancy time, you know, mother probably has nutritionist, whether has access to OBGYN doctors or whoever, any doctor that takes care of her pregnancy part, right? While pre-nutrition and nutritionist, they take care of the rest of the seven-thirty days, right? So, once a baby is born, that's when the pre-nutrition and then again nutritionists come in in the picture. Now, there is an overlap of about an hour, okay? What is that hour? As soon as child is born, okay? And when the pre-nutrition is called in the delivery room to take care of the baby's initial, you know, important time, you have OBGYN in the room, you have pre-nutrition in the room and you have that, you know, support which has been given by nutritionist to the mother during ANC. So, she has that knowledge, right?  In a sense, for example, when we have a birthday party, right? When child is born, child has first birthday party, second birthday party and we kind of always, you know, arrange so much. We spend so much time making all this, you know, planning your birthday cake, planning food, planning party for birthdays, right? Think about it. You're bringing this newborn, okay? In the first hour, you have this beautiful baby born in your hospital or in your PhD and you have to celebrate it. And the way you celebrate it is by giving, okay? What you're giving to the child, you're giving the perfect start. How are you giving the perfect start is basically as soon as baby is born, you're putting the child to mother's breast. That is called your basically breast crawler, skin to skin attachment because that is going to give the perfect start and you're giving that perfect gift to that baby and it's lifelong and let's see why it is lifelong and that's why it's called golden hour because, you know, that hour will never come back and the time lost in this one hour, you will never get it back and it has a lifelong implications on child's health. And of course, it has a lot of, breast milk has, I mean, there is a whole science to it in its optimum nutrition. It has bioactive component, it has host different, defense protein, but what I'm going to focus on is basically it is an important source of commensal bacteria for gut colonization, okay? So what happens when the baby is born, okay? The baby has a little bit of bacteria, which is coming on from amniotic fluid, you know, from mother's womb. And then when baby is pretty much has a little bit, but it's pretty much sterile, okay? So now let's see what happens when the baby is sterile. So here this is a gut microbiome with breast milk, we'll go a little bit more detail in exactly what happens in baby's gut, you know, when the colostrum passes on.  I'm going to focus on, of course, just babies. How many bacteria per ml of breast milk, 10,006 cells per ml, okay? And 7 to 8 billion bacterial cells each day, which are formed in the gut. What is the function of gut microbiome? So this is not a gut microbiome, which are being developed in baby because baby is getting breast milk, okay? So what it does, it basically this microbiome, it metabolizes the polysaccharide, which are basically, you know, your oligosaccharide with the presence in the milk and results in synthesis of, you know, short-chain fatty acids. Those are basically essential fatty acids, you guys know, short-chain fatty acids, which are rich source of energy for the host. And basically, it's also in walls and synthesis of vitamin K. It is important for formation of components of vitamin B. We also know B12, you know, a lot of this gut bacteria kind of releases B12. It is also important for conversion of glutamine. Now, glutamine is basically, or my inner acid, it is important. This particular information is very important because there are new hypothesis coming in where what they're saying is basically gut microbiome of the mother and the baby is also probably related to autism, you know, autism spectrum disorder. And autism rate is really going up, especially in America and it's going up in India too. And probably they are thinking of this could be the reason of conversion of children who have autism. They have decreased conversion from glutamine to GABA. GABA is a neurotransmitter, which is important in your brain, okay? And then also gut microbiome is very important for a breakdown of various polyphenols. Now, as nutritionists, we all know that this polyphenols are so important, you know, we get it from fruits, from vegetables, from green tea and so many other, you know, amazing vegetables and fruits. But unfortunately, if you have a good microbiome, it's going to help you to break down this polyphenols, okay? Another thing, microbiome is also important for detoxifying toxic products. And it also has effect on drug metabolisms. So for example, if child is taking any medication for a reason, then basically the microbiome in baby's gut will have an effect on your drug metabolism. So we have to basically, you know, we have to change the dosage depending upon basically gut microbiome. Also, which is one thing which is extremely important is your maintenance of structural integrity. So again, I'm going to explain a little bit more detail that what is the structural integrity of gut mucus barrier. Because gut is basically your, there's one thing which is completely open to outside is your gut. Another one is your nose and your mouth, but mainly your intestine is completely open to outside. So whatever you're eating, basically, if you don't have a proper gut integrity, if you don't have proper maintenance of those gut cells, then anything can get absorbed into your vascular system, into your blood vessels, right? So gut microbiome is extremely important for integrity of this gut mucus barrier, okay? And it also serves as a barrier. So it basically, again, I'm going to go a little bit detail about it, how it causes barrier against all the pathogenic bacteria and viruses, not only bacteria, but a lot of other microorganisms. And it also important for development of a host immune system. So look at all these effects that gut microbiome has. So you want to have perfect gut microbiome for that baby who's just born because there's all these effects that baby's going to have. Again, we want to find out, okay, where do those gut microbiome come from? What are the sources of this microbiome? Because we want to have perfect ones. So we want to have, it's like giving a perfect cake and perfect ingredient, right? So we want to have a perfect chain of events. The child gets a perfect start in her life, all right? So microbiota comes from amniotic fluid. It comes from meconium, basically, and meconium originates from uterus. So meconium is basically, you know, a lot of time when the baby is born, you know, when they pass stool, you will see that the green liquidy stuff that they pass in the stool, that is called meconium, right? So they can get those microbiota bacteria from meconium. It also comes from maternal vagina, extremely important. This is really, really important to have a basically vaginal birth, you know, to get again the perfect gut microbiome. Another time, sometimes it also comes from maternal feces. It comes from the skin, it comes from breast milk, and it comes from surrounding, okay? So we want to have surrounding as clean as possible. And all these other factors are extremely important because it's going to give them mother's gut microbiome, okay? So externally, it can come from baby's mouth.  And that can basically create a lot of this reaction, and then it will basically go back to a baby. So that is, again, it's really another important source of microbacteria in mother's milk. And another way which some of the studies have found is what happens when there is a translocational bacteria in mother's gut. So for example, mother's gut has, say, some of the good bacteria which can get trans, which can go through a special pathway to mother's memory gland. Can you imagine? This is such a beautiful way of nature's helping that baby to give the perfect microorganism from mother to baby, okay? So this, I will again, just a little bit about the dendritic cells, what are the dendritic cells, okay? And these are the organisms which are found. These are some of the organisms which are found in breast milk. These are some of the organisms which are found in areola skin. And these are some of the organisms which are found in infant's stool. So let's look at what is found in breast milk. If you look at this pink color over here, pink colors are mainly your proteobacteria. So basically breast milk, this was one of the study which was done by Dr. Pannaraj. Okay? So in that, what he found is that mother's milk had a lot of this proteobacteria. Areola skin, so mother's areola skin had all the skin bacteria. So skin bacteria are called your fermicutus. So what are your fermicutus bacteria?  But if you looked at infant's stool, the infant's stool had a lot more actinobacteria. So actinobacteria is your bifidobacteria. These are all basically your species of bacteria. So why do you think the infant's stool has a lot more this bacteria? Although breast milk has proteobacteria, but what happened in the baby's gut that the infant's stool has a lot more bifidobacteria. And that is because again, this is, I'm going to go a little bit more in detail to understand exactly what happens in baby's gut. Okay? Now, this are all the different kind of bacterias that you see in children, baby's gut. And they all are different. So if you look at babies who are born by vagina, okay? So vaginal delivery babies, they have much higher level of species like lactobacillus, provotella, this are some of the very good bacterias which are very important in babies. And babies who are born more generally, they have those really good bacterias. Now, babies who are born by cesarean, they have different kind of bacteria. So if you look at the gut microbiome, they will have more of cephalococcus again, because the skin is cut, right? So you will have a lot more this cephalococcus, corine bacterium, propionable bacterium.  And the babies who are formula fed, now those formula fed babies have completely different bacteria. So they will have more of a bacteria or it's close to them. You know, a lot of these other, more of a pathogenic bacteria which will cause a lot more problems. So you will know like, you know, a lot of time when we give formula, you know, and those babies are crying a lot. They may have a lot more gas. They have a lot more bloating. It's because the bacteria is a completely gone haywire, right?  So look at the bacteria change in different bacteria, right?  So these are the bacteria where a child is given a lot more high fiber food. They will have more of probatella versus children who are given a lot more, you know, like the high fat animal protein diet. They'll have a bacterial. So they'll have a different bacteria.  Okay. Now let's see what happens. Now how the nature kind of prepares this baby to come on the planet earth. Okay. So let's see how the mucosal immune defense developed. So here, so this is basically baby's intestine. Okay. This is an intestinal wall. Okay. Now here, what the first thing what we have in our intestinal gut cell lining, this is the M cells. M cells, it looks like M, right? So this is important. This is the M cells. Then you have something called disaul pairs patch. So this is all your lymphoid pairs patch number two. This is your pairs patches. You have basically your T cells, your B cells.  Then you have your third one, your lamina prepria. This was your, you know, basically cells which are present just outside the cellular, this thing. And they, they again have a lot of this plasma cells. They have this CD4 T cells, you know, again, those are all the immunological cells. And then you have the intrapital lymphocytes. So these are your intrapital lymphocytes. So these are, all these cells are extremely important, you know, to basically start the immune function because babies absolutely imagine baby was in mother's womb. You know, baby was protected by mother's immunity, right? Now baby's out, baby has to function on his own. So baby requires that little bit of stimulation, you know, to, to have the immune function stimulated, right? It's just like, for example, if we get, say, viral load of COVID, right? That's what's going to happen. Suppose if you're, if you are exposed to somebody who has COVID, what's going to happen in the body? Your body's going to react, right? Now here is a foreign virus coming into your body. Your body's immune function is going to start reacting very fast, right? It will start increasing your T cells, your V cells, all this, you know, you must be understanding all the cytokines and all this levels go up, right? Exactly similar way, when the baby's out from mother's womb, you know, baby is now preparing or nature's preparing baby for that immunity, right? Now to, to increase that immunity, basically baby will require that stimulus. Baby will require something which will basically tell body, okay, you start immune function and protect this baby, okay? So this is what it is. Now again, going back a little bit more into science. So what happens to, once the baby takes this back, this milk, mother's milk, which has mother's good bacteria. So those bacteria has an effect on this columnar epithelial cells. So the one which I showed you over here, so how it affects the columnar epithelial cells, this is the slide over here. So what it does, the first thing what it does, it basically creates this microvilli. So do you see this microvilli over here? This is a columnar epithelial cells. This is the gut lining. This is our lining, okay? This is basically your lumen, this is your gut lumen. This is where the milk comes in, okay? And this is your basically just underlying the gut cells, your columnar cells. You have a lot of these immune cells over here, okay? So all these immune cells are waiting for something to stimulate them so they can start acting up, right? So the first thing what the bacteria in mother's milk, which it does, it tells columnar epithelial cells to basically have a microvilli extension. So here this is important, the microvilli extension. It is not only important for absorption of your a lot of nutrients as you guys know, but it has other functions also. Second thing what it does, normally what happens is when you have this columnar epithelial cells, right? These are all the cells, normally in the newborn, fresh newborn, there is some gap in between these columnar epithelial cells. So they are not attached to it, there is no adhesion, there is little bit of gap. So now you have this, suppose you have a gap, so anything that you put in the mouth, you know, not things which should not get absorbed from that food that you're eating, it will get absorbed because then you have this gap. But thanks to bacteria in mother's milk, immediately that gap becomes sealed. So do you see there's a seal? So it seals then. So this is the first level of defense. It's like literally, you know, your soldiers coming one close to one another and saying, no, we will not let you in, right? So this is the second level, first level of defense. The second level of defense, what it does, basically, it tells a lot of the cells, like there are different cells in your columnar epithelial cells. You must have already known this, you know, there are pennant cells, there are goblet cells, there are all the different cells, right? So what it's going to tell all the cells to start producing something called glycocalyx, also called mucin, okay? Mucin, like a mucous layer. So now it has this beautiful mucous level all over the columnar epithelial cells. This is just the second level, because what happens basically, it will be very difficult for any bad bacteria to go into the epithelial cells. You don't want any bad bacteria. So this is the second level of defense, where basically, you know, it will not allow anything to enter your columnar epithelial cells, right? Third thing what these bacteria will do, it will basically cause a stimulation of these peptides, okay? These peptides are basically formed from your amino acids, as you know, right? And then what it will do, it will basically, those peptides are very important for, as the antimicrobial effect. So it has an antimicrobial effect. Fourth thing what it will do basically, it will, so do you see this area? This is, do you remember that we spoke about m cells? There are m cells, right? And I told you to remember those m cells. Now there is one particular area in your intestine and baby's intestine, where basically there is no mucous production, there is no mucin, there is no microvilli, why do we have that? Because it's important for this immune cell to get exposed to mother's bacteria, right? So if you have everything covered, you will not have stimulation of this immune cells. So here this m cells will allow basically your good bacteria and your bad bacteria to enter the intestinal wall and then basically it will stimulate all your cells underneath, right? So this is important. Now one more thing which is really important is your DC. This is basically dendritic cells. Remember when I talked about dendritic cells, dendritic cells are special cells and what it does, it basically kind of attaches the good bacteria, probably like a commensal bacteria and then it takes it inside and then basically exposes all these other cells to those bacteria, right? So this is another very specialized dendritic cell. So this is the basis of your immunity that how, let's see what happens when, you know, mother's milk comes in, right? Now this is the beautiful picture that I found from one of the study that I was reading and it's the electron microscope of the microvilli. So this is your column in the epithelial cells, okay? This is the cell and this is all the microvilli, right? It's beautiful picture, okay? So now what happens? Now let's see how the immunity develops, okay? So here I discussed about those column in the epithelial cells, right? This is your dendritic cells, right? So what it is doing, it is basically taking all these bacterias and it is bringing into sub-epithelial area, right? There where you have those lymphocyte cells. Now normally what happens initially, you have this T helper cells which are knife cells. Knife cells means they are not exposed, okay? And then normally what happens is that there are different T cells or knife cells are basically get converted into your T helper one cells, T helper two cells, T regulatory cells. These are basically, so it starts to stimulating, right? The normally baby is born with a lot of TH two cells. So here if you look at it, yeah. So basically normally they have predominance of this cells. Why? Because there should not be any rejection. When the baby is developing in mother's womb, there should not be any rejection. So not to have a rejection, basically in nature what nature has done, there is predominance of TH two cells, so there is no rejection. But once the baby is born, now baby is out of mother's womb, there has to be regulation. So you can't have TH two like dominance. Otherwise child will have a lot of autoimmune diseases, a lot of allergies. So what it has to do, it has to basically balance all this TH cells, okay? And another thing what it does, again it also takes this bacteria to your B cells, okay? Now what is the function of B cells? B cells are important for your IGA, right? So what happens? Basically the IGA gets secreted and that IGA helps with, it contains bacterial attachment and penetration. So your secretory IGA is extremely important and I just read a paper yesterday where they found that children, like younger children, the reason they are not getting COVID infection because they have very high level of secretory IGA which prevents the attachment of bacteria and virus to your cells, to your, to your the cells, right?  You don't want cow milk or formula to stimulate all the cells, right? Okay, so now there's another very beautiful presentation on development of immune tolerance. What about immune tolerance? Means suppose if you're exposed to any allergens, right? So it could be allergens to any food, any like allergens, you have to develop that immunity so that you don't have this reaction. Imagine if somebody had anything in there had allergic reaction, right? So this, that's called basically immune tolerance, right? So here again, talking a little bit about science because this is again, I find it extremely important and very interesting also. So if you, if you look at it, I spoke about the DC, which is your dendritic cells, right? So, and this is mother's milk. Some mothers milk have your microbiota. So I spoke about all the bacteria that it has. I also spoke about some of this microbial proliferation. So it has human milk oligosaccharide, which I'm going to talk about a little bit later. And it has a lot of other antimicrobial, right? So they all kind of work in synergy, okay? And that basically it helps in prevention of allergies. So let's see what it does. So any antigen is basically taken up by your dendritic cell, okay? And it basically is taken to lymph nodes. And remember I told you that it takes those bacterial cells to those lymph nodes and those cells and it stimulates your, you know, transforming growth factor, which basically induces, remember I told you again, the knife cells changing into T-regular or all that. So this is one reaction which is happening, you know, when mother's milk is going in, right? Second reaction, what is happening? There is something called interleukin-22, okay? This again, you must have read a lot about COVID. You must have read about a lot of this, you know, interleukins and cytokines and all that. So of course, you don't want too much of cytokines, but you know, you need some amount of cytokine to fight your infections, right? So another thing what happens is there is a production of the interleukin-22, okay? And that interleukin-22 is extremely important. Why is it important? Because it is important for formation of the peptide. So remember I spoke about the peptide as it produces the peptide, okay?  So for that, interleukin-22 is very important, okay? And that is basically, it is important for strengthening of gut barrier, okay? Third thing what it does, basically, this particular gut barrier, you know, the mucin will prevent the transfer of dietary antigen across the barrier. So then you will have this beautiful layer. It will not allow any antigen to enter, okay? And for that, you need that interleukin-22, which will stimulate your goblet cells, it will stimulate your panic cells, and it will produce your, you know, mucin production. Then there is another enzyme, okay? There's an enzyme basically, it's called indolamine-23 dioxygenase. So there is a, we call it IDO, okay? I know I'm going, that's a bit too into detail, but this are, I think, a really interesting topic that we have to, if we understand, we will never let child have anything but colostrum, that too within half an hour, okay? So there is a enzyme called IDO, and which gets activated in responsive allergens. So if there is an exposure to any allergen, this IDO gets activated, okay? And then what does IDO do? It metabolizes, there is a few, I mean, of course, you guys know tryptophan, right? That's another amino acid. So what it does, it basically converts your tryptophan to kinurinin, okay? And which has the torogenic effect. So again, basically this kinurin is extremely important in baby, and that will prevent basically any immune reaction, okay? And what it does is, again, basically kind of affects your T-regs, okay? And this is how it's going to prevent allergies. So there are a few of the components which are important in prevention of allergy development, okay?  And now when you ask them, do ask them one question. Ask them that when you were born, in how much time did you get mother's milk? Whether did you get mother's milk or did you not get mother's milk? If you did not get mother's milk, what did you get? All this thing, if you ask the question in a lot of people who have allergies, by and large you'll get the answer that they were not fed, you know, colostrum right away, okay? Another science which is coming up is your microbiome, gut and brain access, okay? So what happens basically, again, you must have kind of studied in your nutrition that sometime when we are very stressed, right? When you are extremely worried if we have exams, you know, a lot of times we have stomach pain, we have diarrhea, we have like nausea, like feeling, why do we have that, right? Think about it.   So what they are saying in a lot of recent articles, they're saying that if there are a lot of neuroimmune conditions like multiple cirrhosis, Alzheimer's, autism, anxiety, depression, stress, all this lot of the disease are probably involved because of gut microbiome. I mean, of course, nothing is proven as yet, but as more and more studies are coming out, you know, it is just amazing. So again, let's see how it functions, okay? So as I mentioned, it's basically like a bi-directional biochemical communication. Remember I spoke about GABA, like how, you know, your gut microbiome is important for formation of GABA. It is also important for formation of serotonin. Now, if you remember, serotonin is another neurotransmitter. It's important for happiness, right? If you have a low serotonin, you will be depressed, you will be sad. So it's really important to have this really, you know, important, you know, your neurotransmitter serotonin, right? And basically, so your gut microbiome influences all this production expression of all this important neurotransmitters. So imagine if you don't have, you will have, of course, you will have some neurological issues, right? This one is also important, remember I mentioned about the intestinal barrier and tight junction. So if you don't have those tight junctions, basically large toxic metabolites can pass through hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and cause issues, okay? Another important thing about the short chin fatty acids. So again, you know, as I mentioned, short chin fatty acids, serotonin, chineurin, they all have an effect on brain, okay? So think about it when you're putting anything in your mouth. I'm not talking about babies now, I'm talking about adults. You don't want to do anything which can affect your microbiome, right?  So you will notice it, you have to now kind of really, you know, be aware of a lot of the symptoms which you may not realize, okay? Okay, this is again a picture, a depiction of how the hypothesis of autism and gut dyspiosis, again, nothing is proven, this is a hypothesis, but this was another very good beautiful article that I had just read three days ago.  Okay, now another thing which is really important is all these bacterial cells that we have, okay, in our gut. So we live in harmony, okay? When we have good bacteria, we have good immunity because it's going to protect us, okay? When we have good immunity, we'll have a better bacteria, no bacteria as well. So it's like a, it's like a full synergy, right? When you have a dyspiosis, dyspiosis means your commensal bacterias are lower and your pathogenic bacteria are higher, right? So now you will have a lot more of this gut problem of bloating, you know, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, then of course, eventually what you're going to develop, you're going to develop a lot of your immune disease because you, again, your gut lining is not, you know, your gut lining is not well prepared, it has all these holes, you know, your mucus is not protecting, your mucus level is gone, your mucus layer is gone, then a lot of these toxins are getting absorbed, right? And then your body is reacting and you saw there are a lot of these B cells, T cells waiting just underneath your intestinal wall, you know, to react, right? So then basically people who have a lot of this gut microbiome problem, they are at risk for topical dermatitis, they are at risk for food allergies, you know, IBD, necrotizing entropolytes, which we see in pediatric and ICU, we see it all the time in small babies, we see necrotizing entropolytes, we see metabolic syndrome, and we see like this, you know, there's so much of information out there on gut microbiome and disease, right?  So it's basically like a win-win situation. And it's very important to keep ourselves in a synergy with the gut microbiome, right? Now, let's see what affects gut bacteria. Now, I spoke a lot about what exactly does in the body, we want to make sure that we protect it, right? So in babies, how will you protect those gut bacteria? You want to have a positive, so green, all your green factors are your positive factors. So you want to have a proper vaginal delivery as much as possible, of course, maybe 15% of the time, mother may need cesarean section, which is okay, but you know, I see that most of the time, like on most, just the other day, there was a news that 57% patients in private get cesarean section. So you want to ask gynecologist why I'm getting cesarean section, so you just kind of be on top of it and try to get as much as possible vaginal delivery, okay? There are complications, obviously, there is no choice. Then you want to have as much as possible term delivery, because babies who are born premature have a different gut microbiome bacteria, right? Then you want to have skin-to-skin touch, skin-to-skin attachment, breastfeeding right away, within as soon as possible, you know, if possible, just drive the baby and put the baby. We have a beautiful video on spoken tutorial. You want to avoid antibiotic as much as possible. So what antibiotic in mothers, what antibiotics in babies, you know, what will alter this gut bacteria, cesarean delivery, okay? Preterm delivery, early bath, okay? Lack of skin-to-skin contact, formula feeding and antibiotic exposure. So formula feeding also includes cow's milk, okay? So any milk other than mother's milk will create a problem in gut bacteria, and if there is antibiotic exposure. So you want to prevent all this as much as possible, okay? This again is some of the other factors which can create, you know, gut disruption and causing, you know, asthma, atopy, diabetes, all that. Of course, later on diet is also very important. So a child may have perfect nutrition for six months and then they continue breastfeeding for two, three years, but if they start, you know, food which is, which can be damaging to gut micro-microbacteria and some of them are like sugar, you know, jaggery, omega-6 loaded, fatty acids. Laws is a trans fat. Laws is saying are very detrimental to our gut microbiome. So we have to be very careful what we are putting in our stomach. Okay, this is another one, another article which just came out just a few months ago and what they found is a lot of time, you know, when mothers come to us, they said, can I, can I get a pump? Can I just pump the milk and give the baby through Vati, a Chumma, a bottle? So in this study what they found is mothers who had, who were pumping their milk and giving the milk through bottle, those baby had different microbiota than the mothers who were directly attaching. So remember I told you when you have a direct attachment that areola, micro-bacteria, you know, areola bacteria is also very important. So those factors were not giving, going in mothers' milk and also what was happening, basically there was probably a lot of contamination of breast pumps. So however hard you try to clean it, it's not direct mothers' milk going into babies, you know. So those babies had different gut bacteria. So this is important to understand. So and what is dyspiosis? Dyspiosis as I said is basically, you know, when there is a symbiotic relationship, it is lost, that's when it's dyspiosis. It means you have a lot more pathogenic bacteria than your normal good bacteria. And what are the implications? So these are the studies which have, which have been done so far. So again, high risk of infections, asthma, celiac disease. Again, you know, very good study which came out almost 30 to 40% reduction of celiac disease in mothers, babies who got mothers' milk. Okay.   And this one is the new really too much going on in this arena of neurodegenerative disorders and your mental disorders, right? Your autism, stress, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's. If you get chance, you do, do kind of reading on this articles on gut microbiome and, you know, neurodegenerative diseases. Now, okay. So now we spoke about bacteria, right? We, we always say, okay, which is a good prebiotic? Which is a good prebiotic? What should I do for my gut? But you won't believe it. As God has given beautiful bacteria and mother's milk, God has given food for that bacteria. Okay. That is called prebiotic. That's called human milk oligosaccharide. So it's, it's amazing. The nature is just mind blowing that God has given perfect kind of food for those beautiful commensals, like a good bacteria, right? So you guys know about prebiotic definitions. I'm not going to go too much in detail, but basically, you know, those are food for your, for bacteria. And basically, it, you know, it allows the specific changes. It changed, it basically allows the change in composition and activity of microflora, right? So this are human milk oligosaccharides. Lot of effects on, again, gut microbiome and also an interesting, very interesting. So again, I'm going to go a little bit in science. So this is your, you know, your structure of human milk oligosaccharide, okay? So it has fucose, it has sialic acid, it has anesthetized glucose, amine, galactose, glucose, right? So this is your structure of HMO. What are they? They are glypins, okay? They are basically found, like, abundantly in breast milk. Colostrum has high amount. You see, look at this, 20 to 23 grams per liter of HMO in your colostrum. It goes down as to when the mother starts getting matured milk, right? Preterm babies have higher amount of HMO. Why? Because those babies need lot more protection from infection. They need lot more protection from lot more other allergic conditions, right? Because anytime what happens, preterm babies, they get formulas, right? And as soon as we start formulas, especially in U.S., a lot of these babies have developed something called necrotizing enterocolitis. So again, I'm going to go a little bit detail in that, see what happens when we start, not start mother's milk and start formula. And then what happens in this HMOs, they need to, they have to be resistant to gastric acidity because those are food for microbiota which are present more in the lower intestine, right? So what it has to, what it has to be done is it has to resist to gastric acidity. It has to be prevented from hydrolysis by enzymes and it has to be prevent from absorption. So it has to go intact lower down in babies and this thing, right? So when those HMOs reaches the distal small intestine, and they end the colon, they are intact and at a very high concentration, okay? And then some of the bacteria, they grow well on this HMO, some of the bacteria, they don't grow well, okay? And then this bacteria, they produce short chin fatty acids.  And if you read a little bit more about short chin fatty acids, there's like a whole, you know, kind of bunch or 100 papers, they will find out effect of short chin fatty acids on our body, right? And basically what it does, it favors the growth of commensals of a potential pathogen. So it allows basically good bacteria to grow and it prevents the bad bacteria to kind of die down, okay? So now again, there's a little bit of science. I'm going to go directly to, I'm going to explain this because this is what I've explained on the previous slide. So what it does, so this HMOs are basically food for good bacteria. So these are your green ones are your good bacteria, the purple ones are your bad bacteria. So when you have food for good bacteria and it basically bad bacteria does not have HMOs. So they're going to die, right?   So if you have a human milk, oligosaccharine mother's milk, basically those bad bacteria will not going to survive, okay? So what it does, it basically, it acts like a decoy.  So that all those bad bacteria get attached over here and then they take it away from columnar epithelial cells, right? So it works like a decoy. It basically kind of trick the bad bacteria to go away from your epithelial cells, right? So it does not get absorbed. Then what it does, it causes the cell modulation. So this is where there is an immunomodulation where basically, you know, it allows your plasma cells to produce IgA. So there are a lot of this immunomodulation factors that it does. So there's a lot of immunomodulation. I again don't want to too much in detail. Okay, this particular one I mentioned. Babies are born with T-helper cell to predominance, okay? Because they don't want to get rejected in baby's mother's womb. But when you have human milk oligosaccharide, it tries to basically, you see how it causes balance. So there is a balance of this. So not only those gut microbiome causing balance, but also human milk oligosaccharide, you know, that also causes balance of this TH1 and TH2. This will prevent allergies in future. Extremely important step in babies, okay? Now, this E1, this is what happens. So you remember that we have neutrophils, we have WBC, we have all the cells, right? Those are all cells which kind of comes in when there is infection, right? But you don't want too much cells going into your cells, in your epithelial cells, right? So these are basically your neutrophils. These are your neutrophils. So what basically HMO does, it prevents basically the rolling of the cells on the endothelial cells. So these are your endothelial cells. It's preventing the rolling, right? So when you prevent the rolling, then it will not allow the neutrophils to go into your vascular system. Welcome to this spoken tutorial on the importance of golden R and cholesterol feeding. In this tutorial, we will learn about golden R and its importance, benefits of feeding cholesterol to the newborn. Let us begin by understanding what is golden R. Golden R is defined as the first R of the newborn after its birth. This first R is very critical for the child's growth and development. It is also an important factor in a mother's breastfeeding journey. This period helps to strengthen the bond between the mother and her infant. An uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact should be initiated between the two. What is skin-to-skin contact? Skin-to-skin contact is the best way to initiate early breastfeeding. The infant will attempt to crawl and latch on the mother's breast by itself. This is known as breast crawl, which is explained in detail in another tutorial. Next, let us look at the different stages of breast milk and its composition. The breast milk goes through three main stages. These stages are cholesterol, transition milk and mature milk. Each stage is best suited for the changing and growing needs of the baby. We will learn in detail about the first stage, which is cholesterol. Cholesterol is the earliest breast milk produced. It is thick, sticky and concentrated milk. Its colour can vary from creamy white to light yellow or dark yellow. It is so precious that it is also known as the liquid gold. Beta carotene present in cholesterol is responsible for its yellow colour. The breasts begin to produce cholesterol in the 12th to 16th week of pregnancy. It starts getting secreted from the breast after delivery. This special milk is secreted only until first 2 to 4 days after delivery. It is secreted in small amounts about 40 to 50 ml only on the first day. This is about 3 tablespoons of milk. Milk starts to be produced in larger amounts between 2 to 4 days. On the third day, the milk supply increases to 300 to 400 ml. This is about 20 to 25 tablespoons of milk. Even though cholesterol is secreted in small quantities, it is very nutritious. It is easy to digest, which makes it the perfect first food for the infant. It is high in proteins and low in carbohydrates. It is also rich in good fats. These good fats are essential for the growth of the newborn baby. It is also required for proper development of the baby's brain and eyes. Infection fighting elements are also abundantly present in cholesterol. For example, antibodies, lactoferens, lactadirin and leukocytes. Growth and protective factors are also there. In addition to this, it contains high amounts of Vitamin A, E, B12 and K. A large number of white blood cells are also present in the cholesterol. It strengthens the baby's immune system and helps fight disease-causing agents. It contains components which help fight bacteria. Cholestrum provides immense benefits to the newborn. Let's look at each benefit one by one. Cholestrum is the natural first immunization for the baby. Immediately after birth, the newborn is unable to produce its own antibodies. Feeding cholesterol is important, as it is particularly rich in antibodies. For example, immunoglobulin A, M and G. Among these immunoglobulin A known as IgA is the most important. They coat the areas of the baby's organs which are prone to infections. For example, lining of the throat, lungs and intestines. IgA binds to the germs and neutralizes them. This prevents the germs from entering the baby's blood. Cholestrum helps in regulating the baby's immune system. It balances the levels of T helper cells in their body. An imbalance in T helper cells can result in allergies and autoimmune diseases. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the healthy cells in the body. More than 70% of our immunity lies in the gut. Cholestrum has a huge role to play in the gut health of the infant. It helps in diversifying the baby's gut environment. This helps in prevention of allergies and asthma later in life. It reduces the risk of inflammation of the intestine. The risk of stress and depression is also reduced. Let us understand how Cholestrum is beneficial for the gut of the baby. A newborn baby is born with a leaky gut. There are gaps between the cells of the inner lining of the intestine. Through these gaps, viruses, bacteria and allergens can enter the baby's body. Cholestrum seals these gaps so that no harmful pathogens can pass through. The lining of the cells of the intestine has a brush-like border. This is known as microvilli. Cholestrum stimulates the development and extension of these microvilli. This helps in increasing the absorption of nutrients. Cholestrum increases release of mucin from the cells of the intestine. Mucin forms a layer on the lining of the intestinal walls. This prevents the entry of any bad bacteria. The Cholestrum also contains human milk oligosaccharides known as HMO. They act as prebiotics. This means that they promote the growth of good bacteria in the baby's gut. They block the pathogens from attaching to the cells of the intestine. They are also beneficial for the development of the baby's brain. Feeding Cholestrum to the infant prepares his stomach for digestion. It acts as a laxative to help the baby pass meconium. Meconium is the first dark black or dark green stool of the infant. It gets built up in his bowels during his time in the mother's womb. Passing this meconium early will also help in preventing jaundice. Meconium contains bilirubin. The laxative properties of Cholestrum will help him flush out the bilirubin. If the infant isn't fed well, the bilirubin is reabsorbed from the bowels. It then builds up in his body and results in jaundice. Another property of Cholestrum is that it has a high number of growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 2. They are required for tissue development, repair and growth. Another growth factor which is high in the Cholestrum is VEGF. It is called the vascular endothelial growth factor. It promotes the growth of new blood vessels. The Cholestrum is also a major source of epidermal growth factor. It is very important for the normal development of the baby's intestine. It is also essential for repair of the intestine's lining in case of an injury. Thus it provides protection against intestinal disease in newborn babies. For example, necrotizing enterocolitis which is known as NEC. It is a condition caused due to inflammation of the intestine. Fading Cholestrum also helps to prevent low blood sugar levels in the baby. Hence, Cholestrum feeding is beneficial for the baby. There are a few myths regarding Cholestrum feeding. The first myth is that Cholestrum should be discarded because it is stale. This is not correct. Cholestrum is neither stale nor is it harmful for the baby. On the contrary, it is very essential for the newborn. It should not be discarded even if there is a delay in breastfeeding. Any delay in breastfeeding the baby will cause a delay in Cholestrum production. For example, delay due to poor attachment of the baby to the breast. In this case, the mother can express her Cholestrum and feed it to the baby. She can express using press, compress and release technique. This will prevent unnecessary feeding of prelactyl feeds to the baby. Prelactyl feeds are any food given to the newborns before breastfeeding is started. For example, honey, water, jaggery, herbal paste, animal milk, formula milk. These foods deprive the child of essential nutrients. It also increases the risk of infections in newborn babies. The second myth is that the quantity of Cholestrum is less and insufficient. Some people may believe that is not enough for the baby. Many women interpret that the breast milk production is inadequate. This is not correct. The breast milk production is usually in line with the infant's needs. Infants require very small amounts of milk in the first few days after birth. Their stomach can hold about 20 milliliters on day one. Thus, the mother should continue feeding frequently. For the first few days, the infant should be breastfed around 10 to 12 times a day. Gradually, after a few days, the milk production will increase. On the fifth day, the mother's breasts start producing transitional milk. It is the second stage of breast milk which is bluish-white in color. It is produced until two weeks after delivery. It contains a mixture of both Cholestrum and regular breast milk. After two weeks, the breast starts producing the mature milk. It is more watery as compared to Cholestrum and transition milk. Though it is less concentrated, it is still nature's perfect food for the baby. Remember that exclusive breastfeeding should be done up to six months. When the baby completes six months, complimentary food should be started. It should be given along with breastfeeding. Breastfeeding should be continued till two years or beyond. The benefits of it last a lifetime for both mother and the infant. This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Thanks for joining.


A lot of money coming in, a lot of money coming out, a lot of initiatives. And the thing about employees at a corporation is they really like getting paid, right? And whenever you have budgets, you're going to have budget cuts, right? And the reason that metrics for your corporate involvement and open source are important is because if you're sitting at a table and someone is presenting the data on how the diversity initiative is affecting the workplace and how the U.S. design is improving traction on the site or payments or workflows and how the marketing campaign is driving up business, if you go up to present data about the open source campaign and don't have any numbers to back it up, you're a good candidate to get cut, right? It's a role in which you have to justify your existence or you're going to get cut and you're going to have to go find another job. So the thing about numbers is that we use metrics as a conversation macro, right? If you go all the way up to the executive level, they have a lot of things they have to keep track of and if they ask you, how's our program doing? And you say, I'd like to put a half an hour on your schedule to talk about it. They don't care. They just want the numbers. There's no time. Just give me the number and you're going to get pushed to the numbers a lot. So before we dig into how to define metrics that matter for your project we're going to cover some of the most common misunderstandings and missteps that happen in open source measurement, starting with community. So it's crucial to be able to differentiate between a vanity metric and a health metric because there's a world of difference between the two. So vanity metrics skim the surface, as you might imagine from the name, but health metrics get to the core functioning of the community. And the concept of vanity metrics is nothing new. I bet a lot of you folks have heard of it. I've seen articles on it that date back 10 years. But most of the metrics that I see folks using still involve a lot of skin deep ones. So there are a couple of main reasons why even though we know better we tend to use vanity metrics. And the first is that they are so much easier to gather. So just about any platform analytics or built-in reports that you're going to see, most of those are going to be vanity metrics. And the reason that companies do this is for the second reason that we like vanity metrics. And that is that vanity metrics make us feel good. If you're tracking the number of Twitter followers that your account gains over time, unless you're somehow losing followers, it's going to be a nice upward trend no matter what. So that's exciting.  But that simplicity is what makes them completely ineffectual. So to give a little better sense of what I mean, here are a couple of the vanity metrics that I see frequently cited in the open source community. How many stars your repo gets on GitHub, how many subscribers you have on a mailing list, how many members are joining a chat room, or how many page views your docs happen to get. And each of these has in common a shallowness because it probably looks good in a chart, but it doesn't tell you much about the people in that community. What motivates them? What inspires them? For that, you're going to need deeper health metrics. So the patterns that we see in the corporate world are pretty similar. The thing is if it's easy to count, it's really easy to discount. It's also really easy to abuse. So stars on a repo, folks on a repo, watchers on a repo, doesn't mean a whole lot. And especially in the seat where I sit, I'm not looking at one repo or a few repos for one project. I've got 10 pages of GitHub repos to look at. And pages of repos, well, 10 pages of repos that sounds like it might be very impressive. Well, a lot of pages in a book doesn't make it good. It doesn't make your program good. It doesn't make your projects good. The numbers that you provide, numbers are facts. They don't tell lies. But you should be prepared for the people that you give those numbers to to maybe tell lies on their behalf. And anyone that you give a number to, is going to attempt to use that number to tell their own story. So you need to choose the numbers that you provide very wisely. This is a little strange, and if you haven't worked inside a large corporate world or inside a large corporate open source program, it's going to sound foreign. But the idea of creating an open source project and widely adopting it inside the company does not make it a successful open source project. You use it everywhere, but nobody from the outside is collaborating with you and contributing to it. It might be a very successful project. It might be a great solution for what you have, but it's not a successful open source project. I don't want to say the same goes true. One way that companies fall into this trap is they'll develop something and they'll drop a point, and that's not open source. You're not giving any community opportunity to come and provide feedback. You're not pulling in external collaborators. So metrics are rules. And you're going to tell people inside the company what those rules are. At least you should, because if you're using these rules to judge performance or to judge how a program is doing, and you don't tell people what the rules are, you're kind of playing unfair.  But now you've created this system of rules, you need to expect that people are going to attempt to gain that system. And this is doubly true when there's money on the line in forms of compensation and bonuses and performance evaluations. And it's ten times as true when those people are engineers. We love exploring the boundaries of rules. We love exploring how we can gain a system. This is maybe a different, I don't think this is what they meant when they said 10x. So now that we're fairly clear on what not to do, let's dig into how to determine some good metrics. When it comes to open source community, there is no one size fits all measurement plan. I know it's a bummer, but that's why we're here at this talk. So you'll need to choose the right metrics for your particular project.  So something like vanity metrics and built-in reports. So before you even look at the built-in analytics dashboard or reports from a community platform, sit down and decide and write down what information would be the most useful for you to decide how to iterate on your current strategies. For example, Google Analytics makes it super easy to measure your page views. And it even gives you pages and pages and all these granular information on your page views. So you feel like you're going very deep. But ultimately, it's a vanity metric. So you know that a particular tutorial or blog post was popular, and that's awesome. But who exactly is reading it and why? The page views don't really help you make informed decisions about where to go next. So instead of page views, track unique visitors and returning visitors. Put people first. And try to gather data specifically on the kind of community members who end up being core contributors and really contributing back in positive ways, which we'll talk about in a bit. Because if you can figure out how and why these super community users joined, you can reverse engineer the process and pull in even more and continue to grow the house. So this brings me to the value of qualitative research, by which I mean actually talking to people in your community, maybe even face-to-face. Because no analytics tool can replace directly chatting with people. You can find out what motivates them, what they get out of participating in the open source project, and as a bonus, when people are giving you all this feedback and you're talking to them, they feel more connected to the project and more heard. Everyone likes to truly be listened to. So I think there's sometimes an aversion to qualitative data in tech because it feels like this wibbly sort of soft thing that is hard to define, but there are always to quantify qualitative data. With a large enough sample set which you hopefully should be getting through your research, you can find the patterns and track the commonalities among these qualitative observations. So in collecting your data, both qualitative and quantitative, I found it really helpful to differentiate three different levels of engagement. Passive, active, and champion. So passive, as you might imagine, means something like lurkers in a chat room, maybe reading docs without commenting or improving them. And active translates to someone clicking a link or maybe liking an update, giving a plus one. And champion status requires responding to a conversation, submitting a bug fix or maybe sharing an update with your own personal network. It's more invested. So it's fairly intuitive, I bet, that you should be tracking active folks and the champions, of course, but what might not be obvious is that passives are incredibly important to track as well. So folks might be logging in every day to your chat room, for instance, and be listening and engaged and really interested, but maybe they're just not chatty. Maybe they're introverted. Or maybe English isn't their first language and most of the conversations happening there are in English. Or maybe they're just new to the project and dipping their toes in and trying to figure out the culture. So either way, for whatever reason, it's crucial to track the passes. And in tracking them, you get this great opportunity to nudge them into more active or even champion users. So in this presentation, lurking doesn't necessarily have to be a bad thing. And as an overarching principle, don't forget to track the non-technical or non-code contributions to community because open source community encompasses far more than just code, as a lot of talks at this conference have been saying, which is fantastic. So questions on Stack Overflow, blog posts, talks, community meetups, tutorials, these are all things that you'll want to be tracking. When you're choosing how to measure community growth, it can be really tempting to prize rapid quantitative growth as the main thing to track. So it seems pretty logical. A community that's tripled in size in a month is probably triply healthy as a community that sort of just grows maybe 5%, right? So we decided to track just the pure growth metric of it and try to pull in as many people as we possibly can irrespective of who those people are. And I have nothing against growth hacking in other areas like sales or marketing. I think it can be a great tactic there, but you can't growth hack a community because you can't growth hack people. So the metrics that we choose have to reflect more than just size. We want to make sure that you don't fall into the trap of just growth hacking is to formulate your metrics using your community guidelines. Now obviously, if your guidelines are something like, be nice to each other, smiley face, this won't help you very much. But if your guidelines are more fleshed out as it's key to any healthy community, you can use them as a guiding ethos. So for example, the slide up there is a section from the Speller.org community guidelines that explores expected behavior. So instead of being, you know, you can't do this and you can't do that, it's what we're actually looking for. And the first sentence says, participate in an authentic way and an active way. And in doing so, you contribute to the health and longevity of this community. So right off the bat, I can construct metrics to capture this kind of expected, ideal behavior. And similarly, the open source citizenship section of our community guidelines says, if you see someone making an extra effort to ensure that our community welcomes all participants and encourages them to contribute, we want to know. So this tells us precisely what we're looking for in community leaders, and it lets us know that we can specifically track places like the onboarding process especially. So modeling your metrics from community guidelines steers you towards a sustainable way of growing a healthy community. Okay, so back to the corporate world again, and I want to remind everyone where we are. We've got overlords, they have agendas, there's money on the table, and they want something. So I'm going to give you the most important tool for digging down into the metrics you want in this scenario that I think you'll ever get your hands on, and that tool is why. Because if someone comes to you and asks you for a number, they don't want the number, they want an answer. They've already figured out what they think the answer is, and they just want that number. But when you get faced with a question where they're just asking for hard numbers, dig into the question that they're actually asking, because if you don't know what that question is, you're not going to recognize the answer when it comes along. So really spend some time trying to understand what it is that they're really trying to do. So you also want to know the answer to these questions before someone asks you. So nothing can be more alarming than having an executive kind of grab you in the hallway and ask you for symmetric data that you don't have, or ask you a question that you can't answer. You have to kind of dance around the problem. You don't want to have to guess at the problem because, again, as soon as you give a number, that number is a fact, and that number will be used to tell a story. So my suggestion is that you take some lessons from XD, from experience design. And so when you are starting to put together what things you're going to measure in your role, create some personas. Create a persona for that Vice President of Engineering and really think about who they are. My compensation largely comes from bonuses that have to do with how the company is doing. I have these considerations. Or a persona for your director of engineering who wants to have some very specific questions. And then once you have these personas, take another lesson from Scrum or from other agile methodologies where you create user stories. So as the Vice President of Engineering, I want to know if our participation in open source is helping our employees collaborate and continue to fund it. As soon as you've got a story like that, now you're starting to find some metrics that you want to use. As director of open source, I want to know which of my projects are responding to pull requests so I know which engineers need help. When you take this approach to figuring out the questions and the answers that you're looking for, then you can start to dig into some good metrics. You're going to get a lot of push to give a number. Give me the number. One number is never going to tell a complete story, especially when you're trying to look at a project's health. So take one metric and compare it to a few things and try to boil this down into a picture that you can draw for someone in 30 seconds. So you might take something like external contributors coming into a project and how quickly they're turning around pull requests and how many active works that are out there. And now you've got a better idea for how a project is doing. And the thing is, time is a free dimension in this context. So if you start tracking these things over time, you can tell, hey, our external contributors are coming up and going down. We look like we're losing adoption and so on. The other thing that you can do is use some bad metrics. Use some of those vanity metrics. And I know that's not what we said to do earlier, but we're going to do something sneaky. We're going to play a deeper game. We're going to go in an anti-anti-patter. So let us suppose that you've got a problem where your engineers, when they submit pull requests against other projects inside the company, are submitting 10,000 line pull requests and they never get merged. And what you really want to do is you want to help them understand how to drive down their commit size. So what you could do is you take some of those engineers, some of the ones who are the worst defenders, and you find a project that you use, an external open source project that you use, and you find some things that you need to have done, whether they're bugs or features that need to be added, and you send them off to work on that for a month or so. Because if you submit a 10,000 line pull request to an open source project, it's going to get kicked back to you and you're going to have to learn how to break it down. And you're going to have to learn how to take that feedback. And over time, again, you put a little prize at the end or you find somebody that you want to incent them, either with time or money or whatever the things that they are, what are they going to do? When there's an incentive, they're going to do everything they can to break those commits down into smaller, smaller, smaller pieces. So they think that they've kind of gamed your game there, where now they've divided these very simple rules and broke them and I want an Apple Watch, and at the end of the day, now they've broken their commits down into smaller sizes, which is what you wanted in the first place. So playing a different game with bad metrics can be very useful. Something else to keep in mind when you're looking at metrics for a project is you really have to account for project maturity, right? Given two projects that are about the same size, I do want to say mature. Something that has been pretty well worked out, it's pretty stable, there's not going to be a lot of action on that repository. For example, if we decided that we had an idea that was better than the ReactJS, right? And we put it out there in the JS community, it really, really latches on to it. It's going to see a lot more activity than something like Ember, right? Which is mature, it's been around for a while, it's very well understood, okay? So factoring in project maturity will give you a better idea than just a hard one. So we've talked a lot about the theory of these things, but to illustrate these concepts of choosing a metric that are good for your project in practice, I'm going to open up the hood on the ways that we measure community at Stellar.org as a kind of case study. So in particular, I want to zoom in on one of the platforms specifically that we use, so that we can get more into detailed specifics. So we're going to delve into Slack. First, I've got to give a big shout out to Stellar.org's educator, Vanessa Genarelli, who set up this framework for us of tracking and working with her has absolutely informed my understanding of measuring community. So thank you, Vanessa. So show of hands, how many folks are familiar with Slack? Okay, a decent number. So for those who don't know, Slack is a proprietary chat client that's asynchronous, synchronous, can be both. And it was originally built for internal workplace communication, kind of as like an email killer, although that didn't actually work. But it started being repurposed external facing public open chat room for different communities. So when we heard about that, we thought we use it successfully internally. Everyone loves it. What if we had a public Slack for Stellar? And about half the team was completely opposed to the idea because at the time we were using IRC as a lot of OS projects do. And to be totally candid, it was a little bit of a ghost town in there. And there were definitely days when I didn't see any activity on the chat room at all. So the theory was, well, I open another one if you're already kind of not seeing a lot of action. But nevertheless, we tried it as an experiment and we set out a couple of hypotheses and goals for the channel. And we hypothesized that it was going to be a deeper engagement than any other platform that we had at the time. And we also hypothesized that it was going to facilitate peer-to-peer interaction in a way that an email list or Twitter cannot. After collecting data from the past eight months, I think it's safe to say that Slack is one of our best channels. And the community drew to be this vibrant, active place with an average unique user growth of 12% month over month. But if you were listening earlier, you will know that that growth rate is not enough to tell us that the community is healthy. So we pair it with other metrics, like the level of peer-to-peer interaction happening, which is quantifiable by the number of direct private messages users are sending each other. We also pair it with some qualitative observations, which I'll get to in a second. So how did we gather that data if these companies sort of often make it harder to find things that aren't vanity metrics? Sadly, the stats that are available for free Slack users, which you're probably going to want to be free for $5 a month per user on an 800-user project. And having these limitations on gathering data is one of the trade-offs and drawbacks of any proprietary system. But we have figured out a couple of work rounds to glean the data nonetheless. So for starters, Slack's free plan does give you weekly reports on unique member growth, the number of direct messages sent between people, which you normally wouldn't see at all, of course, because they're private, and the number of users who go inactive in a given time period. So they send this data in emails every week, but the data kind of expires. So if you want to be tracking this, you need to save it immediately to whatever spreadsheet you're using or just save the emails in a safe folder somewhere. Another hacky workaround that we use is setting up an IRC mirror for Slack channel. So for free Slack plans, message history is truncated at 10,000 messages. And after that, anything prior is just gone. And as you might imagine, this presents some problems, finding resources you were talking about, and maybe for newcomers to catch up on the conversations. So we set up an IRC mirror, and now BotBot tracks all of our prior data, both the conversations themselves, and we have the data on that. Plus folks who don't like using proprietary chat clients, like Slack, they can participate via their favorite open-source IRC client, and that's worked out really nicely. We've also made qualitative observations about the conversations and learnings that are happening in Slack, and we found it to be the number one place that developers go to connect with each other on projects, through bugs, and to talk through design and implementation. So even if user growth were not that high, that kind of qualitative quality of conversation would influence my assessment of Slack's health. So to look at a couple ways that you can use metrics again in a corporate environment, let us suppose your corporation's hypothesis, employees who are able to engage in projects about which they're passionate are going to be happier. Most large companies run something like a Pulse Survey or some variant of that same thing, where every year you get either one page or several pages of questions about how you feel about working at this company. On a scale of 1 to 10, how likely are you to recommend working at this company to a friend or a co-worker? Have you seen that question? A couple people. Okay. It doesn't have to be that complicated. You can run smaller versions of surveys, and in fact, I encourage running smaller surveys more frequently versus one huge annual survey and basing everything off of that. The overlords might have a different opinion. But if your hypothesis, again, is that employees who engage in open source work about which they're passionate are going to be happier, you can go right down to A-B testing within the company. So you take a subset of engineers who look like they're giving about the same kind of feedback. You let them engage in projects by which they're passionate. And the next year you see if things have improved for them. It is a longer kind of measurement and thinking than you would typically be able to do. So another one is that your company's hypothesis might be that participating in an open source project will improve mentorship inside the company. So if you have a code review process where feedback that is going to engineers isn't good, or if a lot of it is happening outside the pull request, which means that other engineers can't refer to it later for learning, or if there's other problems with mentorship, or if you want to see if you can improve it in some way, again, you take some engineers, you send them off on a tour to fix bugs that are important in an existing open source project, they get mentorship from the project, and then you take a look at their iterations on pull requests when they come back in. So one of the metrics that we use to look at that is how many back and forth parts of a conversation happen before pull request is merged. So if there's one, hey, somebody review mine looks good, there's probably nothing happening in the code review. But if there's five or six iterations, then you can say there's probably some good feedback going on, and if there's 10, 20, 30 iterations, then it's something you'll have to look at manually. Maybe it's a really complicated pull request, maybe the feedback that's being given isn't useful. And if you can compare those iterations on a pull request before and after their participation in open source, you can find out if that's having the effect that you're looking for. So now that we have all of this amazing data, what do we do with it? So to circle back to the beginning of the talk, why health metrics matter, we need this data to make decisions. So once you have the data, go back to the hypotheses and goals that you posited before and see how it measures up. The most important question that you can ask and answer is where are the gaps between my goals and where we're at presently, and how can we work to iterate our strategies and close that gap? So set your goals, hypothesize, try out a strategy, analyze the data, and confirm or disprove the hypothesis, and then of course iterate again and again, repeat forever. The same thing is basically true with metrics in the corporate environment, except that you really want to know if there's a problem before you get asked if there's a problem, or before you get told that there is a problem. So if you're tracking project health across a number of projects and you see one project is again, somebody's no longer responding to issues and pull requests and you see the closed time going up on these things, you know you need to go investigate that. Maybe someone went on vacation and didn't leave a person to take their place. Maybe it's something the company isn't using anymore. But you can take those numbers and you can issue your own course corrections either by finding someone to stand in or getting involved in the project yourself before they become an issue for someone higher up. And now that you have these numbers, again, if the people above you are going to use these numbers to tell their story, you tell them, use those numbers to tell their story. Use your numbers to tell your story and use those numbers to fight for your budget or to fight to increase your budget or to fight to increase your head count and show this is what we were able to do with what we have and this is what we think we could do with some more people. It's really important to keep in mind that if your metrics do show that your community is unhealthier or not as healthy as you thought it was going to be, this is by no means a failure. You've just learned that that particular strategy doesn't work for your community. So it's an opportunity to try a different strategy and test again. So don't be afraid to use deep health metrics for fear that it might reveal something on flattering or feel like you're failing because it's far more important to get an accurate pulse of the community than to be successful 100% of the time. And whoever you're showing these metrics to, all the time saying, oh yeah, A plus just always upward, everything's perfect, I think they're going to get suspicious anyway. Not every open source project deserves to succeed just because it's open source. And if you're working in a company where you have engineers who are spinning up their very first open source project, maybe letting it fail is the right thing to do. So to talk a little bit about a vetting process that we use, if someone comes to me and says, hey, I have this thing that I think is going to make a great open source project, the first question I ask is who do you talk to outside the company? Because if you haven't talked to anybody outside the company, then you don't really know. Engineers tend to think that the things that they create are amazing because they created them otherwise, why wouldn't they have? And everybody else is going to see how amazing this is and this is going to be better than what's already out there. And if they haven't talked to anybody outside the company, a good place to send them is go write a blog post about it. And your company's policy may differ, but just giving them permission and clearing permission for them to do that is really useful. You might have to mentor them through the process of writing a good technical blog post, but you might not be able to share code, but you can say, hey, at this company we have this particular problem, here's the solution that we created and this is what we think about it. Now if you get a whole bunch of hits on that blog post, what's the vanity metric? It doesn't really mean anything. You start to get some comments on the blog post where people are engaged enough to have a conversation about it. Okay, now that's something useful, but when somebody from Netflix calls and says, hey, I'd like to see the code on this, I think we might be able to use it and let's collaborate. Okay, one external contributor from another company like that, I think is a reasonable option to say, hey, let's try this as an open source project and see where it goes. And if you write the blog post and you put it out there and you get crickets, who cares? If you go to a Meetup and you talk about it and nobody gives you a business card at the end and they didn't care enough to come up and talk to you about it afterwards, maybe the project isn't interesting. Or maybe the other thing to do is let them put it out there and watch it fail and say, okay, what did you learn and how do we go forward from here? So we hope you've learned a couple of techniques or ideas and frameworks for measuring your project's health. And if you do end up implementing any of these strategies or anything else, we would definitely love to hear about it. Twitter handles up there. And I know that it's Sunday, like last day and afternoon. So thank you so much for coming out and listening. We'll take questions if anybody has them. We've got a little tiny bit of bonus content we could talk about if nobody has questions. Well, I'll hand the microphone down here. You know, Benny, what would be a good source to get, like you said, advice or feedback on your possible renewal? Is that what was your name? Ryan. Thank you, Ryan. The question was, what's a good place to get feedback about the potential open source project that you have? My recommendation is to start with local meetups that are focused either around the problem space or the technology that you're working on. They're always looking for people to come out and talk. It's a great place to start going to conferences and throwing in a lightning talk about the project that you have and seeing if anybody comes up. It's also another good option. And again, I think writing a blog post, getting it out there, getting some people to spread the news about it. Because again, if you're talking about it and nobody cares, and you're blogging about it and nobody cares, something's wrong. And it might be that you're not crafting your message very well, or it could just be the text, or it just isn't interesting to people. Thank you for your question. Anybody else? Okay, I'll repeat it. Really good one. Let's say that you do do a test run with a new open source project, and it does fall a little flat. The community is not very into it. Does that hurt the community health? Does it maybe hurt the perception of how good your software, your company is? In my opinion, absolutely not. Because it shows, I mean, for one thing, if it's really that unpopular, people maybe didn't even see it. And it was maybe a couple, maybe a hundred people saw it and were like, ah. For another thing, my favorite thing that corporate people do on blogs and things is to talk about their mistakes and what they learned from them. So I would love to see a blog post called We Failed. And here's why, and here's what we learned. And I think it sort of makes it feel more human, and people instantly feel more connected when people are really candid about their mistakes or they look suddenly human. So I actually think that it's handled correctly. It can be a really good thing. Handled incorrectly would be something like shutting it down, not saying why, pretending like it never happened. But yeah, I handled right. I think you guys should go for it. To echo what she just said, we do not blog enough about our failures. And I think that blog posts about projects that didn't succeed and what we learned as a result of them are the single most useful thing that companies could be doing and they aren't. To poke at your question a little bit, was your concern that it would negatively affect the company's community or the project community? I'm sorry? Okay. Yeah. Thank you. Any other questions? Yes, sir. Drawing our content from which? Academia. Oh. So the question was, are we drawing content from academia for these subjects? I didn't. I drew my content from my own personal experience. I partly am through, as I mentioned before, Vanessa Generale, who works on our team as an educator. She is from MIT. She was part of the team that worked on Scratch. If anyone's familiar, big into education and learning design of the theories that I've been imbued with for the past year and a half have absolutely had groundings in academic theories. But I wouldn't say that they're not like word for word or sort of, you know, by the book, but definitely influenced. Awesome. Excellent. The comment was that Purdue was doing research in this area. Thank you for the feedback. I'll definitely check it out. Thank you. We have one more slide we can talk very briefly about. No live demos, but no, we're fine on time. Sorry, I was checking. I forgot to start our timer. We'll talk a little bit about tools. And we wanted to do a big section on tools, but the reality is there's not a whole lot out there for determining good metric solutions for open source or for community. These will be on the slides. These will be up online. So I actually put these in the reverse order. So Metrix, Grimoire, and Visgrimoire are both put together by a company called Vitergia or Dashboard. They're both fully open source projects. You can take them and install them and build them for your own project. It pulls in data from a number of different source code repositories. It will pull in data off of mail lists and give you some interesting charts on how your project is doing over time, bugs open and close, close time, and committers, and some demographic information about that. They just recently, and I believe it was just a few weeks ago, released something called Cauldron. And that is something you'll find at Viterge.io. And Cauldron, I haven't had a chance to talk to them to see exactly what it is, but it looks to me like it is a version of that Metrix-Visgrimoire solution running as a service, specifically GitHub focused. So it doesn't look at any other source code repo that I don't believe it does any analysis off of mailing lists or anything, but you can sign up and you can put it in an organization and a repository, and it will give you some interesting information. I think they're still dialing it in. I expect they're probably going to talk about it at FOSSTEM this year. And the one in the middle there is an open source dashboard that was released by Amazon that is more focused toward someone who sits in my role, so runs an office with open source and a large company. The needs in that role are very different from the needs in someone maintaining a single project. If you're trying to get a sense of the health for something like Express or something like Node, there are a few repositories that you need to look at, and that's about it. If you're in a company who might have three or four different organizations because you've bought companies and several, several pages of repositories that you need to look at and you're trying to see how everything is doing, that's really hard. And there's no tools out there. Well, there were no tools out there until last year. Facebook had one that they had built that was proprietary for PayPal as a way to try to force the conversation, release it as open source, and Amazon, in response, released their open source dashboard, which is great because it's got a lot more features than mine does. And it will tell you things like time to close the average in a repository, but it will also give you a look at things like do users in my corporation who have public GitHub profiles have two-factor authentication enabled because if they don't, I have to go bother them. You want to talk a little bit about the other couple things? Sure, yeah. So good old spreadsheets. I know that it seems probably kind of intuitive or not really a tool, but it's the thing that I use definitely the most in terms of tracking community and having it all in one place. Usually these things are really siloed and the things that do pull them all together are incredibly expensive. I don't know if anyone's heard of Lithium, the software, not the element, but Lithium is fantastic if you have $50,000 to spend just on the setup alone. It is not for most folks, but in terms of cobbling together something that doesn't look especially pretty, but that does have all of the things and analysis on it. You can automate your imports there. It's simple and it's time tested, so super recommend spreadsheets. And if anyone's curious on how to set yours up, I'm happy to talk you through it. I like to also extol the value of spreadsheets, especially when you're creating metrics for the first time. I have an engineering background. My instinct as an engineer is if I want to learn something, I'll spend four hours to cook something that I could probably put in a spreadsheet in 15 minutes. And the advantage of putting it in a spreadsheet in 15 minutes is I can immediately give this number to somebody and say, is this what you want? Because if they say no, I save four hours. So even for things that you know you can look at, you know you can write a tool to do it, and engineers instinct again, I'll write a tool or I'll find a tool, sit back, do the hour or whatever it's going to take for you to get pulse numbers together, plug them into a spreadsheet and see what comes out.  The last one is lithium, which I mentioned. I really doubt anyone here would be particularly interested, but just in case if you have all the money in the world to spend, I highly recommend it. Thank you everyone. Thanks everybody for coming out.


نحن لا نفعل نفس المساعدة كذلك الذين لم يرسلوا إلى الوصول الإمام عليه السلام يعني ماذا؟ المساعدة و المساعدة في ذلك الوقت يجب أن يجب ان يكون هناك إلنس في المساعدة هل تعرف ما كان ذلك؟ هذا كان مجموعة المساعدة أو مجموعة المساعدة ضعف للإرادة نعلم في العربي دعني أعطيك أمورك أمان بذاني مفهرثم إبن أبي مسلم كان مع أمير المؤمنين و صفين هذا المساعدة جدت مع أمير المؤمنين و عندما أمير المؤمنين قمت بكربلاء المساعدة تخبرنا أنه يجب أن يقوم بسولة الكربلاء يجب أن يجب أن يقوم بكربلاء و يقوم بكربلاء منك الناس سيكون رزيركتون على اليوم المساعدة و يأخذون إلى جنة without accountability حرثما يقول أرى هذا الناس قمت بكربلاء على طريق كربلاء إمام عليسلام يأتي إلى حرثما يقول هل أنت معنا؟ هل أنت من هذا المساعدة؟ يقول يبن رسول الله أرى أبن أبن أنهم جنون كيف يمكنني أن أقوم بكربلاء؟ أرى هل هناك أمير المؤمنين يقول أنه سيكون ماذا هذا المساعدة تحدث أكثر than the grandson of the Prophet يأتي و يقوم بكربلاء و yet there was this weakness this inability to see the truth or to go for the truth this apathy that existed like wise whom this individual عبيد الله ابن الحر الجعفي in the area known as قصر بني مقاتل إمام عليسلام also came to him and said to him you have so many sins to ask for forgiveness because this man actually fought أمير المؤمنين and Safi come and join me and Allah will forgive your sins what did he say? he says you know I have a business I have family I'll give you my horse yes he said to the Imam I will not join you I will give you my horse likewise some members of Bani Assad حبيب ابن مضاهر رضوان الله تعالى عليه when he arrived in Karbala he went to the tribe of Bani Assad he said to them do you know what's happening this is the grandson of the Holy Prophet he's been surrounded by these enemies do you know what this man is why do you not help him come and support him I am your sheikh I am your leader from Kufa I am telling you this is the path of salvation what did they say? the vast majority they said no thank you why? what was going on in their minds? what was happening? you and I sit here today and think if we were in their position would we do the same thing? the people of Kufa the way they treated Muslim ابن أقيل after giving him so much support how they dispersed one by one yes there are reasons there was incredible fear that was spread there was scaremongering no doubt but there was a problem what was that problem? the problem was that they were weak weak in determination and their strength their will power left a lot to be desired today if we look at our situation when you and I stand and say لبك يا حسين we must not be included in the group recite it in زيار عاشورة ولا عن الله أمة سمعت بذالك فرظيت به may the mercy of Allah be withdrawn from a community we hear the call of the Imam and does not respond and is pleased with what is happening what do we mean? sometimes some of us have been overwhelmed or overtaken by lustful and desirous intentions that all our lives is about our ego boosting our ego looking after ourselves we are careless about what the situation of others entail we are apathetic we are lethargic we are not interested about what is going on yes? look at for example the great martyr who was martyr this year شيخ نمر النمر may Allah سبحانه وتعالى bless his soul yes? he stood in the path of about Abdullah al-Hussain how many people around the world spoke out how many people faced oppression and demanded that he is freed from the prisons and that he is not executed yes? what is happening out there God forbid is that we are feeling what we are feeling a sense of isolation it's all about me and I'm not what part of a wider ummah part of a wider community that I have roles and responsibilities and what is going on sometimes is what we are looking at minor issues and we're not focusing on the bigger picture please understand this yes? in certain occasions we are picking on matters which are irrelevant and not looking at ways in which we can improve our situation let me give you an example once an alem was leading salah when he was leading salah he finished salah someone from the congregation came to him and said your salah is batil why? what happened? he said when you're doing sajda your nose was not touching the ground so it is batil do you know what the alem said to him said can I ask you a question what was your nose doing during that process? meaning what? if you were behind me in salah you would not notice where my nose was you were there to find faults you were watching from another place to see if I was making a mistake in other words there is sometimes a tendency to create friction to bring about division to split the ummah the community of the society the idea that emerges is these intentions are there are not always sincere no doubt about this and there are people working behind the scenes to create what? to create all kinds of difficulties and problems should we as followers of the imam when we say لب بيك يا حسين it means oh imam we will never do what the people some people of kufa did we will never do like those individuals who heard your call but God did not respond yes one important thing that is emerging in this day and age which is certainly one that needs to be addressed is what I call the microwave faith do you know what that is? that is when individuals people are looking for loopholes as far as their religion is concerned as far as the practice of faith like you know sometimes we buy these ready meals and we place these ready meals where? in the microwave we are not really bothered to cook it or cook a meal or prepare the meal and buy the ingredients do you want something? quite quickly today what we are facing is a dilemma is a problem that in certain communities around the world the youth are continuously asking is there a way out of this? I'm not bothered to do this I don't want to struggle I don't want to put the effort in it yes they want an easy life and this is because of what? because of the fact that you and I have been bombarded with this culture of possession of wanting and acquiring there is what? there is the I want yes? there is the I belong the I possess everything that comes out we want to have it we want to take it yes? and that is impacting and it's making us more and more lethargic in our attitude to faith in our approach to religion meaning what? we don't take it sometimes seriously we don't put the struggle we don't put the hardship yes? because everything is out there to make life easy for us that's nothing bad about that but as far as our face is concerned don't expect just because there are instruments out there that make life very easy that all of a sudden religion should be changed well, sometimes I wonder in 10 years time somebody will come out from somewhere and say it is permissible to do your Salah online honestly you wonder whether that actually will happen one day yes the idea that emerges is that people are looking at religion very superficially they're not willing to place the effort and the struggle and the hardship that makes them better human beings that makes them better individuals that's why when you and I say لبكة يا حزين it means يا أبا عبد الله this statement denotes that I will place my effort and I will do whatever it takes to speak against oppression and injustice I will do whatever it takes to struggle in my life to place the effort to look for the strength and the commitment into in every single path and dedication that I place