This lecture is part of an online course in Galois theory and will be about transcendental extensions. So the transcendental extension is just an extension that isn't algebraic. So let's first quickly recall if we've got an algebraic extension we can sort of more or less understand it completely. First of all it can be split up into a separable extension and a purely inseparable extension. And separable extensions can be sort of more or less understood by turning them into Galois extensions and then we can apply Galois theory and mess around with Galois groups. Purely inseparable extensions will frankly the less said about them the better. So suppose we've got a transcendental extension K contained in M. What we want to do is to talk about how do we study this? Well what we do is we find a transcendence basis. So a transcendence basis is a maximal algebraically independent set. So the set might be x1, x2 and so on or something like that. So what does algebraically independence mean? Well algebraically independent means that there's no polynomial relation between these. So if some polynomial in xi, xj and so on is equal to zero this implies the polynomial itself must be zero. Now we want to show that a maximal transcendence basis actually exists. Well if you want to show that a maximal something or other exists in general you need to use Zorn's lemma and you can easily check that Zorn's lemma implies every field extension has a transcendence basis. So let's have a quick look at some examples. So suppose you've got any extension. We look at the field generated by a transcendence basis and then whatever's left over. And this extension here must be algebraic because if there was some element in M not algebraic over this then we can add it and get a bigger transcendence basis. On the other hand this extension here is purely transcendental. By this we mean that it's generated by a set of algebraically independent elements. So you can think of this field as being the field of rational functions over k in several variables. So it's not unique. This intermediate field isn't unique. For example if you have k contained in the field of rational functions in one variable over k then t is a transcendence basis for this rather obviously but so is t squared because k contains in k of t squared contains in k of t. Now this is an algebraic extension of degree two and now t squared is a transcendence basis. So there can be many different fields here such that this field is purely transcendental and this field here is algebraic. And you can see that even the degree of this extension here may vary. So I guess we should say we're really thinking of M as being the same as k of t in this case. A slightly less trivial example is if you take the field of rational functions on an elliptic curve. So if the elliptic curve is given by y squared equals say x cubed minus x then we take the ring of all polynomials in two variables and quotient that by y squared minus x cubed plus x and then we can take a field of quotients of this which would be k of x, y, except that y squared minus x cubed plus x is equal to zero. And in this case we can write k is contained in k of x and this is a purely transcendental extension and then this is contained in I can't think of quite a good notation for this field. You can't say it's the field of rational functions x and y modulo this ideal because this actually generates the whole field because it's a field. So here's the field of rational functions of an elliptic curve which I'll just write as elliptic curve but we could also have a different... Instead of using x as a generator for this field we could also take y as a generator for this field. So you can see this extension here is degree two because y has degree two over k of x and this extension here is degree three because x is degree three over k of y and so on. So again there's more than one possible purely transcendental extension you can find inside that. So another example, let's take the rational numbers contained in the complex numbers. Well here we have q contained in q with a transcendence basis for the complex numbers which is contained in the complex numbers and this transcendence basis needs an uncountable number of elements because if you write only a countable number then this field here would be countable and c is just the algebraic closure of this field so if there were a countable number of variables here then c would actually be countable. So here we have purely transcendental extension with an uncountable transcendence basis followed by taking the algebraic closure. So this sort of in some sense gives a view of what the complex numbers are it's the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions over q in an uncountable number of variables. Notice this implies that the complex number has an uncountable number of automorphisms because this field here has huge numbers of automorphisms for instance we can just permute all the basis vectors and that already gives us a huge uncountable group and then we can extend any automorphism of that to its algebraic closure you remember there isn't a unique way of doing that but there's at least one way of doing that. So the automorphisms of the complex numbers is absolutely huge so let's try and write some down. Well examples of automorphism as well as the identity and there's complex conjugation and you'll find it really hard to write down any others. In fact there aren't any other continuous automorphisms and writing down any other automorphism sort of involves the axiom of choice. People sometimes claim you can't write down explicit automorphisms in fact you can sort of. There are in fact models of set theory where you can write down explicit automorphisms of the complex numbers. The way you do that is by taking something like the Goedel's universe of constructible sets and Goedel showed that in constructible sets you can sort of write down an explicit choice function and doing that you can write down some explicit automorphisms of the complex numbers but they're really horrible you wouldn't want to actually use them for any serious purpose. So in practice there's no sensible way to write down an automorphism of the complex numbers other than these two. However there are huge numbers of them at least if you're not some sort of intuitionist. So an obvious question is do any two transcendence bases have the same size? So the answer is yes. I'm not going to prove this in general. I'm just going to prove for finite transcendence bases. So for finite transcendence bases you do it like this. Suppose you've got two transcendence bases. So you've got kx1 up to xm contained in something and you've got ky1 up to yn contained in your bigger field m. And what we want to do is to show that m is equal to n and for that what you do is you let's suppose we can pick some yi not equal to any xi. And then we're going to add this yi to the x's. So we get x1 to xm. And now since x1 up to xm is maximal there's some polynomial pyi x1 to xm equal nought with p0 equal 0. But then what we can do is some xi occurs in this non-trivially so we throw out some xj that appears in this with non-zero coefficients.  And so we've replaced one of the x's by a y and you can keep on doing this. You can just replace xi's by yi's until you've replaced all the xi's by y's and that shows the number of x's at most the number of y's and by reversing the argument you can show the number of y's is equal to the number of x's. So this implies m is equal to n.  So if I have all the x's as x1, x2 up to xm, orange and I have the y's in green. What you do is you find one of the y's that's not in the x's so you make it orange and then you find one of the x's that's dependent on that say x1 and you cross it out. So you've got a new orange set and then you continue doing it again, you add another of the y's and you cross off another of the x's and so on and so you just sort of turn all the green points orange one by one. You notice that involves, that assumes the bases are finite and for infinite bases we have to repeat infinitely many times and this may be a problem because the infinitely many times you have to repeat may actually be uncountable and to do this you need to use sort of variations of the action of choice. Anyway, I'm not going to bother with that because if you're talking about the difference between different sorts of uncountable objects you're not doing algebra, you're doing set theory and this isn't a set theory course. So any two transcendence bases have the same number of elements and the number of elements of a transcendence basis is called the transcendence degree. I really wish they'd thought of a word shorter than transcendental for this because it's getting real pain writing it out. You may notice that the proof that any two transcendence bases have the same number of elements is sort of formally rather similar to the proof that any two bases of a vector space have the same number of elements. In fact, these are both examples of something called a matroid. So I'll just have a very brief introduction to matroids to show that these two things are the same. Matroid consists roughly of a set. Now I'm going to cheat a little bit because most definitions of matroids assume that this set is finite but I want to apply this to vector spaces or field extensions or whatever. And it has some special subsets called bases and there must be at least one base and they also have this exchange property. Let's say these are special finite subsets because I don't want to get into the theory of infinite matroids. Actually I'm not even sure there is a theory of infinite matroids. So these have the exchange property that if A and B are bases and A is in A but not in B then we can find B that's in B but not in A so that A without A but together with B is also a base. And you notice this is exactly the property we were using to show that any two transcendence bases have the same number of elements. And you can apply the same proof to show that if you've got a matroid then any two bases of matroid have the same number of elements. So let's have some examples of matroids. So we can take the set to be a vector space and the bases are sets that are linearly independent and that span the vector space V. Or we can have a field extension K contains an M and here the bases are going to be algebraically independent sets and that generate M as a field over K. Let me give you a third example just to show that matroids don't always look like things over vector space as the set could be a graph. And the bases are going to be some sets of edges that have no loops but contain all vertices. So you can think of this as being a spanning forest which is sort of like a spanning tree except it might be disconnected if this graph is disconnected. And you can check that any two spanning forests of a graph have the same number of elements and the proof is essentially just the same as before it just uses this exchange property. So in other words bases of a vector space and transcendence bases of an extension and spanning forests of a graph are all examples of matroids. Now we'll come on to some applications of the transcendence degree. So the first application is the definition of the dimension of an algebraic variety. So an algebraic variety is going to be some subset of affine space which is just a fancy way of saying an n-dimensional vector space defined by some polynomial equations. For example we might have an elliptic curve y squared equals x cubed minus x which will be some sort of elliptic curve like that. And we want to define its dimension. It's obvious what the dimension of this is. It's 1. However it's quite tricky to come up with an algebraic definition of dimension. And one of the oldest and simplest is as follows. We look at the function field which is all rational functions on the algebraic set. So that's just the field of quotients of the field of regular functions. And dimension is then defined to be the transcendence dimension of the function field as an extension of whatever field we're working over of course. This works fine for dimensions of algebraic varieties. It's not used much in modern algebraic geometry because you really want to define dimension of schemes which are more general in algebraic varieties. And this definition just goes horribly wrong for most schemes. For example suppose I take the ring of Laurent series over a field. Now this really ought to have dimension 1 because it's just adding one variable. But if you look at its transcendence degree it turns out to be infinite because there are lots of power series that are algebraically independent. So this definition is a rather old definition of algebraic variety used in the first half of the 20th century but algebraic geometers don't use it very much anymore. So for another application of transcendence degree we can try and classify algebraically closed fields. So here we point out the complex numbers can be obtained as the algebraic closure of a purely transcendental extension of Q. And we can do the same thing for any algebraically closed field F. What we do is we take the prime field F0, so this is the smallest field contained in something and it's either rationals or it's the integers mod P for some P. And maybe I shouldn't have used F0 for that, it's called the prime field G. So we have G is contained in F and we can take a transcendence basis for F so we get G containing X1 up to whatever it is and then this is an algebraic extension, F is just the algebraic closure of GX1 up to X whatever it was. So we see from this that there are two invariants of the algebraically closed field F. The first is it's characteristic which can be 0, 2, 3, 5 or something and the second is it's transcendence dimension over the prime field G which can be any cardinal number. So we've only actually proved this is an invariant if the cardinal number is finite and sort of waved our hands a bit for infinite cardinal numbers. So this is one of the rare cases when you can actually give a fairly simple classification of all models of some sort of first order theory. By the way, notice that we can ask the number and we can ask what is the number of algebraically closed fields of cardinality and P and sorry of characteristic P and cardinality K for some cardinal number. So K has to be an infinite cardinal number a finite field isn't algebraically closed and we see from this classification that if K is equal to the smallest cardinal LF0 then there are a countable number of fields because the transcendence degree can be equal to 0, 1, 2 or LF0. On the other hand, if the cardinality is some higher number then the transcendence degree just has to be LF alpha and there's only one example. Now this actually sort of gives an example of a categorical theory. Well, so categorical theories were originally defined by Veblen as being theories for which there is only one model and people very soon notice that the Skollum-Lohenheim theorem implies that the first order theories can't be categorical unless they've only got a finite models. However, you can define a theory to be categorical in a certain cardinality. So the theory of algebraically closed fields is categorical in any uncountable cardinality but it's not categorical for countable cardinalities. This actually gives a nice example of a theorem in model theory called Morley's theorem which says that if we have a countable first-order theory, so countable means it's only got a countable number of axioms and first order means it's in first-order logic which I'm not going to explain in detail, if we have a countable first-order theory it says if it is categorical in some uncountable cardinal, it is categorical in all uncountable cardinal. Uncountable cardinals. And you can see from the example of algebraically closed fields that this fails if we allow countable cardinals. So, um, algebraically closed fields are categorical uncountable cardinals because there's only one model up to isomorphism but they have lots and lots of different models in some countable cardinality. Morley's theorem was the beginning of a huge explosion of model theory. It's one of the most important and basic theorems of model theory. Rather sadly, Morley died just a few weeks before I made this video. Anyway, um, the fact that the theory of algebraically closed fields is categorical in some cardinality. So, if it's categorical in cardinality k, this implies the theory is complete. Um, it means you can decide the truth of any statement about um, algebraically closed fields of given characteristic, um, from the axioms, um, that's any first-order statement. Um, you may be a little bit puzzled about this if you've heard about Goedel's incompleteness theorem because Goedel's incompleteness theorem says that mathematical theories are incomplete. And here I'm claiming the theory of algebraically closed fields is complete. Well, if you look at Goedel's theorem a bit more closely, it says that a mathematical theory is incomplete if it can encode the natural numbers and it turns out the theory of algebraically closed fields can't actually encode the natural numbers. Um, I mean the natural numbers are contained in any algebraically closed field but you can't actually define them using the language of first-order fields. Anyway, if you want to find out more about that you need to check into a course on mathematical logic. I'm getting a little bit sidetracked. Anyway, let's get back to algebra. Um, so for Galois extension, if we looked at the Galois group, so I suppose we've got a transcendental extension, we can ask what about um, the group of all automorphisms of m over k. I'm going to denote this as the Galois group although I don't think it's really called the Galois group if it's a transcendental extension because Galois theory doesn't apply. And we can ask, do subgroups of this group have anything to do with extensions between k and m? Well, quite a lot. Um, so finite subgroups of the Galois group of m over k correspond one-to-one to extensions k contained in l contained in m with l contained in m Galois and finite. Um, in fact this statement is a more or less trivial consequence of Galois theory for finite extensions. I mean I said if you've got a finite group acting on an extension then the fixed points form a Galois extension and so on. So, so as long as you're only looking at extensions of finite co-dimension, you do indeed get a Galois correspondence. Um, for example, let's just look at the extension of the complex numbers contained in the complex numbers with one transcendental element. So you can think of this as being meromorphic functions on the Riemann sphere c union infinity, which you can also think of as being the projective plane, sorry the projective line, if you are an algebraic geometry. And if you've been to a Caughton complex analysis you know all the automorphisms of this extension. The automorphisms are just that tau to a tau plus b over c tau plus d. And this is the group pgl2 over c, where this is the projective general linear group. So that means you take all matrices a, b, c, d with a, d minus b, c not equal to 0 under multiplication and you're quotient out by the diagonal matrices. And this is a three-dimensional group of the complex numbers and it's very nice and well understood. And we can find all its finite subgroups. This was done by Felix Klein probably by other people. Incidentally if you want to know about this he's got a very nice book on this called The Icosahedron where he explains all this. Anyway the finite subgroups well up to isomorphism they're all cyclic or dihedral or they're the alternating group A4 or the symmetric group S4 or the alternating group A5 so these are orders 12, 24 and 60. And you may notice that these groups are the same as the finite groups of rotation in three-dimensional space. And that's not a coincidence because I mentioned that we have the Riemann sphere so well the Riemann sphere is a sphere so you can take any group of rotations of a sphere such as the icosahedral group that certainly acts on a sphere and this will also act on the Riemann sphere so we get each of these finite groups acts as a group of automorphisms on K of X. So for example we can find the complex numbers is contained in some field L which is contained in C of X where this quotient has degree 60 and is isomorphic to the icosahedral group A5 so you can indeed construct sub-extensions of transcendental extensions using a sort of variation of Galois theory. However in general we don't get a one-to-one correspondence and things can get very weird. So let's have a look at rational functions in two variables so this is transcendence degree two now for one variable what we were doing is we were looking at the projective line over the complex numbers which is automorphism group PGL2 of C and we saw this acted on the field of rational functions in one variable because this is just rational functions on the projective line in two variables we can do the same thing we can take the projective plane which is actually on my PGL3 of C that's 3 by 3 matrices modulo-diagonal matrices and this easily gives us automorphisms of the field of rational functions in two variables and if you think this is going to be the full automorphism group by analogy with this case then you are completely wrong because the automorphism group of CXY is much bigger than PGL3C it certainly contains PGL3 as a subgroup and how much bigger well this is actually infinite dimensional and it's quite easy to see it's infinite dimensional let me write down an infinite dimensional space of automorphisms we can map X to X and map Y to any given polynomial in X plus Y and the inverse of this maps X to X and it maps Y to Y minus this polynomial in X and the space of polynomials is infinite dimensional so already we've got an infinite dimensional abelian subgroup of this group and then we can there's nothing special about X and Y it's a trick with any two generators so this group is huge it's called the Cremona group and algebraic geometers have been studying it for well over a century and still haven't got it completely figured out we have at least figured out the finite subgroups rather Dolgachev and this Kovsky I hope this spells his name right found all the finite subgroups this was actually quite recent only about 10 years ago and this involves a fair amount of rather complicated algebraic geometry as far as I know the describing finite subgroups of larger purely transcendental extensions is wide open


I am very excited about today's video. I for years have enjoyed videos by Arthur Reader on YouTube. He's constantly bringing to light software that I was unaware of and hardware that I was unaware of. And I reached out to him and asked if he wanted to collab on a video. So enjoy this video on using high quality cameras as webcams. And afterwards be sure to check out his channel for my follow-up video on a similar topic. So I use my Canon M50 as my webcam. And as you can see, it is a good job integrating into like OBS. But I also use it in Zoom. I use it in Jitsie. I use it in Skype. I even use it on the web version of Discord when I need to. And though it's not perfect, it does have a pretty decent image quality. It's low resolution. I think it's like 540 pixels high. But it's almost nigh visibly lossless coming through the pipe. So it looks pretty clean. I shoot some of my videos this way where I just capture right to the camera like this. And I do all my video conferencing this way. I have a beautiful lens on my Canon M50 with the nice, you know, powerful depth of field and all that kind of stuff. This is the end result. And when you do your streams or your desktops or your video conferences, you too can have this quality if you have a supported camera. Let's dive into it. This is something that can come really handy for the project. And it's totally optional if you want to do longer form videos. You can actually get this thing. It's got a barrel jack on this side. And it shows up as a Canon battery on this side. Of course you have your barrel jack that goes into the battery pack and then the USB plug. You give it any cell phone charger power or whatever and it'll work. On the bottom of most modern cameras is a spot for it right here. Just kind of slide that in there. It plugs into the hole. And you can power the battery for as long as you need.  The great news is the software is free and open source and very likely already included into the repository of your Linux distribution. I'm running a Debian system and in Debian, they are definitely included. So the first one is G-Photo. G-Photo is kind of like the remote control interface for lots of different cameras. Now, this is where you got to start because you got to find out if your camera is supported by G-Photo. I'm running the Canon M50. So I'm going to do M50 and sure enough here we go. Canon EOS M50 image capture for taking pictures. Trigger capture. I don't remember what that is. Live view. That's the one that makes the difference in configuration, which is good. You can set modes and whatnot, but live view. That's the sweet stuff. If you got live view, you're in luck. The other module we're going to need is the video for Linux loopback. It's a module but installs under Debian at least as just pseudo after install video for Linux loopback. And once this is enabled, and I'll get to that in a minute. Once it's enabled, you can have this pipe video into a virtual webcam. I can't stress this enough. It doesn't do the audio. It just does the video. Again, we'll dive into that. And the last piece, of course, is FFM peg. I mean, this really doesn't need that much of an introduction. Everyone knows FFM peg is absolutely phenomenal. And one of the things it can do is it can take images or video or feeds, and then it knows how to pipe it into video for the next loopback. So we're going to grab the G photo to spit the video into FFM peg. And then FFM peg will pipe it into video for the next loopback. And then boom, a web camera. But how do we do it? So you got your hardware setup. Make sure your cameras plugged in. Make sure it's turned on. Make sure you got your USB connected to the port. And let's make sure our camera, in my case, the Canon M50 G photo to auto detect. And boom, the Canon EOS M50. All right. So the next part is we need to make sure our module is loaded. So sudo mod probe video for Linux to loopback. This thing's fighting me. Video for Linux to loopback. Exclusive. This is terrible. So we're going to drop this command in here. I'm going to go over what this command does. I usually script this out because I'm lazy. You can type it in by hand if you want. But I highly recommend making it alias or something. So obviously we're going to run as sudo because this is a module. Mod probe video for Linux loopback. Exclusive caps. As the way I understand this is exclusive caps adds a compatibility of some sort. I know that when I have that on programs like zoom and jitzy automatically recognize the camera. And if it's not in there, it's hit and miss. Max buffer was just kind of a buffer problem that I think was solved with that. Again, your camera may be different. Check the documentation. It's easy to get lost in the weeds, but it's totally worth it. So we start the module like that. Modules running. If for any reason you need to kill this module. Mod probe dash R video for Linux to loop back that destroys the module. So you're back to square one, but you get going again. Boom. Again, script it. It'll make your life so much easier. So now I'm going to run this other command, which I'm totally going to copy and paste because it's a doozy. It's a doozy. This is where we kind of bring it all together. You know that recognizes our camera. I'm going to case the M 50 standard output that says grab whatever we're grabbing and just send it along down into a pipe. Set config viewfinder one. So some cameras like mine have more than one viewfinder. Mine has the little eyepiece you look through.  And then it has to flip out screen viewfinder zero. The default is the tiny low resolution eyeballs pole and viewfinder one is the pop out screen. And we want to run the capture movie. So we're going to be capturing a succession of frames versus single frame frames. We have the pipe and we bring it into F F M peg. This is this is the best part here. This is where all the magic happens. F F M peg will grab the frames. Now, if you have an M 50 and similar cameras, you'll be in luck. It already actually outputs from the capture as a raw MJ peg directly from the camera. So no hardware encoding has to happen. If your camera is capturing like raw image files, you might have to change this V codec to MJ peg and then add a bit rate to it. I do threads once I don't want to go to haywire, but I'm not entirely sure if threads is affected by the copy. I'm not sure. Again, check the documentation, do your research and experiment. Now for the format video for Linux to we pipe to video to I usually do video to because sometimes I have to webcams on there. I have the built in webcam on the slap top. Sometimes I have my logitech and sometimes I'm using a capture card. So the downside of this technique is sometimes you run it and it's running the correct script and it still fails. And you have to run it a few times to make sure it's running correctly, which is really hard when you're first setting up. But once you build the script, you know, you run it, check it, run it. It's good. I usually set mine up at the beginning of my work day and let the camera just chill all day long. So we're going to run it. So far, it looks good. So I'm going to check it out with a brave browser. I'm going to use a brave browser to get over to Jitsie, my preferred video chat platform might work. It might not and looks like it works. Here we are. We're popping frames through. So there we are. It's simple as that. Things to keep in mind. This does not pull audio data. It is literally just pulling the raw MJ pegs, piping them through the USB 2.0. And that's it. No audio. So external microphones are your friends.  But you do have to make sure you have a separate audio source for your conferencing. And that is just the surface. We just barely scratched the surface of this technique. Hopefully this has been a helpful tutorial. Thank you for checking this out. And back on my page, Chris actually made a video follow up because realistically, I just barely scratched the surface of what can be done with cheap photo. There's some amazing things that can be done with that. So check that out. Link will be down below. Thanks again for watching. Visit my website FilmsByChris.com. And also check out his channel. Again, there will be links in the description. And have a great day.


A fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust to the heart of Ohio Silver, the lone ranger. The master rider of the planes brought many criminals to justice during his fight for law and order in the early years of the western United States. But he gained his greatest fame as a champion of right against might, of the weak against the strong. No man did more to make the frontiers safe for honest men and women. Return with us now to those thrilling days when the west was young. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver, the lone ranger rides again. Faithful Indian companion Tonto listened with interest to the old timer they had met on the trail outside Freeport. Yes sir old Jason was the unluckiest fellow there ever was. I mind him well. Before he left these parts we was right good friends. We were neighbors for a while. Which we have no idea what became of him. No more more horse here stranger never even heard his name mentioned the last few years to list business of the ranch come up a couple of months ago and if he's not found it goes to his nephew a fellow named Lang son of one of Jason's brothers you should meet him for a worthless shiftless downright ornery example of nothing at all he takes first prize. You mark my words that ranch is worth a hundred thousand if it's worth a penny and he'll have it drunk up inside the year you said Jason was unlucky what did you mean by that what to mean well stranger do you ever meet somebody that brought bad luck with him wherever he went without raising a hand I can't say that I have well then you should have known Jason that was him married three times and lived to bury every white he had had four young and buried them bought out a stage line just before the railroad come through sold out for a song and bought beef and lost every critter during a drought after that being broke he decided to prospect for gold and then he found a likely spot worked at it for six months just wouldn't give up had so much faith in it he almost starved to stay at it but finally he's seen where it wasn't no use he'd been just stubborn to no purpose so we haven't cleared out and that's happened to lots of men uh-huh but not like it did to Jason why two weeks after he pulled stakes another fellow come along took a couple of swipes for this pick where Jason had been digging an uncovered a vein that yielded half a million afford thinned out now tie that if you can I'm afraid I can't but that's just the half of it Jason weren't only unlucky to himself he was unlucky to everybody else if he stopped someplace overnight either the house burned down or sickness broke out in it coincidence of course now wonder Jason thought he brought bad luck yeah and that's why finally he just up and disappeared he couldn't stand it no longer reckon towards the last I was about the only fellow around here that have anything to do with him but he was like I should smile he was folks thought the world of him nobody figured he could help the way things turned out but they just couldn't risk being around him but you'd like to see him get the ranch wouldn't you sure would that'd be a piece of good luck reckon if he's still alive poor old Jason could use some and when is the deadline just one month from now if he ain't found but then well like I said that never you is inherits the place and folks around here'd rather see Jason get it and that young squirt bad luck or no you must have heard something of Jason after he left well yeah yeah I did heard he'd been seen at deadwood working at the mines but when I wrote to him there I got a letter back saying the fella he'd hired out to it gone bust soon after and Jason had drifted on so there you are deadwood how long ago was that let's see must have been about four years ago yep that's what was four years last spring I see well tell her we'll be on our way thanks old tamer sure that's all right but look here stranger yes what are you so interested in Jason for I don't think young Lang should get the ranch huh I'm as anxious as you for Jason to return in time to claim it you you mean we're going to find him come to the huh get him up come on over hi wait on that same day hundreds of miles from Freeport a wealthy rancher named Ashley was listening to a report from his foreman young Gil Heath and his sister Mary who own the neighboring ranch are standing beside him near the Ashley corral well that's what happened boy something must have been wrong with the coupling and cars both loose from the engine moved all the way down grade till they hit that sign and just pile up one on top of the other in the canyon there right now them cars ain't hardly good for kindling we've lost 500 head of prime stock or chairs you're uh-huh they've had nothing but bad luck for the past three months they're never going to stop another three months like a past three and I'll be clean burst I'm sorry boss but there's never been anything we could have helped well if you think we could have I think you'd like to work and forget it but I'm trying to try to see in your face around here you don't never show up listen you'll bring up bad news go and get it you've got things to keep you busy ain't you plenty and get out of it sure get up boy that word enough I I suppose I gotta listen to you a while and again a lot with it what do you got to say this time mr ashley you cheated us when you sold us our range right to you did I know but then where do you think you get off saying I cheated you you back that up mr ashley you and I weren't acquainted here when we bought from you that my fault no of course not but when you sold us that range you should have told us you still owned a strip of land between the range in the spring or at least you should let our cattle cross your land to reach water it's only right if they can't our land's worth nothing that's your tough luck take not a mind you gotta inquire into them things need water is simple as savvy a day you said it belongs to parkman and buy it we have to buy all the way to the hills he won't sell apart without selling all can't use it sure but then what's holding your back why the whole works you know very well we can't do that you knew it from the first how can we buy without money that's what you're planned on that's why gil said you cheated us you sold us a spring and range you never told us we couldn't reach the spring without crossing your property and now you want a car and now if you send your critters across that their strip you got to pay me a dollar a head that would you kick in the body we just can't pay it and then you'll tell you what I'll do what I'll give you your choice of two propositions now I'll admit a dollar a head the right steep price if you ain't got the cash well then of course you can't pay it so maybe I uh I could make it 50 cents a head instead you you shouldn't charge us a penny well that's one of my proposition take it or leave it here's the other I'll buy it back that land in spring I sold you I'll buy your cattle too only I'll buy at my own price what will you pay for everything mark stock and barrel I'll give you a five thousand but we pay there's no such an argument that's my price and I won't raise it a dollar and you can't get better from anybody else as long as I own that one strip of land your outfit ain't good to nobody but me so like I said before you can take it or leave it we won't take it well then if if we have to I'd rather give pager the 50 cents a head we could raise that much couldn't we give I guess but the awful flat afterwards Mary and it's still nothing but a hold up which you can't do nothing about as long as it can't afford to buy from parkman well I I guess we can't that's the way you would have been me I suppose doesn't seem as if there's anything you there hey yeah you can something wrong hello you've been working here about three months and why ain't I seen you around before why it was your foreman and hired me Mr Ashley you hired me to go along with some cows you were shipping to Denver then when I got back he sent me to a line camp reckon this is about the second time I've been around the ranch house what's your handle lonesome lonesome Jones folks call me that because I kind of stayed by myself you're lying what you know what your name is it's Jason Lang and don't deny it you think I ain't heard you described often enough Mr Ashley wait just just listen a second true my name's Lang I won't deny it but I had to take another name I've had such a sight of bad luck that you're the cause of mine I came here three months ago when it was just three months ago the things started going wrong around there just get off my plate Mr Ashley listen I ain't been able to hold a steady job in five years the bad luck you've had ain't my fault just just give me a chance and getting to be an old man I need the work if you fire me I don't know how long it'll be before I get another job why you I've done my work good ask your former fame and moves but Mr clear out of the county I won't have you anywhere as nearly if I hear you get to work close by so you can who do me again I'll come after you and run you out of the county myself now get you got twenty dollars coming Mr Ashley you'll cost me a hundred times that much already you mean he ain't gonna pay me that's just what I mean oh yeah I ain't got it died didn't I tell you the fair moves you know wait I'll show you don't kick him again take your hand off me I said don't kick him you tell him me what to do yes and here's what I think of it you bully you don't let him do it I want you cut me down now you pay for that come on get up on your feet I'll give you some more of what you asked for I don't fight where it ain't necessary Howard in here they you put it in they like and pay you off of that without reason to hand I suppose you can and well nothing you can do to me would make me stand by doing nothing while you beat up on a man almost twice your age here did he say your name is Jason Lang that's that's right mister but I'd rather you just call me lonesome lonesome Jones I'm used to it seems to fit better somehow all right lonesome you're coming with us huh you said you'd have a hard time finding work didn't show well we'll give you a word no no miss you couldn't do that I I wouldn't want to see you come to any harm and account of me I'll be all right nonsense of course you'll come with us go ahead climb up in the buggy there you can drive us home but you need one lonesome please well if you say I should only go going well ahead you know yourself for me maybe I won't have to pay you off myself no you're carrying your bad luck right along with you I'll take that chance and don't forget what's bad luck for one man may be good for another come Mary let's get home more than a month past during that time the lone ranger continued his search for Jason Lang one day just before noon he wrote into his camp near Dodd City and you get news I picked up Jason's trail again not good here's couch what you find out Jason was at Dodd City I'm certain of it only there he called himself lonesome Jones he worked for a company of drovers for a while until the market wiped them out him may keep bad luck it certainly seems like a chemist hobby Jason's build up quite a reputation for himself for old fellow it's not the kind of reputation that'll do many good map right well anyhow the former of a trail crew says he thought he saw Jason heading south toward New Mexico at least he saw and met a man answering Jason's description who called himself lonesome Jones not him all right I'm sure of it personally however I'm not at all sure that New Mexico was really his destination why you think that because he's been trying to disappear not to advertise himself moreover he's been in New Mexico before he'll most likely cut off in the trail and head someplace where he's unknown oh but anyhow we can trail him as far as the place he was seen last ready me ready and come get him up go the curtain falls on the first act of our lone ranger story before the next exciting scenes please permit us to pause for just a few moments now to continue our story several days went by while young gill he tried desperately to raise the money he would need to pay Ashley he finally succeeded and set out for Ashley's ranch house was late in the afternoon when he returned home Mary was dusting the furniture in the parlor and didn't take long gill not very is it all settled can we send the herd across tomorrow nope but I thought gill what's the matter a lot of skunk what they do changed his mind oh gill no yes he has now he says he won't take any kind of paid let the cattle cross buy us out but that's all but not for the price he offered the other day says he's thought it over all he'll give is three thousand oh that it's awful just his way of getting even you mean well for us taking lonesome in and me hitting him that's what's behind this it's just revenge I think he's horrible calling him names isn't going to help us but gill what can we do I don't know you think if I were to talk to him you'd get the same answer I did it's just a crook Mary that's all you can call him he's worked this game before game sure they told me about it when I was in town raising money you know how many times he's sold this place he sold before I'll say he has six times over every time the fools like us who were strangers in the district and didn't know any better oh I should have suspected something right at the first you're willing to sell too cheap I don't like him doesn't sell for the price we paid unless there's a good reason for it then then he is crooked sure that's what I said then he ought to be arrested for what getting the best of a slick bargain but we can try what could we do but soon and how far would we get he never came right out and told us we could use the spring we just took that for granted all we get from a judge would be sympathy and a lot that helps but yeah that means that means we'll most likely have to take him up take his three thousand that's better nothing how long can the cattle last like they are yes just till they rank up what gathered after the rains another week at the most and then and then they'll go thirsty yes unless we sell oh if we just had the money to buy that land for mr parkman then we wouldn't care no matter how mr ashley acted wishing for the moon sis oh well I suppose I am you sure are that'd be swell sure but we can't so let's not even think about it it just makes things worse I know and anyhow we've still got a week so how about postponing our worries till then huh of course kill I didn't mean that like a cry baby sure or not now house for something to eat well where's lonesome seen him around why he oh what's wrong it was in the kitchen cleaning his gear the door was open but now it's closed oh gilly must have heard everything we said gosh I don't find them you must he's so afraid he'll bring us bad luck he'll blame himself poor old fellow well hey what is it just look outside there hi lonesome hold on there wait a second oh you're leaving yeah I'm leaving and you ain't gonna stop me oh no you're not let go gill please get out of that set wait gosh darn it there that's better now then just where do you think you're going oh I had to know what you're going to leave for good huh well you're really well you're going to leave us without even saying goodbye well don't go and I I just ain't going to bring folks like you no more bad luck I'm a hoodoo that's what I am I'll bet if you hadn't took me in you'd have got out of this all right oh wait don't take fair I don't mind hoodoo and a pole cat like Ashley but you folks are different so I'm pulling state like fun you are lonesome you'll do nothing of the kind so now listen listen look here guys listen to me this hoodoo business you talk about is well it's just nonsense it's just been your bad luck that you've been around where things like this were happening you couldn't help it when you say you caused them you're just talking like an idiot yeah honest of course and we're not going to hear any more of that kind of talk now unsaddle and come back in the house gill miss mary yes you don't know how far I've traveled or or the way folks had treated me when they found out who I was I saw one sample of it mm-hmm Ashley well all weren't as bad as him but none of them was friendly you're truly the only ones to know my right name and and still want me around why shouldn't we we'd like to bless you both all I can say is I'd do anything in the world to help you even if I hanged for it but only a few days later the lone ranger in town will talk to the cowboy they've met not far from the Ashley wrench house you say you're Ashley's foreman and uh-huh that's how it happens I was the one to hire this fellow you're asking about Ashley blame me plenty for it too if I didn't need my job so bad I never mind that where's lonesome now deal with that young couple I told you about the last to herd the name is heat yeah my brother and sister come here from the east boys name is gill the sisters Mary he said they'd been having some kind of trouble with your boss trouble well I'd call it that anyhow they need water for their stock they can't get it Ashley's often will be prized with their place that ain't much better than stealing it he'd give them till tomorrow noon to take it or leave it and then yes well the way it looks from here they'll take it ain't much choice they don't sell Ashley they can't sell it nobody this man lonesome he said they knew his reputation when they hired them sure it did but it didn't phase them any at all I see thanks let's get going I suppose if I was to ask you tell me why you wanted to know about lonesome on any of my business I would that's not so that's strange you know keep your eyes and ears open the next few days and you may find out come on oh that same day just at dusk when gill he married and lonesome were eating supper they heard two horsemen right up to the house but who's that expecting anybody gill no no I wasn't I'd better see you and this isn't a whole lot you're the man they call lonesome Jones yes but what you're coming with me hey listen now come along let me go no you don't drop that gun I don't have any hands you're not first I'll see you later kill your hands it's all right Mary just numbed a little I'm going after that mask man no gill don't there's two of them there's an Indian with him I saw him gill you'll just get hurt but I can't they're they're gone you couldn't settle in time to catch the rotten crook you you recognize that mask man no but I didn't have to only Ashley had wanted to see lonesome harm Mary Ashley sent that sidewinder here just as sure as I'm a foot high out of sight of the ranch house the mask man explained everything to lonesome and when he had finished this this ain't a lie mister you ain't telling me this just to fool me no Jason I'm telling you the truth uh call me lonesome mister I'm more used to it very well lonesome you can see that neither talent or I would gain by telling you what wasn't true for that matter you can check soon enough yourself there's a telegraph at the fort send a message to free port you'll soon find out you're a wealthy man mister come on where to to that their fort good here I'll help you give me your hand thanks and if I find out what you told me so yes and I've got another place you can take me but there's time for that later come on tell this critter yours we want to travel come on tell her let's go get them on on the following day Ashley reigned in before the heat place dismounted walked up the steps to the porch wrapped on the front door happy you just mister Ashley Mary oh I hope it was wrong you do sir glad to see me also disappeared we've been hoping no he was talking to Ashley about it Mary he knows all about it knew before we did hey I don't say they don't understand that Ashley did you think we wouldn't know it was you sent that masked man after lonesome man what do you forget it you don't have to put up an act for us I'll just give you this warning you've harmed him you'll pay for it I'll get down to business at least I suppose you're here on business don't imagine you'd have the nerve to make us a friendly call I'm here to buy and you're wasting your time yeah don't get me wrong I ain't gonna keep making your office this is a lesson I happen to know you're in a spot where your kennel has got to reach the spring if you want to sell after the day you'll have to come to me and maybe I won't be of a mind to be so easy on you as I am now easy on us offering us three thousand maybe next time it'll be less there won't be any next time there won't be any this time we're not selling so get out you won't sell when you know you can't get water we would have sold if you hadn't sent that man after lonesome but now we won't we'll we'll give the place away first but you won't have to tell them folks look at here what do you get look at back what is it an option on parkman's land an option good for 90 days and that land is yours you won't need the spring you'll have all the water you can use lonesome did you get that option sure did girl but it's no good we can't buy you know that uh-huh but I can yes sherry I'm a rich man if you don't believe it just ask the mask man that well well don't go on he lit out already hey hold on wait lonesome what do you mean huh oh yeah sure I'm gonna buy it that their mask fellas been hunting me out just to tell me I inherited a ranch and cash fool you lies ain't gonna get down with me if you actually you can skedaddle you're all through you and your cricket game finished you sold this place to these folks cheap eh thinking you'd get it back still cheaper well you ain't and you're gonna have to stand the loss lay a hand on him and you'll get what I gave you the other time you recollect what I told you for that I'd do anything for you folks sure but I got my chance thanks to the mask man I'm buying that land from parkman giving it to you and you can pay me back whenever you feel like it oh we couldn't let you do that lonesome no you couldn't stop me I've been waiting most of a lifetime for this dog gone if I ain't brought somebody good luck at last I don't care what you have just heard is a copyrighted feature of the lone ranger incorporated


Ken Singleton, so great to see you. We expected to see you on opening day in Baltimore, but under very different circumstances. You're home, I'm home. We all miss baseball, including the Aggie players, and some of them have chimed in on social media, and I'm gonna read you something that Aaron Judge posted this morning on his Twitter account. Says Aaron Judge, missing baseball and that opening day excitement. We will be back before we know it. Stay home and stay safe. Kenny, in light that this would have been opening day, I wanna get your most awesome opening day memories. Do you have one? Well, yeah, I have a couple, and I think they're both very interesting. The opening day, 1981, I was with the Baltimore Orioles, of course, we were playing at home against the Kansas City Royals. Every player wants to get off to a great start, particularly an opening day and just go from there. My first swing of the season was a home run. You have, we won that game, and actually for the month of April, I hit 472. Now the last day of April, if I had gotten two hits, I would hit 500 for the month. I ended up hitting a home run, but I went one from four. And the writers after the game said, if you needed one more hit, you would have hit 500 for the month. I said, how come you guys are telling me this now after the game? Yeah, I was gonna ask, did you know that going in? No, I didn't, but I was so hot at the time. I could have got another hit if I wanted to, but it didn't happen. I went one from four, maybe I got too excited with the home run. And there was one other opening day. It was at home again in Baltimore and we were playing the Chicago White Sox. Now, you know, the weather isn't always great on opening day, but this particular year in Baltimore, it was like 74 degrees, it was a beautiful day. And fans showed up in short sleeves in summer clothes. And by the seventh inning of the game, it was snowing. A front came through. I could see it off in the distance, these dark clouds and the temperature just dropped unbelievably. And snow flurry started coming out of the sky. People got caught with short sleeves. A lot of people went home. Fortunately, we won that game too. So just two different sort of things on opening day, but those are my, those are some good memories from years gone by. Definitely a win-win there. Good job, Kimmy. And you know, looking at the current day situation and really for every season, how important is it to get off to a fine start? Win on opening day? Well, most teams would like to do so. I wouldn't say it's paramount because teams have rallied and come on. You saw the Nationals last year. They were just terrible. I think they were 19 and 31, almost fired their manager, David Martinez, and they ended up winning the World Series. So I think that you'd like to get off to a good start. Everybody feels good. Your home fans feel good when the team is out there, either first or second place and not far out of first if you're in second. And things are going well. You'd like to see your top pitchers rolling. Your good hitters get going, but that doesn't always happen that way. So it's a, fortunately, it's a long, long season and teams have plenty of time to rectify a semi-poor start. Your second career, just as fantastic as your first, of course, in the booth as a broadcaster. So it's only natural I'm going to ask, do you have a favorite opening day as a broadcaster? I think I'll go all the way back to the beginning. My first year broadcasting a ball game on opening day, I was working with Tommy Hut and I was doing expose games at the time, TSN. You're well aware of TSN. And we were in the field in Chicago and my first ever interview was Harry Carrick, the legendary Hall of Fame broadcaster. It was a pregame interview. I was only supposed to be on for five minutes, but Harry kept going and going and going and producers said in my ear, just keep it going. We'll chop it up later. This is fantastic stuff. And Harry was just wonderful. He went on about opening day, how magnificent it was. Even though it's a little chilly here in Chicago, the ballpark's going to be packed. Baseball goes on from year to year to year. You know, players come and go, but baseball's here. He said one thing he did say, I was with the St. Louis Cardinals for 24 years. I thought they'd give me a gold watch. They gave me a pink slip instead. But Harry, of course, he went from St. Louis to Chicago where it just fortified his legend as a Hall of Fame broadcaster. And what's your runner up opening day as a broadcaster? Ooh, let's see. Anyone at Yankee Stadium, the atmosphere at Yankee Stadium is electric, as you know. Having been there, usually, yes, is all over opening day at Yankee Stadium as we would have been this year. It might be a little late, but eventually, hopefully it shows up. I just think this will be my 24th year with the Yankees. We've had a winning record every year, every year. And 19 years of the yes has been around. It's been phenomenal. I can't explain how good I feel about being able to go back to my roots, I grew up in New York, even though I played for the match briefly, but that was just a blip. But being mostly an Oriole and a division rival with the Yankees now getting a chance to return home where it all started to me. I know we're going through tough times in New York right now. And it means a lot to me. That's the city, if it wasn't for New York, let me put it this way. If it wasn't for New York and the New York area, I wouldn't be who I am or where I am right now today. It's just how much it means to me. Will you always consider yourself a New Yorker? Yeah, I will, even though I live in Maryland, my wife and kids have all grown up in Maryland. I've lived in Maryland for about 40 years, but I tell people when I go up to New York, I don't get lost, I know where I'm going. I just, it's like deja vu and it takes me back to earlier times in my life and back to my youth. And now I spend a lot more time in Florida because it's warmer. Yeah. Get to play a lot more golf and that sort of thing. But the different stages of your life mean a lot to you and that New Yorker will always be very, very special. Well, the story of Yes Network can't be told without you. We're very grateful and you've got the best stories. I want to ask you one more time to share another. Some of the guys wanted to be about Earl Weaver. What do you think? There's stories I can tell about him. There's stories I can't tell about him, but Earl was a stickler. He was the best manager I ever played for. I know he was rough around the edges back in the days when there weren't as many cameras or microphones around and he could be very profane.  If you make mistakes, he was going to be all over your case, you know, and I'm going to bring up one where I dropped the fly ball in Chicago and easy fly ball that I came back to the dugout. The White Sox didn't even score. So I felt really good about it because they wouldn't score some under and runs because of my, you know, miss Q and E out for you.  I felt pretty good. I got by. Here comes Earl walking down to the dugout and he looks at me and I'm sitting down and, you know, he wasn't very tall. So we were almost eye to eye. He looks at me and he says, what's going on out there?  He didn't say it that way. And I said, Earl, I have no excuse. I just dropped the ball and it just, it just happened. And I said, they didn't even score. He said, that's not the point. You don't want to look bad in front of 30,000 people.  And then he started to get on me a little bit more. I said, Earl, look, I got to hit the center. You know, why don't you just leave me the, what alone? And he thought about it and he said, oh yeah. He thought, I can see him thinking, hitting is important for this guy. You go ahead, go up and hit, and he never mentioned it again. And that's just the type of guy he was. If he would yell at you, but if he thought you could help him win a game, you were in the lineup. He held no grudges. He just wanted to make his point at that time. And, you know, there are other managers that I played for. I think they did hold grudges against players. But Earl wasn't like that. He knew that winning was paramount. He, the umpires hated him and he hated them. It was just, it was just one of those things.  But this was like a once a week thing. You know, this, he got thrown out of 91 games. That's an American League record. And he says it should have been even more because he got thrown out of games before they started. So they didn't, they didn't count on his ledger of being thrown out of a game. So he was, he was very unique. Managers aren't like that now. You just couldn't be. They are more of the Aaron Boone type, you know, that, you know, very good in front of the camera. Of course, Aaron was a broadcaster and they know how to relate to people. Earl didn't always, he related to people, but not in the way they wanted. Thank you so much, Kenny. I look forward to our next visit. I'm so happy to have seen you.  Take care of yourself and your family until next time. And until we have baseball, see you soon. Be safe, Nancy. Be safe.