Okay, everyone. Welcome back to the final little chapter of our conference here. Yeah. All right. I want to thank Kourt, if you guys haven't met him, out there at the table with Fibonacci Saponier. He's making a special shampoo for float tanks. See if you haven't talked to him about that. You definitely should because that's pretty interesting and awesome. Next up for you guys, we have Fred Collie, a Portland local here who is an expert microbiologist who has been kind enough to kind of study up on some of the things that we as an industry are interested in, like hydrogen peroxide and those type of things. And it's here to give you a presentation and we've also built in a good amount of time for a lot of questions from you guys because I know it's a real just big hazy area for all of us in the float tank industry with so little to go on and so little to look towards for resources on that sort of thing. I don't believe he's done a lot of dealings with the health department specifically so any questions about bureaucracy and that kind of process is probably not going to be exactly what we're hoping to address here. More just like actual questions about the chemistry of water and sanitation. So I will pass it off to Fred. Thank you. Well it's been a very interesting weekend and thank you Ashkan for inviting me. Let me tell you a little bit about my own background to kind of orient you. In 1969 I had just finished an NIH postdoctoral fellowship at Louisiana State University Medical School in Tropical Medicine and I was hired by the University of California Medical School in San Francisco and they sent me to Kuala Lumpur Malaysia where I did research on malaria and other parasitic organisms mostly in animals from the tropical rainforest. And the 60s a lot of you are too young to remember but I certainly remember vividly was a time of great cultural change. There were a lot of things going on. The Vietnam War was raging. The women's movement was just getting started. Civil rights. The assassinations. But there was also positive things that we had the Beatles and so forth. And all you need is love. So that was the time that I left the country and went overseas and I had already gotten interested in some things like yoga. I took BKS's classic book Light on Yoga with me. I engard come to this country and I think it was 1964 or 5 and taught yoga at the Ann Arbor YMCA. And so I was interested in yoga and started to practice it. And also when I went to Malaysia I took John Lilly's book The Center of the Cyclone. And I read that. It was very fascinating. But the thing that impressed me the most about Lilly was that his attitude toward research. He had been doing research on dolphins and he came to the conclusion that dolphins were so highly evolved that it was unethical to do research on them anymore. And he said if you're going to do research do it on yourself. And that was when he developed the sensory isolation tank. So I came back to the United States and 75 came up to Oregon. After a few years got a job at Western States Chiropractic College and I taught clinical microbiology, public health and a few other things there. For the next 25 years. So some are retired now but I'm still working for an environmental laboratory as the director of their microbiology department. So I've had lots of experience with inspections from Oregon State and with OSHA. And believe me those inspections are not easy. They last for two or three days. They have people come in and go through all the records and so on and so forth. So I know a bit about that. And so here 40 years have passed and all of a sudden I get a call from Ashconn and he wants to know if I'd be interested in coming and speaking to you at this conference. So I remembered Lilly's work and I went down and talked to him. I liked to set up and so I agreed to come. And I don't know how much of what I say will be relevant to you but it's late in the afternoon at least maybe I can entertain you a bit. So let's begin and we can look at the origins of microbiology and here we see early microbiologists and of course this is a joke but at one time there was no knowledge whatsoever of microorganisms. But there was an epidemic. The learned doctors would say it was due to a volcano exploding somewhere or perhaps the movement of the stars. But for the common people it was usually attributed to evil spirits, spells and so on and so forth. And that changed with the advent of this man. Here you see hysteria across the centuries, the pleasant face of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. And from this name you can tell he was a Dutchman. And he was not a scientist but a fabrics merchant in the town of Delfton, Holland. This was in the mid 17th century, the great new Renaissance, the end of the Renaissance. And he was interested in the quality of fabrics. The Dutch made a lot of fine lace and so he started experimenting with lenses so he could count the fibers and determine the quality of the product. And here's an actual photograph of a Leeuwenhoek microscope.  And then you can see that little screw apparatus on the left picture and at the end of the pin he would put a drop of whatever it was he was looking at. And this man had an inexhaustible curiosity. He looked at his own blood, he looked at seamen, he looked at material to scrape from his mouth. And one day he looked at something and one historian described it was like he opened the door to a curiosity shop that had been closed since the beginning of time. He looked at a drop of water from a mud puddle. And in it he saw microorganisms. First man in history to do so. So here's an illustration of Leeuwenhoek looking through his microscope and you can see that the light for the illumination was the sun. He's looking through the window. A candle simply wasn't strong enough. And so for the next 50 years he wrote letters to the Royal Society of London describing the things that he had seen. So he saw the first protozoa and the first bacteria. Then as we move along we can see the evolution of medicine. And this horrific photograph is a painting that shows a very common procedure, the most common surgical procedure of its time, amputation of a man's leg. And they would get these rough men off the street the whole demand down. The surgeon was trained to amputate the leg as fast as possible because this was the era before anesthesia. Up in the left-hand corner of the spectators you can see an African man was brought in to show them the wonders of western science and look at the horrified expression on his face. The surgeon would complete this operation as fast as in 30 seconds.  The reason they did this was that if you had gangrene set in on a limb it would spread through their person's body and they would succumb. So it was a common surgical procedure. Now this changed gradually. In the mid-19th century we see for the first time the Hungarian physician Ignat Summelweis ordering his medical students to wash their hands before they delivered babies in the maternity ward. And you can see the cleaning lady over there looking somewhat skeptically at the doctor and he found that soap and water wasn't sufficient. You had to use chlorinated lime. And these doctors were going into an autopsy room where women had died in childbirth from childbed fever, doing an autopsy on the patient, and then coming back and delivering babies without washing their hands. Notice that no one wears gowns. So there was no concept of the transmission of infectious diseases. And even after Levenok had seen bacteria very few people were aware that such things existed. The real change came with Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was a skilled chemist. He was not a medical doctor. He was a PhD and a crystallographer, but had a very brilliant mind. And he was asked by a manufacturer, a beet juice, to determine why his product was contaminated and turning sour. And he also worked with souring wine.  And for a man of his intelligence, it was a simple step to conclude that if wine could become infected with microorganisms, so could the human body. And the putrefaction that one so commonly saw in gangrene was likely to be from these organisms. And then you proved that was true in a series of brilliant experiments. The other towering genius of this period, they were contemporaries with Robert Koch in Germany. The Germans were leaders in science at that time. And Koch was working in a very isolated rural area, but worked out the life cycle of anthrax and determined it was due to spores in the soil. And then went on to discover the cause of tuberculosis, which was ravaging Europe at that time. Koch and Pasteur disliked each other intensely. They were both nationalists. Joseph Lister got them together at a scientific conference at one point and got them to shake hands, and that was the height of their relationship. They never collaborated. So this is Joseph Lister, who was a Scottish surgeon. Everybody has heard of Lister. He's been immortalized by Listerine. And here we see one of the great turning points in the history of microbiology.  That is, the bone was protruding through the skin. In every case, up to now, Lister would have amputated the limb because of the threat of gangrene. But he had had a paper given to him written by a man named Pasteur who suggested that there were infectious particles in the air that caused gangrene. This made sense to Lister. So instead of cutting the boy's leg off, he set the bone and then swabbed down the whole area with carbolyic acid, a phenolic compound, like lysol. It put tinfoil over it to keep it from evaporating, bandaged it up, came back the next morning almost sick with anxiety, took off the bandage and to his delight, there was no sign of infection. So the rest of his life, this is what he did research on, was sterile technique. Now the reason I'm bringing up these figures is that some people forget that diseases everywhere, microorganisms everywhere, I always like Lister's comment to his students. You cannot see bacteria, they are invisible. You have to see them with your mind's eye. And that's good advice for everyone, especially for people that are working with the general public and dealing with things like flotation tanks. We'll come back to that more later. The last thing is Paul Ehrlich, another one of the great German scientists who was a master of the side chain theory. He came up with that hypothesis. And here he is his first positive work with his Japanese assistant, Salversand 606, the first effective treatment for syphilis in 500 years. And so this set the whole era of disinfection. It changed surgery and medical practice forever. This was around 1900. This was over 200 years ago, and so microbiology is very, very well established now. Now, one of the consequences of the discovery of microorganisms was the fact that they were airborne and waterborne. And one of the big problems in the early development of cities was contamination of water. In England, drinking water was pumped directly from the contaminated Thames River, and there was continual problems with cholera outbreaks. And the same thing occurred in cities all over the world. So this is a famous illustration, Death at the Pump. Here's one of my favorites, Bellevue Hospital, a newspaper illustrator's drawing from the late 19th century, with the rats crawling all over the patients. And what I've heard Bellevue Hospital probably hasn't changed too much in that time. And then Hell's Kitchen in New York City. So this is the Lower East Side. If you saw the film The Gangs of New York, that was a pretty accurate depiction of what was going on, although they didn't describe the open privies and the courtyards, the smells, and the infant diarrhea that swept through every summer and killed thousands upon thousands of babies. Groucho Marx grew up in this part of New York, and he said the only reason that his family didn't contract tuberculosis was that they were too poor to buy milk. And milk was one of the common vehicles of tuberculosis, bovine tuberculosis. So things began to change in the early 20th century, around 1910 I would say to be specific. And we had what has been described as the gospel of sanitation. America was on the rise. The Civil War was over. It was the beginning of the construction of the great cities like New York and Chicago. And people had become aware of the importance of sanitation. And screens went up in houses to keep houseflies out. Toilet paper made the scene for the first time no longer the serious catalog. And it was the beginning of the American Public Health Association, which at that time we were way behind Europe as far as public health. And Charles Dickens had written about the plight of the poor, you know, 50 years before. And America was just catching up. And so many of the establishment of many public health organizations occurred at this time. Massachusetts led with the first state health department. And then everyone else followed. Now when I worked for Western States Chiropractic College and now the University of Western States, we became very heavily involved in public health. And one of the reasons is the American Public Health Association is very influential. It's the largest public health association in the world now. If you go to one of their big meetings in Washington, D.C. or New York, there may be 10,000 delegates show up. How would you like to organize that, Oshkan? And when I first went, Chiropractic was really looked down upon, but the Chiropractors did the right thing. They started putting on scientific presentations as a special interest group. And they jumped through all the hoops. They proved that they had an excellent educational system. It was actually dictated by the Department of Education. And in 1995, we achieved full-section status with the American Public Health Association at the meeting in San Diego. So I was involved in that. And I've met many public health workers. And I could give you a little advice in dealing with health departments. These are all educated people. They're scientists. They're logical. They're altruistic. Most of them are very nice people.  The problems come when you look upon somebody as your enemy and try to pull fast when on something that never works. Now, I want to say something else about epidemiology. This is the science of public health, and this is the keeping of statistics. This is a little rhyme from Rudyard Kipling, who was in his early years a newspaper correspondent. But it very neatly sums up the attitude of the epidemiologist. You learn everything about your subject. You apply statistics. You keep records. And so forth. Let's look a little bit at transmission of bacterial infections in the workplace. This is a very simple illustration called the Triad of Disease. And I think in the case of public health and with flotation tanks, we don't need to concern ourselves with a vector. That would be something like a mosquito or a tick. Let's hope that doesn't happen. But we have an infectious agent. We have the host, which is you or your client. And we have the environmental conditions that bring them together. So they come into your establishment. And this is a triad you don't want to see. You don't want your client to come in and then claim later that they picked up an infection when they were floating or somewhere else on the premises. So we'll address that a little bit as I move along here. Okay. So this picture, when it came out in the 1950s, astounded everybody. It was one of the first pictures taken with a strobe flash. And it shows droplet nuclei. They become lighter and they float into the air. So if I were to sneeze and didn't cover my mouth, the particles could float from me all the way to the back row of this auditorium. Studies have shown they can float about 30 meters before they land. And this is why closed places like classrooms are good places to spread disease in wintertime when there's flu and colds going around. And also gives you some idea of transmission elsewhere in the workplace, as many possibilities. Now let's look at the structure of the skin, which I think should be of interest to you. We've already talked about the absorption of magnesium sulfate through the skin. I'm a little skeptical of that just because I haven't seen any really conclusive studies. One thing I can say about the skin is if you look at that top layer, that is the stratum corneum, otherwise known as the horny layer of the skin. And that is a very tightly knit layer of cells. And the upper layer of it are dead cells, completely dead. And the living epidermal cells are underneath that and they're continually moving up.  And there's also lipids there which keep this layer kind of flexible and impervious to water. So if you have someone that is floating, whether it's in one of your tanks or in a swimming pool, they're not going to become waterlogged from floating for long periods of time because you've got a pretty impervious layer here. Now some things will move through that layer fairly easily. If we had a skin like an elephant, nothing would get through it, but you would lose a lot of your flexibility. And there's continually sloughing off of those outer cells. So when someone is in the flotation tank, they're going to be losing cells in that tank. Now there's something else about the skin and that's the normal bacterial flora. And there's actually been studies done on the ecology of the skin and it varies a lot. The palms of your hand are like the arid wastes of the desert compared to the rainforest of the armpits or the groin. And so you've got a huge amount of bacteria in the armpits but not on the hands and so forth. And these bacteria are continually sloughing off.  How long is it before they regain their normal numbers after a shower? About 15 minutes. You'll have as many bacteria as before the shower. What do deodorant soaps do? Like Life Boy or Irish Spring and that sort of stuff. Well we've got a chemical in there that will convert the bacteria in your armpit from gram positive to gram negative. There's just as many bacteria there but they don't produce the same malodorous end product. So one of the common organisms that lives on the surface of the skin is Staphylococcus aureus. Now this is not always a pathogenic organism. It doesn't always cause infection. But there are some strains that do cause infection and they can be transmitted to persons that are vulnerable. So here's some of the Staphylococcal skin infection. And suppose this person, you know you're dealing with a general public, suppose they show up for their float and they have this appearance. So what do you do? Turn them away? There's a good question. Come back when this is over or maybe it's just a little one and you can barely see it. So you say, okay here take this bottle of Vaseline, put some Vaseline on there and that will keep it from stinging when you're in the tub because those salts are going to sting it.  The next person that comes in uses the Vaseline, puts it on their fingers where they've got a low abrasion and the next thing they've got a Staph infection that was transmitted from the Vaseline. So this is what I mean by being aware and there's more ways to be aware than just laying in a hot tub. So you have to see these things with your mind's eye and kind of make decisions. Here's another condition that's very common, common skin condition probably in the United States, about one to two percent of the public has it, psoriasis. Psoriasis is a classic scaling disorder, they have silvery scales and sometimes it comes and goes, sometimes there's inflammation, even skin cracking and one thing about psoriasis patients is that they're always looking around for something to help their condition and I wouldn't be surprised if people with psoriasis showed up and wanted to see if magnesium sulfate will help them improve. Now they're not going to transmit any bacteria from their condition but there will be a lot of cells sloughing off into the water and we'll come to what to do about that in a minute. Now there's one other thing about showering and that is I read in reading up on these issues I saw that surgeons who are going to do some kind of delicate surgery used to take showers before they would gown up but they don't do that anymore because they showed that the shower loosens off the grafts of bacteria that are then easily shed into the environment where the surgeon's working. So that's an issue also. So what do we do about these things? Now a water filter will remove organic material including epithelial cells and the organic material might include skin lotions and things like that and so that's one thing that can be done. Another thing that I wanted to comment on is that inside of your float tank you have the ceiling and you may have some seams in there and someone told me that there's a heater that kind of keeps the moisture from accumulating but even if you get a little bit of moisture it's very common to have biofilms start to form.  They get their energy from iron in the water and then they produce a kind of a slimy coat and that will accumulate other organisms and it gets thicker and thicker and it may be a problem in industry. So that's something else to consider. Notice that this slide is from the Center for Biofilm Engineering at Montana State University in Bozeman. So if you want to check that site it will give you all kinds of information on biofilms and their formation. So my advice is that when you're doing your routine cleaning of your tanks to make sure that you use some good household cleaner I kind of like crud cleaner. It has a citrus base and it's biodegradable, not harmful and just clean all of the surfaces routinely and then make a record of it and you won't have any problem. Now what about halophilic bacteria? Halophilic bacteria mean those bacteria that are salt lovers, literally. Salt loving bacteria. The Dead Sea isn't exactly dead nor is the Great Salt Lake. There are halophilic bacteria that live in there that have adapted to life in an extremely salty environment. So here you see someone floating. You wouldn't see this in one of your tanks because there's no light but otherwise it's about the same thing. In the Dead Sea, by the way, they have a big spa business of people that are being treated for psoriasis because the combination of soaking in the salty water and exposure to extreme sunlight helps psoriasis go into remission sometimes for as long as six months. So what's the probability of having halophilic bacteria develop in your float tank? I think it's very slight, especially the way these tanks are maintained. We'll come to that in a minute. This just shows some of the adaptive changes in proteins. You can see on the right there the halophilic bacteria have entirely different surface protein structure than the ones on the left, which are normal bacteria. And there is osmosis going on here. These halophilic bacteria actually have to have high salt content to live.  So what is osmosis? This is an example that anyone can understand. You go from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration through a membrane. So when bacteria from your client's body go into the epsin salt solution, they're going to be immediately killed by osmosis. Now, in addition to that, we have another adjunct, and that is ultraviolet light. And ultraviolet light is used in combination with hydrogen peroxide. We'll come back to that in a minute. What does ultraviolet light do? Ultraviolet light damages and actually destroys DNA. So you can see the UV light coming in from the upper left there. And the consequence afterwards is the broken chromosomes. This is also the etiology of skin cancer. If you're overexposed to ultraviolet light, you will develop cancers because of this very thing. And it's also a bacteria susceptible. But not equally susceptible. The most susceptible bacteria would be the ones that live in your intestinal tract and are never exposed to the light of day. The ones that are resistant are bacteria that live out in the sunlight. And then we come to hydrogen peroxide. You see this is a very simple molecule related to water, except that it has an extra oxygen. And when that's broken off, it's a reactive oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is a very interesting chemical. It's been around since early in probably the 20th century. And the first use of hydrogen peroxide was to bleach straw hats, which were very popular at that time. And then as time went on, there were many other uses. So we see the cellular effect of hydrogen peroxide. It oxidizes the cell. Down here it stops the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation. And it stops amino acid biosynthesis. And in short, they cells die very quickly. Hydrogen peroxide exists and is sold in different concentrations. We have less than eight concentrations. If you go in the grocery store, you can get 3% hydrogen peroxide. It's an excellent disinfectant. It's sometimes recommended for people that are having periodontal surgery recovery because it keeps the bacteria from growing in the surgical areas in their mouth. It's hydrogen peroxide put in toothpaste sometimes. It's a tooth whitener. And then at higher concentrations, you can see that the health hazards start to increase. And when you get 20 to 52, the health hazards are about three and remain at that point. Hydrogen peroxide is very caustic at high concentrations. And I understand that you use it in a tank disinfection at about 35%, which is very high. One thing I can say as far as the microbial aspects of hydrogen peroxide is that it's one of the few chemicals that will reliably kill bacterial spores. Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. And there's only a few chemicals like formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde, iodine very weakly, but hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide has been used for decades to sterilize dialysis units and heart-lung machines. The only downside of that is it's corrosive to metals and even plastic with long exposure. So they always have to do surveillance to make sure those parts aren't being damaged. In really high concentrations, hydrogen peroxide has been used as a rocket propellant. The Russians still use it as a propellant for submarines. But it can be explosive in those high concentrations. Now, importance of record keeping, I really was going to comment on this, but after Graham's talk I really was kind of blown away by that. In my business, we keep meticulous records. We have to have a log for the autoclave and a log for the incubator for the bacteria. We have to record all of the expiration dates of our media. And these temperature logs have to be done every day, dated, initialed. And then when the inspectors from the state come in, they go over that with a fine-tooth comb. So my advice in a situation like yours is to keep these records. The DEQ likes to have their records kept in a loose leaf notebook, so when you come in they just hand them the notebook and here it is and they can flip through the pages and see that you've done everything properly. If you don't keep the records properly and you fake it, that's what we call in my business dry-labbing. And that's a bad thing and ultimately will backfire on you. So record keeping and communication is really important. And I think having an organization like this in a conference like this is the best thing you can do to improve the status of your business and organization. Really one last thing. Here's this quotation by Moshe Feldenkreis. I always admired Moshe Feldenkreis's work. He was the originator of somatic body remodeling. And he was a judo practitioner. I also practiced and coached judo for many years. And he was a soccer player and I also did that. So I think this is a good way to end my talk. And I'll open it up for any questions and if I can answer the question, maybe somebody in the audience can. Okay, how's our time going? Thank you, Fred. Yeah, does anybody have a question? Yeah. So how are these chemicals possibly different in the high salt setting, specifically bromine and chlorine and hydrogen peroxide? Yeah, I have an article here that I got online. Hydrogen peroxide is a disinfectant and I have their website if anyone was interested and they mentioned here without going into a lot of detail that there are many permutations. And it changed the pH and that will change the properties of hydrogen peroxide. One thing that's commonly done in hospitals is to mix hydrogen peroxide with parasitic acid. And parasitic acid is simply adding a acidic acid to hydrogen peroxide and then you mix the two together and that's what's actually used in the disinfection of dialysis units. But it would depend upon the situation that certainly has manipulated. What is the website? It's www.lentech.com, L-E-N-N-T-E-C-H. And it's quite interesting, the characteristics of hydrogen peroxide, the corrosiveness, the destruction, how is it produced, how is it transported and stored, applications, how does disinfection work, drinking water disinfection, swimming pool disinfection, cooling towers, does hydrogen peroxide remove chlorine? And the answer is yes, it can be used for dechlorination and so forth. That's a good... And what about the actual testing of these different things? Testing for hydrogen peroxide, can we rely on this sort of testing equipment that's made for regular water in such a crazy solution? I think for the answer to that you have to go to some of the sites that give information on testing for swimming pools. And there was probably many of you are familiar with the site called AskAllan.com and he's a swimming pool guru and he also answers questions on flotation tanks and you could write to him and ask him some of these things. But I'm not really in the business of doing this kind of testing. You want to E. coli? I'll give you E. coli. Yeah, right. What do you think of ozone as a sterilization? Ozone has replaced chlorination in many places. I think Los Angeles uses it now. Sterilization and disinfection are two different terms. Disinfection means destruction of the most pathogenic organism. Sterilization is an absolute term and generally we only use sterilization in the case where there's absolutely no microorganism detected. So an autoclave or hydrogen peroxide would result in sterilization. Ozone probably not. And then do you have the one thing that's thrown out about ozone with float tanks is the fact that it's an enclosed chamber? Any thoughts on like ozone gas being created and potential problems with the enclosed aspects of float tanks? I've heard ozone and bromine I don't know from personal experience but have a slight odor. I was telling someone earlier that I go to a gym where there's a spa and they have, I mentioned that earlier in the talk, I was talking to the manager about how they treat the water in their hot tub. And he said they have a device and I can't remember the name of it right now but it was, they put salt water in their tub and this device breaks the sodium chloride down into sodium and chloride and the chloride then acts as a disinfectant but you don't get chloramines produced so there's no odor.  You were back there? Well, like some bacteria or halophilic there's other bacteria that are acidophilic and the most acidophilic organisms are fungi so if there's an acid environment you often will get fungus growing. Most bacteria wouldn't grow on that. You might get bacteria in a bog and that's kind of like the Dead Sea where you have a really extreme environment and organisms have evolved to live in that environment but you're not going to get those in a flotation center. I would think so. I think from what I know about flotation tanks the high cell concentration it's really overkill with this UV light and filtration and hydrogen peroxide that it's really a very sanitary setup. However, in reading through Ask Allen's advice to clients there were some situations where someone said oh my flotation tank I've been using it for a couple of years now and started to smell bad and that means where there's smoke there's fire something's growing in there. Benjamin? Yes. You could get the biofilm just above the water line or you could get it higher than that if there's any moisture at all they won't move into it. Well, you just have to go in and clean it physically periodically because it'll always come back. That's what we see commonly in my lab because they do a lot of drinking water as this will show up in somebody's well water. So what do you do? If you've got iron vector in your well water your water starts to have a metallic taste. Well, we advise them to take a gallon of bleach pour it in the well, leave it overnight run the water the next day until there's absolutely no order of bleach and then your problem's gone until the next time. And usually we see iron bacteria about this time of year because it's the warmest time of the year and they've had a chance to grow all summer but all of these wells along the Columbia River are full of iron bacteria. We've done many tests on them over the years. Yes? Get the biofilm. That's unlikely that there would be a biofilm on the bottom of the tank because of the... that's where you have the high concentration of epsom salts but it's going to be above that level where you don't get the salts. Yes? I don't remember reading that but I wouldn't be surprised. Hydrogen peroxide easily breaks apart and so UV light might have an effect on it. I really don't know. I wanted to say something too about the absorption through the skin. I remember this is a kind of funny story. There's a kind of a folktale in Denmark that if you stick your feet in a bucket of vodka you will get drunk. And a couple of graduate students in Copenhagen actually did a test where they did that. They stuck their feet in a tub full of vodka for an hour or an hour and a half and then they drew their blood and looked for blood alcohol there wasn't any. So a waste of vodka. Or maybe not. Yes? Well, if it got into the tank there's no problem because the bacteria wouldn't... this guy could go in the tank without putting any Vaseline on the skin and the bacteria would be killed. It would probably sting like heck though. Yeah, up here? Well, I think these... she's asking about cleaning the floors and the bathrooms and that's a good point. I was going to mention that and that's where I had that sign about wash your hands. I think in your business you want to keep the place to sparkling clean and probably clean at every morning the first person that's there and maybe even more than once a day make sure that the bathrooms are clean, the floors are clean and I really like these citrus based cleaners because they're biodegradable they don't have much of an odor it's kind of an orange peel odor and they're very effective and that's all you need to do but somebody has to do it. And there are a lot of people that don't like to clean toilets can you believe that? The brand of cleaner? What would you say? Other brands of cleaners? I don't know, Simple Green works. Pardon me? I like Prud Cleaner. It's a very powerful one. Prud Cleaner? Prud Cleaner. You can get it at Home Depot. Concentrate. But there's others. It doesn't matter. You just use it. Yes. A wand? A wand. It will burn you? It'll like get a country. Well it's a short wave UV light then in some form it's a short wave UV light if it'll burn you. No. No, you need to scrub it off. It's more tenacious than that. The other thing with these filters they've been talking about routinely changing the filters. And if you don't do that the organisms will actually multiply on the surface of the filter the biofilm will form on the surface of the filter and it no longer works. And I've done analysis of a number of filters over the years. People say what's wrong with my filter? You need a new one. That's all there is to it. It's covered with biofilm. Yes. How do you what? Bleach. Chlorine. Chlorine producing core means and the potential negative health effects of that? Well chlorine fumes are toxic and it's toxic to the skin. It's toxic to the internal organs. And I don't see any reason for using bleach under normal conditions if things are clean you'd be better off using hydrogen peroxide. Bleach is cheap and it's very effective but it just smells bad. And it's very pervasive.  And just chlorine in general like the use of chlorine in even a pool does that result in toxicity? The toxicity of chlorine in the pool well I don't know that much about the research but there's been a big trend to move away from chlorination of water like ozonation just because of the potential health hazards. And we actually are kind of interested to add ourselves about a stress test that we just got done in a water testing lab with some of the water from our tank. Yes. So a couple things. The first one I wanted to say was the wiping down the inside of the tanks. When we were in Sweden we had another water health expert come up and the... There we go. I hate that. So when we were in Sweden we talked we had another speaker who was a water expert and what he said was the inside the tank, the water very hard to have organisms multiply especially within that. And for wiping down the inside of the tanks he recommended two to three times a week at least for getting inside there and actually wiping down the walls simply because that's one of the areas especially with so much humidity and moisture in there where bacteria can actually grow and where the salt's not going to get. And then the main thing I wanted to say was we've been doing water tests every two weeks and submitting them for lab tests for staff and for E. coli and for pseudomonas which have all come back consistently negative every single time to the below the lowest possible detection threshold. And then I found out about something called a challenge study which maybe some of you know about but if you don't then this is something that'll really help you in your health department which is if you ask for a challenge study from your local testing place they will actually inject whatever bacteria you want into your solution and then monitor over the course of in our case four hours how that drops with your water level and with your disinfection. So just you know even though we were coming back negative we're like okay well maybe that just means we don't have that much bacteria around. So the minimum detection threshold was less than 10, less than two and less than two parts per million I believe. I can't remember which those applied to off the top of my head and so they injected around 20,000 parts per million of each of the different three types of bacteria that we were interested in testing and like I said it's over a four hour period and we disinfect with straight hydrogen peroxide no UV and when they took the test at the first half an hour for the water all of the levels were below the minimum possible detection threshold. So within half an hour of injecting this huge amount of bacteria into the water it had gone down to below the detectable threshold and we have all of the documentation which we can send along to anyone who's interested but mainly especially just with your own tanks getting documentation in the challenge study is something we just discovered that ends up being hugely helpful. I think enzymes and how to control them to not be dangerous for the skin? Enzymes in what context? In the biofilm? Biofilm is not going to have pathogenic organisms at least initially I think if you keep the place clean it won't be any problem at all. Enzymes are proteins and proteins are easily denatured with a soap and certainly hydrogen peroxide they wouldn't last a second. No, it's not necessary. I wanted to say one other thing when Ash called me up he and I went down to the float center and talked to him and then he invited me to come back and take a float and I did and it's been kind of on my bucket list and I had no problem at all with going in the tank I thought their system was quite sanitary and it was amazing. Great, thank you. Thank you so much Fred.


Hello and welcome to this presentation of the STM32F7 power controller. It covers efficient power management and all STM32F7 power modes. The STM32F7 has several key features related to power management. Efficient dynamic consumption with free running clocks gating when needed. This allows us to go down to 425 microamps per megahertz executing from flash memory. Independent power supplies allowing us to reduce MCU power consumption while some peripherals are supplied at higher voltages. And a battery backup domain called VBAT including the RTC and certain backup registers. The STM32F7 has several power supplies. The main power supply is VDD and supplies almost all the IOs except those mapped on dedicated supplies. In addition, VDD supplies the standby circuitry which includes the wake-up logic and independent watchdog. VDD supplies voltage regulators which provide the V-core supply. V-core supplies most of the digital peripherals and the SRAMs. The flash memory is supplied by both V-core and VDD. V-cap 1 and V-cap 2 pins have to be connected to external capacitors in regulator on mode. The exact value is specified in the datasheet. In regulator bypass mode the V-core supply can be provided externally on V-cap 1 and V-cap 2 pins. The value for the V-core is specified in the datasheet. The V-cap DSi pin has to be connected to external capacitors when the DSi regulator is available. The exact value is specified in the datasheet. Internal regulators providing V-core can also be bypassed and a 1.2 volt supply is provided by the V-cap pin in regulator off mode. Regulator on off mode is only available on packages with a bypass reg pin. STM32F7 microcontrollers feature several independent supplies for peripherals. VDDA for the analog peripherals, device PLLs and internal reset block. VDD and VDDA must be connected to the same source. VDDUSB for the USB transceiver. VDDSDMMC supplies 6 IOs used for SD card communication, SDMMC 2 clock, command and 4 data pins. The VDDDSi pin provides the DSi peripheral voltage supply. The VDDSDMMC and the VDDDSi pins are available only on some STM32F7 devices. The VRAF positive pin provides the reference voltage to the analog to digital and digital to analog converters. A backup battery can be connected to the VBAT pin to supply the backup domain. The main power supply VDD ensures full feature operation in all power modes from 1.7 up to 3.6 volts, allowing the microcontroller to be supplied by an external 1.8 volt regulator. Device functionality is guaranteed down to 1.7 volts when the internal reset is off. The analog power supply VDDA must be connected to VDD. When the analog to digital converter is used, VDDA voltage has an impact on its performance. VDDA must be greater than 2.4 volts for maximum ADC performance. The USB power supply or VDDUSB can be connected to any voltage other than VDD. When the USB is used, VDDUSB must be greater than 3 volts. GPIO pins PA11, PA12, PB14 and PB15 are supplied by VDDUSB. Six IOs corresponding to PF9 to PG12, PD6 and PD7 are supplied by VDDSDMMC independently from VDD. Several functions are available on these IOs, SDMMC2 in 4-bit mode, SP1 and I2S1. VDDSDMMC is available starting with packages that have at least 144 pins. A backup domain is supplied by VBAT, which must be greater than 1.65 volts. The backup domain contains the RTC, the 32.768 kHz LSE external oscillator and the 128-byte backup registers. VDDSDMMC is available only on some STM32F7 devices. It allows several IOs and functions, SDMMC2 in 4-bit mode, SPI1 or I2S1 to be used independently from VDD. IOs corresponding to PA11, PA12, PB14 and PB15 are supplied by VDDUSB independently from VDD. VDDUSB is used mainly as a USB transceiver supply when VDD is below 3 volts. Several functions are available on these IOs, USART1, USART4, SPI2 or I2S2. VDDDSI is available only on some STM32F7 packages embedding the DSI host peripheral. The VDDDSI pin provides the DSI host peripheral with a voltage supply ranging from 1.7 up to 3.6 volts. VCAPDSI is the DSI voltage regulator external capacitor. VDD12DSI is for the MIPI DSI-PHY supply, typical input voltage is 1.2 volts. The STM32F7 has an integrated POR-PDR circuitry that allows proper operation starting from 1.8 volts. The device remains in reset mode when VDD-VDDA is below a specified threshold without the need for an external reset circuit. The hysteresis between power on threshold and power off threshold is 40 millivolts. After reaching power on threshold for VDDA and VDD power supplies, the reset line is still kept low for a temporization time and then the reset line is released. The embedded internal reset controller monitors the VDD supply to detect if the supply is present or not and releases the reset signal when the supplied power reaches the threshold of 1.8 volts. The internal reset controller can be disabled by connecting the PDR on pin to VSS. When disabled it allows STM32 microcontrollers to operate down to 1.7 volts.  In addition to power on reset functionality there is also a user configurable brownout reset or BOR unit which keeps the device under reset until the supply voltage reaches the specified VBOR threshold. BOR levels are configurable by option bytes. BOR off, BOR low, default, BOR medium and BOR high. VBOR is configured through device option bytes. By default BOR is off. 3 programmable VBOR threshold levels can be selected. BOR level 3 or VBOR 3. Brownout threshold level 3. BOR level 2 or VBOR 2. Brownout threshold level 2. And BOR level 1 or VBOR 1. Brownout threshold level 1. For full details about BOR characteristics refer to the electrical characteristics section in the device data sheet. This function is useful in applications where several devices have different operational voltage ranges. Depending on the BOR level the F7 microcontroller will not start until VDD voltage reaches the operational range of all connected devices. The programmable voltage detector or PVD is used to monitor the VDD power supply by comparing it to a threshold selected by software. An interrupt can be generated when VDD drops below the PVD threshold and or when VDD rises above the PVD threshold. PVD is internally connected to EXT I-Line 16. Depending on the STM32F7 device PVD interrupt can be connected to break input of timer 1 or timer 8 to put the timer's output signal in a safe configuration. This table describes the regulator on-off and internal reset on-off availability per package. For a list of available packages per STM32F7 line please refer to the data sheet. Two embedded linear voltage regulators supply all the digital circuitries except for the standby circuitry and the backup domain. A regulator output voltage or V-Core can be programmed by software to three different values depending on the performance and the power consumption requirements. This is called dynamic voltage scaling. Depending on the application mode V-Core is provided either by the main voltage regulator for run, sleep and stop modes or by the low power regulator for stop mode to optimize power consumption. The regulators are off in standby mode SRAMs and peripherals are powered down in standby. They must be reinitialized after exiting from this mode. The backup domain contains essentially the following blocks. The RTC unit and 128 bytes of RTC backup registers. Four kilobytes of backup SRAM. The LSE oscillator. PC13 to PC15 IOs plus PI8 IO when available. To retain the content of these blocks when VDD is turned off the VBAT pin can be connected to an optional battery providing a standby voltage supply. The switch to the VBAT supply is controlled by the power down reset embedded in the reset block. After reset the backup domain RTC registers RTC backup register and backup SRAM is protected against possible unwanted write accesses. Voltage scaling and overdrive mode offer flexibility between required performance and consumption. Overdrive mode allows the CPU and Core Logic to operate at higher frequencies than the normal mode for a given voltage scaling. In run mode three voltage scaling modes are available. Voltage scale one is the high performance range allowing a system clock up to 180 MHz. 216 MHz is possible with overdrive. Voltage scale two is the medium performance range allowing a system clock up to 168 MHz. 180 MHz is possible with overdrive. Voltage scale three is low performance and low power range that allows a system clock up to 144 MHz. Sleep mode allows all peripherals to be used and features the fastest wake up time. In this mode the CPU is stopped and each peripheral clock can be configured by software to be gated on or off during the sleep mode. This mode is entered by executing the assembler instruction wait for interrupt or wait for event. Depending on the sleep on exit bit configuration in the Cortex M7 system control register the MCU enters sleep mode as soon as the instruction is executed or as soon as it exits the lowest priority interrupt subroutine. This last configuration saves time and reduces consumption by eliminating the need to pop and push the stack. STM32F7 devices feature stop mode with different configurations to reduce leakage. Stop is the lowest power mode with full retention and only a 15 microsecond wake up time to run mode on HSI clock. The contents of SRAMs and all peripheral registers are preserved in stop mode. All high speed clocks are stopped. The 32.768 kHz external oscillator and 32 kHz internal oscillator can be enabled. Some peripherals can be active RTC and LP TIM. All EXT I-lines can wake up from stop mode. Wake up time depends on the power regulator and flash memory configuration. It can be in the range of 15 up to 120 microseconds. The system clock on wake up is the internal high speed oscillator running at 16 megahertz.  Standby mode is the lowest power mode in which the 128 byte backup registers and 4 kilobyte backup SRAM are retained. The voltage regulator is in power down mode and the SRAMs and the peripheral registers are lost. As the V-Core domain is powered off, the ultra low power brownout reset is always on to ensure a safe reset regardless of the VDD slope. IOs are in high impedance state during standby mode. Six wake up pins are available to wake up the device from standby mode. The polarity of each wake up pin is configurable. The wake up from standby generates a system reset. Wake up time is 313 microseconds but the software initialization and configuration have to be taken into account as well. The backup domain allows us to keep the RTC functional and to preserve the backup registers in case the VDD supply is down thanks to a backup battery connected to the VBAT pin. The backup domain contains the RTC clocked by the low speed external oscillator at 32.768 kilohertz. Two tamper pins are functional in VBAT mode and erase the 128 byte backup registers also included in the VBAT domain in case of intrusion detection. The backup domain also contains the RTC configuration register. In case VDD drops below a certain threshold, the backup domain power supply automatically switches to VBAT. When VDD is back to normal, the backup domain power supply automatically switches back to VDD. This slide illustrates typical power consumption figures for the STM32F7 series. Typical value measurement conditions are room temperature, 25 degrees Celsius and VDD equals 3.3 volts. Dynamic run mode consumption is in the range of 425 microamps per megahertz while running core mark code from flash memory at maximum frequency. Stop low power mode with full retention for peripheral configuration and SRAMs is in the range of 130 microamps. For more details, you can refer to the datasheet. Two bits are available in the flash option bytes to prohibit entering a given low power mode. When cleared, these option bits trigger a reset when entering either standby or stop modes. This is a security feature used to reduce the impact of unintentional entry into these low power modes. In case these low power modes are not used in user code, the option should be enabled. Three bits are available in the debug control register in order to allow debugging in sleep, stop and standby modes. When the related bit is set, the regulator is kept on in standby mode and the HCLK and FCLK clocks remain on to keep the debugger active. This maintains the connection with the debugger during the low power modes and continues debugging after wake up. Remember to clear these bits when the MCU is not under debug because the consumption is higher in those low power modes when these bits are set due to the fact they force the clocks and the regulators to remain enabled.


there you have a quorum great you'll be called out according to the last three digits your phone number so all right let's move on to approval of minutes we have a motion to approve the July 14 2020 regular session minutes so moved also it's been moved and sent is moved by Councilman Martin seconded by Councilman Peck all in favor say aye aye aye all opposed say nay all right the motion passes unanimously all right it looks like do we have any agenda revisions sorry I see that I see that there's a revised ordinance for item 10a regarding the dismount zones very good thank you guys I see that but right now just there are there agenda revisions or submission emotions direct city manager and and staff to bring back future agenda items that's where I'm asking for a while back I requested a the police department to report on their use of force that was mainly to educate the public on whether we should defund or divert police funding by 10 percent to housing and human services I know that the city manager and the police department is working on that use of force statement I would like to amend it to include whether they whether our police department ever uses medical injections such as was used on Elijah McCain thank you I agree with a councilwoman Christensen but I would like to have this in this report not not only do the police use into any type of injections to calm a an arrestee or does do the EMT people use any injections questions okay all right that's sad let's move on to city manager's report and update on COVID-19 Carol mayor council so one thing that I want to touch on is not technically not COVID related but it is this year so I did want to report to you all that based on our mosquito trapping we are going to be spraying on Thursday evening we are following our policy and notifying this folks that are requesting the shutoffs again you can see it decreasing this is really echoing what the governor talked about today in his press conference and when you see the chart associated with Boulder County you're going to see a significant difference in terms of the age range of people that are testing positive again higher in the 20 to 29 year old population and statewide you can see this general decline this this diagram is the one that the governor was referencing today on his on his press conference and what you really see is what's happening in in other communities when we were at the peak in April for us you could see a 25 percent positive rate that's really what they're seeing in some of the locations in the in the states that are considered the hotspots today and in Colorado four point five six so we've really been hovering around this five percent recently even with the the increased number of positive cases in Colorado again you can see the high points in Boulder County and you can see again as we watch trends you're seeing the graphs move in a very similar fashion the difference in this as I am going to get all attention to the y-axis on this one when you see many places talking about generating hundreds of cases you know our high point in Boulder has still been 45 but you can see the movement in the graph that mimics what we're seeing at the state level the last few days have been pretty good we're still probably a few days to a week out of seeing what the impact is of the new masking order and the closures of establishments after 10 p.m. but hopefully the data will continue trending in this direction this is the graph that I wanted to show you when when you looked at the state graph in terms of where the positive test are being generated you know the state had more of this gradual incline like this what we're really seeing in Boulder County it is again in this 20 to 29 year old population and that's where you're seeing a lot of the the work being done in terms of communicating with with the public information that they're putting out especially as the university is getting ready to go in session the county has worked they are creating situation where they work or a program where they work with individuals from the community and I know they're really focused on trying to get some college-age students on that group so they can you know increase the communication in this age range but when you look at the actual number of cases Boulder is now at 707 where it's 626 again that is really directly you can really start seeing those age demographics starting to play in the community numbers and the number of people protesting positive and then this is the demographics in terms of white non-Hispanic Hispanic Latinx in the different communities if you remember last week I talked to you I think it was 36 I can't remember fills with counselor with the city wide web acts at one point it was 36.8 another point 36.2 now 35.9% so you're actually seeing this number start to drop which then is starting to correspond with where you're seeing the age demographics in terms of who who is testing positive this is where we stand in terms of hospital services in Boulder County again I put the caveat that that we are still doing elected procedures and other normal hospital work so so that will adjust this but in terms of ICU beds available non-critical vans and critical vans were still in really good shape in terms of the hospital system so again really important for us to you know manage three things wear a mask socially distance and wash our hands I may have mentioned it to this group there was a really interesting medical study out that said if we do those three things it has a potential to be almost as impactful as a vaccine mayor we have eight guests that I've let in. All right perfect I'm sorry let's go ahead and start. I'm here tonight to address some serious concerns with the Prairie Dog extermination permitting process. I'm calling tonight to speak about the bike dismount ordinance as it's currently written. I do think that there's some merit in the overall idea however I vehemently disagree with the fine structure that will ultimately either go unenforced or dis-proportionately affect our lower income residents. I want to tackle the fracking issue which is coming up a little bit later and just make a couple of comments on which I'm extremely concerned. First I want to request that Dr. Helmings contract be renewed when it comes up for renewal last month. I use that debt almost every day. I have asthma COPD so knowing the air quality is vital to understand whether I dare spend extensive time outdoors. All right it's been moved by Council over Christensen that we pass the consensus agenda except for F and I'll second that. I lip read it. All right I'm seeing no discussion. Let's go ahead and vote. All in favor say aye. All opposed say nay. All right the consent agenda minus F has passed. Let's move on to ordinances on second reading specifically 10A ordinance. So we would encourage the public to call in now. And so we've only got one. Well since the first reading the ordinance city staff and the LVDA worked with bicycle armor and a couple of changes to the ordinance or to make it a little more bicycle friendly. Specifically there are two changes that are being requested and the first is the change is to actually change the dismount zone. So instead of the dismount zone being from 1st to Longs Peak it would be different depending upon which side of the Main Street you're on. For the west side of Main Street the dismount zone would be from 3rd to Longs Peak and on the east side of Main Street it would be from 2nd to Longs Peak and this change was requested because there's no alternate route between 1st and 2nd on the east side of Main and on the west side of Main Street the bicycle is likely to be able to ride between 2nd and 3rd. Tax is the regional bus stop just south of Fertility. I move approval of ordinance 2020-28 as presented in the agenda tonight. All right. I'll second that. All right. Seeing no further discussions go ahead and vote. All in favor of approving ordinance 2020-28 on 2nd reading say aye. Aye. Opposed say nay. All right. The motion passes unanimously. Thank you very much. All right. Let's go on to the regional air quality monitoring presentation oil and gas update please. Shall I take it away? Good evening Mayor Bagley and members of City Council. My name's Jane Turner and I'm the city's oil and gas and air quality coordinator. I'm new. This is a new position. I just started in April and I'm really excited to have the opportunity to present to Council. I've spoken with a few of you over email but it's nice to be able to have this opportunity to introduce myself to you as well as to long months residents. I'm a certified professional engineer and I have a PhD in air quality engineering from CU Boulder and I'm really grateful to have this opportunity to work with a city that's being so proactive about environmental monitoring and showing such an interest in air quality research. So you can bring up slides now. And I think I've introduced myself so we can go to slide two. I'm going to be providing a brief update on some oil and gas activities and that'll be followed by a presentation on the city's regional air quality monitoring by Dr. Detlev Helmig of Boulder Atmospheric Innovation Research. The first update is regarding production activities at the Stamp Well. The Stamp Well is an oil and gas well that's located on the northwest side of Union Reservoir and some residents have expressed concerns about some of the production activities that have occurred particularly between July 2019 and March 2020. During that time period a workover read was observed at the site and the residents have expressed some concerns about whether any of these activities have been in violation of the city's agreement with Cub Creek Energy. Staff's reviewed the activities that occurred during this time frame. We've reached out to our contacts at the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, the COGCC, because they regulate the activities at this site. And we've also spoken with our Special Oil and Gas Legal Council, Phil Barber. Based on these reviews, it's the current understanding and belief of the city staff that the activities were in accordance with state regulations and that none of these activities have specifically violated the city's agreement with Cub Creek. The next update is also on the stamp well and it's regarding ongoing remediation activities there. This remediation is a separate topic and not related to the production activities I was discussing on the last slide. The remediation is happening because there was a spill, a leak of some fluids at the site, and that was identified on May 14th of this year. Workers at the site found that the source of the leak was a crack in a fiberglass tank. This was a large holding tank, 100 barrels. It was stored above ground and it was holding produced water. So that's water that has come back up out of the well. There is right now no ongoing leak at the site. The tank that was cracked has been removed. There's no threat to residents that we're aware of. And regarding the Cub Creek agreement, the accidental spill at the site is also not in violation of that agreement. The last update I have for you is not about the stamp well. It's about the night wells. And these are oil and gas wells which are planned to be drill in 2020 outside the city properties to the north. The night well pad is located directly north of Union Reservoir, but south of Highway 66. Now the night wells are still in the planning stages, but what is happening is that we have received construction plans for an access road that will allow the operators to get to that well pad. Those plans are currently being reviewed by city staff in the development and review group. And it's our understanding that Cub Creek intends to begin construction of that road as soon as those plans are approved in order to keep them on their planned timeline of beginning drilling the night wells in September of this year. So now for the main event, we'll be hearing a presentation by Dr. Helmig on the city's air quality monitoring study. Good evening, everybody. Thanks for having me on the call. Okay, so Dr. Turner already nicely summarized this. There's several objectives covered by this program. The first one is to monitor greenhouse gases released from the footprint of the city with a goal to assist the city's path towards sustainability. The second point was to monitor primary oil and gas emissions. And then to provide these data and interpretations to the public and as well to the research community, industry partners and so forth. And we are monitoring quite an array of different atmospheric variables. Most of these are atmospheric gases and I've listed them here again. So these include carbon dioxide, methane, a whole series of volatile organic compounds so abbreviated as VOCs and we'll see several of those further down. Then we monitoring nitrogen oxides, we're monitoring ozone, also particulate matter or aerosols and then meteorological variables and then the sites also have webcams. And all of these measurements are conducted automated, continuous and here around at very high time resolutions. So minutes to one hour time resolutions. Okay, so those two sites here with a double red circle, those are the two long month sites and what I'd like to point out is that there's actually no part of a regional network and what makes this really valuable and what adds high value is that we have these comparison opportunities since we're doing simultaneous monitoring now in two sites in Broomfield as well as the Boda Res Awards in the upper left corner and we've learned a lot about what's happening in Longmont by comparing these observations. So we are currently managing websites from these three different monitoring programs in Longmont, in Broomfield and at Boda County and they're all shown here just with some screenshots and what I'm listing here also are the visits and the site visits where we have counters, visit counters on these sites and what I find remarkable is that actually right now Longmont has taken the first place and then we just generated this this site which is a data analysis tool. It is just a screenshot to give you an idea of what you can do here. You can select in the left panel the sites that you want to investigate and then on the right side you can select the the variable that you want to plot then you have a time window. You can select the start date and the end date and then just click go and then it will generate graphs with these data all plotted together. You can see that Ozone at all of these sites exceeded the standard and you see how similar Ozone behaves at these different sites. So Ozone it's a regional pollutant. It takes a while for it to build up. It moves around during the time so it's not like you know you have a certain neighborhood or a street corner where there's much more Ozone than a block away. It's a regional pollutant and we all experience very similar levels here. However, on average the highest level we've seen so far at the Boda Reservoir and at Longmont Airport. You can see that here as well. That's where the the Ozone peaked on the 21st. Okay, so Ozone summary what have you learned about Ozone. So Ozone is monitored at both the airport and the reservoir. So far this season we had had four days with exceedance of the national ambient Ozone air quality standard. The exceedances at the airport have been slightly higher than at the rest at the Union Reservoir and most times there's higher Ozone in easterly winds than in westerly transport. So in the region here where we are it appears that you know oil and gas is really the dominant sources, dominant source contributing source from methane. At the bottom now you see the graph of the methane data and it shows methane for the reservoir for the airport also in Boulder and then later the spring Ozone came on light in Broomfield and that's the green data. So you can see it goes up and down up and down up and down lots lots of spikes and you see a lot a lot of purple and purple is purple spikes are higher than what the spikes we see at the airport and what we see at the reservoir and if you go to the next slide I think I have that blown up there yeah yeah so there you see now maybe some 20 days or so and you see you know it's the bottom of the data is always the same even because there's a background in methane that's very uniform across the globe but then on top of that background you see these spikes and they're very short you know they're just a few minutes half an hour or something and you can see most of the spikes are in purple so at the Union Reservoir we see a far higher frequency and higher resulting concentrations in methane than at any of the other sites so all these dots and they're on the map oil and gas wells and you can see the Union Reservoir is the closest the airport possibly the second closest and the Boda Reservoir is about the furthest away and that nicely correlates with the distribution in the methane data we are seeing so the VOCs we started monitoring at the reservoir in mid-February so this this graph here it shows in blue the data from the Boda Reservoir that had been ongoing for two three years and then we turned our instruments down at the reservoir and said wow what's going on here we were really surprised because the levels we were seeing in February-March at the reservoir were as you can tell here significantly higher than what we've ever seen at the Boda Reservoir before and so the compound we're looking at here ethane is our favorite oil and gas tracer because there's really no other significant sources for ethane so let's go to the next slide that again compares you know this this whole window and I've now added the very very latest data and it actually makes you almost suggest that maybe after a period of two three months where it was quite moderate the levels are picking up again possibly so this shows the benzene from the Union Reservoir and you know it looks similar to ethane in February and March there was a lot happening there was a lot going on benzene spikes many of them in the one two three four five six seven eight PPP range and then come April-May it slowed down a lot and you know towards the later part now it looks very similar to what we observe at the Boda Reservoir and in Broomfield so where is this benzene coming from where's the benzene coming from where was it coming from in the earlier part of the record so the four graphs here on the left they show the benzene measurements these are four hours of data it shows actually three measurements we have these we're taking every two hours these these blue the green dots so first it was low then it jumped up to that's the highest value 8.5 or something and then two hours later it came down to 2 and on the next graph to the right shows the methane plotted together with it which we can measure at my high much higher time resolution and you can see the benzene peak coincided right when there was a spike in methane so right together on the same and then we did again what I showed earlier we looked at the wind direction and the wind speed and then the map on the right side shows where that spike roughly originated from in terms of wind direction you know so this came from the northwestern sector so the union reservoir serves two purposes you know as I showed in the map that had all the well locations the union reservoir is on the upwind side of the city from where we expect the strongest influence from oil and gas industries which are mostly equated to the S to the east of the side so that was an early preference to have a site somewhere in that general area and then the western location as you can see it's on the other side of the city and the argument here is that we want to watch how air changes as it travels either east to west or west to east across the city footprint and easterly and westerly winds are about the most the two most prominent transport regimes we have here so this is largely driven by the motivation to monitor and watch over time the amount of emissions that's added to the air as the air travels to the city with the objective to watch the change in emissions and here in particular in greenhouse gas emissions from the city footprint so this is driven motivated by sustainability arguments the city has set itself the goal to drive greenhouse gas emissions down so how do you monitor if and how the city is moving towards this goal so this is actually really difficult to do but one of the things you can do is this map here this cartoon by watching how much is added as the air moves over the city so we're doing exactly the same measurements in both locations using the same instruments the same techniques the same protocol for the primary greenhouse gases which are CO2 which I didn't talk about at all really in the presentation then methane and also ozone so in between those three gases we have about 75-80% of the climate forcing of gases that are you know contributed by human activities to global climate forcing so we're watching all those and you know if the the city achieves its sustainability goal and cuts all this greenhouse gas emissions down to zero then we should see you know the same behavior and very very similar levels in air as it travels across the city and these are the two reference points that that would be used for that comparison and we already have I didn't show it but we've pulled data and compared data from the tooth sides and we nicely see you know how all levels change as the air gets transported over the city footprint I thought the information was really good Dr. or Dr. Helmick thank you any other final questions or comments right Dr. Helmick as always your information and knowledge is more than welcome here in Longmont and we look forward to future updates reports and work from you thanks for looking me to share this with you tonight great thank you sir I move to adjourn I'll second that all in favor say aye aye aye aye opposed all right motion carries unanimously see you next time see you tomorrow Harold you