recording and then welcome everyone and welcome to lecture number two of the bioinformatics course. Today we will be talking about phenotypes and databases which contain a lot of phenotype information. All right so let me close some windows and I think we're all set to go. So for today we will be talking about phenotypes and I will be using the word traits or trait as well. Hello commando 471 you're an active viewer actually. So phenotypes or traits can come in two different ways. They can be qualitative and quantitative. In genetics we also have another classification so we either talk about phenotypes or traits being Mendelian or being complex. We will talk a little bit about statistical analysis. Statistical analysis will come back more and more and every lecture has a little bit of it but I just wanted to run through a little example that I made a couple of years ago. It's actually from a published paper that we published and I just wanted to show you some figures and explain how you can kind of look at those figures. And then we will talk about different phenotype databases so in case you're a researcher and you don't have a lot of money but you still want to do nice research then you can kind of borrow all the stuff which is out there because a lot of people capture a lot of phenotypes or a lot of traits and they put them in big databases so you can get a whole bunch of data for free which since I'm Dutch I like because Dutch people don't like paying for stuff and getting stuff for free is something that we really really enjoy. And then I have a little word about project planning or why it is important to contact a bioinformatician when you are starting up a new project so those will be the topics for today. I don't have any pen and paper let me get some paper as well so I can make some notes write down some questions that you guys have and other suggestions. All right so phenotypes. So phenotypes or traits kind of come into two major groups and one of the groups that people talk about when they talk about phenotypes is usually the classical phenotypes. So nowadays we also have things like endo phenotypes which means for example the expression level of a gene or the amount of mRNA that you are producing or an amount of metabolite that a certain cell has but normally when we talk about traits and since I want to start from the beginning we talk about classical phenotypes. So phenotypes or observable elements of an animal or plant which are interesting for economic reasons or other reasons like people just like like it.  So generally flowering time can be defined as two periods you have the periods until it from the sea to germination and then from germination to flowering. So that's kind of the flowering time of a plant but other classical phenotypes which have been well studied in genetics are things like human stature. So how high a person is what is its BMI and these kinds of things. And of course all of these classical phenotypes have been used for many many years as markers when you do plant and animal breeding right. When you think about things like potatoes had the quicker a potato flowers the quicker you can harvest the potato in the end. So had planting potatoes which have a very short flowering time will in the next generation give you potatoes quicker and the same thing holds for yield. If you have a cow which gives a lot of milk so high milk yield and then of course this cow you would preferentially breed compared to a cow which has a low milk yield. All right so the difference here or the thing that I want to make get across here is that many of these classical phenotypes are also markers. So they are something which you can observe but are not the thing that you are directly interested in. So we'll get back to that in a couple of seconds but why does a bioinformatician like myself concern myself with phenotypes. Well here you see a picture by Lemnatec and this is how they grow plants. So all of their plants are more or less on a conveyor belt system and that means that all of these plants are scanned two or three times a day automatically in a little room and all kinds of phenotypes are gathered from these plants like how big is the plant, what is the color, how much water does it have, how do the leaves look, how many leaves does it have and so there's a big amount of automation currently going on in bioinformat or in biology and of course this automation means that there's more data to process leading to a phenomenon which we call big data and big data is one of these kind of buzzwordy terms in bioinformatics is like what do you do? Well I deal with big data but big data can mean anything from a couple of hundred MBs to literally terabytes of data but of course when you're doing a system like this so you're having plants which are on rails which are photographed and scanned two or three times a day and then of course for each plant you get a lot of data like have you get two or three pictures you get some machine learning output like how many leaves does it have and all of these things have to be stored in a database and then in the end statistics has to be done on all of this data that you have gathered don't forget recording no I'm recording we're already like six minutes in so that's fine thank you commando for reminding me I think it's more important to remind me after the breaks after the breaks I generally tend to come back and just ramble on it on the next slide but because of this automated phenotyping bioinformaticians get more and more interested or get more and more involved in the gathering of data on phenotypes it used to be that kind of sequence was the base level of bioinformatics or everything which had to do with DNA sequence or protein sequence you would go to a bioinformatician but nowadays a lot of the classical phenotypes which used to be measured by either PhD or master students on a field are now automatically gathered using a computer using optical sensors and other things so I have asked a friend of mine who is doing closed ecosystems to tell a little bit about his project so I will see when that lecture will be but I think somewhere in the beginning of January I will invite him to share like a little bit of his insight on how he does this automated phenotype capture for his closed ecosystems so I think that's going to be a very interesting lecture also for me I haven't seen a lot of his work but I know kind of what he's doing but it's interesting that we can have a discussion about how he is using bioinformatics in gathering his phenotypical data or his measurements so it didn't really use to be a field of bioinformatics but nowadays phenotypes and measuring phenotypes is more and more becoming an automated system meaning that bioinformatics is involved in in processing this all right so a question for you guys because we're talking about phenotypes and we're talking about markers and if we are I'm showing you two pictures here so on the one side we see a nice black and white cow like we see them all over Germany and on the other side you see more or less a different type of cow which you also see a lot but what is the difference between these two cows because there is a very clear difference between these two cows which you can just see from their appearance so if you have any idea what the difference is between these two cows then throw it in the chat and then we can discuss about that and I'm hoping that we will get some answers the coloration pattern and the expression of pigmentation yeah yeah yeah that's the most obvious difference between these two cows of course what you can see but there's a very there's a very economical phenotype on which you can kind of classify these two cows as well which is not directly obvious from the coloration pattern the coloration pattern here is a is a marker for something which is really important when you are breeding cows the genotype yeah the genotype will be completely different as well they're actually two completely different cow breed all right so the one on the right is not a milk cow maybe more for meat yes that's the right answer so the black and white frisian holstein is for milk and the other one is for meat and just by looking at the cows you can already see right so if you have a baby cow and you look at the coloration you can from the colors that the cow has and the color pattern that the cow has you can already see if the cow will be a milk cow or if it will be a meat cow so head here we have something which is clearly observable a phenotype which we are very which we are not really interested in right we don't care if our cow is black and white or if it's gray but the phenotype that we're interested in is highly linked to this coloration so when you see a cow which is black and white you know that it will be a milk cow and when you see a cow which which is more or less a single color cow and it's kind of brownish then you you know that this cow is going to be a good meat cow instead of a milk cow so here we have like what i'm trying to get across is that there is an observable phenotype the color pattern and there's an unobserved phenotype which we're really interested in and which is linked to the phenotype that we can observe so milk production in this case is highly linked to the coloration of the cow all right so very good so again another picture or another two pictures so what is the difference between these two types of tomato or potato plants so a slightly more difficult question and again here we have a very clear observable phenotype so there's a massive difference in the color but which color is doing what and why is that important so just throw it in the chat can't be crazy enough there are no wrong answers and the more answers we get the better it is i think i should have taken a picture of two fish because there's a lot of people from the fish department that are following the course so coming with potatoes might have not been the best when there's not a lot of people that are interested in agriculture but more people are interested in fish no guesses no guesses whatsoever about the different colorations of the of the potato plants auto bay size of the potato um no the size of the potatoes can be very different but it can be very similar all right jan hage says there are also two strains um one is more poisonous starch and sugar the difference in color attract different insects well insects don't really see color they see in a uv spectrum the one is a gmo and how they're definitely both like normal natural occurring flavors so the one that's closest is jan so jan you're more or less right so the one which has the white flowers is potatoes which are used for consumption and the other ones the ones with purple flowers they are the ones which are used for starch production so next time that you're on your bike and you're biking through brandenburg and you see a field of potatoes then based on the color of the flower you can actually see what these potatoes will be used for so the white ones are the ones which have a high sugar content low starch content so they're really nice to eat and the ones which are purple they have a high starch content so they are grown for like the chemical industry to make things like glue and and other things in which you use starch so again very clear observable phenotype and there's a difference in color and based on the difference in color you can directly say oh this is the potato plant that I want so if you're growing potatoes at home and the potato starts flowering make sure that the flowers are white because the purple ones they don't really taste very good so this is a very old observation this is something that people already knew in like 16 1700 when they were growing potatoes and they were breeding cows right they had no idea about genetics and DNA is something that has been invented in like the 1950s 1960s or perhaps a little bit earlier the idea of DNA and so it's completely unrelated to anything about sequence it's just that you have an observable phenotype and this observable phenotype is just by experience a good marker for an economically interesting trade so in this case white you can eat them purple you can make glue of them or something else all right so here we've been talking about phenotypes and how phenotypes can be markers I want to take one step back and first describe phenotypes as being as when we talk about phenotypes there are things which are qualitative properties which are properties that are observed but are generally not measured with a numerical result so for example a piece of meat tastes good or it has a really nice texture at these things you can generally not really quantify you can say well this piece of beef is this many kilograms per square meter or these kinds of things hey you can only put a qualitative measurement on it so you can say this is a good quality or this is a bad quality and on the other hand we have phenotypes which are which have a quantity property and that those are properties so quantitative traits which have a magnitude or multitude so something that you can measure like color which has like an RGB value or another type of definition of color I have the same thing holds for things like height hey you can say well I like people who are big or I don't like people who are small but something like height is per definition a quantitative phenotype because it has quantity properties meaning that you can measure height in either meters or centimeters and you can use this numerical value to compare two things so when I talk about quantitative and qualitative things there's always something that requires discussion so let's just go through the list and say if something is a qualitative or a quantitative trait so something like high fat milk yield just throw in chat is it quantitative or is it qualitative? Well if you would say that high is good then it is quality right but in this case it's really a quantitative thing you can you can quantify how much fat per kilogram milk is there no don't be sorry just it's good that you throw in some suggestions right that like like I said there's no real wrong answers but in this case I would say that high fat milk yield so it's something that you can express as a numerical value you can say I have this many units of fat over this many units of now don't be mean Ethel B if you say high or low then it's a quality yes yes so if you would if you would say that fat milk yield is is quantitative and high is good or bad then hey you might want to and normally when we talk about these things high fat milk yield is generally having good qualities for cheese making or bad qualities for cheese making so then hey you would put a quantitative trait has something that you can measure but then you would put a quality on there so meat structure let's go ahead and get some suggestions hey Sandra welcome to the stream didn't see you saying anything before quality yeah that's indeed quality so the structure of meat is something that is very hard to grasp in numbers so in that sense it's a it's a qualitative trait hey if you talk about meat structure then you can you have people who like a lot of fat on the meat and you have people who don't like fat at all so the amount of fat on meat or the amount of marbling as it's officially called there are nowadays some ways of measuring it and because again it's kind of a fat over protein ratio but which structure people prefer is very different between people so it's really a qualitative trait starch content just throw in your suggestion quantitative yes very good testosterone sores you're now really getting excited about getting the right answers all right wine quality come on people wine quality is wine quality qualitative of quantitative okay so in this case a olexandra is right it's actually both wine quality nowadays is a quantitative as well as a qualitative trait because in the old days it used to be a very qualitative trait so there would be some guy who has a degree in phenology and that would taste the wine and then would say this is good wine or this is bad wine however nowadays all of this wine tasting is more or less done by robots so the wine is just put into a machine and the machine then says i'm giving this wine a score of 7.3 and then the next wine that it puts in it gives a score of 6.8 so the the qualitative trait of wine quality has been changed into a quantitative trait by being able to measure all kinds of these properties from these from this wine so the robot it analyzes the wine and then based on its analysis it gives us a quantitative score so wine quality used to be qualitative now it's definitely a quantitative trait because the measurement is not really done by people anymore but it's really done by robots all right so last two i think we can do that in one go so flowering time and racing time quantitative or qualitative just throw it into the chat and then we can we can see all right so i see quant quantitative quantitative yeah so it's something that you can measure in seconds or hours or these kinds of things so it's it's definitely a quantitative trait flowering time is usually measured in days while racing times for horses and stuff are in the order of a couple of minutes but here there's a very definite time component so the time component is something that you can measure and very definitely a quantitative trait all right so if i would kind of describe the world and all of the phenotypes fall into this big circle so all of the traits are qualitative traits because any trait that there is you can say if it's good or if it's bad however a small part of the qualitative traits can also be measured and given a unit so then they become quantitative traits and like we saw with the wine this quantitative circle is growing and growing and growing so it becomes bigger and bigger the more we are able to catch things like quality measures into a quantitative way and so developing a new wine tasting robot takes away a phenotype from the qualitative circle and makes the quantitative circle a little bit bigger so the definition is is that something is a quantitative trait when you can measure it using the international system of units a qualitative trait is something which is very subjective so different people will give different grades to the same thing and of course if you're measuring a mouse then of course not everyone measures exactly the same but in the end people measure a certain amount of centimeters and that's it there's no real discussion about it while a qualitative trait there's always discussion what's good what's bad what do we want and this is very difficult for breeders because for breeders qualitative traits are very difficult to deal with so I've once been part of a research on brussel sprouts and this was an interesting research because here we were looking at like what is the amount of sugar into brussel sprouts and how bitter are and we did this together with Wageningen University and Wageningen University they have this tasting panel of people and then we found out that we could that there was like a genetic switch so at a certain locus in the genome you could determine how much sugar versus how much bitter there was so just by by having a certain genotype at this locus then the plants would become more bitter having the other genotype means that there would be more sugar so for a geneticist this is a very nice thing right we have a genetic locus on the genome which controls the phenotype of interest but then when it came to the taste panel we actually ran into a massive issue because the taste panel consisted of people who liked bitter and people who liked sweet so in the end the breeder that wanted to have like what should we do should we make our brussel sprouts more bitter or should we make them more sweet we couldn't give them an answer because the the tasting panel could not agree and in that sense the only reason that we had um yeah I have a moderator for that Anna can you uh just mute the the the tall 506 with the spammy things um so like the moral of this story is sometimes you can have a really nice qualitative trade yeah so uh or you can have a really nice quantitative trade you can measure how much how much sugar there is you can measure on how much how bitter it is um but in the end if the the experience of the user is qualitative so if they are wanting sugary brussel sprouts or if they're wanting brussel sprouts which are very bitter then in the end you cannot decide the only thing that we could have advised the breeder is that they should sell two types of brussel sprouts one which is more sweet than the current ones or they should sell another type which is more bitter than the other ones and then they could have like a genetic difference between the two species um but then the breeder said no we we can't do that we can't have a double investment and and buy twice the amount of space in the supermarket um so a very interesting research um have we found a really nice genetic effect but in the end this did not lead to any new product being put on the market um because the people in the tasting panel could not agree on which direction um we should go on all right so another kind of definition which is in quantitative and qualitative trades is that you can have a Mendelian trade some Mendelian means that there's one gene or genetic locus involved in uh in in controlling your phenotype um so something like dwarfism is a Mendelian trade right there's a single gene and if that is broken uh then you become uh you you have like a limited growth um so but not all types of dwarfism actually are Mendelian trades um and there are complex traits so complex traits just means that there are two or more genetic loci involved in making the phenotype or expressing the phenotypes so most phenotypes that we have um that we are investigating nowadays are complex phenotypes because almost all Mendelian phenotypes um have been found or have been defined um so there's there's there's not a lot of work anymore for people who do Mendelian genetics um has so most phenotypes currently are things like intelligence um however there's hundreds of genes involved and we call these things complex all right so when we talked about um or when I talked about the quantitative traits um I was talking about uh the system of units so the international committee on system of units and um there are actually seven fundamental SI units and a question to you guys is um and that's why I needed a pen is um what are the seven fundamental SI units so just throw something in I already mentioned a couple of them um so um I'm just curious to see how how much people remember from um high school um I think this is something that they should teach in high school um because it's kind of fundamental right like how do you describe the universe well if you're measuring things inside our universe um then you're always measuring one of seven of the SI units or you're measuring like a combination of these SI units so all right so we have mole Kelvin meter and kilogram and then we have time in seconds um mole and mole kilograms yes length length that that fits in with something in meters so there's two things right there's there's the there's the unit and then there's the um um the the thing that you're wanting wanting to measure kandel kandel all right we just put it on the list so now we have mole Kelvin meter kilogram time um length and kandel so that's one two three four five six seven so we should have all seven mass yeah so mass is is something that you would express in in in kilogram light yes yes all right so the seven fundamental SI units as they are defined are length and length is officially measured in maitre not meters but maitre we have mass mass is measured in kilogram we have time which is measured in seconds we have electric current also measure or measured in ampere we have thermodynamic temperature which is measured in Kelvin we have amount of substance which is measured in mole and we have luminosity intensity which is measured in candela or cd and these are the only seven fundamental SI units that are there and we owe these to the French except for one and do you know which one is not a French unit Kelvin yeah that's correct Lord Kelvin was a nobleman from the UK um and um all the other ones are French and the reason why the French came up with this standardization system is actually quite an interesting story and it has to do with the fact that France traded with countries like Spain and Germany and the UK and Holland and the problem there was that everyone was using their own units so something in an old measurement would be a hand or a foot um and of course an English foot used used to be different from a Dutch foot um so head that would be a massive issue if you would do trades because you would expect like a certain amount of stuff and you would only get like two-thirds of it just because the guy that you bought it from had a certain different understanding of fundamental units um so the French were um the official kilogram is located in France yes the kilogram is defined as a block of platinum I say it's kind of a block of metal somewhere um and there are actually six kilograms scattered around the world um one of them is still located in French somewhere near the Eiffel Tower um and they recently or like couple of years ago they brought all the six official kilograms back together and then they figured out that all of them had a slightly different weight so if you would weigh them then they would not be the same weight anymore well originally when they were made they were made very accurately and um so um there is a problem in this this having something define a unit but the kilogram um is is a physical object which is located in in France um there's five more or less backup kilograms scattered across the world um but these all weigh a little bit different um so the current idea is to redefine the kilogram as not being a kilogram anymore but to define it as a cube of seletium atoms or not a cube but a sphere of seletium atoms and since seletium has a known molecular weight and if you have a sphere which is a perfect sphere you also know how many mole of substance is in there then you can define that as being the kilogram um so there are some um some ways of kind of redefining these units but the kilogram was the last unit to go from a physical object definition to a molecular definition and things like seconds are based on the amount of vibrations of a quartz atom um and these kinds of things and luminous intensity is uh is as well but all of these units are thanks to the French because the French were sick and tired of being scammed over during trade because hey if they would trade with a Dutch guy they would get like less than they would expect it and if they would trade with a with a Spanish guy then the prices would be too high because the Spanish guy would have a different definition of what is a a kilogram in a way so after the French got screwed over enough they actually decided we don't want that anymore and we're just going to standardize everything and force everyone to kind of um use our system which kind of worked out for them. All right so enough about the fundamental units so um let's go into some more genetic aspects so let's talk more about Mendelian where there's one genetic locus and talk more about complex traits where there are um more two or more genetic loads I involve and of course you can kind of mix and match this you can have a qualitative trade which is Mendelian but you can also have a complex qualitative trait and the same thing holds for quantitative traits you can have quantitative traits which are complex and there are quantitative traits which are Mendelian of course so all right so and when we go back and we talk about phenotypes or we talk about traits then of course the first guy that you have to talk about is Gregor Mendel so Gregor Mendel was a German monk slash scientist who was really interested in how phenotypes are transferred from parents to offspring so he did a whole bunch of experiments very famous experiments using peas so the little things that you that you eat and he looked at the shape and there will be a slide about some of his work but he was the first one to to come up with a theory which is called the gamete slash gene theory which is kind of a beads on a string theory so his theory was that there is something like a a rope um and there are different phenotype beads on this rope and so you have a rope and then there's a bead and this bead says color then there's another bead which says shape and then there's another bead which has length um and his idea was that if you have parents then both parents come with a string of these beads and then have when when they create offspring parts of these beads are transferred from the parents to the offspring so and this was a relatively new theory um especially because in this time um the the leading theory on how people got pregnant was still the homoculus theory um which was the idea that in the sperm cells of men there were like little people um which would then grow inside of a woman so hey he was the first one to kind of ignore all of that and say no we have phenotypes and phenotypes are more or less attached to each other on a string and when parents mate then these these beads they get mixed and then passed on to the children and with that he could explain for example when you have two people um so a pair of parents of one which is small and another one which is really big why the children tend to be kind of the average between the two parents hey because he would say well no then you have a small bead and you have a big bead the child gets both beads so that is why the child is kind of half of what the parent is um and that was his that was his theory and he had some data to back it up um although most of this data we know today is probably a little bit polished so it's not it's not perfect um so but he had some good data to at least back up his his theory of of of genes and gametes um so he called these beads on a string the beads the individual beads were called genes and a whole string of these things is called a gamete so a gamete is a combination of different phenotypes um more or less what we today would call a chromosome but in his theory there was only one chromosome um so yep the parent had both parents had one chromosome and the child got a combination of both chromosomes from from the parents so that is why we still call a Mendelian trait a Mendelian trait hey because there is a difference in a single gene so a single bead uh which is causing the difference in the phenotypes which we can observe between um individuals um so a couple of um interesting or interesting uh phenotypes which are Mendelian is for example if you have wet or dry earwax so if you just like go around in your ear and you look at your finger then you can more or less see um which kind of the gene you inherited if you have wet earwax um you are generally more of asian descent while if you have dry earwax that means that you are more from european uh descent and that is a very clear kind of separation um on average like 99 out of 100 europeans will have dry earwax and 99 out of 100 asians will have wet earwax and that just has to do with uh a single gene and if you have a mutation in this gene you go from having dry to having wet earwax another very clear Mendelian trait is of course albinism um so if there's a there's a single gene which causes melatonin to be reproduced which gives you your skin color and also gives you the color of your eyes and if this gene is broken and you can't make uh the um the melatonin uh then you become an albino so hey you have white hair white skin red eyes um and that's just because there's one gene which is normally active that is broken another one which is pretty Mendelian not always is brachydactyde so brachydactyde means having six fingers or having four fingers on a hand um and the number of fingers is um Mendelian inherited so if both of your parents have um six fingers then you will have six fingers as well because there's no no head there's both parents have broken genes so had the chances of you getting a a functioning gene is is almost zero and then one of the um um most interesting one is the ability to taste phenyl theocarbonite um which is one of the main component in brussel sprouts it gives that it gives it the um the very specific taste of brussel sprouts um some people are not able to taste it and they like brussel sprouts some people are able to taste phenyl theocarbonite and they are not able to eat brussel sprouts just because the taste of it is very chemical it's the same as with asparagus asparagus also have this um substance in there so when you eat asparagus then um you don't notice any difference but when you then go to the toilet and you pee then you can either smell the asparagus in your pee or you can't smell them um and this is kind of a one to one and this is again a single gene on the genome which gives you the ability to to smell or taste this this chemical um and um if this gene is broken then you can't and there's there's just a single gene so and of course there are literally thousands and thousands of phenotypes like this uh which are Mendelian phenotypes and there's a big database which we'll discuss later in the lecture where you can look up all of these known Mendelian phenotypes so if we look then at a cross diagram right um so hey I told you that um if both of your parents have six fingers then you are very likely to end up with six fingers as well um and then we are usually referring to these things as cross diagrams so here you see a cross diagram when we are talking about a single gene so in this case we have a gene which comes in two forms so we have the a form the big a and we have the small a so you can for example imagine that uh big a is the ability to um to smell or to taste uh let me look that up phenyl theocarbonite and the small a is the is the is you are not able to yeah so you have a phenotype or you don't have that so when you look at your mother and you look at your father of course nowadays we know that your mother has two chromosomes and your father has two chromosomes so your mother has two copies of the gene your father has two copies of the gene and this is more or less the default crossing screen so here we have a mother which has two copies so it she has the ability to taste and she has another gene which does not work your father has a gene which works and another copy that doesn't work um and then here we see the resulting possibilities so you see that there are three possibilities in the children so either the children have two broken genes they have two functional genes or they end up being similar to the to the parents meaning that they have one functional gene and one broken gene um have which is the same as the parents because here the mother has one broken gene and one functional gene and the same as as the father so i'm hope that i'm explaining this because it will be more complex and i have a question for you guys about about kind of these cross diagrams as well because i think it's a very useful tool of understanding genetics the thing which was before on the board was a big cross diagram from four different parents just so that i could work on a project where we had four different parents which we mixed so four different mice and so if we're talking for example about mixing flowers so again we see the cross diagram here and here we see the parental genotype so here we see that the mother has a white gene and a red gene here the father has a white gene and a red gene as well and then there's two things that can happen because in genetics either phenotypes function in an additive way so that means that when you have a red gene and a white gene then the flower will be pink of course when you get two white genes you will be white when you get two red genes you will be red however this is called additive inheritance so it means that there's just a mixture of the two genes so the phenotype will be in between the phenotype of the of the of the parent then we also have dominance and dominance means that one of the genes is is kind of overcompensating for the other one right so for example if you have a dominant red phenotype in this example and then of course the heterozygous they will have inherited one white allele and they will have inherited one red allele but in this case of course since the red phenotype is dominant if you have a single gene working you will get the red phenotype and this is a very basic phenomena where sometimes you have to have two broken genes before a certain phenotype shows so and that is also the reason why sometimes children can be affected even though both parents are not affected so all right so additive so in additiveness we see of course the standard Mendelian inheritance pattern of 25 percent red 50 percent pink and 25 percent white offspring well if we have dominant phenotypes then we have 75 percent of the offspring being red and 25 percent of the offspring being white and this is this is all still Mendelian theory and this was all invented long before 1900 so this this was well known that if you had phenotypes that some phenotypes inherited in an additive way and other phenotypes Mendelian phenotypes would be inherited in a dominant way so the question that I always ask the people here how do the parents look and if we first focus on this crossing scheme what are the colors of the parents so what is the the color of the mother and what is the color of the father so that's a question to you guys just throw it in the chat will it be red will it be white or will it be pink what is the color of the parent all right alexandria pink yes so very good so in this case the parent will be pink and that is of course because when you mix a red allele with a white allele you get a pink color so here the parent will be pink and in this case the other crossing scheme scheme how will the parent look very good because the red is dominant so if you have only one red allele you will be red so they look like this this is a pretty hard question already like many people are kind of tricked by this because like they always think about two of the gametes but they never think about the phenotype of the parent and of course this is very surprising that if you take two red flowers and you cross them together that all of a sudden 25 of the offspring will be white that's something that a lot of people don't realize can happen but this is all very explainable very basic Mendelian genetics it's just a single gene causing it so you have a broken gene and the broken gene doesn't function so the red gene takes over while in here you have kind of a mixture between the two all right very good very good a plus for yourself pat yourself on the back very good all right so it's now almost 250 so let's do like two more slides and then we'll take a little break so Mendelian inheritance was kind of the de facto how do you call it the de facto theory for inheritance but then in 1917 this guy Thomas Hunt Morgan actually not he but one of his students observed a failure of Mendelian inheritance so they were doing experiments where they were working on Drosophila and they were crossing the Drosophila and what they noticed is that some phenotypes did not seem to mix the way that Mendel had predicted they they seem to be only occurring in one of the sexes and what they also observed is that some phenotype seem to be connected right so if you would be have a red color of of eyes as a Drosophila then you were also more likely to have for example large wings so had they these two things did not seem to be independent of each other and they they had a really hard time explaining this because no one had the idea of a chromosome yet so had that since DNA wasn't known yet people did not know how stuff got inheritance from parent to children but they did see that there was something which was sex specific so it only occurred in females but never occurred in males and they seemed and they had this observation where they saw that seemed some phenotypes like hey when you think about this beads on a string thing it seemed that this string some beads were closer to each other than than other beads on this string so their observation was a very observation that they did based on thousands and thousands of Drosophila that they had and Thomas Hunt Morgan is generally credited for launching the idea of a chromosome so that there are that there is not one string with beads on there but that there are multiple strings with beads on there and that one of these strings is determining your sex so had this was a revolutionary idea long before DNA was invented they know that DNA more or less existed as a chemical substance but they had no idea that it was the the fundamental carrier of genetic information and so Thomas Hunt Morgan actually developed his theories of chromosomes and linkage and used that to start making a genetic map using Mendelian phenotypes so what they did is they they measured the traits in the parents then they measured the same traits in the offspring has so they measured for example five different phenotypes like the size of the eyes the color of the eyes the length of the wings the size of the feet the size of the abdomen and then using these measurements from parents and children they started calculating how often they co-occurred and how often they did not co-occur so that would that led to this and that led to the first genetic map of Drosophila and this is also why the unit of inheritance or the unit of linkage between two phenotypes on a chromosome is called a centi Morgan or a Morgan because of his invention that the phenotypes are linked to each other and that some phenotypes occur only in one of the sexes so at this this invention is at the first observation that they had was published in 1917 and had they started doing experiments and then had they did for example they have the white eye gene which causes white eyes in Drosophila and then they have a gene which causes miniature wings are located on the Drosophila X chromosome right so they figured out that only females had a not only females but had they so this was their hypothesis and then they crossed a female white miniature right which has a wm slash wmgeal with a wild type male so the male had w plus which is just big w meaning normal eyes normal wings and it had a y chromosome and then what they observed is when they crossed this genotype with this genotype so the the genotype of the female with the genotype of the male then they saw that males were white eyed with miniature wings so wm y well females from this cross were wild type for both eye colors and wing size um so they they had um they had their inheritance so males of course when you cross a female it always when you when you get a male out of it it always has the y chromosome from the male so it cannot be anything else than getting the wm allele from the from the mother right so white eyes miniature wings on the males however females were white uh wild type for both eye color and wing size so um had wm uh w plus m plus um w and m so the question here is this a dominant or an additive inheritance so so john hager said dominant and why do you think it's dominant john all right now more people are chiming in saying that it's dominant good so can can anyone explain to me why they say it's it's dominant it's like on an exam and then just answering dominant is good enough depending on how i phrase the question all right john hager says because the heterozygote females have it yes so in this case if you have a single functional wild type allele like w plus right then you get the dominant so the w plus is dominant over w and the m plus so had the the the miniature wings the the standard wings are dominant over um the um over the miniature wings so indeed having one functional allele gives you the wild type um and there's no in between so it's not that one of the eyes is white and the other one is black and it's not that one of the wings is small and the other wing is is big um so this is a very clear um indication of it of a dominant gene effect where having a functional gene um makes it so that the the phenotype of the non-functional gene is completely gone all right so let me do one more slide um yeah so they did more um more more breeding experiments but i i think we should take a break first and then um we'll come back and um we can talk more about dominant and hemizagas and recessive genes all right so let's take a 10 minute break i will be back at three o five um and someone remind me to start the recording when i get back all right so


Wonderful. Community. Wonderful. Community. Amazing. Community. Fabulous. Connection. Discovering. Love. Equalizing. Beneficial. Equal. Respect. Terrific.


bu yüzden bu kanal ücretsiz mellanın hizmetlerine ulaştıracak, bu hizmetlerinde bir davetPSIL by ve hizmetlerinde hati bir hizmet var. Bir etkilek, bu zaman ve bu ve eneks konsum saldır. Eneks 10 olarak sefer bir sürü yerleşme halkı sahipsiz değil. Sadece eneks bir satın alamayı uzatmak için Eneks existence saldır. Mesela, pasta, yalancı, çiftliği etkili felarete reckon rolleri kaptır. Ama debe ki, tüm çizgiler boyunca yüzeyken bu kadar çizgiler için Bakıp, tam yer removed'i sohbet revise When food and vegetables are deemed to be products where consumers can for themselves see when food and vegetables is good to eat or not, that does not require a date specifically. The question was also if there exist studies, or an investigation, what would be the impact of consumer behaviour or the consumer food waste, if this best before date was removed? I don't know if there are studies on it, but I think it's the wrong way to go back to a problem, Ve y�각aniy resulting marketing alıcı olay çektirden, büyüköre, bir tanesini明bana da ve squiderk'in Fascist'i Tokyo'da daha"> became so proper c covering baizi değil hatộ imperial saliva bu Allentyasses commend from Kepaye Empire leaders, I can see it, may come.  Here, I did critivism at from? European Commission? I'm? Avra, I don't know index? What my colleagues are doing on? Date labeling butしüечат. For, the heising point of view, there must be um呢啟行? An二 weil heißt, except a total delision? Of the use buy date mean? ve bir sürü fırtıncaya sahip olmadığımız, bir şeyin bir birinin bir sürü ileride sahip olabilirsiniz. Ve bir sürü ileride bir sürü ileride değil. Bir şeyin bir sürü ileride kalmıştır. Teşekkürler. Bu adım için teşekkürler Chris. NIC için teşekkürler. Hayır, bu yüzden şimdi bu sorunu yapacağım. Önce videoların sonrasında birçok ilginçliğiniz var ve bu çok ilginç. İntrinsiz bir ürün alışverişi var. Bu ürün alışverişi birçok ilginçliğiniz var. Birçok ürün alışverişi birçok ürün alışverişi birçok ürün alışverişi var. Ürün alışverişi interfacedekiiliği y Borzoика ve metsadır açık Chief um bir de plan um um am ah ı ı um ı ı ı ı ı ve çizgi olarak doubt yapmaya sahip, yorumlar deutlichtan yönetmen pek iyi olur, bir hagaat ve diğerlerin takımlarında daha yoruma kalıyor. Ama onun için, ve bir hale daha değerlendirmeni Matrixir, ben de de size sorulara problemi verir. Bu devletin sağlığı maalesef, tüm tüm tüm tüm şehrini cheep alıyor, yemeğe ve hale dikimi, yorumalooking efsane olan bir şehrin istikleti ve ışığı, Yeti karşıycard Kinlesiyors fighting employees like that being that motivated an up understanding that's the first that to having consumers to be that bought and I say this because in our context those employ ygue yz 4B seeing the consumers day after day. Their friends with them it's at your office can chain. It's at your school can team. If the have a relationship, if they believe in sustainable diets, food waste, this is the first, then there are credible source to bring that message. And then, it's not just asking a site manager to put up some posters, we'll never get that level of intrinsic motivation through those kind of interventions, so I think first engaging employees and getting this level of buy in and belief, is the first step. ve da tavuklarına ayarlanmanızdan bizli olacağımız sorumluluklarımızı biliyoruz, başıtlardır, velarationi, ötülere fairancılık ekranıla Cheryl Bloch, ve bu bir oyuncu, devrim halinde doğum günü, orada katalなんだ ve crewam, birıp, her şeyi yapan, her şeyi yapan, her şeyi yapan, her şeyi yapan, her şeyi yapan, her şeyi yapan, Bu yüzden bu tarz konferansı ve tüm sektörleri ve bu tarz programlarına sahip ediyoruz. Bu sektörlerle ilgili bu tarz konferansı ve tüm sektörleri ve bu tarz programlarına sahip ediyoruz. Bu tarz programlarına sahip ediyoruz. Bu tarz programlara sahip ediyoruz. Bir şey söyleyebilir miyim mi? Orada birisi var mı? Orada birisi var mı? Buradan bahsediyorsanız, Kopa Kocega'nın, farmer kooperatörlerinden bahsediyorsanız, bu konuda daha yoruldu. Fırsızlığınızı, ...other supply chain actors who might be left behind. ...when we are moving for to a direct supply chain from farmer to consumer. Does anybody here online on the panel, or on the platform... ...if you want to be a consumer, you can buy a chain on the platform. We will ask the question if you're opened to an artist. online or on the panel want to say something about that. I think that it's a long way before all consumers get to source their project directly, their food directly from producers. So this question we have time to prepare concrete and pragmatical answer. Ve bence bu da çok iyi bir sistemle birbirine gittik. Bu yüzden birbirine gittik. Birbirine gittik. Bence daha sessiz ve sessiz bir şok olabilecek bir yolumuz var. Bu yüzden bu bir türlü cocoa yemeği, yüzde varlıklarla yetişeceğimizle bir şey havelle hat reinventine alıyoruz. Çok hoş bir şansım. Gayet çekmekten Iğrenç'e Feng'i harcayại ve tüm hizmet vermiştir. Fakat tüm awake'e bir şey saysın. Gerçekten fica bir anda, tüm dünya ve tüm üye şeyleri, tüm üyelerden daha çok da geniş bir bir şey. Arkadaşlar, sebebinde bilet ve ahiret büyük bir şey isteniyorlar. Bu da bacteria massajları yerine alışverişli olup, eğer de chip oğluma gerçekleştirmelerinden, !! Bir de etkileşmenin en duygulukelisinden, ilerlemiş olanı görmedikleri için, bir yer de architectörler etkiliyordu. Aslında bu bir yerde, bir yer de etkileşmek için, bir yer de etkiler için, tunnelsikliği ve ve fahkeyi etkiliği, ve bereketin çizilirleri, bu da악lıyız. Şimdi, şarkı söylemeni anlatmamak için bir slackif sorunu okumalı. Tedjikistan'ın müsaade etrafı et celebrationi ve en daik clarifiedir hala. e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e stateostan sümit atı propozal nel monatı toputlu o sıcaklık the I can see yes ve tecikler de deyip, tecikler ünlü ile deyip, deyip, deyip. Tamam, sonra ben de konumluyum, herifin birkaç sene, final riya yapıcının, oturma onları, bir gün bu gün, bir gün daha, başkalarında, her zaman daha, ama, herhangi bir şey, maybe you did not have a chance to add something, please let me know. Everybody is eager for the cocktail reception. There is just one word on the global philosophy of food loss and waste reduction. It is always a way to reach more sustainable food system. food can be a good healthy. So when we are into the field sometimes we tend to forget because we specialize on a specific issue. To forget that reducing food waste. It's a way to get this quality food that we all want. And to get this system of food systems. Ben de çok çok soyuna vortex etmeye çalıştığımda, Bir şey söyleyeyim mi? Fırtın içerisinde tüm bu kadar iyi bir sürü tüm eşitten, bu da bana da tüm eşitten närizlerine geliyor. Yani bu tüm eşitten bu kadar iyi bir şey, çok tüm eşitten tüm eşitten tüm eşitten, tüm eşitten tüm eşitten tüm şehrimi ve ruhun crena ve eşitten tüm eşitten,rio bölgesinin vatandaşı. İtalya'dan bu hala bu haladeatheden yukarıdır. Ben de bir поставim yapacağım. Her the first one being to please consider the food waste hierarchy as a central system in any food waste legislative strategy being being considered. Basically making prevention of food waste ve yukarıda ürünü destekleyen hayal ürünleri ve yukarıda... ve yukarıda uzak hoveringa ve yukarıda sınav spoonful yaparak... şaka ve ensemble alakası, ve şakasız şakasız kısımlara d包ara getirilebilir. Bu tämä bir bana verici birricali. İrmantıda bulunan bir虛em değil, Jessie, ayakta sonuna gelowych insanlar kustusuyla izleyip sufferedikten sonra trouversek, şımarık bir mucize, golutely bir mucize. Merhaba. tớionuasi, mazgulatuvar, mazgulatı, mazgulatı, mazgulatı, kağıt, isim, mazgulatı ve mazgulatı. Sağ ol. Zeynep'imiz, müziğiniz için müziği soruyoruz. Türkiye'nin Graf stilüre, mazgule ve mazgule, mazgule. Bu sabırsızlık hikaye olarak bir şeyler alışveriş ne istersiz. Danone tanıyacağını bemzikle mi yıkardı? Anamın re изini yıkmazdım. Anamın renk oturulduğunu söyledim. Bu sorusunda seferinizle ilaç crunchy ve güzelsin. O yıka olarak zaten çılgınca, ve bu derece yıkmadan sonra, Bu yüzden çok iyi bir mekanizma başlıyoruz. Yani her zaman bir şey... Yani her zaman mekanizma başlıyoruz, bir sürü sağlık, bir sürü kaliteli bir sürü daha önce. Bu yüzden ben bunu görüyorum ve bu yüzden çok iyi bir mekanizma başlıyoruz. Ve böyle bir şekilde başlıyoruz, çok iyi bir mekanizma başlıyoruz. Böyle bir mekanizma başlıyoruz, diğer üniversitelerin içine başlıyoruz. Bu yüzden bu mekanizma başlıyoruz. İki gün önce, planlar ve perspektiflerle ilgileniyorlar. Ve o zamanı çeşitli olacak. Büyük bir şey daha than in the agenda. Çünkü bu konferensizle ilgilenmek istiyorsanız, bütün siz, birisi burda, birisi online, planlar, aktör planlar, steel are in ing ing ing sabah ic t ve bu konferensizle tanrıya apologized conven Meow mesajı daha Tiğitlikli forehead tiro bir o mesajı şimdi bu masaj和biyeler, Kriminal Tsaristin M現in köyde Bethany'e şuin her videoların en çok ne kadar büyük bir hesaç yapmamı Pengal Pickets videolarına ve tabaka bir daha ?"  2. For the section plan.  And then 3. What support or collaboration do you need or seek from the safe food community, from the other people here and broader who work on food doesn't waste? And then non-financial support please, because we all need money but that is something we cannot provide in the context of this conference. We like to hear if you want to implement an action to reduce food loss and waste, what support do you need from other people in the food system, the legislator, the farm or cooperatives, the wholesale markets or anybody. The food banks or the, you name it, the researchers. So if you can note down these questions and you can respond in Slack or you can send us an email or you can put it tomorrow in the Zoom question and answer chat box. Anyway, let it get to us and then in the course of the day tomorrow we make a selection. And we are going to ask you if you could present your plan during the last session and we probably can have some further talking questions and discussion about it. Maybe we can select 4 or 5 people who submitted. I'm sure that more than 100 people are going to submit something so we have to make a very strict selection in this respect also. Okay, and then now I would like to give back to Ruchen for the closure of the first day of this conference. Thank you Robert for the privilege. Honorable delegates, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, our panelists, our moderator and of course our online panelists and people who stayed with us until this time. We would like to extend gratitude. The day has been packed with very dense information, ideas and food for thought this time. So your enthusiasm made the day a success and I would like to invite you all to join us in a cocktail reception in the foyer of this building from 7 o'clock onwards. So in half an hour it's just the foyer next to this meeting room. So the day one of this conference is now over and we look forward to seeing you again tomorrow in the same time, in the same meeting room and see you all tomorrow. Have a nice evening. Thank you.


Hey guys, it's Nate, AKA the Foot Accountant. Welcome back to the channel. It is a huge Friday inside of FIVA 21 because of that loading screen and the promo we are getting today. Footies is here. We are getting Footies today in FIVA 21. Now, we already know some of the content that is gonna be coming because of the vote that happened earlier this week on Wednesday. I wanna talk about what to expect today in terms of SBCs, objectives, what cards are going to be in packs based off of this loading screen and we saw what does this loading screen mean? I wanna talk about that and a lot of things were added to the code yesterday along with preview packs are not done. EA pulled a fast one on us today and they said and they released some information you probably saw it as you were loading in FIVA. Preview packs are not done. The store is gonna look a lot different. There's actually gonna be maintenance in about an hour or so that is going to fix up the store, change it up and they are gonna be adding some new things in and I'm gonna talk about that as well. But first, what I wanna talk about is footies and I wanna show you again, the stuff that is on that main screen. This screen right here, I know the image is a little bit grainy but you can see what it is, right? These are the different types of promo cards that should be re-released back into packs today, right? Again, we've been talking about it. We're not expecting brand new footies cards to be in packs. We are expecting a re-release of some of these items to be put back in the game. So team of the year is basically, this is every single promo up until team of the season except there's a couple cards that are not in here. Future stars items are not a part of this list. Neither are team of the weeks, which is kind of interesting as well but there's gonna be a ton of special cards that are back in packs today on Friday. That is the expectation. So of course, as people have seen these cards on the loading screen, you've already started to see some sell-off and some of these prices have gone down as people are expecting these cards to be in packs today. Perfect example is Alfonso Davies, right? You've seen a little bit of the sell-off happen already. Alfonso Davies was 460, 470,000 coins. He went all the way down to 390, actually bounced back to about 420,000 coins but I'm telling you this right now with the preview packs that are going to be on the game. There's gonna be preview packs today. We were expecting there not to be but for all of these special cards, people are gonna be opening preview packs today and it's going to supply the market big time with these cards because think about it this way. When you have all these different special cards that are in packs, the amount of value that you're getting back from these preview packs is so much better than you normally do because instead of getting a normal 85-rated gold, that card might have an 87-rated inform or something that is in packs and you're gonna get a lot more value from it. Now what that's going to do is people are going to profit off of their preview packs. It's gonna bring a ton of supply to the market and it's going to crash prices big time because of course with all this supply, people might not even want to buy some of these cards that are getting re-released. Like who really is wanting to buy some of those record breaker cards or some of these cards that have been released that are just not met up in this stage of the game anymore. Like you take a look at this Jovic card, 89-rated. If he has re-released back into packs today, he could go to like 20K. He really could because there's gonna be so much supply on the market and really not a ton of people are going to want to buy those except for SBC fodder or whatever. So I just think that there's a huge potential today for a lot of these cards to really, really drop off in price and I'm really interested to see what cards they put in packs because of course with the team of the year card design being on this loading screen, does that mean all team of the years are gonna be in packs? What about like Mbappe? Mbappe has a record breaker card and a team of the year. Van Dyke has a record breaker and a team of the year. It's gonna be interesting to see today what they release because it doesn't necessarily mean that all the entire, all the foot birthdays, all the record breakers, all the team of the years, not all of them will be in packs today. EA is probably gonna pick some specific few cards and then release those and I doubt it would literally be all of these different types of cards because of course, again, like the Mbappe, like the Van Dyke, you can only have one special card that is in packs at the same time. They can't have both the record breaker and the team of the year in packs at the same time as far as I'm pretty sure that's never been possible before but these are the types of cards that we will see back in packs today but it's really, I think these cards and I think those guys being in packs is really gonna affect the market a lot. I really do think that it is because with those preview packs continuing which we were not expecting, you're gonna see so many people, I think, getting good preview packs today and actually going out and buying those packs with coins or with FIFA points and trying to make a profit off of them. I really think you're gonna see a lot of that today, not even with these really high team of the year cards. It's gonna really end up being a lot of the lower tier cards, a lot of the, you know, headliners, what ifs, ones to watches that are gonna be in a lot of packs that it's gonna make people profit today so I'm expecting the market to crash a decent amount today just because of those preview packs and how it's gonna drop prices across the game. But honestly, what really is a big part of today is the SBCs. Now we're gonna talk about preview packs again and the whole situation with that but I really wanna talk about what to expect today, content-wise, SBC-wise because Footies is an SBC-based promo, right? We have a lot of cards that are gonna be, a lot of SBCs that are gonna be expiring today, the player picks, you know, this paqueta, the Dolberg, some of your festival of foot challenges are gonna be expiring today. I wonder if some of these SBCs that I've completed are gonna be expiring today as well, like some of these upgrade packs. All that's probably gonna go away. Now one thing we guaranteed, we are guaranteed to have today is a left mid Carvahall SBC because we are like really, really sure that he won the vote over Manolis and we are expecting him to get a Footies card today. Now this is the actual card design, this was added to the code earlier tonight. Of course it is different, it is a lot more, I guess you could say regal and definitely more pretty than the nominee card design. So this is the actual Footies card design of a winner. So like Carvahall is gonna have a boosted and upgraded left mid item today. That is one of the SBCs that we are 100% expecting. I would also expect to see another player vote. Again, we've talked about this the past two days. They'll probably release a player vote on the same day as a winner SBC is released. So it's every other day, we're gonna have a vote and a winning Footies player item released in this game. So that is 100% what we would expect today inside of the SBC section. I don't know if they would drop any other player SBCs or anything other than that. They might start re-releasing some of the older content. We could even see that as early as today. That's something that's happened in Footies. Re-released SBCs from earlier on this year, maybe like a Marcelo flashback, maybe a Coutinho flashback SBC. Some of those SBCs that have happened in the past couple months that are still pretty high rated. Maybe the Rooney SBC gets re-released. That could be the type of content that we see today. Now also I would expect objectives. Now last year as a part of the Summer Heat promo which was almost the same thing as Footies, we saw a Foot Academy. It was called a Summer Heat fan favorite but it was one of those tiered objectives where you had an 85 Phryll and Mendy, then you played a few games, completed objectives, unlocked the 87 version, played a few more games, unlocked the 89 and then you played a few more games to unlock the final version. Now I'm wondering, we haven't had an objective like that in a long time since like Future Stars so I'm really wondering if we're gonna have an objective like that today if they're gonna bring that concept back out in the game. And the hype levels of the content today for me really rely on the objective player if it's a big name player, if it's a juiced up card and again the SBCs because yes, we're gonna have these cards in packs and that's gonna be cool.  But in my opinion, the content of Footies today is really gonna be dependent upon the SBCs, how much they juice Carvahall because that's gonna set a standard, right? The Carvahall SBC is gonna set a standard for how Footies is probably gonna play out for the rest of this week and probably this being a two to three week promo if we're being realistic. So that's what I'm really looking forward to seeing today and really I guess thinking about seeing content wise. So let's talk about a few other things. What is gonna happen to the market today with the preview packs? Again, I wanna talk about these pitch notes just a little bit because this was information yesterday that EA told us about and relating to the preview packs. Now I talked about it in the past few videos. We were expecting preview packs to be done. We were expecting things to go back to the old way but EA said, hold up, we have different plans because they have a new store. Look, basically starting today, the foot store it's gonna be updated and there's going to be preview packs and old packs which are just standard packs, right? So there's gonna be so many packs in the store it's actually gonna be kinda crazy.  Like if you think about basically how packs have always been in FIFA where you just buy the pack, opens it up, whether it's with FIFA points or coins, that's the old way, right? And then of course there's a new way with the preview pack. There's gonna be basically double in the store a preview option and a standard. This sentence sums it up. Both the standard foot packs and the preview packs will function in the same manner as they did previously. So players will have the option of which foot packs they want to engage with.  Now the new way is gonna be interesting as well because you're gonna be able to maybe even open some of those packs with coins if you're trying to make the 5K pack methods the 7.5K pack method depending on how many special cards are in packs today could be profitable. Opening those packs with coins, selling the contents we'll have to decide that and look at that when it comes out. But it just really, the store is gonna look different because there's gonna be preview packs and the standard packs, which to me, especially if they do like double lightning rounds like preview pack lightning rounds and non preview pack lightning rounds that's gonna be very, very interesting and that's gonna bring a ton of supply to the market today. And that is gonna be the way that it goes. So preview packs today though for me really makes me think that a lot of these cards that are going to be in packs like the what ifs. We look down the list here and we know that we're getting foot birthdays in packs today, Ferlan Mendy was 470,000 coins. He's now down to 390. And this is one thing that I want you guys to keep an eye out for today. Last year I made a lot of coins doing this when they re-release cards back in packs. Watch out on your popular meta and rare slash harder to pack items out of these teams. So Sane, Lucas, Mendy for sure from foot birthday, this team, maybe the other foot birthday team you're looking at Sterling, you're looking at Adama or Awar, maybe even Tamori or Atal for a lower tier, lower price option. Watch out for these cards because there's gonna be a lot of panic selling still and there's gonna be a lot of supply in that first hour and cards that are meta, especially team of the years. I'm really gonna keep an eye on team of the years today because if these guys have huge drop offs like Van Dyke, a Trent Alexander Arnold, a Bruno Fernandez and Mbappe or Ronaldo, a Messi, I'm gonna keep an eye on these because if there's a huge drop off with the supply and the panic selling, again, these cards are gonna get cheap. There's still a weekend link to play this weekend. They could very easily bounce back. So I wanna definitely keep an eye on some of that stuff today, just watch your most popular meta cards that are a part of these different items that are coming out. Again, I would really just focus on foot birthday, maybe foot freeze, maybe some of the road to the finals, team of the years and maybe a couple headliners or what if cards, depends on which items actually get re-released. Again, the more rare and meta that card is, the better it's probably gonna do and have a chance to rebound. So I'm gonna be looking at that today. Also, they added some new packs to the code. This is tweeted out by Footwatch last night. All this code is, is a bunch of preview packs, right? You have an 81 plus rare three. You have an 80 plus rare five and 81 plus rare seven. These are all preview packs. So they're going to be in the store, right? Prime gold players pack, rare players pack. Like it's just a lot of preview packs. The first three of these are basically just preview packs, right? Now, there's an interesting pack that they added called an 87 plus star rare player pack. And we've never heard something related as a star. So this is where the question marks for me come in today. What is a star rare player pack? Because there's two versions of this pack code, right? This star rare player pack says that it contains 12 rare gold players, one player guaranteed to be 87 plus. So was that one player that's 87 plus guaranteed like called a star? Or is there some other thing that they're gonna talk about today that they're gonna name a star, right? Like are the players released back in packs stars or something like that? I don't know. But that is something that we're very curious about. What does that mean? They're also adding what seems to be a new SBC pack to the code since it was not added as a preview pack, just a normal pack code, two of them actually, an 85 to 90 rated rare player and a 85 times 10. 85 times 10 pack would be very interesting. That is in the code. I would expect that to be an SBC whether if it's today or whether it's later on during the week of footies, same thing with an 85 to 90 rated rare player. That would be a really easy SBC that EA could make that would be repeatable. Let's say they require like an 81 or at most an 82 rated squad for an 85 to 90 player. Hopefully it costs that much. And that would be something where if you have a lot of 81s or 82s, you can go put them in and get a higher rated player to help you do SBCs. I feel like that should be a repeatable SBC. Just keep an eye out for that today for maybe a part of the content as well. But I wanted to cover those things and talk about that. Again, today is footies, right? It's all about the footies cards, the cards that get re-released. Hopefully we have some sort of engagement reward packs today as well. That's been something that we've been looking forward to and talked about. And hopefully they continue to put out hype players as a part of these votes, right? When we have the votes today, again, we're expecting Carvajal to win because he is the higher rated player and those cards that they released in the vote were not loans, they were legit items. So people really are gonna go for that fodder. Now for the rest of the market today, how is the market gonna react to all the stuff going on? I honestly think if you have a team of the year messy, even though it's lower rated than this Summer Stars version, if you have a lower tier version of messy, that's not that much worse, right? A 98 messy versus a 99. I know there was a big upgrade on some of these cards, especially like Neymar, right? I do think that the whole market is gonna drop off a little bit today because if people are buying coins, if they're buying preview packs with coins, that's actually taking coins off of the market. That's kind of hard to kind of be a concept to think about, but even though your account's getting more coins, you're actually as a whole taking coins off the market. Now if people are buying the packs with fever points, that ticks the market up and puts coins on. But I do think the market's gonna drop more today. All the cards that are gonna get re-released in packs are gonna drop 100% with the supply. Now the interesting thing is SPC fodder. And I wanna talk about this. And again, as I was saying, I really feel like the fodder prices today and how these cards move on the market is 100% dependent upon how hype the content is. Because a lot of these cards, a lot of these gold cards might have special items that are going to be coming into packs and would mean their gold card is going out of packs. Remember yesterday's video, we looked at the surge nabbery? He had a special card that came into packs, which meant his gold card was no longer being packed and 84 rated absolutely flew during this time last year. So I don't know how many cards are gonna release in packs today, but what I would really look out for are some of the 83, 84, and 85 rated players that are gonna have a special item that come out in packs today. And then getting their gold card. What you could do is when they drop the list of players that is shown today, you could go look for gold cards of those players that are going to be in. Not like High Tier, like a Ronaldo, like Mbappe, or something like that. Some of those could go up, but I'd be looking more towards like, Kingsley Coman has like, he has a Tots card so that wouldn't be re-released. He won't be going out of packs tomorrow. So any of these cards that are 84s, I don't know if Tagli Fico has any special items, or like Guerrero, if they release Team of the Week card today, this Guerrero might go out of packs and he might have a Team of the Week item that is in packs, right? Or maybe a Sonny, Foot Birthday. Sonny could be a great one, right? Sonny Foot Birthday is probably gonna be out today. This guy is a max price range of 25,000 coins as an 85 rated with really good links. This might be somebody that when you see a Foot Birthday Sonny is listed as one of the cards that could be in packs today. Maybe you go Snag, a couple Leroy Sonny's, even though he's already inflated in price a little bit, I think those could be cards that do really, really well. But again, the prices of the SBC fodder today are 100% dependent upon how good the content is. And the reason I'm not talking about 86s, 87s, 88s, and 89s is because this fodder is already really low. And what I'm really scared about is with all the supply coming to the market today, there's gonna be a lot of promo cards that are going to get cheaper than these gold cards are on the market with all of that supply coming in from the preview packs. That's something that I'm kind of noticing. You already see this as a Karya as an 86 rated card is one of the cheapest 86s. You look down through this list here, are there any special cards? Jovic, we just looked at him, we talked about him, right? Jovic's card, 38K, he could very easily be down in like the mid 20K range today with a lot of supply. The brand wants to watch Laporte, man of the match, if they're gonna drop man of the matches and informs. Pepe's, what if cards, 33K on the cheaper range for an 88 rated. So I'm really worried about the high rated fodder, 86 and above because I feel like special cards could push that down. But as the stuff that's going out of packs, that's the stuff that I'm interested in the most. But again, it really depends on the content that we see today on this game. But as it goes for like Path of Glory cards, maybe Summer Stars team too, a lot of you guys I know are wanting to know and wanting to say, hey, should I buy a Chiesa now? Or should I wait? Now, these Summer Stars items are so cheap already, like this Cain's 200,000 coins. I packed Lukaku today, he's a 280K card. This guy's really good by the way, insane finisher, insane in the game. You know, I would say if there's any, I would wait to buy a couple of these Summer Stars items until what we see the content is today. Of course we know that these aren't getting re-released back in packs.  Now there's a couple quick, real little bit of information here. There's a couple rumors going around about today based upon a tweet that was released by an account that has a lot of quote unquote source and information about, you know, stuff that's upcoming in the future. Sometimes the stuff is right, sometimes it's not. But the tweet reads that the team that is coming out tomorrow, it says just think of a few players that were upgradable that didn't get their full potential of an upgrade. That makes me think of like road to the final players that, you know, didn't get their potential upgrade. So as EA can remember last year in FIFA 20 how EA gave all road to the final items plus threes because of, you know, COVID delayed the games and they were, the cards were, you know, talked about and shown in the later part of the year when a lot of other high rated cards were out. So EA actually upgraded these cards like this and gave them a higher rating. So, you know, one thing I'll be looking at today is whatever kind of, I guess, interesting things EA could pull on us. Like they could update these road to the finals, give them all like plus twos and plus threes and then re-release them back into packs. That would be every interesting and that'd be something that would be new and kind of crazy. So we're going to keep an eye on some of that stuff today. That's kind of the only like thing we're really unsure about. Like if that's just nonsense being talked about or if that is legit. So I wanted to kind of say something about that before we end the video, but of course, today also marks the end of festival football. And I think we all need to give a couple of claps to EA sports for the festival of football promo with FOF path to glory cards. That was a, I think pretty well done promo. I think the number of wins, it could have been a three win threshold or two win threshold instead of a three win. More cards would have been upgraded and summer stars was great as well. High ratings, incredible booths, great SBCs. I just think that the past four weeks of content, five weeks of content with the Euros and Copa America and all of the stuff inside of FIFA has been a big W. So GGs to EA on that content and hopefully since they've set the bar up here, hopefully it just continues at that high level. And that's why again, I really am stressing it depends on the level of content today, how hype this footies promo is. So that's the video for today, boys. I know it's a bit longer, but there's a lot to talk about. I wanted to fit it all in. If you did enjoy it, smash the thumbs up on a comment down below if you have any questions and subscribe if you do. It's been Nathan Foot Accountant. I will catch you guys later. Peace.


What's up everybody? Jason here for jazby's case breaks calm 2021 tops diamond icons baseball one box break picker teams number 52 Just sold out and again. This is a loose box. This is our last box Unfortunately, hopefully we get some more because it has been a fan favorite as you can see we've done 52 of these But again, you get seven autographs two autograph rally cards and one rally card ten cards a box and Here we go Here is the nine. Is it nine? Yeah, nine different teams right here There's a customer names. Well, and then here's a customer that bought in straight up. There we go Here is that loose box. I don't think Joe wrote anything. It was just a loose box.  I did not expect that to pop out of there I mean, I know Joe pulled that boppy one first, but It was very sweet and really good condition to I mean for like a thick part Got a booklet here.  Let's save that to the end Cool, we have a three out of five Miguel Cabrera That is for Detroit going to Steve Eric straight up We have a nine out of 25 Mike Schmidt. That is for the Phillies and Howard Beautiful patch. Look at that Ricky Henderson Seattle Mariners edition about that Four out of ten Seattle Mariners It wobbles straight up. There you go Don't even have to worry about that one straight up to you Whole sale to be two out of 25 Yeah, same thing. So yeah, I mean if you want to go back to that Yeah, the total cost of all 19s or X amount of dollars, which probably outsells anybody spot straight up So, I mean if it's it's not about the money that was spent. It's just that's just the way it goes That's the way we've always done it here. I should say and Houston's an R&B spot to actually Tyler Brenner. There you go There you go Tyler on the board 16 out of 25 Frank Thomas The big hurt Chicago I saw a wobble back-to-back Yeah, sports. I mean, I don't really want to talk about anymore We have done so much talking about that when it first happened, but it was just really mishandled and didn't look Well, it's pretty much it Six out of 25 Dennis Eckersley. It's like old news now six old you Oakland Carl's a gear back-to-back. Look at this Jose can say go five out of five red Another one for the age. Oh, is that what I think it is? I think it is Brace yourself a waffle brace yourself How about a quad diamond? Three out of five of Ichiro for the Seattle Mariners And there you go Very nice Genuine diamonds is what this is right there genuine diamonds for triple die or quad diamond Three out of five actually Probably going a hundred point all right. We do have a book. I don't think I've ever hit a book out of this Db, sorry about mystery in question. Yes when the stream is off It's most likely that the breaker Josh and for instance is in his dinner break So that's why he's offline So he'll be back in X amount of time. So if he just got off right now at 720 He'll be back in like 40 minutes, you know So the reason why we're probably off is because he's on a dinner break It's not like here.  All right, here we go guys. Good luck. What do we have? It's must be like a dual booklet, right? All right, nothing Diamond night. What is this?  There was two hits. Hold on Hold up. Hold up. There was two hits here Sorry about that guys. I didn't realize that you're due to receive Diamond icons autograph of Wow, what a break for the Mariners Ken Griffey, Jr. Eat your old Ken Griffey, Jr. and add on The first hit. What was the first hit for the Seattle Mariners? Ricky Henderson.  I feel like when the Mariners hit they hit like three times. All right, here's the booklet guys Good luck. So it's a dual autograph diamond relic book card One two three go Wow, it's a one of one and it's gonna be a randomizer That is Randy Johnson and Greg Maddox one of one dual diamond and on card autograph book That's gonna be for Atlanta Gary Gordon and Seattle straight up el Wapo Both of you guys good luck guys no majority rules. So we have to randomize this Someone's gonna be happy. Someone's gonna be sad. That's a nice way to end off the last box. What a great box of diamond icons Alrighty, here we go. Let's do the randomizer now So just straight up braves Mariners number one gets it braves Mariners roll it Just three times one and a two three times Good luck everybody one Two three Stays with the mariners and what a break for you one and a two three times Mariners monstrous break Mariners take that dual booklet one of one diamond autograph of Greg Maddox and Randy Johnson There you go Congrats, man. And again, what a great break guys. I mean One on one dual booklet Ken Griffey jr. Each row out of five and what a break for seattle in general a couple Oakland There's another seattle there just monstrous break There you go And there you go guys jacksby's case breaks dot com