We are back to the touch line here on Y254. It's a big week that we have been experiencing in the world of sport and now we turn our attention to the Kenya motor sport and that is majorly the Safari rally. In 2019 Kenya will be hosting the WRC candidate event that is going to happen here in Kenya to see if Kenya is actually ready to host the 2020 World Rally Championship here in the country. It's been a very long time since 2002 when Kenya lost this event to Turkey and we are hoping that by 2020 Kenya can gain this event. Joining us here in studio is one veteran rally navigator Abdul CD who has also turned out to be one of the best Safari rally journalists this country has ever produced. Mr. Abdul, welcome to the touch line here on Y254. There's been a long time since you were here last. Thank you so much. It's nice to be back here at KBC and my early days at KBC was in the forefront and live shows and all that used to happen. Mama Jugona was one of your guys I remember. Thank you for getting me here. This is the youngest station for KBC now it's Y254. I can see all the young people here. All the young people here. So we started off with the motor sport calendar is actually open and the first race that went on was Baldev Shaga winning the Kajiado Rally Championships last weekend. What is your take from the rally last weekend? What was the performance like? That was the second event of the calendar. The first rally was the Nakuru Rally organized by Rift Valley Motorsports Club and the event was won by Onkar Rai. Unfortunately Onkar didn't take part in the Kenya Motorsports Club Rally which was the second round of the 2019 Baldev Chaga, former Safari Rally champion, former national champion and former winner of the event. The general feeling was KBC organized a very good event. Stages were smooth, drivers didn't complain and I think because the stages were that smooth there were 12 dropouts which is the largest so far this season and I think last year when the 27 cars which started and 12 fell to finish, no accident was mechanical. But we are running an event. Well as we are talking about the rallies that will be happening here in the country, one of your students last year actually we played that clip because of Tuta, when we did that story it was last year but one Tuta just joined your school, the Abdul Sidi Rally Academy and last year she was voted the sports personality of the year. What was that like for the Abdul Sidi Rally Academy? To me self satisfaction, something that really encourages me to do what I am doing. When I started it wasn't very encouraging, I thought sport being expensive, I will not see people come back but already there are 60 who are rallying in Kenya and I want the respect of the rally people not only in Kenya, in Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania but Tuta being crowned the sports personality of the year. It's a brilliant thing for us Abdul Sidi Rally Academy, very polite girl, very good navigator and the driver himself also the person she navigates is my student Eric Bengi, he's a lawyer. So it says a lot and I'm pleased. A very short span of time that you have had with the school but you have had a really big impact in the safari rally here in Kenya because now we have got more than 100 students who are actually actively involved in safari rally and motor sport in Kenya. Actually last year safari rally took about 100 students of mine who acted as senior officials, time keepers, marshals, everything that had to do with the safari and this year is the same, I have got senior officials in the team who are my students Helen Chiri, she is the secretary. Noris Ongalo, he is the chief safety officer and several others makes me proud, makes me feel yes, I have done the right thing and it's something that is really keeping me alive. I have become a very boring spectator. I actually do not go and watch rallies, I do my updates and everything from home and it motivates my ambitions, my feelings, my everything and I am pleased. Because you are getting really many people outside. Last year also we got another global recognition and that was Helen Chiri who was given a global recognition by the safari rally, the world rally project and they named it a global icon in the event. How does this make us feel as Kenyans as we are getting out there globally recognized in safari rally? We are being recognized apart from Helen, I was invited to Rwanda by FIA president where I was given the opportunity to go and address the senior officials of motorsport in the world, Africa giving me the chance to talk of what I have been doing growing motorsport from the crossroads and all these I am doing it for free of charge, I don't charge and that is something that I take pride because I am the only one in Africa who does it. Forget even the South Africans in Mambu is all that and I have got followers who follow me from South Africa to Rwanda worldwide and all that and it is a unique thing and Helen to be given that award she has been recognized as a good secretary for the world rally championship event, the safari. So it is being recognized that the Kenyans have got the ability and they have got the right people to run the show and hopefully that can drive us to WRC proper WRC status in 2020. As we are going to talk about now the proper hosting of the event in 2020 I understand that Ian Campbell the British rally championship some of the people are involved with the British rally championship he is in the country because of the FIA to look at our event and see if we are ready to host that event when you look at this official body language when they come here in our country from your perspective do we have that hope that we can manage and actually FIA will be like now have this event? To be honest it is very deceiving to see what is in their eyes and in their hearts but as a Kenyan we have that confidence that our team has done the right thing has put in the right effort and the government through President Kenyatta has come in directly to try and get the status that we have been looking for from 2002 Now Campbell is an event director for British rally championship he is here and Leatherman the 15 times WRC rally contender he is also here and they have been appointed by FIA senior officials to come and assess what the local organizers have done so far in readiness for the safari rally which will kick off on July 5th now sticking to that what have we done so far what has the organization that the safari rally led by your chairman Mr. Fenas Kimati so far what has actually been put in place so that we can have this candidate event first in 2019 there is a team that has been working for the last 7 months and I can assure you they have been doing great jobs they have been going up and down and it's never easy one of the recommendations that the stages must be closed we can't have open stages because safety is paramount when we say stages must be closed we don't want to see even a giraffe crossing a zebra crossing in front of a rally car and that is how strict they are so the team has been today the officials are with the local team they are in Naewasha they are looking at the stages the rally the program is it will kick off on July 5th from Kasarani Stadium with a special stage then go to Naewasha spend the night and start the following day it's around that area for example in Slipping Warrior two stages on the first day to be repeated and then the second day they are going to Kedong again two stages to be repeated and then come back but now the officials are there today checking at each and every stage and looking and assessing what are the chances of this event being successful have they put in enough efforts for me I would like to think yes they have done it but what the FIA read some time the officials may be reading from a different book but we keep our fingers crossed overall what is the main object what is the main thing that they look at as Kenya is building to host this event as FIA what exactly what is the main objective and what is the main thing that they look at at the end of the day let me tell you motor sport is dangerous and safety is paramount and cars are getting so fast now unlike the olden days where it was endurance how safely can you drive from A to B now it is how quickly can you drive from A to B without any obstructions any cows any goats any chickens animals crossing the road forget human beings so they look at safety and see how you have organized your event so that no outside interference is worked on the rally on the day of the day then you have got special spectator stages where they are told to park your car here and walk down there and that's it you cannot drive in that stage so safety is paramount the rest is how good an event is with your organization safety medical all that you've done then how are you going to invite your drivers how well are they going to be taken care of how are the hotels accommodation and you need to look at if all these teams are coming here and if they come where are they going to sleep so you need to look at all those hotels around that area and I'm told they've seen hotels and they are able to check in nearly 15,000 people at any one time so yes it is paramount it is very important and safety is on the highest point talking of the stages that will be happening because the 2019 is a candidate event what is the difference between a WRC candidate event in 2019 and the WRC rally championship in 2020 candidate event is an event where you've been given the chance to run that event and show to the FI officials this is exactly what we will do when we get a WRC event WRC you get it it's now your part of that big circles where there are 12 events in the world 12 or 10 events and you're part of that calendar WRC what we used to play in the olden days until 2002 so this year it is our chance to impress the FI officials to tell them listen whatever we are doing here is exactly what we are going to do when we get a WRC event so that is why it is a candidate event taking you back to a nostalgic feel of your safari rally days and specifically when we had this event up to 2002 what is the main difference from the 2002 event and the events in 2019 and 2020 the olden days safaris they were longer the stages were longer and they were on open roads we used to drive from Kedong to Tulele you go to Kilifi, Mombasa Aldoret Maralal all that side it was spread across the nation now it is centered on one spot near in Ewasha that is the difference because the cars have become so fast and very expensive Skoda is 25 million Kenya shilling one Skoda now one suspension of Skoda is 1.2 million therefore and you need space fuel they use F gas one liter of F gas gives you 2.5 kilometers so you need like a whole barrel so the cars with 100 liter tank they will not be able to do longer stages they have to do 2 or 3 stages come back to the service fill it up go again fill it up in the olden days the whole tank would give you 1000 kilometers sometimes big changes that are happening here in the safari rally industry let's hope that Jean Todd will be hoping that they can go ahead and give us this event but you are big fan of the safari and what do you do these days when you are relaxed back home like I was just discussing with you you have become such a boring spectator but I have not lost interest it really keeps me alive I am really let me tell you I am getting I will be 65 in April and I still feel strong the sport has really kept me active it has given me everything that I needed in life I have seen the world I have rallied with the best teams and the best drivers and now with this technology one it is brilliant but it is anti-social discourages you from going to the areas and doing coverage I sit at home and then I am recognized everywhere I have earned the respect of the people around I have got about 30,000 followers on Facebook I have got lots of groups and people follow me from across the world so I give them updates whatever second to second happening in the rally I am informed I am also connected to the main Safari Rally HQ and I have got my own informers on the roads so I have got all that information you know you are one inspirational figure in the world of sports because I understand that you did not even finish high school you decided rally is my thing and I am going for it into rally and now you are teaching even university professors what to do about Safari Rally you are being invited to conventions worldwide to discuss Safari Rally to give academicians about Safari Rally just to be a big inspiration in this country and me as a journalist I am one of the people who is inspired by your journalism career how did it start and how did you end up becoming one of the biggest Safari Rally journalists in the world I thank God when I my school met was Kiritu Murungi Meru Senator we used to be in the same school but at the end of our Form 1 I decided I didn't want to continue and my parents were well to do and they didn't ask me why you are not going to do this but from the day I left when I left school there was not a dream of me becoming a rally driver I just left but I was very actively involved I represented Eastern province secondary school in basketball I played football, cricket and volleyball and I kept myself active with all sports and got into motorsport when I was about 30 and I just I can't believe where I am today because I was able to navigate Kenyan champion Patrick Giru as a Ranwa I was able to navigate 7 times African champion Satwan Singh from Zambia in Uganda and I navigated world group and champion Kriwa Di Mavius in the safari and then when I started Kishinga Jorogi was the editor at nation and he said Abdul why don't you write for nation I said me no I don't have that no I don't have brains like you no no no it's simple eventually about 6-7 months later I got a big typewriter and started writing 400 words it's like 5 hours kupu stories and he helped me but now I want the respect of the media in Kenya, Africa and the world and I have done press offices in Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda Rundi, Kenya and I write for the nation been writing for the nation for the last 30 years and I must say and I do tell the youngsters please do not tell your parents Abdul Sidi didn't do for man go and finish one thing I never drank in my life and I never smoked in my life and that I think has given me lots of respect for people as a navigator you are a lady looking for a husband looking for a wife somewhere and the moment the word goes there I don't you know that's fire in my case now it was like that so I started from nursery school to up there and as you said I have got students Professor Aaron who is in Nairobi University in Mombasa is one of my students and I am now able to talk to university lecturers students directors CEOs and all that simple my own 34 years later this is what the safari can do to you yeah yeah it's given me a lot but back to the WRC and everything you are talking about tourism everyone is talking about tourism and in 2002 we lost a lot of tourism attraction into the country if we get this event what will be the impact like for Kenya and Africa because this is the only event that is being considered in Africa don't forget the government is directly involved in getting trying to get safari the WRC Phineas Kimathi President Uru Kenyatta and there are lots of other officials who are working together to make sure that we get WRC but getting a WRC is not just for the sport itself it works a lot for the country we get tourism during I remember the olden days when it was WRC hotels were fully booked there were lots of tourists they would come and see action they would see animals wildlife and all that and it used to help tourism grow in number and from that time it's not gone completely down but it can still come up so we just pray that we get the WRC status and we have that strength to get more tourists to Kenya and build tourism and happen it every time when it comes in year in year out going back into the day again someone who has been in the safari rally for 34 years now you have got that one memory where you are this one we have done it right this is that memory that will make me forever remember the safari what is that memory for you I there are several memories and I talking to Campbell the British rally director and when I told him I have done 18 safaris and finished 15 he says wow and when somebody says wow and that's the time the feeling gets and he says yes 18 safaris when it was 5800 kilometers endurance and my first ever finished that time so that time the results didn't matter it was finishing anyway just finished the safari from that time on lots of memories the best ever memory right now and it carries lots of weight is having navigated Patrick Girou in 1994 safari rally the only African black African to finish fourth overall in a WRC and winning the groupen class and beating the then world champion with the late Richard Barnes we were in the same teams baro team and then doing rallies in South Africa in Rwanda, Iwanda, Tanzania at home you know where Pangani is close your eyes tell your driver go there but when you're in Rwanda first you're driving on the right hand side and everything is on the left here so roundabout is not this way you're going this way so that is also confusing and to do and even there and to finish and do well those are memories for you so lots of memories and the thing is meeting people like you having making friends and I made thousands and thousands of friends and it's a great fun a rally museum a safari rally museum we are so with your pictures because they are great pictures we really appreciate you coming here to tell us everything about the safari rally so from here where are you heading to I'm going to Garas Post Club thank you so much Garas Post Club for providing me with the venue where I teach my students I usually preach and I come on don't be late in rallying if you're one minute late is 10 seconds penalty if you're one minute early is 60 seconds penalty so can you imagine you have to be precisely on time so I'm going to be about that and that's not the only class you have out in Garas I think you have another one at Carnival also yeah it's GP Cutting from time to time I actually move from one place to another but yeah Garas is at the moment hosting me and my guys are there waiting and yeah it's always it's fun on Saturday afternoons if you're free, if your friends are free all those listening to this my adventures please come and see me it's something that is really creating good environment and if you want to come and be a rally driver or navigator you have to be one with a driving license but if you don't have that look at the 100 marshals and officials who are working for the safari they are not rally drivers and events are happening here in here and then you have got eight events in Kenya including the safari Ruan, Mombasa, Eldoret, Kisumun, Yanuki, Nairobi so you can be traveling around you can be working with those guys thanks a lot Mr. Abdul to come into Y254 it has been a safari rally conversation and if you want everything to do the safari rally one person you should follow is Abdul City he has been a rally navigator here in the country from the back in the 80s 90s and he told in 1994 they had their best times with Patrick and Jiru but also he is a very, very good and one of the most prominent safari rally journalists in the world Mr. Abdul City you can follow him on Facebook and on Twitter and he can give you all that also this link will be sharing it with you and if there is anyone outside there who wants to enjoy the safari rally the Abdul City Rally Academy is one that you can join now we are breaking with the champions league highlights a big 19 euro poor man just United managed to come from two goals down to win against Paris Saint-Germain and also Tottenham managed to progress to the quarterfinals of the UFA Champions League let's look at those highlights when we come back we will be discussing everything in the funds also with Claudio Ranieri getting his first job again after his relegation with Fulham we'll be right back


10. Interesting English Expressions for Progress or Speed from espressoenglish.net Today's lesson is inspired by a student question. He asked, What does the phrase, We are spinning our wheels mean? Keep watching to find out. My everyday English speaking courses and my idioms course can help you learn a lot more of these casual expressions. If you'd like to sign up, just click on the link in the video. Spinning your wheels means to put in a lot of effort with zero results or progress. Imagine a car or truck that's stuck in the mud. No matter how much the wheels spin, the car or truck will not go forward. Here's an example. The client rejects every suggestion I make. I feel like I'm just spinning my wheels on this project. A similar expression is go in circles. That means to be very active but not make any progress towards your goal. Instead you keep coming back to the same things. For example, the discussion goes in circles at every staff meeting. It all comes down to budget limitations. Number three. Run into a brick wall means to encounter something that makes it impossible to proceed. A brick wall is very hard and you can't go through it so you can't proceed. For example, we were working on buying a house but we ran into a brick wall when we couldn't get a loan from the bank. Number four. Have a mental block. This means to have a psychological barrier that prevents you from doing something or thinking of something. For example, I can't seem to write the conclusion to my report. I'm having a mental block. Number five. As slow as molasses means extremely slow. Molasses is a very thick liquid similar to honey. It flows very slowly. For example, the internet here is as slow as molasses. It takes half an hour to download one photo. Expression number six. Have or make a breakthrough means make a sudden advance, discovery, achievement or overcome an obstacle. We often use make a breakthrough for scientific discovery. For example, scientists have made a breakthrough in clean energy technology with the development of a low-cost solar energy panel. And we often use have a breakthrough for personal realizations when you suddenly understand something. For example, after thinking about it a lot, I finally had a breakthrough. I realized I was the source of the problem. Number seven. Get, shift or kick into high gear. This means to start working faster at a high or intense level of activity. For example, I work for a toy store and every year at Christmas we shift into high gear. In a car you shift into high gear when going fast. Number eight. Be or get in the groove. This expression means perform well and easily because you have been doing it for some time and it's easy to continue. For example, I'm always a little nervous when I start speaking, but I feel more comfortable once I get in the groove. Number nine. Smooth sailing. This describes easy progress with no problems. For example, signing up for classes has been smooth sailing. I was able to do everything online. We also have the phrasal verb sail through something meaning to do it fast and easily. For example, since he already had experience, he sailed through the training exercises. Number 10. At breakneck speed or pace. This means extremely fast. For example, things in this industry are changing at breakneck speed, so it's important to stay up to date. Often these expressions are easiest to learn and remember when you see them in context. My everyday English speaking course, level two, will help you learn informal expressions in conversations. And there's also my English idioms course in which you'll figure out the expressions through quizzes. Click on the links in the video for more information about these courses. Thanks for joining me today and I'll see you in the next lesson.


Nintendo has struck again. This time, the company has taken a shot at its old nemesis, YouTube. Professional YouTuber, she says, creator of the channel Boundary Break, has issued an impassioned plea to Nintendo asking for one of his videos to be reinstated. The video in question, which Nintendo blocked using YouTube's Content ID copyright system, shows, she says, manipulating the camera to explore out-of-bounds areas within Animal Crossing New Horizons. So why has Nintendo taken down such an innocuous video? Why is the company so eager to copyright other people's YouTube videos? First off, bad news for gaming YouTube as a whole, Nintendo is completely entitled, from a legal perspective, to take down videos it doesn't like. The legal status of Let's Plays and other YouTube videos is murky at best. Small pieces of copyrighted content can be used for review or educational purposes, but it's not really clear how much a YouTuber can use without getting into trouble. Gameplay footage features a lot of artwork and audio that are copyrighted, so publishing a video of a Nintendo game involves making an illegal copy of the company's assets. YouTube has never really sat well with Nintendo. The company is less than thrilled about people presenting footage of their games without their consent or approval. Initially, Nintendo's plan was to de-incentivise Let's Plays by claiming all the ad revenue from videos of their games. A spokesperson said at the time, as part of our ongoing push to ensure Nintendo content is shared across social media channels in an appropriate and safe way, we became a YouTube partner and as such in February 2013 we registered our copyright content in the YouTube database. We continually want our fans to enjoy sharing Nintendo content on YouTube, and that is why, unlike other entertainment companies, we have chosen not to block people using our intellectual property. While the money might have been a factor, YouTube ad revenue is pocket change compared to the amount Nintendo normally makes from these games. It sounds as if the bigger factor was the concern that YouTube content might be inappropriate. Former Nintendo of America president Reggie Fesame once said this more explicitly when asked about YouTubers. He said, The first thing we needed to do was make sure that the content that's out there was representative of the franchises. These are our lifeblood. These are our children. We needed to make sure that the content was reflective of what these franchises are. Nintendo eventually loosened up on trying to claim all revenue from videos featuring their games, but the company has not stopped using the Content ID system to remove videos which are deemed to break the rules of intended play. In Nintendo's mind, the game remains their property even after purchase, and players must not break the rules, especially in a public forum. Or, to borrow a quote from Satoru Iwata from our video on why Nintendo opposes fan games, it is true that some expressions are detrimental enough to diminish the dignity of our intellectual properties, and others destroy our intellectual properties' worldviews by connecting them with something not based on fact. So, for example, if a video showed off a method of breaking the boundaries within a popular Nintendo game, it could be deemed to diminish the dignity of the game. Nintendo has worked hard to create a high quality piece of art, and they don't want people abusing it to show off the elements that lack polish. Plus, it's worth noting that Nintendo is trying desperately to maintain a functioning microeconomy within Animal Crossing. Item duplication exploits are potentially dangerous, so Nintendo is coming down hard on any video that shows off glitches within the game. But why take down this particular boundary break episode and leave the rest intact? Well, as she says notes in his video response to the takedown, Nintendo is not a single entity, but rather a company made up of humans. For whatever reason, an ordinary human being made the decision to take down this particular video, while another person might have chosen to overlook the rest if she says his video library. Nintendo has no hard and fast rule on copyright enforcement, so double standards are inevitable. Of course, whether or not Nintendo is legally or morally right to take down YouTube videos, one thing is certain. A company is fighting a losing battle. YouTubers are like Hydra. Block one video, two more will take its place. The moral of the story is that Nintendo, and indeed all of us, must let go of the illusion of control. We can't force other people to behave the way we want them to. In fact, if we stop trying to dictate the way other people act, it's easier to find compromise and common ground. That way, everyone can have fun playing together.


In today's digital age, ICT plays a central role in nearly all aspects of our life. ICTs affect how people work, play, vote and interact. For persons with disabilities, ICTs can also improve quality of life, enhance inclusion and social engagement and make independent living possible. For most people, technology makes things easier. For many persons with disabilities, technology makes things possible. A growing number of ICTs have become accessible for persons with disabilities. For example, a person with visual impairment can use a text-to-speech software to read a website. Some web pages use captions in audio content. As of 2018, among 126 countries, 46% had made efforts to improve the accessibility of information and communication technologies. In Europe, 56% have done so. For example, between 2008 and 2011, computers with the screen reader programs were installed in public libraries across Lithuania. But many ICTs still have built-in barriers for persons with disabilities. Another example, in 60% of the countries, online national portals include features that are not accessible for persons with disabilities. Even when ICTs are accessible, persons with disabilities may not be able to reach them. In developed countries, 43% of stores that sell electronics are not accessible for persons with disabilities. Or, once at the store, they may not be able to afford them. Accessible ICTs are often much costlier. Just to cite an example, screen readers and text-to-speech applications cost several hundred US dollars on some mobile platforms. We have to find innovative solutions to make ICT accessible and affordable to all persons with disabilities. The international community has been advocating for a key role of ICTs to empower persons with disabilities since the 90s. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, known as CRPD, that was adopted in 2006, called for accessible ICTs. DASA is committed to support countries in these efforts. Last year, DASA published the Disability and Development Report 2018, which identified key actions to make ICT accessible for all persons with disabilities. 1. Adopt national ICT accessibility policies and regulations. 2. Involve persons with disabilities at every stage of ICT development. 3. Promote accessibility in the ICT industry. And 4. Improve data on accessibility of ICTs. This year's Accessible Europe, the Regional Forum on ICT Accessibility, organized by the ITU and the European Commission, will be held in Malta from the 4th to the 6th of December 2019. How can we best promote accessibility standards policies and regulations? How can we best engage innovators driving accessibility solutions? How can we join efforts to remove barriers in ICTs for persons with disabilities? How can we move forward with development cooperation and partnerships that aim at making ICT accessible for all? Well, join this event to assist countries in answering these questions and advancing their Accessible ICTs agenda.


Self-compassion added to any behavior change is just going to outperform the gold standard. What can we be doing to give our audience some more tools to navigate this inner critic? Now self-compassion, it's actually a super powerful concept. So what is self-compassion? Self-compassion means talking to yourself as you would to your best friend. It's not the beating up. And that is the idea of self-compassion, of being our own best friend in pursuing that.  And you better make sure that you have a really good relationship with that person. And when you develop that relationship, that is what's called self-compassion.


Following the pronouncement by Niger's President Bolotini Vuo on subsidy removal during his swearing-in ceremony, the independent marketers of premium motor spirit in Ilauri, the Quara state capital, have shut down their stations with a view to hoarding the product, creating artificial scarcity. This has resulted to the arrest of some peasants and sealing up of two filling stations by the state, NSCDC. The assistant commandant of Quora Olatunji Yusuf disclosed this during the inspection across several filling stations with an alluring metropolis monitored by a correspondent. Residents describe the artificial scarcity of PMS by independent marketers as lack of a fear of God and hatred for humanity. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


ist, you've been engaged in the challenge of this information as well in Brazil, and now you are in government in a gigantic laboratory for many of these things that we are talking about, such as Brazil that goes beyond and so my question is very open. What is your experience the lessons that you would like to share with us in terms of what you are doing in the Brazilian government. Thank you very much, Gonzalo. I would like to apologize my English as a native speaker, and I do my best to express myself here. First, I need to give one step behind to explain what's happened in Brazil in the last four years and during the pandemic. There are some concepts like democracy and science we thought that was completely consolidate, but it was, was not. And we have to stand up to to this very important word and concepts. So, and we think as a scientist, the word will be like, applaud us, because so fast has the diagnosis, the vaccine, some medicine so this is a wonderful for the science point of view. But in Brazil, we became a number one enemy of the nation so we were threatened of death. We were constantly afraid of our lives so it's a very complicated moment in Brazil to be a scientist should be to be a people that work with this, this very important word. And we have this misinformation that was spread by the government so it's a completely different from other part of the world because for the first time in our country will have our institution, saying against science and stand up against science so it's. So, we as a scientist you do not know how to manage this because it's a completely different environment that we were on that time in the pandemic. So, this is I think is the, the first lesson that we learn in a very hard way. It's the importance that we have like an independent institution, like few crews few crews play a very important role at that time because few crews stand by the science and with this new government that just starting in January. We have this opportunity with the former president of the few crews became the, the, the first woman minister of health in Brazil so this is like a huge, a huge change for all of us. And the second lesson that I do like to, to, to think about is the way that we are dealing with the Amazon region. And the way that we in this new government diagnosis, the lack of health service, the lack of of laboratory facilities in this area in this very important area for the world. And one quick example, when we, we have this this gamma variant in Brazil. It was detect in Japan, because Brazilian couple travel for Japan and when they end there, they realize that this a new variant so this is the problem that we don't have enough laboratory facilities and health facilities in the in this area. So this is right now, it's a big challenge for our government. We are saying, take this for the president Lula that in this new accelerate program to develop in Brazil, he will put a lot of money to develop this region as with the health facility and lab and surveillance facility in this area. And this means also strain the education in this area to have in at least in every city, one, one, one person that was certificated as a field epidemiology to make this this. So you have to, to make like a completely change in Brazil because right now we have no one with this with this, this certificate, like definite and in order in this in this area so it this is put us in a lot of pressure because you have to in a short period of time to do a lot of changes in this in this part, and that the third lesson that I would point, it's the the need for local production that in Brazil and you are talking about medication and vaccine, you have to think about more than 200 million inhabitants. So it's, it's everything's up. There is a lot of the scale or you have to scale up all of this and local production is very important because we are universal health system, and we, we provide everything free of charge for our population. And it depends if they are Brazilian or not Brazilian. And because migrants is very important in this, in this area to, and it is new for us, we didn't have like a policy and health policy environment policy for migrants because it's, it's not a reality, but it's became a reality, since the Venezuela crisis, and we have our border with like 500 people each day, entering the country. So it, it have a, it's, it's a new challenge for us to build a policy for this migrants that are in our country right now. So I think with these three points. I'm a very optimistic person. So I have to, the idea that we are more prepared, but in, not in the end of the pandemic, but before the end of the pandemic, the world is facing a war. And it, it's for us that wants to work together and make partnership. And for the next pandemic, it's very important to build this relationship and relationship is built by transparency and transparency we need trust each other. And I'm not sure if we are more open that we were before. So I think it's very important to be here. And I'm, I'm very wonder, and I'm, I'm open to, to answer your questions. And thank you very much. Thank you, Ethel. I think it was really interesting. We have a something about 1015 minutes, 15 minutes maximum before the people starts to riot to get their lunch. So I'm going to look, Sophia, to the, to the questions that that I got, but let me make a follow up question to you, Ethel, open to the, to the panel because I think is relevant for all of you. To what extent you think that the window of opportunity in terms of public opinion in terms of policy space that we had during the pandemic and in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic is closing. To what extent, a, this sense of urgency that we had, for instance, saline when it came to early warning system, in terms of a local production, I never thought I would see my life. I'm a US president supporting a waiver for the intellectual property agreement that the WTO things that we thought that were a, to what extent a people simply have moved on. We now are talking about Ukraine, about China, and we are losing that sense of urgency, and they, or you believe that's something structural change, and we still have that opportunity to introduce whoever wants to respond. Ethel, go ahead first. In Brazil, the window of opportunity is very open right now. And we think that we have a very good moment is for the first time we have all the Minister of Health with technical person, the Minister of Health don't have political party, I don't have political party, and this is very unusual in Brazil. So it's, it's open a very good opportunity to us to do what we need to do. Thank you. I think, I think that there is a growing momentum because it's not. Okay, so maybe the, the, the initial backlash from sort of covert the initial push has decreased but I mean look at this year you know the, the number and scale of the different impacts that El Nino's caused. There is something every year that you know you think the Ukraine push up energy crisis you know in the UK if we if we'd invested more in renewables we would have. We would have had significantly you know I think there's an estimate that our, our energy bills would have been on average 150 pounds lower per year if if the UK had invested strategically and more forcefully in renewable energy before Ukraine. So there is something every year now so I think you know what one thing may may dip away but you know that the momentum is building and not you know not in a good way but hopefully that pressure can can keep up and we can keep the momentum moving. Thank you Sarah just please and then Salim we can go to you please. So, I mean I think it's a paradox in that you know we saw with the pandemic that rapid change is possible. That's that civilization that all of our societies can move quickly to address a crisis and and do it in some ways fairly well with all the critique that we might have around the pandemic. And at the same time it certainly feels now like we're kind of back to business as usual. Those two things kind of coexist. And then what Sarah saying is is true as well and that you know in to just put it in the experience that we have and what I was talking about. We've seen nonlinear transformational change in the health sectors approach around climate change. That's certainly true. And at the same time we're seeing nonlinear transformational change that is out stripping that change in terms of the climate crisis. And so, I think the jury's out whether we're going to be able to actually take those positive lessons about how quick change can happen and make it happen in order to address some of the planetary health issues that we're facing today and yeah. Thank you. Thank you very much. Salim, you want. Just a quick point if I'm just to say that, you know, there's no question that we are going to see more pandemics and more organisms emerge because climate change is a principal driver of much of that so we are very likely to be in a situation where we're going to see new pandemics coming. And I think that among the lessons we've learned from COVID is the central importance of global equity in access to countermeasures whether they are diagnostic tests or vaccines or treatments. And we understand that in the next global crisis when we face to the same problems, we're going to have to figure away how to get access to critical countermeasures such as vaccines and the WHO has already invested in creating an mRNA hub in South Africa. But the big problem is not the capability. It's not the money. It's not the equipment. The big problem is the intellectual property and the intellectual property remains the biggest obstacle because you can't make an mRNA vaccine without setting on intellectual property already owned by either Moderna or BioNTech. And so we've got to address that problem as part of parcel of the overall problem. I mean, getting somewhat disillusioned with the pandemic treaty negotiations because the draft zero had very good language on this issue of dealing with intellectual property in a pandemic situation and countries have just walked all that back. It's completely out right now. There's not even a single paragraph on it in the current version that's being debated. And I think if we're not serious about addressing that problem, we're not going to fix the problem of global equity to things like vaccines. Thank you very much, Salim. And thank you because your response is very much related to the next question as well because one of the questions from our audience is about the role of different sectors in moving things forward. And the question is, in particular, what sector is the most advanced in implementing this systemic transformations and addressing risks to human and planetary health, whether it is the public sector that is taking the lead. We are all reading Mariana Matsukato's take, for instance, on the role of the public sector as a leading entrepreneur at the public level or the private or even international organizations. Salim was just mentioning the pandemic treaty or what they call it now the pandemic agreement. They are now watering down these two. We are seeing a pandemic fund that is clearly underfunded in terms of the request. Where do you think the passion is coming from and the push is coming from in this regard and whether this has changed or not? In Brazil is the public health sector. Yeah, yeah, it's leading for the minister, Marina Silva, and she is in leader this movement in Brazil and all the development for accelerating infrastructure in Brazil has to be going right now. So there's this commitment with all the parts of the government to be this way. So there's change happening in almost every sector of society and none of it's enough. So what I would say is it's more of a question of where the change needs to come from. And that change needs to come from a much more diverse and vibrant social movement that's advocating for a rapid transition away from our societal dependence on fossil fuels, which are causing huge climate environmental and health problems and toward a rapid adoption of clean renewable healthy energy. And without that social movement, which includes advocacy from health professionals as a key piece of it, the changes that we need to see happen aren't going to happen. So the vice minister and the health ministry in Brazil and the environment ministry in Brazil need those social movements pushing from below in order to make good policy and that that's the case everywhere in the world. Yeah, I think I would echo Josh's point. I think the health community has played a significant role and is really stepping up to become advocates for planetary health and for the phase out of fossil fuels. And I think when doctors start to stand up and talk about these things, people do listen in a way that they may not listen to politicians. And I do agree that change does need to come from the bottom up but I think it also needs to come from the top down we need to phase out fossil fuel subsidies. They could be redirected into other, you know, into healthcare subsidies and why not. And that would promote resilience. I think it's important to start your role as academics because we have these friends in the in the Spanish section of SDSA in in redis called Fernando Ayariz. He's one of the most prestigious scientists in in in Spain, working on climate he's being in the last couple of maybe three years. He has almost, I wouldn't say abandoned, but he has sideline his scientific agenda in the benefit of a much more public role the kind of social movements role in the, and I'm finding finding that more and more I think it is the thing that we need some kind of shake public shake and in that sense the pandemic maybe played that role El Nino and what is happening and what happened this this summer. People are scared but we need, we need that kind of of push know even more emotional know yes. The health sector and health professionals have more than 100 year history of organizing for social transformation and social change. And that history and that experience drawing on that, and applying it to the current crises and the current issues. I think is the key thing here. And as Sarah just said the health voice health professional voice is in poll after poll country after country, the most respected voice nurses first doctors second. And when, when health professionals talk about these issues, they listen to and sometimes the politics shifts around and a, you know, it becomes a challenge to be articulate about these issues. And at the same time, if you look at coming out of the pandemic, despite some of the undermining of the health sector's reputation because of that politics. It's still a powerful and respected voice and perhaps even more so in many places, because of the pandemic. And don't forget Salim Salim. Yeah, I don't know if you want to add something on this, on this point. Yes, it's very quickly just to say that we saw during COVID and certainly we saw it during HIV in South Africa, where, you know, the politicians and our president went into denial that HIV was a cause of AIDS and it was the scientists and the clinicians who stood up and said you know we have to follow the science. And that has become much more clear and a stronger voice during COVID. And I think that clinicians play this important role, but I want to warn that we also have clinicians playing the opposite role, where they are, you know, anti vax and they are promoting an anti vax agenda they are promoting unproven treatments like ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine. So, you know, medical people can be just as destructive as they can be constructive in dealing with the challenges we're facing with information and science. That's certainly a very good point. Let me finish with a quick question, not so quick response, but I do not want to miss it also from the audience. Does any of the panelists have any insights on the gender perspective of health in some of the mitigation and adaptation actions? From a mitigation perspective, I think that there is there are some big opportunities to be to be gained for it to improve gender equity, especially from things like transitions to clean cook stoves that the mitigation benefits are not so significant, but the health and time saving aspects to free up women to be able to undertake further education and take their time away from gathering fuel. It are significant alongside the health impacts which can occur. And we've seen some really nice examples as well in the in the work we've been looking for in in city based actions where they've not only promoted increased use of public transport but making those systems safer to use as well so women feel more empowered to to access them even later at night. And so yeah, I think there are some really good examples. I think when you look more broadly the I know it's always the most boring thing to say but we need more data we need more information to be able to map out those those inequities. But I think yeah there are significant opportunities from well designed actions. Thank you very much Sarah. I'm afraid that we need to leave it there because it's a we are almost on time. Thank you so much for the for it was really interesting to listen to listen to you I hope it was interesting to you and to the people that are online in the and I leave the the floor to the organizers for a final for closing the formal thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you all so very much for this wonderful panel and all this great insights that you have all shared with us. Now, let's see if we have online our last speaker for today's event. So Andy Haynes, who is invited here today joining us remotely and who will be providing some closing remarks for for these three panel sessions that we've had. So, Professor Andy Haynes is a professor of environmental change and public health at the London School of hygiene and tropical medicine. He has been recognized for his contributions in understanding the effects of climate change on public health and for his also mentorship for the next generations of scientists and sustainability practitioners in the 21st century. So, he will share with us some of his concluding thoughts. And I take this opportunity also to encourage you to register for the events that will follow this one at 1 30 p.m. New York time on multi stakeholder engagement and collaboration will be dropping the link in in the chat. So without further ado, sir Andy Haynes the floor is yours. Well thanks very much for the introduction. Can I just check you can hear me first of all. Yes, they will. Good. I did have some slides but I think because time is a bit short and I think everyone must be hungry and tired after a long session. I'll just speak without slides. But first of all wanted to thank the organizers for inviting me and secondly to compliment really all the speakers and the panelists today it's really been a remarkably productive session I've been listening to the whole lot it's been really I think very fruitful and shared so much wisdom. So I just wanted to share a few takeaway thoughts myself. And one of the papers that's most impressed me in the last week or so is the recent report on planetary boundaries. And what it shows us published in science advances just last week is really I guess what we all know, but it's nevertheless worrying to be confirmed that you know there are these nine planetary boundaries including climate biodiversity land use change nitrogen phosphorus ocean acidification and six of the nine really are being exceeded right now and of the remaining three, one is about to be exceeded that's the ocean acidification. The other one which is aerosols well it's already killing millions of people from air pollution. So the only partial success we have is stratospheric ozone depletion, all the rest going in very much the wrong direction. And these boundaries of course interact, which brings us back to the whole theme of this talk which is about systems. So single interventions are going to have moderate effect but what we really need of course is systems thinking to address these multiple boundaries at the same time. So for example if we just focus on actions that will say address the freshwater boundary, we won't tackle the burgeoning issue of biodiversity loss or climate change. And there's always a danger of course of having an intervention, which addresses one boundary, but doesn't take into account the others for example if we just dependent on hydropower. And as we've heard precipitation rainfall decreases in some regions, then we may end up without sufficient electricity and sufficient energy. So we're now living of course in new geophysical epoch, the Anthropocene, and the problem we have is that our institutions including our universities, our governments, our political systems, all grow up in the Holocene. The Holocene was of course that long period from which, during which humanity transitioned from being basically migrants and migrant hunters and so on hunter gatherers. Into agriculturalists and then into urban dwellers. And during that 10,000 years or so we saw a dramatic transformation of the landscape of the both the landscape of this planet, the atmosphere, the oceans and so on. And these multiple changes are now threatening to undermine the very real progress that we have seen in recent decades. And as we've heard, these changes threaten health in so many different ways right the way from, from heat, communicable diseases as Slem Karim has very eloquently described the effects of air pollution, the effects of floods and droughts, increasing poverty and so on and so on. And that just emphasizes again the need for systems approaches. Of course we do need specific interventions we need better vaccines we need early warning systems and so on but we also have to think about it holistically. Because as we've heard we have to combine adaptation and mitigation if we're going to be successful. What we do know is that merely telling individuals that everything is bad that there are multiple threats is not necessarily going to precipitate the kind of change that we want. And I'm just giving evidence that having a positive message around health and the environment is much more likely to foster public support, particularly amongst those people who may be doubtful, who may be misinformed about environmental change. And so this I think is important to keep this positivity even in times when we know many negative things are happening. We're committed to hear a lot of endorsement of the idea of integrated action for for health and for the climate and for the planet, because we need to combine mitigation adaptation and for far too long these two communities have worked separately. The adaptation adaptation folks coming from, whether it be disaster management or whatever, whereas the mitigation people coming from food systems, or of course energy as well. We need to combine some of these insights in order to create a much lower environmental impact healthy and sustainable cities. And of course, health care systems as well. And another important point that came out from from Josh and others is the important role of the health care system and that's where adaptation and mitigation can be and should be and must be combined in order to reduce the burden on the health system, but also reduce the burden of the health care system on the environment, because it's just as it remind us it's 5% of emissions, if you include fresh water, air pollution, degradation of terrestrial systems and so on then it's an even greater burden than that so that is the health care system is one place where we can exemplify the need for both bottom up and top down policies to integrate adaptation and mitigation. And don't forget that there are also very big benefits that Sarah has alluded to from decarbonizing the economy as a whole. So if you look at the deaths from fossil fuel related air pollution for example they're over three and a half million a year people dying, probably more than that is probably an underestimate physical inactivity is probably responsible for over 5 million deaths and the best way of getting people active of course is through transport systems. Unfortunately it doesn't really work but transport systems that emphasize public transport walking and cycling are the best way to get people active at scale and also reduce greenhouse gas emissions and our diets of course our diets the food systems are dysfunctional. We have under nutrition and obesity and overweight combined in many countries, and we know that the diet dietary risk factors are responsible perhaps 10 or 11 million deaths a year. As the Eat Lancet Commission has informed us, if we changed our diet towards a planetary health diet eating much more fruit and vegetable, less vegetables, less red meat and processed meat, we could probably prevent 10 or 11 million premature deaths by mid century something of that order. So we've heard how cities can be the catalyst for change they can be laboratories for change, and cities I think are inspirational in many cases and the kind of activities that they're taking and they again combine adaptation and mitigation, at least in the best And cities have an advantage because they are closer to the people. They can engage people into in bottom up as well as top down initiative, and they can integrate objectives across a range of different endpoints, both environmental and health. So what needs to change in order to transform the system into an economy which supports human health and equity as slim as as reminded us within planetary boundaries will of course we need better technologies but technologies by themselves won't solve the problems. We need better knowledge structures. We're not very good at integrating knowledge as we've heard from John Thwaites our universities are often siloed and obsolete in the way that they generate a knowledge and evaluate change. We also need to address power relationships because one of the reasons we're not advancing now is because very powerful interests of course are opposing change. And they benefit from many of the perverse incentives are in the system at the moment, fossil fuel subsidies being one of them. And if you take the IMF approach and include implicit subsidies, the cost of air pollution climate change and so on, then that's some over 6% of global GDP. So, making sure that we phase out those subsidies redirect them to things that are socially useful environmentally beneficial, as well as having realistic carbon pricing will be a very important part of any solution. And these changes that we need these transformational changes of course must result in the end. We need new behaviors, new lifestyles, but it's important of course not to blame individuals, nor should we put much of the costs onto poor populations and that's been one of the problems with some of the initiatives that we've seen up to now the gilet jaune problem for example in France. We have to be very careful in implementing and designing these interventions to make sure that they don't push poor people further into poverty or don't increase inequalities. What we need to do is to identify the key tipping points for rapid social change. And we believe that health co benefits the realization that there are many near term benefits from these policies can act as potential tipping points can reinforce them. But we need also and some people think of evaluation research as a luxury, and I would dispute that. I think the danger is that if we just say that we're going to act, but there's no evaluation, then what we will have is large amounts of greenwash and probably health wash as well. So it's really important to embed evaluation in actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sustain planetary health to ensure that we learn the lessons, not just the successes but the failures as well because there will be tradeoffs that we minimize tradeoffs because there will be tradeoffs, as well as benefits. And we have to make sure that we minimize those in order to garner and sustain a public support. So there are many barriers I think that prevent implementation of the insights that we already have the knowledge that we already have. And John mentioned John face mentioned some of those but I would say vested interest very important organized denialism, particularly using social media, political short termism we have this fundamental conflict between a political system, which depends on getting reelected every three to five years, and a planet, which needs long term policies, and therefore we need to get public support on our side, and to actually counteract that perception that change is expensive and too difficult. What is too expensive and too difficult of course is continue with business as usual, that is what will divide us drive us into disaster, and will cause a great deal of added expense in the medium to long term. So we need to integrate top down thinking with bottom up and context specific actions and interventions, bringing along communities, including of course indigenous peoples in co designing and co implementing solutions, and addressing some of the governance failures that are currently preventing us from moving forward. So it's important to have an overarching framework for change, and there isn't a single framework which I'm suggesting we endorse but a framework should include the need to capitalize on potential for social contagion, not just for negative things but for positive ideas and positive changes as well, sharing lessons from implemented actions, capitalizing on the co benefits including to health of course, but also if I get it right, they can also be benefits to employment through healthy productive livelihoods. We need to make sure that policymakers and the public understand the potential near term co benefits, and taking into account the economic value of those co benefits which will greatly offset many of the costs of the kind of changes that we need to make. So in systems approaches of course feedback loops can retard progress but they can also enhance progress. And so we need to ensure that we capitalize on the positive feedback loops that will take us more rapidly to the sustainable future that we all want to see. And in concluding let remind you that we really have very short time to do this we really have a decade or two maximum. So quickly, we don't have the luxury of waiting for the best available evidence before we before we move on. We have to implement the best available evidence we have now, but evaluate, evaluate, learn the lessons and and spread the news spread the knowledge, work together, capitalize on intersectoral action and collaboration across multiple disciplines. I'll stop there. Thank you so much. Thank you so much, Professor Heinz for this inspiring thoughts. And hopefully we'll leave the event with more knowledge and motivation to work on systemic solutions. And thank you so much again for our senior and important projects for making this event possible. Now we invite everyone in the room to to join the network and see you hopefully at 1.30 New York time for another event on math I say holder approaches and people online you can still register using the chat. Thank you very much.


From VOA Learning English, this is the Agriculture Report. Students at the University of Virginia have developed a new way to purify water. They say it could bring improved water quality to millions of people in the developing world. They call it a muddy drop. No testing began recently in South Africa. The laboratory where the muddy drop is made operates like a kitchen. Workers add ingredients and mix, weigh, press, and bake.  When the disk is dropped into water, silver ions are released to purify the water. Ions are atoms that have an electrical charge. Testing at the University of Virginia shows that the disk produces clean, safe water. Rita Ade studies at the University of Virginia. She says her work is not only about making effective technology, it is also about making solutions for people in developing countries who do not have many resources. Why the name muddy drop? The word muddy means water in Shavenda, a language of Limpopo Province in South Africa. There, 50 women run a factory that makes water filters. The university started the factory last summer. The women mix sawdust and clay to make flower pot shaped filters that they use to purify drinking water. The water flows through the filters, which trap bacteria and solid particles. The factory sells the filters to local families. But the muddy drop is smaller and less expensive than the filters. Over the next few months, students will test the muddy drop in South Africa. If the testing is successful, the South African women will make and sell the muddy drops. The goal is to expand to other developing countries and improve millions of lives. For VOA Learning English, I'm Carolyn Prasoudi.


This video is going to talk about characteristics of functions and graphs, and the first thing we want to talk about is the symmetry of a graph. Not all graphs are symmetrical, but if they do, they're either going to be symmetrical about the y-axis or the origin, those are the ones we're going to look at. So this tells us f of negative x is equal to f of x. Remember function notation really means this is my input and my output is the f of x. So this is really saying I put a negative x in and I should get the same answer as if I had put a positive x in. What does that really mean? It means if I had x, y, then if I put a negative x in for the input, I should get that same output, that same y value. And if you look at the graph, that's what happens here. We have negative 2, 1, and we have positive 2, 1. So this x has changed, but the y stayed the same. The equal distance away from the y-axis, each point, symmetrical point. So that makes this symmetry with respect to the y-axis. And if you think about it, if you put a mirror here on the y-axis, then you would see the other half of the graph in the mirror. It's a mirror image across that y-axis. Well, symmetry with respect to the origin says f of negative x is equal to the opposite of f of x. That means if I put in a negative x, then I should get out the opposite of what I got when I had a positive x put in. What does that mean? If I have x, y, then if I put a negative x in, I'm going to get the opposite of my y. It was y with a positive x, so now it's going to be a negative y with a negative x. So this means that it changes both signs. And if you take your finger and put it on the origin here and spin your paper 180 degrees, you're going to end up seeing the exact same graph. That's how you would think about looking to see if something was really symmetrical with respect to the origin. All right, so let's try and see if we can actually graph with respect to the y-axis. So that means, remember with the y-axis, that means it only changed the x's. So we have negative 8 will become positive 8, but I still have a negative 5. Positive 8 would be right here, down to negative 5. Negative 6, 0 would be positive 6. I'm going to change the x, and 0 doesn't change signed anyway. So I'm going to have a positive 6, 0. And then we have negative 5, which becomes positive 5, but I still have a 3. So 5, 3, okay, the negative 3, 3 would become positive 3, 3. So we would have this one here. And then 0, negative 3 stays 0, negative 3, because 0 doesn't change signed. So that's still this point, and if I connect all my dots sort of, then I can see that it is pretty close to being symmetrical. And it should actually be a bit of a straight edge. Let's try it with the origin. This means that you change both signs. Negative 8 is going to become positive 8, and negative 5 is going to become positive 5. So 8 and positive 5, and we have 6 and 0, changing the signs on both here. We get positive 5 and negative 3. So positive 5 and negative 3, and we have changing both signs. We have positive 3, negative 3. And then we have this 0, which doesn't change signed, but the negative 3 becomes a positive 3, and we have this point here. So if I connect all my points, this one's a little bit harder to see that it is symmetrical about the origin, because it's not even connected anywhere. But if you spun your paper, you would see exactly the same graph if you do it 180 degrees. All right, so while we're looking at graphs, we want to think about inequalities and how those work with our graph. We're looking at something like this, f of x is greater than equal 0, less than 0, greater than 0, something like that. So on our graph, anything above the x-axis here, the y-values are greater than 0 because they're positive. And anything that is below the x-axis is going to be y is less than 0 because that's our negative values down here for a given x. And then when we have on the x-axis, then we have y is equal to 0. Our inequality over here is asking us to find greater than or equal to 0. So that means that we want to be on, because that would be equal to, and above the x-axis. So what does that show us? Well, on the x-axis, I have negative 2, and I also have positive 2. But above the x-axis, I have this part of my graph. I want to know what x's satisfy this. So the x is an element of, and this is just one point. So we say negative 2, union, and then we start at 2, but anything larger would also satisfy our inequality. So bracket 2 to infinity. All right. So when we talk about increasing and decreasing, we're really talking about, as I go from left to right, does my graph go, do my y's keep getting bigger and bigger, or do my y's keep getting smaller and smaller? So here they want us to look at these first two points. And if I look at those two points, I want to compare their y's, because that'll tell me whether I've increased as my x's got larger or decreased. So when I look at y2 compared to y1, which is really what this is saying, the output of x2 compared to the output of x1, this one, x2, the output looks like it's 1, and the output of x1 looks like it's negative 3. Then we would say that f of x2 is greater than f of x1. Now if we look at a graph, and it says we want to look at these next two points, so x2, y2, x3, y3, if I compare y3, it looks like it's at 1, and y2, we already said it was at 1. So then we would say they're equal. This is what we would call constant. It's not increasing, it's not decreasing, it's constant. And this here was increasing, and if we do x4 to x3, we can see the x3 we know to be 1, and x4 looks to be negative 1, so it's less than or it's decreasing. Write the interval of increasing constant and or decreasing of the graph. And if we look at a graph from left to right, we start here and we go up. These y's are getting bigger and bigger, so we're increasing. And we look here, and we also see that we're increasing at the very end of the graph. So we can say that x is an element from negative infinity up to, and we'll call that negative 2. And then it starts back up, and we'll call that maybe 1 half, and that will go on to infinity, a constant. There is no place where this graph is the same for several x values, so this one's not applicable. And then we look at where it's decreasing, obviously that's what's in between my two increases. It starts at this point here, and it ends at this point here. So we're going to say that x is an element between negative 2 and 1 half. Now notice that I've always used parentheses, because it's increasing at that end point and decreasing, now at the same time, so we just make it a parentheses. And then we also want to look at the end behaviors, and this is just the way that we'll talk about this more later. But right now we're just going to look at it, notice that on the left hand side of this graph, if I look at it, we could say that it is going down on the left, and we could say that it's going up on the right. So we could call that an up kind of end behavior. If it had been the opposite, it would be an up-down, and it could also be up-up, it could be down-down. So just describe what you see on either end. Okay, so the last characteristic we're going to talk about is the maximums and minimum values. The y-coordinates, that's important to know, these are going to be y-coordinates, not x-coordinates. So everything else we talked about, we've been saying x is an element of. But in the y-coordinates here, we would say that the peaks would be the maximum value. So here, we would say that the max would be y equal, and it looks like it would be 1. And if we did the valleys, we're called the minimums. So these points down here, okay? And min, and y is going to be equal to, and it looks like it's at negative 3. Then it tells us all peaks and values can be evaluated as local. All of them are going to be local or relative maximums or minimums. It depends on how you see them written, and the first time you learn them probably. I learned them as local. So we'll say max and l min for local and max and min. And then there's this global. Global or absolute is the largest or smallest y value over the entire domain. We're not going to include infinities, but we look at this graph and we have lowest point on this graph. This function does not go any lower than negative 3. So we would say that we have, and I learned it as absolute, an absolute min. Because that's the lowest point at y equal negative 3. Okay, if I had this graph right here, but then it's got a max and it's got a min. But it does not have an absolute max and min because it goes to infinity on both ends. It's down, up. And if you have a down, up situation, you're never going to have an absolute max or min.


So our program is here to support Aboriginal students. We provide various services and supports to Aboriginal students on campus, First Nation, Métis, Inuit, and that's what we're called Aboriginal Culture and Support Services. So our target audience is Indigenous students, all ages. We have the Native Access Program, so a lot of times we have high school students entering into those programs so they can be as young as 17, 18, and then also mature students, sometimes parents, even grandparents attending Lakehead University. The way we measure our success within any of the programs that we do is by the attendance at our events, but also what students tell us about the things that we do is we get feedback from students just dropping in and you know telling us how we're doing. And what we what we want to do with our programs is to create a sense of community on campus for our students. We get students from the far north, students from out of province, students from across you know northwestern Ontario, across Canada. So they come here, they may not necessarily know the campus or the city, so we want to give them a space and a place here on campus that they can that will become their home away from home. A place where they can be who they are and be comfortable and create a sense of community. We provide support in three different areas, so we have academic support. So we do provide free tutoring to our students in whatever subject area they need help with. We provide support through First Nation funders because I meet with them on a regular ongoing basis, so they know their students, we have their students, so we get together and talk about ways that we can support their students here on campus. So whether it's through funding applications, having the funders on campus to meet with their students, providing them space to do that, all that happens here. We do academic workshops, we have this year new writing coach to work with our students, help them with their papers and things like that. We also provide transitional support through our Aboriginal student counsellor, so that person works with students. You know if they have children they need daycare or if they're looking for housing because they're coming from the north and they haven't been able to find a place to stay yet, working with students with those kinds of needs, or also different referrals to service agencies in Thunder Bay or on campus. And one of the big events that we host, we had our fifth annual event this September is the Medadise orientation, so that's a collaboration between us, Confederation College, Oshiki Pimachuin, the Wenjak Institute, Seven Generations, Northern Nishnabai Education Council, Atma Dung First Nation, and Matawa Postsecondary. So we host and organize that event and Medadise in Ojibwe means he or she starts a journey, so new students to Thunder Bay, we want to showcase. And that's where the idea came from for that event was to showcase the good that our students are doing, the successes that they're having, because too often in the news it's always the negative, you know, the stereotypical negative imaging of us as a people. So in Thunder Bay especially we wanted to showcase the success of our students. So we have this event, it's a post-secondary orientation at Marina Park, it's an outdoor event, there's food, there's Aboriginal, we want to showcase Aboriginal talent, so there's always musicians and keynote speakers. So that's a collaboration between all those organizations that I had mentioned to welcome students not just to their respective institutions, but also to the city of Thunder Bay. So that's one of our larger events for the year. We also provide cultural support, so we have traditional feasts for seasonal feasts, we have an elder-in-residence program, we had a feast today which was our fall feast and we had one of our elders in and she explained, you know, why we have feasts and food was shared and it was really great. But we also do sweat lodge ceremonies once a month at the sweat lodge site, so we have an elder come in and do those. And we do different workshops with cultural activities, whether it's moccasin making, birch bark basket making, those types of things. From my perspective, Indigenous education is a number of things, but I'm going to try to sum it up because that's like a loaded question.  So that's the first thing I want to say. But also education, it involves family because we all have a responsibility with regard to educating our children. So parents especially have responsibility for the education of their children. Extended family, same thing. So it's a shared responsibility. And then also Indigenous education is controlled by Indigenous people because it's for them and it's not having to be accredited by external agencies. So in my opinion, I think that Indigenous education is, it's a place and a space where Aboriginal people are valued, number one, for who they are. And it's a place where they can be who they are by exercising their choice of language in all that they do. And where they see themselves in every place and space within the learning environment, including books, articles, the curriculum, so, and then having Indigenous professors, teachers, so that they see themselves reflected in everything that they're learning. So they feel like they have a sense of belonging and ownership of the things that they're seeing and learning and doing. And it's a place governed by Indigenous people.


Chris Enne Hikari of Edo State Commissioner for Communication and Orientation says 32 intending passengers were kidnapped at the train station in Igweben on Saturday. The gunman, suspected to be headsmen, had reportedly kidnapped many passengers and left some with bullet wounds at the train station in the state. Speaking with journalist on Sunday, he said although 32 passengers were initially abducted, one passenger managed to escape. He added that the police have arrested one of the suspects and investigations are currently ongoing.


Governor Mark Dayton says he will call a special session to address rapidly rising costs for people buying health insurance through Minnesota State Exchange if legislative leaders can come up with a plan of action. Dayton said last week that the federal health care law was no longer affordable for many people. Both Republicans and Democrats in the state have called for legislative action and Dayton says they should come up with a plan by November 1st. The state's top insurance regulator said this fall that Minnesota's individual market is in a state of emergency. Premium increases are ranging from 50 percent to 67 percent. Dayton has proposed using $313 million in state reserves to help people who face big increases and aren't eligible for federal tax credits. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


I would try James young cook I spent so much money and I don't got that much money left I don't got no coins left for him. I got a super bow to win Hopefully that give me enough coins to get James cook. That's the one dude.  It's not 300 a buffalo. Okay. Okay.  Is Carmichael just a glitch? How big is Carmichael? He's 225 6 8. Do you think height matters? I play my man slim.      We can't get there.   I mean Ryan Neil, I don't know where you were but you know God bless you Sack come on man. That was the worst tackle break of all time. I don't know why I'm not running at this play every single play I'm just a tree.  It's just grabbing perfect timing I was raised in the project Sproaches and rats Like I I don't want to take any more time right there. I honestly feel like I can stop him I gave him a free touchdown and we turned over again three I really did a guess a guest pass on that one fourth down I thought he would run spinner and had man coverage everywhere.  I mean dog.        That was miserable like that He just throws right at a cloud flat right in front of it caught.  He's on time.   I'm doing this no matter what no matter what I say.    He did that like he did that right there nice Good work slim ghost. I don't know if he flips his trips later.      I knew that call like I knew that I mean it was wide open right there. I feel like if I don't high ball that we hit that Just double Mabel here lose my mind.  What I did ask me like some more linebackers, bro, huh? Good play. Good play slim ghost right to Carmichael's cock. Good play right there Dog quick slants with a drag.        Oh good drop. That was actually good pass.  It's a miracle.      You really didn't try to click on that guy. It's a few that long What a disengage on boys.  Oh Five and 30 Well, maybe switching whole defenses. Who knows?  So who knows I should have called time out a little bit earlier I wish I could run the ball here, but I'm gonna save my run for third down. I mean, this is such a good look for run I'm not gonna do it yet though There's just no way you do the linebacker boots right here.  I just got a bail on that play like instantly once he doesn't run route I don't know who he was user and I saw nobody over there.   I thought he might have got there. He was close.


Now, in the case of one thing I forgot, it's possible that whenever these fielders come in, they could get the ball and pick it up, and instead of throwing it to the first base, if for whatever reason, the runner who was on first base to begin with trips and falls down here, and they're going to want to try to get him out anyway, to get the lead runner, we call them the lead runners, the runner who's made his way furthest around the bases. So the third baseman could come in and pick it up, and maybe the shortstop comes over and he's covering second base, so he could throw, third baseman could pick the ball up, the bunch up and throw it to the shortstop at second base, they could get the force out there, and in that case, so let's add another, now there's we say the runner is out, and the batter is safe, this would be what we would call a fielders choice, and that fielders choice is something that can can occur on on any play where where the batter reaches base, but one of the runners who was already on base is put out, so say we have a situation, a regular situation, where the just on a normal play, doesn't matter how many howts, whether there'd be less than two, because it would be the final out of the inning, but and the the ball would be just have a regular ground ball to the shortstop, and he tags, you know, second base say, and this runner is out, but the the batter reaches base, in that case it would just, it would also be a fielders choice, and so and you might also see that sometimes on an attempted double play, if the shortstop flips the ball to the second baseman, and they get the first out, but the runner with the batter beats the play at first, and he's safe there, that would also be a fielders choice, and so the the difference being a sacrifice bunt does not count as an at bat, you know, when we're totaling things like like batting average, but a fielders choice that that would that would be kind of the equivalent to getting out, because even though the the batter didn't get out, one of his teammates did, so so he's he's not really helping the team along like he would had it been a sacrifice bunt.


We're at the grand opening of the NAT and Flora Bosa Center for Film and Animation. It's a wonderful partnership that came about, mainly due to the KIP funding from the federal and the provincial government. So $30.6 million dollars between the federal and provincial government as well as $6 million dollar donation from NAT and Flora Bosa as well as contributions from the industry.  So yeah it's been it's been a great great experience here. This is a school that trains you on how to work in film industry so it gives you an introduction to many different departments rather than a very intensive go-be-a director like here here they want you to try everything and test everything out. You can get your your entry level education just here and you feel completely confident going going out into the industry to work. I am fully confident to go out to work either theater or film.  In the fourth year program we get a practicum so we actually get to go out and work with industry professionals for a couple of weeks and really see how things work in the real world. But because we work here in North Vancouver and with Kaplan University we have a huge leg up because the alumni and the students and the faculty are all here to help us proliferate all the skills that we've learned over the years so it's really a wonderful place to live and learn. Well this is going to be the next generation of filmmakers in the province and you know one of the nice things about Kaplan University's program is they teach the business of filmmaking as well as the technical expertise that you need so we're very excited. We think there's going to be entrepreneurs coming out of here that can create their own companies and we're very excited about the potential now that we've got to be a part of a multi-billion dollar industry in this province. One, two, three! I declare the Latin for Bozo Center for Film and Animation open. Thank you.