Cool, so who's ready to hear about f-strings, huh? As you say, yes Nice cool. Can you mind and then I say I'm not and then I abandon the podium cool So we are going to talk about f-strings and in particular some changes You're going to see in Python 312, which is cool But in case you don't know what f-strings are let me make a super fast introduction So like he's like the way you format things in Python all the old way So you use this format thing and then you specify what the formatter parameter you want and then you pass like a bunch of numbers And then the string will have the value 2 and this is kind of boring So in Python 3.6 we added this cool thing called f-strings and allows you to drop this dot format and voila you put an F and then you put whatever you want there and Magic it just appears like science cool This is kind of an easy example But you can do very cool things with f-strings for instance You can have a daytime object like this one like today And then you can also provide like this cool like form of the specifier over there like this thing And it will allow you to format your daytime object in line So you can select in the f-string how you want that day to be displayed Which is also cool and you can do all sorts of things for instance Here's I have a bunch of songs and then I want to display every of these songs in a simple line and then in my Stream I say okay This is my playlist and I use like this new line And then I join the new line with the list of songs and I have the songs. It's cool I do you like it because you need more coffee because you cannot do this. It's wrong Turns out that now you get this weird error apparently the error by the way is at the end about error message I should fix that So so apparently yes f-string expressions cannot have backlash why I don't know apparently they cannot And this is a problem and there are many other problems You see now you should feel fear because you have been living in a lie You think that f-strings are cool, but they are not as cool as you think and now we're here to make them cooler How cool is that? Awesome, so let's talk about the program right so okay, so f-strings are kind of cool But they have some problems so the problem is how they are basically parsing see Python It's just a way the way we implemented in the first place. So for instance, this is an f-string So how do we know it's an f-string basically how the parser know it's an f-string? Well, it's quite simple It has an f and then there is like some Python code inside those brackets That's kind of the important thing But this is how we look at the f-strings, but this is not how the language looks at f-strings The language uses this this parser technology which I'm going to show you so this is Like don't don't don't go crazy But this is like a bunch of the grammar for C Python using the peg parser that we added in Python 3.9 So this is basically telling you like how the language reads the code that you write in this case This is a rule for an atom and it's saying like an atom can be many things like for instance It can be a name like your variable whatever name you have there It can be true false no and a bunch of things and among them there is this rule for a string Right, so this is how Python reads strings right and then if you go to the rule for strings You see that a string is a bunch of string tokens So and it can be a bunch of string tokens because I don't know if you know it But did you put two strings together without anything in the middle Python joins them Which is a lovely behavior when you have a tuple and then you forget a comma. It's fantastic But yes, so that's how I how Python kind of parses this in the problem is the following The problem is that the parser when it sees an F string it emits a token called a string So it says a string But also if the parser basically receives anything there It will emit this this particular token with the contents of the string right So how the parser sees an F string so for instance He is an F string and it says well This is a string token and then we have the string token with the contents foo and the F But you know like this is like let's say it's something like this So so this is a different f-string so how the parser sees that f-string well It also says a string token is the same even if there is two f-strings there one inside the other And what about this like this is an incorrect f-string. It's not close. It's invalid It's invalid syntax bad f-string how the parser sees that also string very good very good So this is technically the tokenizer not the parser But you know like the distinction is kind of depending on who you ask this is kind of a problem There is another problem here, which is that the code that creates this Fantastic behavior. It looks like this is horrendous. It's really bad all written manually written C code So this is around like fourteen hundred lines of manually read written a string parsing code in C The technical term for this is no deal The technical term, but if you don't believe me allow me to quote Here don't al nooth. It says like parsing code in C is the root above evil Or most of people and it's true like if you try to do anything in C you may succeed Except if you try to do parsers, then you will be miserable believe me. I maintain the Python parser So so it's bad right so it's manually written code. Okay, but what is this code doing? How is this code doing because like even if Python sees those f-strings as a string tokens the f-strings work Like at the end of the day you put like a value there and it kind of works So how it works so basically the first thing the parser does is like graphs this a string thing And even the miss a string token so that is what the parser does But this is not good because that f-stream may contain code So we realize that that the string token starts with the letter f and then we pass the thing to this horrendous manually written code and this a string parser and then this produces a bunch of charge start pointers You should start fearing the moment you see that and meta data And then it parses that again to the parser because you know we identify things like okay Here is a expression in Python like one plus one and that needs to be reparse because you know one plus one is a string And now we need like one the node number like we need that So we need to tell the parser Hey we have again more code that you need to parse and then the string parser again and needs to join those chunks together into the final Structure the CPython needs to produce which is called a join string node which is a horrendous name because you know computer science And they will say well, but like you have to have this documented somewhere, right? Right Yes, we have it that is you go to the Like the Python docs there is this grammar for Epstein that is is wrong It just doesn't make any sense like for instance look at this little chart can be a coin except this is or no Like what is null like like I'm a Python programmer I don't know what is null like it is known I don't know and if you try to make sense of this actually you you stop like read like you know with a With a glass of like I don't know juice or champagne or whatever you drink in your hand This doesn't make any sense. It's wrong. It doesn't work But but it's there just to make you and there is other problems for instance This is actually not valid code currently as you saw because f strings cannot have backlashes I can explain why but it will take me a while the thing is that that part manually Like written parser code doesn't work with these backlashes because it makes it's basically difficult so we say well Let's not do it Yeah, it's difficult. So this doesn't work. This also doesn't work What is this so I'm reducing the quote right as you see I'm using double quotes there and then in the expression part I want to access this key in the dictionary and I just want to reuse the same quote This doesn't work because the strings normally open and close here So this is not f string with a dictionary inside This is a string here and then it has like some bullshit here and then some other string here So this doesn't work and look man. I'm in the rebel I don't care about this is one this to work because I'm just typing this thing Copying it from somewhere this will work right Okay, this also doesn't work like what is this? Well, it turns out that you can use this a slash and to use a unicorn So for instance, you can print like a bloodhurt sweet and this creates the unicorn character for that Haha, it has a backlash. So it doesn't work. So you can also not do that Also, you cannot do this which you could you you may say well, that's a good thing Paulo I'll say like well for you. I'm a person implementer. I like this So you cannot do this which means that I don't know you cannot horrify people. What about Halloween? What about you want to solve this in Halloween like you can so it's incorrect Okay, so we are here to solve that and you will say well, but that's horrendous Like strings will be like, you know, these simple things that the start and end and like this shouldn't Contain other strings inside like no other language does this right? It's not like this language or that language or rather the language or rather the language does it Actually that horrendous Halloween nest of the string you could do that in any of these languages I mean many more because it's a good thing. I'm trying to convince you There is all the problems like for instance error messages are bad Why are they are bad because we use this manually written code and we didn't put error messages in them So for instance, this is an incorrect string because like there's a bunch of numbers separated by nothing And the error message is like like voila. There is nothing. It's just this is what it shows Like mysteriously, there is a bunch of parentheses around why I don't know mysterious And then now there is no string and it says like in line one even if this is in line 15 So what is the problem? I don't know. It's inside an f-string It's your problem now So it's kind of bad and now in Python, you know, three Three time we have these nice new error messages and we cannot use them because that is in the perk person And this is manually written code which is bad code and we don't like it So we cannot use the new error messages, right? also In Python 3.10 we can we fix this a bit and now it shows you this thing But the problem is the same What you want to see is this right like what you want to see something like this Which is not what you get right now It's like you want to see the whole code like for instance You want to see this part when you are assigning to it because this is the line No, this is not the inside of the string and now you want to see maybe a suggestion for here here It says maybe perhaps you forgot a comma or something like that Right some of the new cool error messages that we do in Python 3.10 So to solve this we created this pep 7.01 which all these lovely people and Lisandros is also there in the in the Audience and we basically said well, it's time to kill that like horrendous C code It's always a good day when you do that and for that we did like this long document that basically specifies how we're going to just bring that manually written code and that like like Hanway be grammar into the real grammar the real grammar nice So what we are going to do is that instead of emitting like a single string token for this We're going to meet several of them So now for instance the f and the quote is going to be its own token We call this f string and start the the middle chunk between this and one of these curly braces We are going to call this f string middle It's going to be something and then the end is going to be F string and anything else is going to be its own token because we already have tokens for the curly braces the numbers and the Places right so instead of emitting one single a string token we're emitting these little ones And we are going to teach the parser to make sense of them So for instance, this is what you get before so for that string You get like a string token and this token has the whole f string bad and now you get this lovely thing So you get f string start for the start then you get a string middle for the yeah Then you get an operation for the bracket number etc. So this is much better because the parser can see this and says I like this Thank you very much the parser in the human but like, you know, you get the you get the idea And the rule is super simple you transform this rule that says a string is multiple strings Which doesn't make a lot of sense into something that looks a bit more complicated, but it's not that complicated So here is the whole grammar like, you know, I'm not going to go through it But you know, you could you could probably make sense of it in 10 minutes or something like that Even easier if I'm with you and I explain it to you But you can sit down and read it is quite simple And it completely contains anything that you expect in f strings like specifiers and the bio information and the funky like exclamation mark and all that stuff And now the only thing that you need is that now that you are emitting these tokens You need an algorithm that can make sense of what's going on Because the problem is that now before the tokenizer had a very easy life Because he finds a quote and he says well until I find the matching quote It's a string and it just keeps going it sees the matching quote and says a string here you go Give me a raise or something and now you cannot do that because now the tokenizer needs to emit these tokens right like this once over here So now the tokenizer needs to know that this is its own token and this is its own token So he needs to kind of know when to stop and for that you need like an algorithm An algorithm is very simple. So let's say we have this f string that has another f string inside And you need a stack Why you need a stack because you can have nested f strings and then you kind of you need to keep the state Around right so when you enter a new f string you need to say well I have a new kind of world here that I need to tokenize and when I'm going to finish with that f string I'm going to back to the previous one and I need to know where I left So that's why you need a stack right and then we have the stack is this this thing over the right So we started on the f string and then the tokenizer says wow an f string because it starts with the letter f And it has a quote and basically finds the quote and once he finds the quote He says well I have f string and start that was easy And then he keeps going he just keeps going and says like well, I'm passing an f string chunk And now look we put in the in the stack that the tokenizer now is in f string mode So this f string mode says I'm not parsing python right now. I'm inside an f string So I'm just reading a string. So I'm going to keep going. So he keeps going or another character I'm in an f string. So I'm not going to make sense of this It goes it goes it goes until he finds either a close quote or a curly brace here It's finding a curly brace so it stops there and says what I found is an f string middle Because I found one of these stop points and because it finds a curly brace is entering python normal mode Why because inside this curly brace? This is python here It happens to be another f string, but it could be one plus one So now he needs to say I'm parsing normal code again. So you push a new mode So you meet the token for the curly brace that is an l brace in the c tokenizer And now it goes into inside and it's just python parsing python code It finds another f string. So it says well, I have another f string So I need to like emit another of these f string starts and because I'm entering like the f string I need to push f string mode here Which it doesn't have anything because it immediately is going to go to the bracket So we pop that thing after emitting the l brace We pass the python code inside. So that's very easy. It's a number. Then it's a plus There is a number. This is the old tokenizer So nothing new here and then he finds the closing bracket and he says well, I finished with my expression So I need to pop this thing from the stack because I need to go back to f string mode So it meets the l brace and pops that thing from the stack He knows that it's at the end of the f string Again, he finds the the closing quote and it emits an f string end because that is matching This code over here in the stack and then it goes to the next bracket It says that it's a bracket and again finds the closing bracket and that's it and it pops everything And at the end you know that you succeeded because you're in normal mode again Which is where you started which is you know, maybe I made it sound very easy But this is like a horrendous sequel again, but it's now You know under the rack like nobody sees it because he's in the tokenizer, right? So it's fine now everybody's happy So this was basically the the c tokenizer changes, which is fantastic But turns out that that is what allows you to write f strings like you can now write f strings But python has more than one tokenizer. It has two tokenizer because why not? And the other tokenizer is the tokenizer module that you can use to tokenize your code and like linters use it Like flake it and all these things and maybe black even I don't know So so this other tokenizer is around there and it also needed changes and Marta here is going to talk about how we change the python tokenizer, which you're going to find that is funnier So this is the result of what publish has shown on this tokenizer and This here is the result of applying the same code back to the python tokenizer So the difference here is that instead of having like One token for each different operator. They are all grouped into uh This is harder than it looks They are all grouped and there are operator um token here But there are also more differences So for example imagine this code This is how it would be parsed by the c tokenizer and This is how it would be parsed by the python tokenizer. So you can see that here There is a comment And this is important here because I mean the interpreter doesn't care about comments, but a linter or Code highlighting tool does care about comments So I mean there are more differences, but we are short in time. So I won't explain those the thing is that okay, so how How did we implement all the changes that paulo told Into this python tokenizer module? I mean it was already built and This was my second contribution to see python. So paulo promised that it would be like a minute or two um well This was the code that I was supposed to modify in a minute or two So it is like a more than 200 lines of python code and strings are handled here in three different places And it uses like a ton of regular expressions that were written like a decade ago or so. So Yeah I to me the best idea was to name this as a black box. So Okay, I have this code that I Prefer not to modify So instead I do a different function that calls this And then post processes each string that it returns So if it is an f string it applies the sub tokens that paulo just shown And so let's see an example. So I have this input and This function says this is a string. So okay, I'm gonna post process it um So first I check this is an f string or not since it is an f string I enter this function and then I do recursive calls Like each Level in the tree is a recursive call. So e cpc implementation um But it had a problem like This is one of the promises that This pep promised So you could reuse the same quotes the thing is that these tokenizer return to String tokens and post processing this was hard And we also were like very tight on a schedule when this issue came out Like the release was two weeks ahead And we knew that we had to make Defects like we couldn't keep trying and iterating until we got something working. So We had to do something that worked um So I told pablo. Hey, um There's already this c tokenizer working. Why don't we use it and pablo said well I mean it's not a bad idea, but I mean It's been planned for some time, but it's a hard problem and I was like, okay. Why is it a hard problem? So he probably was like, yeah, there are some differences like the comments the grouped tokens and stuff So he told me everything. I was like, okay. And what was the hard problem you talk about? So in the end we decided, okay, let's go ahead and use this c tokenizer to implement this and So this slide tries to summarize what we did So there's the c tokenizer then this there's like an intermediate layer implemented in c that adapts The output of the c tokenizer to the python one so We were very happy because all the tests passed And we believed like It was done. Okay. So the test pass The public api of the tokenizer module Is the same so no one should notice about these changes Well, the very next day we merged this on the main branch. We already got a bunch of bugs so I'm gonna comment some of these bugs. So the first bug that we got Was about parsing invalid code. So One of the things that change is the way Errors are handled. So right now if you try to tokenize this The current tokenizer will raise a syntax error, but the previous one Just return like an error token And it allows you to parse everything And when it is incorrect, it just returns the token and that's it. But now it raises An exception. So we There was like a big discussion here and in the end we just The conclusion was that the set of invalid python code is way too big to actually support it Another thing here that another bug this one was that we were adding a new line Character at the end of every tokenize code Even if it wasn't And here another bug we were raising a syntax error when you try to Tokenize a code that makes spaces and tabs and you will say, okay, but this is invalid Yes, but it broke Pilinged no, no, it is not piling this Pycode style. Sorry. It broke one of the checks in Pycode style And this is like the craziest one for me This is some code extracted from Pycode style as well So We broke Pycode style because we changed the way The buffer that you passed to the tokenizer module was being consumed like we consumed everything and tokenize with the string that we got and Pycode style was depending on This buffer being consumed lined by line So Yeah, we didn't realize that python is like one of the most popular programming languages that there are millions of python programmers and You know changes like this that go to the very root of the language affect Way more things that we first thought like we were just like, yeah test pass. No one will notice. Well Um, I don't know if you know this. This is something called items law So the items law says that with a sufficient number of users in an api Any observable behavior will be Uh, dependent on by someone. So for example here There is like a Imaginary software Where they fixed a bug that overheated the cpu and someone is like, no, but I was using the cpu overheating to do something Please Take it back Um And so after all these discussions we added this warning to the documentation to say like Hey, we are not supporting invalid code So questions Thank you very much, uh, I don't we still have a couple of minutes So maybe if someone wants a question up here in the front, please Thank you for making f strings more powerful Do we have to be afraid of f string injection like a squirrel injection? No, more than before Do we have any other? Ah there again, please Yeah, so I'm interested I'm interested to third to know if this will affect, uh The syntax highlighters in like a meaningful way because the currently like Syntax highlighters like had a problem when f strings were introduced So like will this affect that again? So so this was discussed in the pub actually, um, so yes It affects syntax highlighters because if they were using regular expressions to identify string chunks now They cannot they need to use a parser, but turns out that it's not really a problem because most syntax highlighter Support multiple languages and they already need to support this kind of uh syntax Like nested f strings or nested parentheses because these all the languages that you saw like javascript or ruby or all those things Supported so for instance the syntax highlighter on vs code or by charm or any of these things Well, maybe by charm not but like any any general purpose syntax highlighter will need to support this So the one in beam or the one in e max or things like that Pigments I think already supports this in some way because they they already have the technology even before that And they were kind of restricting it for the way f strings used to work But in general, yes, so you have very single simple syntax highlighter version regular expressions. You will need to change it. Yes Yeah, got it. So we have a question in the back Thanks for the call Is it is it me or mark? No, no in the back. I just saw mark and I sorry, sorry Now I have fear. Yeah, um, when when you say that you triggered some bugs when you fix when you change the way Things work internally. Do you look at it as like your fault with air quotes or is it Then on the other people to just Adept to the fact that you have to change the internals. How do you usually? That's a fantastic question It turns out that when you're a c python core developer, uh, everybody will think it's your fault. Um, so Even if it's not, uh, so it's interesting We try to look for instance in this case Even if we don't really need to solve most of the bugs that marta was speaking about we actually solve most of them actually Lisandro's make this cullian effort to fix ipython because ipython was one of the packages that were using the tokenizer to parse in valid code Um, so so we actually did the effort because you know, we care that when three by three 12 comes out Nobody suffers the consequences even if it's not our fault. So Yes, we could define things in terms of is our fault or is your fault But like I don't think it's a Interesting discussion the discussion is like how are you going to make this thing work? Right and sometimes we need to go a bit the extra mile Sometimes it's impossible for us to do it and they need to do some changes. So it's this kind of balance Um, and convince people to be nice to us on the internet Thanks, that makes sense. All right Okay, we still have like one minute and a half So so having made all that work for yourself to redo the parser Are you planning to do something with similar with the tokenizer and have that generated? Yes. Um, I have The thing is that I know that um, you probably are asking this because you already did uh in the past And it's a nice idea. Actually like the the idea to to have this as a stack was uh, nicely borrowed from your idea But yes, we have that idea. So the the problem is that the the tokenizer Of python is keeping a lot of state And it has a lot more things that just tokenize And the problem is that automatically generating the tokenizer is a bit more challenging Just because you need to keep this nice behavior Like for instance, one of the things that we have around that by the way we should get rid of Is that you can ask python to treat to treat async and await again as soft keywords So you can assign to async and to await like there is a way a secret way to do that I'm going to tell you how but but the tokenizer has code that can parse async and await as its own thing So you can say async equal three and it works again as it used to do in three seven or three six And that code is still around and I don't want to automatically generate that madness So first we need to do a like a cleaning pass to get rid of all these stupid things And one that is gone then we can automatically generate the tokenizer probably as a state machine Which is a beautiful construct Or probably a state machines or state machines or something like that. Yeah, why not? But yes, there is there is plans to do that Okay, we have almost no time. So last two questions. Maybe really fast Yeah, you mentioned that the stoke the stokenizer has a mode and the mode are The modes are put on a stack. What's the maximum stack depth? So how many f streets? Beautiful question. I am very happy that you are asking this So I'm very happy to report that you can compile python as many f street nested as you want For your particular enjoyment The the full one I think I don't know. I think it's five No, sorry. So, okay The pep specifies that any language implementation that supports the pep needs to at least give you five And then the maximum limit is up to the implementation and I think it's see python I don't know how we give but like we give five or ten But the name can be changed. It's just The call is generic and there is a number that says how many just we keep yes, it's a compile time because we keep the stack Static it's not dynamic. Thank you. Okay. Last question Magda, which quotes are better single quotes or double quotes? Good. Thank you very much


Hello, I'm Brian Schmidt at Australian National University, and it's my great pleasure to have Neil deGrasse Tyson here with us at the ANU here in Canberra. So Neil, you and I go way back, back to 1994 when we wrote a paper together from my thesis, which had a very long title, but essentially it was measuring a very distant supernova. Now, from my memory, you used to spend a lot of time down at Saratalova, where I spent a lot of time, and used to often take... Isn't that in Chile? Yeah, I got it in Chile. In these mountains of Chile, yeah. Yeah, so you would take images for the supernova team down there, and this paper, I remember you being very fussy, which is a compliment to a scientist, and that was the first paper where we were really measuring distances beyond the local neighborhood, and it got me thinking about going all the way to measure what I thought was going to be a decelerating universe. So one of the interesting things that when we talk about science is we always refer to it in not technical terms, but everything we think about in science is underpinned by measurement, by precision. How do we actually get that idea across to the greater world? Well, as Logan Klendenning once noted, no science achieves maturity. Without a system of measurement that's in place. And so you can go around... That's why early psychology had such great challenges. How do you measure the state of someone's mind? And you have, you know, Freud wrote a book on the interpretation of dreams. Are these measurements, or what? If you can't measure it, and at the limit of that quantify it, it becomes hard to assert that you actually have a true understanding of what's going on. It's hard. It's not impossible. It's just hard. So back in the day, we're measuring everything we can about the stars that are exploding in the distant universe. And fortunately, they're bright enough so you can see them in the distant universe. And I was fun to be a minor author.  No, I was a minor participant in your project. Happy to supply data to help you make the light curves, of course, of the supernova. My favorite part of that paper was to recognize that this exploding star is so far away in the universe that its light has been fundamentally affected by the expansion of the universe and that the light curve has actually been stretched out over time. And you have to correct for that to match it with light curves of local supernova. And I think it may have been the very first paper to demonstrate this. But it was expected, if we didn't get that, that would be a whole other kind of result. It was expected, but no one had measured it before. So I think in school curricula, part of it, yes, you got to learn what science is and how it works. A whole piece of that has to be that you really don't know anything unless you can measure it. So one of the things that I reflect on is that you say you were a minor player, but science is built up by lots of minor players. And people win Nobel Prizes when they happen to be, I think, the last minor player. The things that underpin the accelerating universe go from all those measurements you made in your thesis. And I was talking to Nick Sunsef, who reflected on when you were taking all those data. And that was the data you took underpin this great experiment. Do you find that young people or old people around the world really get the idea how they can make a difference? I think the people who understand science and want to become scientists, not so much because they read the highlights of discoveries, that can seduce some people into being scientists. But those who ultimately become scientists have learned along the way that at some point you have to love the questions themselves. Because the answers are not coming to you daily or weekly or monthly or even annually. They may come only once in your lifetime. And along the way is the journey of exploration. And so, yes, I'm taking data for a couple of stars as part of a larger project that's being assembled where there's a bigger question getting asked. And if you do not love the act of data taking, the daily grind of it possibly not working, and then you have to fix it, or having corrupted data. I was on the mountain one time getting data, getting spectra of a star, and there's an earthquake. And the spectrograph shifted, but we didn't know this. We went to emergency power. We started taking data, and none of the data made sense. And you go one bit by bit, and then you find out, oh my gosh, the spectrograph went out of alignment. But suppose we didn't realize that. Suppose it was an earthquake during the day, and we're not there at the telescope, and we try to interpret fundamentally flawed data. That's a problem. These are part of the challenges of being a scientist, and you have to learn that that's part of why you love doing what you're doing. And so to foster an educationally literate electorate, where some of them might then become scientists, people have to learn, not all of it is Sunshine Blue Sky Nobel prizes. A, B, the most of the time you're going to get the wrong answer, and you might not even know why. And C, the act of failing is the indication that you're on the frontier. The day you make no mistakes is the day you have taken the low risk path to nowhere. Oh, by the way, not to beat this to death, but if you have a government that has policies that does not understand the role or value of a failed experiment, then it will never be on the frontier of anything. And entrepreneurs know this. They invest their savings, the money from investments that they, from venture capitalists, and even venture capitalists know it could fail. And if it fails, that doesn't mean you're a bad person. It just meant you had creative ideas that you were testing. And these are the engines of growth economies. If you want to take it to that extreme. Okay, so actually thinking about that, here at A&U we've invested in a big technical center that is allowing us to test and do things like CubeSats. So you're involved in the Planetary Society through a specific kind of interesting CubeSat experiment which ran last year and it, let's see, light sale. So an interesting idea. So we actually were one of the ground links for that, although at a minor way, we're hoping to be a much bigger, I guess, partner next year. Why light sales? So that's an entrepreneurial thing. But what are you trying to do in something that could easily fail? Yeah, just as a reminder to people who, if you didn't know, CubeSat, think of it more broadly as accessible access to space, to Earth orbit. And the spacecraft, you can build it on a laboratory bench and you can ask questions of the space environment, design experiments attached to this volume that has a prescribed mass and capacity to resist temperature and shaking. And then you can have students for senior projects or masters or PhD projects have access to space. It's brilliant. And so it's democratized space exploration scientifically or even from the business perspective. So the Planetary Society founded 20, 35 years ago co-founded by Carl Sagan and two colleagues of his. I now serve on the board and I was very honored to be asked to join the board within a year of Carl Sagan having died. And so this was like, is the pressure on or what? To fill some shoes there, I don't know. But the Planetary Society was the lead partner in an experiment to see if you can accelerate a spacecraft just with the pressure of sunlight. It's called light sailing and it's a literal analogy to sailing. If you're going to sail towards a source of light, you're going to have to tack into it the way a sailor tax into wind. And it's an exploration of a cheap and effective means of accelerating in space, propulsion essentially. And so while it's a test case, it had certain milestones that it succeeded at and we hope maybe it'll open up a new pathways for people to get around the solar system and beyond. Well, it's one of those things that we hope to be able to join you in I guess next year. And you might even have some power to make that happen. Well, we're becoming the head of the university next year. We'll have a lot of power. So one of the things we do here at ANU is we do massively online open courses through edX. I've and Paul Francis have done 36 lectures on everything. Excuse me, I and Paul Francis. One of the things that we're doing right now is Charlie line weavers doing one on are we alone? And so are we alone? Yeah. So generally when people say to themselves they're alone, they're not considering that there might be microbes living on their skin or in their digestive tract because if you want to include them, then you're definitely not alone. There are more microbes in one linear centimeter of your lower colon than all the humans who have ever lived and ever been born on earth. So you're outnumbered by others who are just sharing your even your own biological form. So typically when people ask are we alone, they mean other intelligent life. Other intelligent life on other planets. Forget our let's let's let's move on. Sure. Sure. Are we alone in the universe? Yeah. And it presumes that we understand intelligence enough to rank ourselves among others in that category that we might discover. And that's for me a debatable question. But let's take it as a given that we are intelligent. We're looking for other species with whom we can communicate. We've yet to find any. Of course, we would have known about that. By now you would not have to come to this interview to learn if that were the case. But no, we haven't found other life and we're still not sure how we would. So we've got radio communication technology. The good thing about that of course is that it can penetrate obscuring gas and dust in space. In the same way radio waves make it into this building that can move through walls. Radio waves have high penetrating ability unlike visible light or other forms of light even. So so we send out a signal using radio waves or we use radio telescopes as what will soon happen if it's not already here in Australia to to eavesdrop on signals that may be sent our way. But here's here's an interesting challenge. We surely would have considered ancient Rome a civilization of intelligent people.  Because the technology had not yet been invented. So our definition of are we alone has to include the fact that they are not only intelligent but have technology that they can invoke to then send signals across the galaxy. Now we've only been able to do that for maybe 70 years or so. So and most of our original signals that have been sent from earth were quite by accident. Leakage from early television shows. You know I love Lucy. Yeah I was gonna say I love Lucy boy. And the honeymooners and maybe some early howdy duty. You know these are our the emissaries of our civilization as we go forward. The first wave of radio communication that would be received by aliens intelligent aliens on in another planet. So watch out for that who knows what they're gonna think if that's what they're decoding. Because you can't send a signal that we know of faster than the speed of light as radio waves would be sent. So here's my concern. That maybe we there was an attempt to communicate with us before we had radio waves. And they concluded that there's no sign of intelligent life on earth. Suppose not only that they figure out a cleverer way to communicate than radio waves and radio telescopes a way that we have yet to invent. Because we've only been at it for 70 years. They would still come back with no signal from us. So it's very it's hubristic to even think that what we invent out of the human mind would be the way they would attempt to communicate with us. So we're not sure if we're alone and it's going to be damn hard to figure it out. So I would say we're probably not alone and it's going to be damn hard to figure it out. And I say we're probably not alone because just of how long the universe has been around. How many stars there are in the galaxy and how many galaxies they are in the universe. And how how how common the ingredients of life are in the universe. We're not made of rare stuff. You know if we were made of like a an isotope of bismuth then you could argue that this is a rare thing we got going here on earth and it's precious. Let's not take it for granted. But we're made of carbon and nitrogen and oxygen and hydrogen. This is like the most common ingredients in the universe. And they're highly chemically active ingredients to boot. So what is the most complex expression of chemistry that we know? It's called biology. And if biology as an inevitable trajectory of the experimentation that happens naturally on planetary surfaces then maybe life is inevitable but is intelligence as we define it inevitable. Not much evidence of it in the fossil record other than us. Kind of because we defined it. Maybe if whales defined intelligence we would not be included in their definition. I don't know. But so these are fascinating questions that require that we relax the bias that we have as being humans on this planet just to even ask the question in an answerable way. Are we alone? Well Neil thank you very much. It is great to finally have you in Canberra. And it's great to actually finally meet my co-author from 20 years ago. It's great. It's rare in our field to go so long with that. We're not that big field a few thousand of us. So but it's great honor to be on a paper with you and congratulations on the Nobel Prize. And the astronomers win it maybe once a decade. It usually goes to the physicists. So it means every now and then people do recognize that we do something good in the universe.


What's going on YouTube crew? Noah from Kickin' The Bass TV here with another video and this is the Mystery Tackle Box unboxing for the month of June. I haven't been getting these on time lately we're getting a little bit late so I'm getting them out to you a little bit later. But let's go ahead and jump into the review. I'm surviving you open the box this is exactly what it looks like right here. It's the first bait that I'm gonna pull out. This is Flat Belly Walker by Sebill. This is a top order bait and I've actually used it and I have no complaints about it guys. I'm pretty cool bait similar to like a spook. Sebill makes, gosh I cannot think of the name of it. It's a top order bait that's more of curved. It's called the Something Walker. It's a top order bait and it's pretty, it runs really sick. It's kind of curved and it just walks really smooth and everything. More finesse presentation. Yeah guys this is similar to a spook so it just has like a Flat Belly. Pretty cool bait. I believe that's in the Fire Tiger color as well. I love Sebill's bait especially their swim baits are really good. Rattle of Shrap is really great as well. Here's the reaction strike. Fathead Jr. This is a forage and this is pretty much just like regular swim bait. You can put this on like a fish head, swim bait head, fish head spin, anything like that. Also you could just run it like at the top of the water column. It would be pretty cool as well. You could throw it on a chatter bait. Pretty much anything. It's a regular swim bait. Honestly for, this is Tennessee Shad of color by the way. Honestly if I was going to throw it I wouldn't throw it on like a chatter bait or something. It's just a little bit bigger profile.  But on a fish head spin this wouldn't be too bad. It's more of a swim bait. Definitely on like just a regular swim bait head it would be great. Guys when I opened the box when I saw this honestly I didn't know what to say. It looked like leased in a package. It's called the Viber Grub. I don't know where they're going with that. Here I'm going to take one out. I'm completely open with this review guys. You're seeing it. So I don't know. I don't know what I can do with that.  I don't know. I don't know.  A little cheeky. I don't know if I have a hook that fit that small. But yeah right there guys. It's definitely something different. I've never seen anything like that. Here's a little punch jig. This is in black and blue. It's your standard old jig right there. Get it at fishhogtackle.com. This is a standard old jig. As you guys know I run chatter as you jig. Just really great jigs. Here's those like fast clips by Mustad. And that's just so you can pretty much switch out your bait. You tie that to your line and then you can pretty much just clip on any bait you want really fast. I don't use anything like that. I would just rather straight up tie it on. But that's just a little like fast latch things. Honestly I would rather just tie them on. This is just my personal preference. Here's some of those Eagleclaw laser sharps and those are just those regular wide gap hooks. Let me see them right there. Just a two-pet. Regular wide gap hooks. There's a pretty cool bait right here.   Their Elastec stuff is super tough. These are called the bat wings. These are two and three quarters of an inch. Got them right there.  Cool little berry there. And this is the crazy part about Z-man.  I mean look at this. Look at that. That's like a I'm stressing that out 20 inches and that's a two inch car right there. It kind of stressed out a little bit but I mean it won't break. That's the crazy thing about the Z-man plastic so I highly recommend them. I really like them. I mean look at that. It's crazy. So you can really reuse them. You know you have some of those baits. They're just really great baits in general but they're really soft but it's not like I'm gonna stop using them because they break easy but it's really neat that Z-man does that. They're super tough. I mean it's crazy. It's insane that they can make something like that. It's called 10 times tough elastic. I'm not sure when they first started doing that but I know it's been a while but their baits are really tough and you're looking for something that's gonna last you a while. So that's everything in the box. Of course you got your mystery type box sticker and then where you get your first month's box for five dollars and then they have that little game you can play. Honestly I never did that last time. I should have done it. I might have won something. Never did it. And then got the Dibble Digest. That's pretty much where it tells you. Some pretty cool information. It's got some little ads in there.  Pretty cool. Pretty cool. That's not like about mystery type of box and stuff. There's some of the Sibyl stuff on the back. Really great baits guys. I love Sibyl. A really great company. Other products. So let's go ahead and go over the prices and everything. So on the card the Flatbelly Walker which was the top order bait. The first one I went over by Sibyl. It's gonna be $6.99. So that's pretty fair of the price guys. You know you have some of those top order baits. They're gonna like a Sammy or a Gunfish or Wakebait by Buckeye Lures. Stuff like that. I mean they're gonna cost around 20 bucks. 25 bucks. Pretty crazy. So for this one only be like seven bucks. That's pretty good guys. Similar to a Spooks price so you can't go wrong with that. Not complaining. The Punch Jig. Just a regular standard jig in black and blue. They're normally $4.99. The Fathead Jr. Which is the I believe it was five pack. Four pack. Those are $5.90. Going on to the Batwings by Z-Man. Super stretchable things. They're $2.75 for the three pack.  That's just a sample pack that they give the Mystery Tackle Bucks. The Viber Grub. That weird looking leaf thing that I should use. $2.50. And that's a four pack. And then you got the regular Y Gap hooks. Those are $1.06 for a two pack. That's fairly cheap for hooks. And then that fast latch clip by Mustad. Or you can just clip on the Bates. It's a dollar for a four pack. Pretty fairly cheap as well. So this one's box is pretty good. I got a Subilbate. I really love Subilbates. I'll definitely be using that. Really love their stuff. I got this cool little leaf looking things. I don't know what I'm gonna do with them but pretty cool. Pretty cool. All right guys. Well that's the month of June Mystery Tackle Box. Hope you guys enjoyed the Quiggle Unboxing. I wouldn't be doing MTV Slams guys but I just I'm so I'm so packed right now. As you guys most most of you guys know for the full month of July I'm gonna I'm gonna be doing World Finals and Nationals. So it's just completely packed. I mean I am slam packed the whole month so what I'm trying to do is knock out as many videos as I can so I can schedule them throughout the whole month of July because I'm probably not going to be doing any videos then. I'm gonna be recording videos. Don't get me wrong. There's gonna be tons of vlogs.  Kentucky I'm gonna be down there for nine nights. So I know you guys are gonna see a lot of vlog action and you guys are really gonna enjoy that. So definitely look forward to that. I know I might not be posting as much but by the time August hits you're gonna see a lot of good stuff by that time. I'm sure I'm going to be posting some throughout your live stuff but we'll get there. If you haven't seen my latest tournament video it was the Fat Sacks Outdoor Tournament. I actually ended up getting first place. Definitely check it out. I'll have the link at the end of this video. So thank you guys for watching. That is the June Mystery Tackle Box 2015. I'll see you guys next time.


It's curtain time and here's our first act, starring Irene Donizana and Rex Harrison as the King of Siam. One night in the year 1862, a British vessel passed at the harbor of Bangkok in the strange half-barbaric country called Siam. Three passengers were brought ashore. This is Anna Owens, her young son Louis, and her East Indian servant, Beebe. There's no one to meet you, Mrs. Owens. You're sure they knew you were coming? Now don't you worry, Captain Orton. I know you must get back to your ship. Mrs. Owens, why did you come to Siam? But I've told you, Captain. I've been engaged to English to the King's children. Yes, of course. But this country, it's so totally different, ma'am. There isn't even a British... Who's that? It's Kralahom, the Prime Minister. He's come here. But who's that wretched man, Groff? Undoubtedly his interpreter. Just a moment. Mrs. Owens, may I present his excellency, Kralahom, Prime Minister of Siam. Chau Khun, ma'am, Anna Owens. Excuse, I am interpreter. Lady teacher? Yes. Ah, have you friends here in city? I know no one here. Are you married? I was married. My husband is dead. My master inquires how long husband is dead. About a year. But I answered all these questions when I applied. My master says if he asks, it should be enough for ma'am to answer. Tell your master, it is not necessary to pry into my personal affairs. Master says ma'am need not talk at all. His slaves will take her now to palace. To palace? But I was promised a house of my own. Master says if ma'am not wish to go to palace, she can go wherever she pleases. Well, that's the rudest man I've ever met. Mrs. Owens, you don't understand.  Well, all I hope is that I'll have nothing more to do with him. You'd better realize you can't do anything here without him. Oh, well, what am I supposed to do now? Come back aboard the ship. I'll have to find some way tomorrow of getting you an audience. Ma'am and Siam women do not exist. They simply do not exist. Master, you interpreter. Ma'am, all morning long I've been delayed. I've been humiliated, endlessly questioned. Now, where is the prime minister going to see me? I do not know. Oh, Chakun. Memo on. Master, I'll see you now. Well, thank you. Crew, man, I brought it back home. Ma'am, his excellency asked why you wish to see him. Tell his excellency. Oh, tell his excellency. I did not understand the honor he paid me last evening. I'm sorry I behaved as I did. That is true. You are really sorry. What? Do you truly regret seeing a bad temper, ma'am? Or do you say so only to ask favor? Your excellency speaks English. Not necessary to know everything in first minute. This boy here, you son? Yes, your excellency. What is name, boy? Louis Owen, sir. Are you afraid of me? I don't think I'm afraid of you. That is good. Ma'am, you object to living in Palas, yes? Well, as I said last night, I was promised my own house.  What do you do in house that cannot be done here in Palas? Oh, you don't understand. I came here to teach because I must work to support my son. Why you not marry again? Oh, no, not ever. The only thing I want is to bring up my son. That won't be easy on a strange country. That's why a home of my own is very important to me. Besides, the king promised it. Sometimes his majesty do not remember everything he promised. Well, then you could remind him. Ma'am, if I tell king he break promise, I will make anger in him. Wiser to make anger about more important matter. Well, if you're afraid to tell him, I'm not. I think I can arrange meeting then. Well, thank you, friend. I do not know. Unfortunately, you and New Year arrive at same time. Well, all I ask is a few minutes. After New Year's festival with fireworks, that will take week, maybe. Then it's time for cremation of late cousins. But surely... Following cremation, his majesty receive sacred white elephant. And just what am I supposed to do in the meantime? Wait. Live in Palas and wait.  I came here to teach. Ma'am, this country has been here thousand years before you came. And must continue. Now, I take you and young son to living establishment. In the palace. Highly favored portion of same. Immediately adjoining Harim. Harim?  You will have to forgive me. Mother, what's the matter? Oh, I said we'd have a home of our own. And here I brought you straight into a Harim. Oh, that's a Harim, Mother. Well, it's... Oh, don't ask me now, darling. I just can't say. I just can't say. Boy, woman, object of much puzzlement. Much puzzlement. Mrs. Owens. Yes, baby, what is it? He is here. Is that that man? Or the prime minister? Yes, Mrs. Owens. Oh, how nice of him to call after all these weeks. How thoughtful that he... Ma'am, the day is here. You mean the new year is over. The festival has been observed. The late cousin has been cremated. At least men is ahead of sacred white elephant. Firstly, let us observe approach to royal presence. On entering throne room, men go to knees and proceed forward. On my knees? I couldn't. I'm very sorry, but I couldn't... King, very sensitive about such matters. But he cannot possibly expect me to crawl on the floor. No, I wouldn't do that for my own queen. What do you do in presence of queen? I make a curtsy. Like... like this. You do as you wish, ma'am. But remember, you not only one with temper. This king has temper, too. I can walk on my knees, mama. Look, it's easy, Louis Owens. You will bow exactly as I've shown you.  Don't you dare. Maybe they don't like us here or something.  It's absurd. Let us go, ma'am. I am thinking meeting with king shall be most interesting occurrence. Mama, all these people, they're crawling on the floor. Yes, dear. That king? Men walking up and down by the floor? You won't find out. Remember, you're too vile. And that's... Oh, oh. Your Majesty, I present you teacher, Mrs. Anna Owens Anson Louis. Now, Louis. Now. So, Mrs. Anna Owens. How old shall you be? You do not look like scientific person for teaching of school. How old shall you be? I am 150 years old, Your Majesty. What? In what year were you born? In 1714, Your Majesty. And how many years shall you be married? Several, Your Majesty. How many grandchildren shall you have by now? How many? How many? How many? Well, I... You do not answer that so quick. I make better questions than you make answers, hmm? My die, ma'am, door of my die. You not be afraid tell king something is not his business? Well, he would not be a compliment to his Majesty if I were afraid of him. Ah, absence of fear, good thing in scientific mind. I think maybe you make very good school teaching. You come now with me, now, now, now. Give me your hand, Louis. Yes, ma'am. And I take your hand, ma'am. Save time. Time very precious to king. Come, come, come, come. And may I ask Your Majesty, where are you taking us now? I have show you wives of king, yes? Now I show you children. Wives have small understanding English language. Missionaries come one day, then depart. I have not time for continuance of teaching, being busy with foreign affairs and other situations. So I have fine idea. You teach wives and children. I am beat that in modern country. Everybody speaking English. Oh, I should be happy to teach them, Your Majesty. Ah, here, we pause on balcony. Below in courtyard past children. There, you see, king's children. Yes, ma'am, they're all his children. Hush, they're hush. You see, fine profession. How many are there, Your Majesty? They are not all here, of course. Only those of proper age for school. I have sixty-seven children. Not many. I began marriage little late. I held it. One who leads procession. Prince Chulalongkorn.  Fine boy, yes. There are wonderful-looking family, Your Majesty. You make me wish I had sixty-seven. Ah, it's impossible. That is very funny. You shall begin school next Thursday. That is best day for such undertaking according to astrologers. One hundred and fifty years. How many grandchildren? You may go, you may go. Sent for me, Your Majesty? Yes, you are English woman. Here is English newspaper from Singapore. You will see it says June 12th, 1862. Such date being of last week and therefore birthday for me. Why does English newspaper gravely insults king of Siam? Why? Salt? I don't understand. Birthday should be happy occasion and what is occurring. It is writing about me here that I am spare man. King cannot be spare man. How can I be spare from work which is necessary? Who can fill my place? I asked you this. Who can fill my place?  One of them is extra. The other means thin. The newspaper calls you a spare man, Your Majesty, only to inform the people that you are thin. Thin? Thin? Why should you contradict me? Contradict you? I'm only trying to help you. Is it help to say king is wrong? How can king be wrong and woman be right? I asked you that. How? Well, I'm afraid it has sometimes happened. It is clear you are not scientific. You may go. May I first inquire about my house? I'd like to get settled in it. How? How? Perhaps you promised me. Conditions different suddenly. It is our pleasure that you shall reside here. But if Your Majesty remembers, you promised me a house. I will do remembering what I promised. It is our pleasure that you shall reside within this palace. And you shall obey. I am prepared to obey all your commands as far as they concern my duties as a teacher. You shall live in palace. You shall live in home. Good day, Your Majesty. Come back. I command you. That's exactly what I mean, Louis. Bibi, Bibi, drop whatever you're doing and start packing. Just where we're going, I don't know, but we're most certainly leaving this palace. How can a king be wrong and a woman be right? Indeed. Well, not even a king's going to talk to me like that. Come in. Well, you remember me, ma'am, in Tapata? What do you want? I have been ordered to personally conduct ma'am to a new house. House? Yes. His Majesty graciously said he desired fully to observe terms of promise. Well... Is that you, Mother? Yes, dear. What's the house like, Mother? Is it near the river? Oh, my boy, my poor, poor Louis. That house is not only near the river, it's in the river. A shack, a shack on stilts. Oh, Louis, it was horrible. And the king, he did it to me deliberately, deliberately. We are packed, ma'am. The trunks are ready for moving. Then unpack them.  I'll not just go away and let him sit there laughing at me. I'll not. In a moment, we'll return with act two of Anna and the King of Siam, starting Irene Dunn and Rex Hatterson. When United States military personnel arrive at an overseas station, one of the first problems they encounter in human relations is the language barrier. The people there make a strong effort to learn our language. They know it will benefit their economy. But you don't have to learn their language. In fact, you might complete your tour of duty satisfactorily without any appreciable knowledge of it. But you'll miss a lot. And you don't have to miss anything. For as a member of the Armed Forces of the United States, you have the opportunity to enroll in a USAFI-spoken language course. The language series includes courses in 24 foreign tongues. They are practical, conversational studies with primary emphasis on spoken usage. Inquire about a language course from your education officer. Join a group class. And when you've mastered the vocabulary, watch the faces light up as you greet people in their native tongue. It's one more version of Power Through Knowledge with USAFI. Here's Mr. Keely at the microphone. Act two of Anna and the King of Siam, starring Irene Dunn and Rex Harrison. At long last, Anna Cowan has taken a prejudice as teacher of the King's wives and children. But she's still without a house of her own. Patient but determined, Anna knows there are ways of reminding even so great a personage as his Royal Highness. As our first lesson today, we shall learn some Proverbs. Now the class will repeat after me.   Good. We'll get back to the Proverbs later. His Royal Highness was kind enough to finish us with a piano. There's a beautiful song I should like you all to learn. Listen closely now, and I shall play it for you. Sweet Home. The words which I shall teach you remind us how dear to the heart is a home of one's own. Did we not send to Singapore for piano 40 because Memoans requested same for teaching of song? Yes, sir. Then where are songs? Only one song I hear for whole hour now. One song. What is title of composition? I believe it called Home Sweet Home. That woman and that infuriating song, stop it. Lesson from her, my friend, and you will never give up on anything. Give Memoans house. But give her house now before she drives me out of my mind. Very lovely, Your Excellency, thank you. You are satisfied? Completely. And now you can tell the King he can have it back. Mem. Not only shall I remain in a country like this and never where promises mean nothing. I've waited this long only to make a stubborn man for Philly's obligation. Mem, I warn you. What on me of what? You enjoy triumph about house.  I ask, sir, that you shall stay inside. I am leaving, Your Excellency. Where do you go?  Will you please stop calling me, sir?  But you have a life-thingly talk like woman. Mem, there is need here for you. You know what is truth, and you have courage to speak it. The King has no one near him like you. He doesn't need help. Oh, Mem, why you not see? Why? The greedy men of Europe are at our door. They say Siam is barbaric land. So must be ruled by them. So King must learn all modern things now. He tries work too big for any man with no one to help him. And to whom can he turn? Whom can he trust? He is very lonely men and very strange men.  Well, how can one teach when she herself has failed to understand? As I have failed to understand. Mem, I cannot promise ever be easy for you here. But it will be place to put you alive. You will remain.  I will remain. Your Majesty, I was asleep, but I got dressed at once. And what's happened? What's wrong? Mem, I lie here on floor all night reading Bible.  Moses? Moses. Here in Bible he says, the six days are too many centuries to create world. I think Moses shall have been a fool to have written so. What is opinion? You sent for me at this hour of night. Just ask me that. Yes. It couldn't have waited till morning. Mem, you kindly consent to remain Siam to help with study, et cetera, et cetera. Et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. Do you wish help or do not? Oh, well, I'm sorry, Your Majesty. Then state opinion. Mem, look about room, thousands books. Beneath this mountain is buried scientific knowledge. I ask you to consider this is very much reading for one lifetime. And how shall I do this understanding when different English books say different things? Your Majesty, the Bible was not written by men of science. It was written by men of faith. It was their explanation of the miracle of creation which is just as great a miracle whether it took six days or many centuries. Hmm.  You may go. See, I dare Moses. Three o'clock in the morning somebody ought to tell him what's wrong with you. That's all the studying for today, ladies. The class is dismissed. Lady Tupton. Yes? Lady Tupton. Last night I returned very late to my quarters on the way I saw a girl in chains.  They were taking her to prison. She tried to run away. Only to go to her husband? He wants to buy her freedom. Isn't there a law that says a slave must be freed if the money is offered? What right has she to be happy with someone she loves while I am shut up here? You can have your law. I have the king. Go and find this out for yourself. Thank you. I most certainly shall. Mim. Oh, and sir. Yes, Lady Tiang? Mim. Do not make quarrel with Lady Tupton. She is no favorite of the king. But I thought you... Oh. No. No more. All right. Now I'm sorry. All right. Sir. Not for me. Be sorry. I am Mother Royal Prince. Prince Chulalonghor? Yes, sir. Yes.  Yes, of course. It is hard for royal prince to learn from woman. But please, you help him gather all wisdom. Yes, of course. I'll help him, Lady Tiang. And I'm sure he'll do beautifully. Thank you for talking to me. I repeat, Mim. Why must you stir up tempest over Lady Tupton's slave? I have much unpleasantness already because of this. Because I think it's very wrong when the king of Siam upholds a wife who disobeys the law. I am king here as people can discover it, not discreet. You want Siam to take its place among the nations of the world. How can other countries trust a government in which one man sets himself above the law? Why must you make entire household in opera over one slave? But this is important. Mim, consider gracious Majesty Victoria, queen of United Kingdom and powerful sovereign of British colonies and our most affectionate sister. Is she not above the law? No, she is not. And in the United States, their president, Mr. Lincoln, is fighting a war for the exact same principles. Ah, this sounds like progress in America, pretty bloody. Who shall this Mr. Lincoln be? What is president? He was elected by the people to be their leader. And I believe he studied very hard. He educated himself. Ah, very difficult thing as I know of sad experience. In this respect, Mr. Lincoln and I much alike. He said something about progress once. He said through progress must bear some relation to man's character. It must have its roots in his heart. Shall he be winning this war? No one knows yet, Your Majesty. Has he not got sufficient war elephant? There are no elephants in America. No elephant? Oh, no wonder he does not win war. We will write letter to him, take pen, ma'am. But I came to talk about the slave woman. Take letter to Mr. Lincoln. Yes, Your Majesty. Sondert pra paramen ma'amankut by the blessing of the highest super agency of the whole universe, King of Siam. And tributary countries adjacent and around in every direction, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. To his most respected, excellent presidency. President of the United States of America. Curred to us in effort to be of slight service in present warfare to send small gift of several pairs of young elephants. Which, upon being turned loose in forests of America, will include... Come in, ma'am. Come in. Ma'am, you remember writing letter to Sir President Lincoln? Oh, yes, Your Majesty. Mr. Lincoln now replied. Oh, here you will read. I appreciate most highly Your Majesty's offer to forward elephants which might be raised on our own soil. Unfortunately, the present jurisdiction of this government... Jurisdiction? It means authority, Your Majesty. Jurisdiction? The present jurisdiction of this government no longer retires those latitudes sovereignly enough to favor the multiplication of the elephant. But I am warmly grateful for Your Majesty's friendship and commend both Your Majesty and the generous people of Siam to the blessings of Almighty God. Your good friend, Abraham Lincoln. Yes, ma'am. I think I like this, Mr. Lincoln. True progress shall lie in man's heart. Jurisdiction. But no elephant. We have summoned you, ma'am, for assistance in a fair of state. I shall tell her myself. Ma'am, can it be proper for English Dignitry to see some of our women? Women? But why not? Siamese women very unlike English women. Dignitry will return and advise Queen Victoria. I am barbarian. What signatory? Sir Edward Ranze is visiting here shortly. Therefore, ma'am, you shall choose most beautiful women of Heron and dress and educate same in European custom for presentation five o'clock post meridian this Saturday. For that four days, that's impossible. Ma'am, shall it be possible you are becoming lazy? Well, I'm not lazy at all, but I simply can't. Ma'am, situation for Siam. Very critical and murky. Our agents obtained letters written to British government from persons wishing to acquire interests in Siam. Letters describing me as barbarian and not suitable as ruler of Siam. Therefore, they suggest establishing protectorate maybe. What a outrageous. I have met situation by requesting official visit of Dignitry. So now you see necessity of scientific dressing of ladies of court. Well, I'll try your majesty, of course, but... But, but, but, can I never ask simplicity and have done with it? Well, I merely think that if Sir Edward is coming, why not have others, the Dutch and the French? All at the same time? Yes, yes. You shall write invitations now. We hold elaborate feast. You shall arranged in the table yourself for everything be accomplished in highest scientific custom. You may go. But I can't go. What about, what, what about a thousand things? How am I going to dress a hundred of your ladies in the latest style in four days' time? You shall have all slaves necessary. Well, what about, what about knives and forks? Knives, forks?  You have knives, forks, in a personal establishment? Well, yes, naturally. Kralaho, get knives, forks, and memo it. And spoons, spoons, spoons. Toons, have them copied in gold. A craftsman shall work without sleeping until this is done. And if it is not done, each man shall be beaten fifty strokes. Ma'am, shall it be necessary for me to use knife and fork also? It would be desirable. Would, would you like me to show you how? That shall not be necessary. I have ability to proper use without lesson. You may go. Ma'am, it is exactly five o'clock lacking eleven minutes. Guests have arrived. Everyone, your majesty. Ma'am, wherefore are you decorated better than court ladies? Shall it be for my observation? Your majesty. You are fine. Very fine indeed. Herewith shall be list of subjects for you to bring up at dinner table for talk. Make observation. Siamese history, foreign trade. On such subjects I am very brilliant and will make fine imprint. Building of palace, Abraham Lincoln. Also Moses, very much Moses. You are pleased to join visiting Excellencies and remain close to Kralaho. We three together we have much responsibility this night. Everything to enjoy, do not yet. All to the King, Your Excellency. Look, he hasn't touched his food. Nice enforcement. He fears he will invest. You have not touched the food either? No. Ladies and gentlemen, if we can prevail upon his majesty to repeat it, he made a most interesting point the other day about Moses. I guess... Moses, a very remarkable man. If you remember, Moses wrote in the Bible that the world was created in time. A friend Mr. Lincoln recently replied, unfortunately present jurisdiction of Mr. Lincoln's nation did not favor multiplication of elephant and we considered idea not practical. Your majesty. Sir Edward Ramsey? I was not aware that your majesty was so familiar with the war in America. Ah, this is exactly impression I hope you will correct. Court of Siam, through much study thereof, is familiar with happening of entire globe of modern world. And now, honor guests, please to remain in chair. Come soon, dessert and cups of coffee.  Dinner party was success, ma'am? Oh, yes, I think so. But I have to, I shall say it from exhaustion. In four days I slept exactly. Oh, no, no. King secretary, ma'am, I know he's knocked by now. What does he think I am any hour of the day or night? I won't, I simply won't, I won't. Well, ma'am, wherefore do you not sit down when I am in same position? Yes, your majesty. Ah, I have experienced very fatiguing day. So have I, and it's very late. Are you aware of why I am consuming food at this hour? I am so hungry, I was sick, very sick. However, I shall tell you that after conversation with Sir Edward, we are in accord with British government regarding consulates and other matters relating to security of this nation, and very happy thereof. I am very happy to your majesty, very. Shall you be hungry, ma'am? Terribly, I haven't touched a morsel since breakfast. Here, accept new gold spools. One bowl only to partake from, but plenty for two.  Plenty for two. In a moment we'll return with the third act of Anna and the King of Siam, starring Irene Dunn and Rex Harrison. It's not likely, but it is possible that some of you listening were once Senate or House page boys in the United States Congress. We say not likely because it's for guys between 14 and 19 who are appointed to these jobs by their home state senators or congressmen. Every day Congress is in session, page boys have to be in page boy school by 6.30 a.m. and attend classes until 9.30. Then it's into the solid blue suit and on the job. All day it's catering to every need and desire of the men who make the laws. A page may hop the electric subway cars and run to the House or Senate office building. Pick up something in the committee rooms or deliver an arm load of books to the Library of Congress. That's after already making sure that the senators or representatives' desks are properly equipped. We're not urging you to try for a page boy job because you're too old now. Besides, a page gets only $3,400 a year. But it is part of the operation of your Congress and we thought you'd like to know. Maybe you could even write your kid brother about it. We return you now to William Keely. Act 3 of Anna and the King of Zion starring Irene Dung and Rex Harrison. As the month passed, Anna labors at her school with a zeal matched only but out of the king himself. But one morning she discovers she is a teacher without pupils. Her only Lady Tiang is on hand. Where is everybody? I think no school today named, sir. Why not Lady Tiang? You do not say I told you, sir. Lady Toptim has been found. Lady Toptim? You did not know she had run away from palace? I know, I understood. She'd been ill. She escaped in robes of priests, sir. Very grave offence to God and kings. What will happen to her? What has always happened in such cases, sir. Why did she run away? There is whispering she loves someone other than Keely. A lover? Who? I do not see any more, ma'am. Goodbye, sir. Why you say you must see me now? Why? Why? Because it's about Lady Toptim, your Majesty. Better you understand at once, ma'am. This matter is no concern to you. It concerns me dreadfully. Because of her and even more because of you. Before I came here, I went to the prison. You dare? They're being tortured. Lady Toptim and that man. They're trying to make her confess to something that isn't true. She wasn't found with this man. She only went to her home. I do not wish to talk more about it. But there must be some law. I am the law. Yes, you. This girl has hurt your vanity, not your heart. You don't have a heart.  All that you've worked for, it's nothing but a lie to cover your caprice and passion and self-indulgence. Ma'am? Surely the Lady Toptim and Lava must die for sin. It is our custom in such cases to employ fire and stake. How shall you like if I make you watch what I shall do? And so I have come before you, my pupils, for the last time. As you may have heard, I'm leaving Siam. I shall miss you all deeply. Memcha, we are wishing to say something to you. Yes. So difficult to speak what is in heart. We prepare written scroll, Memcha. May we read, Siam? Of course. Dear friend and teacher, my goodness gracious, do not go away. We are like one blind. Do not let us fall down in darkness. Continue good and sincere concern for us. And lead us in light road. Your loving pupil. Thank you. You can't imagine. You can't imagine. Excuse me, please. Excuse me. Come my house, sir. What you wish of me? To say goodbye, Lady Tiang. I've seen very little of you lately. Somehow I have a feeling you've been avoiding me. Mem, it is time to speak truth. You pen it same, sir. Of course. Has Mem ever observed paintings there on wall of room? Paintings of trees? Yes, they're very beautiful. They tell a story. Here, this straight young tree, like unto me when I became first wife to my lord, who is great tree here. Flowers all around. But here, other trees grow up between my lord and me. That is custom. King takes many wives. And here, my lord, great tree grows very high trying to touch stars. But branches now are bare, not green with leaves to make kind shadow from sun. Flowers gone. Small tree which is me is droops and whizzers. But here beside me is growing very small tree. This is my son who shall be king one day. Observe, I try to shelter him. But cannot. I am very small because I am woman. But this, this last painting, it isn't finished. No, I have no wish to paint it. Mem, you should have helped him, my little son. Well, I thought I had, Lady Jones. Lessons in books. Yes. But he wished for such love as your son has. This you could have given him that I could not. He is one you fail. And I shall remember you for this failure. Every time I look at my son as long as I shall live. I, Lady Pyong, I... Mrs. Owens, Mrs. Owens, ma'am. Yes, baby, what is it? Oh, Mrs. Owens, ma'am. Louis, it is Louis. Well, what are you trying to tell me? He and the prince. They were, they were writing their poems. There was an accident. No, ma'am. He's got low hair, baby. No. Ma'am Owens. Coming. British doctors arrived from Singapore. There was him now. He's dying. My boy is dying. Three days now. He's still not speak. He's still lose conscience. I'm sorry for that. At least he's not suffering. Oh, why did I bring him to this terrible country? Ma'am. It's my fault. It's all my fault. I've killed my boy. Ma'am, I have something to read to you. It is from King who, who write this. Calamity's accident befalling affectionate boy Louis causes great sorrow to his majesty and royal family since boy is beloved by all as if member of said family. As sign of regret, that event of such sorrowful nature must be arriving to those deserving of better happiness. The 10th of September is appointed day of prayer with ceremony of fireworks. Justice for member of royal family as mark of sad respect of said nation. Mahamangut king of Zaya it took him long time to write it, men. He wrote it many time. It's very kind of him. Men. He tries to say in letter that he is sorry not only about son, but about execution of Lady Tufti that he was wrong. This is first time we ever say he's sorry to any person. Please thank him for me. I, I thank you, men. Come in. Memcha. To the long run. Memcha, I came, I wanted to ask, do you remember this? Yes. Yes, this pocket knife. The day we write ponies Louis give this to me. I did not give him anything. And there is something I would give to him now, I think. It is white, not all white, but whiter than most and it is mine. So if you would not mind accepting it. Well, what is this? My elephant. It is almost white. Oh, you like Larry, don't you? Like brother Memcha. And if Louis perish, it would please him if you had something that could take care of you. He is very strong elephant, ma'am. But if you gave him to me, who's going to look after you? Look at you. You're growing so fast. Your wrists are sticking out of your jacket. Somebody really ought to look after you. Ma'am, ma'am, he must not die. He must not die. Mrs. Irons. Yes, Doctor. He's asking for you. He's talking, Mrs. Irons. No. He won't. September 12, 1863. I thank Almighty and merciful God for He has spared me, my son. He has spared me, my son. Ma'am, this morning I observed British doctors departing for Singapore. Son, now fully improved. Completely, Your Majesty. How can I thank you? Such things I do, not important. Ma'am, you still determined to take self and boy back to England? I don't know. I've hardly thought about it. My mind, it's been so... I, too, have minding capable of grasping burden of situation. I become every day more and more behind with work. Oh, much confusion, weariness, et cetera, et cetera. For instance, I am much worried whether I shall send delicate, suitable display, et cetera to a great exhibition of Paris. What is opinion? Well, it sounds like an admirable idea, Your Majesty. Ma'am, I think you shall not give opinion so quickly without thinking. Maybe Frenchmen in Paris have murky reason for suggesting such exhibit. Why do you not think of this? It would be vast help if you would examine correspondence for such murky proposition. This I am too overburdened to do myself, and there is no one else for scientific knowledge to be trusted. This shall be much important, Ma'am. What shall answer be? I can't, Your Majesty. I'd like to, but I can't. You still not forget unhappy infant, Lady Taptim. I not forget either. But what shall you be doing if you do not go away? I don't know. Perhaps my boy's recovery is a sign I should remain here. If it is, I'd like to keep on with my school, I think. I'd like to keep on with my school. That's ma'am only... Of course, it is the children. Don't you see I owe so much. And to whom can I make repayment if not to them? Yes, it's the children I want. The children? Very well. I think if you do other work such as letters, such arrangement could contemplate raise and salary. Very, very well, ma'am. Children come before king. This is 1870. Louis and I have been in Siam now for eight years. I fear it quite hopeless for me ever to try to confine my efforts to teaching school. The king is obsessed as never before with the progress of the country. He works like ten men. He's ill now, or I should not have the time for noting even this. I'm to see him tomorrow morning about plans for me. Yes, who is it? You must come, ma'am, at once. Quick, ma'am, the king! Late into the night, they thought he had fallen too sweet as he had so often lately, and they let him rest. A day? Who? The doctors, ma'am. I sent for them. He's here very soon. Ma'am. Yes, your majesty. Wherefore have you not arrived more quickly? I'm sorry. Sorry, sorry, sorry. You mustn't talk now, the doctors said. But I shall talk. There is not much time. I, I die, ma'am. No! Ma'am, I know if I die or do not die. I think of many things while I am lying here. I, I write these things down. I think maybe it would better Alec should read them. Hello. You shall be listening to, old friend. There shall be words for you too. Yes, I just do. The king has written, I think there shall not be much importance to the man shall die. For it is time that does all true things, not man. Then I think it shall be important to consider those who have been of most health. Oh, words, words. Destroy paper. Destroy. Do you, ma'am? I wish to say you have spoken truth to me always. Even when I do not wish to hear it, you have always courage to say when I am wrong, you have set feet of children on excellent path of learning, so that if some shall grow better than parents, it shall be your doing. And as reward, what shall I have done? I have often mislaid temper upon you. I have never spoken gratitude of feeling. I haven't even given promised ways in salary. I do not wish to die without having said that gratitude and large respect. That shall have become greater every day. But, ma'am, if I have not graciously said this gratitude before, I must remember you have been a very difficult woman and much more difficult than generality. Generality, good word. It means, it means never mind. True progress shall... Priest men, too late now for doctor. No one will ever know how hard. It's so difficult to let anyone help him. He wanted to, but he couldn't. Ma'am, Ramoni's crowing of new king about to commence. I'm coming. He was like a little boy sometimes. You remember about the knives and forks. And he was sick that night. He cared so much. They didn't know he cared like that. Nobody understood. Not really. It seems long time ago I tried to make you understand this man. I do not think I said it half so well. What will happen now? All his work, his hopes. Young king to the longhorn will have much need of you, too. It was meant that you shall stay and help, ma'am. Let this, our first message as king, be proclaimed to our people not as if we were doing a great and lordly thing, only what is proper and fitting. That from this hour the ancient custom of obeisance to the king on hands and knees is abolished. You will rise, my people. Let all men stand before the king and before one another as men should do. Many other changes that my father, the late king, yearned and struggled for. And for these same men shall I devote my own life, praying that we shall work and live together in respect and high health for the good of ourselves and for the good of our country. Mim Owen, Lady Chiang. The painting on my wall is finished, Mim. The little tree is now full-grown and richly green and flourishing greatly. To reserve the applause, invite the curtain call. And here are tonight's stars, Irene Dunn and Rex Harrison. Two reasons, I'm sure, why Anna and the King of Siam was such a favorite among moviegoers. Thank you, Bill. It was fun playing Anna again after Rex Harrison.  Well, Bill, it was the kind of part I couldn't resist. I completely different than anything else I've done before. Good night. Good night and come back again soon. I'm William Keyless, saying good night to you from Hollywood.