This episode of HCC 788 brought to you in part by the die-cast enterprise. Join us each week as we discuss the sexual proclivities of Commander William T. Riker. The bravado comedy of Lieutenant War. And the adorable monkey shines if one Wesley the sweater crusher. Or maybe we'll just talk about the golden girls. Or hairstyles. Or cartoons. That's equally likely. We also like G.I. Joe. There, we tied that in nicely. Well done everyone on that. By all our play sets and toys. Six reviews in five weeks. Six vehicle and figure reviews in five weeks. What was I thinking? It can't be done. It's not humanly possible. Ready. Ready. Ready. Silence. Kill. Everybody, Hoodicobrick, Commander 788 here. It's time for another Battle Force 2000 toy review. And we're rolling into week three of Battle Force 2000 Months. We are looking at the entire first wave of Battle Force 2000 figures and vehicles that came out in 1987. There were a few Battle Force 2000 items that came out later, but they will not be included in these videos. They will have to wait for their own reviews in the future. But this first wave of Battle Force 2000 vehicles had a gimmick. They worked together to form the future fortress. So that's why they need to be reviewed as a group. Also, none of the Battle Force 2000 vehicle drivers were packaged and sold with the vehicles they were intended to drive. They were all sold separately. But for the purpose of these reviews, they will be reviewed together. This week, we are looking at the Sky Sweeper Anti-Aircraft Tank and the Driver Knockdown. And I have to give a special thanks to David Jones, who helped me with the accessories to complete knockdown. Also, with all these videos, we have a special guest. Joefan82 is going to give us a preview of the upcoming Joe Con exclusive Battle Force 2000 modern figures. Hey guys, stay tuned after the Vintage Review for my look at the modern version of knockdown we'll be seeing at Joe Con this year. Thank you Joefan82, don't forget to check out his channel for modern GI Joe toy reviews. Now, let's get right into it. HCC788 presents the Battle Force 2000 Sky Sweeper and Knockdown. This is the 1987 Battle Force 2000 Sky Sweeper and Knockdown, the Sky Sweeper Driver. This figure and vehicle were available separately in 1987 and 1988. They were discontinued for the year 1989. Battle Force 2000 was released late in 1987, just in time for Christmas. The Sky Sweeper and Knockdown were not sold together. This was GI Joe's first attempt to sell vehicle drivers separately from the vehicles they were intended to drive. This was standard practice for Star Wars toys. Although some GI Joe vehicles did not come with figures, usually if a figure was intended to drive a specific vehicle, that figure would be packaged with the vehicle. In 1987, Knockdown was available as a single-carded figure. In 1988, he was available in a two-pack with his Battle Force 2000 teammate, Dodger. Battle Force 2000 vehicles had a gimmick. Parts of the vehicles could be removed and used to assemble the future fortress. We've already seen how the Dominator snow tank and the vector jet parts fit with the future fortress. In this review, we will add the Sky Sweeper's contribution to the fortress. Let's set Knockdown aside for now and take a look at the Sky Sweeper. For this toy, I have the blueprints, which were printed on the back of the instruction sheet. And I will be using that to describe some of the features on this vehicle. The color scheme for the Sky Sweeper is typical of most Battle Force 2000 vehicles. It's a base metallic gray with blocks of blue, black and green. This vehicle is supposed to be an experimental prototype in the G.I. Joe universe. So I think the metallic color is intended to make it look unfinished. If this vehicle passed inspection and became part of G.I. Joe's regular fleet, it would get a coat of appropriately camouflaged paint. I do have the box for the Sky Sweeper. I don't normally get boxes, but I do have the box for this one so we can look at it. Of course it has the G.I. Joe logo up here, Battle Force 2000 logo under it. The Sky Sweeper is an anti-aircraft tank. Two battle units in one. Now we've got some nice box art here. We can barely see Knockdown here on the front of the box. We do have another G.I. Joe character. This is a non-Battle Force 2000 character, Falcon. Here in the corner we have the promotion for the future fortress. And so that's what you can look forward to when we assemble the full fortress at the end of Battle Force 2000 months. Looking at the back of the box, we have a photograph of the toy here. And most likely this is a photograph of a prototype, not the production toy. There are some differences between this photograph and the Sky Sweeper that we got. For instance, there is some silver along the canopy here on the production toy. That was blue and it has different missiles than the one that came in this box. Let's look at the parts and the features of the Sky Sweeper. We have the Battle Force 2000 logo here, the G.I. Joe logo on that side. We have a canopy that opens here and it opens, it's hinged at the front. So you pull up from the back and swing it open. And then you can get access to the cockpit to put the figure in and take them out. That canopy is in blue plastic and there's some details on there. It has these headlamps up here with orange translucent plastic. That looks really nice. I like that little pop of color. And it has a three prong antenna here and that is removable. This actually goes on the battle station. We'll look at that later. And it also on the canopy it has these lock unlock molded in details here. And it's on both sides. And I find that interesting because this lock unlock detail shows up on other Battle Force 2000 vehicles. In the cab there are really no details at all. There are a couple control sticks, there's the driver's seat, there's a metal pattern on the floorboard and that's it. I thought this might be missing a sticker control panel here but after looking at the instruction sheet I don't think there was one. It is easy to fit the figure in the vehicle. You just put them in straight legged like that and it's spacious enough that he can hold his weapon. Now you just swing it closed like that but I've noticed that mine does not close all the way with the driver in the vehicle. He actually bumps his helmet on the inside of the canopy so it just doesn't close all the way. I've tried this several times and it just does not work on mine. I have a couple problems with this whole thing. For one thing the cab is very plain. There's really no difference between the inside of the vehicle and the outside of the vehicle. And this canopy is totally open. It affords the driver no protection. It's not armored. He's totally exposed to enemy fire. On this side on the running board there is a foot peg so you can have a figure riding on the outside right next to the driver. Those running boards have a metal texture pattern on them and really most of the vehicle does. The Sky Sweeper has fake treads in green and there's an impressive amount of detail that goes pretty deep inside there. Now these treads do not roll. The vehicle rolls on these black wheels, these dumbbell shaped wheels here. And the vehicle does roll pretty well. There is no additional sculpted detail on the underside. In the midsection of the vehicle, directly behind the cab, we have a couple guns, one on each side. And the blueprints call these Directed Zap Energy Laser Guided Weapons. These side guns do elevate. In fact they can rotate all the way around and they ratchet, which is nice because it will fix pretty well in any position that you want. This midsection of the vehicle with the side guns actually detaches to become its own battle station. You kind of have to squeeze down here at the bottom moving the canopy out of the way helps a little bit and pop that off. And you do have to take it apart and reassemble it in a different configuration for the battle station. These side guns slide into these slots and you do have to remove those so you just slide those out carefully, not to break anything. Sometimes they stick a little bit but just work with them carefully to get those out. On the inside of the battle station it says Top right here, so reorient that with that part at the top and then we're going to put the guns back on. These side guns have a left and a right. Now keep in mind one thing, according to the instructions you're supposed to put these on the side with the flat portion facing up. But I find it works better with the flat portion facing down. It fits better on the future fortress that way. You're going to slide these side guns on the side of the vertically standing battle station. Just put those on one on each side like so. It's almost finished. The only other thing you have to do is just remove the antenna from the canopy and place that on the top of the battle station. And there you have it. The blueprints call this Outpost Tactical Personnel Protection Slash Remote Control Battle Station. And it looks armored on the outside. On the inside it actually has some molded-in instrument panel detail. That's not bad. It also has a foot peg in there. So you can put a figure in there inside the battle station. It's a little bit difficult to do with adult sized hands. But knock down can go in his battle station, stand on the foot peg and he can man that. And he even has a viewing slot. So overall this is fairly well thought out. Later we will see how this connects to the future fortress. With the cover removed we have this blue section which I assume is the engine. We have four missiles, two on each side. They are all the same. And these missiles don't actually peg in. You slide the fins into a slot. That actually makes it difficult to get the bottom missiles in and out. There isn't much room to play with there. The blueprints call these Jane or Jam and Neutralize Enemy Radar Homing Tactical Missiles. And they are very plain. There really isn't much to distinguish them. Once you have reconfigured the battle station to the mode in which it fits on the vehicle you can just pop that back on. And when it's on those missiles sit really deeply in there. So deeply that they are difficult to pull out and use. You almost have to take the cover off to use the missiles. Now you might think that one solution for this would be to just slot the missiles in a little farther forward so they poke out a bit more and it's easier to pull them out and use them. But if you do that the missiles actually interfere with the movement of the canopy. The canopy will not properly open or close. So what this amounts to is just poor engineering, poor design. This just was not thought out very well. On the back third of the vehicle we have a flat bed. And the bed itself is very plain. We have more of that metal texture pattern. And on each side we have two foot pegs. On the bed we have what is probably the best feature on this vehicle. We have the main gun turret. The gun turret is blue. And it's attached in such a way that if you move the radar dish the gun will elevate with it. And I like that, I like that a lot. It has excellent elevation which it should. This is intended to shoot down aircraft. The turret can rotate 360 degrees. The blueprints call these rerun dual 20mm repeating autoload cannons. And since the Sky Sweeper is an anti-aircraft tank this appears to be the main weapon it uses to knock down airplanes. On the turret behind the gun there is a foot peg. And so you can have a figure manning the gun like that. And I actually like this feature a lot. There was a similar feature on the Desert Fox. And I just think that looks really good to have a figure manning the gun. Here in the back we have another quirky detail. We have what looks like a standard GI Joe fuel port but it has been filled in. These fuel ports started to appear on GI Joe vehicles starting in 1985. There's one on the Armadillo Minitank. And these fuel ports were compatible with fuel nozzles on GI Joe play sets. Like the one on the USS flag aircraft carriers refueling trailer and the Cobra Terror Drone. We have seen these vestigial fuel ports on other Battleforce 2000 vehicles. Apparently the feature was originally going to be included on those vehicles but the plan must have changed before production. Finally in the back we have a universal GI Joe tow hook and that's nice. But we also have two additional foot pegs. And this may be crowding a few too many foot pegs on this vehicle. The Sky Sweeper is loaded with foot pegs. Probably too many foot pegs. If you load up all the foot pegs with figures and include the driver, the Sky Sweeper can hold 10 action figures. And that really is too much for a vehicle of this size. It looks overcrowded. It looks a little bit like the Keystone cops. But we get how the Sky Sweeper contributes to the assemblage of the future Fortress. So far we have already used the shell from the Dominator snow tank and the turret from the vector jet. Remember when we put together the standalone battle station? Well first, do that. And then this will rest in this slot right here on the outer wall. This is not bad. It actually does sort of in a way slot onto the future Fortress. It doesn't just rest near the Fortress and thus far it's the only part that we've seen that does that. Now let's look at Knockdown. Before they settled on the name Knockdown for this figure, they were kicking around some prototype names that included Swatter and Flytrap. I'm glad they went with Knockdown because this guy doesn't look anything like Venus Flytrap. For Knockdown I have the full card back. I don't usually get full card backs but we can look at this one. We have the GI Joe logo, the prominent Battle Force 2000 logo, some artwork of Knockdown here. Now the negative space on this card isn't quite as bad as with other Battle Force 2000 cards because there's a space right here for Knockdown's accessories. On other Battle Force 2000 cards this space was just left black with no text and no artwork and to me those cards look inexpertly designed. On the artwork Knockdown's gun looks superimposed and the perspective is slightly off. It almost looks like this was added after the image was completed so maybe there was a last minute change to Knockdown's accessory. Flipping the card around to the back we have the cross cell and we have a partition here for the Battle Force 2000 figures and this started a trend for GI Joe after 1987. GI Joe added more sub teams almost every year. We have our one flag point and Knockdown's file card we will look at that in a minute. Let's look at Knockdown's accessories starting with his weapon and the card contents call this an experimental ground to air pistol X-128. What exactly is a ground to air pistol? Is it supposed to shoot down planes? I guess it would fit with the specialty of his vehicle but how is a pistol supposed to shoot down planes? There is a variant of this pistol there's the thick handled pistol and the thin handled pistol. I'm pretty sure this is the thin handled pistol I'm not 100% certain Knockdown's other accessory is what the card contents creatively call a helmet that is exactly what it is and it's nice to have this helmet because most Battle Force 2000 helmets were non-removable and sculpted onto the head. With the accessories out of the way let's look at the articulation on Knockdown he had the standard articulation for GI Joe figures of 1987. He could turn his head from left to right and look up and down he could swing his arm up at the shoulder slightly hindered by his extended shoulder pad there he could swivel his arm all the way around he had a hinge at the elbow so he could move at the elbow about 90 degrees he had a swivel at the bicep so he could swivel his arm all the way around. The figure is held together with a rubber O-ring that allowed him to move at the torso a little bit. He could move his legs apart about so far. He could bend his leg at the hip about 90 degrees and bend at the knee about 90 degrees. Let's look at the sculpt design and color of Knockdown starting with his head and on his head he has brown hair with a hint of red. I would call this Auburn. I think his face sculpt looks similar to his Battleforce 2000 teammate Maverick. Not exactly the same but these guys could be related. This head was reused for other action figures. It was reused for the male away figure Super Trooper in 1988 and since the entire Super Trooper mold was reused to make rapid fire in 1990 therefore Knockdown's head was used for that figure too. According to Yojo.com this head was modified and used for the 1988 Charbroil figure. Well if that's the case then it was pretty heavily modified. It loses a lot of the detail in the hair and the shape of the head is slightly different both from the front and from the profile. On Maverick's chest he has a tan vest over a blue shirt and extra broad shoulders. The shoulders are not upturned like Mavericks but still extra wide. He has a strap over his right shoulder that doesn't seem to serve any purpose. There's some silver detailing in the center of his chest and for some reason Knockdown's chest is extra wide. It's like 20% wider than an average G.I. Joe chest front to back. Here's Maverick for comparison. I'm not sure exactly why that is. On his arms he has blue sleeves and he has two different color gloves. He has a black glove on his right hand. On his left hand he has a blue glove with silver wrist guards. He has a tan strap on his upper arm and he has some extra molded in detail on the back of his left hand. On his waist piece we have a belt with some silver details in front. The belt runs all the way around. We have a flap in the back and the front that is probably a continuation of the vest.  For comparison, here's Sergeant Slaughter with an extra muscular G.I. Joe action figure and Knockdown's leg muscles are twice as thick as Sergeant Slaughter's. Knockdown has tan boots with a green stripe pattern that appears to just be aesthetic. It doesn't look like it serves any practical purpose. Let's take a look at Knockdown's file card and his file card has his faction as Battleforce 2000 and G.I. Joe. It has his codename as Knockdown and he's the Sky Sweeper driver. It has Sky Sweeper hyphenated here but it is not hyphenated on the box. His file name is Blaine M. Gonzalez. His primary military specialty is infantry. His secondary military specialty is microwave technician. I assume this means microwave transmitters not microwave ovens. Birthplace is San Francisco California and his grade is E5. This top paragraph says Knockdown was a member of the test crew on the cancelled Sergeant York DVAD anti-aircraft system and on two other secret development projects at Aberdeen proving grounds before he was tapped for the Battleforce 2000 team. This Sergeant York DVAD anti-aircraft system is referring to a real experimental weapon. The M247 Sergeant York DVAD or Divisional Air Defense was an anti-aircraft tank. Development was cancelled in 1985 due to technical difficulties and cost overruns. Sergeant York takes his name from Sergeant Alvin York who is one of the most decorated U.S. Army soldiers in World War I. The Aberdeen proving ground is located at Aberdeen, Maryland and it's used to test ordinance for the U.S. Army. Reading on it says his ability to repair radar systems, infrared sensors and target tracking computers is invaluable under battle conditions where Murphy's law prevails and if he has to he can aim and fire manually with minimal loss of accuracy. Murphy's law is an old adage that means anything that can go wrong will go wrong. This bottom section quote it says, knock down likes to go ski shooting with a bolt action rifle. He thinks it's more sporting according to him anybody can hit a clay pigeon with a shotgun. He collects butterflies and moths he just plucks them out of the air with his fingers. Knock down is also an authority on air disasters maybe to replace his morbid fear of flying. So he's afraid of flying and he's an authority on air disasters and he drives a vehicle that causes air disasters. This is an example of the best kind of GI Joe file card. It is filled with real world references. It is less colorful than Maverick's back story but it provides plenty of connections to the real world. Now I turn it over to Joefan82 for a preview of the upcoming Joecon exclusive knock down figure. Thanks HCC. Here is the 2017 version of knock down. It looks like he retains most of the aesthetics of the original figure. He's got the green helmet, blue shirt, tan vest, black pants and tan boots. As with most modern figures you'll see more sculpted on detail with this version. The helmet and vest are removable. He also comes with a tactical rifle and a retool of his ground to air pistol. Response for this figure has been somewhat negative with a lot of people commenting on how the figure appears overweight to them. However I don't think this is the case because I think the way his vest is protruding at his midsection is giving the illusion that he is overweight. So that's it for this preview of the new modern knock down back to you HCC. Thank you again Joefan82. I really appreciate your help with those previews. Looking at the sky sweeper and knock downs appearances in GI Joe media they did not appear in the animated series. They were only animated for commercials. They did appear in the comic book series. They first appeared in number 68. Battleforce 2000 fought along the main GI Joe team in the Cobra Civil War which ran from issues number 74 to 77. And I really loved that story arc. The Joes needed all hands on deck. It was not just a surgical strike like what you saw with a lot of other GI Joe action scenes. This was all out war. And although I wasn't a Battleforce 2000 fan their inclusion in the Civil War helped legitimize them for me. Knock Down along with most of his other Battleforce 2000 teammates was killed in issue number 113. During a battle in the fictional country of Benzene Cobra Commander ordered an artillery strike on an oil storage area where Battleforce 2000 was en route to Rendezvous with their GI Joe teammates. Only Dodger survived that attack. Looking at the sky sweeper and knock down overall this is another not great but not terrible vehicle and figure for Battleforce 2000. The sky sweeper has some decent features. The main turret with the radar dish is good. The detachable battle station is okay and even standing on its own and not connected to the fortress. Knock Down is a bland figure. He's even planer than Maverick. There are large patches of the figure that are just blank and the head sculpt is so so. I like the accessories. The helmet is pretty rad. None of it fits the aesthetic of GI Joe but it works as a science fiction toy. That's how we used to play with Battleforce 2000 as a separate toy line. My friends and I did not have all of Battleforce 2000. At most we had a couple figures and a couple vehicles but we used to pair them with other science fiction figures and vehicles and have space battles. Even though we found uses for Battleforce 2000 I don't recall us ever integrating Battleforce 2000 into GI Joe. And that's unfortunate for Battleforce 2000 because GI Joe was still taking up the bulk of our playtime even in 1987. And as we were getting older our playtime was getting shorter. That was my review of the Sky Sweeper and Knock Down. Thank you for sticking with me for Battleforce 2000 months. We are halfway to the finish line. Again thanks to Joefan82 for providing the previews of the modern figures and thanks to David Jones for helping me complete Knock Down. If you like this video please give it a thumbs up on YouTube and subscribe to the YouTube channel. I have a Facebook and a Twitter that you will want to check out and support the channel on Patreon for some special perks. There is a website where you can find all of my GI Joe toy reviews. It is at hcc788.com. Thank you for watching. I'll see you next week for another Battleforce 2000 toy review and until then remember, Battleforce 2000, Battleforce 2000. Woo! To protect America, Battleforce 2000 creates the battle vehicles of the future. Battleforce 2000. The Sky Sweeper Eliminator Finticator. Battleforce 2000. Dominator Vector and Barrauta, they split and recombine into the awesome future fortress. Go Joe! Battleforce 2000 figures and vehicles so separately collect all six vehicles.


Have you ever seen a kid screaming for hours on end about something absurd? Well, a lot of internet arguments are just like that. Only instead of being limited by the need to breathe, only character counts and finger cramps can stop them. Hi, Internet. My name's Josh. Today, I'm going to try and show you how to argue effectively and efficiently. If you ever get frustrated by how some casual debates can spiral out of control, let me say some things. Maybe they'll help. First, it's important to recognize that what really drives and makes an argument important is differences in values. Values are just things that you care about and how much. They can be simple things like, I prefer Coke to Pepsi. Or they can be big, important-sounding ideals like freedom, duty, and compassion. That's important to remember because while we're generally smart enough to bear in mind that a die-hard Coke fan isn't going to be convinced to like Pepsi more, when a die-hard Freedom fan goes up against somebody who prefers compassion, there tends to be a lot more shouting. Values are what we argue about. How we argue, or how we ought to argue, is with logic. I say how we ought to argue because while it's easy to convince somebody that you're right by bullying them or charming them, logic allows you to convince them by making the most sense. It isn't just part of Spock's catchphrase either. Logic is an abstract system of rules, much like mathematics, that we can use to navigate from simple ideas to more complex ideas without getting lost. Simple logic can get really complex, and there are some links below if you want to learn how to use it more in depth, but today we're just going to look at something basic. A, therefore, B. You'll note that my B is a lot bigger than my A. This is because people tend to say what they think a lot louder than why they think it, and also because these are the size of flutters that I could find. A is your collection of facts and assumptions, the things that you and your audience can agree on. B, A is something like people should be healthy and pizza is unhealthy for you. Note that in almost every persuasive argument, your A's will generally contain some sort of value judgment, like people should be healthy. Watch for that. B is your conclusion, the more complicated idea that you get from your facts. Maybe B could be something like we should ban pizza. Therefore it's a little more complicated. You know what it means generally, but in the context of logical statements it means if you have A, then you always, always get B. Now, when someone states an opinion they generally use more words than this, but every argument can and should be broken down into simple logical statements like A, therefore, B. Most of the time in failed debates, the people arguing don't address these statements at all. Instead of establishing what is and isn't true, they generate tons of new statements with Q's and P's and not P's, trying to overwhelm their opponent with the sheer number of them. Pizza is delicious. You just haven't had the right pizza yet.  If you're trying to argue logically, once you've broken down somebody's wall of text into individual logical statements, there are really only three things that you can disagree with in each. You can disagree with the A, the assumptions. This is usually the easiest thing to do. If pizza isn't actually unhealthy for you, then there's no reason to ban it. There might be a different reason to ban it with a different A, but the unhealthy argument would be null and void. Second, you can disagree with it therefore. If the A is actually unrelated to the B, or the B doesn't always always follow from the A, then the argument isn't valid. For example, if banning pizza wouldn't actually make people any healthier, if instead of having pizza they just ate more fries or something, then there's no reason to ban it. It's hard to challenge it therefore. This has to do with complicated things like causality being implied and invisible, but all you have to remember is that you have to construct any anti-therefore arguments as simply as you possibly can. You should aim for simplicity regardless, but if there is any ambiguity in an anti-therefore argument, your opponent is just going to ignore you. Finally, you can disagree with the B, the results. If you show that an opponent's conclusion conflicts with their own values, then they'll dismiss it themselves. Maybe pizza is bad for you, and maybe if we banned it, people would be healthier. But do you really want to live in a world without pizza? If you think about opinions as broken down logical statements, it becomes a lot easier to find the weak points in them and knock them over like giant jenga towers of words. Also, if you construct your own argument so that your A, therefore B is easy to see and talk about, then your opponents will tend not to disagree with you so much. Or if they do disagree, their disagreements will be more relevant and more structured. You'll also find that the only persistent disagreements that you get into are differences in values, which are a lot less frustrating. Oh, you think love is more important than health? That's cool. So last week, because it was my first video, and because it's apparently impossible to even search for it on YouTube, the only people that I spanned directly were able to comment on it, which I'm sort of fine with. Semi-IM thinks my puncture atrocious, which they are. C-13 thinks that I'm just trying to win more arguments on the internet, which I'm not. I'm trying to lose them. And Sigmund offers some valid skepticism that intelligent conversation on the internet could be a thing. We'll see. Next week, things are going to get heady with Cartesian dualism and consciousness. I've got some links below if you want to read up on it. Blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share, and I'll see you then.


Thanks for joining us at WSIS Forum 2018. I'm delighted to be joined today by Mr. Thomas Schneider, who is Ambassador and Director of International Affairs at the Swiss Federal Office of Communication, OFCOM. Thank you for joining us, sir. Thank you for having me. So, to start with, the big theme this year at WSIS Forum was building a knowledge and information society. So, can you take me through the various steps or initiatives you have in place here in Switzerland to do so? Thank you. Yes, it's getting more and more obvious to many people that ICTs play a crucial role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. And we're also trying to use this on a national level. We have a strategy called Digital Switzerland that is supposed to help us all government, civil society, businesses to benefit from the tools that are offered through these technologies and find the right way to use them to progress on our economic goals, on our societal goals, politically, democracy. And we have set up a process. We are not just developing the strategy with all stakeholders, we are also implementing it together and we are revising it together. So, Switzerland and Geneva in particular has been hosting WSIS Forum for the past years, and it's the perfect ecosystem, isn't it, to do so? Yes, I think it's unique to see how many people from all over the world with expertise in digital issues, linked to climate, linked to health, linked to labour, linked to peace, linked to all kinds of aspects of our economic and social life that are working and living in Geneva and the WSIS Forum and other events are the perfect opportunity to get these people together, to share their knowledge across the silos and learn and get new inspiration from each other. And Switzerland is also an environment where you foster a lot of entrepreneurship and innovation. And innovative technologies are the keys, aren't they, to deliver the SDGs going forward? Yes, we have a great number of startups here in Geneva, in Zurich and elsewhere in the country that provide for new technologies that can be used, of course, for driving the SDGs further. We also, of course, need to be aware of consequences, non-internet consequences that these technologies may have. So it's also, actually Geneva is also the right place to discuss other aspects that go beyond technology and then with this knowledge together we can actually use the ICTs for the benefit of our societies. Mr Thomas Schneider, thank you very much. You're welcome.


Jesse English 2nd Language Program 2 In today's program, there will be a group of students attending a tutorial group working out the meanings of unfamiliar words using contextual clues. The objectives of today's lesson are to understand the literal meaning of a text, to work out the meaning of unfamiliar words using contextual clues. Enjoy the program. It's the best. I thought we could see a movie to celebrate my results. But today we're going for tutoring. Maybe she can explain to us what we can do when we get difficult passages and what is hopefully what it's all about. Run, what do you do when you come across difficult or unfamiliar words in a passage? Here's so much. Both are also good for increasing your vocabulary. But what do you do in situations where you can't use it? Yeah, like in today's lesson. Now if you don't know the meaning of a word, you can often use the context to yard your kiss. What do you mean by the word context? The context of a word refers to the other words around. It's in a sentence or passage. I'm going to pen a paper and let's look at this passage. The first sentence says, Most children look forward, eager to their school days, having watched their older brothers and sisters leave home proudly in their uniforms, carrying trunks of books. The word trunks is not a word we come across often and can be seen by many as being unfamiliar. From this sentence we can guess that a trunk of books must mean some sort of container of books. We can guess by the fact that it is a number of books which are being carried by learners. We know that learners normally carry their books in school bags. Yes, Angelini. I see carrying trunks of books. The older brothers and sisters carry their books in the school bags. Yes, now scan through the second paragraph and see if you can spot more unfamiliar words. We need to follow him through the infant school. It would make a full story in itself. But it was no different from the story of other children. In the primary school, however, his individual character began to show. He developed a strong hatred for arithmetic, but he loves stories and songs. And he liked particularly the sound of English words even when they conveyed no meaning at all. Some of them simply fold him with joy. Periwinkel was such a word. He had now forgotten how he learned it or exactly what it was. He had a vague private meaning for it and it was something to do with fairy land. Yes, Angelini. The second paragraph, the word conveyed in the middle of the paragraph and he liked particularly the sound of English words even when they conveyed no meaning at all. Conveyed. Yes, the word conveyed. Yes, Thomas. Is he going to tell someone something? Yes, could be. How did you think of that? Well, the sound of words comes to us as a message of some sort or a meaning. So I guess that we were supposed to tell each other something. That is very good. Conveyed was used for words meaning that the words carry a message or a meaning across from speaker to listener. Yes, Jessica. And Nick, Miss, in the last sentence of the paragraph, he had a vague private meaning for it and it was something to do with fairy land. Well, let's look at the sentence just before that one. He had now forgotten how he learned it or exactly what it was. They put that together with the sentence that vague is in. Any idea what it could mean? I think it means he doesn't remember what the word means but he has an idea. That's correct, Jessica, to cross this. Let us see if we can guess the meaning of the following words in the next paragraph. Chaik's teacher was fond of using long words in the classroom. He was said to be a very learned man who liked to share this knowledge with his learners. He used to say to Chaik that if he continued to be more and more arrogant, then others would dislike him. Yes, Kevin. I think the word fond means to like something. In this case, Chaik's teacher liked to use long words because if you fond of something, you enjoy it and therefore you love it. Absolutely correct, Kevin. Tobas? Learn to use Chaik's teacher learned a lot. Not just learned a lot. He is well educated. I want to try the next word.  What do you mean by full of yourself?  Yes. So when you say someone is arrogant, then that person is full of themselves. Now I want you to do the next exercise. Can you match these words for the meanings in the right hand side column and write them down? The first one has been completed as an example. So means treating every green plant with light blue flowers. But what is the meaning of mechanism? In the name? Structure of arrangement of parts that work together and the parts of the machine do. That's right. And constellation? In the name, we will fix thus. Correct. And dispersal, Kevin? Zadun and valent person? No. Sorry, that's the meaning for explosive. The process of scattering or going into a different page. Well done, Kave. You gave us over two ounces at the same time. Thank you.  That's a actual delay in putting of what can be done now. It seems you guys do understand now how to guess the meaning of words in the context. There is something you can easily practice on your own by guessing meanings of words from text and then double checking with the dictionary. It will also help you build up your vocabulary. I wish you could have done this exercise before our test but at least I don't know how to take an unfamiliar words in attack. Now the next time you are writing a test or exam don't panic when you come across unfamiliar words which you can't seem to understand. Relax and just look at the context of the words. The other information containing a sentence or passage you can make a good case about the meaning of a word. Remember this. Till next time, bye bye. Thank you.


Welcome back to my channel, and it is actually Wednesday. So happy Wednesday It's just about 7 a.m. And I'm here at WW because I am weighing in this morning Since we are leaving tomorrow Thursday to head out of town until Saturday evening to go camping I cannot wait. We rented a cabin. We cannot wait to stay right on the lake diesel gets to swim We are bringing our four-wheeler. We're gonna roast marshmallows walk around just really have a nice Relaxing weekend. So I'm here to weigh in before Friday because I won't be here on Friday So a little bit about my week so far. It's been a short one as you know I weighed in last Friday, so it's actually only been Saturday Sunday Monday and Tuesday So four days so far this week, but it's been good my week so far so good I have walked every day this week Monday Tuesday and even this morning before I came to Weight Watchers Look at me go and I'm gonna walk again tomorrow morning before we head out of town So overall my week actually has been really really good. There is a downside and the downside is Shark week is here. So not happy about that at all I don't need shark week when I'm trying to go camping, but it started on Monday and it's now Wednesday So it's really one of the worst days for me. So I don't know how that's gonna affect my weigh-in Um, I stepped on the scale at home on Monday and I was down So I'm hoping that that has continued again. I started shark week on Monday. So by today. I'm feeling way worse way more bloated way less Good, so I don't know. We'll see how it affects the scale when I hop on it this morning But again, it's been four days. So we'll see what type of weight loss I can have over the four days I will stay for the meeting and then I'm gonna head into work I will be filming a meeting recap and a weigh-in recap and I've been forgetting you guys to show you the recipe on the back of the Weekly so let me know down in the comments if that's something that you guys want to see No one has said anything So if you don't really care about the recipe on the back of the weekly Let me know and I just want to include that in future videos But I will put it into this one for you. So let me know your guys's thoughts on that So I'll be back in a flash to share the workshop recap and my weigh-in. Hey guys I just got to work from my WW workshop and I wanted to share with you what we discussed I was absolutely Pleasantly surprised at the topic of the WW workshop. I think it's something that we forget a lot about in our weight loss journey We're so focused on losing weight. We're so focused on the number on the scale getting in our exercise prepping and planning our food and not eating this and not eating that that we forget to be Grateful to be grateful for all of the wonderful things in our life So it was really nice to have a topic that really focused on Gratitude versus the number on the scale and losing weight. So today we talked a lot about Reflecting and focusing on the things in your life that you're thankful for that you're grateful for so what about your family? Your friends how far you've come so far on your journey your financial stability your job your pets The beautiful flowers that grow in your front yard take time to really be thankful and grateful for the things in your life that Positively impact not only your day-to-day living but also your weight loss journey as a whole as a whole Healthier happier people that are grateful and show gratitude make better health choices It's a fact you will bounce back from setbacks a lot easier Bouncing back from a gain bouncing back from a bad meal a bad week a bad way And you will bounce back from those setbacks a lot easier when you have a grateful happy Positive mindset plus you look at things along your weight loss journey a lot differently If you do over indulge you look at it positively and you say well You know what? I'm grateful for how far I've come on my journey and I'm gonna start over fresh the next meal or the next day So when we show gratitude for the positive things in our life Overall our weight loss journey is more successful. It's less stressful We feel better about everything in our day-to-day life and the weight tends to fall off a lot faster And when it doesn't we look at it on a positive note so that we can correct our actions and see that scale begin to drop again So this week we're gonna have a gratitude Challenge there's gonna be three things that I want you to do along with me this week to help Increase our positive mindset and show a little bit more gratitude for where we've come So the first thing is think about the last 24 hours and think about something that you are grateful for Maybe it was something as simple as a walk in the park or maybe someone gave you a big smile at the grocery store That just made your day think back over the last 24 hours and focus on one or even more If you can come up with them things that you are grateful for number two is take a minute and write down all of the details of That event in your life in the last 24 hours that you are grateful for when what where and with who write it all Down really absorb and focus on the positivity Remember how grateful you were when that event in your life happened and remember you guys these things happen every single day In our life. There is always always something on a daily basis I would say I would venture to say even on an hourly basis that we should be thankful and Grateful for and number three note how you felt Before after and during the thing that you're grateful for that happened in the last 24 hours How did you feel were you happy? Were you? Grateful were you elated? Were you smiling? Were you tearful with tears of joy? How did you feel when it was happening and also after it happened and maybe even think about how you were feeling before? Maybe you were having literally the worst day ever and that clerk in the grocery store gave you the biggest smile and the warmest welcome and All of a sudden you were grateful for the day and you were grateful that you came in that grocery store and that you encountered that Wonderful wonderful woman who made your entire day I think it's really important for us to really focus on the positive and the things that we are grateful for Every single day so this week my challenge to both myself and to you is to focus on One thing every day that you are grateful for write it down Reflect on it and maybe you want to share it in the comments below next way in next Friday And we'll see what we decided that we as human beings were grateful for for this last week now Let's talk about Wayne so like I mentioned before I went in it is shark week my least favorite week of the entire month I'm actually feeling kind of today a little bit bloated a little bit crampy I did go on my walk this morning and then after I got home I was like oh no is that gonna play into my weight loss because usually you know your muscles are sore So they're retaining a little bit of fluid, but it's okay I was happy to go on my walk glad to get it out of the way so Despite everything despite the walking this morning despite it being shark week and the worst week ever When I stepped on the scale I lost just shy of one pound. I lost point eight now you guys that is in four days Saturday Sunday Monday and Tuesday and Saturday I used my weeklies so really three days of being on track and I lost almost an entire pound So what does that mean if I'd have weighed in on Friday? Would I have lost maybe a pound and a half maybe two pounds? What would have happened on Friday when I weighed in so we shall never know because I will be at the lake But I am very very happy that I lost almost an entire pound this last week Well this last four days how exciting is that so my plan for camping this weekend is I'm on track today Which is Wednesday. I'm on track tomorrow, which is Thursday I'm actually going to use my weeklies on Friday because that's the day that we are going to be up at the cabin the entire day So I want to be able to have a big breakfast with my husband. I want to be able to have s'mores I want to indulge in my very favorite beer, which is the leaning kegel summer shandy I love that beer and you guys I'm a one beer girl like I just like one beer I like good quality craft beer none of that light Bud Light Coors Light Doesn't really do it for me, but that beer is actually only four points. So not bad, but I want to be able to have that I'm going to be getting in a ton of exercise this entire weekend and then we're coming home Saturday So of course, I'll be back on track Saturday and my week essentially starts over at that point So I have a plan I got a game plan and I'm going to lose Hopefully a lot when I step on the scale next Friday because it's actually going to be a week and a couple of days since I weighed in So looking forward to that weigh-in really excited to really focus on the things that I'm grateful for this next week I'm really going to take on that challenge full force and speaking of challenges Make sure that you're part of my Facebook group I'm gonna put that right here on the screen Because I have a challenge that I'm going to be doing the third week of June And I'd love it if you guys would join me and then I'm going to film that challenge And I'm going to post it here on my YouTube channel But in order to know all of the details and take part in the challenge Make sure you join my Facebook group because I'm going to be posting all of the details there I'm really excited about this. It's something that a lot of you have been asking me about Questions comments. I did this it worked for me. I did this it didn't work for me So I want to do a little trial myself So looking forward to a brand-new challenge the third week of June So join my Facebook group to take advantage and participate with me I would love to have all of you as part of my challenge buddies So comment down below. I want to hear how your week went. Was it good? Was it bad? How was your weigh-in? Was it what you expected? Did you stay on track? I want to hear what you are grateful for please one thing that you're grateful for and I'll share with you right now I am grateful 100% for my fur babies. They are literally the light of my life. I look forward to seeing them every day They put a smile on my face just seeing a photo of them just melts my heart I'm so thankful for all the joy that they bring to my life and I couldn't imagine and not having them They are seriously my world. They're the light of my life So I'm so grateful for the joy and happiness that diesel and Lola bring to me every single day every minute of every day So again, if you're new make sure that you subscribe hit that little notification bell So you're notified every time that I upload a new video make sure you give this guy a thumbs up comment down below Let me know what you're grateful for and how your week went. I love you guys so much I'm also really extremely grateful for all of you and I'll see you guys all in the next one. Bye


Hello and welcome to this lecture on advanced electric drives. In the last lecture, we are discussing about the traction drives and more specifically the speed time curve of a traction drive. Now, we have seen that when a traction drive or a locomotive starts from rest, it goes to the various modes of operation. It starts and then goes to the various modes and then come to a halt or a stop. And the various modes are as follows. We are seeing this diagram in the last lecture. We will just see it once again. So, we have the constant power region, constant torque region that is from this point to this point, which can also be known as constant acceleration, because during the constant torque region, the acceleration remains constant. And then we have the constant power region. This is the constant power region from this point to this point. And in this region, the power remains constant. And then what we have is a free running region. So, this is a free running region, where the motor speed is constant and the vehicle speed is constant. That is the free running region. The vehicle is running at constant speed or the locomotive is running at constant speed. That is the free running period. And then before we stop, the power is switched off to the motor and that is called coasting region. The motor speed reduces. So, this is basically the coasting region. The motor speed reduces. And then before we come to stop, we apply break. And this could be electrical braking or mechanical braking, especially in electric drives. We prefer to apply electrical braking, so that there will be minimal wear and tear of the mechanical part. So, we break the motor electrically. And the kinetic energy of the whole locomotive is converted to electrical energy, which could be fed back to the supply in case of a regenerative braking mechanism. So, this is basically the speed variation. We have constant torque or constant acceleration. Then we have constant power, free running, coasting and braking. What about the torque variation? The torque variation as follows. During the constant torque region, the torque remains constant. And then when we go for constant power region, the torque decreases. Because here, what we have in this case, during this region, the torque into omega is constant. That is the power. So, we have constant power. T into omega is constant. And since the speed is increasing or this omega m is increasing, torque has to reduce to keep this T omega m constant. Omega m is a mechanical speed. So, T into omega m is kept constant. And when the speed increases, omega m increases, torque has to reduce. Then we come to the free running region. This is the free running region. And here, the torque requirement is minimal because the locomotive is running at constant speed. There is no need of acceleration. So, it has to only cater for the friction losses, the internal friction and also the external friction. So, the torque requirement is minimal there. So, the torque is minimum, but constant. So, that basically the constant torque. And during coasting, what we do? We switch off the power. So, the torque becomes equal to 0. And the motor runs because of the stored energy in the kinetic energy in the mechanical system. So, the vehicle has got a large inertia, it stores energy. And during the coasting region, this kinetic energy stored in the inertia of the vehicle caters to the motion. So, we have 0 internal torque. The motor torque 0 is 0. The vehicle speed decreases. And then we go for braking because we have to stop in a scheduled period. So, what we do here? We apply mechanical break in this case. And it means the torque becomes negative. So, we apply a negative torque here. And hence, there is deceleration, there is braking. We can say it is constant deceleration. And hence, the motor come to a stop at t 5. Now, if we see the power, the power diagram here. Here, we have constant torque and speed is increasing. So, we have power increasing here. And at this point, it is the base speed. And maximum possible power is raised. We cannot go beyond the rating of the motor. So, the power remains constant. So, the power here remains constant. And then, at the maximum possible value, that is the rated power. And then, when we go for the free running, the power requirement becomes really low because the torque is also low. So, we have reduced power here. And then, when the coasting starts, the power becomes equal to 0 because the motor is not giving any torque. It is basically coasting. The electric supply to the motor is switched off. So, the machine is running or the motor is running, the vehicle is running because of the inertia. And hence, the power requirement is 0 here. And then, when we start the braking process, we apply electrical break. And here, initially, the speed is quite significant. And we have large initial power. This is electrical power. And then, gradually, the power decreases. And when the motor comes to a stop, the power becomes equal to 0. So, these are basically the variation of the speed, torque and the power of a motor when the vehicle is moving from one place to the other place. Now, we would like to see how does the load torque get shared between the various motors. Ultimately, when we have a locomotive, it is basically powered by electric motors. And we cannot have a single motor because the power requirement is quite large, something like 6000 hp or close to 4.5 megawatt. So, what we do? We have multiple motors to supply the various axles of the locomotive. We could have 5 motors, 6 motors, 10 motors. And all these motors are attached to the axle. And the axle is connected to the wheel and these motors drive the vehicle. We can see a diagram which will be clear. Say, for example, if we have these wheels, these are the wheels here. This is one pair of wheel. And we have the axle which connects this wheel. And the wheels are running on the track. So, we have the track here. And where does the motor seat? The motor actually seats on the axle. The driving motor seats on the axle. So, we have the motor here, which is basically it seats on the axle. A mounting is on the axle. And then we have the shaft output of the motor. And then we have the axle. And these are the two gears. We have the motor gears and we have the axle gears. And these two gears help transmit the torque on the motor to the axle. So, this is this is the electrical motor that we have. And this is the axle. And these are the wheels, another wheel. Now, we can have multiple axles. We can have one more axle. So, if suppose we have a choice of motors. So, for example, let us talk about DC motors. We have the choice of using either a separately excited motor or a series motor. Now, if we use a separately excited motor, how is the load torque shared? Now, let us see the torque speed characteristic of a separately excited motor. So, we have the speed in the y axis and torque in the x axis. Now, this is for separately excited DC motor. So, the torque speed characteristic is drooping like this. So, it is a straight line, but it is drooping in this following fashion. Now, on the other hand we have a choice of using a series motor. Now, if we use a series DC motor, the characteristic is something like a hyperbola. At very low torque we have very high speed and at full torque we have low speed as follows. So, if we plot the speed versus torque for a separately or for a series DC motor, this is series DC motor. The origin here and we have the speed in the y axis and torque in the x axis and this is the nature of the torque peak artistic. So, at low speed we have a high torque. So, it means the starting torque is very high for a series motor the starting torque is very high and when we have full speed the torque is very low as we see here. When we increase the speed here the torque developed by the motor decreases. Now, if we see which one shall be choose, we have this wheels and we have multiple wheels. We have another wheel here. Similarly, we will have an axle here connecting these two wheels and we have the corresponding motor. Now, the wheels are supposed to run at constant speed. They run at constant speed provided the wheel diameter is the same, but unfortunately the diameter of the wheels are not same because of wear and tear. One wheel may run at a different speed, very minor different speed than the other wheel. So, in that situation the two motors will not be running at the same speed. Suppose, let us take the first situation separately excited DC motor and we are supplying this from the same converter. So, say for example, say the motor number 1 is running at N 1 speed this is N 1 and motor 2 is running at little over speed which is N 2. So, this speed variation is very minor, but no doubt there is a variation of the speed. So, N 1 and N 2. So, N 1 is higher than N 2 and N 1 minus N 2 is equal to delta N is a change in speed. So, if they are on at two different speeds how is the load torque said? Now, we see that the first motor N 1 having a higher speed is having a torque corresponding to T 1 and then the load speed N 2 will have a torque and that torque is T 2. So, N 1 torque is T 1 and N 2 torque is T 2 and there is a large difference between T 1 and T 2. So, it means the load is say at unequally it means the motor which is having higher speed is sharing a lower torque and the motor which is having a lower speed is having a higher torque that is not desirable. The two motors are having the same rating let us say at the same load torque. Now, on the other hand if you go for a series DC motor suppose we have the same situation there we have N 1 here and then we have N 2 N 2 is less than N 1 and the corresponding torque will be T 1 and the corresponding torque for N 2 will be T 2 and here we see that T 1 is approximately equal to T 2 very close to each other. So, it means although there is a minor speed variation between the two motors for a series DC motor the torque sharing are almost equal and that is why the series motors are sometimes used for traction applications. It means if you have multiple series motors the sharing of the torque will be almost equal, but if we have already understood the coefficient of adhesion for the coefficient of adhesion it is better to have a motor with a steep torque speed characteristic it means the speed regulation has to be low. So, the separately excited DC motor are good for coefficient of adhesion, but not good for load sharing on the other hand the series DC motor are good for load sharing, but not good for coefficient of adhesion. So, we can conclude here in this case good for coefficient of adhesion because adhesion will be good in this case the possibility of wheel slip will be less, but not good for load sharing. On the other hand the series DC motor we can say that these are not good for coefficient of adhesion, but good for load sharing. So, we have a choice. So, each one is having it cross and cons. So, sometimes we select depending upon the application we select separately excited DC motor sometimes we go for series DC motor. Now, let us see the type of connection if you see the type of connection if you have multiple motors the motors can be connected in series or can be connected in parallel which one is better. Now, say for example here we have two motors connected in series motor connection. Say we take let us say series motor. So, we have two motors which are connected in series this is one motor which is series filled then we have other motor with series filled and they are connected in series. And we have we have applied voltage here that is V this is series connection and then we can have another situation where the two motors are connected in parallel. So, these are the traction motors they could be connected in parallel because we have multiple motors. So, we apply some voltage here this is V 1 and this V 2 of course the voltage will be different here because the series voltage will be higher than the parallel voltage. And here we have the parallel connection. Now, if we connect two motors in series suppose due to the bad patch of the track one patch of the track is bad and one motor axle slips one wheel slips. So, if that wheel slips because of the bad patch of the track the speed increases. Wheel slipping means the wheel is running at higher speed not able to have the grip on the track. So, it means the speed increases suppose this motor speed will increase this slips. Now, if this motor speed increases torque will decrease because we know that the torque peak characteristic is like this for series motor this is speed and this is torque. So, if speed increases the torque is going to reduce this is the torque we have in success. So, if the torque increases I mean the speed increases torque will reduce. And if the torque reduces the current through this series combination will also reduce. So, when the slip the motor slips the speed increases the current will come down and the current will come down the torque will reduce. And the torque is going to reduce in both the motors because both the motors as it is connected. And hence when the wheel slips there will be net reduction in the torque. And what about the coefficient of adhesion? Now, the coefficient of adhesion if you if we have seen the definition the definition of C A is maximum tractive effort that can be applied without wheel slippage divided by weight on the driving wheel. C A as per the definition is basically ratio the maximum tractive effort that can be applied without the wheel slippage divided by the weight on the driving wheel. Now, if the wheel slips both the torque are going to decrease and hence we have a net reduction in the torque. And if we have a net reduction in the torque we have a lower value of coefficient of adhesion for this connection. So, we can say that for series connection C A is less. Now, on the other hand if we if you go for the parallel connection we have two motors in parallel. Suppose this wheel slips. So, if this slips only this current is going to decrease and this torque is going to decrease. So, this current and this torque of this of this motor which is which is slipping that torque is going to reduce. And other motor which is connected in parallel does not see any change. So, here effectively we have a higher torque. So, as per the definition the tractive effort which can be applied without wheel slippage divided by weight on the driving wheel here the coefficient of adhesion will be more. So, here the adhesion is better. So, we can say C A is more here. So, for this combination the adhesion is better we can say that here the adhesion is better compared to a series connection. So, we have we have the choice usually when you have the motors we can connect them in series or in parallel. So, we have a choice whether to go for series connection or parallel connection. Now, what is the drawback of parallel connection? Now, if we see the parallel connection this current is more the current which is drawn from the supply is more. Suppose, this is i source and this is i 1 and this is i 2 let us say. So, i s is going to be equal to i 1 plus i 2. So, the current requirement from the converter increases. On the other hand in this case the source current is same as i and i is the current flowing in the motor. So, we have the same current. So, if the motor is rated for 100 amperes the 100 amperes will be drawn from the source. Here we have a reduced current requirement from the source. So, we will have a choice between the two or we can go for a trade off. So, we can connect some motors in series and then the combination of the series in parallel to have optimized connection. So, with this background let us try to see how can we analyze the speed time curve in a better way and how to calculate the distance covered by the train and also the drive rating. So, we will again look at the speed time curve of a locomotive. This is traveled by a locomotive. So, we will again see the speed time curve. So, here we have the speed in the y axis and time t in the x axis. So, we go through this region constant acceleration or constant torque then constant power then we have the free running period then we have the coasting and then braking. So, this is a curve which is very well known, but to analyze this we will make some approximation. The approximation is as follows this can be approximated to be a trapezoid. So, if you approximate this to be a trapezoid the calculation will be simple. So, what we do here is the following we extend this and then we take a equivalent speed in this case and again we extend this. So, we will consider this to a trapezoid. So, the trapezoid is a b is this point now c is this point and d is here. And we have the various times here the acceleration is constant. So, we call that to be t 1. So, what we have here is a following now this time is a time for acceleration approximately. So, we call that to be t 1 that the duration of for which it accelerates. And then the free running time and we call that to be t 2 and then we have the braking time and we define the acceleration as alpha and deceleration as beta. So, this is our t 1. So, we call this to be constant acceleration and then we have braking in this case this is the braking region this is the free running period and this is coasting. So, here what we do this the area under this curve will give us the distance traveled. And we define the following variables and the variables are as follows this is the maximum velocity that we have here v m. And we have so drawn this curve. So, that here we have a little bit increase of area in this case. And then here we have some reduction in the area I mean increase of area here.  And hence we are equalizing the area of the actual curve and that of a trapezoid. So, we have the various variables in this particular graph as follows. So, d is the distance covered in kilometer distance covered between a and d in kilometer. And capital T is the time taken to move from a to d in second here we have a b c and d. So, we are starting from a and we are ending at d. So, this is basically the capital T is the time taken to move from a to d in second. And then we have v m is a free running speed in kilometer per hour and alpha and beta are acceleration or deceleration in kilometer per hour per second. So, acceleration is constant acceleration. So, we can say that acceleration is alpha here and breaking or deceleration and the rate of deceleration is beta. So, if we have seen this graph now the objective is to calculate the distance. So, the distance is found out as follows. So, the distance covered is the area under this curve. Now, we can find out this area as follows we have we will give this name again as e and f. So, the area under this curve will be the area of the triangles a b e plus the area b c f e plus the area f c d. So, we will we will calculate this as follows. So, this area the area a b e this area will be half the maximum speed is v m into t 1 and t 1 are in second. So, that is t 1 by if you convert this second into hour. So, we have 3600 what about area of this triangle we have the area is half v m is the speed and this is t 3 and we have to convert this into hour 3600 and then we have we have t 2 here. And since we know the acceleration we can find out what is the distance covered. So, we will we will calculate as follows. So, we can do this calculation d is equal to area of the trapezoidal curve that is equal to we will take this v m outside and this is half t 1 plus t 2 plus half t 3. So, if we if we see here this area the area of this rectangle is basically v 3 v m into t 3. So, we have v m is the maximum speed here into t 3. So, that is what we have we have shown here this is t 2. So, we have t 2 here. So, v m into t 2. So, we have shown that here half t 1 plus t 2 plus half t 3. Now, this we can simplify as follows if we simplify this we will have v m by 7200 we will take this 2 out.  So, what we will do from this we will basically eliminate t 2. Now, if we eliminate this t 2 t 2 is given as the capital t minus t 1 plus t 3. So, we will eliminate this t 2 time. So, we can substitute that here.  So, alpha and beta are the acceleration. So, if you know the acceleration you can find out what is t 1 and what is t 3 because we know to reach that particular speed we have to accelerate that and that is the constant acceleration. So, in fact we can say that v m is equal to alpha into t 1 t 1 is in second and also v m is equal to beta into t 3 that we can substitute here and we have the expression for the distance traveled from a to d. So, we have calculated the distance traveled by the locomotive and this d the unit is in kilometer. So, we can write that this is in kilometer because t 1 are in second. So, we will get the expression of the d in kilometer. Now, let us see how we can calculate the rating of the motor or the rating of the drive. So, if we see the locomotive there are so many forces coming on the locomotive we will take each force one by one and try to find out the tractive effort which will be required to overcome that particular force. Now, let us see calculation of drive rating and before we do that we have to find out the tractive effort calculation of various tractive efforts. Now, the train is having a mass and it is a huge mass. So, the train has to be accelerated linearly we have equivalent mass of the train that is usually in tons and it has to be accelerated linearly and we need to have some tractive effort for linear acceleration. So, the first one is to accelerate the train horizontally that is equal to f a 1 how is it calculated that is calculated as follows m is the mass in tons. So, we have 1000 m and we have the acceleration. Acceleration is alpha and if we convert that into meter per second square into 1000 by 3600 and that is equal to 277.8 m into alpha and the unit is Newton. So, here m is the mass of the train in ton. So, 1 ton is 1000 kg. So, we convert that into kg and then the acceleration into meter per second square and we found out the effective tractive effort in Newton. Now, this is basically to accelerate the train linearly and if we see the train has got so many rotating parts we have the wheels, we have the axles, we have the motors. So, all these rotating parts will also have to accelerate in angular fashion. So, we also have angular acceleration. So, we need to also find out the equivalent tractive effort or equivalent torque which is required to accelerate these rotating parts in angular way. So, the second part of the tractive effort is to accelerate rotating parts. Let us effectively find out the moment of inertia. What is the moment of inertia of the rotating components? We have two rotating components. One is the wheel or there is a motor. Now, suppose we have number of axles equal to n x. So, if n x is the number of axles and j w is the moment of inertia of a wheel. So, how many wheels we have? Each axle will have two wheels. So, if we have n x axles we have two into n x number of wheels. So, the effective inertia for all the wheels will be 2 n x into j w. So, we call that to be j 1. So, j 1 is the moment of inertia of the wheels that is equal to 2 into n x into j w and then let us try to find out the moment of inertia of the motors. Say for example, we have n number of motors and each motor is connected to the wheel by means of a gear and the torque is transmitted from the motor to the wheel. So, there is a transmission mechanism there and we need to find out the effective inertia or the equivalent inertia under this gear condition. So, we have the following parameters with us. n is the number of driving motors and then n 1 is the teeth on on the on the on the motor side gear, n 2 is the teeth on the axle side gear. So, we have we have a ratio that is equal to n 1 by n 2 is a gear ratio that is equal to the wheel speed by the axle speed by the motor speed. So, this is what we have. So, when we refer this total moment of inertia to the wheel side because the motor is not on the wheel motor is actually connected to the axle and it is having its own speed. So, this has to be converted this inertia has has to be referred to the wheel side. Now, since we have a gear ratio that is equal to a the wheel side equivalent moment of inertia of the motors is n into j m j m is the inertia of each motor divided by a square. So, we can we can calculate that. So, moment of inertia of the motors referred to the wheels is equal to j 2 we have this j 2 that is equal to n into j m is the inertia of each motor divided by a square and hence we have we have the total moment of inertia is equal to total moment of inertia that is equal to j 1 plus j 2 and this total moment of inertia has to be accelerated angularly. And we we know the linear acceleration that is alpha alpha the acceleration of the train. Now, this alpha which is which is actually the distance traveled per hour per second or kilometer per hour per second has to be converted to radian per second square or angular acceleration. And to do that we have to have the radius of the wheel because the wheel is rotating and the train is moving forward. So, we have linear acceleration and that has to be converted into angular acceleration. So, if we have the diameter of the wheel is r meters we can convert alpha into angular acceleration as follows. So, what is the linear acceleration? The linear acceleration linear acceleration is equal to alpha is in kilometer per hour per second. So, we have to convert into meter per second square into 1000 divided by 3600 that is meter per second square. And then we have the angular acceleration that is equal to alpha into 1000 divided by 3600 into r that is radian per second square. Now, what is r here? r is the radius of the wheel in meter. So, when we have the angular acceleration we can find out the torque that is necessary for accelerating the rotating parts. And the torque is the moment of inertia into the angular acceleration. So, we can find out that. So, T a 2 is equal to j 1 plus j 2 we have the moment of inertia of the wheel and also of the motor referred to the wheel side into alpha into 1000 divided by 3600 into r. And that is equal to we can calculate this to n x j w plus n j m by a square we are replacing this j 1 and j 2 into alpha by 3.6 r. So, this is basically effective torque and if you want to find out what is the effective tractive effort f a 2, f a 2 and this is basically in Newton meter f a 2 is the tractive effort which has to be applied due to I mean to accelerate the rotating parts that is basically the torque by the radius that is equal to T a 2 by r.  So, f a 2 is important because f a 2 is the component of the tractive effort which has to be spent to accelerate the rotating parts like wheels, the motors and so on. And then we have a linear acceleration also. So, the total tractive effort is the summation of the linear acceleration, the force because of the linear acceleration and the force required for the angular acceleration of the wheel and the motors.  So, what about the total tractive effort?  And that will be 2.77 into 8 into m e is effective mass into alpha. So, we can simplify that the actual mass of the train is not m, m is just the weight of the train or the mass of the train in k g or in turn. Now, the effective mass includes the rotating part also. So, this effective mass m e is 10 percent higher than the actual mass. So, this is basically for the acceleration which is the horizontal plus angular and then we have other tractive efforts also. So, let us see the other tractive efforts we have the gravity. Now, sometimes the track is actually not linear not horizontal that is having a inclination. So, if you see the track this is basically nature of the track here and here we have the g is the gradient and then this is 1000 meters. So, what we have here because of this we have a tractive effort which is required this is basically the mass of the train or the weight the weight is 1000 m into g. So, we have a component of the force which is opposing the motion it is trying to go forward here and that is basically tractive effort which has to supplied by the locomotive. So, that is evaluated as follows. So, we have f g is the tractive effort because of the gravity that is equal to 1000 m m is the mass in term then 1000 is basically to convert that into k g into g is the gravitational acceleration 8.9.8 1 meter per second square into the g is the gradient by 1000 g is defined as the change in the vertical inclination in 1000 meters. So, effectively what we have here this is basically the sin component if this angle is theta this is 1000 m g into sin theta that is approximated as 1000 m g into g by 1000 and that is equal to m small g capital g Newton or that is equal to m g in k g. So, this is the gravity or sometimes we call this to be gradient. So, in this lecture we have discussed the speed time curve of a locomotive and we have seen how we can calculate the overall distance traveled and we got an expression for the distance traveled by the locomotive from one place to the other place when it goes through constant torque mode constant power free running coasting and braking. And then we tried step by step to evaluate the various tractive effort primarily to include the train to accelerate the train horizontally to accelerate the angular or the rotating parts of the train. And also when the train is overcoming a gradient the track is not a horizontal track it is having a off gradient or a down gradient. So, we found out the tractive effort required to overcome a gradient. So, in the next lecture we will be discussing the other type of tractive effort which are required to overcome the air resistance and we will see how the total rating of the electric motor which is used for driving this train can be calculated. So, these things we will be discussing in the coming lecture.