Well, hello. Work was crazy today, and I am running a little late, but I'm on the way to go get my hair done.  Let me see if I can show it to you real quick. I should have left like 15 minutes ago, but... Oh well, so... Whoa, sorry. This is kind of the color I'm going for. I hope you guys can see it. Yeah, so that's kind of what I'm going for. But yeah, we'll see. We'll see, but not that long. It's like my hair is about that long right now. I want it shorter. So anyway, I'm gonna go get my hair done, and I will talk to you guys when I have different hair. It's hard to see because I had to put it up in a ponytail.  So I will see you guys in a little bit. Oh well, hi. I have some new hair. So I got a lot of it cut off, and I always do the like balayage thing, balayage. I don't know how to say it properly, but yeah, I went always lighter, always shorter. So it's short enough and also long enough to put it in a like in a ponytail if I want to put it up. So that's nice. I just, I never want it too short to not put it in a ponytail. So that's just kind of like how I do. Anyway, but I am going to go home. It's kind of late. What time is it? 7.43. So it's going to take me about an hour to get home, unfortunately. But I got the Doyle dog out and probably just hang out for a little bit. I might eat a little bit of something. I did stop at Bob's produce and have a little snack and I have some water here, but I'm still hungry.  Maybe like make some popcorn or something like that. Anyway, but yeah, I'm loving my new hair. It's always like so soft when I get it colored. Like it's so nice. Yeah, it's fun. I can't, I can't stop playing with it.  All right. So I am home, new hair, you know, all the things harsh lighting. That's what I'm really known for harsh lighting. I got a bunch of pins today in the mail. People ask me a lot where I get them. I get them on Aliexpress. It's, I think it's A-L-I Express and they come from, I believe most of them come from China. Like they come, I don't know if they come direct from manufacturers or what, but they're pretty inexpensive and you do have to wait a while to get them. But for me personally, I feel like it's better than paying eight or nine to fifteen dollars on Etsy when I can find the same exact thing, you know. So anyway, I'm gonna put these on my pen board. So give me just a second. All right, so I added a few new ones. I added the X-Files one, the Sailor Moon. What else did I get? The Anxiety one, the little like normal thing, the Magic Card, the little Ouija board, this little dude, Krusty Burger, and David Bowie, of course. This I added Mr. Hankey, the Christmas poo was added today. Let's see what else. Oh, the Shroot Farms, this little castle, and then a plane. So I added all of those today. I'm kind of just like filling in as I go down. So it's just kind of like wherever they fit, I guess. But progress, y'all. Progress. I know I have a lot of pins, but the majority of them are from that AliExpress place, but you know, I get a lot of them from other places too. Like all my Alaska pins I actually got in Alaska. So anyway, I am starving and it is like nine o'clock. So I need to coordinate some dinner situation and change into the pajamas. And yeah, I'm just, I'm like so tired that I don't even want to eat, but I know I'm gonna be like regretting that decision fairly soon, you know. Oh, maybe this is better lighting for the hair situation. See? I don't know. I don't know. It's so dark. Like not the hair, but you know, my lighting. Anyway, lighter and shorter. Very exciting. But I think I'm gonna call it quits here. Doyle is on the bed now. Doyle. I don't know if you saw any of that. Anyway, but yeah, I'm gonna change, take the makeup off and just chill for a little while. I'm probably not gonna edit today because the head is pounding. Yeah, that's about it for today. I will see you guys tomorrow for another vlog. I hope you guys enjoyed. If you did, thumbs up, like the video, subscribe, do all those things those YouTubers tell you to do, and I'll see you guys tomorrow. Bye guys. Well folks, it's time to kick it off school. So you can feel cool.


I see rap economics. They look a lot like you. This, oh. Rap is out of Houston. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Y'all linked or is that some type of way y'all? How do you know them? No, I don't know them. But you don't know them at all? I don't know them at all. Yeah, we on Boss Talk 101. Yeah, we going to talk. Man, listen, man, I ain't going to lie to you, man. And you can tell because we got a show here, right? Yeah. And our show, you see how we set up, right? You seen us when you come in the door, right? You see what's going down over at Boss Talk 101? We going to talk. Yeah, what a Boss is talk. Come on, man. And when I've had people to come through, they see what I'm doing. You know what I'm saying? They can try to sauce up. You know what I'm saying? And, you know, I enjoy it because I know already that this thing here can go either way. You know, I see rap economics. They look a lot like you. This, oh. Rap is out of Houston. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Y'all linked or is that some type of way y'all? How do you know them? No, I don't know them. You don't know them at all? I don't know them at all. You know what I'm saying? I don't know them at all. Never heard of them. Had never followed them. They followed you. Rich, I teach y'all. Ain't nobody ever told you that y'all got the same guy? No, when they, one day, if somebody had something, they'd say like, bro, trying to copy you. You know what I'm saying? She like that. You know what I'm saying? So what I want to look, they don't like that. I thought y'all was linked together or maybe knew each other. I know links of connection. I just see how powerful influence is. And one thing about me, the growth, me learning, bro, like, I mean, people going to try to copy you. You know what I'm saying? They're going to try to do what you do because you inspiring, you know what I'm saying? So like, if you ain't inspiring and motivating people, like, what you doing? You know, and I say that because I seen that. I came up quick. I ain't been doing this right at two years. And when I hit the scene, it wasn't nothing like this. You see what's going on. And they were like, oh, that's a hard order. And I get it. But then I seen some others that came and they started doing their thing, starting their videos off like mine, doing some of the things that I say. You know, I'm that check it, man. You know, you can't mimic certain things. You know what I'm saying? But what God has for you is yours. It can't nobody take that away from you. So, you know, like I said, I look, like I said, when I see the certain thing, because they going hard. I think I seen Flip on there. I think I seen Boosie Daughter. I think that's the one, Boosie Daughter. That's the gentleman. And you did Boosie Daughter, right? No.  OK. Would you ever do her?  Yeah, we going to talk.


Okay, very good morning folks. It is Wednesday the 3rd of March So you're gonna give you the regular market briefing for today Recapping where we finished on Wall Street some highlights from overnight in Asia where we had some quite soft Chinese data in the form of the service PMI number irrespective of that though the Asian market mood Generally lifted reversing what we had was a lower close on Wall Street where once again the tech sector was an under performer Companies like Apple and Tesla were down around two and four percent respectively weighing on the technology sector index within the S&P But the the general lift in in sentiment going into European open from Asia's handover Sees then equity index futures a little bit more positive Dax up about 50 points NASDAQ up 85 S&P up 17 in the quarter at the moment Elsewhere, T notes very quiet in the overnight session Gold Relatively flat just a loss of three bucks at 1730 comes with a largely unchange dollar index to get things going this morning In the FX market, which again reflects relatively quiet trade here at the open And then in the oil market, I can update you with the API Infantry is obviously impacted from the great freeze We had just a week or so ago in North America and how that's impacted that data But as you can see from the underlying price of of crude it hasn't really reacted too much because of that one-off Factor, so yeah overall this morning then I'm not gonna focus too much on the charts Gonna look more so at the news because quite a few things to update you on and gonna start off with the general sentiment I think it's important conversation what we've had for this week so far and Couple of conversations. I've had with a couple of more inexperienced traders There's that ability to be able to react to the current market conditions Think often it's a little bit difficult if you haven't really accumulated the screen time to adapt and change and understand Then that the variables are different the market price across different instruments has moved and is now Reflecting then a lot of what was creating over the past two weeks in the yield market a lot of this kind of reopening trade idea and then consequent inflation and so on and so forth and One of the interesting things we've seen really is This is looking at US 10 year yield over the last two and a half weeks And as you can see going back from the 15th all the way up to the end of last week We saw an acceleration in US yields from around one sub one point two all the way up to a peak of around one point five four This week though. This is the price that we've traded We've basically been locked between one point four one point four four one point four five So comparatively then we are just consolidating following What we what we've seen which is this yield acceleration story Which obviously was the trigger point for a lot of the market sensitivity and Negativity if you're looking at the prices of equities or or gold and some of the precious metals from last week So since then some of those products just mentioned have been putting in the continued recovery now as we were looking at with the Longer dated picture on US 10s on the yields is that we accelerated so quickly Over that short period of the last fortnight where we're at at the moment is technically quite interesting as we were discussing yesterday at the lower End of that range that we were training through 2019 and as we were kind of I'm saying on Monday It's kind of a bit of a make or break moment now Is it fair pricing for all things being equal that we've run up this quick and one point four five kind of about reflects the current narrative Or did we would we break and then see a further push out and at the moment? The market seems content just to hold and consolidate for the time being and that is Helping assistance some of the general market stability that we're seeing at the moment Of course things can change and there's plenty of catalysts coming up in the US data from today Going further forward into the rest of the week. We need to keep an eye on But I think that's quite a telling sign and if we look at things like just briefly the US 10 year here You can see you know after we had really Significant downside pressure in T notes going into Thursday last week You can see a large portion of that move has been taken back and we're trading almost Two points off the initial lows that was seen during that kind of momentum when it all capitulated at the time On the daily chart on the 10 year. It's also looking Very interesting. There was that area around 134 15 which marks then support areas in Beginning and end of March of 2020 when we were in the middle of the global Kind of volatility on the initial onset of the pandemic and we are back above that level after a brief hesitation That we saw at the beginning of the week And so that technically I'd say is a little bit more bullish for a price to hold at those levels as well I'm just going to have a look then at Some of the stories in play. I said overnight generally the the mood a little bit more Optimistic than perhaps the the close on Wall Street would have suggested in Asia and it came Irrespective of the fact that You did have some weak Chinese data. So the positivity was generally emanating from the fact that domestic press in China Were citing analysts who suggest that the people's Bank of China could Reduce the reserve requirement ratio for certain banks this month was seen as a supporting factor But the gains overall tempered them by the fact that Chinese service sector activity grew at its lowest pace in 10 months in February firm struggle with sluggish demand and high costs according to occasion Report prompting them to cut jobs the employment subcomponent was actually in contraction at minus 47 or at 47.9 so Overall China I think if you're looking at that region at the moment Going into the European Open China really is the focal point or at least has been in recent weeks And in the overnight session China was an outperformer gains generally speaking at up at around 1.5 percent Outperforming the rest of the the region at the moment. So people are willing to look beyond the service figure for now I guess it's still an expansionary territory fairly comfortably Irrespective of the job component, which is a little bit more worrying And obviously China generally the emphasis is on the manufacturing side The other thing we've had this help restore a little bit of calm is just further iteration from Senior voters on the Federal Open Market Committee the FMC So Feds brain art spoke last night and she said that it will take quote some time to meet conditions for economic progress Laid out by the US central bank for reducing the pace of its massive asset purchase program Separately Mary Daly also a vote a voter said our most important virtue will be patience We are not going to react at the first hint that inflation might have breached the feds 2% goals So, you know, it's just so interesting It's kind of like what Piers and I were talking about commenting on in the market watch podcast that we put out on Friday If you haven't yet had a look at that just check it out on Apple or Spotify market watch by Amphi live And we were talking about this idea of just look letting the market have its Kind of mini tantrums as what we were seeing kind of to a certain degree last week but just hold the line and Unless things get exponentially worse where you have to react the market generally will Will restore some degree of calm or at least that's the hope and it's much better to let the market work these things out Rather than being interventionist and looking to come in and suit market concerns with every comment because that ultimately leads you down a very Negative loop path where the market will be looking for some kind of confirmation on every Twist and turn that we see on a daily basis and that's definitely not the root the Fed want to go down So at the moment the Fed continue to kind of bang on the drum of look we're a long way from doing anything at this point And that that reaffirmation if you like I think it's quite an important component at the moment The other things that's actually quite positive a story that came out in the FT late last night was that the Biden stimulus Excuse me the bun and US plan on the coronavirus side The US should be in line to have enough doses of the vaccine for every adult by the end of May According to Biden this comes after a pretty unprecedented move where Merck Will manufacture doses of the Johnson and Johnson COVID-19 vaccine So they're going to work in combination with one another And actually that date of May for context would be about two months earlier Then previously planned in order for the US to hit every adult So as as Biden's intentions were when he came in looking to accelerate the vaccination program You know this definitely is one of those more Thankfully positive stories that are happening at the moment with COVID-19 generally decreasing on a nationwide level at least fairly rapidly at the moment United States On the stimulus from I think this is still worth keeping a half an eye on so it is due to arrive in the Senate obviously having received passage in the house at the weekend and Having failed to secure any support though so far from Republican lawmakers the White House then Very much Biden yesterday was on apparently on lots of different phone calls looking to kind of unify Democratic party support because even a single defection from within the ranks of the upper chamber of Congress Could well then sink the bill's chances of going through given how fine the margins are of course in the Senate Where it's effectively 50 50 and VP Kamala Harris has landed deciding vote so although We have seen the likes of the Republicans push back against things like the minimum wage increase which Which has been talked about quite a lot. I still think the passage of this bill looks somewhat inevitable, but any delay, I guess probably more likely or worse disruption that could Severely reshape it or see it not go through at all low probability, of course I think could have quite a meaningful impact on markets if that low probability scenario Played out because the markets have effectively fully priced in this 1.9 trillion at this point So I definitely think it's worth keeping an eye I think the Senate are going to be meeting today and obviously this will probably run on through the rest of this week Be interested to see where how the land lies by the time we get to the end of the week We then had the oil infantry numbers last night and actually, you know, it's it's quite an important thing here for context Because the numbers are pretty whopping Actually, they're missing a decimal point here. So The actual crude build was 7.35 million Gasling was a draw of 9.993 million the biggest draw ever and distillates the biggest draws is Jan 2003 But as it suggests here, don't forget that this is the first data set on the weekly infertiles in the API where we get to see the impact and aftermath of the Freeze that we saw across the US in particular emphasis in Texas So huge product draws suggest demand but with refineries that were largely shut in in member Texas The state was hard hit Infantries were crushed to meet what demand there was elsewhere so Yeah, I don't I don't think the market's really assigning a great deal of priority to this despite the The large numbers that we've seen contained within this report from from an oil point of view Obviously a lot of the attention being saturated this week on the upcoming OPEC meeting according to Bloomberg There's widespread view that the group that the market can absorb additional barrels according to people familiar with that with the Deliberations and that could put the group on track to implement the majority of the 1.5 million barrel per day output increase That's up for debate on Thursday. So that's the million Saudi putting back on plus the 500k for mopec Just 24 hours or so now into the official meeting So as I always say you're probably going to see rumors and leaks start to intensify on the likes of various Press publications and Twitter and so on so it was just keeping an eye out the reference point the bar is set at 1.5 million So if you were judging any type of immediate intraday market movement on any of this Rumor mongering then really it's about How close is it to that 1.5? Oh, so that's very much the expectation. So anything away from that Higher or lower is what we'd be looking for for any a greater degree of price impact in the short term Then you've got the UK budget that's coming out 12 30 later on today For any new traders the budget is a bit of a funny one because it generates obviously a lot of media interest It is generally something that the public the general public are interested in because it has meaningful impact on people's lives day to day But from a from a markets point of view very rarely is it That important beyond very nuanced moves within perhaps individual equity sub sectors And when I talk about that, you know things like the extension of stamp Holiday on stamp duty has already boosted some of the home builder stocks Estate agents property websites like right move people like that have had a better fit on the back of that That expectation that's already really baked in further assist is by the government's plan to bring back things like 95% Mortgages something they moved away from just giving how more high risk of they are of course In the back in the wake of some of the other financial to market turbulence. We've had in the past So that's helped home builders UK retail and pub stocks have already been upped this week on the idea that the government is going to provide grants to nearly 700,000 businesses And we heard last night that Sunak has expected to Extend the furlough scheme through till the end of September Paying 80% of wages for those in the program through to the end of June and then tailing that down for the final three months So when it comes to things like the budget It's very well telegraphed as I've just said if you were just looking at home builders Or retail and pub related stocks in the UK, for example, they've already been Pre-positioning the the confirmation is inevitable here It's it's it's always a very leaked event where the Chancellor will be speaking because he'll be wanting to I Guess it's kind of damage control if he is going to do anything He just wants to kind of do the media rounds get the market prepared So when he actually comes out nothing's a real big surprise particularly if he needs to talk about things like tax for example One of the big things on that issue of tax the bigger deal perhaps to the domestic equity market would be a move to increase the rate of corporation tax and on that point Although according to Goldman Sachs, this isn't likely until life returns to some form of normality They did say that bumping the tax up on companies by six percentage points, which is what's been muted by the lights of the Sunday times I think it was at the weekend to 25% to bring it in line with other countries could spark a fall in UK stocks It shave off around 4% from the blue chip footsie 100 stock index market capitalization and so Again, I think I'm into right though I think there's a step approach to how the the government want to to deal with tax implications of paying for The phenomenal amount of government spending that's happening to support much needed companies on the reopening of this economy Over the course of the next few months So I think perhaps that's a thing for later on down the line But I think that is coming as quite an interesting speed bump in time When you know, you kind of have this delicious meal and then all of a sudden this big fat bill lands on your table And you're like, okay. Yeah, we can pay that but it's gonna be painful But I think that's an issue for later. Not for now. So for the moment I think you know all in summary as much as the budget is gonna really dominate the news today Especially this afternoon in the mainstream media. I would say for the pound The vaccination story is so much more important If we're looking at the kind of short to medium term horizon I from really now out into the next Three months at least that's much more definitive than than I'd say this is at this point in time Just having a look then and wrapping things up at the day what else have we got to to look forward to so You do have the various different eurozone and UK Service PMI numbers, but these are final readings if you can clearly see here So they're not expected to be market moving. So moving us on through the budget then into the US session We do get ADP This often looked at as the precursor of course for the jobs report, which we'll get on Friday and NFP So look out for that at 115 and that'll be alongside the US ISM services PMI will get at three o'clock The ISM services PMI at 60 could be quite interesting That would actually bump us back up to the highest levels We've been since really late of 2018 and does come under after that particularly strong three-year high We saw in the manufacturing reading on Monday So probably looking at the similar strength there and then you've got the DOE all-infantry is at 330 at the usual time Which might create a little bit of interest just giving the outline nature of some of the numbers that we had in the API's last night But as I said, I wouldn't be looking for any long-lasting impact from that even with big figures Given the fact that there is an explainable situation for that occurrence and the close proximity of the OPEC meeting Which is ultimately I think a bigger a bigger story for price at the moment Then from a speakers perspective very much concentrated in the afternoon. So things really kick off at one o'clock with ECB's Panetta But you've got ECB speaker Panetta and a Gwindos at one and three you've got Bank of England's ten reiro who is speaking about negative interest rates And you'll remember she was one of the most vocal proponents of negative rates a few months ago when it looked like a more viable tool that the UK could look to move to That's been completely priced off the table now Interested to see what she has to say just be speaking at four then you've got Fed voting members both Bostick and Evan speaking at five and six o'clock Late afternoon. So definitely quite a bumper speaker schedule to be aware of as well But that's it. So gonna leave it there for the briefing gonna wish you guys a good day If you're part of the Amplify live community and I've got a brand new masterclass recorded with one of Australia's biggest bond traders for many years Mark Gardner He joined us on a call and it's been recorded. They're gonna share that with the community at 6 p.m. London time tonight He's got some really fascinating kind of insight to his his 20-odd year career And he talks about his biggest loss in a really open and honest way and it's a It's a pretty whopping loss And but he's really honest about how that happened and lessons learned from that and practical ways that he's implemented since then to develop that kind of Mental procedure to ensure that type of thing doesn't happen again And he talks about training the age of pack session. So it's some really great Intel there for traders new and old So I'll leave it at that let you guys crack on with the day any questions at all Just let me know in the discord room or on the video if you're watching this later on on YouTube. Take care


Namaste and welcome back to the video course on water shed management. In today in module number 7 on management of water quality, lecture 29 we will discuss about the water quality modeling. So, some of the important topics covered in today's lecture includes water quality protection, water quality goals, hydrodynamics, transport processes, oxygen regime, mathematical modeling, governing equations, numerical modeling and ground water transport modeling. Some of the keywords for today's lecture include water quality modeling, hydrodynamics, mathematical or numerical modeling, ground water transport. So, as we were discussing earlier say water quality is a major issue when we deal with the water resource in a water shed. So, it is not only the quantity of water which we have to get for the various purposes, but the quality for various purposes like bringing water say domestic usage or irrigation or industrial certain specific qualities to be matched or certain standards to be matched like your World Health Organization standards or Indian standards or British standards like that. So, that way we have to say as we discussed in the previous 2-3 lectures we were discussing about the various sources of pollution for surface water, ground water then various issues related to that we have already seen in the last few lectures. So, when we deal with say particular area like a water shed say as we have discussed it can be the pollution can be surface on surface water or the ground water pollution. So, we have to study in details what will be the say the present status say when we are looking the particular aspect what is the present status where which area the area is polluted say like a ground water or surface water, what are the types of pollution, where is the source of pollution and then what type of measures we can adopt to control this pollution and then what kind of remediation can be done. So, though all those aspects we were discussing in the last few lectures. So, as we have seen this when we deal with the surface water quality or ground water quality say we have to always see the water quality say the it is within the perspective of say what is the spread of the pollution or say where it is moving further so like that. So, that way water quality modeling is very important. So, water quality modeling means say it is say through mathematical or various types of models we are trying to say how the within a system like in a control volume or within a domain how the pollutant is or the contaminant plume is moving or how the behavior within the system. So, that is what we are trying to study say when we say about water quality modeling. So, that can be either surface water quality modeling or ground water quality modeling. So, I will say let us look into the various aspects of this water quality modeling. So, water quality models as we already discussed simulate the fate of pollutants and state of selected water quality variables in water bodies. So, like it can be a total resource solids or the COD, VOD. So, what type of parameters we choose accordingly the we can develop the water quality model. So, this type of water quality models incorporates variety of physical, chemical and biological processes which control the transports and transformation of these variables. So, within the say when we can say watershed say either in surface water or ground water this the contaminants or the plume that will be moving from one location to another location with the movement of the water. So, how say this movement is taking place or how we can control the transports and transformation. So, that is what we are trying to do through water quality modeling. So, various parameters like a temperature, solar radiation, wind speeds, pH, light and air attenuation coefficients. So, so many parameters can control say the type of the the the the contaminant movement or pollutant movement within within surface water or ground water within a watershed. So, that way we have to see the the pollutant loading within the watershed. So, which direction say how much pollutant pollution pollution is there and which direction it is moving within the surface water or ground water. So, that way each water quality model has its own set of characteristics and requirements. So, depending upon what type of parameter we are trying to model. So, we have to develop specific type of water quality modeling either for surface water or ground water. So, depending upon what type of way we are trying to model the system. So, that way each water each water quality model has its own set of characteristics and requirements. So, some models can be applied to several types of water bodies and some models only for particular water bodies. So, the model can be specific for particular cases or we can develop generalized models. So, that can be applicable to most of the problems. So, it can be like say nutrient models or the the algae movements or the TDS within the surface water or ground water. So, like that we can consider say particular type parameters and then its behavior and its transport or its movement within the aquatic environment either in surface water or the ground water. So, within this perspective when we say about the water quality modeling we can have different types of water quality models. So, water quality is modeled by one or more of the following formulations. So, it depends upon what kind of as we discussed what kind of pollutant or contaminant is there and then what is the process of movement or how the behavior of that particular system within the particular control volume or particular domain. So, that way we can have advective transport formulations. So, where mainly the advection. So, with this we already discussed about advection. So, how the movement is taking place. So, advective transport formulations or we can have dispersive transport formulations within the surface water or ground water and then wherever say if heat is the main source of pollution like say the hot water coming from thermal power plants to the lakes or to the ocean or to the rivers. So, we can see how the heat transport is taking place. So, that way we can have heat budget formulations or say we can also study the issues related to water quality related to dissolved oxygen condensation and then whether it is decreasing or increasing and then if you go for aeration how it is how we can re-array it and then how much saturation can be achieved how saturation can be achieved like that. And then also we can have a different types of water quality models related to carbonaceous deoxygenation or COD or sediments say movement and related modeling or biochemical oxygen demand modeling or pH then alkalinity the nutrients then algae and or the microorganisms within the surface water or ground water. So, that way depending upon what type of parameter we are trying to model or depending upon what kind of contaminants we are trying to say study within the watershed or within the particular area. So, that way we can have a specific type of water quality model. So, like adductive transport model or with respect to the processes or like sediment transport modeling or say nutrients trans modeling. So, like that. So, then as we discussed earlier also say the when we consider within the perspective of watersheds. So, watersheds is an area as we discussed with specific boundaries within a hydrologic system. So, that way the main source of say water is rainfall and then surface runoff and then infiltration ground water and then finally, this water through river will be moving to the ocean. So, that way say when we deal with the water quality modeling. So, we have to see that what kind of say things coming to the to the watershed or say or what kind of things will be going out of the watershed. So, that way when we deal with the water quality modeling within the perspective of hydrologic cycle or within the perspective of a watershed we have to deal with emissions that means, what is coming out of say like from the users point of view like from the community what is emitted or what is coming out like a sewage or from the factory what kind of effluent is coming. So, like that emissions. So, avoidance and reduction of pollution into the environment. So, that is generally what we will be discussing in this related issues. So, like in sanitary engineering or environmental engineering and then another thing which we have to generally deal say within the watershed perspective is emissions that means it into coming into the system like from the water bodies point of view say what kind of say polluted water is coming to the system and then consequence of pollution then injection etcetera. So, that way now a new branch of fluid mechanics has been involved in the last few years. So, generally it is named as environmental fluid mechanics. So, where we are trying to study or we are trying to model the behavior of various pollutants and then say its behavior within the system like a control volume or within the domain we consider and then say the flow and transport in surface water like rivers and lakes, flow and transport in soil and ground water, flow and transport in the atmosphere. So, like that a new say branch of engineering or fluid mechanics has come which is called environmental fluid mechanics where the various issues related to transport behavior within the water soil and airy air are discussed. So, within the perspective of water quality say we will be discussing say what we will be the behavior of particular contamination within a river lake or pond like that as far as surface water is concerned or within the within ocean also and then ground water is concerned what happens within an aquifer environment how the pollutant is moving. So, all those issues we will be discussing within the perspective of the hydrologic cycle. Then say when we consider say the water quality issues related to in the perspective water cycle. So, like say the water is say supplied from surface water source or ground water source and then it will be taken for domestic purpose, industry purpose or trade purpose or various other purposes. And then this intake will be restricted through various laws and then say after this industrial trade or domestic processes then a fluid will be there and so within the process engineering whatever we can do the treatment all those things. And then finally, say the sewage water or storm water is coming say as storm water wastewater and then that is again coming back to the systems say like receiving water body like rivers, lakes or ocean and that also affect the ground water system. So, that way it is we can say that the water quality issues are also related to water cycle. So, since water is taken from surface water, ground water sources and after specific usages it is coming back to the system as either treated water or in sometimes a fluence or with some condemnation. So, that way we can say that when we deal with water quality modelling, so say these issues are related to the water cycle. So, now when we deal with water quality modelling say we have to see the say what kind of protection measures we are looking for and then what are the aims or what are the goals which we have to set say for the particular watershed or particular issues are concerned. So, these are some of the important questions which we may have to answer generally. So, as far as water quality protection is concerned generally we are trying to ensure the quality of water which guarantee the preservation of environmental goods. So, as we already discussed earlier, so the water quality say in terms of surface water or ground water say within the perspective environmental goods we can say that this is the standard which we are looking for the treated water coming to a lake or to the river. So, like that we have to say the water quality protection since the existing water within the river we have to protect with respect to the outside water coming, the wastewater or the treated water coming to the aquifer systems. So, that to the river systems or the aquifer systems wherever the interaction will be taking place. Then say when we look into the environmental goods, so it is just like the functions of the river as water resource then community of aquatic living then fishing then irrigation of farmland and then say for leisure and creation purpose. So, we have to say as far as condemnation is concerned the various standards are there and various goals we have to set and then we have to say the substances from inland and suspended solids and sediments then especially for drinking water is concerned we have to see the overall the best quality water is required for drinking water purposes. So, that way we can set the environmental goals or environmental goods with respect to specific usage and with respect to the available sources we can set either for surface water or ground water. And then as we discussed most of the time there will be interaction between the surface water and ground water. So, if the surface water is affected like rivers, lakes or ponds are affected then that also automatically may affect the ground water system. And so, when we look into the water quality goals, so water quality goals are given as a concentration of the substance say like the TDA should be less than 500 ppm or the fluoride should be say within the range of 2 ppm. So, like that various quality goals we can set. So, this water quality goals shows condition of say for example, if we consider river with regard to the environmental goods then function as an instrument for decisions, protection and improvement of water quality. So, these are generally derived from effective values and laws. So, as far as the water quality goals are concerned for various countries or various standards say various quality goals will be set. And this depends upon the various environmental regulations then the specific water usage and then the location of the area. So, like that many parameters are there to set specific type of water quality goals or water protection, water quality protection measures. So, that all this depends upon various parameters. So, when we look into water quality modeling say various considerations which we have to concentrate with respect to the various substances within the water. So, as we discussed say due to the various source of pollution so as far as water is concerned the substances within the water can be either dissolved substances or emulsified substances or particles within the water. So, as far as dissolved substances are concerned say it can be either hydrodynamically neutral like a simple tracer or hydrodynamically active like it can change its phase like density or viscosity all those things can change. So, it can be like salt water within the fresh water or various chemical say fluids within the water. So, water substance can be either dissolved or it can be emulsified like drops or bubbles say like a lather or other kinds of contaminations. And as far as particles are concerned it can be suspended materials like sediments coming from watershed or wet material and then other kinds of sediment things within the flowing water say like in river or within the watershed of overland flow or the channel flow say wherever these particles will be eroded and then that will be sometimes will be within suspended way or it can get settled with respect to the various environmental conditions or with respect to the velocity of the flow and other conditions. So, when we look into the water substances we can say divided into dissolved, emulsified or particles. So, now when we look into water quality modeling say as I mentioned we are saying we are trying to depict this the various parameter behavior or movement in terms of mathematical laws. So, that generally we can use the governing laws as conservation laws most of the time we use the conservation laws like conservation mass, conservation of momentum, then the conservation of the energy or heat and then the substances in water. So, like that the conservation laws we can consider like a conservation mass, momentum and energy. So, when we try to when we are trying to develop the mathematical models we can consider either micro scale or macro scale. So, micro scale like an elementary control volume we can consider a control volume like dx into dy into dz of size like this or it can be on macro scale like a section between two section between in a river or within a pond or lake. So, it can be either control volume can be elementary size or it can be macro scale. So, now when we are trying to say most of the time water quality modeling is concerned we will be trying to develop mathematical models since that is the way we can try to quantify say the contaminations or the pollutant movement within the aquatic environment either surface water or ground water. So, mathematical models say first we are trying to set in terms of certain govern equations and boundary conditions and initial conditions and then say it can be the with respect to spatial variations like one dimensions, two dimensions or three dimensions and then it can be time dependent or time independent. So, it can be steady state or transient variations. So, otherwise say if you want to look in a holistic way as far as water quality is concerned with respect to the measurements we have said various location that is a quite cumbersome and very expensive process. So, that way we are looking to the mathematical modeling. So, mathematical modeling as far as water quality is concerned that tries to give the to use the prediction of water pollution using mathematical simulation techniques. A typical water quality model consists of a collection of formulations representing physical mechanisms that determine in the position and momentum of pollutants within the water body. So, as we discussed like say the govern equations are generally coming from conservation of mass, momentum and energy. So, that way this specific models are derived mathematical models are derived and these models are available for individual components of the hydraulic systems such as surface runoff or ground water systems or various specific type of say reactive transport or specific components of the pollutant is concerned. So, these type of models are addressing the hydraulic transports and for ocean and exurean applications. So, transport can be as far as within the surface water environment like lake, river or pond or ocean and then also it can be within the ground water systems. So, that way also possible. So, that way as far as water quality modeling is concerned we first try to represent the particular say pollutants or contaminants within the environment in terms of mathematical description like governing equations and the boundary conditions. So, in this way when we are trying to develop the water quality models say as we discussed various processes like say diffusion, dispersion, advective transports, reactive transport like that what we discussed in some of the earlier lectures. So, that way we have to understand the hydrodynamics what is happening within the surface water or ground water. So, that way say how the flow is taking place the depth variations with respect to space and time and then velocity variations, pressure variations etcetera. So, we have to first understand the hydrodynamics or the mechanism of flow within the domain or within the environment which you are considering. So, that way we have to do first a hydrodynamics modeling and then we will be going for the water quality modeling or transports modeling. So, hydrodynamics is concerned generally we can represent the governing equations in terms of conservation of mass and then conservation of momentum or a conservation of energy. So, conservation of mass generally so called continuity equation we can derive as shown in this equation.  So, this we can derive say when we consider the time variation and the density variation. So, if you are considering say for example, like water we consider as incompressible fluid then this equation converts to the continuity equation like this where del v x by del x plus del v y by del y plus del v z by del v z is equal to 0. So, that way we can derive the continuity equation based upon the conservation of mass. Then say the other types of equation which we have to generally solve is the equation based upon the conservation of momentum. So, generally these equations are called Navier- Stokes equations. So, in three dimensions we can have governing equations in x y z direction. Say for example, in x direction the velocity the with the velocity variations in x y directions are represented as v x v y and v z and then g is accession due to gravity and h is the flow depth and then nu is a kinematic viscosity. So, then this equation say we can represent say for example, in x direction and del v x by del t plus v x and del v x by del x plus v y into del v x by del y plus v z into del v x by del z is equal to minus g by del x plus nu into del square v x by del x square plus del square v x by del y square plus del square v x by del z square. So, that way we can represent the momentum equations. So, this for x direction similarly we can write for y directions and z directions. So, generally we can solve to understand the hydrodynamics within the domain we can solve the continuity equations and the momentum equations say these three equations in for 3D problems and the continuity equations. So, from that generally we can obtain the velocity variations and the pressure or depth variations within the domain or within the location or within the area which we are considering. So, the modeling can be 3 dimensions or 2 dimensions or 1 dimensions depending upon the various consideration which we are trying to model the system. So, then say this gives the solutions of this continuity and momentum equations give the variations of the velocities and the depth or the pressure variations within the flow domain. Then say various say as far as transport is concerned we have to consider various processes like diffusive process like molecular diffusion and turbulent diffusion and dispersions. And then say if molecular diffusion is concerned it is the transport process that originates from the molecular activities like a Brownian movement and then the driving force for molecular diffusion is the concentration gradient. So, wherever the gradient is there wherever the concentration is higher then it will be moving towards low concentration gradient. So, that is so based upon so called fixed low fixed first low. So, the molecular diffusion is generally described by the molecular diffusion coefficients as shown here and fixed low is represented as Q is equal to minus dm del C by del x where C is the concentration and dm is the diffusion coefficients. So, that way based upon this fixed low we can derive the mass transport equation same for a for a control volume by considering the convective transport also. So, this the governing equation generally say this also we can write in x y z direction. So, here a specific same specific equation for mass transport x y z direction is specifically for the hydrodynamics and mass transport equation is only with respect to the variation in x y z direction as shown in this equation. So, that is v x in del C by del x plus v y into del C by del y plus v z in del C by del z minus dm in del square C by del x square plus del square C by del y square plus del square C by del z square is equal to minus del C by del t. So, this gives the mass transport equation say the variation we can get in x y z direction by solving this one equation and then of course say v x v y v z we are obtaining from the solution of the concentration of mass or continuity and momentum equations as described in the previous slides. So, then if you are trying to model say the heat transfer problems like as we discussed this say related to the heat transport processes which we have to consider then we can solve the governing equation can be obtained like this and then say this dt stands for thermal diffusivity coefficient and T is the temperature and v x v y is the velocity variation. So, this heat transfer equation we can solve. Then say if the say depending upon the flow conditions say the flow within the aquatic environment like in a lake or say river say or in a channel the depending upon the velocity of the flow it can be turbulence or the laminar. So, this we can define in terms of so called Reynolds number say that Reynolds number variation we can consider and then in terms of Reynolds number give the ratio initial force to viscous force. So, we have to identify first is the turbulent flow or laminar flow accordingly if that it is flow is turbulence and we have to consider the turbulent nature of the flow. So, nature of turbulence like irregular characterized by variations with respect to time. So, this is happening due to intensive mixing rotation dissipative movements like that. So, you can see that if it is laminar flow then the velocity variation will be in layers or the flow will be in terms of layers. If it is turbulent flow you can see that the velocity variation is the flow is fluctuating or the velocity is varying like this. So, that way when the turbulent flow say as far as the transport process is concerned we have to consider the variation with respect to mean variation. So, v is equal to v bar plus v dash. So, v is the velocity vector. So, v bar is the mean velocity and v dash is the fluctuating component. So, similarly the pressure variation or the various other parameters we can consider as far as the turbulent flow is concerned. So, then say in a turbulent flow also we have to solve the continuity equations and momentum equations. So, the continuity equation with respect to mean component the same way we can write. So, this is this is this is the equation and then the momentum terms the from the Navier-Stokes equation we can say transform with respect to this fluctuating components and the mean components and then the final equation can be written in this. So, these equations you can see in any of these standard fluid mechanics like fluid mechanics by Wiley and Streeter. And then say as I mentioned say the the main important parameter which we governs whether the flow is laminar turbulent is the Reynolds number which is the ratio of inertial force to viscous force. Say for example, pipe flow the flow will be laminar up to the Reynolds number of 2000 and 2000 to 4000 we consider as the the say the variation is transformation is taking place to laminar to turbulence. So, above 4000 it will be completely turbulence. So, but up to 2000 generally we model as laminar variation laminar flow conditions and above say 2000 say or say definitely above 4000 it is turbulent, but above 2000 say the transformation is from laminar to turbulence. As far as upper general flow is concerned say up to 500 we consider as laminar and above that we consider as turbine flow conditions and then the we have to use the specific type of equations for laminar flow conditions or turbulent flow conditions. So, the turbulent flow condition say say the momentary equation which is derived from the say the same the Navier-Stokes equation which is generally called as Reynolds transport equation is described in terms of the fluctuating component of velocities like V x dash V y dash and V z dash and its variations. And here this eta is the kinematic viscosity which is defined as say dynamic viscosity eta by rho. So, nu is equal to eta by rho. So, in terms of that we can represent. So, that way when we are looking for the the the water quality modeling. So, first we have to solve the hydrodynamics and then obtain various parameters like flow variations, pressure variations or the velocity variations either in laminar flow conditions or turbine flow conditions. Then we have to solve the transportation like advective transportation which we have mentioned. So, the solution of this transportation is only possible once we know the hydrodynamics or the flow variations. And then when we solve this say hydrodynamics equations or flow equations and transport equations together we can get the flow variations as well as the transport variation within the the domain which we consider. So, as far as water quality modeling is concerned as we discussed the various important parameters which we have to consider are the molecular diffusion, turbulent diffusion, dispersion, momentum flux, turbulent moment exchange, heat flux etc. So, these various terms are quantified as shown here. So, like a diffusion what is happening or dispersion within a river or turbulence and all this we have to consider when we look into water quality modeling. So, anyway going to the all the details of this is not the purpose of this lecture since now we are discussing water quality issues relevant to watershed modeling watershed base only. So, that way we are not going to all these details of this kinds of water quality modeling. So, now say as far as water quality modeling say for example, transport in rivers and canals are consensed say for example, one dimensional transport. So, if you consider the convective transport or dispersive transport. So, the governing equations which we have to solve is shown here where here u is the velocity, c is the concentration and a is the area of flow then say k is the dispersion coefficient. So, like that we can consider a control volume like this and then we can do the water quality modeling. So, like a size of section microscopic or microscopic. So, these details are taken from the lecture notes of Professor Kobus Department of Civil Engineering University Stuttgart Germany say what the course notes on environmental food mechanics. So, like a distribution process diffusion then we have to consider say like this which is coming from the fixed law and then say microscopic dispersion all those things we have to see the convective transport behavior also within the system we consider. So, the modeling is consensed say for example, say the contaminant transport within river or a channel say as I mentioned the modeling can be in one dimensions one dimensional modeling or two dimensional modeling or three dimensional modeling. So, accordingly the governing equations here is given. So, this is say for example, one dimensional modeling del c by del t plus v x and del c by del x is equal to k into del square c by del x square k is the dispersion coefficient where i is the sink or source stem. So, like that we can represent similarly if you are considering two dimensional transport water quality modeling. So, we have to solve the equation in x and y. So, this equation will be a governing equation and then three dimensional transport equation will be with respect to v x, v y, v z and this terms we have to solve the system say coupled with the flow equations of continuity equation and the moment equations. So, that we are depending upon what kind of say water quality modeling you are intended to do say like in the transport phenomena or the contaminant transport in a river in a lake or whatever system which you are considering. So, we can go for one dimensional modeling say for example, river quality modeling generally we can do one dimensional modeling or two dimensional modeling or three dimensional modeling. So, now another important aspect which we generally will be looking to is the oxygen regime of rivers when we are looking for the river quality modeling. So, this we can represent in terms of dissolved oxygen. So, the combination of oxygen deficit and re-aeration we can combine in terms of an equation called a Streeter-Felds equation. So, here the assumptions used in the derivation of this equation include oxygen transfer only over water air interface upstream effects are not taken into account. So, governing equation is del C s minus C bar by del T is equal to k D into L minus k A into C s minus C bar where this parameters like L is the biological oxygen demand, L 0 is the biological oxygen demand at time T is equal to 0, then k A is the coefficient of re-aeration, then k L is equal to R by Y, k D is the decay coefficient C s is the oxygen saturation concentration. So, like that and with respect to certain boundary conditions with respect to this concentration of dissolved oxygen and the by BOD particular conditions we can identify the oxygen regime within the river. So, you can see that if say oxygen say with respect to time in days if you consider particular location. So, oxygen saturation is this and then say if depending upon the contaminant pollutant load within the river the oxygen profile if there is no aeration is taking place then it will be keep on decreasing like this and then if there is aeration we are giving or aeration is taking place then oxygen profile with aeration is shown this as shown in this figure as reproduced from the lecture notes of professor Kobus. So, say as far as street or fell situation is concerned we can even have an analytical solution as given here. So, when we are looking for the the modeling of oxygen regime within the river we can use even this street or fell equations and then correspondingly we can identify how the oxygen content changes within the particular section or within the same longitudinal section of the river. Then another aspect you say as we discussed is the water quality is concerned it can be the surface water or ground water. So, this ground water transport is also we have to model with respect to the flow and transport phenomena. So, the say for example, when we consider two dimensional flow and transport modeling there are many equations say in a confined aquifer and we can write like this del y del x of T x in del h by del x plus del y del y of T h in del h by del y is equal to s in del h by del t plus q w in delta index minus x i y minus y a minus q s. So, similarly the same thing this T x T y are the transmissivity of the aquifer system k x k y are hydraulic conductivities. So, similar way the equation we can write for unconfined aquifer and q w is the pumping say at particular location and q s is the source sourcing terms within the aquifer systems and based upon this flow equations we can solve this equations based upon the appropriate boundary conditions and initial conditions and then we will be getting the head distribution within the aquifer systems and then using the Darcy's law we can get the velocity variation v x and v y as shown here. Then we can put this v x v y in the transport equation which is given here where r is the retardation coefficient generally we can consider as that is equal to 1 if there is no retardation effect to be considered.  So, like that depending upon what type of parameters we will be modeling as far as groundwater is concerned and we can use the groundwater transport modeling. So, as far as water quality modeling is concerned we can say look into surface water quality modeling or groundwater quality modeling and then for specific same processes we can have specific type of mathematical equations or models or specific components like TDS or BOD COD or nutrients or algae or microorganisms we can have specific set of equations. So, we will be solving this type sets of equations and then we will be trying to get a solution as far as the flow and transport process is concerned. Then say while solving this type of equations as you can see these are all partial differential equations. We cannot only few specified cases simple cases only we can have the analytical solutions. So, for most of the field problems we cannot have the analytical solutions. So, that way as we discussed earlier also we have to go for numerical modeling. So, numerical procedures gives the approximate solution to most of the field problems. So, this numerical models transform a complex practical problem into a simple discrete form of mathematical description and these numerical models recreate and solve the problem on a computer and finally reveal the phenomena virtually according to requirement of the user. So, numerical approximate solutions for a complex problem efficiently as long as proper numerical method is used. So, there are number of numerical methods are available with respect we say for the last few decades with the advancement in computer technology number of numerical models like a finite difference method, finite element method, finite volume method, method of characteristics, boundary element method, mesh free methods like that number of techniques have been developed. And then depending upon what type of process we are trying to model or what kind of say contaminant we are trying to model within the aquatic environmental either surface water or ground water we can choose specified models, specified technology and then of course nowadays large number of models are available in the market. So, depending based upon various numerical techniques like finite element method or finite difference method which are the most commonly used numerical tools. So, we can choose depending upon the users familiarity and needs we can choose particular same models for surface water quality analysis or ground water quality analysis. So, as far as surface water quality models are concerned few of the most commonly used models I have listed here. First one is the WASP water quality analysis simulation program it is by United States State Environmental Protection Agency. And this WASP interpret and predict water quality responses to natural phenomena and man-made pollution for various pollution management decisions. Then another model is called QAL 2K quality 2K. So, these models we can use for river and stream water quality models either 1D or 2D. And then another model is called aquatox. So, this model is used for simulation of aquatic systems it predicts the fate of various pollutants such as nutrients and organic chemicals or a effects on ecosystems. And then another model EPUD1 so, riverine hydrodynamic and water quality model a system of programs to perform 1D hydrodynamic hydraulic water quality simulations. And then the famous SWM model storm water management model where the hydrodynamics and the transport within the open journals we can simulate. So, so called SWM models. So, like that large number of surface water quality models are available in literature and in the market. So, depending upon what type of problem we are going to solve and then what kind of condemnation you have to address we can choose a specific type of models. Then as far as groundwater quality models are concerned for flow modeling we can use this the standard model based upon final difference called a mod flow. Then which is given by United State Geological Survey USGS, then mod path flow line model for depicted streamlines and MOC USGS 2D advection dispersion code, then MT3D 3 dimensional transport code with which is which works in conjunction with coupled with a mod flow. Then RT3D 3D transport say reactive transport models and this also works with a mod flow. Then bioploom 2 and 3 related to the bioremodation modeling. Then finite element based models like a FEM water, then number of other packages like groundwater modeling systems you can see. So, here also as far as groundwater quality modeling is concerned depending upon the type of model which you are looking for 1 dimension, 2 dimensions or 3 dimensions and depending upon the contaminant which we have to address. So, we can choose specific type of models and then we can use for the groundwater quality modeling. So, now before closing this lecture say we will briefly go through how a specific type of groundwater quality model can be used to predict the transport phenomena transport within an aquifer system. So, the case study is in Belgam area. So, this is the aquifer system the domain area. So, this area say one of my student Meenal has modeled using the mesh frame model which she has developed. So, the details of this study area is given in Thoretel 1999 and then Meenal and Ldo submitted to the hydraulic engineering SE. So, some of the parameters considered in this study area the watershed area the aquifer area say about 72 square kilometer and this is basaltic terrain say on north end side of Belgam. Then watershed is drained by a river called Markandaya river in the north and here the main source of pollution is Red Mud, Hydro Silt Muddy highly alkaline solid waste produced by physical and chemical treatments of bauxite industry in this particular location. So, main source of pollution is TDAs coming from this. So, Red Muddy is harmful to the ecological environment safety of its storage has become an environmental problem. So, the natural recharge in this area 65 millimeter per year as estimated by National Geographic Research Institute NGRI. Then say this seepage from Red Mud Pond is simulated as additional recharge about 130 mm per year. So, as far as the aquifer system is concerned in the model for modeling purpose we have considered three zones. Zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3 as shown here this is say this one is say zone 3 is this zone 2 here and then zone 1. So, here this is the Markandaya river on the sides. So, here the longitudinal dispersivity is considered as 50 and trans space this space 50 as 5 and specific yield of the aquifer is considered as 0.2. So, for zone 1 the hydraulic conductivity is 0.5 meter per day zone 2 1 meter per day and zone 3 2 meter per day. So, as I mentioned my student Meenal has developed a mesh free model the details are given in this conference paper as well as this submitted journal paper. So, this is the domain which we consider the mesh free model. So, this is the the contaminant existing plume our aim was after 10 years how much the contamination will be spreading. So, here we developed a flow model and the transport model based upon the mesh free technique. So, here the various nodes we simply use only nodes. So, the details of this mesh free technique you can look into this paper in the journal engineering analysis with the boundary elements published in 2012 two dimensional contaminant transport modeling say using mesh free point collocation method. So, here this way this is the aquifer domain and these are some of the nodes used for the modeling and this is the existing plume. So, using say flow and transport 2D we considered 2D model. So, this is say the steady state head distribution within the aquifer system varying from say 755 meter to 720 meter. So, here this is the river flow and this is the head variation and based upon this the velocity distribution has been determined by running the model the coupled flow and transport model. Then the head distribution after 20 years. So, this model has been run for 20 years and then you can see the the various the the head variation within the aquifer system after the the simulation for 20 years. So, this is 755, 750, 745, 740, 735, 730, 725, 720 and like that we identified with respect to the some of the abstraction taking place within the the domain with respect to certain pumping wells existing in the aquifer system. And then after 20 years of the simulation how the the contamination is spreading. So, you can see that this is the existing contamination say with respect to the the the 1999 data. So, then after 20 years say how the contamination is spreading you can see that here small movement the hydraulic conductivity is very low in this area. So, the contamination spreading is very small as you can see here. So, the main purpose of the presenting this case study is to show how this type of models we can develop as far as the flow and transport either in the the ground water systems or the surface water systems also we can develop such models. So, generally we have to solve the flow and transport models together. So, flow models give the variation of velocities and depth variation or the hydraulic the depth the the hydraulic potential within the aquifer systems as far as ground water is concerned. And then based upon that say we can identify how the velocity variation is taking place. And then we solve the the transport equation either in 2D or 3D or whichever way we are modeling and that gives the the variation of the particular constituents like TDS or that concentration how it is moving say spatially as well as well as temporarily. So, that is the way we do the water quality modeling either for surface water or ground water. So, some of the important references used for today's lecture say especially the websites www.pa.gov where environmental protection agencies website and some of the other literature used for today's lecture. So, before closing some of the questions like tutorial questions critically study various ground water and surface water quality models available in literature. So, we can see the various models available like in EP website or Bentley website study the capabilities of each model and the the problems where it can be applied. So, some of the models we have already discussed and then other models details we can you can get from the internet sources. Then some self evaluation questions evaluate the different types of water quality modeling and describe water quality modeling within the perspective of water cycle. Explain various conservation laws used in water quality modeling and describe with governing equations in the ground water transport modeling illustrate the role of numerical modeling in water quality modeling describe various models used in water quality modeling. So, all these questions you can answer based upon today's lecture and then a few assignment questions like illustrate watershed based water quality issues within the perspective water hydrologic cycle and what are the typical water quality problems goals then describe with governing equations the surface water transport modeling then illustrate the oxygen regime modeling in reverse or in channels then describe various models used in surface water quality modeling. So, all these questions also you can answer based upon today's lecture. Then say some unsolved problems say with reference to typical point source pollution from an industry to ground water in your watershed area critically study the possible water quality modeling for TDS concentration identify the possible water quality model from the open sources making mode floor empty 3D then collect the necessary data for the water quality modeling and try to develop the model for your study area and predict the future spreading say for next 10 years or 20 years how the the transport is taking place contaminant transport is our plume movement is taking place within the ground water systems. So, what we discussed today is say mainly on water quality modeling. So, we discussed about the surface water quality as well as ground water quality. So, we discussed the mathematical governing equations and then say how we can say model say typical systems say either in one dimension two dimensions or three dimensions. So, we will be further discussing one more lecture on the water quality modeling related to environmental guidelines as far as the water quality issues are concerned in the next lecture. Thank you.


Good afternoon. I'm Adrian Dix, BC Minister of Health beside me. To my left is Dr. Bonnie Henry, our provincial health officer We're honored to be here on the traditional territories of the Musqueam of the Squamish of the Slewa Tooth people Tomorrow we'll be doing a briefing session at 3 o'clock as well right here at the Vancouver cabinet offices And with that I wanted to introduce Dr. Bonnie Henry Thank you. Good afternoon We'll start today with an update on what is happening with the number of people who have tested positive for COVID-19 here in British Columbia today As of today we have 40 new cases to report for a total of 271 people who have tested positive so far here in British Columbia and by health authority 152 are in Vancouver Coastal Health 81 in Fraser Health Authority 22 are now on Vancouver Island 12 in Interior Health Area and four remain in the North We have Unfortunately and sadly one additional death to report here in British Columbia today Of the cases that we have 17 are now in hospital So that's an increase from 13 from yesterday with nine of those people being in intensive care right now We continue to have only five who are in our recovered List however We know that most of those people are actually doing very well their symptoms have resolved at home as With most of our cases so far and we are awaiting their clearance with laboratory testing So a good number of our cases particularly in Vancouver Coastal Health are related to the three long-term care Facility outbreaks that we've been following over the last little while So and the additional death that we mentioned today Was again from the Lynn Valley care center where the eighth outbreak is continuing there We also have So far only one Resident and one staff member from the Hollyburn long-term care facility Although that investigation of course is ongoing and we know that there are people within the incubation period there as well and Yesterday reported on the third long-term care facility at Harrow Park where the one resident from that facility is now in hospital and recovering from that So as we've been Following in the last few days We know that there's been traumatic changes in our society and then the things that we're doing here in British Columbia To do the best that we can To try and slow down and prevent the transmission of this infection in our communities in our families and in our province This is not optional and I want to be very clear that Everybody needs to take these actions now and this is what's going to protect us for the next few weeks It's going to protect ourselves. It's going to protect our families and going to protect our communities The importance cannot be minimized Having said that You know, I'm very heartened by some of the things that we've been seeing here across the province in people physically distancing as we've Have we as we've directed but maintaining that so important social connection that we have with each other and that we continue to need There are many innovative ways that people are doing things things like virtual coffee dates Takeout windows at restaurants and entrances people who are supporting each other dropping off food dropping off homemade Goodies taking people's medications to them. These are things that are really important to help us stay connected In particular, we want to make sure that we're not socially isolating our seniors Who are the most vulnerable to having severe illness people who have underlying illnesses people with disabilities and I'm calling on all of Us to do what we can is our communities to support everybody as Individuals I also encourage you to get outside. There are things you can do even if we're doing social distancing You can walk your pet. You can go for a bike ride. You can play with your kids And these are the things that you want to do in a small group as a family together and maintain your distance from others when you're outside as well and Inside of course there are many things now that are being available to people online. There's courses. There's exercise classes There's ebooks. There's many museums now that are putting information online putting their their their paintings their their Their holdings online for people to be able to access and use these are educational opportunities as well for you and your family I Think this this is as I mentioned yesterday a really critical time for us This is the time we need to build that firewall. We need to stop the transmission of this disease We need to stay connected While we're staying apart And we need to take care of each other while we're doing that Thank you Thank you very much. Dr. Henry and of course today we are announcing that An additional person who's passed away from COVID-19 associated with the Lynn Valley care home and our hearts go out both to their families and to the people working at Lynn Valley who Will obviously be shaken and saddened by this as we are As Dr. Henry has said we have 40 additional cases today. That's 271 province-wide 17 in hospital Nine currently in ICU and of those in ICU eight are in the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority and one in the Fraser Health Authority Just to keep you up to date on some of the activities We're obviously as does all of you know will be announcing Our weekly testing number tomorrow morning Through the BC CDC website that testing continues The work is going on 24-7 at the BC CDC and around BC at other sites that are processing testing And obviously that effort which is a science-based effort is going to is continuing full throttle Wanted to say something about a question. I was asked yesterday about MSP coverage for people returning to British Columbia The chair of the Medical Services Commission has made the Following decisions regarding MSP coverage that the MSP coverage wait period will be waived for those who are returning from impacted areas and Intend to stay in BC. We're also waiving the wait period for those who return to BC and it is found that they were Outside of the province for longer than the allowable time period to maintain MSP coverage MSP beneficiaries who are out of province and are unable to return but may be provided with temporary coverage We must also we also must address those who have expired BC services card beneficiaries who are either unwilling or unable to attend an ICBC office can contact health insurance BC and request a confirmation of coverage letter Advising that their MSP coverage is still affected note that a beneficiary may use the personal health number on their expired BC services card To access provincially funded health care services. They just need to show another piece of ID Finally for those who've applied to MSP but still need to complete the MSP enrollment by attending an ICBC office We were providing a period of temporary coverage that will result in a letter issued to the individual Sitting that they have MSP coverage this letter with the issued personal health number may be used to access provincially funded health services There will be a statement From the from the Commission or I believe that has or will be going out that confirms the details of all those information I want to thank all the people working at 811 which has been a lifeline for many people in British Columbia Answering literally thousands of calls a day. Also the people who are who yesterday at the 188 COVID-19 number who answered one thousand eight hundred and ninety five calls yesterday and Just note that our self-assessment tool at the end of yesterday Had been accessed over one point one five million times. Those are all significant achievements and being able to give people access to the information that they need as Dr. Henry has said there are extraordinary things happening all over BC As people work together to follow the directives of the provincial health office and do what they need to do To support their community and support one another during this difficult period and we are Very very honored and pleased as a community for the offers of support the offers Both financial in some cases but often just community support the number of people who responded to dr. Henry's Request for blood donors yesterday, which I think is exceptional and speaks well of our province and who we are Dr. Henry has made it clear from the start what we asked British Columbians to do is based on the best science available and Part of that science also includes how each of us reacts when we're asked to join the fight against COVID-19 How quickly we join the fight and how sustained our commitment is to it We know that different people have different needs and responsibilities in their lives But what we're saying is pretty clear what we do today affects the lives of people everywhere tomorrow and next week and next month what we do today makes a difference The actions we take today are important So right now and in the days and weeks and months ahead. We need to do what we're asked to do We need to do it hundred one hundred percent We need to do it one hundred percent and we need to keep doing it until we're told we can stop That's the fight. We're in that's the reality We're in and doing it together makes us better as a community helps what those that we love Helps all of the people that we live around live with and care for that's how we wide-wage our battle Je veux dire quelques bonnes rense. Eh, we've done our son 40 new vodka de COVID-19 from Columbia, Britannica Frontotel de dissence wasn't the ones cut on Columbia, Britannica Parmi les nouveaux cas set sent actual mouth Hospitality to dissence and actually my husband is a Hey, hey, je viens de d'expliquer on the tea on the tea in anglais les chiffres Nussan profondément profondément a tristé d'un assay egg and the desay d'une autre résident de l'in valley care center Qui est étasté positive au COVID-19 nous offrons nos Sincère condolences à l'approche et au personnel qui a pris soin de So le nombre de cas 162 sont dans le réjet de santé


the successful rollout of the vaccine means it's at least plausible that within a few months we'll be able to have meetings in real life instead of on zoom however there could be elements of the online platform which we'll miss i personally have grown. Fairly font of never leaving my room it's quite nice i can do these shows on here it'll be nice to go back to the studio but at the same time there are clearly downsides. There are also other benefits of having meetings on zoom for example hosts can eject abusive attendees with relative ease where once a fight might have broken out if it were in in real life in a room on Thursday a clip of an incident along these lines went viral this is from a meeting of hand forth Paris council. You have no authority here Jackie weaver no authority at all. She's just kicked him out. No she's.  This is a meeting called by two councillors. Illegally may now elect a chairman know they can't because of ice chairs here I take charge. Read the standing orders read them and understand them. Read the standing orders that's been viewed four point two million times the last time I checked presumably a little bit more than that now. If you ever been in a meeting quite that aggressive if I have been it's probably been a local government meetings because I don't want to say if I have been it was probably me. Just me like screaming yeah I think like I think there is this like tendency to like really romanticize like local government and stuff but without realizing that oftentimes it could be like incredibly charged and like difficult chaotic like spaces but yeah I feel like if I have been in one it's probably been in like a local government context like this one. So that was that was a 30 second clip which went as I say completely viral. It's also been like leading the news today I don't think enough happened today and but there is also a longer video online so there's an 18 minute highlights video very entertaining I've watched the whole thing we're not going to show you the whole thing we're just going to show you some choice segments so you can get an idea of what that anger was about. Why was he so annoyed that the was she wasn't the chair we'll get to that it's actually quite complicated. The chair she wasn't that Jackie Weaver hadn't read the standing order right this is how the meeting starts. When do we plan to start. I think we could start any moment chairman and I think it's perhaps helpful just to go through the same things as we went through before which is just to encourage people to switch off their microphones because it does reduce the background. That being which tells us that somebody else wants to come in so I'll continue to admit people if you'd like to start the meeting.   Can we be assured that we won't be thrown out of the meeting like we were last time. And as long as we have reasonable behavior from everyone no one would be excluded from the meeting I was I was thrown out of the meeting. So was so was counselor Broughtham at the point of order chairman. Could we start again. Check. Check. We haven't started the meeting yet. Do you want to speak anyway. I really love the guy quite rightly and then you get Julie's iPad come up to sort of really really remove some of the tension. So the man you saw there whose tag is hand for PC Clark and we'll come to that later because he wasn't actually the Clark again another source of controversy he was Brian Tolver who is chair of Hanford Council. He is furious that Jackie Weaver she's sort of the main character all of this really she's been sent to host the meeting by Cheshire Association of local councils on the request of other counselors who had complained of poor. Behavior the next clip will show you I suppose suggest why those complaints might have arisen. Are you here as the proper officer. I am here offering support to Hanford Parish Council in the conduct of this meeting this evening. You're not the proper officer. Is that as Clark or proper officer. There's no difference between Clark and proper officer. Of course there is yes there is you must know the basic law. Are we going to start this meeting. It isn't it isn't the role of somebody who however kindly volunteers to do the clarking for a meeting to act as a proper officer if they haven't so been appointed that's against the law. And let me also quote to you the standing orders of Hanford but when you stop talking. Oh my god. In the whole thing you're going to keep getting more and more shocked by what you see. I've only seen this short clip where he yells at her. I don't know why but this is triggering me really. Oh, I really like that line. I'm going to use that before you don't know the basic law. You don't know the basic look because I know what it means by basic look. I don't do laws apply to the stand like are there laws about the standing orders of parish council meetings. I'm not sure we'll need a legal expert for that one. Let's go to our next clip. I think we have some more poor behavior here from from the elected chair who has provoked complaints. Points of order according to our standing orders are determined by the chair. If you want to raise a point of order as a councillor you ask if you can raise a point of order you state it and then the chair decide it is not for the clock to raise a point. It is not for the clock to decide what kind of order. And you must be aware of that. God knows what you're doing. If you don't know that this meeting is, shall we elect an alternative chairman? Oh, yeah, yeah, I'm just in a meeting at the moment. I'm going to give you a call back when it finishes. The good one. OK, all right, bye, bye. Julie's iPad, I think, is really the star of the whole show. Because every time you've got like this enormous like tension rising. She's just like, hey, I'm not listening. Yeah, well, because it's not even Julie, it's Julie's iPad and then you go, sorry, I'm in a meeting. That's that's one thing I think I will miss from from two meetings. Let's go to where the drama really starts. This bit is a bit a bit longer because it's this is the real action. This is this is the best bit of that 18 minute clip. Let's take a look. We'll start the meeting and I want to repeat what I said at the beginning of the last meeting. But this meeting has not been called according to the law. The law has been broken. It has been properly. Will you please let the chair. This is where the please. Disrupt this meeting. I will have to remove you from it. You can't. It's only the chairman who can remove people from a meeting. You have no authority here, Jackie Weaver, no authority at all. She's just kicked him out. No, she's kicked him out. Don't don't just kick him out. Don't. This is a meeting called by two councillors. Illegally may now elect a chairman. No, they can't because the vice chairs here, I take charge. Read the standing orders. Read them and understand them. Dear me. Appalling behaviour. Chairman gone. A copy of this will, in fact, be sent to the monitoring office. I'll just get out of those people. Where's the chairman? Read the standing orders. It now reboots to me. Where's the chairman gone? I'd like to elect a chairman for this meeting. You don't have to elect a chairman. There's a chairman already installed. The chairman of the council. Councillor Birkel, we've been through this. What are you talking about? You don't know what you're talking about. Chairman, the chairman of the council is the chairman of the council. Yeah, I'm the subpoena, everybody. Could I ask you to be respectful to Jackie Weaver please? Here comes the subpoena. Chairman. I'll have to leave.  She's kicked Barry out some way, but don't. Barry, no. Barry has gone. I'll stay. Take a picture of my house, be careful.   We can't if you've got that. We just don't. Jackie Weaver, I find that the person on Aleb Bruton's Zoom is being very disrespectful to everybody. Coming from you from Birkenhead, that sounds good. My first point is to apologise to Jackie, but welcome to Handforth. John Smith is one of my favourite ones. He's the voice of the audience, just being like, what? Because he seems really impartial, because the guy on Aleb's the guy on Aleb's iPad on the couch, he's obviously sort of, you know, laughing in quite a contemptuous way, whereas John Smith is is like laughing, but just in a neutral, in a neutral way. He's our voice in the room, of just being like, what the fuck? Also, stop doing that. I also think this is the definition of power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts, absolutely. Because clearly being involved in the parish council has completely gone to their head. And I'm just very, very scared right now. Is this what's going on in our communities? Isn't the message more that even a little bit of power can corrupt almost absolutely? Absolutely, exactly. You have the almost, I suppose it must have been Aleb, if it was Aleb's iPad, yeah, it was Aleb, who moved into this sort of golem sort of style of speaking, where you couldn't work out what he says. We are using Microsoft Teams, you fool! It's fantastic, the whole thing's fabulous. Anyway, Tolver, so he was the chair, he was the chair who was ejected from Zoom, even though Jackie Weaver didn't have the authority. Apparently she didn't have the authority because you have to have a vote before you eject someone from the room. She constitutionally didn't have the authority, but spiritually she absolutely had the authority. Well, most people's takes on this actually has been that she had the moral authority, and I do kind of fall down on that side. I think I struggle to have sympathy for Aleb or the chair, who apparently hadn't held a meeting for a few months anyway, so I don't know if he'd been doing his chairmanship properly, but I'd seen some arguments from people on the left.  They were saying, why are we on Jackie Weaver's side? She's the bureaucrat. She's been imposed from the top down to undermine local democracy, and the chair is quite right to be a little bit annoyed, which is the position he has taken. So he spoke to the Associated Press today. Jackie Weaver's been on the airway. She's the one getting the platform. She's been on Woman's Hour, she's been on Times Radio, but the chair, who is Brian Tolver, he did get to have his say. He spoke to Associated Press and said, I cannot think of any other council meeting anywhere that was taken over by an unqualified member of the public like this, removing half the councillors from the meeting, denied half of the voters of the village from being represented. It was an appalling attack on our democratic rights. The sort of calling her an unqualified member of the public, I suppose it was a bit hard because she was brought in by the local council association of Cheshire. So obviously, the sort of larger body had recognised that there was a bit of a problem in one of the units below them. On the request of some of the councillors, they bring in Jackie Weaver to mediate. She attempts that and then lots of people throw a bit of a hissy fit.  If I was Jackie Weaver, I would have injected myself. I would have just been like, you'll have issues. It's not my problem. Goodbye. So that was the correct position, I think, to just excuse herself for the whole narrative. She was chill. If you watch the whole video, she goes on to say, because someone asked, why had the chair written in his little badge, which was quite funny, because then she was like, is that a real badge? It was very, they were all completely confused about how Zoom works. But she was saying, no, he's just called himself the clerk, which doesn't make him the clerk. You can call me Britney Spears if you like. She was, she had some wit about her. I think she enjoyed the whole affair, to be honest.


For me, when I wake up, I try and do something that engages me physically, mentally and emotionally every day before I actually start my traditional work day. And I run my life as if I'm still a competitive athlete. You know, when I have a keynote, I have a pre-speaking routine the same way a Kobe Bryant would have a pre-game routine. And I love structure, I love consistency, I love routine. That's how I operate best. So my morning routine is what allows me to kind of, to set the foundation for the day. I'm going to do that morning routine today so that I could be my best to be with you today. That's awesome.


The future of housing and the future of New York City are tied together. The 1961 zoning resolution drastically changed the way our city will build housing in office space for decades to come, ultimately leading to a massive housing shortage. We're proposing the most ambitious changes to zoning in the history of New York City. Affordable housing is what we need. We are going to allow buildings to get 20% bigger only if they use the new space to deliver permanent affordable housing. Our proposal will legalize the types of modestly sized apartment buildings, places where we can stroll, shop and dine. We will put public transportation at the center of our approach to housing by building more apartments within walking distance of our transit system. This plan will eliminate barriers to creating new housing on existing campuses. Under our existing rules, many of these institutions are prevented from developing new builders on their unused land. Let's make it easier to transform empty office space into available and accessible housing. We're going to give homeowners more flexibility to use their own property as they wish. By legalizing backyard cottages, converted garages and basement apartments. And last but definitely not least, we're going to create housing for New Yorkers, not cars. Our new rules will eliminate parking mandates for new housing across New York City. Passing these new rules will help us create an additional 100,000 new homes. And 250,000 families sustaining jobs. If we do this right, decades from now, New Yorkers will see this moment for what it is. A turning point away from exclusionary policies and outdated ideas. Towards a brighter, bolder and more equitable future. My little apartment gave me the stepping stone that I needed. Let's get this done.


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