Thanks for coming. This is the first time I've spoken about this in a couple years. I did short lighting talk about two years ago, so I'm happy to have the chance to talk about this project. This is a project that I've been working on for a little over a few years. The repo started I think in March of 2011. I made it public a little over a year after that. It's basically me learning scholars a couple years. So as a part of that journey, at some point, learn the category theory is something that you should aim for as a culture programmer. That's kind of one of the end stages. But I started to realize, I just went to Vlad Petroshev's talk on heterogeneous mistic type theory. I've been to a number of his categories in the Bay Area, and every single one of them is well over my head. But I started to realize that was because there is actually this, all these other milestones in between what most of my computer science education was, comes from chapter one of, this is a table of contents from an abstract algebra textbook. And in computer science, yeah, maybe you also get some regular expressions and context regrammers, that sort of thing. And of course, vector spaces, matrices and lattices come up every now and then, but not necessarily in a very rigorous way. But discovering abstract algebra as a subject gave me some faith that maybe there was actually a path or roadmap to get to category theory at some point. And of course, one of the first stops in that journey are monoids. And I remember Heiko Sieberger asked at Scholar Days in 2011, you know, how can I learn all this stuff? And his honest answer was learn Haskell. So I took that to heart, got to learn you a Haskell book, sponsored by him with that. And monoids gave me the first, first quick hold in his journey towards increasing abstractions. And also, Nick Partridge has a great demo, it's up on Vimeo where he starts with summing all the stiff integers he derives in something like 17 easy steps. Half a dozen type classes including monoids. But it's a great, the syntax is a little out of date, but it's a great hands-on way of understanding where these things come from. And of course, after monoids, there's all this abstract algebra stuff. The first hint I had of that in the Scholar ecosystem was Algebra in 2012, seeing Oscar Boykin, Sam Ritchie. Yet abstract algebra running in large distributed systems was really inspiring. And then a few months later, any scholar in Philadelphia, Tom Spitzer, gave his Life After Monoids talk, which is available on YouTube, where he talks about fields, groups, rings, and other patterns for abstract algebra and how they're actually useful in day-to-day programming. And then Adover Chang, who's here today, also gave a great talk last August as a scholar by the Bay. He talked about pretty hard isomorphism, the deep correspondence between cultural programming and logic. Once they started finding these things, these are country actionable projects and concrete syntax that really helped towards the goal of category theory and subjects like that. I worked well on this too long, but these are all just definitions pulled from Wikipedia of a lot of these patterns from abstract algebra. And many of them we can find examples for just in the energy, the energy addition as an example of several of these things. A ring, the addition and multiplication of smart matrices is a ring. The field requires the vision, so if you look to the reals or the rationals and vector spaces, you'll be somewhat familiar to most folks. So the goals of this project, the first one is to cover a first set of algorithms. So I'm not working at the level of spire or cats myself directly, but I want to understand those things. And so in order to do that, I want to cover a wide range of algorithms. So I'm pulling examples from the last couple of decades of horsework, computer science, or otherwise anything that evolves in programming. So that's natural language processing, biochromatic statistics, subjects like that. And the diversity of platform is also an important role. So in the middle there where a lot of, this is a selected set of depends on relations from my project as parts of the related parts of the ecosystem. So in the middle is the axle core, and that's just some type classes like functor and that sort of thing. Axle core only depends on spire and discipline, discipline. We heard earlier today in the cats talk, it's just a way to organize some of the scholarship properties that define the type classes. So I'm trying to keep the set of dependencies small from axle core. And then at the algorithms, the natural language processing, all that sort of thing is coming is also, it's just depending on axle core. And I've got some games defined. And so for instance, so axle algorithms, there are many algorithms that require a matrix to implement. So linear regression or Lederstein distance is expressed in terms of matrix operations. But I don't actually have any concrete matrix implementation in axle core or anywhere in the class path. But what I do have is a small jar called axle j-blast, which is just a set of witnesses for the linear algebra type class and some other type classes. So to make a concrete deployable piece of software in terms of axle, you would just include j-blast, include axle core, axle algorithms, and a little shim that is actually j-blast, which is the type class witnesses. A couple of other things about the left-hand side of this chart. I gather that both algebra and spire will both be factored in terms of this project called Algebra at some point soon. And the cats already is. So at some point, I would actually love to get rid of axle core and just depend on these kinds of fundamental libraries. And then over on the right, I'll just point out that I would also love to get this stuff running in a distributed fashion. For instance, on Spark. So I have begun a few months ago defining type class witnesses for RDDs, for Spark. So resilient distributed data sets, things like functors. So a Spark RDD has a map function. So why not define a functor for an RDD? And then the last priority I'll mention for the project is documentation. So here we have a little bit of documentation from a Kamey's clustering algorithm. I saw that the top was mentioned earlier. I would love to start using something like that. I was just speaking to Rob earlier.  So trying to get to the point where I can basically just cut and paste any of the documentation in a rebel. That should aid in the adoption and the clarity of the code. Some of the other things, of course, I want this stuff to be correct complete fast. And I also want to provide access to a diverse number of data sets. But it's just me. So some of these things are sort of a lower priority. There is a test suite. There's a lot more to be done there. I haven't really focused much on speed at all. I'm trying to build on nice, fast components. But the loop code that I'm writing has not been tested so much in terms of speed. So here are some ways to get in touch with me. I'd love to hear what you think about the project. I'm also now going to show a few examples just in the scholar worksheet of how this stuff works. So the first area where these abstract algebra patterns made sense was units of measurement part of the library. So in this part of the library has seen probably the most change over the last few years. And in hindsight, it makes a lot of sense that we can use abstract algebra to apply to the units of measurement library. In the end, we're just taking quantities and we're tagging in with minutes. But we're doing, we're supporting all the same mathematical operations that the real team had, for instance. So one interesting thing that's different about this from a lot of the units of measurement library is that the units themselves are not represented as types. Rather, the thing that's being measured like mass or distance or time, that's represented in the type system. So let's see. And also I'll mention I've got a little show type class that allows me to pre-print these things. Here we have an example of two graphs. The examples here are all just from mass. And then here's where some of the spire comes in. I think typically you would just import spire dot implicit dot underscore, pull in a bunch of syntactic sugar for the purposes of this talk. I'm being really explicit. And also I found from time to time it can lead to some ambiguities if you just pull everything in. I'll pull in just this text that I need. So with the additive semi-group I can perform addition on units of mass. So 10 grams plus a kilogram is 1.01 kilograms. And I've got to choose which unit to express the result in. So I choose the right-hand side. I'm just doing that. With the group ops, that gives me subtraction. So the same two quantities subtracted gives me a negative kilogram quantity. And there's an in function which allows me to convert. And if I were to try to convert this to a feat or something like that that would make sense, I would get a compound number. And the implementation, it's very simple. Again, I'm not super focused on performance just yet. So these things are just case classes. They have a magnitude and a unit. They have two type parameters. One is the thing that's being measured at mass, distance, time. And the other is the number, the magnitude type. So in this case, I can just, like a random function that takes a unit of quantity. And assuming I know how to show the number type, I can show the unit of quantity. I can actually also create unit of quantities on number types like something random, like a cat. So we've got this cat case class. I can define a witness for show. We've got a couple of cats here. These are my cats. And I can prove that the show works. And now I can say Cody, who's a cat, Cody Graham's. And now this function that I wrote up here does the right thing. But because I don't have a field defined on paths, I can't pass it to a function like food. I can't convert paths from one unit to another. In this example, I'm simply doing addition. But what I described earlier, there's actually conversion potentially that has to happen during addition. That's why even addition requires a field on the number type and this converter for that quantum in that number type. So I do have a field defined on doubles. And so this expression here works fine. We've got a couple more examples I wanted to show. This one is an edit distance, Leverstein distance. Who here is familiar with Leverstein distance from natural language processing? I've got, I can show it briefly, the Wikipedia does a good job. Basically it builds a matrix using one string down the left-hand side and another string top. And it fills in from top left to lower right. And at the end, the value in the bottom right is the edit distance between the two strings. So most implementations of this don't, they'll mention that it's, you know, they'll call the function a distance but they're not really formally treating it as a distance. So I'll show, I'll work up to what that means in a bit. But here we don't actually need to fold in your algebra on this because we're just filling in values but I'll create one anyways. It's a super set of what I need for this. And I'll create a space object. I'll make that a physically available object. And this thing can answer questions like the distance between the two strings. You'll see here this string on the right is missing the C and this one has got the wrong vowel so that's an edit distance of two. This one has got the right vowel but still is missing the C so that's a distance of one. And these are the identical strings so the distance is zero. And then if I import the syntactic sugar from Spire that allows me to use this infix distance operation, I can create expressions like this. Which makes it feel a little bit more like an actual ESL. And the nice thing about having to find it as a metric space is that I can test that this thing obeys all of the laws that government metric space is like from the triangle of the quality. So any distance between two points should be shorter than if we have to drop through some other point. So that gets tested. And the last thing I'll show is a little demo about a spark application of the stuff to spark. This is a fairly contrived example but this is the Monte Carlo estimation of pi other than it comes from the spark documentation. Basically it just says if you have a random number generator you can generate numbers between zero and one. Generate two of those to represent a point on the unit square and then compute what share of those fell within the unit circle that was centered in the lower left. So the more times you do that the more accurate your estimation of pi is. The difference in this version here is that the number of trials which in this spark documentation that's just an RDD where the size of the RDD is equal to the number of trials. So I've abstracted out the RDDness of that example and said that all I need of that thing be it an RDD or whatever is that as a function that I can form aggregations on it and that it has a size to the finite. And you see here, this is the finiteness of both fries. This is the functerness and then inside of this sigma is the ability to do aggregations, distribute aggregations. So what I've got, let me actually switch this up. Graduation part of this? I do, yeah, yeah. So for a lot of the common scholar collections I'll define aggregation. That's actually, I noticed that Spire had a, this came out of wanting to use Spire's unicode sigma on parallel sequences and so I looked at it and noticed that it was implemented in addition to the pool so I implemented in terms of aggregates, submitted that. I then got thinking, well, what would it take to run that on Spark? So that's what it's for. I think you're not going to summarize this now because of the closure detection. So initially I commented out that the Spark stuff initially for this run. So this is estimating Pi using a parallel sequence to represent the trials. We get something 2.23. And if I comment this out and replace it with an RED, it will turn for a while and this is just running locally. But it is Spark and here we can see that we get another estimator of Pi. And there is some serialization baked into the bumper witness so it serialized the aggregation operator. So I've got a few other examples I could show but I made a cap at that and just take a few questions. Did you say that you have to find a functor for RED? Yeah, that's it there. How did you deal with the site tag? So I pulled it along. I don't have a good workaround for that. So it's a functor plus class tag, which I'd love to have a workaround for that but as far as I know there's not a good workaround. I think this is really great. And I don't know why I didn't find out like an airplane from Atlanta for this kind of stuff and we survived it. Do you think it would make sense to do some kind of community side so you would like to find stuff? Yeah, I'd love to hear suggestions about that. I've been really just sort of working on this in private. I haven't really done much marketing. I know Spark has some new community efforts and advertising for that community. Yeah, whatever you think, I'd love to talk about that. I would say more like for a scholar in general. Yeah, yeah. I think like people either don't seem to like be really awesome for them and they're most of them I might deserve it and if they put that people are like just centralized way to oversee all the structure. Yeah, absolutely. Yeah, these conferences are one way to do that but this doesn't scale out enough. Anything else? Yeah, there's some fun visualization stuff in there. Check out the contact information out there. But also some fun visualization stuff too. I'll just leave you with this. So this was tweeted a while ago. This has been a distribution plan account for ten weeks. I've got stuff in there before. We have art charts and time series and some of which can be animated. I'd love to hear if you guys have any thoughts.


We can't hear you yet, but we can see your screen. Can you see my screen? Yes, we can see your screen, and now we can hear you also. OK, can you please confirm whether you see my screen in slideshow mode? Not yet. Right now it just looks like the PowerPoint slides. Don't know why technology seemed not to be in my favor. So the only thing I can suggest, if you're seeing the PowerPoint screen, you might be able to click on the duplicate. That's what I did. Oh, now it works. This looks good. OK, perfect. It takes time, but yeah. So once again, thank you. Thank you for inviting me here. My presentation will give us the title, the only status about adaptation in Africa. And my talk draws on two set of work. We conducted a global review on adaptation research. And I want to give a bit of highlights showing what is the share of Africa. And then we also have another research on feasibility and effectiveness of adaptation research. So I combined those two pieces here. So I don't know how it's going to be structured, but please feel free to stop and ask questions when needed. Roughly my presentation will, as I said, the overview of adaptation research globally and what we have for Africa. And I can highlight some key knowledge gap. So if I may start with the overview of adaptation globally, we see that the Paris Agreement commits party to track climate adaptation progress. And we expect that the assessment of adaptation progress can facilitate the sharing of best practices so we learn from each other. It's also helpful to identify gaps and support prioritizations of adaptation finance and, of course, map evidence across regions and sectors. So then we can see where we still have gaps and what has happened in each region. Yeah, so the adaptations actually documented in the academic literature provide valuable information to track adaptation progress on the ground. So this is the process we follow with the GAMI database. So the GAMI, as I said, is standard for global adaptations methods. And it involves 126 researchers where we use matching learning methods to reveal 48,000 articles just to get a better picture of how adaptations research are distributed across geographical regions, what are the schools, and where are the gaps. So it's a kind of iterative process. It focuses mainly on empirical literature. So we don't consider theoretical papers on adaptation. That's not the issue. We want to have a kind of mapping of what adaptations approach is used where and what are the gaps. So we focus on empirical cases. We reflect on publications after era five. So it started considering the references from 2014. And the protocol drew on categorization and priorities outlined in the IPCC assessment, mainly the working group two. It includes human-assisted responses within natural systems. And it includes papers that were indexed. So we started reviewing the title abstract and keywords. And we only consider English written papers. So that might be a limit to this. In terms of some finding, I can highlight that academic studies report adaptations of responses across global regions. And then in terms of the global south, that's where we have the greatest numbers of adaptation papers. And the first series are from Asia, 35% of available references in Africa, 32%. We have a minority of publications focused on adaptation responses from Central and South America, 6%. And small Iceland states 2%. This is a kind of geographical distribution of the adaptation publications. In terms of content, sectoral distributions, here you can see clearly that food is food sectors. It's the main focus of the most coverage. And then we have poverty, livelihood, and sustainable things. It's the second one. And we have health. So this is the global perspectives. And then we can see how these sectors are distributed across the regions. Here I want to focus on Africa. And then you can see that we have in Africa, we have food and poverty as the main sectors of coverage. We have more or less the same pattern in Asia, where you see also food. And then here we understand food broadly, which includes agriculture, the nutrition, all the related aspects. And then we have also in Asia poverty. And health, of course to some extent, the health sector is the third one also in Africa. And then when you look at Europe, you don't have these kind of distributions. It's more balanced, not the same intensity, which shows or confirmed the evidence that developed countries mostly focus on other aspects, not really adaptation. So you can see mitigation maybe is a stress in developed countries. So we also look at the type of responses. And then we have four categories of responses. We have technological and infrastructures, institutional, nature, this, behavior, culture. So this is the global distribution. And when we look at Zoom in and then look at Africa, you can see again that you can see that behavior or cultural change is the first set of responses. Then we have the yellow, the nature base, of course, in different sectors, including forestry, agriculture. And we have the red, which is behavior, sorry, we have the green, which is a technological infrastructure. And the institutional is quite low where when you look at regions like Australia, Australia, Asia, you can see that institutional is at quite good positions. Again, it confirmed the evidence from literature, which says in Africa, the governance systems is relatively poor. So, yeah. And then we look at the hazards. And then you can see here the general, the global distribution of hazard across the regions. And then when we zoom in Africa, we see that in general climate change, we see that precipitation variables are flourishing. It's a major hazard. Again, more or less the same patterns, not the same kind of intensity with Asia. And you can see it's quite contrasting with other regions in Australia, Europe, or North America, or South America. I want to stress on the fact that this is not field work. It's literature based review. So it's really evidence that are articulated in the existing literature. And we're also interested in the GAMI work to look at actors responding to hazard who are involved in the responses. And you can see, globally, we have adaptation options that are more individuals at household level. And then we have government, local government, but also national governments, more or less in the same set of level of action. We have civil society as third. And then when we look at Africa, we can see that most adaptations responses are led by individual or are still at individual or household scale. We have local government and national government and to some extent, COO, which include NGEOs also leading some or driving some adaptation responses or promoting. And then it's slightly different when you look at the picture of other regions. Of course, we are more or less following the same pattern, which shows again that the global sub has more or less the same passions or same way of doing this. If you look at Asia and Africa, you can see again that most adaptation responses are individuals or at household level. Then we have local governments and national governments. When you look at Oceania or Europe and South America and North America, it's slightly different. We are also interested in the transformational change. You can see that the recurrent narrative today is that current adaptation path may not be enough to deal with climate change. And we need more transformational change. And when we look at how strong adaptations and options implemented across the globe are in stimulating this transformation, we can see that in Africa, you see where we have the, when it's a dark green, we have high. When we have light green, we have mediums. And then when we have, you can see the low. And if you look at the Africa boss, it's more or less low transformation, so which shows that the kind of responses we have here in Africa are not sufficient to stimulate a transformation compared to other regions where you see, for instance, North America. Or when you look at the South and Central America, you see that the contrast is there. And then we can have more or less the same pattern with Asia. So what we capture under this transformation, we have different contents. We have the depth, or scope, the speed, and the limits. That's what we frame, how we frame transformation. Now I'm going to zoom in on adaptation research in Africa. And then we can see that, I'm sorry, adaptations to climate change is one of the most urgent in development agenda for Africa. And choosing reliable or most feasible adaptations strategies require robust evidence mainly to inform policy makers to know what type of adaptation responses to adaptation path to follow. It's important for them to have convincing evidence. So we try to look at 24 adaptation options to assess the feasibility. The feasibility here was assessed through different dimensions, economic, environmental, institutional. And then we assess also the effectiveness. The effectiveness was the capacity of the action to reduce risk. Again, we use the existing literature. And for the selections of the 24 type of adaptation responses, we had stakeholder consultations asking different type of stakeholders what are the most appealing or the priority we can set for Africa in terms of adaptation responses. And here you can see a kind of mapping of adaptation responses, adaptation action reported in the literatures across regions of Africa. And we had different sectors, cities, water, ecosystem, health, poverty, and food. And if you see, I don't know how clear this is for you, but you can see that sustainable water management is the most cited options in the literature. And it's widely implemented. And we see that it's mainly used in East Africa, then followed by the resiliency in foster care. And the technologies, which is most referred again in East Africa. So this is a kind of mapping of adaptation options across Africa. Now we try to account the number of adaptation action recorded for each country's region and sectors. And you can see that food sectors for Africa is the dominant adaptations where we have the foster important adaptation actions followed by health, poverty, water, ecosystems, and cities. So this is this piece, this C-section shows how those options or sectoral options are distributed across the African regions. But yeah. And then this is the table showing how feasibility and effectiveness is clustered and operates in Africa. And I just want to highlight one example to show how we read this table. If you look at agroforestry, we see that agroforestry where you have this dark blue, agroforestry is effective in reducing climate risk. And in terms of feasibility, you can see that we have medium feasibility for economic sorry, you see for economic we have a medium for technological we have low for this option of agroforestry. And then we have also low for institutional, it's medium for social, cultural, and environmental. In terms of confidence, we can just this is a typical IPCC language. But yeah, what is the whole story behind this assessment? We are quite convinced that it's quite challenging for government to implement all adaptation options. Or sometimes where we see that this adaptation option work in one region, we assume that it can also work elsewhere. And without this assessment, you can just replicate without considering the context. And this kind of a way is showing the need to provide a strong robust evidence to policy mechanism so that they can be aware of what would be the effort of those actions, mainly in the national adaptation plan. So that's why we thought it could be part of this assessment. It is quite new, and it attracts a lot of attention in the Adaptation Future Conference that is coming in October. And I know that this will get a huge echo there. So the feasibility assessment helps to also assess the complexity in adaptation practices. And we clearly see that adaptations option might show low feasibility in a region, but it's still being deserved for community. Because the assessment, of course, I should also mention that this assessment was literature-based. And what we are trying to do now is how we move from the literature to the practice. We engage the community to also validate the literature-based assessment and to see how, because there are many things that may not be captured in the literature. And we clearly also see that context is a key consideration regarding the feasibility of options. It's important, as I said, it's not because one option to work in a region that it should work elsewhere. So in terms of gap in both knowledge and practice, concerning adaptation feasibility and effectiveness is still there in many, in many cases for Africa. And we think that the gap could be actually to different factors. The locally specific evidence are limited. We didn't, we only use the literature to assess this. We don't engage the community and get their perspectives. So this is what we are trying now to do. In complete temporal and spatial data, and data availability is something quite serious challenge for Africa. We only use literature available. We are not sure that we have a good coverage. So that can be a limitation. And a consistent monitoring and metric for measuring adaptation outcomes and effectiveness. I say that it's quite a recent this approach. It needs more energy to improve the methodology, but make sure that it has a good coverage. So ladies and gentlemen, that's what I wanted to share and bring the flavor of adaptation responses from Africa. We try to show the gap between global patterns and Africa's design. And what we see as the most feasible and effective options in Africa. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Edmond. Very interesting talk there. I wonder if there are any questions in the room to get us started. Yeah, I see that there's some in the chat here as well. So while I skim this, Edmond, I wonder if you could say a word. You said this very explicitly. But of course, your approach was looking at English language articles. So when you showed the map of Africa, unsurprisingly, places with large English populations showed up a little bit higher, like Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana. So I wonder if you see that as a follow-up study or if this remains kind of a blind spot in the IPCC approach, considering the original drafts of IPCC are written in English. Wait, we lost your audio. There you go. Sorry, yeah, I should be OK now. We are aware that just limiting to English literature can be restricted. And we offer just a method, and we expect that it can be used across different regions for more, how we say, more disaggregated assessment. So the language is a major barrier. And we also consider only published a weight. We didn't capture the great literature, or as I said, the community perspective. Now, as I mentioned, what we are trying to do is how we make these more community drivers, so led by community members. And of course, using available references. But try to cross check or validate the outcome with communities and the local decision makers. And again, this assessment was done at the scale of Africa. It didn't, the whole scale, to see how it happened, what will be the patterns at country's level. And even at the country, at a subnational level. And this can make a difference.  And of course, across languages and communities. Thank you. There's a question in the room here, but I just want to read quickly the chat question from Vincent. He was asking if there are kind of more, or if you could share some more thoughts on the complexities of certain adaptations and if that affects the feasibility of those adaptations. And maybe while we're on that topic, I'll just add one more element there, which is that I noticed that many of the adaptation options were targeted at individuals and households. And whether that as a fundamental approach is more or less feasible, if you have any comments on that. Just to note, Vincent also mentions things like political will and finance. Yeah, so, Toto, for the reason why some adaptation measures have many complexity. Because contrast matter and adaptations is really depending on people's expectation and people's aspirations, sometimes people believe. One typical example is water management. Where the assessment clearly showed that the sustainable water management can be effective in reducing risk and we see that I want to highlight the case of some countries in Africa where during the 80s, small scale or large scale irrigation was promoted to support agriculture. But it didn't make any significant change because first the maintenance of those infrastructures beyond the control of communities, they don't have the capacity. It was run by the states for some years, but after that they left it to the community. And most of those irrigation infrastructures are not used because people, they don't have the capacity to manage them. So again, it's really about this context, about the needs, about the capacity of people. So that is clearly showing the complexity of adaptation. Elsewhere, large scale irrigation can be a solution because people are used to it. People have a kind of knowledge, they have expectations that this should not be copied, pasted elsewhere and taken for granted. It's needed to be contextualized. It needed to be, I would say embedded in the context. So that's what I can say here. And the political wheel, it's also very important. I used to tease my IPCC colleagues saying that, well, as a researcher, we are done when we offer evidence from the IPCC week. But I think it's not the end of this battle because we need to break this, a break the message in a way that it can be accessible for policy makers. It's need also to be packed or re-packed in the way that it needs, they need. Politics always is not always a research wheel. It's not the same kind of path. And we can see what happened in the approval process, where policy makers, they have the higher agenda, they have the interest, and sometimes they want things to be like they see. So yeah, those are all part of the complexity. We can present evidence showing that, wow, this is something policy makers need to know. And it's not packed in the way that it's accessible to them.  So this is a really a field of challenge arena. Yeah, I'm gonna note, we're gonna take one last question in the room and then we have to break. But I'll note that there's a question from Laura in the chat and earlier a question from Ramesh Singh that is addressed to Benjamin and myself. So please, even when we break in the room, if you could just take a minute and reply in the chat, that would be very wonderful. Last question in the room, please. And please say for Edmund, your name and institution. Okay, thank you so much, Edmund, for the very nice presentation. My name is Julie and I'm from the Philippines. My question is actually just to also touch on the literature that you mentioned earlier. Because I wonder on how the literature on the adaptations that are being done on the community level that are not being published or not being forwarded in the literature that are being assessed in the IPCC reports. I wonder if how these literature should be forwarded into the community so that it will be able to be integrated into the IPCC assessment. And aside from just being published, or is there a way like IPCC also distills or filters this literature? Thank you, Julie. Well, the IPCC has a kind of, I would say rules. IPCC only consider published work in the assessments. How IPCC evidence can be communicated to local, to community. This is where we need the media to support IPCC work type of communications in different style, different language, but also different type of forms. And how we can capture value community knowledge. This is another, I would say, set of challenge. How we can, we do use great literature but to a very limited extent. And because we want to provide, I mean the IPCC want to provide a robust evidence which assume that it goes through review process and the great literature is not always under that one. But now with this feasibility and assessment and effectiveness assessment, what we are trying to do at this stage, and we are writing a couple of proposals around that says how we move from literature of these to community led process. So we are going to use the same type of formats in terms of the six dimensions as I mentioned, institutional, economic, environmental. And in each community, we want to see how they frame institutions, how they frame technology, how they frame environmental. So we use those indicators to assess the adaptations responses. So then it's really a kind of local embeddedness assessment. And that shows the value because we know that adaptation is also very context specific. So we expect that doing that can help to have something more reliable, something that is solid at least for a specific community and can be used locally. Because if we offer something that is only literature things or it may not help at community level, it may not help at even country level because it's decontextualized. Thank you, Edmond. Sorry, Julie, that's what I can say. I hope you're happy with that. Thank you, Edmond. So I think we have to break in the room. I do just want to say the last thing for Julie also is that there is a process by which in the review process, first of all, you can read early drafts and suggest literature through the review process that should also be assessed. And then once the scoping meetings happen, there are usually chapter outlines with at least several bullets and you can find the names of the coordinating lead authors. So if you have a very important paper that you think needs to be assessed, you can contact those authors, but I'll also say as a former CLA, our job is not to make everybody happy as much as to find that unique piece of literature that helps. Do you want to add? Yes, there are also very good ways to publish a perspective paper in that case if you think one topic is super important because that would be taken into account in the assessment. All right, so let's break and we're gonna, I know we're a couple minutes late here, but I think Yaro is in the room, right? So we can, yeah. So we're gonna probably get started. Let's do like a 12 minute break. So we will be back here at 11.10 at the latest. What? All right, 11.15 with permission of the speaker. Thank you.


There are a lot of great stories to be heard at PDAC 2020, here we are in day two talking about Lorian mining with Cynthia Lister Aquin, old friends, how are you? I'm very well Peter, thank you for having me here to talk to you today. It's always good hearing what you're up to, you've been so successful in your career and now you're with Lorian mining. Absolutely, now I've been with Lorian mineral exploration since 2003, this is the first cycle that we are really totally in sync with. We've missed every previous cycle, we missed the 2011 cycle, I was able to jettison some of the projects, gone at 6.35 million from those projects invested into the Ishkade which is now a flagship property. That's a way to make money as M&A, out on the shop floor there's a lot of M&A going on right now rather than drilling activity but you are planning an active drill camping. That's correct, so we're planning the first of a 100,000 meter drill program, we're about to commence that in summer. Yes it is a lot of money, but I'm fairly confident that we are able to steadily increase our access to capital, we've been very successful over the last two years. I now have a very different board, I have I think a very good network, a network like Water I'd like to say, so we have good access to capital and I'm confident that we'll be able to complete our drill program. We also have planned some very strategic partnerships which will minimize the risk with the company and these strategic partnerships will help deliver us through the balance of our exploration. And if I remember correctly, you're looking for gold? Golden base metals. And you're near Thunder Bay? North-East of Thunder Bay in between Beardmore and Geraldton. World famous section, world famous mining area, West Detainments, significantly West Detainments, but you have access to infrastructure power, mining knowledge, labor, you're not far from Lakehead University? Absolutely, and I think there's one more thing that I should add, we're in a very geopolitically friendly region, which I believe Ontario to be, the other most important thing is our access to the property is very easy access just off of Highway 11 and the great thing about that is that we've got outstanding exposure to our crop and surface mineralization. So, you know, this makes, minimized risk and the exploration, it makes our access and drill costs, exploration costs pretty much cheaper. And you have good relationships with all local communities, I imagine? I believe that I have very good relationships with my local communities, my Aboriginal communities. It's our obligation as mining companies to engage communities better than we have in the past to help close the disconnect that can exist sometimes. And I totally agree with that, and I think it's part of our long-term ESG plan and that long-term ESG creates benefits opportunities for the people in our region, yes. Excellent. Always lovely to see you. We hope to see you in about two hours at that reception, and we can celebrate your success. Amen to that. Peter, thank you.


I'm really grateful to be able to get this call up to come up and come and do the Warsaw Grand Prix. It's not something I ever expected to happen this year. So I'm really grateful for the experience and to be able to come out and I picked up a couple of points, learned a lot tonight and I let a couple of laps there in the end but I threw it away but that's all on me. So we'll look forward to it and hopefully at some point throughout the year I can come back and do some more in the Grand Prix. I think it was good. On a whole it's an evening but I got to the semis and just we got a last pick of gates and gate 3 wasn't the best. We tried to change some things for the semi because we knew we was after a track grade and the bike was a little bit flat and so we struggled to work the bike but I think it was a good night on a whole and it was such a great atmosphere and I'm really happy that I had the opportunity to race in front of such a great crowd. I had a little bit problem now and I know what's happened tomorrow with this place because I think it will be tough morning but now I am happy. Stay on the third place, the first Grand Prix so I have more points. I'm the first in the result I think so good night for me now and see you in Slovenia. Yeah I'm super pumped. I really love racing here in Warsaw with the atmosphere these fans create. I really love the energy I get from it and also this track it's very intense and you really have to push hard to be successful so overall I'm very very happy at the moment. Yeah you know what a way to start my STP career you know here in Warsaw, a stadium with 55,000 people, spectators you know so it was a tough one for sure. You know we were battling all night and fighting for every points I made and my team was working very hard in the pit trying to make my bike as fast as possible and I saved the best for the last so I'm very happy. I'm very very happy to win tonight and score a lot of points to be to be in the game for the championship.


So today instead of LA like we did last time we're doing San Francisco and we're doing two spots officially it's Hinodeya and Mencho Ramen so we're gonna be trying those both and right now right behind me we're about to go to Hinodeya and let's see how it is. Alright everybody so we're at Hinodeya Ramen and I just ordered and again we got the Hinodeya Ramen which is like you know the best measure of like what they do and I got myself a cocktail because I'm illegal so now we're just waiting for our order to come in. Oh and I forgot to mention this is like that's how you order.  That's the future. Look at these babies. He got the clam ramen. This broth looks real pretty, real golden and the chashu and the menma. Dude I love menma not many places give menma so this is my drink. Alright, let's eat. Pink noodles. I got firm. Very clear broth. Very clear broth. That's good. I got a little bit spicy too and it's not too salty, it's very smooth, I just know a time ago for my boyfriend. Let's go ahead and try this chashu. Okay, first impressions. It's not super tender like I've had in like really good places before. It's pretty tasty. I do like it like this with just a little bit of tenderness in it. I do think it could be a little bit better though.  It's also a little sweet and some people like it more runny but I kind of, I like it like this. So yesterday we went to Hinodeya Ramen. I didn't record an in-cap for it because I did get drunk off of that one cocktail. It's way for those to pass. So basically what I thought about it was is that it was a really fulfilling ramen. The only thing is that I have unfortunately like really American taste buds and I really like punchy flavor, really like strong flavor and it didn't have a lot of salt in it which I think I would have liked. I really like salty stuff. Even though it didn't have a lot of salt I think it was still pretty good. Like the broth itself was just like it was still like a really good flavor. Even without that so that says a lot I think that it was still good even without all that salt in it.  I said we were going to Menchil which is another ramen place here but we're not going to that one. It's for the one that I want it was pretty expensive so we're gonna keep it kind of in budget. So we're gonna go to Marufuku and that's what's happening next.  We just noticed that there was a Hinodeya right here in Japan Town where we're at fuck. So before we decided to go to Marufuku's we had actually found out that it was pretty close to where we were at sitting in Japan Town so we decided to hit up the mall real quick first which might I mention this one was a lot more active than the mall in LA and there was a lot more open stores but as we were walking through the mall we found out Marufuku's was in the mall so it kind of worked out perfectly. Alright so we just ordered uh we got the Tonkotsu and he got the Tonkotsu DX which is basically like the upgraded version. Also the wait time to get in here was absolutely insane so we got on their Yelp wait list like some people told us to do and that was three hours ago. We just barely got in and it's closed now even though it closes in two hours so if you want to come to this place plan ahead. So now we're just waiting for the stuff and we're going to eat too. That's the DX. That's pretty okay let's try this.  Alright let's get this Tonkotsu and they also added the mushrooms the woody mushrooms that usually I didn't like but they're not affecting the broth too much. Alright so let's try this trashy right here.  Okay so for the egg it's not like coated or anything which I really uh I usually really like when they coat it so I'm a little sad but like it's not super disappointing and then the egg is just a consistency that I like it so you know what it's still good. Dude this is what he got in his DX ramen his deluxe ramen.   Alrighty everybody it's omniscient nerd reversal because I didn't record an end cap for this one we were kind of reeling after it like it was it was insanely good we just could not get over it. So here's the review. So basically this ramen was absolutely beautiful it was so creamy it had a lot of flavor in it every single thing that was in the broth carried its own flavor which was really really good because the flavor of the broth was so good the only thing I didn't like was the egg because it wasn't really soaked but even then even inside the broth it was still good on its own and usually wood ear mushrooms like they did at Tsujita they kind of fucked with the flavor of the broth and they made it kind of taste like it but these ones just added crunch they didn't do much and when we got a take-home order we waited like a day or two to eat it and then we ate it the day later it still didn't taste like mushrooms also the deluxe ramen that they gave us that soaked pork belly was unmatched if my boyfriend still won't shut up about it and he wants to eat it again it was absolutely delicious so if nothing else even if this ramen were piss poor that meat was still good and this ramen was not piss poor so everything together just ended up being so so delicious my boyfriend says that it may be better than Meno in LA I think that they're very strong contenders for each other I think that Meno was still my favorite because it was a little creamier and a little sweeter but they were absolutely both delicious they're both on my list of top five ramen and they're both taking up the first two spots also by the way we went to Alcatraz on this trip so i'm including the clips as a little treat thanks