Okay, so let's start. Good morning and good afternoon to everyone joining us here in Poland or virtually My name is Daniela Dejan Antonio And I am the team leader for digital agriculture at the FAO regional office for Europe and Central Asia I am delighted to welcome you all to the side event on fostering the digital transformation of agriculture through strategies national and local perspectives Today, we will hear directly from some of the actors that are contributing to shape this transformation From a different level from European to national to local We aim at discovering how national digital strategies and locally driven bottom-up Initiatives can serve as a bridge to close the rural and digital divide Whether you're joining us online or here in Poland We of course welcome your questions, which we will take at the end of the discussion if you're joining us online on Zoom, please use the Q&A session section at the bottom of your screen and Here with me my colleague Valentin Naji Junior technical officer on digitalization in agriculture will be reviewing the questions Please also be informed that this event is a live interpreted in several languages So if you're joining us on Zoom, please pick the language you prefer and Now it's my pleasure and honor to give the floor to mr. Laurent Thomas Deputy Director General of FAO for his opening remarks Sir floor is yours. Thank you very much, Daniela Ladies and gentlemen Dear ministers Invited guests ladies and gentlemen, thank you for coming along with us this morning With you joining us here in Poland or virtually It's a pleasure to welcome you to this parallel session and this round table the world and in particular Europe and Central Asia are Facing major challenges Obviously, I'm talking about the war in Ukraine the COVID-19 pandemic climate change are ongoing problems like food security and malnutrition and Reaching the SDGs all of these need to be dealt with the shock and re picket will have Severe repercussions on the agri-food system. It's deepening the divide between rural and urban areas To take effective action is going to mean dealing with some of the major issues at the regional and global level And this is a hard task in this regard digital transformation And innovation are going to be key accelerators that are at the heart of FAO's work They're part of the of the four strategies of the organization and contribute to the four bettors that mobilise all of us the FAO is determined to capitalise on their potential to improve In the environment the living environment living conditions nutrition and food security IT Acknowledges they can be one of the crucial accelerators when it comes to transforming our economies and societies including agriculture and Agri-food systems and rural development It can also be a tool for Eliminating the disparities between urban and rural areas and a gender and age divides It might also enable job creation and facilitate Farmers young people in accessing information markets and finance however The advantages that are being offered by these technologies are not being distributed equally digital transformation needs to not only offer these Technical innovations, but also social innovations and ensuring adequate conditions for one and all and in this context Inclusion and protection of human rights for one and all are vital to ensure a sustainable transition towards digital agriculture to this end FAO in its strategic framework is focusing on what they call the Compliments in which we look at governance institutions and a human capital which can guarantee inclusion and protect human rights of One and all in parallel and I would even say in synergy with the acceleration of digital Digital transformation and agriculture the FAO has set up a number of programs and initiatives to make this Into a concrete reality here in Europe and Central Asia This means that across its rooms they've come out its Regions that's come up with strategies for the implementation of digital transformation. There are also There's assistance for rolling out the action plans and these are based on a tangible targets both regionally and nationally in the framework of the Thousand digital villages for example in this initiative. They are setting out a Community-led initiatives so as to make digital transformation in rural areas a reality in 2019 the organization created the data platform based on the geographical and spatial data with the hand-in-hand initiative which is a common good of a digital which enables for the creation of interactive Cartographies to try and address the gaps in real time This geospatial a platform enables us to map the capacities at the end the agricultural sector and Try to improve environmental socio-economic Aspects of of farmers lives. It also enables the targeting of a financial Financial initiatives to improve impact. I'm delighted to share with you today the information that yesterday the FAO received the prize of excellence of the prestigious world geospatial forum 2022 at the ceremony that was held in Amsterdam This prize recognizes the excellent of the geospatial hand-in-hand initiative platform and the results achieved with the cartographies that have been Performed so I should like you to all give a round of applause to our teams for this outstanding prize Which I do think a test to the quality of their worker of Of them and your FAO The international platformer for for digital agriculture and food set up by the FAO is going to be a space for dialogue for a drafting of policies for strengthening the connections and Between that those working in agriculture and the digital economy It's also going to enable states to improve Everything that they are doing in their digital digital sphere while addressing legitimate concerns the FAO Has also managed to bring together all stakeholders so as to undertake a constructive Dialogue on the strategies to be undertaken to exploit the potential of these technologies in an inclusive and Sustainable way today. We're here to listen to different stakeholders and discover the various different approaches and initiatives and and tools that they are using when it comes to Boasting the digital transformation of rural areas and agriculture the agri-food system and and and a rural development to require collective action and consistent action So without any further ado enable me to offer you all of my best wishes for fruitful discussions Thank you very much for your kind attention Thank you very much deputy director general for your inspiring introduction and let me extend my Congratulations to the FAO colleagues that have worked on the handy and geospatial platform for the award They received yesterday congrats So Mr. Thomas you mentioned the work done with digital agriculture Strategies the need to move from strategy to implementation and the need to harness the opportunities brought by technologies To accelerate the digital transformation in rural areas So in today's session we aim at discovering and discussing more in-depth all these elements And I am very excited to learn more from our panelists. So let me introduce them Welcome to her Excellency Vanya Avram Assistant Minister at the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina Welcome to dr. Doris mark Bart Program officer at the European Commission directorate general for agriculture and rural development and Welcome to miss Claire Jordan managing director at a dole the European Association for information on local development and Now I would like to open this panel by posing a first question to her Excellency Vanya Avram As mentioned the FAO original office for Europe and Central Asia has assisted several members in the region in developing Inclusive and sustainable national strategies for the digitalization of agriculture Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the countries that most recently embarked and Completed a national strategy making process with FAO So could you please tell us more about this effort and how you plan to move from strategy to implementation Your Excellency floor is yours Thank you Good morning again from Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina First I would like to thank you for invitation. It's my pleasure to participate in Today's session and talk about Digitalization in agriculture as is well known the FAO made Very important effort and carried out an analysis of the situation in the agricultural sector through the prism of digital transformation in this sector Creating a strategic framework for the development of digital agriculture Digitalization of agriculture is a process aimed at a wide range of participants Through many activities a large number of participants were involved especially from the public and private sectors identify as key ones ministries from the agricultural sector at the state and entity levels agriculture and food agencies advisory service Farmers associations IT companies chambers and others as well as the academic community and farmers a Number of workshops have gathered options and goals of major actors to be key players of digital transformation The analysis established the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the process of digital transformation Which is considered to be at the very beginning of the process Positive and negative factors have been identified Through all phases of the analysis Which deterred the priorities to be made in the coming period in terms of real progress in the process of digital transformation in agriculture Thus five priorities have been defined for the implementation of strategic goals of digital transformation The first one is accelerating digital transformation in the public sector then implementation of IT solution in private sectors human and institutional capacity development for the digital agriculture Improving digital infrastructure in rural areas and raising awareness of the benefits of implemented IT solution in agriculture These goals are certainly of a framework nature and in the coming period. It is necessary to define harmonized action Plans that will lead to the implementation and realization of the goals and strategic plans in the field of digital transformation The precondition is is certainly the adoption of a new strategic plan for rural developments That will include priorities Define measures and activities that will be implemented through a strong Administrative and coordination structure that is able to ensure coherence of activities At all levels of authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina The motivation for this process lies in the fact that is necessary to enable two processes The first one is the accession to the European Union Which requires among other things the establishment of information system Which definitely leads toward the direction of digital agriculture The second process is the necessity of strengthening the competitiveness of agriculture that moves towards the digitalization of agriculture and For the end of this answer It is very important to keep in mind that management and administrative structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the agricultural sector were responsibilities are mostly at entity and particular district levels and partly at the Continental levels in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Document is available at these levels with the intention on harmonization Harmonization policies and practices in this area throughout the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina Thank you Many thanks to you your Excellency for elaborating on the strategic goals you aim to achieve with the implementation of this strategy You noted several important points one aligning your actions to the requirements to access the EU Secondly the importance of learning From more technically and technologically advanced countries and then Importance of ensuring that this strategy is mainstreamed is adopted by the canton's the districts So that the strategy is really translated into action at local level. Thank you very much. Excellency And now let me turn to you our second panel member Dr. Doris Mark Bard Program officer with the European Commission DG Agri So Dr. Mark Bard, we just learned of Bosnia and Herzegovina's strategic plans for the digitalization of agriculture So let me ask you Which Instruments does the European Union provide in support of digitalization? in rural areas and agriculture Thank you for the question and thank you for the invitation with mourning and good afternoon ladies and gentlemen The European Union offers a portfolio of policy us instruments and support of Digitalization and rural areas and agriculture This includes regional development funds the connecting your facility also recovery and resilience facility the digital youth program and noteworthy the common agriculture policy All instruments have different focal points for instance fostering support to digital innovation new and capacities or digital infrastructure It is important that European and national events and support of digitalization I use in a synergistic way Some initiatives framing and supporting efforts to boost digitalization and agriculture and rural areas Are carried out at European level for instance joint research and innovation or the exchange of experience between stakeholders Yet the situation as regards digitalization rural areas and agriculture varies across many For instance in some countries connectivity in rural areas has to be strengthened in others digital skills While in some countries times are technically very advanced and highly digitalized It is important to take stock of the strengths weaknesses opportunities threats to respond in a tailored way to national needs There's a common agriculture policy starting post-2020 digitalization as an integral part of the so-called cross-cutting objecting of modernizing the sector by fostering knowledge innovation and digitalization in agriculture and rural areas While cross-cutting or horizontal supporting digitalization offers the opportunities to contribute to other CEP objectives and support digitalization may not be seen in isolation Digitalization is no end in itself Digitalization can be regarded as an abler For instance the potential of digital technologies can help to increase sustainability performance and competitiveness of the agriculture sector and rural communities And to increase the quality of life And by means of digitalization strategies An enabling environment for using the enabling potential of digitalization can be envisaged There's a common agriculture policy post-2020 Member states are asked to elaborate digitalization strategy as part of the national CEP strategic plan Those strategies allow to account for the national situation situation and to follow a comprehensive approach towards digitalization considering for instance human capacities digital technologies and infrastructure and the provision of data and no mercy to mitigate digital device Fostering a strategic approach also allows using the toolkit of policy instruments in a synergetic and tailored way The comprehensive approach towards digitalization may also include linking public and private efforts in the interest in digitalization In the context of the Common Agriculture Policy Examples in this field include the reduction of administrative burdens for farmers and the administration and life and the use of digital tools or the provision of public data for the development of database solutions for farmers Overall, it is important to reach a kind of trickle-down effect from systemic action at national level to the ground to ensure that the potential of digitalization can be used effectively by stakeholders such as farmers and associations and rural communities Thank you Thank you very much Dr. Mark Vard for the interest in points Thank you for sharing key information on the EU portfolio of policy instruments I noted several additional insightful points here Digitalization not to be seen in isolation, but we regard it as an enabler The need to harness strategies to create an enabling environment The need for a comprehensive approach linking public and private sector and that member states are asked to elaborate digital agriculture strategies in the framework of the Common Agriculture Policy But strategies that put emphasis on digitalization can also emerge from the bottom up Right, Ms. Jordan So let me introduce you to Ms. Jordan She is the Managing Director of ADO, the European Association for Information on Local Development An organization that learns from and fosters community-led innovation to revitalize local communities across Europe So let me ask you, based on ADO's experience and in particularly the studies you carried out around the concept of smart villages in the EU Can you tell us more about how strategies for a digital-led rural development can emerge from the bottom up? And what do they need the most to succeed? Thank you very much Hello to everybody Good morning and good afternoon And thank you for inviting me today To answer your question, smart villages They can be understood simply as rural communities that refuse to wait for change to happen to them So such communities, they are made up of rural people who take the initiative to mobilize themselves and to explore practical solutions to the day-to-day challenges that they face So what they do is they build on their existing strengths and assets and they try to seize new opportunities to improve their quality of life And so there are thousands of such rural communities across Europe who are doing this in various ways with initiatives covering a wide range of fields such as innovation in rural services, renewable energy, urban rural linkages, the bio-economy, agricultural and food, environmental sustainability, etc And these initiatives, they usually begin with local people coming together around a common problem or a common vision to implement some form of plan of actions in order to achieve a specific goal And these initiatives, they can come from civil society organizations, from local authorities or even private sector actors And they tend to start small and they focus on key opportunities or problems that motivate local people And the success of these bottom initiatives, they really involve having to build platforms and partnerships among the relevant stakeholders, as has already been said a little bit today And particularly it's very important to have the active involvement and the support of the appropriate local and regional authorities Because while the initial idea for a smart village can start at the level of a small village or even a hamlet the success often depends upon the cooperation with other nearby villages or towns and cities And this is why national and regional policy makers and implementers really have to ensure that the right policy tools are made available in the right place at the right time for local communities to use in a way that is flexible so that they can be adapted to different and evolving circumstances allowing smart village strategies to start small and then to grow And specifically when it comes to digital strategies for rural communities Studies have shown that even in countries with significant investments in broadband infrastructure these can have a limited impact on rural communities if there isn't a coordinated governance at regional and local level So again what really helps drive the development of rural digital services is those partnerships Okay, they have to involve multiple stakeholders and a coordinated governance framework from local to regional or even national scale to link regional strategies with local initiatives. That will really help build the capacity of the rural stakeholders I think maybe another aspect that we have seen in our experience when supporting these bottom up initiatives is related to connectors to individuals or agencies that support the digital coordination of local actors helping select the best technologies, promoting data sharing, promoting interoperability Those intermediaries in a way, those brokers, those shared spaces are very important to support the digital transition in rural areas For example, we can talk about digital hubs, fab labs, co-working spaces, living labs and other intermediate bodies that can help develop local capacity to innovate This kind of support villages can create, they can contribute to new smart products, new smart services that are really designed to benefit the rural communities and their stakeholders So to go a little bit deeper in this idea of having those co-creation spaces I think what's important, what we have really realized is that while local people know what their needs are they may not be aware of the best technological solutions available for meeting those needs and the successful projects from our experience are often those that adopt a co-creation approach involving a range of service providers, rural organizations and local residents For example, we can have rural digital hubs which tend to operate at the micro-local level They can be located in village halls, community centers or libraries and they can really help rural villages build on the social capital that is inherent to the rural community in question They can also be linked and supported by regional level initiatives For example, there can be regional digital platforms that use co-creation methods to enable rural residents to use digital applications that can support their own social and economic development And finally, I want to talk a little bit about living labs This is something that we have experimented with a lot and we have studied a lot A living lab is usually a multi-actor approach that is used to tap into local insights and come up with practical and sustainable innovation The living labs, what do they do? They facilitate the development of prototypes They facilitate innovation workshops and they really help find joint relevant solutions They provide an environment where potential partners from the industry also can be involved and can explore their solutions quickly having real end users involved And that's very valuable Just to give you one quick example, in Germany, near Lake Constance A living lab is currently looking at how to improve the organic fruit production value chain by involving local and national organic agriculture associations Regional governmental agencies for agriculture, but also research associations Regional governmental agencies, sorry, I've already said it, consulting agencies, environment and biodiversity institutes So a very multi-actor type of approach And this project is interesting, it gives priority to improving the digital infrastructure and skills of family businesses in that particular rural area And it promotes the cooperative use of digitalization services So to conclude, I mean, if I was to maybe sum it up in three key recommendations to best support and nurture these bottom-up community-led initiatives There would be one, to really understand the local digital ecosystem and to focus support on the most promising areas Two, to support the animation, facilitation and brokerage during the project preparation activities to ensure a participatory process And three, to support the development of these enablers and multipliers that we talked about such as living labs and various forms of digital hubs within villages and rural settlements Thank you very much Thanks to you, Ms. Jordan So many interesting experiences to learn from So smart rural communities that take the initiative to mobilize themselves to drive the development of digital services the need to understand the digital ecosystem but also, you know, for FAO, the need to have connectors, to have brokers that are able to support their digital transition Thanks a lot for all these experiences, really So, and now, before I turn back to Dr. Mark Vard for a follow-up question and a second round of questions to the panelists let me remind the audience joining us online on Zoom to write their questions in the Q&A box that they see at the bottom of their screen And we will take all the questions at the end of this second round So, second question to you, Dr. Mark Vard We just learned of locally driven bottom-up initiatives of smart villages Let me ask you then, how does the European Commission foster bottom-up approaches and how they can contribute to accelerating the digital transformation of rural areas Thank you also for this question There are various instruments supporting a bottom-up approach relevant in the context of the sustainability development of rural areas and the agriculture sector I think we have lost Dr. Mark Vard Let's wait just a few seconds to see whether she comes back online Otherwise, I think we will need to give her a few minutes So, she comes back online So, let me then ask a second question to Ms. Joydan Let me go back to Aido So, Ms. Joydan, you have just told us of smart villages and it was mentioned in the opening remarks of Mr. Thomas that FAO has launched a global corporate program called Digital Village Initiative whereby FAO has set the goal to transform 1,000 villages across the globe into digital village hubs and the regional office of Europe and Central Asia is now setting the grounds for the implementation of the initiative for bringing it to the region, learning from the European experience Aido is FAO's strategic partner in defining and establishing an approach that leverages the experience of the European smart villages for the implementation of the FAO Digital Village Initiative in Europe and Central Asia So, could you please tell us more about this? Yes, with pleasure, thank you So, this specific assignment that you are referring to called capitalizing on the good practices and lessons learned from the European smart villages initiatives aims at gaining practical knowledge with a view to better implement FAO Digital Village Initiative in Europe and Central Asia and that's where we as Aido are trying to contribute The work is still very much in progress but we're working with FAO to develop a tailored approach for the transfer of knowledge, technology and experiences from existing smart villages to potential digital villages in the focus countries and this knowledge transfer approach is about connecting villages to learn from each other, to share their experiences and good practices on digitalization focusing on agri-food systems and rural areas and among other things we're drawing inspiration, let's say, from existing approaches such as, for example, town-twinning and for those who are not familiar with this concept town-twinning is a model of long-term cooperation between two towns or municipalities usually based in two different countries based on friendship, trust and mutual enrichment and, for example, we think we can adapt this type of collaboration to facilitate the transfer of digital solutions or to test them in different contexts but this knowledge transfer approach could also take the form of rural networking, for example whereby we will establish formal and informal agreements between villages who decide to cooperate to deliver physical virtual trainings or simply to share information and ideas So one of the first deliverables that has already been produced within this effort is a set of guidelines for the identification of potential digital villages These guidelines come with a scoring system across various factors and give a picture for a particular village of its maturity level within the digital villages process and in ways also there to help assess the preparedness level of a given village to engage in a digital village transformation process So we hope these guidelines will be useful and what I can say so far is that in my opinion FAOREU is really uniquely positioned to bring together lessons and best practices from different angles building, of course, on what is being done in other FAO regions under the 1000 Digital Villages Initiative but also tapping into the good practices and experiences of these European smart villages ADEL is here among other things to help identify and mobilize existing smart villages in the EU to design and implement knowledge transfer and or twinning type activities that will benefit the selected villages in the various target countries and this year we aim to pilot one round of such activities with the intention of learning from it and drawing recommendations for future scaling up I hope I have answered your question Thank you Thank you very much, Ms Jordan We are really looking forward to moving to implementation soon identifying candidate villages and supporting the transferring of knowledge good practices and experience arising from European smart villages So now I see Dr. Marc Bart back online We were asking you how does the European Commission foster bottom-up approaches how can they contribute to accelerate the digital transformation of rural areas Yes, thank you again and my apologies for any connectivity and aspects So there are several new instruments supporting the bottom-up approach relevant in the context of the sustainability development of rural areas and the agriculture sector This includes NIDA, smart villages we heard about and the European Innovation Partnership for Agriculture Productivity and Sustainability the so-called EIPI NIDA and the smart villages often enable rural regions and rural villages respectively to use the development potential following participatory approach And NIDA, the holistic cross-sector approach to the development of the region is fostered Smart villages, as we learned in the previous presentation developed innovative solutions to use their capacities in a smart way Capacities may concern for instance social capital or natural resources which are capitalized through innovative solutions With the European Innovation Partnerships, EIPI following a multi-actor approach embodying practitioners and scientists innovative approaches in support of sustainable agriculture production are developed Nowadays, we know it digitalization is in a set to use the full development potential in rural areas as nearly all daily lives and business actions are linked to digital technology Many smart villages initiatives via local action groups and EIPI operational groups use an enabling potential of digitalization Some of them also foster innovation in the use of digital technology These button-up initiatives may also concentrate as we learned today already other types of innovation so in other fields of action depending on the point of departure of the region, of the village and the objectives they foster It is important that national digitization strategies and bottom-up initiatives go hand in hand and that local actors are empowered and have the capacities to fully exploit the enabling potential of digitalization and to further innovate in various domains In the European Union and beyond those bottom-up approaches are accompanied by support to networking or the exchange of experiences which is organized at the European level for instance to the European network for development the smart villages platform or a network of national broadband competency offices This allows stakeholders to get inspired by innovative solutions developed elsewhere and to get motivated to adapt them to the situation in their village or region Thank you Thank you very much Dr. Mark Ward Let me put emphasis on a sentence that you mentioned the importance that national digital agriculture strategies and local bottom-up initiatives go hand in hand Very inspiring Thank you very much We learned of EU bottom-up approaches we learned of initiatives to foster rural development including smart villages introduced the FIO digital village initiative and the need to capitalize to learn from the European experience and to transfer it to other villages so they can take active steps towards a digitally driven rural development Thank you So let me turn to you again your excellency Vanya Avram and let me ask you how all of what we said resonates with Bosnia-Nerzegovina's strategic plans for rural development Thank you for your question The basic concept of a smart village is to combine the efforts of the community and a set of people who have knowledge and integrate them with information technology in order to provide benefits for the rural community Although there are different criteria that give different indicators the percentage of rural population in Bosnia-Nerzegovina is over 50% which ranks among the top European countries in terms of the share of rural population and indicates the importance of rural areas Even the complexity of the concept of smart and digital villages there is a need for multi-sectoral approach that includes actions of different stakeholders such as telecommunications infrastructure investment agriculture education technological development etc The current situation in this regard in Bosnia-Nerzegovina is that sectoral policies independently treat certain aspects of the development of smart and digital villages and the only systematic approach to this topic is currently in the strategy created within the FAO project Given that this document deals with digital agriculture it provides elements for the creation of digital villages Following the priorities stated in this document and in terms of the development smart and digital villages a possible course of action is to establish two or three pilot smart villages that would serve as examples of good practice in Bosnia-Nerzegovina and as a roadmap for other projects Taking into account the heterogeneity of Bosnia-Nerzegovina in terms of economic, infrastructural agri-environmental social and other aspects, these pilot projects should be implemented in three zones Mediterranean mountain and lowland areas However, in addition to achieving a satisfactory level of general digital transformation such ventures require financial resources to ensure the implementation of pilot projects as well as a specific analysis of project visibility for precise locations Thank you very much Thank you very much Your Excellency Thank you very much for elaborating on your country world development challenges and unique traits Thank you for stating interest in piloting village transformation approaches bottom-up approaches in Bosnia-Nerzegovina Dr. Mark Vart Ms. Jordan Thank you very much for your insights, views and perspectives We are eager to leverage these experiences and good practices that emerged from the discussion to implement initiatives and tangible actions that are truly transformation in rural areas throughout Europe and Central Asia And now, it's time to open the floor to the audience for questions I see already many questions in the Q&A box on Zoom For the audience here present in Poland please raise your hand if you wish to pose a question And now let me ask my colleague Valentin He can read out loud a couple of interesting questions that came up from the Zoom Q&A box Yes, thank you Daniela, as you mentioned we have received a couple of questions online However, due to the limited time we have I'm afraid we will not be able to answer all of them However, I would like to raise your attention to one asked by cannot from Kyrgyzstan can any village become a smart village or are there any preconditions for it Thank you, Valentin So let me repeat the question coming from Kyrgyzstan Can any village become a smart village or a digital village or are there any sort of preconditions to it Who would like to take this question from the speakers I'm happy to give one answer I don't know if it's the only answer because it's an interesting question actually I mean generally I would say that there are three basic conditions for a village to become a successful digital village it needs technological infrastructure so the digital and the internet capacity it needs human capital as has been highlighted by my fellow panelists several times so it's really important that the local stakeholders have the skills and the competencies to apply the new digital solutions and I also think what's important is the economic gains aspect for it to really be successful the village needs to have the capacity to exploit economically the newly acquired access to broadband and technologies with the value created remaining in the local communities but perhaps another really more fundamental factor even more than all these conditions for success I would say that the precondition is the interest and the motivation of the local communities themselves their desire to take matters into their hands to join together to create to not be afraid of trying and testing and sometimes failing it's an iterative process so a true bottom-up initiative can happen in many many places as long as people come together and decide to find a solution to a given problem that is very important to them and meaningful to them and that they're given the space to create, to test, to experiment and eventually to succeed Thank you very much Claire for elaborating on on these important aspects let me turn to Valentin for another question Thanks Daniela, thanks Claire Next question would be from Sophie Trinen What are the investment plans that the EU and the other partners can propose to support digital transformation of agriculture in Eastern Central Europe and Central Asia Is this possibly a question to Dr Mark Ward so what are the investment plans that the EU and possibly other partners can propose to support the digital transformation of agriculture in Eastern Central Europe and Central Asia Yes, thank you for the question I think I would like not to point to the investment plans I think as I referred to in the contribution that I made today in the European Union the investments approaches in the individual countries vary so what is important from my personal perspective is that if developing an investment plan in a country at national level and to take stock of the opportunities and resources and the instruments which are out there how they can contribute in the national context to support digitalization and how best synergies between different national, international and European Union instruments can be achieved and then to develop a specific tailored approach how to best use the different instruments so there will be instruments focusing more on digital infrastructure there will be instruments allowing to foster as we learn today the importance of human capacities to build for instance digital skills and then to maybe this eco-culture and rule development specific actions for instance there might be a common eco-culture policy for instance we ask support for investments in farmers for digital technologies for rural communities to have tailored interventions supplementing the national efforts and digital infrastructure so I think that's not one of the approach the importance is to take stock of the opportunities and then to develop a plan suitable for the country addressing the needs of the country and synergies between the different instruments thank you Thanks to you Dr. Mark Ward I can see many other interesting questions really being asked in the Q&A box and it's great to see so much interest we will note down these questions and reach out to you by laterally and I can tell that probably we will need to organize a follow up session very soon where we elaborate on some of the key concepts that emerged here village twin and this concept of knowledge transfer bottom up approaches how we ensure we mainstream gender elements in the development of smart villages but time is running up and it's time to conclude our panel so it's now my pleasure to invite Mr. Vladimir Olegovich Rachmanin FAO assistant director general and our regional representative for Europe and Central Asia for his closing remarks the floor is yours Thank you very much Daniella it's really extremely important topic because everybody is talking about digitalization now there is a simple point why we need to do it by 2050 we shall have 10 billion people and we need to produce healthy food for all of them and we need to use all tools in order to make our production efficient environmentally friendly and we need to deal with the crisis which are hitting the world those days so we need to deal from the good food or food at all so the challenges are high efficiency should be raised there are many instruments available but digitalization is one of the most prominent ones which will help us to put the good food on the table or the increasing population and not making any more damage to the planet second point which I want to make I just came from last week in digital conference digital agriculture conference in Baku and we have a bit participation from our region but most important is that this conference once again confirmed how diverse we are we have in our region we have European Union we have Central Asia with their experiences with their experiences everybody is working on digitalization very rich experiences what is important is to provide a platform and to share the best practices yesterday we also launched here the regional platform on green agriculture and this is also a digital platform which is providing us with many opportunities to see what is done by the others and to choose what is best for each and every country FAO is working on digitalization digital agriculture in various areas Deputy Director General Thomas was talking about geospatial platform which is very exciting tool we need to bring this tool to the countries at the national level will be able to use it when we talk about and of course the initiative of digital villages which we need to promote in our region and to see how best to promote it in the interest of the countries of course there was a question about what village can be digital to my mind every village can be digital but you need to have hardware you need to have cell phones you need to have software and be able to understand it so it very much depends on the promotion by the national governments by very much depends in terms of hardware because I studied EU experiences and sometimes even in the developed countries of European Union the question of broadband might make the spread and expansion of digitalization in rural areas a bit limited but I know that EU colleagues are working on that also the pandemic taught us how connected can we be and how we can use in a very practical ways the digital tools connection between supplies and consumers became very direct quite often the markets were closed so consumers were able to connect with suppliers immediately so people are very creative and we need to use this creativity and support this creativity in the time of digitalization around us yesterday I have a lot of meetings here in Poland yesterday I talk to my colleagues from Tajikistan and they are telling me that they introduced in the mountain areas of Tajikistan which allows the farmers to provide efficient irrigation just simply saying what is the humidity of the air what is the situation with the soil it's kind of a pilot project but it's very important that it's already showed it's efficient so these ways should be should be promoted more also when we talk about digitalization we need to keep in mind since we are in Europe here we need to keep in mind the European Union regulations on the use of IT and intellectual rights that should all be harmonized because otherwise that would be difficult to make it widespread and kind of universal so many issues to look into but what I can say that there is huge interest we need to work together in order to make this digitalization happening and promoting digital agriculture and showing the efficiency of that and of course FAO stands ready to provide the platform for that and connect all our members and partners in the government's private sector civil society in inclusive manner thank you very much we have a lot of things to do but we succeed definitely thank you very much thank you to the assistant director general for your closing remarks thanks again to her excellency Avram thanks to Dr. Mark Vard thanks to Ms. Jordan thanks to our guest here in Poland and the audience that has joined us online I wish you a very good rest of your day thank you


How To Solve Practical Problems This video will explain steps that you can take to solve practical problems. A problem is when you experience a particular difficulty, but have not found any solution. Problems can be practical, such as missed classes and assignments. Problems can also be emotional, such as feeling left down and hopeless about missing school. Often these two types of problems can combine and seem difficult to solve. Problem solving involves strategies that can help you cope with problems in a productive way. 1. The first step in managing practical problems is identifying your problem and what you would like to do different. 2. The next step is to brainstorm all the ways that you could solve the problem. 3. Step 3 is to think about your choices and decide which are possible, reasonable and doable. 4. Step 4 is to follow through with the choices that are achievable. 5. The last step is to evaluate your results. Did your actions solve the problem? If your actions have not helped your situation, try acting on the other options that you have brainstormed. Try these steps to help solve your practical problems.


Let's welcome a chichou. I don't see a way out. There won't be a new government devoid of past leaders in our lifetime So there's all Depressing to me. No nice little comic not true. Not true. Not true. Not true. That's the the old Saying that a lot of people say it's always been like this like when I talk with some of the elders They go, oh chichou. It's always been like this. I go. No, just because it's been like this always in your lifetime It doesn't mean it's always been like this. Like people talk about like I used to encounter this with war on drugs I've been a cannabis advocate for I don't know 20 years more, right? And then people say oh chichou. It's always been like this. It's always been like this I go, what are you talking about? It's always been like this war on drugs really kicked into high gear in 1973 with Nixon 1977 early 1970s with Nixon and before that with the tax Hemp tax thing that they rolled out in the early 1900s. What do you mean? It's always been like this if anything Cannabis has always been a part of human life Right is one of the plans that we have used the most but when you talk to people now It was it was like or 10 years ago 20 years ago. They're like, oh, it's always been like this It's always been like this. What war on drugs is all of the America's war on drugs has always been around No, it hasn't it's it's a mental state that centralized power puts people in Right, like right now people have it's easier for them to imagine an asteroid hitting the planet and Armageddon the asteroid being split earth being split and every life on earth it being extinguished then They can they can't the end of capitalism, right? I think who who said this? It was Robert Anton Wilson or someone else, right? They said basically people have a have an easier time imagining the end of the world and then they then they can't the end of capitalism Right or the end of socialism or the end of communism or the end of whateverism, right? No, not so well comics. I disagree things can flip like this all of a sudden you might see whoop Something happened and you're like what? Chris hedges Has talked about this a lot regarding the collapse of the iron curtain, right? No one predicted it. No one predicted it that it would happen and it happened overnight Right, there was ripple effect. There's no doubt But it did take place. It did take place right


what's up ladies and gentlemen we're back again today with video number one of our getting lean protocol today we're going to talk about movement and why it's super important for helping you live an awesome life and get lean so guys the body is burning calories 24-7 just simply by you existing and breathing your body needs to burn calories to perform basic bodily functions the amount of calories your body burns by just existing is your resting metabolic rate if you add movement into that and additional things that you do to burn calories like exercise you come up with your total daily energy expenditure which is just a fancy way of saying the total number of calories you burn each day in order to get lean and lose body fat we want to make sure that the amount of calories that our body is burning through exercise and existence is greater than the number of calories that we are consuming through food each day this is also another way of saying a calorie deficit in order to lose body fat you need to move your body and create a calorie deficit so what kind of movements am I talking about well for us here at Zendu'd Fitness the most fun and efficient way to do that is through high intensity jump rope workouts which torch more fat than just regular workouts or things like jogging or you can also do muscle building weight workouts which will also help you burn a massive amount of calories and get you that lean shredded physique how long are we talking honestly guys it's mostly about nutrition which I'll talk about next in tomorrow's video so just know that you only need to be working out for 30 maybe 40 minutes per day as long as you are getting intense and getting after it so what's the equipment that I need Dan it really depends on your goals if you're just looking to get shredded and you already have built a significant amount of muscle mass and you just want to shred up and lose body fat then all you need is a jump rope and your body because you're going to be doing a lot of calisthenics body weight exercises and a whole lot of jump and rope so if you need to build some more muscle and get that lean toned physique then you're going to need weights preferably a gym membership but it's not totally necessary for getting the Zendu'd body or do that or do that body for example when we're traveling or it's inconvenient brand and I just do jump rope and a bunch of body weight exercises particularly push-ups and pull-ups the movement that you incorporate into your life and the way that you burn calories it should be fun guys if you're going to look you have to move your body in order to be lean and stay lean you can't just do it one time and then never do it again you have to continue this process so if you're going to continue the process over a lifetime and you need to make it a lifestyle which you do why not make it fun guys that's why we recommend using the jump rope turning on some music and getting after it so on tomorrow's video we're going to be getting into the next topic which is nutrition to make sure you get notified for that video please make sure you click the little bell below get the notification and we'll see you tomorrow


Hey, welcome back everybody. Jeff Frick here with theCUBE. We're in Reno, Nevada at the Reno Convention Center. It's InnerBike 2018. I think it's like 20,000 people. Haven't got the official account yet, but this has been an amazing show. It's all about bicycles. We came because we want to learn more about e-bikes and really this kind of last mile thing that's going on, mobility. And right at the center of the e-bike revolution is a company that's been around forever. And that's Bosch. And we're happy to have Jonathan Winder. He's a sales and marketing manager for the Bosch e-bikes. Jonathan, great to see you. Great to see you, Jeff. So I don't know if everybody knows. You guys power like half of all the e-bikes that are out there. You guys are completely in bed with all these manufacturers with really the industry leading system. Thank you. Yes, the Bosch e-bike system, you'll find it worldwide on about 70 different bike brands throughout the world. Here in North America, we're on about 30 different brands from Trek to Electra to Cannondale. And they power all types of bikes. So commuter bikes, cargo bikes, fat bikes, mountain bikes, any type of bike that you can think of can use the Bosch e-bike system to amplify the rider's power and help you go further, higher, farther, less sweat or sweat it out, whatever you want. Right, it's like the magic power. So the magic carpet ride. The make-up components are you got the drive unit which is really the heart of the system, the battery obviously to provide the power, and then the control unit that's up on top of the handlebar so you can control it. Exactly. So we were talking before we turned the cameras on, I'm kind of the history. You guys have been at this for like nine years, I believe you said. Exactly, yeah, we invented this system nine years ago. It was a combination of technology from our automotive business. So an electric power steering motor married with technology from our power tools business, the lithium-ion battery pack. And we also had some sensors, torque sensors and electronics. And we put these technologies together and the engineers back then, what they wanted to do is create something to make cycling still feel like cycling but help you conquer hills and go farther and use the bike more. Right, it's pretty interesting because there's a whole lot of data that's feeding that software and the algorithms to make those feedback loops smooth, make them feel like bicycling. So it's really your riding on software. Exactly, you're riding on software and we have three sensors that are capturing your input. Torque sensor from the pedals, how fast you're pedaling and wheel speed. And those three sensor measurements go into the electronics and tell the motor how much extra oomph to give you. Right, but you have to be pedaling, right? It's always one of the inputs. Exactly, these are all pedal assist e-bikes and they only assist you when you pedal no throttle and they can assist you up to 20 miles per hour or 28 miles per hour for our speed system. Right, we saw that last night in the Gazelle, they had one of the 28 mile an hour bikes. Yeah, which is great for people that have long distance commutes or they want to do these huge adventure rides. So yeah, both are great. Now what about the maintenance for these types of system? I mean, it looks like a pretty close system. It is totally closed, yeah. It's totally closed. Yeah, the maintenance, they last a long time. They're warrantied for two years but if you have a problem with anything and you take it to the dealer, the dealer takes the component off sends it to Bosch and gives you a new one. You don't have to open anything or solder anything. Right, right. Yeah, no, it's automotive grade sort of service and diagnostics. So the other thing we're seeing all over the show flow here again is all about the data. There's so much more data available to the riders. We're just at the Garmin booth and I don't know how many different data sets that they can track in terms of your pedal pressure and whether you're tipping back and forth, whether you're even. And you guys are actually pulling some of that external data back into your systems, right? For a unified experience for the rider. I think you said a heart rate sensor for instance. Exactly, that's the newest feature that we are showcasing at InnerBike today. The Kiox display, which connects man and machine or woman and machine. You can wear a heart rate monitor and as you're riding, you can see your heart rate on your device which is great if you want to train on any mountain bike. Sometimes you want to keep your heart rate in a certain range. Sometimes you want to make sure it doesn't go above a certain limit. Right. Yeah, so it's our first step into connectivity. Many more connectivity features will follow. Right. So I'm just curious from your perspective on the bike industry, because you sit in kind of this cat bird seat since you deal with so many different types of bikes. And I was amazed at how much of the mountain bike adoption of the e-bikes is happening here. Have you seen within your dealers kind of this new opportunity to leverage electronics and a motor to kind of reinvigorate the brands, reinvigorate the models, and reinvigorate many of the, just a wide range of cool form factors that we're seeing all over the floor. Yeah, so, yeah, nine years ago, Bosch coupled with Hi-Bike. Hi-Bike sort of created this segment of e-mountain biking by putting the motor in a unique way into the bike. And since then, this e-mountain bike trend has really taken off. It's huge in Europe. You'll see e-mountain bikes all over the ski resorts there. They're allowing families to ski, to e-mountain bike together, to bike together, just like they ski together in the winter. So it's reinvigorating ski resorts. And we see ski resorts here in the US also embracing e-mountain bikes. Mammoth Mountain just, they allowed class one e-mountain bikes on all their bike park trails. So e-mountain biking is really spreading through this resort and other resorts. North Star, right down the mountain, right up the road. And I wonder on the city side, again, lessons we can learn from Europe, because it seems like the regulations are, they're always a little bit behind the technology in terms of, how are e-bikes treated? Are they a bike? Are they a motor vehicle? And I know there's some laws, but it still seems a little bit confused. And cities aren't quite ready to realize that an e-bike is better than a car in terms of so many things happening in the city. Are you guys involved in that? Are you kind of industry consortium and how do you see that evolving? So we've been involved with several other bike companies and people for bikes to create a framework how to regulate e-bikes. And we've divided e-bikes into three classes, class one, two and three, pedal assist, throttle. Anyway, setting up this definition of the three classes of e-bikes, we've created this e-bike law in California and nine other states throughout the country. So now they know how to regulate e-bikes in these three classes and they can limit where each class can go on the roads. And with this regulation, we're seeing the e-bike adoption in these states really start to pick up now that they're easier to regulate. Right. Well, Jonathan, really a cool story and it's been really fun to watch, boss, especially as you guys have gone from your long history in the auto parts world to this new exciting space. So thanks for taking a few minutes and congrats. Oh, my pleasure, Jeff. Thank you. All right, he's Jonathan. I'm Jeff. You're watching theCUBE. We're at Interbike in Reno, Nevada. Thanks for watching. See you next time.


Welcome to the 10th lecture of this course. We actually stopped you know at the wave equation in the previous lecture. So, we will start with this classical eddy current theory. So, this will be the first you know slide of 10th lecture. So, classical eddy current theory we basically solve diffusion equation a metallic plate excited by a surface you know field intensity this is time varying. So, here for example, here this is a you know what is known as semi-infinite slab conducting plate. So, why it is called a semi-infinite? Because it is infinite. So, this is in this is z direction and you know this is x direction and coming out of the paper is y direction. So, semi slab is infinite is infinite in extent in x and y direction and it is you know half infinite in z direction and then we are actually analyzing the diffusion of currents and eddy currents and diffusion of fields into this metal plate. So, now, here when I am writing this now we are this diffusion equation this diffusion equation we are actually writing it as you know d by dt is replaced by j omega. So, we are working in phasor with phasors now in frequency domain. So, now this you know if we consider e as only x directed because analytical solutions are generally simplified. So, you know as I have told in one of the first lectures also when you want to derive some simple expressions and understand the theory you have to do some approximation. So, e is assumed to be only in x direction and it is function of z. So, only as e into z when it you know field diffuses it changes with z. So, then if that being so then del square e will just get reduced to del d 2 e x by dz square minus and then minus j omega mu sigma e x is equal to 0. The solution that will satisfy this is this e x is equal to e x p this e x p is the amplitude into e raised to minus gamma z where gamma is propagation constant gamma is propagation constant which is given by alpha plus j beta alpha is the attenuation constant and beta is the phase constant. So, here alpha I know if you substitute back into this expression then you know you will get alpha as 1 plus j square root of pi x mu sigma. So, the you know theory of these eddy currents is you know available in many books. So, one of such books is you know mentioned here those who are interested to understand little deeper into how this derivation comes how this formula comes they can refer any of these such books. So, gamma is given by 1 plus j square root of pi f mu sigma. So, then since gamma is alpha plus j beta alpha and beta are given by square root of pi f mu sigma. So, going further e x then becomes e x p e raised to minus alpha z where it was earlier e raised to gamma z. But now gamma is alpha plus j beta and now when we go into time domain since beta is representing the phase constant then the expression becomes e x p e raised to minus alpha z this represent the attenuation is it not exponential decrease cos of omega t minus beta z. So, beta into z will give you the phase with beta being the phase constant. And then you know if you substitute in place of alpha you know the expression that we have got from the previous slide then you get e x p e raised to minus z square root of pi f mu sigma cos of omega t minus z square root of pi f mu sigma. So, now if you see at z is equal to delta now here you know delta is a skin depth here. So, that is at z equal to delta is equal to 1 over square root of pi f mu sigma which is called as skin depth. Then the magnitude of e x will be e raised to minus 1 e x p because this you know if z is 1 over square root of pi f mu sigma then this amplitude will become just e x p e raised to minus 1. And then at surface at the surface the magnitude will be just e x p because when z is equal to 0 here this will become e raised to 0 and then that will reduce to just e x p and here this is normalized with respect to e x p that is why here I am just marking it as 1. So, now if you see by this expression e raised to minus 1 as we go inside you know this conducting plate at one depth of penetration which is called as skin depth the magnitude become e raised to minus 1 of that at the surface. So, e raised to minus 1 is 0.368. So, it reduces to that. So, it is exponential dk and is a classical you know eddy current theory and the corresponding diffusion solution. Now, what is the importance of all this in this in the context of our course. So, for example, here you know if you calculate the skin depth for various materials that we encounter in electrical machines and equipment the for copper you know at 50 hertz if you substitute the parameter pi f at 50 hertz I am calculating mu is mu 0 into mu r right mu r for copper is 1 copper is diamagnetic material and mu r is very very close to 1 but less than 1 but for practical purposes we can take it as 1. Similarly, for aluminum it is 1 right. So, 1 and the conductivity of copper at you know room temperature we are taking it as 4.7 into 10 raised to 7 Siemens per meter and then you get 10.3 mm as the skin depth of copper right. Similarly, at 60 hertz it will be 9.4 because it is inversely positioned to square root of frequency. So, as frequency goes up the skin depth will drop right. For aluminum conductivity is 61 percent of that of copper right. So, the skin depth for aluminum is 13.2 mm at 50 hertz and then for mild steel which is a structural element used very commonly in machines and equipment. Relative permeability is 100 which is corresponding to saturation case while they are considering saturation because you know the skin depth is very small you know and if the flux that is impinging is getting concentrated in very small skin depth. So, you know the mild steel material is considered as sort of saturated and the corresponding saturation permeability is taken. Otherwise we know generally mild steel it is a type of steel with predominant iron the permeability will be somewhere around 1000 in unsaturated here. But for analysis we take mu R as 100 and the corresponding conductivity of mild steel is taken as 7 into 10 raised to 6 one order less than aluminum and copper and then the corresponding skin depth for mild steel is 2.69 much smaller than aluminum and copper and then you know also thing to notice typically you know the mild steel enclosures that we build the thickness is typically you know 5 mm, 10 mm you will never find till you know mild steel thickness 1 mm, 0.5 mm that will be too thin to be mechanically you know stable. So, when you use mild steel material almost all the loss will occur in the mild steel because you know the thickness or the plate is you know considerably higher suppose 10 mm. So, it is almost 4 times this we know that this you know exponential decay this is like typically in 5 exponential you know that is e raised to minus 5 if it is there it will basically you know or in 5 sorry in 5 skin depths this value of field will go almost to 0 like you know in circuit we have 5 time constant the we get almost final steady state value. Similarly, in case of in here in about 5 skin depth the value you can take it as you know almost equal to you know 0. So, we actually you know can say that if you use a mild steel material almost entire loss will get you know absorbed in the mild steel and in order to reduce that loss then you may have to use some kind of shielding. For example, if you have a mild steel plate in the vicinity of you know some source which is producing field and that field is impinging on this mild steel and causing eddy current losses in that what you could do is you could shield this mild steel by using aluminum or copper you know plate thin plate of at least you know something like if it is copper it should be at least 5 mm if it is aluminum it should be around 10 mm why it should be like that I will tell in the next slide. So, this aluminum or copper will basically shield is mild steel material. So, this is called as electromagnetic shielding right. So, more about it little later and you know the what will happen is this aluminum and copper the eddy currents induced in this aluminum or copper they will basically repel the incident field and a mild steel plate will be shielded from the incident field. So, that is you know the practical application of such materials. One may also use non-magnetic stainless steel in some application. Non-magnetic stainless steel means you know mu R is 1 relative permeability is 1 and conductivity is even lower than the mild steel because it is a high resistance material. So, it is 1.13 into 10 raise to 6. Now, here the skin depth for stainless steel you can see if you put it in this formula you will get 67 mm at 50 hertz. This is something important that means you know if you shield some electromagnetic device say transformer or any other device and you know you enclose it in stainless steel tank and that stainless steel tank is not going to have a thickness of 70 mm typically again the thickness will be some 10 mm, 5 mm, 15 mm. So, the field is going to come out of that is it not because you know in 1, 2 or 3 skin depth the field is not reducing to 0. So, in fact, field will come out of that is stainless steel enclosure. So, if suppose you know you are required to design an electromagnetically shielded product where in you know that your customer specifies that you know no field should be coming out of that device you cannot use stainless steel you know material as enclosure because the field will come out for the practical thicknesses that are used. So, this is again having a lot of practical you know significance. So, what I am trying to say is this theory of eddy currents is very important while you know designing machines and equipment. Now, we will see before going to the next slide we will see this slide. So, this is you know slide which shows you know this eddy loss as a function of material thickness. Now, you know it is again these three materials are shown which are commonly used aluminum which is representing non-magnetic but highly conducting material, mild steel it is conducting material but magnetic whereas aluminum is non-magnetic is it not. So, it is highly conducting non-magnetic conducting mild steel is aluminum is highly conducting and non-magnetic mild steel is conducting and magnetic and stainless steel is high resistant high resistance material and non-magnetic. So, you know all three materials are representing three different types of characteristics. And now you can also see here in this slide the you know the variation of loss with respect to plate thickness is considerably that pattern is considerably different in all these three materials. Now, I am not going to go into details of this you know but this has considerable influence in deciding you know which type of material to be used particularly for shielding purposes. And what should be the thickness of those materials and all that for those who are interested further in understanding this theory and application of this theory of eddy current they can refer the book that is you know mentioned here below in this slide. So, after seeing that let us go to the next slide. So, we will talk now about pointing vector another important vector in electromagnetic and it has good influence on the field computation that we generally do as part of this course or in general and it is useful for even high frequency electromagnetic when we are considering wave propagation. So, now P, pointing vector P is given by cross product of E and H. Now, in the case that we analyzed that conductor and field diffusing inside the conductor we assume their E as E only in x direction is it not. And if we actually use one of the Maxwell's equation that curl equation we will easily derive if E is only in x direction and is function of z is it not that is more important E x and it was function of z is it not if that is substituted in one of the curl equation you will easily get H only in y direction. So, H will be H y A y and the P will become then E cross H will be you know simply A x cross A y. So, that you will get in P in z direction and that is what we saw there when E was in x direction. E was in x direction the although I did not discuss that, but H was in y direction and that gave power flow in z direction. So, basically this z is the diffusion of power into the conductor. So, going further here we also need to understand what is known as intrinsic impedance which is you know intrinsic impedance of a medium which is given by in this case in general it is E upon H, but here for the considered case of diffusion problem it will be simply E x by H y because E is in x direction H is in y direction. And then if you use the expression that we have got earlier and if you refer the standard books on eddy current theory you can easily see this getting derived E x by H y is square root of j omega mu upon sigma and then you get then expressions for E x and H y as this this we had already written in the one of the previous slides and H y by using this you know intrinsic impedance formula H y you can easily determine as being this. Now, H also is you know there is a exponential variation e raise to minus z by delta as E, but there is phase difference between E x and H y. When it is a free space in case of you know wave propagation problem for example, a lossless case E x and H y there will be they will be in phase although they are orthogonal in space, but they will be in time phase. But here then since this is a lossy case sigma is there there is going to be a phase difference between E and H. So, now P z is equal to E x into H y. So, it is now you can see here when you multiply both this the power will be proportional to E raise to minus 2 z by delta. So, what is this power? This is basically representing eddy current loss in the metallic plate. So, what it is telling is that the although E and H they are varying with you know single exponential e raise to minus z by delta the power is varying with double exponential negative. So, you know you will have at z is equal to delta you will have power e raise to minus 2 into that of the surface value and e raise to minus 2 is 0.135 that means almost you know 86 percent of the power will be sort of lost in one skin depth. So, 86 percent of the power is lost in one skin depth. So, what it tells us is there is a more rapid variation of power as compared to E and H fields and that is important if you want to capture that variation then we have to use very fine mesh when we actually from next lecture onwards we are going to see that. So, we are going to see finite element theory. So, we will again discuss that point when we solve diffusion problem. So, we need to have sufficient number of elements in one skin depth at least two or three if you are using linear element. If you want to use only one or two finite elements then you will have to do quadratic approximation that is second order approximation in finite when you use finite element formulation. What we saw in the previous slide was basic theory of eddy current and basically it was you know we did if we did find solution to diffusion equation and based on that we calculated the expression found out the expression for skin depth and all that. Now, we will go further and find out how do we compute eddy current losses in conductors. Now, this is very common in electrical machines and equipment you have either you know conductors of copper or aluminum subjected to alternating field or you may have field because of current and leakage field in the winding hitting the structural parts conducting parts and causing eddy current. So, this is common in static as well as rotating machine. So, what we are going to see is we will calculate we will find out the basic formula for induced losses in winding conductors, co-laminations, joints and structural parts. There are two common cases of excitation. So, first you know is like this case wherein the conductor in question is very thick and it is excited on both sides by tangential B0 flux density. So, here this is electrically thick conductor whereas since it is you know T is thickness is much greater than skin depth. The second case is case of thin conductor when thickness is less than skin depth. So, you know for thickness greater than skin depth which is electrically thick conductor the loss per unit length in x and y direction. Now, remember this is z direction thickness is in z direction. So, the what you know have surface these two surfaces vertical surfaces they will be the x y plane. So, we are calculating loss per unit length in x and y direction. So, this T is in z direction. So, this formula is given by the formula is this eddy loss per meter square because it is per unit length in x and y direction. Now, the derivation of this is given in this reference below given below those who are interested they can you know find out how this formula is derived. Similarly, this formula below for electrically thin conductor also the corresponding derivation is given in this you know reference. Now, here H0 is the magnetic field intensity which is B0 upon mu 0 and this is the peak value. Now, this is the case of inductance limited eddy current because the thickness is high and the eddy currents will be induced because when thickness is small you will have resistance being high and though that high resistance will limit eddy current. But when thickness is large resistance is small, but inductance will be more. So, that is why the first case when thickness is more it is it is the case of inductance limited eddy current. Now, second case electrically thin T is less than skin depth you have again loss per meter square given by this formula. Of course, here sigma and delta have the usual notation sigma is the conductivity and delta is the skin depth that we have you know already studied delta is 1 over square root of pi mu sigma. So, P e in this case is given by angular frequency square then B0 square P cube sigma upon 24. But generally you know in electrical machines and transformer you would finally, would want eddy loss expression in terms of loss per unit volume because generally it is easier to calculate the volume of the winding conductor. So, that is why you further divide this by T in z direction because this earlier this formula is per unit length or per unit length in x and y. You further divide by unit further by the dimension in z direction and then you will get you know that one T will go and this is the famous formula for eddy loss per unit volume frequency angular frequency square B0 square T square upon 24 times resistivity. So, this is as I mentioned earlier here thickness is small. So, resistance will be high and this will be a case of resistance limited eddy current. How do we reduce the eddy current loss? That you can do by subdividing the conductor. So, you can divide subdivide the conductor and you know you can. So, you eventually you know you reduce the thickness to such value which is possible from the point of your mechanical consideration because lesser the thickness you make there to be other design considerations as well like you know mechanical strength and all that. So, as long as that is permitted you can reduce the thickness go on reducing the thickness and of course that conductor with that small thickness should be commercially available. So, that is the reason that at very high frequencies you generally do not have single strip conductor available in very thin dimensions. So, then there you use conductor in the form of foil a very thin foil of aluminum or copper foil which is of the you know the thickness is quite small of the order of say you know 0.5 mm or 1 mm like that. So, you know that you can use or at very high frequencies suppose there is some power electronics application you know and you know your frequency is something like more than 10 kilowatts or up to even 50 kilowatts in what is known as Litz wire is used. In that Litz wire you have thousands of small, small strands which are you know continuously sort of transport to reduce the circulating current loss. See because when you use number of parallel conductors you are reducing the eddy current loss, but those parallel conductors if they are not linking the same flux then there will be circulating current loss between these parallel conductors because flux and therefore inductance and impedance of these parallel conductors will not get equalized and there will be circulating currents and corresponding circulating current loss. So, that is the reason that whenever you use large number of you know conductors in parallel to reduce the eddy current loss you have to also transpose them continuously possible and reduce the circulating current loss also. So, we will go further now maybe before going further let me you know tell you these configurations which are practically you know possible suppose you know you take a case of transformer is a magnetic circuit window core window and you have two windings and we have seen earlier also there is a leakage field like this. It is a transformer window, this is the LV winding, this is the HV winding. Now if you actually see this winding if I sort of zoom this winding this LV winding. So, this may be made up of conductors or turns like this. The conductors are stacked in a disc form in one disc this will be another disc and so on. So, many discs are there. Now if you take now one particular turn or one particular turn of this disc which is of this form now and there is this leakage field. Now you can see this leakage field is incident tangentially on in both parts, both surfaces. So, this is the case what we are actually. So, when this thickness of this conductor is very small as compared to a smaller or even comparable with skin depth that approximation is good enough. Then you have this thin conductor case because when this conductor is very thick for example, in case of what are known as bar winding where in winding is made up of very thick conductor where you know it is like a bar they cannot be easily bent also. Then that becomes the case of electrically thick conductor and then the corresponding this formula has to be used which is you know in that formula for electrically thick conductor. Whereas when this thickness is much smaller or comparable or almost equal to the skin depth then you know you can use this formula for the thin conductor. So, the corresponding theory you can you know see in this book that is given below. So, we will go to the next. Now you know we have more or less covered many topics in basics of electromagnetic. I wanted you to little bit understand this pointing vector so that some of the very common doubts that we have can get cleared. For example, let us take a case of transmission line. Now transmission line you know we generally say the power flows through conductor is a source and this is say load and this is a transmission line. We generally say that you know power flows through this transmission line. So, generally power actually is not carried by the conductor power is carried by the surrounding field. So, I will you know explain you both the cases the power flows in two directions. So, one is along the line in z direction where the power is flowing along the z direction from source to load is it not. But that power is carried by this E and H field. So, there is a E field vertically down between the two conductors and the H field is shown by dot and cross because current is flowing in this direction. Now actually if you take you know E cross H for this H here is vertically down H is into the plane E will be in this direction. Up if you go E basically is vertically up and it that you know E may eventually you know go to the reference like this it may turn. But at this point E will be normal to the conductor because we have seen earlier E is always normal to the conductor surface. So, at this point at least E will be normal later on it may it may turn immediately, but that is okay. So, now E has reverse this direction but H also has reverse this direction it is now dot and this is vertical E is vertically up again E cross H if you apply right hand rule E will be along the this direction. Right. So, here who is carrying the energy and the corresponding power it is basically the E and E field which is all in this space here and all this space E field is there everywhere is it not as well as the H field is there. So, this E and H field together and the corresponding cross product is basically carrying the energy. So, the fields carry the energy. Now you may wonder you know then what is this current you know the let us what is this current doing and what is happening inside the conductor right. So, now let us sort of zoom this conductor this is this conductor zoom here. Now the here this I am taking this E which is this E in the horizontal direction which is basically due to the voltage drop is it not voltage drop across the conductor because there is a finite conductivity and then there is a corresponding voltage drop and then there will be corresponding electric field intensity right. So, that you know electric field intensity is now in this direction right and then you know you have this current is still in the same direction and the corresponding you will have you know cross and dot H fields within the conductor earlier we were considering H fields outside the conductor in the vicinity here H fields we are considering inside the conductor. So, it will be dot and cross and now again if you calculate you know E cross H you will get you know for this horizontal component and this dot H field P will be down and for this two components we will be up. So, that means these two you know vertical components of P they are representing conductor loss because of finite conductivity of the conductor right. So, basically you know what we understood here is there are two two components of E one we one two sets of component one set of component we considered vertical because of potential difference between the you know top conductor and the bottom conductor and the other you know E field we considered along the conductor basically is representing the voltage drop and then we clearly understood that the power and the corresponding energy is carried by the fields in the by the you know fields in the space surrounding the conductor. So, all these space here here that is carrying the power from the source to the load let us see another example of transformer. Now, this is the transformer with you know LV and HE windings as usual with currents flowing in dot and cross and the corresponding leakage field will be as shown here the leakage field will be like this right. Now, actually if you zoom this now this part here the gap between the two windings and the corresponding leakage field here the leakage field is vertically up for the dot and cross shown is it not. So, H field is vertically up here in the gap between the LV and HE winding E is into the paper because here LV is the primary winding yeah. So, E will be into the into the paper right and so will be the and remember this again you know E is not necessarily always is associated with the conductor by Maxwell's equations del cross E is equal to minus daba V by daba T there will be you know curling of E field in the whole space surrounding that dB by dt. So, that is why there will be you know E E field not only in the in the winding space but it will be also there in the gap between the two winding okay. So, now so this E is into the paper and H is vertically up. So, now you can see again E cross H the power flows from LV to HE what core is responsible is only for electromagnetic induction. So, core basically is efficiently inducing voltages in LV and HE winding because without core also you could have you know voltage induced in secondary winding is it not only thing it will not be efficient right. So, what actually is responsible for power flow is both E and H field E field we understand because of Faraday's law del cross is equal to minus daba V by daba T the corresponding H is basically once the current flow start flowing in the secondary then only you know power will be transferred to the secondary if not when secondary is loaded then only power will be transferred. Moment the secondary is loaded you have this corresponding leakage field here as shown here and then the whole space of the windings wherever this leakage field is there crossed with E E cross H will result into power flow from primary to secondary. Now we will see another you know example of pointing vector and again here it is capacitor right. Now this is you know two capacitor plates right and capacitor is charged by some source it is not sure it is a DC source maybe okay and then you know capacitor plate get charged to plus and minus plus and minus charges. Now carefully observed earlier also I told the charges are marked with specific you know logic here you can see you know the charges are more or less equi-spaced at the end they are concentrated because electric field intensity is high at the ends because of you know sharp corners turning is same right. On this side on the top plate also there will be charges so we generally show we have been showing capacitor plate as only you know thin and we used to show only charges on one side but here charges will be on both sides on the top surface as well as bottom surface. But top surface they will be you know sparsely placed they because you have more coulombic force in the inside of the capacitor is it not that is why the charges positive and negative charges will be concentrated on the inner surfaces of these two plates right. So that is the only few charges are shown on the these two surfaces top surface of this and bottom surface of this plate and there will be e field lines like this also right. Now actually if you see when this you know capacitor is being charged right so you have you know if you see generally we say that you know power we may tend to say that the power and the energy is flowing into the capacitor like this in the vertical direction. So actually power flows again you apply e-classification as concept here you know for example take on this line outside line e is vertically down h is into the paper for this current right and the p will be like this here e is at this angle h is still into the paper e is like this. So energy is being fed into the capacitor through the fields in the whole space. Now here e is in the same direction what is reversing here is h because h will be dot here and that is a power wheel power direction will be reverse right. So I hope this makes the thing clear so we will go further. So this is the you know last slide of our basics of electromagnetic module. So what we are doing is we are summarizing Maxwell's equation. So you know Maxwell's equations here are written in differential as well as integral form right. So I do not have to read this you all know why now all these equations also we time to time we converted those differential form of equation into integral form as you know listed here right. Now one question may come into our mind that you know what about electromagnetic boundary conditions under time varying field because we initially saw boundary conditions for electrostatic field then we saw magnetostatic field. Now you know we will see what happens when time varying terms like this d psi by dt or this term dA by d by dA by t term they come into picture what happens to the boundary condition. Now although we did not derive earlier any of the boundary conditions for you know understanding the contribution of this time varying term I have just you know derived here for one case that is we will derive the boundary conditions for tangential component of electric field intensity. Now if you read any textbook standard textbook on electromagnetic they will take you know boundary like this with you know two material this is material two here and here material one with E2 and E1 as the electric field intensities. Now you take this counter at the interface and that counter you take that and that delta H is very small. So now here you have this counter and the corresponding area dS is this and you know you are the A n vector will be vertically downward that is into the paper in this case right and but since delta H tends to 0 dS also will tend to 0 because one of the you know of this rectangle rectangular sort of contour if you assume this as rectangle since delta H tends to 0 the area will tend to 0. So this you know contribution of this because as we see as we have seen earlier and I told you that boundary conditions are derived by using integral form of equation is it not differential form would not help because differential form of equations are telling you what is happening at a point in space but here we need to integrate something along the surface so you have to use integral form. So integral form when we use this integral close line integral E dot dl is this now here dS will tend to 0. So that is why this time derivative term does not contribute to boundary condition. So you get your usual you know each E1 t is equal to E t2 which can be easily derived now because integral E dot dl is equal to 0 the tangential component of E2 is opposite to this you know delta W as a vector because the integration you are going taking along this direction whereas E tangential is along this direction right. So that is why you get a minus sign here E minus E2 t delta W right. So then you that is why finally you get E1 t as E2 t right just for the sake of completeness I derived this so that you also understand that the time varying term does not contribute in deciding the boundary condition right. And then using the same concepts for example this dn d1n is equal to d2n can be derived by using you know pillow box right at the interface and then you know you do the surface integral and all that you can see any standard textbook on electromagnetic and remember this is in absence of surface charges right. So d1n is equal to d2n similarly you have b1n is equal to b2n and H1 t minus H2 t previously you know when we studied magnetof static I equated this to 0 because that time you know the surface current we were not considering because surface current will generally come at high frequencies now since we have studied the skin depth and the theory of eddy current we now know that as the frequency will increase right that the skin depth will become smaller and smaller and in the limit it will tend to be a you know surface current the eddy current will be on the surface only. So in such cases then it is very much relevant to consider those surface current by we know k and in that case H1 t will be H1 t minus H2 t will be equal to k right and k here is the only magnitude because these H1 t and H2 t are magnitude. So I think with this we will we have completed basics of electromagnetic so we almost you know took 8 hours of of an hour in about 4 hours we have roughly 4 hours we have completed basics of electromagnetic and as you might have noticed they are not just simple basics as described in any textbook but everywhere we understood the relevance of whatever theory that was covered in terms of finite element analysis in general the relevance was there in most of the cases. So I think we are all set now to get into finite element analysis of machines and equipment from the next lecture. Thank you.


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