Hello and welcome to this next lecture in the series on the topic of wavelets and multirate DSP and the topic which at a broader scale deals with the subject of joint time frequency analysis. This particular lecture we have titled as in search of scaling coefficients and we are going to see a very interesting journey and how we can follow the path by virtue of which we will be able to then find out appropriate scaling coefficients. But before that we are going to pick up from where we left in the last lecture and towards the end of the last lecture we saw one very interesting problem. In fact, to lead to that particular problem let us quickly revisit what we have done in last couple of lectures. We let down the framework of multi resolution analysis and then we realized that this particular framework gives us the power to actually move up the ladder or down the ladder. And now in real sense I can zoom in or zoom out of any part of the underlying signal or function that we are trying to analyze. This makes the entire assembly scalable and what different applications would demand the underlying framework to be scalable that also very briefly we saw in the last lecture. However, this powerful framework leads us to two important questions. Number one how do we go about selecting the mother wave light and what should be the scale of analysis? That is the first question and the second question is what is the procedure to calculate the scaling and wave light coefficients. We answered the first question partially. We are going to quickly close on few of the open ends from the last lecture and then we will move on to the second question that is finding out coefficients of scaling equation. In fact, that is the main subject matter that we are going to deal in this particular lecture. Very quickly from the slides in the last lecture we brought out the concept of dot product and correlation and we realized that this concept is not new to us. In fact, that is precisely what we have been doing when it comes to Fourier transform. And we saw few examples in the last lecture one of which is this particular signal which is again a stationary signal and there are two frequencies sin of 3 and cos of 8 and both these frequencies they exist all throughout the signal and that is why this signal is a stationary signal. And when we stimulated this signal with the basis function which is cos of 8, then we realized that there is huge amount of correlation. The correlation index is very high and that is because this particular frequency is actually present in the original signal. And when we take the dot product between the basis function and the underlying signal, then that gives us more positive part than negative part which is shown in green in this particular slide. And when we do the integration of this green part area under this green curve then that gives us a peak corresponding to that particular frequency. And that is how we will end up with two peaks corresponding to two frequencies present in this particular signal. So, this concept is not new to us. However, we are going to take this concept forward and brought the concept of vanishing moments to really understand significance of selecting an appropriate wavelet function. Towards the end of last lecture, we saw this problem. We know that in this particular function g of t, there is notable jump or discontinuity at t is equal to 0.5. We integrated this function g of t and we produced h of t and still we are able to see a cusp jump at t is equal to 0.5. We further did the integration of this h of t and we are able to produce f of t. And now this f of t appears smooth to bear eye. However, we realize that there is a jump which is a hidden jump now a hidden discontinuity at time t is equal to 0.5.  And Dobash two was able to detect this discontinuity. We are going to understand the reason in greater depth through the framework of vanishing moments. So let us put down the framework first. We have already noted few points and that is for a wavelet say psi of t, the k th moment can be written as of course, over the interval minus infinity to plus infinity can be written as m of k integration from minus infinity to plus infinity x of k psi of x dx. And then we pose this question that why this is a measure of quality. And honestly speaking to answer this particular question we will go back to what we have been doing in the Fourier domain. So, from Fourier domain we know that the operational property for the n th derivative of the function goes like this. If this is the Fourier transform then it comes out to be this. So, this is the operational property. And then solving this further we can realize that indeed f n of 0 turns out to be this. Obviously, this would range from minus infinity to plus infinity where this is indeed the moment. And what does this indicate? This indicates something very very important. This in a way indicates the existence of m n moment of f w. It in a way indicates existence of m n moment of this f w which also indicates in a way the smoothness of the underlying function f of t about t 0 is equal to 0. And this is possible only if there exists the n th derivative there. So, that is the significance of this moment term. Now, let us try and understand the significance of moment when it comes to wavelet transform. And in fact, we wrote down last time as far as the vanishing moments are concerned they give us two beautiful things. Number one reduced computations. However, these reduced computations are of greater significance when we start dealing with the fast version of wavelet transform. That is how do we go from the discrete wavelet transform to fast wavelet transform. The second property is of greater significance as far as the subject of finding out the jumps and discontinuities that we are dealing currently. It has got something to do with detecting higher order derivatives. We are in a way going to focus on this second part. So, let us once again write down the formula of beta z k that we saw last time. And now we want to do the analysis. We want to really understand what kind of discontinuities possibly can be found out, seen, sensed and detected using a particular type of underlying wavelet function psi. See, one serious advantage of wavelet analysis with vanishing moments over the classical notation of derivatives is that they are defined only at the infinitesimal intervals. And that is that is one serious advantage of using the notion of wavelets. Remember, we are using waves as far as the basis functions of Fourier or rest of the transforms like Laplace and Z are concerned. And over here, we are talking about wavelets. We are letting the waves die out. And so, we are talking about good compact support. And we are going to make a good use of this fundamental property when it comes to vanishing moments. Well, one fundamental question could be why wavelet? Why not phi function, the scaling equation? Well, the answer of this question in a way is given. However, let us quickly see through the framework of correlation how it actually makes sense. A very quick example, let us say we are trying to analyze signal x of n. And x of n looks like this 1, 1, 1 and minus 1. And let us say I am passing this through a two band structure, where this is my low pass filter followed by a disseminator. And this is my high pass filter followed by a down sampler. Now, what really comes out? Let us evaluate first what comes out here. Since, the low pass analysis coefficients are half and half. So, for the first two coefficients in my input, it is going to be half plus half. And so, that is going to give me 1. For the next two coefficients, it will be again half plus half and that is once again going to give me 1. Then 1 and minus 1 and we are going to multiply both of them with half. So, half minus half that gives me 0. And then minus half plus half since this is cyclic, this is also equal to 0. So, what does this indicate? This clearly indicates that for a phi of t like this, where the coefficients are let us say half and half from 0 to half and then half to 1. There is good amount of similarity when we are talking about input to be 1 and 1. So, when input is 1 and 1, because the similarity or the correlation is high, I get 1 over here. Correspondingly, between this one and this one, the second and the third coefficient in my input, again the similarity is high, correlation index is high. And that is why I get 1 over here. And then between 1 and minus 1, obviously when I am trying to do the correlation of 1 and minus 1 with half and half, the correlation index is going to go down and it is 0 as can be seen here. So, what we get over here in a way is the correlation index between the function that we are trying to analyze and the basis that is getting used, basis or the kernel. We can correspondingly also find out what we will get over here to just convince ourselves more. So, I have 1 and 1 and now I have filter coefficients as half and minus half.  So, that is going to produce a 1 and then minus 1 and plus 1 that is again going to produce a minus 1. So, if we focus on this third coefficient, it gives us high correlation index and that is because we are comparing 1 and minus 1. And what is the nature of the basis function? Half and minus half. And so, in totality, we are trying to find out the parts in the underlying signal which are of greater correlation with the basis function that is used for doing the analysis. So, it is very natural if I want to find out the jump or discontinuity in the signal. I have to invariably look at the part which actually fluctuates fast. In other words, I should look at the basis function that contributes to my high pass filter. And that is why we are concentrating on psi of t and not phi of t. If the underlying application is denoising where I want to smooth out the information, then probably we will focus more on the low pass filtering part. That means, we will focus more on phi of t. But since we are looking at an application where the whole objective is to find out the underlying discontinuity or jump, we are focusing on psi of t. So, with this in our mind, let us go back to the formula once again. So, what we are saying is in this particular formula of beta z k. I can very well say that this is nothing else, but correlation between the wavelet and signal scale which is once again given by 1 upon 2 to the power z and position or translation of k upon 2 to the power z. And so it makes sense that this is a dot product or a correlation between this. And the moment we say that my underlying wavelet says psi of t has m 0 is equal to 0 and m 1 is equal to 0. So, what we are saying is the zeroth moment is 0 and the first moment is also equal to 0. We have taken just an arbitrary example. Then what that actually indicates is the wavelet coefficients beta z comma k, they can find out the correlation between only the wavelet with the second and the higher order derivatives of the underlying signal. So, this will be now the correlation between wavelet and second or higher. Higher order derivatives and this in a way represents what was happening in the last example. So, in the last example that we saw, Haar wavelet clearly missed the discontinuity because we did the integration twice. And in the last lecture we proved that as far as Haar wavelet is concerned only the zeroth moment vanishes. However, the first moment does not vanish when it comes to Haar wavelet and as a result of that in the last problem Haar wavelet was not able to detect the underlying discontinuity. We will close on this topic of vanishing moments and we will move further to answer the second interesting question that has been posed. We have been talking about Haar scaling equation and we have been talking about Haar wavelet function and correspondingly the Dovash family. The coefficients of the low pass and high pass filters are well known. However, where exactly do we get these coefficients from? Do we have a concrete procedure to find out such coefficients? What properties the scaling equation should obey and if we want to find out our own mother wavelet is that really possible? These are few of the interesting questions that comes to our mind. Well, finding out a new mother wavelet is a tall order, a very challenging task altogether. Because the new mother wavelet that one can think of designing should have some beautiful good properties on top of what is already existing. Otherwise we can take a sign wave just cut it so that only the first cycle remains and that is a wavelet. So, designing a new wavelet is easy, but designing a new useful wavelet is very challenging and comparing that wavelet against the existing Dovash and few of the other wavelets and then going one notch further is indeed very challenging. So, that probably is beyond the purview and scope of this particular lecture. However, we will lay down the procedure, we will understand what properties the scaling equation should obey and that will give us inspiration to take this topic further. So, now let us begin our journey in search of scaling equation. So, let us look at equation coefficients and now comes the interesting question we have been talking about wavelet transform. So, why are we not saying in search of coefficients of wavelet equation? Where are we saying that we want to first of all search the coefficients of scaling equation and this is obvious if we revisit the dilation equations. This is the dilation equation in time domain of phi of t and the dilation equation of psi of t looks like this and this clearly tells us that once we find out the coefficients of scaling equation, we can very easily find out then the corresponding coefficients of wavelet equation and that is because from the dilation equation we can clearly sense because of this phi of twice t I can very well understand that indeed phi of twice t minus k it belongs to v of 1 because of this this function once again belongs to v of 1. I have phi of 1 t 2 to the power 0. So, this belongs to v of 0 and this belongs to w 0. So, we have already written down that v of 1 is equal to v 0 plus w 0. In other words once we understand phi of twice t then using phi of twice t I can construct phi of t I can also construct psi of t and that is why the main focus is on finding out the coefficients of scaling equation. Now, in order to be able to achieve this let us go through few of the guiding theorems and there are three guiding theorems that will help us go through this procedure neatly and nicely. The first theorem looks like this for the scaling equation with the given non vanishing coefficients H of k where these coefficients would exist only between this given range then we can say that phi of x has a compact support and it is well contained in the given interval. So, your phi of x should first of all have this beautiful property of compact support this is the first guiding theorem. The second guiding theorem tells us if the scaling function phi of x has compact support on this given range and if phi of x minus k are linearly independent then H of n is equal to 0 beyond that particular range and then n capital N becomes the length of the sequence. This would also invoke one beautiful property which is the orthogonality property that will cover up very soon. And the third guiding theorem from the slides if the scaling coefficients H of k satisfy the condition for existence and orthogonality of phi of x then psi of x is equal to this and g of k are the coefficients of wavelet equation which can be derived from H of k which are the coefficients of scaling equation using this particular formula and they should be orthogonal in nature. So, the last property in a way once again poses the orthogonality condition on the mother wavelet. So, using these three guiding theorems we will try and find out the coefficients of scaling equation and in order to be able to do that these are the properties that the scaling coefficients will have to obey first three properties and these are the next three properties. Now, what is challenging is to really understand where exactly do we get these properties from and then try and make some sense by solving one example with the case study of Haar phi of t. So, we will do all that in the reminder of this lecture. So, let us begin with property one of phi of t and property one is summation of all the coefficients should be equal to square root of 2. This property in a way is dependent on what kind of normalization we make use of and the rest of the properties are in a way dependent on this property. So, we will first of all try and understand where exactly do we get this first property from and then we will take the study forward. So, we will start with once again the dilation equation which looks like this and now we will integrate both the sides from minus infinity to plus infinity. I can take out this summation outside integration and so, let me write it that way. So, we will have to solve this. So, the question is equal to what and we will put twice t minus k is equal to x and then clearly d t will be equal to d x by 2 and then I can say this integration. We will be equal to half it is very easy to see this. So, we will put this in this formula and so, what we will get is and now integration of phi of t phi of t is in a way responsible for giving us the low pass filter and psi of t gives us the high pass filter. So, as far as psi of t is concerned when we integrate psi of t the integration goes to 0, but that is not true in case of phi of t. So, this integration of phi of t from minus infinity to plus infinity should lead to what that is what is called as the normalizing factor and we will say let this lead to 1. So, this is the normalization that we have deployed you can also think of using some other constant than 1 and then what we are left with is this is again going to go to 1 my mistake this is again going to go to 1 and then 2 can be split into square root of 2 into square root of 2 and 1 square root will go away and that will give us the first property that is summation of all my scaling function coefficients should lead to square root of 2. However, we should note that this property holds true if we make use of this as the normalizing term. So, this is in a way dependent on this normalizing term let us refer back to the slides we have already seen and proved property number 1. Now, it is time to quickly prove property number 2 and 3. However, we will assume the existence of property number 5 and 6 and there is a reason as to why we will assume the very existence of property number 5 and 6 and when we will solve an example using her at that time will bring this out. However, it is very interesting to prove property number 2 and 3 and that is precisely what we will do quickly see property number 5 tells is that summation k h of k minus twice l h of k is equal to delta l 0. Now, let us in a way replace l by minus l let us do this exercise and by virtue of doing this we will prepare only for even terms. So, we will replace l by minus l and then divide summation over k into the even and odd parts and if we do that what we are left with is now we have replaced l by minus l and then summation k going from minus infinity to plus infinity h of k plus twice l because of the minus l term and then h of k. Now, separating even and odd terms will get something interesting will have delta. So, this is obviously my even term I would say h of twice k plus 1 this is my odd term and now we will have to sum over l from minus infinity to plus infinity. So, when we do that is equal to the double summation l and k and we have h of twice k plus twice l h of twice k plus 1. k plus h of twice k plus 1 plus twice l h of twice k plus 1 and we know what this is going to go to because there is only one non vanishing term which exists at l is equal to 0.  So, if I plug these in here then h of twice k plus twice l is equal to h of twice l. So, I have h of twice k plus twice l and h of twice k for summation of k. So, instead of k you can imagine I have l it is just a matter of a variable and then looking at this and this particular equation we can combine them together and write down an equation in terms of a and b probably we can write that 1 is equal to a into a plus b into b that is 1 is equal to a square plus b square. So, this is clearly an equation of a circle and we are talking about the radius of 1. However, there are two unknowns a and b and we have just one equation. So, let us create another equation in order to be able to find out the values of a and b and that second equation comes out of the first property that we have seen that summation of h of k is equal to square root of 2. So, probably what we can do is we can once again split up this into or and even parts. So, this square root of 2 I can write it as twice k h of twice l plus k plus 1 and we already know what this is? This is my a and this is my b. So, now, we are in very interesting situation there are two unknowns and there are two equations a square plus b square is equal to 1 this is my first equation and a plus b is equal to square root of 2. This is my second equation and we can clearly understand what kind of situation we are talking about. If I have b on my y axis and a on x axis then I can very well draw a circle of unit radius and this r is equal to 1 and then the second equation I can also write as b is equal to minus a plus square root of 2 and compare that with y is equal to m x plus c and then we realize that for the second equation the slope is minus a and the y intercept is square root of 2. So, you can think of this as the one y intercept then it is very easy to see that this is going to be this line is going to be a tangent. And since this is a circle with radius of 1 we can also clearly see that this is one point where these two equations would hold true and that point would be 1 upon square root of 2 and 1 upon square root of 2. So, my a and b values are 1 upon square root of 2 and so both the values are 1 upon square root of 2. And now we have already written that summation of k or h of twice k is equal to a and 1 is 1 upon square root of 2. So, this gives me my second property let us call this as p 2 and then we have also realize that h of twice k plus 1 is also equal to b and my b value is also 1 upon square root of 2. So, this gives me my property number 3 and for property number 4 summation over k h of k bracket square this is indeed a square plus b square. So, the equation of a circle that we have already seen. So, in a way we have solved this and this is going to be equal to 1 and this gives me property number 4. Now, let us quickly verify these scaling coefficient properties for Haar scaling equation. We already know that in case of Haar phi of t h of 0 is equal to h of 1 is equal to 1 upon square root of 2. So, this is the normalized version of these coefficients and let us verify property number 1. So, property number 1 is the summation of h of k should go to square root of 2. In this case we have only 2 coefficients. So, this summation is going to run from k is equal to 0 to 1 of h of k that is h 0 plus h 1 which is 1 upon square root of 2 plus 1 upon square root of 2 and that leads us to square root of 2. So, first property obeyed then let us verify the second property p of 2 and we know that property number 2 is summation over k h of twice k should be equal to 1 upon square root of 2. Now, since we are talking about h of twice k there is only one possibility since there are only 2 coefficients and so we have only h of 0 which is equal to 1 upon square root of 2. So, this property is also obeyed correspondingly you can sense that property number 3 will also get very neatly and nicely obeyed because my h of 1 is equal to 1 upon square root of 2. Using these 2 I can clearly sense that property number 4 will also get obeyed because h 0 square plus h 1 square will give me 1 and so property number 4 is also obeyed. Now, what is really interesting to see how property number 5 will get obeyed that is the question property number 5 and how will this property get obeyed summation over k h of k minus twice l h of k equal to 1 upon square root of 2 delta 0 l. So, this in a way guarantees the orthogonality. Now, there are only 2 indices 0 and 1 and let us take the first case when k minus twice l is equal to 0 that is when k is equal to twice l. If l is not equal to 0 then k is equal to twice l which is greater than or equal to 2. Therefore, some vanishes unless l is equal to 0 and in that case k is also equal to 0 and then we can very well write down summation over k h of k minus 0 h of k is equal to 0. Which is equal to h of 0 into h of 0 which is 1 upon square root of 2 bracket square which is equal to 1 by 2. Also when k is equal to 0 we have h of k minus twice l which is h of 0 minus twice l which is 0 unless 1 by 2. So, this is the question property is l is equal to 0 and therefore, l has to be 0 and then we can say summation over k h of k into h of k is equal to h 0 square k is 0 and that gives us value of half. Let us quickly go through the second case as well because there are only 2 indices. So, the second case would be when k minus twice l but before that please remember. So, for the first case it is half and for the second case it is half. So, half plus half gives us 1 and that is how this property is indeed obeyed. Now, for the second case when k minus twice l is equal to 1 it in a way implies that k is equal to twice l plus 1. Now, if l is not equal to 0 then k will always be greater than or equal to 3. So, l has to be equal to 0 and that means k is going to be equal to 1. So, we have a situation where we have summation over k once again h of k into h of k that will give me h 1 square that is half. And for k to be equal to 1 l has to be once again be 0 else h of k minus twice l is equal to h of 1 minus twice l is going to go to 0. So, we have a situation where over the summation of k I have h of k minus 0 into h of k which is h 1 square which is indeed once again half and then total for k minus twice l and k minus twice l is equal to 1 and k is equal to 1. We are solving for the index of 1 once again turns out to be half plus half is equal to 1 and thus property number 5 is also obeyed. Thus, the coefficient of her scaling equation they indeed obey all these different properties. And once we in a way find out these scaling coefficients it is easy to then find out the coefficients of wavelet equation. Let us quickly do that and then we will stop. So, what we are saying is if g of k are the coefficients and g of k are the coefficients of my wavelet equation then these can be calculated from h of k and g of k will be equal to minus 1 to the power of k h of capital N minus k. How to select this capital N value? It is a very deep subject, but let us select capital N is equal to 1. This has to be some odd number and then formula becomes g of k is equal to minus 1 to the power of k h of 1 minus k. And now in case of her if we want to find out the corresponding g k values then it is very simple. For k is equal to 0 I would find out g of 0 to be equal to minus 1 to the power of 0 and h of 1 minus 0 that is 1. So, g of 0 will be equal to h of 1 and g of 1 for k is equal to 1 will be equal to minus 1 raise to 1 and h of 1 minus 1 that is 0. So, that is minus of h 0. So, g 0 will be h 1 and g 1 will be minus h of 0 which will be equal to 1 upon square root of 2 and minus 1 upon square root of 2. This is how we can go about finding out the coefficients of wavelet equation. So, what we saw in this particular lecture is a way a method to find out the corresponding properties which are to be obeyed by the coefficients of scaling equation. Once we find out those coefficients we can then go ahead and find out the coefficients of wavelet equation. And once we have scaling equation and wavelet equation with us then using the father that is scaling equation and mother which is mother equation or wavelet equation.  We will stop here and continue next time. Thank you.


February saw the beginning of the extradition hearing of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. Now we still haven't got a ruling from that hearing because it was frequently adjourned in part due to COVID-19 but we are expecting a ruling in January 2021. Now the case has peered in the news throughout the year but not as prominently as one might have expected. That's because this has enormous implications for the press and also in this country in particular. There are many newspapers who have benefited enormously from the exposés of Julian Assange who haven't really advocated in his favor but there are many people who have been advocating strongly for Julian Assange, either his supporters, people who have great respect for his work or just people who think that the precedent that would be set here, someone being extradited for espionage when the activities they have taken part in are publishing our journalism would be incredibly severe. With that in mind let's take a look back to how we discussed the start of this case on Tiski Sauer in February. Today was day one of the extradition hearing of Julian Assange. Assange is facing extradition to the US for espionage in, I know it's an astonishing charge, in relation to classified material published by WikiLeaks in 2010. This all relates principally to leaks about the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. The Iraq and Afghanistan war leaks which included field reports from the US military. Lots of documents reporting what was actually going on the ground, not what the military were telling their embedded journalists. This was the largest of their kind in history. This was all 10 years ago now so viewers are most likely to remember the collateral murder video. This showed a 2007 US army attack in which 12 people including two Reuters journalists were killed. So the video is all filmed from a helicopter, its army footage and it showed US forces firing on a van that stopped to pick up bodies. I mean it's pretty outrageous stuff. The Iraq war logs also revealed claims US government had ignored reports of torture by the Iraqi authorities. It was a massive story at the time, really, really big, really big deal. I mean obviously really pissed off the Americans. However 10 years down the line, like many on the left, I kind of clocked out a little bit from this story. That's partly because it had been going on for so long. But it was also because of other issues and allegations made up against Assange which weren't related to these leaks, which were related to sexual assault in Sweden, which meant it just was a big quagmire, incredibly confusing story to keep abreast of. That's really all changed now and I think people need to get a bit of a grip and realize that this is now, the Sweden charge has been dropped. That doesn't mean he was innocent of them remotely. But what's the issue here is someone being extradited for espionage. The Sweden case, the sexual abuse case has nothing to do with this particular trial. This is someone who has done incredibly important journalistic exposés who is going to be, well, if the US get their way, extradited for espionage. For a summary of the legal situation we're going to go to a clip with Jen Robinson, who's Julian Assange's lawyer in this case. We interviewed her yesterday. Well, first we have to recognize the danger of this precedent. The US is for the first time ever using the espionage app against a publisher. This is the first time in history that a statute designed to prosecute treason is being used against a journalist and a publisher. The US is seeking to exercise that jurisdiction on journalists and publishers outside of the country. So all of this activity took place outside of the US. They're claiming that they can seek his extradition to the United States to face trial for activities undertaken outside the US. This is possible because of the UK-US extradition treaty, which requires the UK to provide cooperation to the United States. But in a case of this nature, typically being prosecuted for something which is a straightforward political offence, espionage is a political offence, would be barred and is barred by the terms of the UK-US treaty. So it is, this case is an abuse on so many fronts. It's setting a precedent that any journalist or publisher could be indicted in the United States, sought for extradition, and prosecuted for publishing truthful information about the United States. What message does that send to Saudi Arabia, to Russia, to China? Will a British journalist or publisher now be extradited to face prosecution in Saudi Arabia for having published truthful information about Saudi Arabia? That is the precedent that's being set with this case and why it is so dangerous, not just for Julian Assange, but for journalists everywhere. It is disappointing that the Home Secretary certified this extradition request in the first place, involving as it does such significant issues of free speech, not just for Julian Assange, but for British journalists and publishers who are publishing truthful information about the United States. As we've already seen in Parliament last week, Jeremy Corbyn has raised this issue directly with Boris Johnson, speaking about his concern that anyone ought to be extradited to the US to face prosecution for having revealed war crimes and human rights abuse. And he's right and many people in this country are very concerned about it. So it remains to be seen what the British government can and will do in the future about this case. But the precedent being set is one that is very dangerous and we're looking at a Trump administration that calls the media the enemy of the people. If Julian Assange can be extradited to face prosecution for this, then so too could the editor of the Guardian, so too could the editor of the Telegraph. And that's what people ought to be concerned about. That's powerful final words there from Jen Robinson, who's Julian Assange's lawyer. She said if Julian Assange can be extradited for this, then so can the editor of the Guardian. And I mean, it doesn't, that point doesn't seem to be that controversial. It's not something that's only coming from the radical left. So I was reading articles in the New York Times and they're saying if Julian Assange is extradited for this, they're already based in the United States, but they're saying everything he's charged of doing, we've also done. So this seems like a fairly clear cut case, but it still seems to be the case that given extradition treaties are as they are, he is going to get sent over to be incarcerated by the Trump administration. Yeah, I mean, I think it's a new sort of gesture to this earlier. It's a real problem actually that this became a referendum on Assange's character. When really, firstly, his lawyers have always said that he would go and stand trial in Sweden for those charges, as long as Sweden promised to not extradite him to the US, where he would face an unjust system, as we could see from the treatment of Chelsea Manning. And Jen Robinson is completely right there because when you actually look at what the US is using here, what they're kind of designating as being illegal under the Espionage Act are very typical journalistic practices, collaborating with other states in order to release information that is considered classified by the US government, collaborating with sources, using encrypted messaging services in order to ensure those sources are anonymized and protected. This is not only things like anonymizing sources, that's not only journalistic precedent, that's duties, that's the duty of a journalist. And Obama did actually also try and get Assange extradited, but Obama couldn't figure out a way to distinguish what Julian Assange did that was different to what any other journalist does. What the Trump administration has done is basically try and say that Julian Assange is not a journalist. Now, obviously that would set a precedent for this idea that it is the state that decides who is and is not a journalist, which creates its own sort of like see like endless issues. And I just think it's very interesting that with all the conversations around freedom of speech and the First Amendment, this is exactly the kind of situation in which the First Amendment was developed for. The First Amendment was developed in light of the development of a printing press when more and more people, other than sort of official people designated by the state would have the ability to write and spread information. And the First Amendment was a way of saying that all of us, not just the sort of select few of the professional class, have a right for freedom of speech without fear of retribution from the state. Whereas freedom of speech now has become something that is, you know, we just use to kind of bully trans people when really it's about that kind of relationship between journalists, but also bloggers and people who are and sort of all of us and their relationship to the state. So this is a massive violation of journalistic ethics. It's a massive violation of freedom of speech. And I think it is very sad and distressing that the fact that Julian Assange himself is not a personable character and likely to be also guilty of other crimes, possibly I don't really know, has managed to kind of like conceal on that fact. Because the point is, is that whenever we try, whenever the state tries to sort of like create these precedents that will then be rolled out further down the line, they always pick an individual or a group or a figure that they can very easily, that is unlikeable because it's much easier because in sort of our minds, we think, oh, it's just for that person because they're specifically awful. Whereas obviously, once this becomes legal precedent, it can be used in all manner of ways.


To be honest, I can't believe that Matty B was Daisy's ex, he's the complete opposite to her.   So this geezer's rocked up, Matty B V VIP, not gonna lie, when he rocked her full, ooze this melon. But never judge a book by its cover, I think he's a blinding fella, we get on like ours on fire and the geezer has me in stitches. To be honest, I can't believe that Matty B was Daisy's ex, he's the complete opposite to her.    Come to see if Daisy's alright, do you know what I mean? Last night, as Matty B's the new ex, he's got the power to send the cup alone. Matty B VIP, I hope you enjoyed your party. As a new ex, it's time to expert your extra power. One ex-couple must lead the villa. Bobby Bailey or Nicky and Scarlett?    Him and Scarlett just kept bitching about each other and yeah, so I didn't think they'd done themselves any justice. He thinks he gets girls, no he doesn't, he gets no girls, no one fancies him, no one likes him. I don't think this place was for them, so that's why I think Matty B sent them home.


Hello, this is Laptop Media, and today, we will show you how to open the Lenovo ThinkPad P15v and what's inside of it. Before you start removing the bottom panel of this device, you need to remove the SIM card tray. Then, undo all 8 Philips head screws, and pry the panel with a plastic tool, starting from the front edges. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. Memory-wise, there is a 68 watt-hours unit that should be unplugged before you remove anything from the motherboard. In terms of memory, you have two Sodom slots, which fit up to 64GB of DDR4 memory in dual channel mode. And if you have the laptop configured with a Xeon processor, you can take advantage of ECC RAM as well. Thankfully, there are 2 M.2 PCI-EX4 slots for storage, which support the RAID technology. Two heat pipes are cooling both the CPU and the GPU. Interestingly, Lenovo used only one heat spreader and one fan to deal with heat dissipation. Also, you can see that while the graphics memory is cooled by some metal shrouds, the VRMs are left to suffer. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel.


And is Britain more delayed than some of the other guys because of what happened? Yeah, Brit is more delayed. He threw a bullpen a couple days ago. Everything went well with the bullpen, but he had some soreness after it and the day after. So we've put him through some tests. He had an MRI yesterday, so he'll meet with the doctor to see just where we're at on all that. Hey, Aaron, just specifically on Britain, his MRI was on his elbow? Yeah. Yeah, his elbow. Well, you know, I think he had talked to you about having COVID, obviously, in the last couple of months that I think set him back a little bit in his buildup. So just trying to kind of get his weight up, he's actually been throwing pretty well early in spring. But after his bullpen the other day, which went, which was successful and he didn't feel anything, it was after the fact. So what are we today? Tuesday? That was Sunday. It was Sunday evening, started to feel something. So we just wanted to make sure, you know, we get some pictures of it and ran through the tests. All that yesterday and then they'll kind of go through that today and see where we're at. So you expect to get the results today? Yeah. Hopefully we'll know something later today about where we're at. Yeah. How concerning is that when one of your pictures, you know, has that situation going on? Well, I would say it's always concerning, you know, anytime any of your players are going through tests because, you know, they're not quite where we want them to be. But that said, let's find out where we're at, what it says and, you know, what the days ahead mean now. So Zach overall feels pretty good. He's in good spirits about it. But let's get the answers first. Is Tommy John something that's been thought about yet or not yet? I would say no. That part of it is my understanding a non-issue, I think. So it's not the, you know, it's the UCL? No. It's not that. Aaron, even if this is relatively minor, you're three weeks from opening day and he hasn't pitched any game yet. Is it reasonable to think that whatever he has to deal with, even in the short term, would keep him from the opening day roster? That's possible. Again, let's see where we're at when we get this, you know, and, you know, as much as we always look to April 1, like that's one day, it's, you know, the biggest thing is we want to get this diagnosed properly, treated properly, and get Britt in the best place to be at his best. But I don't want to speculate too much on a timeline when I really don't have an idea right now.


Hey guys, today we're at an arrow show I forgot what it's called. It's the muscle car, the classic muscle car and Corvette arrow show. Let's check out some cars It was a quick tour of the classic muscle of the muscle car Corvette nationals at the Donald E. Stevens Convention Center at Rosemont. Thanks for watching. See you soon


Right now, at Appalachian Wireless, you can get the Samsung Galaxy S7 for just $99.99 and get a second one. Free! Service agreement is required on both devices, serving you for the last 25 years with better service and bigger savings. At today's Appalachian Wireless. Good morning, it's Friday, November the 11th, Veterans Day and here is your daybreak morning news. Traffic came to a halt yesterday on the U.S. 23 in Stanville after a two-vehicle accident involving a Floyd County school bus. According to Kentucky State Police, a Red Ford Ranger was attempting to enter the southbound lane of U.S. 23 from the Stanville Vendors Mall and pulled into the path of a fully loaded school bus. The two vehicles collided and came to arrest approximately 40 feet from the impact point. Officials are reporting that no children were injured in that crash. However, the drivers of both vehicles were transported to a local hospital to be treated for their injuries. The incident remains under investigation by the Kentucky State Police, Post 9. Long-time State Representative Jeff Hoover has been selected by his Republican colleagues to become Kentucky's first GOP House Speaker in nearly a century when lawmakers convene in January. The newly elected House Majority GOP caucus met behind closed doors at the Capitol on Thursday to unanimously select Hoover for the top leadership post. It comes two days after Republicans won control of the House. Republicans will hold a commanding 64-36 majority. Hoover has served 20 years in the House and spent 16 of them as minority leader. He calls his selection as the next House Speaker the, quote, highest honor of his entire life. Democratic Governor-elect Jim Justice says West Virginians can expect to see some noticeable enhancements to the state's sluggish economy in his first 10 months in office. The billionaire businessman and owner of the Greenbrough Resort defeated Republican Bill Cole in Tuesday's election. Justice says state revenues need to grow significantly and he hopes to accomplish that across several economic sectors, including agriculture, tourism and the energy industry. With your daybreak morning news, I'm Shawn Allen. Have a great day.


So far this week, we've talked about data and data structures, how to make sense out of the data. And in this lecture, we're going to talk about data acquisition and how to actually verify the data once we've acquired it. So basically how digital forensic investigators collect the information from the suspect system and how do they make sure that that's an actual exact representation of the suspect device. So some considerations that digital forensic investigators need to think about before or during their acquisition and after their acquisition. Some considerations, how do we preserve, first off, the best possible copy of the data? So whatever data you're trying to copy, think about how can we actually preserve the best possible copy. And by best possible copy, I mean a copy that is exactly the same in this case. We want a copy that has the smallest amount of changes if possible, and especially a copy that we can say that evidence that we might derive from that data later has definitely not been modified in any way. So think about how can we preserve the best possible copy of the data. Next, how can we preserve all of the data? In many situations, we might not actually be able to acquire all of the data from a suspect system because of some technology limitation or the way that things work. So think about the data that you're trying to collect. How do we make sure we can preserve all of it? Or if we can't preserve all of it, why not? What is the issue that stops us from preserving all of this data? How can we also make sure that the data that has been acquired is correct? In this case, correct also means exactly the same as the suspect data or the original data that we're copying from. And how can we ensure the acquired data can be verified by a third party? Especially for digital forensic investigations, everything we do, or at least almost everything we do, should be able to be verified by a third party to confirm that our processes and our findings are actually correct. So one of the biggest tasks of a digital forensic investigator is device acquisition or data acquisition. We have to identify where the data is actually located. We've talked about data locations a little bit before. And we need to make sure that we acquire the data keeping all of the prior considerations in mind. So the main point out of all of this is don't change data. We want to collect data without modifying the original and ensuring that our copy is exactly the same if possible. We must be able to show that we have not altered the data from its original state. And if the data is altered, we must be able to explain and justify the action that we did that modified the data and prove that any submitted evidence has not been modified. So any information that we collect from this data, we have to be able to prove that it was never modified or the chance of it being modified is extremely, extremely low. And we'll talk about how to do that in a second. So one of the biggest things that we use to ensure that we are not modifying data in digital forensics is we use a something called a write blocker. A write blocker can either be a physical device or a piece of software that you install on your computer. And the idea of the write blocker is exactly like it sounds. Whenever you connect, for example, a suspect's hard drive to a write blocker and a write blocker to your computer, your forensic workstation, then your forensic workstation is prevented, physically prevented from writing any data to the suspect hard drive. You can still read all of the data off of the hard drive, but you cannot write any data to the hard drive. And this way we can make sure that our computer doesn't accidentally write any information to the suspect disk so we can basically get an unmodified copy every single time. So a write blocker is hardware or software component that prevents your computer from changing any data on the suspect's hard drive. So our goal is that we do not want to modify the original data in any way if we can. So the original has not been modified and our copy is exactly the same. This is what we need to be able to prove in the investigation. So device acquisition. First off, think about what do you want to acquire? The data source or the type of data that you want to acquire will tell you how you need to approach the acquisition process. What we will cover this week is post-mortem digital forensic acquisition, which is essentially the suspect's computer is off and the hard drive has been taken out and we are accessing the hard drive directly. There are other ways to collect data which we'll talk about in later lessons. So consider what data you need to collect for the investigation. Is it a hard drive? If it's a hard drive, is there any encryption on that hard drive that makes it more difficult for you to access the data? We'll talk more about encryption later. RAM, do you have the correct tools to acquire RAM on the device that you're trying to investigate? And what other types of device could it be? So for example, we might have a PC and a PC and a Mac are actually quite a bit different in how you would go about collecting data from these devices. It might be a mobile device. Mobile devices, there's lots of different types of mobile devices now, tablets, et cetera. And all of them have different ways that you would collect information from them or even think about newer devices like drones. Drones also provide or have some data storage. Maybe we need to get a video off of a drone. How would we actually collect data from that drone? So the most common scenario that we work with in digital forensics is hard drive acquisition from a computer that's off. We actually take the hard drive out of the suspect's computer and we image the drive directly. Remove from the PC, connect directly to the investigator's workstation via a write blocker. Remember, you always want to try to use a write blocker as long as you can. And RAM, I just have a note. It's collected on scene. The computer essentially has to be on for you to collect a random access memory. We normally do this on scene during first response and we'll talk about RAM and RAM acquisition in later lectures. So when acquiring data, once the required data has been identified, we actually know where the data is and what we expect to find whenever we're looking there. We need to copy it in something called a forensically sound way, which means we need to use a proper procedure to be able to collect this data. So there are many different digital forensic tools that are available that will help us collect this data in a forensically sound way and we'll talk about several of them actually this week. Saving data, normally the acquired data is saved into a file called a forensic disk image. So we might have a suspect's hard drive and we copy all of that data bit for bit into a file that's exactly, that contains exactly the same data as the hard drive. Now this file, as long as we don't use compression, the file size will be exactly the same size as the physical disk. So these physical disk images tend to get very big. If we have a one terabyte hard drive, we will have a one terabyte forensic disk image. Because we're saving it as a file, it's a little bit easier to work with and we can use things like compression to save space whenever we're not working with it. The forensic disk image without compression will be as big as the hard drive and sometimes investigators clone hard drives rather than making a file. So if they have one suspect hard drive, they might copy all of the data onto another hard drive and work with that hard drive copy. Although digital forensic disk images tend to be much, much more common. Once we've collected the data into a file, we need a way to be able to compare that the data that I've copied from and the file that I've copied to are exactly the same. We have to be able to prove that they're exactly the same for the court to be able to accept it. So once the data has been acquired, we need to ensure that the copy is exactly the same as the original and to do this, we use cryptographic hashing. A cryptographic hash is an algorithm that inputs data and outputs a unique number. So an algorithm that inputs data and outputs a unique number based on the input. If you have the same input, you will always get the same output. So you will always generate the same number as long as the ones and zeros are exactly the same. So in this case, for digital forensics, we use the most common hashing algorithms that we use are MD5, SHA1 and SHA256. A lot of other hashing algorithms exist and there's a few other ways that we can verify that the data is the same, but the most common way is by MD5 hashing or SHA1 hashing to generate a unique identifier for the data. So the idea or the process is before we acquire a suspect disk, we connect the suspect disk, we take the suspect disk out of the suspect's computer, we connect the suspect disk to a right blocker, we connect the right blocker to our forensic workstation. Once we can access the disk, but we can't write to it, then we create a hash value for all of the data that's on the suspect disk already. We then get this unique identifier number and we save it somewhere, okay? Once we have that identifying number, then we can acquire a physical disk image of the disk that's connected, save that physical disk image as a file on our computer, then we can make a hash of the original disk, the suspect original disk again, and the image file that we've created. So at the end, you have three hashes, the original suspect hash, the new suspect hash, and the digital forensic image hash. All of those hashes should be the same. If they're all the same, then you've proven that all of the data is exactly the same. So your copy is exactly the same as the original and you haven't modified the original data whenever you were imaging. So we will actually practice that today. So I will have links in the forums and an assignment about disk imaging, disk acquisition, and hashing the data. Thank you.


Around 100 families residing in Gobindaswami Nagar in Chennai city are being evicted from May 9, 2022. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. The eviction drive was stopped following his tragic death. But the authorities have warned of continuing the eviction process shortly. The eviction was stopped following his tragic death. The eviction was stopped following his tragic death. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. Many people are living in Gobindaswami Nagar for more than 50 years and they hold residential proofs as well. A person from a nearby apartment has filed a case in the high court claiming that there is encroachment. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction. A 60 year old person emulated himself against the forced eviction.


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My name is David Gray and I am an associate software engineer at Red Hat. I work on the OpenShift Performance and Latency Sensitive Application Platform team. In this session, I will be presenting a proof of concept of how some popular high-performance computing or HPC tools can be used with OpenShift Container Platform. The tools I will discuss include the Lester File System, NVIDIA GPUs, and the Message Passing Interface, or MPI. I will be running a molecular dynamics application called GROMACS, distributed across multiple nodes and accelerated by NVIDIA GPUs on those nodes. I will first give some background on driver containers, which are used to enable NVIDIA GPUs and the Lester client. I will then give an overview of several operators that are used to prepare the cluster for running GROMACS with these tools. Then I will talk about how GROMACS can be containerized and deployed, and I'll give some initial performance results and analysis from this proof of concept. I will also show two demo videos, one about the Lester pieces and another to show running GROMACS with the cluster autoscaler. So first to give some context, why am I trying to run GROMACS on OpenShift? With the emergence of big data and machine learning, scientific computing is becoming a more integral part of enterprise computing. Organizations are running more and more HPC-like workloads to create value for their business, and this change coincides with the rise of containers and Kubernetes for deploying enterprise applications. Increasingly, enterprise applications are deployed in the cloud and in the data center as containers and microservices. In the HPC community, containers have also caught on. Containers are really helpful for packaging complex applications along with their dependencies so that they can be run in many different environments. For these containers to be useful, you need a platform to run them on, like Kubernetes. OpenShift is an enterprise-ready Kubernetes platform for the hybrid cloud. And this proof of concept aims to show how HPC applications can be effectively deployed on OpenShift. In this proof of concept, I'm using several operators, including the NVIDIA GPU operator, the special resource operator, and the MPI operator. And more.  In short, an operator is an extension to Kubernetes. It is a method of packaging, deploying, and managing an application which is deployed on Kubernetes and managed using the Kubernetes API. Operators enable the creation of new object types through custom resource definitions, and they manage those custom resources. One example in this talk would be the MPI operator, which introduces the concept of an MPI job resource and manages MPI objects when they are created by the user. An operator works as a software control loop to set and maintain a desired state of certain Kubernetes objects. For the purpose of running Gromax on OpenShift, a few existing operators really simplify the process of deploying a multi-node GPU accelerated scientific application on Kubernetes, which uses the Lester file system for storage. The NVIDIA GPU operator makes it so that I don't have to worry about installing the NVIDIA drivers in my Gromax containers or configuring a special container runtime. The special resource operator makes it easy to help set up the Lester client on all of my worker nodes so that the pods running anywhere can use a Lester file system in AWS using a container storage interface driver. The MPI operator makes deploying MPI applications on OpenShift pretty easy as well. You don't need to worry about how the different containers will find each other and communicate with MPI. It's about as simple as running an MPI application as it would be if you're given a preconfigured MPI cluster in a lab. Both Lester and NVIDIA GPUs are enabled in OpenShift using driver containers. Driver containers are being used more and more in cloud-native environments to enable special hardware like GPUs, which require out-of-tree drivers, or to deploy kernel modules like those needed for the Lester client. Driver containers are especially useful for pure container operating systems like Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS, which is the default operating system for OpenShift nodes. The special resource operator, or SRO, is an operator which supports the full lifecycle management of an accelerator stack, but in the case of the Lester client, SRO is also useful for managing the deployment of a single kernel module. I created a recipe for SRO to know how to deploy the kernel modules for the Lester client. I'll explain how this was done in a later slide and also show a demo video of deploying and using Lester. Node feature discovery, or NFD, is another related operator, which is used to automatically label nodes in the OpenShift cluster based on their hardware and software features. For example, the NVIDIA GPU operator uses NFD labels to know which nodes have NVIDIA GPUs based on PCI vendor ID. It also labels nodes with their kernel version so that you can know which nodes can run a certain driver container. The NVIDIA GPU operator, which you have probably heard of if you're interested in GPUs and OpenShift, is based off of SRO and is used to deploy and manage NVIDIA GPU drivers, container runtimes, node labeling, and GPU monitoring. The GPU operator device plugin labels nodes with the number of GPUs they have as a resource similar to CPU or memory so that it can be requested and allocated to pods. The pods used to run Gromax use resource requests and limits to ensure that they are scheduled one per node on GPU nodes. The GPU operator also enables monitoring of GPU usage metrics like power and memory and percent utilization to monitor how your application is using GPUs. Those metrics can be viewed in the Prometheus dashboard in the OpenShift console. To know that you know a bit about SRO and driver containers, I'll explain in more details the steps required for me to create a recipe for the special resource operator for deploying the Lester client driver container. Lester is a parallel distributed file system, which is commonly used for high-performance computing and supercomputing. In order to mount the Lester file system on Linux, you need the Lester client, which includes the kernel module. The resources used to deploy the kernel module with SRO are available on my GitHub and will soon be merged into the upstream special resource operator repository as an example. The first step is to define a special resource object, as you can see in the manifest file on the right of the slide. The second step is to create the necessary manifests for SRO to manage. In the case of a single kernel module like the Lester client, the necessary manifests are just a build config and a daemon set. The build config describes how to build the driver container image based on a Docker file. The daemon set defines which nodes to run the container on and the necessary privileges and hosts mounts to enable the kernel module to be mounted and used by other pods on the node. Along with the daemon set is a config map which defines the entry point script for the driver container, which loads and unloads the kernel modules. For this proof of concept, we're using an OpenShift cluster running on AWS because AWS has a Lester file system service called Amazon FSx for Lester. FSx for Lester allows for Lester file systems to be created and linked to an S3 bucket, which enables really convenient and high performance consumption of data which is stored in S3 already. There's a container storage interface driver for FSx for Lester, which really simplifies the use of Lester file systems and Kubernetes on AWS. The container storage interface or CSI is a standard for exposing storage systems to Kubernetes. Normally this CSI driver would require every node to have the Lester client installed on the host, but thanks to the Lester client driver container we deployed with SRO, this part can be done with containers. As far as I know, there isn't currently a general purpose CSI driver for Lester, though that would be a great community contribution if you're interested in that. This demo video shows the CSI driver enables us to create a persistent volume claim to access the Lester file systems from pods. This demo shows the steps required to deploy the Lester client using SRO. I've already used SRO to create a driver container base image with some required dependencies. I first create a namespace for the driver container, then the special resource object, then we enable the Lester client container build to pull the driver container base, and then we create a config map which contains the manifests needed by SRO to build and run the driver container. In the Lester client namespace, we will see the driver container pods are scheduled to the nodes and waiting for the driver container build pod to finish. We can watch the build logs progress. Once the build is complete, we should see that driver containers will start running, and then we can check to make sure that the Lester modules are loaded using LS mod. Now that the kernel modules are loaded, the next step is deploying the AWS FSX CSI driver which requires the Lester client kernel modules. Once the CSI driver is running, we can use it to dynamically allocate a Lester file system in AWS using a storage class and a persistent volume claim. The storage class defines some parameters for the file system, including the S3 bucket that it's backed by, and the persistent volume claim defines the size for the file system based on the storage class. Once these two resources are created, we can look at the CSI controller logs and watch the CSI driver dynamically allocate the file system in AWS, as you can see on the left. And then once the file system is ready, we can deploy a test pod to mount the PVC and verify that it can read and write to the Lester file system. And once the test pod is running, we can see that it will contain the input data for Gromax, which is stored in S3, and it can also write to a test text file. The message passing interface or MPI is a specification for message passing libraries, and MPI libraries are the de facto standard for writing parallel message passing programs. Many HVC applications, including Gromax, are written so that they can be compiled to run across multiple nodes using MPI. The MPI operator enables the easy deployment of MPI programs on Kubernetes and OpenShift. The MPI operator came out of the Kubeflow project and was originally created for running distributed training of machine learning models on GPU nodes in Kubernetes. The operator defines the MPI job custom resource. MPI jobs can be created using a YAML manifest, which defines the MPI run command, the hardware resources required for the worker pod and launcher pods, and the number of worker pods. Once an MPI job is created, the operator creates the worker and launcher pods and configures them to be able to communicate using the MPI library installed on the containers. To containerize Gromax, I used a research tool called Machine Learning Container Creator or MLCC, which was created by some members of the performance and scale team at Red Hat. MLCC makes it easier to create containers with various machine learning and HPC frameworks and libraries. MLCC takes as input a set of packages and then container file fragments for the selected items and also some dependencies are used to construct a container file or docker file for building the container. There's a GUI and a command line interface. The GUI is on the left of the slide. For running Gromax, I used it to create a container file based on Red Hat Universal Base Image 8 for building a container with open MPI and the whole Kuda library. Once I had this base container file, I added the necessary steps to compile Gromax with Kuda and MPI support. The container built with this container file will be used as the launcher and worker pods for the MPI operator and MPI job. Okay, so now the fun part. We have all of the pieces set up on our cluster with the GPU operator and the Lester client driver container, the Lester CSI driver for AWS FSx and the MPI operator. And we have a container image for running Gromax thanks to MLCC. In this short demo video, I will show the process of launching the MPI job for Gromax on OpenShift. In this demo, I will also show how you can use an OpenShift feature called the cluster autoscaler. I configured the cluster autoscaler to automatically scale a machine set to add more GPU nodes to the cluster when there are not enough nodes with the necessary resource requirements to schedule all of the pods. The cluster autoscaler is easy to set up and works to scale nodes appropriately for a created MPI job and will also scale down if the nodes become unused for a certain amount of time. The machine set for availability zone US East 1C controls the number of GPU nodes in our cluster. We create a cluster autoscaler object and a machine autoscaler object to automatically scale this machine set. Then we change the MPI job manifest to run across four GPU nodes instead of two, which we currently have running. Once we create this MPI job, the MPI operator will create the worker pods and we see that two of the worker pods cannot be scheduled. This will trigger the cluster autoscaler to scale our machine set. We can watch the machine set scale up and see in the AWS console on the left that two more G4DN.2x large instances have been created. Once the new worker nodes are ready, we should see the MPI worker pods get scheduled and we can watch Gromax running from the launcher logs. The primary goal of this POC is to demonstrate the functionality of common HPC tools unopened. But what about the performance? This graph shows the results from running a common Gromax example benchmark, which simulates water molecules, in this case with 1.5 million atoms. The CPU results are from several M5.2x large instances on AWS, which have eight VCPUs or four real cores, since we don't want to use hyper threads for Gromax. The GPU results are from G4 instances, which have one NVIDIA T4 GPU and eight VCPUs and four real cores as well. For optimal performance, we would likely want to want more real CPU cores per GPU and more GPUs per node. These results aren't bad and it is nice to see some good GPU acceleration, but at higher node counts, the performance doesn't seem to scale very well. Our testing has shown that multi-node Gromax is pretty latency sensitive and maybe network limited. We can do better by bypassing the software-defined network or the, which is an overlay network in OpenShift. The software-defined network or SDN can have some performance overhead due to encapsulation and open flow rules. In general throughput is not diminished much, but latency can be affected. One way to bypass the SDN is to just give the worker pods access to the host's network namespace. By doing this, we can see much better scalability. However, this has security implications as it gives the pods access to the loopback device and services listening on localhost and could be used to snoop on network activity of other pods on the same node if the pod were somehow compromised. The good news is that the SDN can be bypassed without giving pods these privileges using something called Maltis, which enables us to set up an additional network for the MPI pods to use, ideally on a separate high-speed interface. We don't have numbers for this on AWS yet, but initial tests on a bare metal OpenShift cluster showed that running this same Gromax workload using a secondary network with Maltis gave the same performance as enabling host network. So in this session, we've demonstrated how the HPC tools Lester and MPI and NVIDIA GPUs can be effectively used on OpenShift to run a high-performance scientific application. Going forward, we aim to do more performance testing and tuning of HPC applications like Gromax running on OpenShift with the MPI operator. We hope to explore using Maltis to enable high-speed networking, as well as other ways to improve performance such as isolating infrastructure pods to specific worker nodes. Look out for future articles on the OpenShift blog covering these topics. Thanks for listening.


Now we have our research question. We've done our literature search. We need to know what the variables would be required to do our research. Now the first thing would be to do a power calculation. I'm not going to go through that. That is for us to try and determine how many patients we would need for us to be able to have some power in our statistical analysis. That's a very important step and perhaps we'll make some extra videos just on that. We'll have to identify the patients from some sort of register. We might have our hospital register, the ward register where these patients are admitted, where diagnoses are written and that is where we're going to get our sample set from. And we have to now collect data on the type of infection. So we'll have to either classify it as major or minor and that is a nominal categorical data type. If I were just to write my data points under the variable type of infection as minor, major, minor, major, minor, minor, major. Those data points, the data type of those data points are nominal categorical. Categorical because minor is a word. I can't do mathematics using a word. It's nominal because there's no natural order to it. Now major is worse than minor but there really isn't a natural order sequence to these. The next data we're going to collect is gender. Now that's not part of our original research questions but you'll see on most clinical research papers there's a bit of the background information of the patients that we are dealing with in gender and age. Usually two of the common things that we do list. So once again we'll have two data points just to keep things simple here. We'll either classify sample patients as either male or female and once again you can well imagine this is nominal categorical data. Next age comes up. We'll just make note of each patient's age and we might use that in a little comparison as well although that was not part of our original research question. And that is a ratio type numerical continuous data type. Ratio type because there is a true zero. Someone can be zero years of age. It is numerical because we can do mathematical equations using those data points and it's a continuous data type. The admission HBA1C that's also going to be a ratio type numerical continuous data type and admission CRP also it's a value also with a true zero so that would also be a ratio type numerical data type which is also continuous. Important when we think about these variables the data points that we are going to collect for these variables it's important to think about what type of data that is because that will determine what kind of statistical analysis we can do on those data points when we get to Julia. Next up we'll set our hypotheses.


We are Dynavap and we are currently in beautiful downtown Madison on State Street and we are going to be asking people on the street what they think about Dynavap. Just waiting for some people to come out of Knucklehead so we can interview them. What are we talking about? Dynavap. I can show you what it is.   And have you heard of Dynavap before? No, I have not. So we make these cool little thermal extraction devices. You may know them as like a vaporizer.  Okay. You can also use concentrate in there with a little bit of an adapter. All right. You just rotate and heat. You hear that click? Yep. That click means you can take your rip.  You take your draw and then in a few seconds you're going to hear it click again. So it clicks like to let you know it's safe. It's good to go.


Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States. We have some very distinguished guests. Well, we have some very, very distinguished and honored guests here today. And their families are also with us. We welcome Alberto Salazar, Greta Weitz, Linda Down, to the White House, and congratulate them all on their New York Marathon performances. I am told that some of our White House staff were also in the meet, but only one of them has checked in as yet. So I don't know how that's come out. You all know, of course, that Alberto's winning time for the 26 miles was two hours and nine minutes. This is his third consecutive year in winning the New York Marathon, and he also has won the Boston Marathon. Greta won the women's division, the fourth win for her in five years, time of two hours and 27 minutes. She won with style and grace, and that's kind of incomprehensible to me. I do five minutes a day on a treadmill and then walk away from it very slowly. Linda Down did not match Alberto and Greta's time, but I'm sure that both Alberto and Greta would be the first to say that no one in that marathon showed more heart and more courage. Linda, a victim of cerebral palsy, is more familiar with the word victory than victim. She did the 26 miles of the marathon in 11 hours. She's the first person ever to attempt to do that, the aid of crutches.  It's an honor to receive them here at the White House. Pleased to have them with us and have this opportunity to congratulate them for all that they have done. That concludes our photo session. I'm sure you have all the photos you want. We shall go back inside now. I'd like to say something about that one. Sure. Wait one moment. OK. What have they done? Well, I don't feel that way, Sam, but that's another subject. This is the subject for this morning. I'm not going to take any more questions here, because we're here to honor these young people. I just wanted to do that, but they're not human at all. I'd like to present this model of Nike Mariah shoes. They're the same brand which I wore in winning the New York Marathon. I'd like to present these to President Reagan. And I hope that these will help him in his race for re-election. And I'm sure that he will be re-elected president. Alberto, thank you very much. I promise not to use them in a marathon. Thank you very much. That's not embarrassing. I'm not embarrassed. I'm no economic expert, but I say stay the course. Say thank you, Mr. President. And as a representative from a small country, I feel very honored to be here today. And I hope that my presence here can be an inspiration for female athletes all over the world. Thank you. Hi, I just want to say thank you for inviting me here. And even though I was the tortoise in the race, I think I felt very blessed to have had the chance to do it. And I felt honored to be an American and a woman. Thank you. Go back into the office now. That determination and character can overcome any handicap. The people in this country, millions watching you, I think, have been inspired to try to emulate that type of drive and spirit. And it's kind of the spirit that's made America great. And you've proved it. And I would like to have the president present this medal to you on behalf of the United Cerebral Palsy. The United has said, and accept to say it, yes, millions of people must have just realized the indomitable human spirit. And someone shows us the way she did. Sugar is instant energy, isn't it?  All right. Well, again, and of course, the two of you, I ran the quarter-mile track, at least across the mile of the tape at the end of the quarter-mile. And I waited for two guys to grab me under the arms real quick. But I don't understand. 26 miles, then you see, and you both just kind of slow down and stroll away. I think back and think I must have missed something in my training. And you, of course, you've said it, and you know. God bless you. Thank you very much. Mr. Murphy, more than anything with regard. Oh, well. And I know that the two of you are going down to the Olympics. We'll help them out. Mr. President. Thank you. I'm sitting here. I'm studying there. Brother D, he's a crybaby. She got in the experience as she came into the final. One of the stories we get to know is that she crossed the bridge coming back from the Boston to Manhattan. She slipped into a glass and fell out of the sprawling of the glass and went for help. And she was cut. And she just kept going. And that was about six or seven miles ago.  And when she got that, she just started crying. We were all, the only people left this year were clean-out shooters. And it was an amazing scene. They took a banner that was in and above the course. And they didn't have any ribbon for her to cross it. The park rangers took a banner and put it across the finish line. So she would have a ribbon break. That's right. You know, you feel that I'm one of the huggers. Yeah. I didn't dare, just as... And in here, I tell you, some of the complaints we get that supposedly our budget cuts are penalizing someone this way. And you look at them, compared to her, I've got compassion for everyone that's got a problem. But you say, wait a minute, what are you whining about? Yeah, absolutely. I know I wanted to quit and she wouldn't. Thank you. Thank you.


What's up everyone it's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards and I am ripping up personal here for Kenneth M We've got to 2022 Panini select UFC Hobby Boxes. All right, Kenneth. Thanks for hopping in. Let's see what we can hit you Good luck. My UFC Chronicles in stock is another uh release today Chronicles, UFC Chronicles Racing A lot of uh releases today Got silver rookie patty plin but uh patty pimblet On the premiere level. There you go great start there for you, Kenneth Premier level patty nice Tri-color francis and ghanu Silver patty to start It's a hard pull out of this stuff. Yeah Nah, hi, so about a Nate Diaz auto on the welter weights Nate Diaz patty to batty. What's up, Blake bronze rookie Tom Aspinall on the heavyweight 6201 75. I like the bronze look We've got scope robert wittaker How's the ballbin man? How's it been going? Who else can we add to your strikeout lists? Yeah Kenya Murphy we've got scope vulcanoscopy Still regret on my one of one so low two on ebay Yeah, it's like $400 uh rookie patty pimblet a andrea lee tricolor uh jamal hill was uh In an hg slav. That's probably why I should have cracked it instead of the psa. You probably would have gems olivera gold horde octagon side boom Man, we've been on a roll with some select lately Nice mads with all We'll mag that one for you. There you go. Kenneth Wow silver uh tubasa Yeah, I'm pretty sure he does Yeah, uh, we've got silver patch of viera and a girl thug rose silver Thank you. Yeah, he's he's ripped with a backyard too. I think he's been there a few times silver and new of texsara and brock lessner silver I think one of them lost a bet so they had to get ticked by mads with all two To imagine we'd be able to walk for a week after that in kanu Uh, we've got some maroon on the premier level of sake 95 a 125 Last pack should have their last auto in it and it does We've got a octagon action signatures rob fonts Rob font Mackenzie Dern try color Very nice box there to start onto your second box Silver rose and strip. Is there a fight this weekend? I think they're supposed to be a pretty big fight Yeah, I'm pretty sure got try color charles charles olivera We've got to 199 nice silver patch auto holly home Hold her one of one the other day out of each two box And john jones on the maroon out of 125 wonderfiller fight again I'm gonna bug rich I'm sure you can find it on a stream somewhere patty plinglet rookie on the premier level base Figaro won't go silver. No shot and we're seeing the top loading computer Yeah, that's like the third one We've gone through we got another gold Another gold and it's a rookie Here we go kenne We've got shawn brady on the gold three of ten premier level Nice there kennef. Wow back-to-back boxes with some gold another one Well mag that one. I know people were pretty big on him too Yeah We've got to 49 blue octagon signatures, uh vivian Arafu of rubble Era uho era uho, I believe It's got a nice looking autograph I've got in ghanu try a color large And new McGregor we've got charles olivera on the maroon 24 125 a few silver rookie shawn brady concourse We've got silver patch of theago santos on the light light heavyweight division Uh zang silver Yeah, I am Gucci, but I'm off tomorrow. So um, I'm all good. Uh, we've got a bupkar, uh, norma gamadoff Xterra, chef shanko We've got rookie scope casey o'neill And it's xterra octagon side is zang welly and chef shanko on the silver premier level She's so tiny dude in particular.  All right, congrats on those hits kenneth Thanks again for hopping in and we will get these right out to you


We've got one more thing. Now, we all love YouTube. We love the content. We love the creators. We love the communities that we're in. But over the years, we've learned that there's something that you don't love. And that's ads. We tried solving the problem with YouTube Premium, but YouTube Fox didn't want to pay that either. We had to come up with something new. Well, you spoke, and we listened. And so today, we decided to launch a new product that changes the way you see the world and yourselves. And it's called YouTube 2. Everyone hates ads. But what if I told you that YouTube 2 could be completely ad free? And what if I told you that it's creators and its users wouldn't have to pay a single dime? Sounds too good to be true. Why don't you follow me? No, don't worry. This isn't for an apology video. You have to go alone, or it doesn't work. That's how you sign up for your new YouTube 2 account. Or why the altar showed up. All we know is that if we routinely feed it blood offerings, someone, or something, pays for our mortgage, our employee wages, our server fees, content creator payout, monthly gambling stipends for our employees, child support, and even alimony. Everything is taken care of. So we've got infrastructure. But let's talk a little bit about features. In 2019, my boss, Susan, introduced a new feature on our old shitty YouTube called the YouTube Community Tap. It was a place where you could post gifts, images, smaller than 25 kilobytes for your audience to enjoy and share. It was her idea. And so we wanted to make something great. And so Susan decided that YouTube 2 would only be the YouTube Community Tap. Thank you. Let's check it out. So I'm all set up on YouTube 2. And it's time to make our first community post. So let's make it. It's looking great. All that's left is to publish it. Here we go. And that's it. We've made our first community post. Thank you all so much for joining us on this journey to create YouTube 2, the platform that is going to change everything. We found a way to create anything we wanted at no cost in this life. And this is what we chose to do with it. Thank you.


How'd the Sky Tower work? 18 seconds! I'm pretty sure the Sky Tower is 328 meters tall. We'd mixed it about the same height as the Eiffel Tower. It took about 15,000 cubic meters of concrete to build, and I think it took around 2,000 tons of reinforcing steel.  Study engineering at the University of Auckland.


When the Narcissist meets their match, when they encounter their equal in strength or ability, when they are competing against someone who they cannot beat, because they are equal or better than they are. It's not always so easy for the Narcissist to discard someone and then move on to their next source without any problems. If you give them enough rope, they will hang themselves. If you give them enough freedom for them to make a mistake, they will get into trouble. They will bring about their own downfall. Sometimes this is what will happen when they move on from you. They don't always run into people who they can exploit. They don't always run into people who are easy to take advantage of. Sometimes the Narcissist meets their match. Narcissists are very greedy. They need excessive attention and admiration. They have excessive intense and selfish desires for money, power, status and sex. And sometimes this leads them to their own downfall. Their own ruin or failure. They lack the ability to predict what will happen in the future. Because they're in survival mode, and they're too focused on what they need today. And when you first meet them, they can be very gullible. They can be easily persuaded to believe something. They can be easily tricked or deceived. They live in this delusional fantasy, where they believe that they are going to attain unlimited power and status. They believe that they're going to meet this functional character who can be everything that they want them to be. And give them everything that they need. They feel inherently worthy and deserving of whatever they desire. And they really believe that the next person is going to be everything that they could ever need. But by holding these delusional beliefs, it can sometimes lead them to their downfall. They will go to any extent to get what they want. They will do whatever it takes. They will assist anyone who makes them believe that they are working jointly towards the same desires. Even if it is just something that they are fantasizing about in their minds. And it's not something that has any basis or foundation in reality. It's not something that's likely or probable, but the narcissist would like it to be. They would like to make their fantasy a reality. And they have a feeling of expectation and desire for it to happen. That's what motivates them through the love-bombing phase, when they are trying to secure you as their source of supply.  They act like they're so friendly and given. And this is something that is easily detected by other narcissists. It is something that they will take advantage of. All the other narcissist has to do is alter their deceptive outward appearance to be whatever the other narcissist desires. They're both completely delusional. They're both living in a fantasy. So it works very well initially. It's like shared psychosis. They know how to seduce each other. They know how to feed each other's desires and reflect back the delusional fantasy. They're both acting. They're both playing a role, but at some point, the narcissist who is more easily persuaded will then become prey to the other narcissist. From the outside, it may look like they were meant to be together. It may look like they're perfect for each other. But it doesn't mean that the narcissist is getting what they want. Sometimes it's not so easy for them to find someone to take advantage of. Sometimes narcissists run into other narcissists. And they both feed back whatever delusional fantasy they might desire. One of them might desire sex, which the other narcissist will give to them in exchange for money, power and status. And at first it works really well, because they're both tricking and deceiving each other. They're both displaying a false character that the other wants to see. They're both validating each other's delusional fantasy. It can be a very satisfying experience for them in the beginning, even if it isn't real. They don't notice that it isn't real. So their ignorance is bliss. The narcissist who needs the most help will try very hard to attract the attention of the other narcissist. They will make it very obvious that they want a relationship with them, because they are in need of something that the other narcissist can provide. They are trying to use the other narcissist, while also putting themselves in a position to be used. The narcissist who has the most money will be the one covering the expenses in exchange for sex. They might cover their rental bills. They might take them out to dinner. They might even buy them a car. Whatever they need, they will try to provide it to them in exchange for sex. They act as a provider, someone who can provide for the other narcissist. And of course, as the other narcissist is in need, they will give them whatever they need in exchange for whatever is being provided. From the outside, it seems like they are getting everything they ever wanted. It looks like they have found someone to look after them. But what you don't see is that they are only being used for sex, or whatever else they have to provide to them. They think that they have got it easy. They are getting whatever they ever wanted. And they have found someone who is easy to take advantage of. But what they don't realise is that they are also dealing with a narcissist. The narcissist who is needy may feel as though they have found a greater opportunity than what they had with their last supply. But what they don't realise is that they are being used too. And this is where they get into serious trouble. This is where they will make some really big mistakes because they are both living in a delusional fantasy and they are not being realistic. It blinds them to what is actually happening. It deprives them of understanding, judgement and perception. Once the money has ran out or they have got married or had children that is when reality begins to sink in. That is when they begin to realise that they were both using each other. And now there is no money. Now the other narcissist begins to lose interest. So they no longer want sex. And from that point on it's all downhill. That is when they will begin to seek other sources. They might even hoover old sources of supply. They have to accept that they were taking advantage of. And they will be quick to blame the people around them. When really it's their own fault for being so greedy. It's their own fault for being so preoccupied with their own selfish desires. They were trying to trick people instead of being real or honest if you ever see them after they have been discarded by another narcissist. You will see that they look completely defeated. They look miserable and you may even feel sorry for them. But it really was inevitable. It was unavoidable. They had to create their own downfall because they were being dishonest from the start. They were both selfish. They both had hidden agendas. So at the end they're both miserable. They were both looking out for themselves instead of building each other up. So it ends with them both bringing each other down. Thank you for watching. I hope this video resonates with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. Click the bell icon to receive notifications for my future videos. If you would like to donate my PayPal link is in the video description. Coaching inquiries you can email me at nagsforvecoaching at juma.com Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


Spring Cleaning is here and Appalachian Wireless has the deal to get you started. Get a Samsung Galaxy S8 for a penny or a Galaxy S8 Plus for only $89.99 on the region's best network. Better service, bigger savings, that's today's Appalachian Wireless. So your agreement requires you to store for details. Early Wednesday morning, a 14-year-old boy who had been reported missing on his bicycle was found dead at this location in Martin County. Martin County Sheriff John Kirk said a 14-year-old riding his bicycle on Poplar Fork Road near Beauty died after crashing his bicycle into a culvert Tuesday evening. Kirk said the boy had been riding bikes with his cousin when the two began down a steep hill on Poplar Fork. The sheriff said the boy was barefoot and had no brakes on his bike and his cousin lost sight of him in a curve at the bottom of the hill. His cousin said that when he started off the hill I guess he was gaining speed and he didn't have any shoes on. He had left the house I guess with flip flops and at some point straps on his flip flops had broken and so he was barefooted. And he was gaining speed down this hill and traveled, the deputy estimated probably maybe 40 up to 50 miles per hour. Kirk said the boy fell to negotiate a curve and crashed into a creek bed and into a culvert where he was eventually found dead by a Martin County deputy following a several hour search of the area. The deputy, my understanding, went back to the residence and got a little better description of the last place that the 14-year-old was seen by the 16-year-old and he goes to the top of the hill and starts walking along the roadway looking the ditch line and the creek side. And ultimately they were able to see where that he had exited the roadway through the weeds and was able to discover his body there at the drain tile. Kirk said the investigation into the incident is ongoing but it appears the crash that claimed the boy's life was simply a tragic accident.  The identity of the boy at the family's request has not been released. In Martin County, Chris Anderson, EKB News.