In that regard, I initiated measures to create the neighbouring environment for the youth of St. Lucia to access existing and emerging business opportunities by establishing the youth economy agency to convert hobbies into entrepreneurship and skills into business. The youth economy creates a special space in the economy with the necessary facilitation for youth-owned businesses to start, develop and grow. Our goal is to harness the skills, hobbies, talents and innovative capacity of our youth and channel this passion and creativity into successful businesses which can truly transform the lives of our people. In less than eight weeks, a total of 102 grants have been issued to young entrepreneurs in diverse areas ranging from agriculture, agro-processing, fashion, ICT, food and beverage. The youth economy agency will this week be graduating 92 young persons following an intensive free-week business training programme. Successful participants will each receive an injection of $5,000 to bring their plans to life. The youth economy agency has already conducted free business mixtures. Mixtures at Grossly Denuion Library will suffer to come later this week. The youth economy agency has also launched its mentorship programme, but the most encouraging part is the active linkages that we see young entrepreneurs forming among themselves to support, to procure goods and services from each other. And that was only just one of the objectives of the youth economy agency already coming to life. Through the youth economy, we are expecting a cadre of young of the objectives of the youth economy agency already coming to life. Through the youth economy, we are expecting a cadre of young, disciplined, innovative and emerging strategic alliances among themselves. We are embarking on global and regional partnerships that will expose them to the opportunities in the region and the global marketplace. Our discussions during the course of the annual meeting are more crucial than ever. Our challenges are numerous but not beyond the imagination, talent and resourcefulness of our people. I am convinced that we can continue to build a regional institution that can provide finance for climate changes, reset the debt issue, build capacity and most importantly improve the quality of life of the people of the region by providing financing in areas of education, healthcare, manufacturing, tourism, climate infrastructure, road and water infrastructure, food and energy security. We must commend the CDB for the support it has provided to Saint Lucia and the region to help navigate the difficult social and economic challenges of the COVID pandemic. While the CDB fulfills its mandate, countries must manage their economies to provide the necessary fiscal space to allow for the repayment of debt to the institutions since the shareholders expect their resources to be used in the most efficient manner. I urge the CDB to remember that there can be no economy without people and our policies must ensure economic sustainability but not forgetting the social health, nutritional and economic well-being of the people of the region for in the final analysis it is the people whom we soon. I wish you a successful AGM and employ you while in our beautiful island to let her inspire you. I thank you. I now call on the governor for Belize to give his response. I would like to acknowledge the presence of the acting Governor General Mr. Errol Charles and Mrs. Charles, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia Honourable Philip J. Pierre, Governors, Directors, the President of the Caribbean Development Bank, Government Representative, Development Partners and other distinguished guests Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Firstly, I want to thank our host country Saint Lucia for the warmth of its people and the generous hospitality, a beautiful and fitting backdrop for the conversations to come. In this being, I wish to recognize the hard work of the management and staff of the bank. Many times, their hard work and sacrifice goes unnoticed and unrecognized. The tremendous work being done across the region and the work that went into ensuring that this annual meeting is as a success is worthy of commendation. I greet you all today on behalf of the Prime Minister of Belize, the Honorable John Percenio. The government and of course the citizens of Belize. It is an honor to speak to you all today, not only on behalf of my country but also on behalf of all our borrowing member countries. As we know, we have much more commonalities binding us than differences. We are stewards of some of the best natural resources that Earth has to offer. We have rich histories that have great unique cultures. On the other hand, we are also economically vulnerable with multiple significant constraints and we are highly exposed to the risk of the global arena. In many instances, by standard, the phenomena beyond our control. More than anything though, the greatest things we share in common is our resilience. Even in the fears of a global pandemic, in the fears of the giant and crude appetite of climate change, in the fears of geopolitical tensions, in the fears of suffocating global inflation, we continue to persevere. Allow me to illustrate that resilience through the lens of Belize under the leadership of our Prime Minister, the Honorable John Percenio. The Government of Belize has accomplished many major milestones, though thought to be impossible, given persistent externalities. In the area of macro-level fiscal management, Belize achieved a 65 percentage point reduction in our debt to GDP, down from 133 percent in 2020 to 64 percent as of December of 2022. This was largely due to the historic blue-bond debt for marine conservation transaction. It allowed us to successfully renegotiate our external commercial debt and resulted in an immediate 12 percent reduction in our total government debt. In the process, Belize earmarked $4 million annually for marine conservation. In the areas of social protection, Belize have mainstream national efforts to develop a comprehensive social protection strategy and are steadily on track toward achieving multi-dimensional social protection with the unemployment rate at an all-time low of 5 percent. Belize is among the fastest growing economy in the region, giving international partners and investors restored confidence in our economic productivity. While I will share more about this notable feat and promises that Belize will continue to ascend on this course, the reality is that if another hurricane will stop tomorrow or a global pandemic rampage once more, all our progress would likely disappear. The last few hurricanes that impacted Belize contributed to an annual, to average annual losses of 4 percent of GDPs and considerably damaged to infrastructure and public utilities. Even without a direct hit, flooding in our central districts reached unprecedented levels and left us with an estimated $100 million worth of damage. Hurricane Lisa, a category one storm that hit last November, once again underscore our vulnerability, though only a category one hurricane. That to be best case scenario still require emergency response and left us with considerable damage. This story is not one that only Belize can tell. Every single borrowing member country holds a similar feat. This scenario have become the norm for our region. We know that our progress is only as secure as we are in the face of external shocks. Individually as countries we have made great strides in reducing our debt burdens, prioritizing climate action, building our disaster risk reduction facilities and serving our people. But collective actions remain crucial. This only underscore the urgency for more collaboration at a regional level. We recognize the strategic role of the Caribbean Development Bank in mobilizing resources to support borrowing member countries, efforts to address the challenges they face. The bank's targeted and strategic financial support have enabled each of our countries to prepare customized development solution paired with unparalleled technical expertise and more importantly align with our individual national development plan. Belize will continue to champions the bank as it works hard to meet its role, mandate and the expectations of its borrowing member countries. We will also continue to advocate for the bank among strategic partners and stakeholders. We acknowledge the ongoing effort of the bank to mobilize climate finance. We need the bank to advance its effort to provide affordable financing to our countries by pursuing blended finance. We wish to see the banks provide direct support to borrowing member countries to develop comprehensive climate adaptation projects. And I say adaptation, not my mistake. And advance the mobilization of climate finance for loss and damage as negotiated at COP 27. Mr Chairman, thank you once again for convening us and leading this necessary conversation. And we thank the bank for being such an essential partner to our borrowing member countries. We trust the conversations had will be born of genuine regard for the countries we represent and the people we serve. Thank you for the opportunity to address this gathering. And may we forge stronger partnerships to advance the development interests of our borrowing countries. Thank you. I now call on the governor from Venezuela to speak on behalf of regional non-borrowing members. Good morning. Acting governor-general of San Luzha, His Excellency Mr Cyril Erol-Charles, Honorary prime ministers, governors, Honorary president of the Caribbean Development Bank, Representatives of the member states, representatives of the bank and participants all to this 53rd annual meeting of the board of governors of this institution. With the certainty of the success that this meeting will generate, I wish to convey to you our fraternal greetings on behalf of the non-borrowing regional members. It is an honor for me to participate in this board of governors, chair by San Luzha host country. We congratulate the prime minister, the Honorable Philip Pierre and his team for organizing and hosting this event. We also salute the work carried by the Honorable President of the Caribbean Development Bank, Dr. Ginny León. And we take the opportunity to thank him for visiting our country, Venezuela, in March of this year, hoping to deepen the presence and participation of Venezuela with this institution. From Venezuela we believe that the CDB's approach for 2023, which will seek to focus on access to financing, is very relevant for the current economic situation, as it is a fundamental aspect of the development process in emerging economies. An obvious reality is that the global demand for financing is enormous at all levels and in all aspects, with the amount of monetary resources has always been limited. The reorientation of access to financing is a central issue in the current financial order, since developing countries require greater support from international financial institutions with the access criteria that not only measure indicators of economic income, but do not depend on subordination to the implementation of specific economic policies. And that can also address the vulnerability of these economies to external shocks, natural disasters and variations in international markets, especially in the countries with the greatest difficulties. In response to the challenges facing the world today, we believe in the importance of the reconfiguration of the global economy toward a diversified and a multipolar one. Today's war is witnessing a breakdown in the traditional economic order and it is in this regard we highlight the role played by emerging economies mainly through their associations in cooperation blocks such as the BRICS, whose presence on the international scene is on the rise. The global monetary system is moving in a more inclusive direction with diverse payment arrangements and new international financial mechanisms that give trade real freedom for expansion is pertinent. In this sense, the BRICS town is initiative 2.0 could generate sufficient momentum and energy to enable the development of a new regional financial architecture more inclusive for developing countries, more responsive to the current economic and financial challenges with less preponderance on the conditionality and oriented toward ensuring the welfare of the people. Although we have faced strong economic and financial challenges in recent years, we can finally begin to leave behind the period of complexity that the COVID-19 pandemic entailed, whose economic aftermath we have not been yet able to overcome. Will we move forward in our efforts to resolve complex geopolitical scenarios, mitigate climate change and address the food and energy needs of developing countries? It is our duty to emphasize that the willingness to work together as a region is a responsibility and must be our guiding principle. From Venezuela's point of view, our presence in the historical path toward development in the Caribbean region is undeniable. However, the imposition of illegal coercive measures unilaterally on my country violating the principles of international law not only have negative effects on our people but the development initiatives that we have implemented in our brothers and sisters in the region that have been severely affected presenting a negative scope on the regional level. We urge to remove the sanctions on Venezuela and Cuba. However, we reaffirm our willingness to continue working together with this institution and hand in hand with its member countries for the economic development and welfare of the peoples. Let us move forward for a new international economic order that allows this balance, inclusion and compensation. Finally, Excellencies allow me to convey to the Caribbean Development Bank our best wishes for another successful year and to reiterate to all our Caribbean brothers and sisters that they can count on our friendly hand and the friendly hand of President Nicolas Maduro and the government of Venezuela to face the challenges and adversities on the road to develop a long and complex path that undoubtedly requires collective actions and a renewed leadership in their international concert. Thank you very much. To speak on behalf of non-regional members I call the Governor for Germany. Honourable Governor, Prime Minister and Excellencies President León, distinguished Governors, Ladies and Gentlemen I am honoured to deliver these remarks on behalf of Nils Anand the Governor for Germany for the group of non-regional, non-borrowing members of the CDB. Governor Anand was unable to join us today in person due to an urgent parliamentary commitment. First of all, please allow me to thank the Government and the people of Senglusha for hosting this annual meeting and the CDB team for all the hard work in organising. The Caribbean region is facing a number of challenges today which together are reducing the scope for sustainable development. Until the social consequences of the pandemic are overcome we still have a long way to go. Economically, while tourism has rebounded and inflation has been curbed it remains a key challenge compounded by rising interest rates and burdening levels of debt. So environmentally the climate crisis poses fundamental threats to the people of the Caribbean most of all to the poorest and most vulnerable. As a consequence of climate change the Caribbean is hit by natural disasters with ever increasing frequency and intensity causing significant damage and loss of life each year. Yet I am optimistic the people and societies of the region are actively looking for answers to these challenges and building resilience. In the region has a lot of potential this includes a well-educated population an increasingly diversified economy and an active civil society. Adequate and affordable finance for development as the title of this meeting suggests is one of the crucial enablers of sustainable development in the Caribbean. We also particularly welcome the focus on gender equality youth and indigenous people and the gender of the annual meeting. In these challenging times societies need to be more resilient against crisis strong international and multilateral cooperation can contribute. More investments are needed for the protection of the global climate and our natural resources. As part of ongoing reform processes in multilateral development banks the shareholders have been highlighting the need to provide and protect global public goods like climate, biodiversity and pandemic prevention and integrate them more deeply in the operations on the ground. In this regard we invite management to explore opportunities to incentivize and leverage investments in the provision and protection of regional and global public goods in the Caribbean and in particular on the immense impact of climate change. We welcome the CDB's early work on addressing the recommendations of the G20 review on capital adequacy frameworks and look forward to further engagements in the board and at the level of governors. As a regional development bank CDB is particularly well positioned to support borrowing member states in implementing their respective climate targets in terms of mitigation and adaptation. As non-regional members we also encourage CDB to continue and strengthen its efforts to implement the bank's climate targets and to fully align its operations with the Paris agenda. In this context robust disaster risk management remains an absolute necessity. CDB has also been critical in promoting resilient reconstruction in the wake of disasters which is an important preventative contribution limiting the impact of future shocks. Finally concerning CDB's risk profile we would like to stress that in the interest of protecting current lending conditions and volumes for borrowing countries the double A plus rating must be preserved and in the median term we would like to see CDB return to being a triple A rated institution. CDB is a key partner for non-regional member countries including Germany in the development cooperation with the Caribbean region and CDB and the region can count on our continued support. Thank you. The governor for Guyana to give the report I nearly forgot the president. It's my distinct pleasure to invite the president to give the report to the president. It's my distinct pleasure to invite the president of the Caribbean Bevan Bank of the hygienist Jean Leon to address us. Good morning all. Since we are in St. Lucia I think I will deviate a little from protocol and start with a little bit of quail. So Missier excellence Deputy Governor General Serial Errol Charles and Madame Anissia Charles Missier premier Minis Philippe Jepier Minis government in St. Lucia Governor bank nous Diplomartelot pays Mounavité Madame and Missier All those who follow us here under the internet here and other countries Translated into Good morning Welcome. Hello Welcome to all Welcome to the 53rd annual development bank in the Caribbean and who did less also to welcome all here in the country of Natalmois St. Lucie So good morning and welcome to the 53rd annual meeting of the Caribbean Development Bank and I'd like to welcome all of you here it is a pleasure for me to for the bank to host this meeting the Helen of the West my hometown of St. Lucia the boring member countries of the Caribbean Development Bank today are being challenged like never before the advent of a one in 100 year pandemic layered on existing economic and environmental vulnerabilities plus the war in Ukraine the world into a period of geopolitical realignment supply disruptions food and energy insecurity and volatile financial markets these shocks led to sharp declines in output eroded some of the socio-economic gains made in past years and further slowed the region's progress towards the attainment of the sustainable development goals they have also contributed to rising debt levels the erosion of fiscal space and increased inequality and poverty levels equally concerning is the global trend towards fragmentation into distinct economic blocks with different ideologies political systems technology standards cross-border payment systems and reserve currencies this potentially exposes the region to additional risks as fractures in the flow of capital goods, services and technology across borders could add to inflationary pressures eliminated jobs and deprived people of food medicine and order essentials in other words fragmentation could result in another supply side shock leading to sharper increases in prices and less output these difficult circumstances have increased the development challenges in the region to better address the challenges of BMCs CDB recognized that it must reimagine its approach to development we needed a paradigm shift at the basic level and the shift began with our understanding of development and in Creole for us to implement one of these countries who even work with us we need to change the way we look at it and accompany the concept of development and we need to change the steps we have to turn things on its head if we are to understand how we take this forward so at the bank we pivoted our understanding of development to promote a holistic systems approach where productive and institutional capacity environmental sustainability social resilience and financial affordability are seen as essential components of the evolution of the system while implementation at the point in time may be specific each part must be located within the systemic picture over time in other words we cannot leave any part behind your bank CDB was at the forefront of the regional effort to accelerate recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and supported programs for health social resilience and learning continuity the organization of Eastern Caribbean states the OECS CDB in partnership with CARICOM secretariat and OECS commission developed the Let's RIP program to provide schools in the borrowing member countries with a roadmap to address the pandemic related learning gaps and to increase inclusion the RIP program provided certification training for 2,910 educators in Caribbean schools we also strengthened special education training for 175 teachers in St. Lucia to better respond to varied student needs and to improve their quality of education in 2022 total disbursements increased by 12.2% to 285.9 million US dollars comprising 180.7 million US dollars in loans and 105 million US dollars in grants behind these approvals and disbursement figures are human lives which were positively affected as the bank worked closely with countries, communities and development partners to develop on the SDGs the bank also made strides with key projects in Suriname Guyana, Bahamas St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Belize and has expanded this partnership with member countries and development partners among these new partnerships is a soft loan 20 million US dollars with the government of Italy for a program to support sustainable development projects in the Caribbean Interventions are also underway to increase climate resilience trade and agriculture of note a 14 million euros from the European Union to implement the Caribbean action for resilience enhancement care program 9.9 million US dollars from the adaptation fund to implement the building resilience for adaptation to climate change and climate variability in agriculture in St. Lucia project long title in the past year the bank committed an estimated US 41 million dollars of its own funds towards climate change initiatives mainly in energy and infrastructure the bank has also stepped up its level of ambition and adopted a climate finance target of 25 to 30% of its own resources towards climate change adaptation and mitigation by 2024 up from 11% in 2021 we will continue to build on these achievements to open our ambition for the road ahead in particular we will continue to build to start well and also make our ambition stronger to achieve this success associated with us on the road ahead we will do what it takes to ensure that we have and can continue the ambition that we have set ourselves meanwhile we are cognizant of the fact that headwinds remain as growth in the Caribbean is expected to moderate when tourism returns to pre-pandemic levels tighter global financial conditions could make it harder to finance fiscal deficits and roll over debt additionally there are climate related disasters that may cause large economic and social losses and weaken economic activity nevertheless we will remain steadfast and single-minded in our aspiration to accelerate the pace of economic activity close the gap to achieving the SDGs and fundamentally alter the development path to place countries on a higher and more sustainable path in the future by building internal resilience capacity we can frame our thinking about building internal resilience capacity as a trilogy comprising first refining the international development paradigm second building partnerships and third strengthening policies so the first part of the trilogy is refining the international development paradigm we need to in other words measure better to target better so let us therefore agree that the use of gross national product or gross national income as a proxy for development is insufficient and therefore our usual set of policies to grow GDP will also be insufficient let us agree that in a world with a multiplicity of shocks sustainability remains a dream unless we can conquer resilience let us agree to advance the global development agenda by adopting beyond GDP measures like the UN's multi-dimensional vulnerability index as our guideposts and by extension a broad GDP vulnerability and resilience policy tool to target improving internal resilience capacity of a country and therefore and thereby its sustainable development many stakeholders are proposing specific institutional reforms to make international development assistance and climate finance architectures more suitable for the 21st century a prominent example is the Bridgetown initiative to complement the Bridgetown initiative the CDB is exploring new and innovative ways to shape how concessional financial assistance is allocated including through the multi-dimensional vulnerability index or our recovery duration adjuster framework multilateral development banks including the CDB have also been recently designated as prescribed holders of special drawing rights by the International Monetary Fund and can use these SDRs for loans, swaps pledges in exchange for currency or settling financial obligations among other purposes there are also efforts on the way to establish a more robust architecture to address vulnerable countries loss and damage needs including through the Santiago network and the new loss and damage fund that the UNFCCC parties agreed to establish at COP 27 the second part of the trilogy is partnerships accelerated sustainable development requires partnerships for development between the private sector the government and the international community in fact I have repeatedly said that sustainable development is too important for it to be the exclusive purview of governments let us agree therefore we need to share to grow sharing opportunities sharing burdens and sharing responsibilities partnerships should therefore take place at various levels partnerships among multilateral financial institutions why don't we use financial partnerships to effect scale lending along thematic lines a green just energy transition that goes beyond national and continental boundaries regional and external associates can also pursue partnerships in knowledge creation sharing technology to improve productivity global productivity and focusing on national goals that can be effectively delivered through complementarities and synergies between the private and the public sectors thereby helping to break the trust barriers that exist between public and private sectors and unifying a focus on country prosperity partnerships can also occur in capacity building for example we can reimagine our learning systems and develop centers of excellence sharing technology to bridge skills gaps across the Caribbean islands particularly new and emerging areas such as animation and gaming robotics, digital media and green engineering this can expand skill sets and create jobs and business opportunities particularly for the youth of our region and help to mitigate some of the outward migration the best and brightest young people the third part of the trilogy is policies we need policies and supporting instruments that are designed to drive fit for purpose investment activities enhance implementation capacity for building resilience and increasing access to adequate and affordable financing for investments I want to focus on the financing aspect of those policies it includes creating policies and designing instruments geared towards developing a resourcing ecosystem that provides liquidity for rescue liquidity for recovery and liquidity for repositioning based on need and not only on GDP examples of that infrastructure that I speak of include contingent disaster financing instruments for example a class of guarantees for financing the impact of natural hazards contingent debt instruments to cushion the effect of an exogenous shock instruments for mobilizing and intermediating private sector financing for development revisiting debt sustainability frameworks to incorporate a wide class of debt clauses exploring guarantees to enhance the quality of portfolios and expanding insurance instruments to facilitate resilience let us agree therefore that we need a suite of instruments and affordable financing with appropriate governance frameworks to customize our varying needs and deliver on the promise of resilient prosperity for all of our citizens CDB has a special role to play in navigating these challenging times the bank will relentlessly pursue its ambitious agenda to build internal resilience capacity in our BMCs using the trilogy of improving the international development paradigm building partnerships and strengthening policies however our efforts alone will not take us over the finish line we request your continued and unwavering support as we are determined to introduce and execute novel and innovative approaches to support our membership we will continue to demonstrate unmatched resilience and improved responsiveness as the regions development bank as we remain true to our mandate our mandate of transforming Caribbean societies and committed to safeguarding the vision of resilient prosperity the fate of the region and the bank will be extremely linked when the region succeeds the bank succeeds it is therefore in our collective interest to work together and inquiry all the bank life is good we are all doing good so we can work together to let one of us work together so let us act together and act now because the moment is with us and if we allow it not to happen we will need to reflect in history why we did not do what we are called to do thank you there is strength in numbers we can do this you have in the IDB group an entity committed to this concept of partnership with purpose for a stronger more Brazilian and integrated Caribbean our future awaits let's embrace it together a pathway to resident prosperity is made with sustainable partnership together thank you very much I suggest that the president goes to part for school I would thank the president for bringing our Creole to focus and I want to invite you if you want to learn Creole you can do it for a small fee it's my distinct pressure to invite the chairperson of the governor of Ghana to give us a recall a recount of what happened at the procedures committee meeting morning chairman governors the procedures committee met on Monday June 19, 2023 at 4pm at the report of this committee dated June 20, 2020 is before you I have the honor to table the report on behalf of the committee and move that the board of governors adopt the recommendations contained therein Mr Chairman the procedures committee met at 4pm on Monday June 19, 2023 representatives of Antigon Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados Belize, Canada, China Colombia, Germany Grenada, Guyana Haiti, Italy, Jamaica St. Kitt's and Nevis St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago and the United Kingdom the committee submits the following report one schedule of the annual meeting the committee recommends that the schedule of the meeting are set out in paper BG53-1 be approved two provisions relating to the conduct of the meeting and the procedures committee the committee recommends that the provisions relating to the conduct of the meeting of the procedures committee in paper BG53-2 be approved agenda the committee recommends the adoption of the agenda as circulated in paper BG53-3 regarding the items on the agenda the committee reports on the following recommendations A. Annual report for 2022 the submission to the governors of the annual report for 2022 was noted governors who wish to do so may comment on the annual report in their statements B. Audited financial statements and reports of the independent auditors 2022 the committee considered the report of the board of directors paper BG53-4 and the audited financial statements and reports of the independent auditors contained in the annual report and resolved as follows the audited financial statement be in respect of its ordinary capital resources special development fund and other special funds are approved C. Allocation of the net income of the year ended December 31st 2022 the committee considered the report of the board of directors paper BG53-5 entitled allocation of net income and resolved as follows the net income of $21,188,000 being the operating income arising from the ordinary operations of the bank are as reported in the statement of comprehensive income for the year ended December 31st 2022 be allocated to the retained earnings and reserves of the bank two the net income from the year ended December 31st 2022 from its special operations relating to the general funds of $1,723,000 the contribution from the international development agency of $72,000 the contribution from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela of $3,000 and the contribution from the agency France is the development of $60,000 respectively be allocated to the reserves of those resources to be used in any manner not inconsistent with the purpose and functions of the bank any rules or regulations governing each such special funds and any agreement relating there to the administrative budget for the year ending December 31st 2023 the committee considered the report of the board of directors paper BG53-6 entitled administrative budget for the year ending December 31st 2023 and recommends that the governors note the budget e. expenses of the governors and alternates attending the meetings of the board of governors or committees thereof the committee considered the report of the board of directors paper BG53-7 and recommends that the draft resolution entitled expenses of governors and alternates attending meetings of the board of governors or committees thereof be adopted place and date of the 54th 2024 annual meeting the committee considered the report of the board of directors paper BG53-8 and recommends that the draft resolution entitled place and date of 54th 2024 annual meeting be adopted elections of officers of the 54th annual meeting the committee resolved that the governor for Canada be elected as a chairman and the governors for St. Kitts and Nevis Columbia and Columbia be elected as vice chairman any other business the chairman will make reports to the board of governors there being no other business the procedures committee meeting ended at 4.45 pm signed governor St. Lucia chairman Dr. Tarjan biografin governor the corporate republic of Rayano thank you thank you very much I would like to bring this opening ceremony to an end and could you stand for the departure of the Excellency the governor general and after could our governors remain for family photo photo this meeting this opening ceremony is coming to an end thank you very much there are some refreshments on the outside remember to have a meeting this afternoon 1.40 pm lunch


Well it's crunch time in high school volleyball as teams are in survive in advance mode and the winner go home mentality for the Fawcene Greyhounds. There are two victories away from a trip to state and after a three win nothing win last night in the quarterfinals. They have the semis tonight at Baglia Ita Borg, Norman County West standing in their way opening set. Greyhounds looking to start strong Lily Manneke and Taylor crowding at the net. Big time stuff to get the point then later this time Manneke attacking and look at the placement with the set. That gets the job done and how about her cousin Jordan Manneke. She set up on the outside so Manneke family a fair she hammers it home for the Greyhounds but they ran into a red-hot Cougar team tonight. Mariah McKeever rises up from the outside and puts it down. Ita gets their revenge on Fawcene and three straight what a great season though for the Greyhounds. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Welcome back to ThinkTech. I'm Jay Fiedel here on a Thursday at the 11 o'clock rock hour. And today we're going to do ThinkTech Talks. And we're going to talk about cybersecurity. In fact, the name of this show is Cyber Intrusion Colon, The New Normal. And notice I didn't say Cyber Intrusion Colon, The New Normal. I said the New Normal. It's not a question. It's a fact. And we have Frank Haas, even on the show before. Hello, how, Jay? Welcome. Welcome aboard yet again. And Dave Stevens. Hi, how you doing? Good to be here. Good to be here with you. And these guys are both teachers. They're teaching cybersecurity. Am I right? Did I get that right? Yes. Talk about how you got into it and what you do every day. My course is a brand new course, and it's in the hospitality department. The reason we started offering this course is that we looked at what's going on in the hospitality industry and said, if you're not paying attention to cybersecurity and hacking and all those other mean things that can go on out there, especially in the hospitality industry, you're missing a big chunk of what our students need to know. Briefly, why is the hospitality industry a target? Well, hospitality embraced e-commerce very early. And if you look at any of the stats on e-commerce, travel is a huge part of that. So, you know, John Dillinger was asked why do you rob banks. That's where the money is. And the money in the hospitality is very, very enticing. So, that's one reason. And the other reason is the amount of data that we collect. It's not just a transaction when you're buying something from Amazon.com. We're getting information on your travel dates, your family names, your credit card numbers, all kinds of stuff. And your frequent flyer points and your amenity points and your preferences. We have all that data. And the more data you have, the more valuable that is on the dark web. So, it's a very hot property. But you need to get the data. It's part of the 21st century to have the data. Right. And you actually facilitate their travel. Right. And people want to get it.  And that gets to be a very rich source of information that the bad guys want to steal. And Dave, tell me about your, you know, entry into the field. What do you do every day? Well, I started out in about 2005. I was doing embedded programming for cryptographic microprocessors, kind of a really heady game. And then, like Rick was saying, e-commerce came up. And I worked for a company that did a lot of e-commerce. And I told them, hey, there's a lot of ways to get your data that you might not know. And I started securing their servers and locking down their network. And I kind of got into the business. I came out here to Hawaii to work for HMSA in 2005. And I just fell in love with the place. They have data. And they have a lot of data. In fact, they had it on tape drives back then. And they were doing mash-up networks where different disparate networks from different time periods had to talk to each other. So I kind of did that. And then I got into teaching. Now, right about 2015, the TACT Grant Trade Assistance Adjustment Community College and Career Training Act came out. And we had a grant out here in Hawaii for healthcare workers and cybersecurity. And about $5 million went into the community college system for cybersecurity. I was hired as the coordinator for cybersecurity to get all those community colleges to create cybersecurity certificates for their students. So now we offer a course curriculum pathway to be trained in cybersecurity so you can go into the field as a cybersecurity expert or to transfer to UH West that does a Bachelor's of Applied Science and Information Assurance. This is very good, because this is a field that is expanding. You know, our world is changing. And we need to identify the sea changes. This is definitely one of the sea changes. You said intrusion isn't a question. It's a statement of fact. There's job security and cybersecurity. Job security and security. I'd like to tell my students that the unemployment rate right now for cybersecurity professionals is zero. If you come out and you have the experience and you have the qualifications, you've got a job. So big question. Are those jobs here? Many of them are, yes. And we work with federal agencies. Everybody from the DOD, FBI, CIA, and NSA. And in fact, one of my students is going for a security clearance is going to do a cybersecurity internship with the NSA and hopefully work for them. Well, that brings us to our top story, doesn't it? It does. You know, I asked Frank, well, we can talk about it first.  And of course, our rule is top down. This is news. We've got to cover this. So, wow, WikiLeaks. This is different. It's a different kind of WikiLeak. This is a WikiLeak about the government hacking us. No search warrant involved. Yeah. Right. And I think also what's disturbing is if you know what the law enforcement agencies in America are supposed to be doing, CIA hacking us internally is a little out of their realm. We have the National Security Agency for that. We have the FBI for that. We have local law enforcement. CIA is supposed to do external from the borders and this is a little different. The other disturbing thing that I thought about this was this is only what America does. WikiLeaks hasn't released what Russia does or what China does or what North Korea does. So it's exposing us to our enemies, but our enemies aren't exposed to us. That's basically unfair. It's very unfair and it's tipped the balance of power now. The good news is that the CIA is going to have to do a quick 180 and start developing new stuff. So it's going to get us back in our game, but in the interim, we're vulnerable. I think one of the fallacies that it points out is that anything can be kept secret. Yeah. And in fact, nothing can be kept secret. You can't assume that anything's going to be kept secret. So, you know, what WikiLeaks did is they hacked the CIA who would have thought that they could do that, but they did. And a lot of times what the government does is it develops all these high-tech sophisticated intrusion devices with the assumption that they're always going to have it, and then they find out that somebody's using it for bad purposes. The government, in fact, developed one of the dark web browsers that's used by a lot of malicious sites, TOR. TOR, yeah. They developed it for a lot of legitimate reasons, but, you know, you can't keep the genie in the bottle. Right. You can't keep this kind of technology in the bottle. Can you keep any kind of technology in the bottle, you know? Not only that, it moves at the speed of light. So, it's a running game. You're trying to run ahead of the hackers, and if you trip or hesitate, they overtake you. Yeah. And it's just that constant game. And if you retire, go off the grid, put down your phone, put down the computer, go to the South Shore of France, and the only thing they can get you is satellites. Just to illustrate how this all connects to real business is TOR, which is a dark web browser, enables people to go on the web, and the bad guys the hackers have stolen, not only money and names and data, you know, because a lot of what the hospitality industry does is other forms of assets and values, like points, frequent flyer miles, things like that. You can go on to TOR and find websites where you can put together a vacation, you can buy with cybercoins, with bitcoins or whatever. You can buy hotel rooms, airline tickets, upgrades, attractions, and it's a whole separate little e-commerce nefarious world that's out there. Aren't bitcoins also exposed? They can be. Of course, they try hard not to be vulnerable. Right. They would make a natural effort. I would, too. It's monetary, right? So, put a lot of effort into it. Everything's exposed. Yeah. The world of bad guys is kind of a free market. And bitcoins, they're not the only people out there. They're Zcash. Oh, yeah. Yeah.  You can't do that. Unfortunately, it's impossible. They do not have dentists in the Yukon. So, you have to stay, you know, with the flow, with the people, with the civilization. But the price of staying with civilization is you are exposed in every way. Well, you know, here's the conundrum. People want to share their data. They like the fact that Amazon kind of knows what you want. They like the fact that... Amazon, my friend, it knows what I want to buy next. It tells me what I should buy next. On the travel sites, it knows because of your behavior, because of where you've been before, or the kinds of purchases that you've made. It knows the kind of vacation you're going to like to do next. So, people willingly give up that data, and, of course, they'd like it to be safe and sacred and all that stuff, but the bad guys get to it. Well, you know, we had a show yesterday about security and energy, and the black box that, you know, that can tell what you're doing in your house, how much you're using for your appliances, and what time of day when you come, when you go, all that stuff.  You can know that. And you have to be a cyberterrorist to make use of some of this. Well, maybe I would like to... I'm a terrorist now. I would like to know when you come, when you go.  So, I think most people, as you say, Frank, they don't care. It's fine. You can know about me. I have nothing to hide. And yet, if, you know, the rule here is that, no, you don't think you have anything to hide, but if somebody does an analysis of all the data that's available from you, aside from credit cards and that kind, you know, they can hurt you. One of the bigger dangers is actually using you to get at somebody else. So, smaller vendors connected to larger vendors are actually an easier exploit than going after the larger vendor. For instance, if you want to hack the DoD, you go after a small vendor who supplies nuts and bolts to the aircraft supplier at the DoD. If you hack them, they have a connection to the DoD you're in. And you didn't have to go through this enormous penetration of, you know, the firewalls and their network system. You use the smaller vendor. And you can do that with people. And 90% of the hacks now are social, convincing people to do something. It's the con game, but only on the internet. And that's what all these phishing emails are for, this exploit, that connection to other people. And for the travel industry, it's not, I think it's not just the travel sites, but also people go on trips and then they accentuate the experience with posting to Facebook and all their other Pinterest, Snapchat. And then people that are trolling the web will put all those pieces together and see, oh, you're not in your house. You're in Spain. Perfect. I can go in there now, because I know you don't have an alarm and monitoring them. Sell that information. It's a whole industry out there. It brings me to a question about, you know, this area as a matter of teaching, this area as a matter of teaching smart people how to hack. How to do this creative social hacking. You know, I agree, absolutely. I mean, it's always been the case. But if I'm a smart guy and I'm not worried about getting caught or I see the stakes are so high that getting caught is down on the food chain for me, why don't I go into that? Why don't I take what you teach and turn it against society? I'm not necessarily going to get a really great job that will pay me as much as the bad guys, the black hats will pay me. Why don't I do that? Are they doing that? Are your students doing that? I can't tell you that. I do not know. Okay. I don't go around dragging them. Hey, are you a criminal now? By the way, how's it going? You do crime now. No, the theory behind sharing that much information has always been, if we put all these hacks out in the open, then the people that need to defend against them will see how the people are hacking and develop exploit defenses. That's the theory of sharing all that information. One piece of logic that comes out of this discussion is if you say that 90% are social hacks, then that means that public education can really help. Oh, very much. That's sort of the orientation of the course that I teach. Dave teaches the technical stuff. I teach, you need to know this because you're vulnerable and you need to understand the management responses that you have to have. So what do we need to know? First of all, you need to be sensitive to the fact that that's out there. Secondly, you need to be willing to invest money in it. You can't just have McAfee and some security light. If you're serious about security, you need to have the right people on staff, the right budgets, the right software, and that's an important part of our course. It's just as important as everything else. The other issue that we have in hospitality is we want to be customer-friendly, but we also want to be secure, and there's a tension between those two things. If we just handle data casually, it's very easy for the customer. It's very easy for us, but it's very insecure. So what do we do with that? How secure do we want to be? Do we want two forms of authentication? Do we want passwords? That puts some barriers in between you and the customer for a sale, but that's what we may need to do to make it safe. So this is what we call the CIA triangle security confidentiality, integrity, and availability. If you lean too far in one direction, you lose the others, right? You've got to balance it out. Right now we're going to balance our show. We're going to have a break. It's a balance thing. So all this hacking has become a major topic. I'm Andrew, the security guy. Join me on Hibachi Talk and learn a little bit more about it. I have my friend Gordo and my puppet buddy Angus. Check us out on Fridays at 1 o'clock on Think Tech Hawaii. We're watching Think Tech Hawaii, meeting people we may have not otherwise met, helping us understand and appreciate the good things about Hawaii. Great content for Hawaii from Think Tech. Aloha, my name is Joe Kent, and I'm the vice president of research at the Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. The Grassroot Institute is a public policy think tank, and we try to build a better economy in Hawaii, and you can see us on the TV show Ehana Kako on the Think Tech Hawaii Broadcasting Network every Monday at 2 o'clock. We'll see you there, and let's build a better Hawaii together. Aloha. Okay, we're back for live, and you did it again. You missed our break discussion, because our break discussion is sometimes the best part of the show. We'd like to recapture that right after the break. So I was going to ask these guys to differentiate between what kind of advice system, software, companies you hire on a corporate level and compare that to what you hire individually, because you have a lot to lose individually, too. But Dave said, my answer to that is going to be a surprise. It might come as a surprise to many people. So if I'm the human resources director of HMSA, and I need to lock down my security and make sure I have cyber people working for me, most people will think, I need to go out and hire five cyber guys to handle every 1,000 people. That's not the way it works. You cannot do that. Security is a hive mentality. Everybody's got to know what's going on, and everybody has to know all the attacks that could come in, especially social. So company training of the employees is the most important thing. So you might not think that all these things have to happen. You just hire a couple of security guys, but you need a security guy to really get into the nitty-gritty. But then you also need the person, kind of like me, who talks the good game and can train people and be kind of entertaining while they do it, so it gets into people's minds. So people are aware that there's problems out there.  So you need to... You need both. You need both. Yeah. So you can cut out, like, 90% of these social attacks, but you still have the 10% of the technical attacks. That's right. You still need to lock down the network, yeah. Yeah. Now, he's talking about a corporation. This is a corporation, yeah. Okay. Is that the same for the hotel industry, for your world? One of the challenges we have in the hospitality industry is the willingness to spend the money to do things that aren't sexy. You know. Marketing is sexy. Upgrading the software in the rooms. You know, you're betting and things. That's sexy. You know, redecorating is sexy. Spending money on security is not sexy. So what we wanted to do with this course is to underscore the risk that's involved. And it's a huge risk. Just in the last few years, some huge names in hospitality have been hacked. Starwood, Hilton, Hyatt, Uber, British Air, all over the place. When you say hacked, you mean everything that was available. All of my data and my dealings with these companies was taken or just some of it? It depends. It depends. Some of it's very limited. Some of it's pretty huge. In fact, just some stats on this. And these are not necessarily hospitality sacks. Well, when Sony PlayStation was hacked in 2001, there were 100 million customer records that were taken. Including mine. You know this. Oh, I know this. They cost the company $170 million to recover from that. That was a warm-up for what happened in 2011. 2014. 2014. Sony, again, somebody stole and deleted terabytes of data. So they really got hacked. And that episode cost them $100 million. And American Express was estimating that the global cost of hacking is about $400 billion. So now it's become a bean counting, tipping the scales the other way. Most people would say, well, the risk, it doesn't outweigh the cost of implementation of a security solution. Now it's tipping the other way. And what most people are seeing is that you can't just, like he said, you can't just throw antivirus on their intrusion detection and a cyber guy. You've got to do the high mentality. But you've also got to come up with a plan. Most companies don't have a security plan. How do we handle our backups? Where do we secure our backups? How do we handle authentication and account management? What do we do when we terminate somebody? What do we do when we onboard somebody? How do we handle their security? What levels of security do we apply to? What departments and how do we separate them? I don't know if this has happened, but you mentioned a minute ago that when the Sony intrusion happened in 2001, it included your record. Oh, that's not the only one. Oh, yeah. I mean, it's not a question. It's a statement. We've all been hacked. And if we haven't, it's just a question of when. Big time. It isn't before the internet, but I had somebody stole my passport, and this is days before the secure passports, cut my picture out, replaced it with his picture, called American Express, called Visa, said, I'm Frank Haas, and I've lost my card. Can you give me a replacement? Oh, no. So he had identification. He had a legitimate card. Yeah. And he also, because he had my passport, he knew that I was going to Australia. So he knew I was out of town, and ran up about $10,000 in about five days. Wow. Wow. That's quite a party. Able to recover on that? It wasn't because it was fraud. The card companies were responsible. Yeah, yeah, yeah. It was a little exciting trying to check out a hotel in Australia. When you give them the card and they say, oh, that card has been canceled. Nowadays, the credit card vendors mask card Visa will employ a heavy fine.  So the merchants have a duty, have an obligation. They do. It's called PCI compliance. It's not a federally mandated thing, but it's a recommended thing. And the companies like MasterCard and Visa will impose heavy fines if you do not do your due diligence and get an audit for PCI compliance. You want to say, Fred? Well, when you think about the hospitality industry, there are so many points of transaction. I mean, there's the initial purchase, but then restaurants, bars, activities. So you're giving your information out all the time. All the time. You need to train our staff to be very sensitive to the sensitivity of that information. Well, as you guys have said early on in this discussion, it's a moving target. It's changing all the time. It's a cycle thing. It cycles up and cycles down and all. But one thing that strikes me is there are legal implications here. If you lose $10,000 or more, if somebody gets hacked for whatever, then somebody, experts like your own self, you can opine that that company was not doing a good job. It was not complying with those rules. It was sloppy. It didn't have any creditable security systems or people in place. It hadn't told its personnel. And if I know that, if I know all of that, I say, gee, I lost $10,000 just now. Why don't I sue those guys? Because they violated a duty to me as one of their customers. No, a business defense would be a security plan. We had a plan. We were doing all these things. We still got hacked. So it might be an honest mistake. But if you went to that company and they didn't even have a plan, they're just haphazardly doing things and it's all what they call tribal knowledge, then you'd have a great case. I don't know if it's happened, but I think it's just a matter of time before it does happen. Sure. It's on the clock. And it's not just companies. I mean, the Office of Professional Management, the OPM for the government, they handle all the information for security clearances for everybody in the DOD. They got hacked. It's really hard to fit the government in this landscape we're talking about. They get hacked. They've been hacked a number of times. They hack us. Everybody's hacking everybody. Yeah, that's true. So cyber intrusion is the new normal. I guess the question is, how do you adjust your life to the sea chain? This is a closing area of the question. I'd like to share with you. What do we do here? We can't go to Walden Pond. We've got to engage in the society as it exists in the 21st. We've got to have a credit card. You've got to have a passport. Well, that stuff. So what do we do to minimize the risk individually and corporately? I mean, is it just a general principle? How do we stay clean on this? How do we stay safe on this? And how much hacking do we have to do? I think, in my opinion, from a corporate level at least, the level of denial has to go away. You can't just say, oh, well, this has never happened to us, so it's not a danger. It's not an if. It's a when. You've got a plan for that. If you put a plan in place, you have a security plan, you know it's going to happen, then you're planning for that. And because you made a plan, you took away an enormous percentage of the risk. Your exposure is much less. As a person, unfortunately, you just have to get paranoid.  Oh, my God. You could go paranoid very easily. You could go paranoid very easily, yeah. Do you find that people in corporations in the hospitality industry who are in charge of this area are slightly paranoid? If they're not, they need to be. That's just reality. And the course that I'm teaching is about all kinds of threats and security issues, not just cybersecurity. And one of the things you do need to get away from is this deniability. It's not going to happen to me. That's a number one objective of this course. Understand that the threat is out there. The threat is real. And then what do you need to do about it? Dave's talking about a plan. The more elements you have in a plan, the more you're on solid ground. So continually monitor your activity. What's going on? Is there something suspicious going on? Teach your staff to be situationally aware. That was a funny transaction. What's going on here? Spend the money. Do the budgeting that you need to do. Have strong security measures like two forms of authentication. But we also have to get our customers used to the idea that it's not quite so easy to do business anymore. To keep you safe. We care about part of hospitality, part of taking care of the customers. To keep you safe, you need to go through a little of that. How about... Well, if I give you a hospitality company or any company that has a gross say of $10 million, that's a small company in that business, but a gross of say $10 million, how much money can they afford to spend on cyber security? Do they have the data? Do they need to protect it? How much can they afford to spend? Well, American Express estimated that per every stolen record costs the company $158 each record. So when you talk about thousands of records being stolen, that's a lot of money. There's a lot of risk out there. Yeah, financially. So do you spend $10 million for the $10 million? So usually security companies will go to you and say, you know, if you want a security plan and they charge you per employee, you have 100 employees. I'm going to charge you $100 per employee. We'll give you a security plan and they'll just make recommendations to tell your IT people what to do and how to train your people. But that security plan is about $100 a person. And it's a little like any other risk assessment or risk management program insurance companies will come in and assess the risk.  And that's sort of a system that has an outsider taking a look at your own security systems and making sure that their risk is covered. Sure, it's like the credit cards. The credit cards, you know, they bear the risk.    And I think Fortune 500 companies do hire companies that are global. How do we know there's no backdoor on that? The world is porous. It's all these companies are porous. Just because they say they're experts doesn't mean they can't get hacked. Yeah, the companies nowadays, unfortunately, have become what they call perimeterless. There is no defined network security perimeter anymore because we've connected to wireless. We have Wi-Fi. We have cellular. We have all these social networks. And then we have cloud storage, which is off-site. We have no idea how Amazon Web Services handles security, but we're directly connected to them. So if they get hacked, we can be hacked through them. Are you feeling comfortable about this? No. And not feeling comfortable is a good thing. Well, I started out this show feeling a little bit uncomfortable, and you guys have not helped me feel more uncomfortable. I think I feel more uncomfortable now. That's why we've got to cover this over and over again. It's a moving target. Thank you, Dave Stevens. Thank you, Frank Huss. Thank you for coming.


Hi, and how are you all today? The question says evaluate integral 1 upon log x minus 1 upon log x the whole square tx. Here we are given the integral as 1 upon log x minus 1 upon log x the whole square dx. Right? Now here, let us put log x equal to t or x to the power t or dx equal to e raised to the power t d t. Right? And on doing so, we have now our integral like integral 1 upon t minus 1 upon t square e raised to the power tt. Now, let us open the brackets i is equal to integral e raised to the power t upon t d t minus integral e raised to the power t upon t square dt. Now here on using my parts, we have the first function into integral of second minus integral derivative of the first function into integral of the second function. Let us make this let us not integrate this. Further implies i is equal to bracket e raised to the power t upon t minus minus 1 upon t square into e raised to the power t minus integral e raised to the power t upon t square dt plus c1 plus c2. Further implies i is equal to e raised to the power t upon t plus e raised to the power t upon t square minus all these were in integral sign, sorry minus integral e raised to the power t upon t square dt plus c1 plus c2. These two will get cancelled out and we are left with i is equal to e raised to the power t upon t plus c. c1 plus c2 has been combined and written as c. Now on substituting like the value of i and t, we have e raised to the power t was x upon t was log x plus c. So this is the required answer to the given question. So hope you understood it well and have a nice day.


Birdman came together on that song.  What? How did y'all do? What was that? We signed a universal, and I won it, Wayne. You won it, Wayne. Don't boss talk one on one. One on one. Yeah, we gon' talk. Hey, I done pulled up in Houston, man. Hey, I got, hey, and I'm here with the legend. You know what I'm saying? They only just legend clothing, but I'm here with the legend, man. My boy Dunkey. Hey, y'all might know him as Lucky Key, man. But, hey, man, this dude is here, man. We finally made it, and I'm glad about it, man. Thank you. Thank y'all for having me. Man, but you know what? We really need to talk about the elephant in the room. Let's go. The elephant in the room, you know what I'm saying? It was knocking those down. We really need to talk about that. You know what I'm saying? I was like, why the hell is this the elephant in the room? For me, it's the elephant in the room. Okay. So I just want to know what that was like, because I always get me a pimp story out of everybody. So I'd be like, anybody I get on the table, they'd be like, this nigga crazy. This pimp story kind of different, because when pimp came home to do that, first of all, that's my sample. Correct. That's the sample of me. Let's get it. And a lot of people use my sample. Those samples a lot. A lot. Yeah. So when Red Boy Kyle asked me to do the song, he let me hear it at first, and I was like, I really don't want to pull it to that. You know what I'm saying? Because they sampled it. You know what? No, not the sample, what pimp was talking about. Oh, oh, oh. I was like, I don't really want to end. You know what I'm saying? Yeah, because it was all different. It was a lot of beef and or something. I just didn't want to end. Got it. You know what I'm saying? I was like, but I asked him, what did he want me to talk about? And Red Boy was like, be yourself. Be what you do. And knocking those down is about knocking those down and riding and ho-ooh. And that's what it's about. Yeah. So that's what I did. You know what I'm saying? So pimp was kind of upset with me about it, because he wanted me to chime in. Yeah. Yeah. To the beef. I didn't want to put pimp, you know. This is my guy. When you, what was the process you with SUC? Niggas was different back then. It wasn't, you know, right now you got to sign this and sign that. How was y'all processing the fact of y'all togetherness? Did you? We wasn't processing, because we wasn't. You see what I'm saying? We wasn't planning it. Like I tell you, like the difference between us and Squish House, Slim and Paul and Chameleon and all them, they was rapping and going over that. They were trying to be rappers. Yeah. You know, we going, doing demo. Like I never done a demo. Yeah. I never done a demo. I never done a talent show. Yeah. End of that. We came straight from screwed tapes to getting to the money. So, I tell people the history that we was making, we didn't know. It wasn't planned, man. Let's do it. Let's do it. Until 1996, 1997, one screw dropped the first tape. We started, oh, I want a tape and Kiki want to do it. But then the times are going to Screw House and collaborating and us becoming the S.U.C. and these different mythical figures, Fatpat, Lil' Kiki, Big Mope. We wasn't planning it. You and Birdman came together on that song. We got to be a teacher the day that I died. What? How did y'all do it? What we signed at Universal. And I wanted Wayne. You wanted Wayne. I wanted Wayne just on the album period. He was on Universal. I loved Wayne. I wanted Wayne on the album when we sent it back. He wanted to be on it. Him.