irrigation system. We will look at another aspect system design. Let us put a question to ourselves that what is the guarantee? The parameters which you have obtained from those relationships are those the valid parameters when you will be applying those parameters in the field. So quite often it is required that we should check those parameters and try to define some procedure by which you can check those parameters. We had seen that in the case of border irrigation design also that we had gone in for the field trials or field evaluation. Similarly in this case also we can adopt a similar procedure to check those parameters which we have obtained whether those parameters are close to the parameters which you actually obtain through the field trials. If they are well and good, if they are not then you will have to revise some of those parameters depending on what are the actual conditions because many a time what is the reason behind? If you look at the reason behind you are trying to use the relationships which represent the conditions in the field. So that representation if it is faulty or if it is not is always dependent on some observations which you have made at some discrete points in the field. If those are not proper then you might get some parameters which are not representative parameters because many a times you might be basing all your criteria on the infiltration observations which you have made. Those observations they belong to certain point locations in the field. So when you do the trial run you will be able to verify those parameters. Let us have a look at the field trial verification procedures of some of the design parameters. In the case of border irrigation first thing which you want to find out is that what is the maximum stream size which should be taken and you have used this relationship to find out that q maximum. Having obtained this q maximum now you set up a length in the field which is representative length of the furrow field and select around 4 to 5 furrows. For example if you have uhh this is your total field different furrows you can select some segment may be somewhere here where you can uhh you have this is the upstream end this is the downstream end where you are making the measurements and then you select some other furrows. So you have we have selected a representative segment of the total field and this segment is a portion of the field where you will be making the observations so so as to check the various design parameters. Now the q maximum which you have obtained so let us assume that you have selected 4 furrows you have a q maximum which you know which is a desirable stream size which you have obtained from the relationship. Now select 4 different stream sizes in such a way that some of them are more than q maximum and some of them are less than the q maximum value. The one which is less you try to select one out of this which hardly uhh which may not be able to even reach the downstream end of the field. So it is so low you are trying to select those stream sizes which are extreme stream sizes. The one which is very low and on this side you might select one which is definitely erosive so as to have a range of these stream sizes because you want to you want to make the observations at how the movement of water will behave with respect to these different ranges of the stream size. So once you have selected the stream sizes you make the observations the observations are only made in terms of the elapsed time moves from the upstream end of the furrow to the downstream end. So you plot these with respect to the distance this is in meters this is in depending on what sizes you have selected you might find that you are once you plot those you will get a family of these advance curves plunge to different uhh stream sizes example this is uhh if you take this as the might now be able to observe one many of them you might out of these you might know that which is the one which is the maximum allowable stream size as you want to select one which is non-erosive okay that you can call as the maximum allowable stream size. Here you will have all these stream sizes will be uhh this will be more than Q maximum if we call this as the Q maximum. Now you can also match that whether the Q maximum which you have obtained from the relationship from the empirical relationship does it match with the allowable maximum as per the field conditions or not that is the first check. So if you find that the maximum allowable is different choose that as the maximum allowable and the others now these are the sizes which are the greater than Q maximum and they will be they will be creating in the field and on this side of the this maximum allowable these are the stream sizes which are less than Q maximum and they are non-erosive. At the same time they are of course non-erosive but we have seen that to have less of deep percolation you should try to have the maximum stream size. The FIR ratio which we have seen we have seen the justification having obtained this family of the curves now this family of curve is with respect to a non-slope and Q values you can always use the iterative procedure to find out what is the length to be adopted and what is the corresponding time of advance. To show you the use the iteration to find out which are the proper parameters let us take one case where you have been given the given data is that Q maximum is 0.4 litres per second the slope of the field is also given the family curve properties of the soil in terms of the family curve as known so once the family curve is known you know all the coefficients a, b and c see now as a first trial you have to make trial runs assume of the field let us say we assume 100 meter line let us call this as the first trial you can evaluate beta since we know the values of all these parameters g is known since the family curve is known x is 100 meters that is what we have taken as the segment of the length so x is basically the length of the field considered there is a value of g with respect to the family curve into 100 meters and Q is known to be 4 litres per second 0,0,0,5 to the power and this is 2.13 now with this beta you can find out what is the advance time I will call it t1 because this is the first trial this is given as all these relationships we have seen earlier so this will evaluate to be of beta is 2.13 this is 110 minutes having found this advance time let me assume that once I have the stream size if the stream size is 0.4 I have taken these stream sizes to be I have chosen these stream sizes for which the family curves have been plotted these belong to these values 1,5 litres per second 0.3, 0.45, 0.6 so let us assume that these belong to the given case which we have just taken give some values to distance and so on I am just trying to sketch it in a rough manner and the time elapsed time is from 0 to 500 minutes. Now in the first case when I have found that the advance time is 110 minutes so for that case I find out for this advance time and the distance I know the distance taken is 100 meters if this is the 100 meter distance here I try to project it and if this belongs to 110 minutes I find that this point lies much below the maximum allowable stream size and this point with respect to these 2 parameters if I take 100 meters as the length of the field and for which the advance time with respect to the given parameters is 110 minutes then this point lies below this the maximum allowable which suggests that if you use these parameters you are going to get the erosive conditions so that means either the length is not proper or the length is dependent on the advance time or the advance time is dependent on the length is the either way they are both interconnected so I can take another length as a second trial that means this particular condition is not acceptable I take the second trial and assume a length which is which is larger than the previous case take a length of 140 meters, now for 140 meters length beta gets evaluated to sorry 2.98 and the corresponding advance time is 362 again if I get back to this for 140 for 140 meter project a vertical line from here and on this side the elapsed time is 300 something 362 if this is the point here for 362 I project it and you are getting a point which is slightly above the maximum discharge the maximum allowable discharge curve so this shows that we have achieved the condition now with respect to these 2 length of 140 and the resultant advance time is 362 minutes so this give you a condition where you can you will have a situation where the erosion is not a problem but you might be getting a efficiency which is not as much as achievable is not a optimum efficiency the optimum efficiency you will get when you will be able to close it to the maximum allowable stream size. So you can if you feel that you have come quite close to this with respect to these parameters is fine otherwise you can have another trial where you can still improve upon take a third trial where you improve upon the length and you feel that you have taken a length which is more than the desirable you can take it to be less than the previous case and have another iteration where this case beta is 2.66 and the advance time works out to be 235 minutes. Now this advance time versus the length combination it falls quite close to the q maximum. Now you can say that you have achieved a situation which is desirable and at this juncture you now compare the parameters which you have obtained here with respect to the parameters which you have obtained by the other the equations which have been provided and that comparison will give you a insight into whether the results which you have obtained through the procedural steps using the procedure which you have studied in the last class how close they are to the actual conditions. So if they are very far they are far apart you might have to make some adjustments. So once in a way it is always better to keep track of these parameters and wet those parameters try to check those parameters don't keep on blindly using those parameters that is the main reason of having these trial evaluation runs for different systems we have seen in the case of powder in this also even in similarly in the case of level base in which you are going to consider next. The procedures remain same only the expressions the way you have to conduct the trial runs they will change okay. So with that we conclude this topic on the furrow irrigation system and we will move on to the next topic which is topic of level basin system. If you have any question I can answer that this juncture. We would not spend much time on the level basin system because it is quite same procedure as we have done in the case of border irrigation system only with very small or minor differences and I will quickly go through this particular subject topic which is a related topic and try to bring out those differences which are considered in the evaluation and the design of this level basin system. If you remember we have discussed earlier that level basin is a special case of the border only difference is the level basin they are not having any slope they are level areas relatively small in size and what you are doing the suitability in terms of the suitability they are suitable to moderate intake soils. So for those soils where the infiltration rates are relatively lower you can use you can make use of this system. Shapes of the fields are normally rectangular but the sizes are not the lengths are not as big as you have in the case of border irrigation because of the fact that you are trying to flood these areas. Now the reason is that you want to do the flooding in these small basins so that you can let the water stand for a long period so as to have the available infiltration opportunity time to be there so as to have the desired infiltration take place in the field because we have just said that the infiltration rates of these soils are very low if you let the water pass over the surface of the soil the amount of time which is available for the infiltration is very small and since the infiltration rates are very low it needs a very long time for infiltration. So that is the reason that the shape of the basin and the size of the basin has been reduced the slopes are not given so that you can flood the area you can check the water within the area that is the idea. If you create slopes then you will find that the lower portions of the let me elaborate this point that if I have a field which is having slope if you want to supply a depth of water and you try to trap this water it will get accumulated only into the lower area so you have to have a relatively level surface on which you can now you can establish a depth of water and the depth of water will depend on what is the ridge size what is the height of the ridge which are created in creating these basins we will come to that that is also a parameter which has to be considered in the designs. So this particular method from that angle is created for some special purpose or some special circumstances but with respect to the type of crops which can be grown we have already considered that in this particular method in the check basin method or the level basin method the crops this hardly any crop which cannot be grown in this even those crops which are not suitable to be grown with any other method example the rice or the jute which need the water inundated water which need the standing water they also are used with this method other all the other methods even the orchards they are also reintroducing this method where you are creating the conditions where you are taking care of each individual plant by having a ring method which you have considered. So we have discussed that earlier also and let us at this juncture try to look into the various formulations which have been considered for the design of these systems and this case also as we have seen in the previous cases that there are some relationships which are based on experience field trials and these relationships are ultimately given in the form of a very simple chart which becomes the starting the starting parameters of the design. You can always use them as the thumb rules or as the values which are recommended values. So in this case there is one that they are presented in different different forms which I am trying to express here is the chart given in terms of the flow rate in liters per second and for different soil type the soil type vary from sand to sandy loam to clay loam and hectares for different forage and for different soils. So I will only pick up some of the values for some intermediate stream sizes and give you the variation that how much variation in size can take place which is the recommended sizes for all these different types of soils let me say that this is 270, you can see the variation when you have very small stream size within the same uhh for the same stream size when you go from one extreme of the soil type to the other extreme the area can vary by around 10 times same is true in this case also and for different stream sizes for the same soil if there is still a lot of variation in the area which can be used for the level basin. Besides this this will give you a reasonably good starting parameters of the design but you can always if you have more data available you can go in for the detailed design which is dependent on the hydraulic relationships which we have been using for other methods. The the relationships basically used in this uhh these designs are the soil characteristics which we have seen and the Manning's equation which have been used very often because with the assumption that the we are considering a channel flow which is a very wide channel with a very small depth that is the assumption made because basically the Manning's equation is for channel flow. So let us look at the hydraulic relations which we can use for the case of level basin. This equation is still valid for the net depth of infiltration which is which we have used very often. So using this equation you can always get the time of infiltration to have this much net depth of infiltration what is the the desirable time of infiltration can be obtained from the same relationship. Once we have this Tn available now we use the FAR the fractional advance ratio and the fraction advance ratio is given for this is basically the FAR the way we have defined is the ratio of advance time by the net time. The FAR varies with respect to the distribution pattern efficiency you can also say that the distribution pattern efficiency is dependent on FAR and for different distribution pattern efficiencies FAR value has been computed and given in this table similarly for other efficiencies. Now this is something which is available either in this form or even in a graphical representation is one of the same thing even there is a there is a equation which is available to find out the distribution pattern efficiency knowing the FAR and this equation is a regression equation. So you can make note of Tt by Tn with the power 0.5 here, Ed is the percentage as in this. Now once you either know your FAR 0.5 I am sorry is it visible now, it can be different situations in one case you might select a Ed that you want to you do not want to have a distribution pattern efficiency below a particular level so in that case you fix your Ed and you can find out what will be the FAR possible for that Ed. If that is the situation then you know your FAR, if FAR is known you can know the FAR or in other words you know this ratio this you can find out on the table depending on the acceptable distribution pattern efficiency. Once you know this you can now evaluate Tt because Tn is known Tn is known and the FAR is known. So knowing the FAR advance time can also be evaluated then there is a relationship between time of advance and the length and the stream size on this case let me tell you that the stream size which we use is not the stream size for the total strip we use per unit strip so it is the unit stream size which you can say is the Q divided by the width of the basin. This will be in meter cube per second per meter width or meter square per second that is what we call the unit stream size and this length is given in terms of the unit stream size in the advance time and the other parameters of the family curve advance time by 3 by 60. So there is the expression which is used to find out the length of the patient and this the n value, n value is the same as we had used for the border irrigation system. I had given you the 3 n values which are representative of 3 conditions this value was for smooth bare soil surface 0.1 is taken as the when you have small grain drill rows parallel to the border strip and if you have dense crop or when the rows are drills across the border strip then you have more resistance the n value is 0.25. The same n values or similar n values are chosen for if there is a similar situation the difference is not much only difference is that you have the flat areas. Now besides this you will also be interested in knowing what is the cut off time, time to cut off which we are calling as TCO, the relationship used for the time to cut off. All these quantities you are now quite aware of is the unit stream size, this is the distribution pattern efficiency, the length and the net depth of infiltration and this the EA is assumed to be 100 percent the application efficiency. So if the application efficiency is assumed to be 100 percent then this is the expression otherwise if the application efficiency is less than 100 percent this is normally not the case in the case of surface irrigation systems but if it is if you are certain that is not 100 percent then you can use the expression which is giving EA also that will be the device expression if your EA is not 100 percent. Lastly we are also interested in knowing that what is the maximum on the basin, this maximum depth of flow in the basin is to find out the requirement of the ridge and normally the ridge size is approximately 1.25 times the d maximum if we call this maximum depth as d maximum. So you can compute the d maximum using this expression, this is expression used for a obtaining the d maximum and d maximum will be in millimetres. Now here there is one requirement that there might be a situation when the advance time is more than the cutoff time if that is the situation which can only happen in the case of level basins. So if that is the situation then you must in this equation of d max you must replace TCO with Tt, so in this expression which is for the d max expression that we will have to take care that if your time of advance is happens to be more than the the time of cutoff then this will be the governing time to compute the d maximum which is quite understandable. So that is what gives us all the parameters which we are interested in and similarly in this case also you can go in for the trial runs and check the parameters as we have suggested in the previous two cases.  Any question you want to ask at this juncture? The question is that is there any thumb rule for the irrigation method? Thumb rule in terms of this is the table which we have just looked at some values of that table that was basically a thumb rule it can be converted into a thumb rule in the sense that this thumb rule all the thumb rules which you normally formulate they are having lot of experience behind them. So this can be taken as a thumb rule where if you know the stream size because normally what parameters are available to you? The constraints the constraint parameters are the quantity of stream size or the rate of stream size which is the stream size which is available to a farmer at a particular location if that is known and he also know in general what are the type of soil which are prevalent there in that field then he can use this as a thumb rule that what is the size of the basin which he should adopt so as to get a reasonably good efficiency. So this is nothing but a thumb rule it can be taken as a thumb rule. Thank you.


The beat you hear in this video is created by that boy Dizzy Hendrix Links will be in the description below if you're trying to copy some dope beats from go ahead and go check that out right now The person I'm drawing in this video is that boy DMX a living legend man did a lot for the music industry And I'm turning him into a Naruto character If you're new to the China go ahead and hit that like button come in so strive Make sure you click post notifications, so you will be notified every time your boy drops on heat And let's jump right into this video


Welcome back to the Trade Hacker Mindset podcast. I have a special episode for you today. I'm going to be joined by the author of the mental game of trading, Mr. Jared Tindler. Trading the markets can be difficult to master and seemingly just out of reach. Professional traders have a secret.  It requires the Trade Hacker Mindset. All right, welcome back. I'm with Jared. Jared super excited to be here with you today. We're doing, I actually hired you as a coach, right? So this is not just an interview, Jared. This is an actual coaching session and we're going to do at least three of these. Signed up for a three session package and who knows? Maybe it'll be more than that, but we'll start with these. A couple of things that I just wanted to mention before we get started is as I told you, Jared, is I want this to be just like your normal coaching sessions. Okay.  You know, I think I said in our initial call, if you make me cry on camera, so be it. That's just, it is what it is.  I just, I think it'll bring tremendous value to them. Just inside the way that I think and I kind of manage my positions and psychology and I'm really hoping that you uncover some things that I'm not aware of, which is what you're good at, right? Well, that certainly is the hope for sure. And yeah, listen, I commend you for being so open and honest about this because I think, you know, to kind of demystify a little bit, not just of my work, but of like trading psychology in general. I know a lot of traders, you know, kind of go after it, but I think you're going to bring in a whole new perspective or you're going to allow a whole new perspective to start to open up in the community doing this. So yeah, kudos to you and I'm ready to rock and roll when you are. Yeah, let's jump in. All right, cool. So you filled out my new client questionnaire and I'm just curious, you know, if in doing it, there was any sort of new ideas that popped out or if it was just sort of standard knowledge that you kind of already had known before quite well. I wouldn't say it's just normal standard stuff. I would say that I've I've I have in the past worked with a I think I told I worked with a trading psychologist. It's been two or three years ago maybe and and so I did a lot of deep diving into a lot of the stuff that you already asked. So some of that was stuff that I've kind of thought through before I certainly wouldn't say it's normal or natural, but it it helped that I had done it before I guess. Yeah, yeah, good. Yeah, I think sometimes there can be some new new ideas percolating but so kind of first thoughts here and I'll say kind of out of the gate, you know, I'll throw out ideas, they're kind of estimates, right? You know, to me it's a probabilities game on my end to right and and so sometimes if I if I pose a scenario for you and it's, you know, right? Cool. If not, maybe I'll give you some ideas to kind of reflect back on on where we're heading. So here is sort of my first, you know, kind of take on what we're what we're trying to do. You'd kind of set out line your goals for coaching in this way to build on mental discipline become more self-aware of emotions and to figure out if you should become more of a discreet to kind of add some more discretion to your trading and I kind of want to reorder those because I think my sense is that you might be making a classic mistake, which is that that discipline is kind of the primary issue and I want to first rule out that there aren't actually more emotional drivers for what's causing those violations of discipline, which you clearly outlined in the questionnaire, right? There's some overconfidence and greed in here, maybe a little bit of fear, but I sense is maybe a little bit of overly competitiveness that can sort of, you know, kind of peer out. And so if any of these things are present to me, the first thing we want to do is, you know, be more aware of their presence in real time and start to correct them and then it's through that corrections that you're going to build more self-discipline. So we kind of flip those two and then from that position, maybe by, you know, midway to session two or three, I think we'll be able to jump into more of that question of can you take on more discretionary style trading?  And, you know, I've said this to a number of traders recently for them, discretionary trading was just like a cheat code to get them to take trades outside their strategy that were more emotionally driven. So I don't know, what are your thoughts about that, that the ordering of those goals and how we're going to proceed here? I think that, I think you're right on specifically about that last thing you said where, yeah, I think when I take a discretionary trade, that's just an excuse for me to go off my discipline.  So I have no doubt that discipline has been a very important ethic and also an important driver of your success, but it also can, you know, become a bit rigid. And my sense is that you're reaching a point now where the utility of that discipline is starting to kind of decrease because it's not able to block out these emotional things that are just like peering through almost like a weed finding its way to, you know, emerge in the middle of like New York City, you know, and concrete jungle, like it finds a way to crack through and that's, that's what emotions can do. So the utility of that discipline kind of decreasing, but then you also probably are sensing that at this point in your career, you know so much that your bedrock of knowledge is so great that you authentically do have the opportunity to have more discretion, but without having that differential between what is discretion that is real and intuitive based versus discretion that is, you know, more emotionally driven, then it becomes hard for you to, especially somebody who is as disciplined as you are to truly trust that what you're doing is like, you know, truth, true and not just, you know, kind of random and emotional. Gotcha. One other thing, I think I don't have that questionnaire in front of me, but I think I mentioned it at some point in there and, but I, but I think one thing that I've been thinking a lot about between the time I filled that out and today is, you know, the other thing that, that I may want to put kind of on that, on those top three list as far as goals is one thing that I kind of sometimes am self-aware of and I, I've realized that sometimes I don't think I am and that is because I, because of the community that I run and I, you know, they see all my trades and so, you know, I think, I think I, I've become way more self-aware of it in the last two, two, two to three years, but I know at one point I would say that there is a, there's a, an issue where I would make decisions because of what I would think that the community would think as opposed to maybe what was, what I was supposed to be doing.  I know it, I mean, it, it still influences me. I know it does, but I think I've, I've gotten a lot better, but anyway, another kind of point to potentially dig into. Yeah, I mean, I would say that's probably under that first category of being kind of more aware of the emotions that like, just kind of pour through. Would you, I remember where, where it was in the questionnaire, I think was like under that kind of fear of failure, like this fear of like letting the community down. Is that what you're talking about here? Yep. Okay. I mean, so what I would say generally speaking, and I would kind of add this as like kind of your first task, though we have a lot of details here to work with. So it's not like we're starting from scratch, but I think from a discipline standpoint to add in this data collection process, like in real time while you're trading. And you know, I understand that there are certain instances where it can't be truly real time because you're actually in a trade or getting in and out. But as soon as, as soon as there is some breathing room to just kind of quickly reflect back and you know, that data collection worksheet I'll send to you so you have it. But basically what you're trying to capture are the instances where there is a clear kind of emotion present. Now it may not, you know, show itself as being, you know, like you may not feel the emotion in the moment, right? You may not feel the overconfidence to greed, some of the fear. It may be a thought, but that's why the data collection is necessary. So if there are indications, even just like thoughts about violating your strategy, thoughts that are kind of in the camp of, you know, an overconfident, greedy, fearful or, you know, the example you just gave of having those extra thoughts about your community to go through that data collection in its entirety. So you're capturing the trigger, like what was the situation and what, what triggered that emotion? Can you articulate what the emotion is? Are there specific thoughts that are coming to mind at that moment? What are some of the actions or behaviors that are associated with it? And then how is your perception of the market, perception of your positions, your decision-making process then kind of altered in that moment? And by kind of capturing that data, you know, as much as possible, we're going to gather up the details to begin to create more patterning so that much like what you do in your trading, right, you can have a sense of kind of internal gauge and internal sense of the, you know, rise and fall of these emotions in real time, even if they're not as, you know, present as they might be for, you know, a more junior trader because the thing that you are going to deal with, which is, you know, true of all the traders I work with that are at or above your experience level is that we're not dealing with their big problems anymore, right? You've solved a lot of the stuff. You've, you know, massage and manage your way through. And so it's kind of like the princess in the peace scenario here. Like, we got to get really, really kind of subtle and precise to remove any imperfections that cloud your judgment and then alter your, ultimately your execution. And so that's why I say at the beginning of this, you might set a timer, right? Every 30 minutes, you just do it as a check-in. It could be at certain cadences within the day based on your existing kind of routine and how you're trading. But to have the kind of regular, it's not just a mental check-in where you're thinking. It's like a regular check-in where you're writing things down. So it's very clear, very objective, and then we can kind of relook at that next time around. But that is kind of the beginning of this, you know, desire to get really, really precise situationally, because again, you've got a lot already. So again, we're not starting to scratch, but I'm certain that there's going to be more, you know, manipulative thoughts that your mind comes up with to even just consider trades outside of your strategy. And then maybe it doesn't affect you that time, but the velocity of it starts to increase. And then as the day goes on, maybe based on market conditions, you know, your P&L on that day, what other traders in the community are doing, like you just become more vulnerable to making a mistake. But it's sometimes hard to kind of put those pieces together when you don't have kind of the full scope of how the day kind of proceeded. Got it. Yeah, that's good. Great. Okay. So from the data collection, you know, our main goal is to get at the root causality. What are the underlying flaws, biases, wishes, illusions, etc. They're kind of driving these emotional reactions and ultimately driving the thoughts, behaviors, and the mistakes they're in. So I've done a little bit of brainstorming myself and came up with a list. So, which is talking about the list and see how well it kind of lines up because my guess is that once we have a good list of these flaws, you might naturally think about more ways in which they show up because the good thing about it is that when you recognize more situations where they show up, like you just get more training because every single time they pop up, you've got an opportunity to correct it. And now we wouldn't wish for them to show up more, but if they are, well, then we've got to take advantage of the opportunity that's presented. So, I already kind of mentioned this one, which is being overly competitive. So, and I would never say that having an intense competitive drive is problematic, but it's clear there are a few instances where that competitiveness seems to get the better of you. Would you agree with that? And are there some specific situations that you would, you know, kind of expand on where that shows up? Yeah, no doubt. That's definitely a big one for me.  It's just competition has been a part of my life since I remember. So, yeah, and that's definitely become part of trading. I would say where it shows up is yeah, kind of what you, what you mentioned. I mean, you see other other folks in the community posting, you know, profits for the day or the week or the month. And, and, you know, I can't, I can't let them get the best of me, right?  So, you know, that would be one thing which, you know, in turn would cause me to potentially increase position size or trade more.  So, yeah, I would say all three of those. Okay. And while we're here, it's the little digging. Do you have a sense as to what is driving the excessiveness? Cause again, the competitive drive is great. I mean, love it. It crosses a line and, and that's that that's the part that we're trying to understand. Like, do you have a sense as to what might be driving just that little bit of excessiveness? You know, that that becomes problematic. Why do I, why do I want to win? Or what? Why do I want to make more money? Make more or like at that level? Like, so there's again, the competitiveness is not the problem. It's that there's an excessive drive to compete against others in a way that ultimately then hurts you. If if all, if you're competitive drive was not real resulting in any self-inflicted wounds, then we're good. So, yeah, what do you do you have a sense as to what's just making it a little bit excessive? I would say there's a sense of like a like admiration. Right.  It's so it's like, you know, if I, you know, if I can, if I can show that I made this much, you know, it's like, I think the community would admire me more, maybe, or you know, I mean, because it's it, I definitely don't think it's a materialistic thing. I mean, I kind of have everything I've ever needed.  So there's always, you know, we're Americans too. So we like excess, but I would say, I would say the admiration thing is probably a driving. If I'm being honest about just kind of my, you know, I don't think about it consciously, but now that you ask it, I think that would probably be part of it. And is that something that you see outside of trading? Right? Does it show up in your day to day life where there's maybe some subtle part of you that kind of wants to be complimented or wants to be noticed or recognized?  They're out there now. I've unfortunately, probably not a good thing, but now I've almost trained them. So now every time I pick them up, they're like, how much did you make today trading dad? So now it's like, I can't wait to tell my kids how much I made today. You know, that kind of thing, which probably is not healthy. So I mean, admiration from family. I would say yeah, friends too. I mean, I had a, I just had a good friend in my office the other day who that has never traded. Now, there's nothing about what a put or a call is.  Here's what I've done this year. Why would I do that other than to be like, oh, he's going to think I'm awesome, right?  So I don't know. It's, but I think, I think what it, you know, if I'm being honest, it really comes down to adoration from that perspective too. Yeah. And again, like people are complicated. So like 90% of your desire to show him could have been truly authentically like, Hey, man, like, let me just show you what's what I'm doing. But then there's that 10% that's like a little bit more, what I would say, kind of confidence driven, right? There's a part of your confidence that is seeking validation, recognition, sense of something from other people that ultimately that you're not giving to yourself. And I'll sort of throw out an idea that is the most basic kind of cause of this.  So the high expectation dynamic can create what I call an accumulated debt. Because confidence is just perception. So if you were truly 100% accurate about your skills as a trader, your capacity, you know, the understanding of the knowledge that you have and you know, just feeling incredibly solid and about it. Right? I don't think you'd have any of this sense of need for admiration. I think there's just a piece of it that has gone under recognized and part of this accumulated debt. Why? Because when you have high expectations, you're basically like fighting to get back to like break even because break even it from an expectation standpoint is like doing what you're supposed to do. Now, I'm not saying it from a financial standpoint, but I'm saying it from like a feedback standpoint, how confidence gets like kind of accurately created is by having accurate feedback. Right? And this is why markets and poker right these environments with a lot of false feedback become really, really problematic for newer traders or players. But for ourselves when we're being measured up against the standard that is incredibly high, right? Most often you're going to fall below it and only when you hit it, you know, but then even then you're only doing what you're supposed to. So you don't really gain any confidence from that. So what ends up happening is right? We kind of get trapped in this dynamic where we're striving to hit that expectation. But if we fall short of it in a way that could actually be progressive, right? Like there's a lot of steps that have to be taken. There's a lot of, you know, skills and knowledge that have to be developed in order to keep kind of climbing higher and higher. And if that is under recognized because we're only focused on those end outcomes, then a part of you becomes under recognized. And then we go seeking through bigger and bigger trades through admiration from other, other traders from a community of people who are telling you how great you are to kind of make up for that lost pride satisfaction, etc. That needs to be and must be generated internally because there is nothing external that can replace that accumulated debt, that that gap in our perception. So again, I kind of throw a long little example there, but how relevant do you think that is for describing maybe what's missing and why you're seeking that admiration in that way? I think, I think it's very relevant. I guess my question would be if I satisfy that confidence internally, does my drive go away to continue to be a better trader? You're asking the most common next question when I describe this. And the answer is no, because confidence and motivation are two different things. So that's the fear with high people with high expectations and are super competitive. It's like, oh, if I feel good about what I've done, well, then my motivation is going to go away. Right. If that's true, then your motivation was never about what you were striving for. Got it. Right. Then it was only about seeking that admiration. And then once you get it, well, then find another place for your motivation and it'll be more pure and natural, but most likely because of all the things you've mentioned in terms of what you love about trading, I would just checks all the boxes for you and intellectually from a challenge standpoint, creativity. Like there's lots of things here that drive you that are pure and that motivation is separate. Right. High expectations absolutely are big motivational driver for a lot of people, but when they undermine confidence, they actually start to undermine your motivation. So ideally, right by acknowledging the success that you've had and the progress that you've had and the skills you'd acquired, the knowledge that you have, the experience that by validating that, and acknowledging those pieces, like it should stabilize confidence and then allow your motivation to be as driven as it ever has been. And I would argue that the part of you that's a bit like overly focused on results, which has caused you, again, this is my assumption, which has caused you to not set monetary targets anymore and to try to be us results oriented, right that you've done that because it's like contaminated your confidence a little bit, right? Your confidence goes goes up and down way more because you're overly attached to it because you're overly competitive, right. But if your confidence gets stabilized in the way I'm describing, then I believe you'll be able to start setting monetary targets in a in a more pragmatic practical way, not being overly attached to them, but using them as a driver, right? Using them as a motivator and they don't, it doesn't have to be the only thing, right? For me, you know, setting like a very specific top line number to be motivated by on a monthly quarterly yearly basis is a bit empty, right? I rather set like ranges because you don't, you can't control market conditions. You can't control variance. Let's make sure that we're always motivated to hit somewhere within that range.  Market was shitty for my strategy.  So you kind of always stay motivated, but then we really bake out what you already do really well, which is like the process goals that are going to be primarily like what you're doing day to day and kind of building your trading business. But all that's from a motivational standpoint and it gets cleaner and easier to manage when your confidence is more stabilized. So doing the work that I'm going to suggest in a second is not going to result in the fear that you have there. And if it does, then then trading was never really something that you know, like touched your soul in a way that like is really something that you truly love and are passionate about. It's more something that you were just using to get the admiration, which I suspect is not the case. Yeah. Yeah. So I guess, I guess the reason that because I used to set those specific financial goals and the reason and I'm sure what you're saying is accurate part of you know, the issue for sure, but I think the issue that I've at least consciously found myself in is if I had a monetary goal, I would make decisions in my trading based on those goals, not my process or my you know, setups and what I was supposed to be doing. And you do that because your confidence is on the line. Got it. Okay. You know, makes sense. When you when you have a base of confidence that is indestructible, then you don't need to hit those P and L targets in the way that you previously needed to you want to you're driven like hell to do it like and everything you're doing the way that you're structuring, you know, your day to day is all in service of those goals, but your confidence is not on the line. And if you fall short, then you can be ruthless at understanding why and the mistakes that were made or the changes in the structure of the market and what you've got to understand and how to adapt and you can be like really, really motivated to do all that, but your confidence never on the line. It's all kind of bonus material here. And I think that's one of the things that for somebody in your position can do, right? The trader has only been doing this for a couple of years. They don't have the proof to be able to do it in a way that you have with way that you can because what you're doing is yours. You're you've got like kind of this like confidence like locked away in a safety deposit box. You're like thinking that it's not even part of you and day to day you're you don't have access to it. So all we're going to try to do is like unlock what you have earned. We're not blowing smoke up your eyes, right?  Right? And no one would ever say, you know, any champ in any great athlete, you know, failed because they didn't defend the title because like, no, like I won this major championship. I won this title. It can never be taken away from and in trading just like in poker and a lot of other, you know, intellectually competitive, you know, endeavors. They don't we don't really kind of have those things that are just kind of clearly recognized, right? And yet they do exist. Like you have a skill set that can't be bought that you have earned and developed and honed. You have results that can't be bought that have been earned and like so to at this point in your career, I believe that it's impossible for you to fail and I believe that your conception of what failure would is would even entail is based on a flaw that's a bit binary, right? That it's possible like you could fail today and that's true, right?  But would that be a failure in the way that it feels? No, I don't think that's possible and the only reason it feels that way is because your base of confidence is not reflective of what you've earned to date. I don't mean that financially mean that in terms of all the skills and knowledge experience you have. Got it. That makes sense. Yeah. Well, I mean, when you hear that, what's what's what comes to mind? Um, I agree. I do think so I have I have my processes and I and I think I think back when I used to set financial goals and I would do those things out of bounds to achieve those goals that weren't what I should have been doing, you know, based on my processes and procedures and rules.  Yeah, I don't actually I don't think I would do that again. I think my processes have become such a part of me that I think it I think it could be something that I could do now that I couldn't do then. So I think if you do it, it's actually going to help to expose more of the emotional weaknesses that need to get fixed anyway to become the type of discretionary trader that you want. So it might put a little bit more pressure and heat on you, which we'd welcome because it's going to expose some of these things that might have been hidden by this, you know, kind of overly process oriented approach. Got it. I agree. So here's the task. You know, I'll send you this worksheet as well. It's you know, it's called a perfectionism worksheet, but really I use it for lots of reasons. And the task includes writing down your accomplishments and beginning to kind of break apart how you achieve those accomplishments, the skills and knowledge that was learned along the way, the mistakes that were made, lessons learned, you know, it's it's you know, taking some time to kind of look at like the the headline, you know, here is a distinct accomplishment that I had and and then like breaking it apart and understanding how you were able to achieve it. And those are these like daily accomplishments or these longer term. These is this so in the future you certainly could add this. I mean, frankly, you could add it to your, you know, kind of daily cool down, you know, kind of end of day routine if you wanted to, but for fixing the issue that we're talking about now, it has to be retrospective of like, you know, and here's the what you're looking for. It's any of your past accomplishments that has gone under recognized and you know, it's maybe tough to kind of determine right now, which ones have gone under recognized. I think the assumption is that most of them probably have to some degree and by kind of relooking at them and really kind of unpacking how you did it. We're looking to kind of like reset and reorient your expectations, right? Because to me that that benchmark was was like aspirational and it didn't allow you to have the accurate sense of what you were accomplishing at that time. And you know, to some degree, it's almost impossible for us to have that, you know, what we're going through it or you know, shortly thereafter, you don't know, you know, eight years ago, how what you learned then might be impacting you today because it hasn't happened yet, but I'm sure there are some straight lines that you can draw between things that you've accomplished and how those have been, you know, real stepping stones for where you are today and being able to acknowledge and solidify that allows you to feel more like you're standing on bedrock rather than feeling like every day you're standing on a cloud that can just like what you sink under and then you've got this, these like really hardened rules and discipline to prevent you from from dropping, which is what you have. But you know, like you said, do I really need to have all that in place to prevent me from bad behavior? My my my suspicion is no, right? That that the rules and discipline had become so internalized that you probably have room to be freed up a little bit more and allow yourself to yeah, not yet, but eventually move towards some more, you know, kind of accurate discretion. So the this task comes with one rule, which is that you can't do it for more than 10 minutes at a time. You can do it multiple times a day. But it's one of those things where you really have to think of it like eating food.  You've been undernourished in terms of the recognition and you know, you you spend an hour, you know, one day a week. You're not going to get much out of it. It's going to keep the we're talking about reshaping your perception so that every day your new default is to internally kind of have this sense of stability and this may sound a little strange, but the way that I've described this and people feel it. So is it's almost like your bones become denser. Not your muscles flexing more. Like the integrity of your structural system becomes more solid. Like, you know, an engine building that's been engineered with you know, steel that is is just stronger. It's like there's more integrity to that. That is what you're trying to create here. And when you have that, it does feel almost like you're just more grounded and more stable, you know, by default and that is the goal. And you know, it's not going to, it may not happen immediately.  You know, doing this task regularly, you will feel different to what to what extent we're not sure yet. That's it. Give any questions on a task. I mean, once I send you the worksheet, it might come a little bit clear, but it's not overly complicated. It's just, you know, I'd say one thing you can do is like come up with a list of past accomplishments and then steadily kind of pluck one off or, you know, if you have one as you're kind of coming to that list, it just like springs the mind and you just want to dive in and go for it. Like you can be a little bit spontaneous in this. It's just the frequency and the regularity. That is the most important thing. How you do it is fine. And if you find a day where you can't think of a new one, then just go back and reread ones that you've already done. And so are you have it or what's what's kind of a normal frequency of these? You said don't spend more than 10 minutes at a time. But is this multiple times a day once a day? What do you see your discretion? Yeah. I mean, to me that I try to keep it doable. So once a day is what I would say if you could do it, you know, two to three times a day, you know, it will make a difference. Again, kind of like eating food. So you could do it like three times a day for 30 for three minutes at a time. You know, it's not you're not going to do much in that time period, right? Like, but that's okay because you it's remarkable how much you can do in one minute when you're kind of focused and dedicated to something like this and how much can come out.  You know, it matters and it builds up and accumulates versus this like profound experience. Like, oh my God, I you know, feel so good about what I've done before and then three days later, it's like kind of in the distant memory, which is the problem, right? So we're trying to like almost train you in a sense to have a sense of appreciation and connection to this path to these past accomplishments, etc. And how they fit, you know, in your trading today. And that can't be something that's accomplished. You know, in one go. It's this is a this is a much like building muscle. Although we're not building muscle. It's the the bone. So are you are you suggesting that all or none or just some of these things are trading related? Does it matter? I am suggesting that well, where your mind just went may makes me think maybe there is more of a personal link here also. So I would say like for our purposes, like start with the trading stuff. But then if your mind easily dives into, you know, things that you've done outside of your being a personal life as an adult, it could be things when you're younger as a kid.  I walk off the golf course, not 10 minutes later. I'm going, well, it wasn't the U.S. Open. So, you know, what is it? Like that it was gone. And and so, you know, again, where there are things earlier in your life that are kind of fitting this category that need to get recognized that can kind of help build the base. Go for it. I'm not gonna, I'm not gonna let your, I think let your mind go where, where wants to go and see where, see where it takes you. Okay. All right. So, what you can do immediately as you start doing that accomplishment work is take any of those ideas that come up and use it as a, as that injecting logic statement to bring into those moments where you sense yourself wanting or seeking admiration from others. Because if you recognize that, that desire to seek admiration for others, or you recognize right that you're scaling up in a trade that's too big, like you can very easily let your discipline come in and correct it. Stop it in its tracks, but you're not correcting the problem. So it's through the deeper understanding of the causality that you're able to construct a correction and injecting logic is basically the correction trained and brought into those moments.  Right. What's the, it's like maybe the logic as well. I'm actually might feel quite good about closing a loser because it reminds me of how strong I am. Right. And I'm, and whatever is going to come as a result of this, like I'm strong enough to take. Or it's like, no, like this loss, you know, it doesn't really, it's not really going to affect me because of how much I've already accomplished.  Gotcha. And so it's kind of bringing that in the moment to begin to weave it and see if that, if your emotional reaction changes so that you can avoid or you can actually close that trade naturally. Right. That that's ultimately the goal and what you do in all other situations. Okay. So I mentioned the being overly results oriented. You know, another flaw that came out was there are times where you get ahead of yourself where a bit of overconfidence creeps in and there begins this the sense of like you're just trying to make even more money because you've been doing well, you know, trading bigger, right, all of it kind of becomes a bit kind of directionally determined, even though right, you can't make those those firm determinations. Are there kind of other situations where you would say that you would tend to get ahead of yourself? I would say another one would be like if I start creating or kind of developing a new strategy or start trading a new strategy. Um, I would say that I would get ahead of myself because I would you know, start start trading it with size before it was necessarily proven based on just what I just because I thought it was good, you know, or or you know, and and I had this I don't remember how long ago it was, but there was a situation where I started trading something because and I didn't really know how it would act in different implied volatility environments, but I thought I did because hey, I've been trading options for long enough. I know how this stuff works, you know, so that was kind of that overconfidence and without getting the proof and the validation of testing and trading super small. I decided to just kind of go in, you know, with with significant size. So I would I would say that's getting a getting a little ahead ahead of myself. I would say so too. All right. So in that scenario and others, what do you think is driving that? In this specific scenario, it was me and a good friend of mine who trades. So this isn't this isn't something that I shared with the community. It wasn't like a trade that I posted for them or anything like that. So it was just it was just a friend of mine, but I I mean, honestly, I think it comes back to what we've been talking about this whole time, which is you know, kind of admiration. You know, I was showing him what I had on and what I thought it was going to do and you know, that kind of stuff.  There's just that reflex to have that happen. And so they kind of feel linked here and if your assessment is that it's the desire for admiration that kind of compels you to have your assumptions be validated like you're you're believing that what you think is true and because if that were to happen. Well, then it becomes self-reinforcing and you would get the admiration. But obviously it's not true because it didn't happen because you thought it happened. It happened because probabilistically it just was your time. So it becomes this sort of like false feedback for your confidence. So it's an interesting dynamic and this has happened for a lot of people, a lot of traders. The way they sort of seek that kind of confidence actually undermines it if they get it.  You can use that as a trigger to then kind of link back to this admiration. It's like, you know, let me build confidence the right way. And and I don't know what's going to happen in this trade and I don't need to know because I've proven that I've been in this situation hundreds of not well thousands of times and have edge. It's all I need. I've got profit margin here. My business is viable. I don't need to know whether this customer is going to buy my t-shirt today. I don't need to know that this trade is going to work out. I've got that's that's the way the other the other part of that specific situation. And and I mean this obviously just one example. I've done it many other times over the last 20 years, but this is just the one that kind of came to mind and this buddy of mine, we've been friends for a long time and we're just kind of going back to what you're saying about competitiveness. We're just we're super competitive with each other. So anytime we can, you know, one up each other. That's just what we do. So that, you know, that was part of it too. So going back to what you originally talked about with competitiveness as well. Yeah. And look, I mean, that stuff is fun, you know, but again, you can have like the the competitiveness with somebody else like that and have it be exactly the same. But have it be driven for more pure reasons, which is to one up him versus like by one up in him, I get admiration. And that that I think makes it a little bit more fun and a little bit more pure. Like it, you know, yeah, it just it no longer makes it about him, you know, in a sense, he's not giving. So just take a time here. The the last kind of flaw that I'd outline and let's see what was this like trying to make money too fast. Scenarios where that comes in. Um, yeah, that's that's kind of along the lines of, you know, if usually happens when everything's going really well, you know, I get that euphoria, everything I touch turns to gold kind of feeling can't lose.  And next thing you know, that's when the market loves to slap you. So let's try a different sort of next step here.  Uh, but this time there's a recognition that, uh, admiration is not to be gained through any of the means in which you're envisioning that you already have it, like you feel solid and happy, proud, satisfied in a real authentic way. Does that take some of the, the, the intensity, the velocity out of that, that dream and a way that kind of can bring you back down and allow you to be more pragmatic and practical? I don't know. I, I just, I know that every time that I've started having those thoughts, it ends badly. Um, and it's like, and so I've, it's almost like what I've done personally to like try to train myself is as soon as I start thinking like that, I just, I just shut it down and try to put blinders on and and forget about it and that seems to work for me. I don't know if that's the right approach to it, but that's, that's what I've done. Well, you're, I mean, you're managing it, but you haven't solved it. Right. So maybe that's, um, like the last place that we'll try to crack, you know, that these first two seem very practical and, and easy to kind of weave in this, uh, you know, kind of admiration, uh, correction. And maybe it's driven by something else. Maybe there is, um, uh, maybe it's actually a bit more tied to discretion, um, and, and a sense of like a kind of being in the zone and having some authentic intuition being generated, but not really understanding how to use it practically. Um, so maybe we just kind of keep that one on the side for now. And, um, if there's, if there is some natural progress, uh, you know, given what we talked about, then, then great. And if not, then we'll kind of relook at it next time, uh, you know, from a different, different angle. Perfect. By the way, in, in regards to the whole discretion thing, one thing that I have been doing, um, since I've filled out that questionnaire between then and today is I do have just a small futures only account. And, um, you know, I'm just trading like micro futures on a discretionary basis because I, when I started having those thoughts and filling that out and thinking through that, I thought, well, let me just, why don't I just try this? And so I just set up an account, just a small account just to do kind of discretionary trading that way. Um, and that's, and you can tell me what you think about this, but that's been good from a perspective of now I have this little thing where I can get this discretionary bug out of my system and it's not, it's not material from a financial standpoint compared to what I'm doing over here in my rules based, you know, really, you know, discipline, methodical, uh, you know, options trading. Yeah, I mean, I would liken it to a business that's, um, you know, uh, investing in R and D for a future product. And that's what you're doing.  And so yeah, incubating it like that, I think it's great. Uh, I don't think I feel like it, I feel like it's helping me on my main discipline because now I don't have that urge to go off the rails and do discretionary stuff over here, which I may have in the past because I'm getting that out of my system over here. And I, that makes perfect sense. I think the longer term, you know, kind of viability on this is going to be, uh, like being able to kind of tap into the intuition that is being generated, that's allowing those discretionary trades to kind of emerge in your mind and like recognizing the conditions by which they tend to come, right? Situationally, even the markets also kind of the mental and emotional condition, right? You got to me, you've got to be in the zone or close to it in order to access reliable intuition that's going to be able to be utilized in some, some way shape or form. So, you know, it's kind of situationally recognizing when you're more accurate, but I think it makes perfect sense that it's, it's helping to, uh, take away a little of the intensity because you're actually getting to scratch the ish versus like pretending the ish doesn't exist. Right. Right. Yeah. Great. Okay. So like I said, I'll send you the data collection worksheet. So kind of continuing to be aware of those data points, you know, in real time, we've got now maybe some potential corrections that can be deployed fairly quickly on the heels of the perfectionism worksheet. But really the, the injecting logic statements, the corrections, you know, are just coming from a greater depth of understanding of what's causing those emotional reactions. And if it is, you know, the sort of sensor admiration coming on the heels of, you know, expectations damaging confidence, then, you know, it's, it's going to take a little bit for that confidence to get solidified in a way that's naturally going to allow those emotional reflexes to go away. So that's why you've got to be ready to kind of battle them because they're going to keep coming. Right. The habit there is in there pretty good. So you see it, correct it. And just kind of see how much progress you make in the next, the next little chunk of time here. Awesome. I'm excited about this. I can already, I can already, I can already see what's going to be developing inside me. Awesome. Give me any questions or any thoughts before we wrap up? No, nothing else at this point. Okay, rock and roll. Awesome.


Here's a function in C, and here are its parts. Functions start with the return type. If a function doesn't return a value, put void here. The return type is followed by the function name, which is followed by the parameters separated by commas. If there are no parameters, put void in the parentheses. Each parameter must have its type specified. You can't do something like this. Following the parameters is a block that encloses the function body. When you call the function, you give its name without the return type, and put the function's arguments in parentheses after the function name. Many books use the word parameter and argument interchangeably, but they're different. Parameters are placeholders for values that will be supplied by the function call. Arguments are the actual values you are supplying, and those are the parts of a function in C.


Let's move along then. The next is the inclusion report. This is every three years NHGRI is required to present to council. What we call the inclusion report is report describes the demographics of race and ethnicity of all the participants that are recruited to NHGRI sponsored research projects. So Christine Chang program director in the division of generally Edison will give the report and then we'll take questions and comments from council. When the discussion is concluded, we will take a vote asking the council to accept the report. So Christine we can see your slides.  Thank you. So, I will be presenting this trial advisory report on human subjects participation and NHGRI sponsored research for the fiscal years 2019 to 2021 and the NHGRI extramural inclusion officers are myself and Dr. And our intramural counterpart is Ms. Mindy Perilla. So inclusion monitoring is required by the Public Health Service Act which mandates that there be inclusion of women and minority groups in all NIH funded clinical research in a manner that is appropriate to the scientific question. The research findings be generalizable to the entire population, and that clinical trials be designed to provide information about differences by sex, gender, race, and or ethnicity. Inclusion monitoring applies to all clinical research. So this includes patient oriented research that is research that's conducted with human subjects or on material human origin. And the definition from this definition would be in vitro studies that utilize human tissues that cannot be linked to a living individual. So that includes studies of mechanisms of human disease, therapeutic interventions, clinical trials and development of new technologies, clinical research also encompasses epidemiological and behavioral studies, outcomes research and health services research. So inclusion coding and information is initially collected on the grant application using the human subjects and clinical trials information form. This form requires an inclusion enrollment report or IER for each study and in the grant application. So a sample table is shown here. The IER table contains the plan distribution of subjects by sex, gender, race, and ethnicity. Opkins also describe the rationale for selection of sex, gender, racial and ethnic group members in terms of scientific objectives and proposed study design, as well as they propose outreach for recruitment. And over the course of the grant as progress reports are submitted, the grantee submits IERs containing cumulative enrollment data, which is based on the actual number of participants recruited and examined in the course of the study. Because a single grant or project can have multiple studies and each study can have multiple IERs, there can be multiple IERs per grant or project. For example, an extramural multi-center project will have multiple studies for different sites and then each study can also have multiple IERs to separate participant groups. The data presented in this report show only IERs labeled as prospective data, so in other words the IERs that contain existing data are excluded from analysis. On a triennial basis, each NIH institutional advisory council is required to review the aggregate data on the cumulative enrollment of participants to ensure that, one, it isn't compliance with the mandate for appropriate sex, gender and minority inclusion, and two, has in place adequate procedures to ensure these inclusion levels are monitored and maintained. The link to the report is in the electronic council book and the report describes NHGRI's intramural and extramural processes for monitoring inclusion and ensuring compliance in detail. And in this presentation, we're going to highlight some of the data from that report. Looking at the total number of IERs, about a third of them did not have enrollment because of delayed onset of recruitment or were active studies that completed enrollment in previous years, so they no longer need to recruit participants in that reporting period. Among the IERs with enrollment, the majority associated with U.S. sites, IERs with non-U.S. sites included countries like Botswana, Cameroon, Ghana, just to name a few. These include only female participants because of the nature of the studies, so for example, pregnant women's views on prenatal sequencing. Looking at participant enrollment and the number of IERs across the reporting period, we see that extramural makes the bulk of clinical research, whereas enrollment and intramural was pretty steady across the reporting period. The extramural enrollment fell markedly, and this decrease can largely be attributed to the end of the emergency, merge three consortium, as well as the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in spring of 2020. And this is consistent with many grantees reporting difficulty and recruitment and reaching target enrollment numbers. Even after academic research and health centers resume business, understandably patients were hesitant to participate in research and low recruitment rates continued. NIH uses sex gender to indicate that either sex or gender may be reported for inclusion enrollment purposes. The NIH encourages investigators to design their data collection instruments in a way that allows the participants to self-identify their sex or gender in a way that is meaningful within the studies context. Overall, over the reporting period, the sex gender distribution was balanced. The slightly higher proportion of females, again, is largely due to having some female-only studies, but no male-only studies. The distribution is shown here using a census that's needed race categories, which include white, black, African American, unknown not reported, Asian, more than one race, American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander. When enrolling research participants, researchers ask participants to self-identify both their ethnicity and their race with the option to select more than one racial category or to decline providing race and ethnicity. So in this reporting period, there was a study increase in black, African American participant enrollment shown here in orange. This is due to continued efforts by NHGRI to increase the number of studies with diverse participants. Through programs such as the Human Heredity and Health in Africa program or H3Africa, the clinical sequencing evidence-generating research program or CSER, and the implementing genomics and practice consortia or NITE. In addition, there's language encouraging applications that include diverse participants, which is standard for all applicable NHGRI funding opportunity announcements. Now looking at enrollment by ethnicity defined as Hispanic-Latino versus not Hispanic-Latino. Following the U.S. Office of Management and Budget definition, Hispanic and Latino participants can be of any race. The proportion identifying as Hispanic-Latino was generally study across FY 19 to FY 21 at about 5%. So although the goal of NIH's inclusion policy is not to endorse or enforce quotas for proportional representation based on census data, I think we will note that comparisons show that Hispanic-Latino enrollment at NHGRI is much lower than the U.S. 2021 population estimates of about 18% and lower than the overall NIH Hispanic-Latino enrollment level of about 10%. And it's possible that some of the strategies used to increase enrollment of Black African-American participants could be applied to increase the enrollment of Hispanic-Latino participants in NHGRI studies. And similarly, successful strategies for enrolling Hispanic-Latino participants and studies at other NIH institutes and centers could be adapted for NHGRI studies. So taking this all together, minority enrollment in this report includes all races except white and unknown race plus Hispanic-Latino participants that already, not already identified in another race category that fits the minority definition. And in this reporting period, we see that the total proportion of minority enrollment gradually increased from 28.3% in 2019 up to 35.6% in 2021. And this is a modest increase over the previous reporting years, which was 25% in 2017 and 26.6% in 2018. The NIH revised its inclusion of children policy in 2017. And the revised policy, which is now called the NIH policy and guidelines on the inclusion of individuals across the lifespan applies to individuals of all ages and requires reporting of participant age at enrollment and annual progress reports. The policy became effective for applications submitted on or after January 25 of 2019, as well as intramural studies initiated after this date. So the table shown here shows the age distribution for enrolled participants for studies falling under this policy. And it should be noted that the data should be interpreted with caution given the very low enrollment numbers overall. And the numbers are low because the policy applies only to the very small portion of studies recently funded, and most of NHGRI research does not fall under this policy yet. So in summary, the deleterious effect of COVID-19 on NHGRI participant enrollment was substantial, while academic research centers and other study sites quickly adapted and resumed recruitment efforts. There are residual delays in difficulty in reaching initial target enrollment numbers. There was also a successful strategy as an increasing overall minority participant enrollment, but improvements are still needed in certain participant groups, most notably the Hispanic Latino participant group. So with that, my colleagues and I would be happy to take questions and comments. That was really informative and it was great to see the progress that's being made, albeit slow. One is I realized the term human subjects has legal definitions, but I would love to see us move away from the word subjects as much as possible, including in the title of these reports, and certainly in the contents. Secondly, you know, we there's a lot of data that people on the LGBTQ community are underrepresented in research and that doesn't seem to be something we're measuring. And I wonder if that's something we should be measuring. I think that's a good point for the first point about moving away from human subjects I think increasingly we're using the word participant. So that's definitely the right step for underrepresented LGBTQ community and like making sure that is captured in the reports. I don't think that has quite made it to serve official official census categories. But that's definitely a well, a good point taken I know that we have representation on the sexual and gender minority working groups, I don't know if someone from that working group wants to chime in as well. This is Terry not not on the on the section general minority working group but but Gail just so that you know these reports are actually mandated centrally so we follow a central template will certainly raise the issue that it would be very helpful to have information on sexual and gender minorities. I suspect it's coming it's just that it hadn't been reported in the past three years, but excellent point thanks. Additionally, the Office of sexual gender minority is across an age for a better collection that will be reported on. Excuse me other questions or comments from Council. All right, that's long enough to have found mute button if you wanted to speak up. So can I ask for a motion to accept the report. I'll take one of those extra hands as a second all in favor. Thank you. Anyone opposed. Anyone abstaining. All right, thank you very much. Thank you Christine. Wonderful job.