Good evening everybody and welcome to our 325 participants tonight in this webinar. You're joining us from all over the countryside. Some are joining the webinar, some in the podcast and it's great to see people on the chat line introducing themselves and see where you're coming from. This is a joint webinar tonight with Kids Matter between Kids Matter and MHPN. We welcome everybody from both those sectors and many other besides. I just need to remind you that the case study was a couple of pages long, so I hope you did pick that up before logging in tonight and were able to read that. My name's Vicki Cowling. I'm facilitating tonight's webinar. I'm a social worker and psychologist and have worked for many years with children, young people and their families in quite a number of settings currently in private practice. My role is to facilitate tonight and first introduce our panel and then that will lead into the discussion that we hope, I suppose, generates more discussion. It may not solve immediate problems but we hope it gives people ideas about collaborating. Now you would have seen the panelist bios before tonight so I'd like to start off by introducing Sally Liso. Sally's a primary welfare officer from Victoria. Sorry, Sarah. I beg your pardon, Sarah. Welcome, Sarah. What are some of the most... Yeah, you work in primary school, Sarah. What are some of the most satisfying changes that you've observed following the introduction of Kids Matter into your school which has been quite a feature there? How's it been beneficial? Yeah, I've been at the school now for two years and we have had Kids Matter as long as I've been there so for two years now and just the overall positive school community having staff recognise mental health and how it affects children and how to best help the students and the family. There's lots of ways I've felt that it's been really beneficial and I guess I'm touching on it a little bit through the slide by addressing all the four components of Kids Matter so we'll get into that soon. Yeah, that'll be interesting. Thank you. I'd like to next welcome Michael Fasher. Michael's a GP and joins us in New South Wales. Michael, you've been involved in training medical students for many years and I just wonder what some of the changes you may have seen in medical training over the decades you've been involved. I think preparing people for general practice today has been revolutionised in areas where there have been good Medicare locals soon to transform into public health networks because they are the federally funded group that are working on promoting the kind of collaboration that we're celebrating tonight, stitching up service providers in the community to provide more collaborative and efficient service to communities. Great. Thank you, Michael. And Lynn is a psychologist and is in Melbourne. Thanks, Lynn, for joining us tonight and you've worked in and with schools for over 20 years and I wonder what some of the changes that you've noted across the education system over those decades. Yeah, I think the last 20 years there's been a lot of changes in society as a whole and schools often are Michael Cossum of what's happening in society so some of the pressures that are in communities often come into schools and changes in families, cultural changes, people from ranges as cultural backgrounds. All of that I think has come into schools and schools are then sort of adjusting to that. I think one of the biggest changes of course is technology and the role of technology in the lives of all of us in schools trying to keep up with children and other people around that. Absolutely. Thanks, Lynn. And finally I'd like to welcome Sally Young, a social worker from Queensland. And Sally, you work in both public and private sectors. What are some of the two key differences you would comment on in working in those different sectors? Between the private and the public. Yeah, yeah. I think there are different advantages in different sectors but one of the wonderful advantages of working in the public sector is the possibilities of doing collaborative network work as part of the work. Of course in private practice it's much more the relationship between the therapist and the family coming along but for the sort of severe end of the spectrum I feel multidisciplinary teams are much more preferable way of assisting for severe difficulties. Okay, Sally, thanks. Now we have some ground rules there on the screen about how we communicate via the chat pages and I have to get closer to Sir. Posting comments and so on. So I'll just leave you to have a look for that for a sec. Now if you find the chat box too distracting, you can minimise it by clicking on the down arrow at the top of the chat box. So you're free to do that if you want. Now each panelist is going to give us a short discipline specific response to the case followed by some Q&A between the panel and the audience and we have lots and lots of questions that many of you have submitted before tonight so thank you for those. The learning outcomes tonight. It's around collaboration obviously relating to the heart of the family developing an increased awareness of the benefits of collaboration, strategies to achieve effective and timely collaboration to support primary school children and their families and developing an increased awareness of the benefits and opportunities for involvement with initiatives such as Kid Matters. We've been working with primary school children. So our discussion tonight centres on the heart of the family who have two children, Tina and John, with some Zoe and Tom and they're concerned that Zoe, 10, is placing too much pressure on herself to perform academically and is becoming increasingly worried about adult type issues and Tom, who's seven, is having issues with controlling his temper. And we'll start off with Sarah, a primary welfare officer and her slides relating to the heart of the family. Thanks, Vicki. So just to briefly give you a little bit of background before I go into the slides. So as I said before, I'm working in the primary welfare officer role at the school at Kingsley Park Primary School in Frankston, Victoria and we've had kids not at the school for two years now so I'm just going to break it down into the four different components and how Kid Matter relates to the case study. So although Kid Matter Primary isn't physically designed to help schools prevent and address anxiety, the four components do help schools address many nervous factors related to anxiety and other mental health disabilities and they also help build the protective factors that prevent and reduce mental health difficulties. So Firstly Component 1 is based on building a positive school community culture that provides security and safety for children. This can take on many forms and often becomes the innate culture of the school that can be difficult to write about and talk about but becomes embedded within the primary school. Once you have been within the school, you kind of get to understand the school perspective on mental health and wellbeing. So in terms of how Fair and Back Primary School have supported Tom and Zoe, it seems as though they've got quite a good understanding in understanding Tom's behaviour in particular around his atypical and atypical behaviour. They seem to have some kind of school wellbeing policies in place, not that they're mentioned but there seems to be some good processes there around that and there seems to be quite a good collaborative relationship between the teaching staff from year to year and between the parents and the teachers as well. So there's a few background factors there that look like they've set up quite a good positive school community so far. It would be good to kind of come back further knowing a little bit more about the school. So we're just going to Component 2. The next slide. Component 2 is based on social and emotional learning. Or SEL. So SEL is looking at or emphasising children's learning and how to cope and feel better equipped to deal with challenges that might arise. So Kids Matter promotes social and emotional learning on their website with all the different evidence-based programs that a school can utilise in addressing social and emotional learning. In the case study, it wasn't explicitly said which SEL program is used. However, I'm sure it's there, given that it's been two years into the Kids Matter initiative that would have been good to find out a little bit more about that. Just as an example, at Kingsley Park time we used the You Can Do It program, which looks at five keys and they are resilience, organisation, getting along, confidence and persistence. Those skills are practised within the classroom. Okay, so moving on to Component 3. The third component is based on building strong relationships with the families, parents and carers. Together the school and family can help assist the child by developing their social and emotional learning and how to manage strong emotions. So some of the emphasis in this component is being through the case study in that it seems as though there's been a good connection between the teachers and Tina, the mum, and also just their sharing of their concerns about Tom and Zoe, although I feel as though more discussions would be needed to be said about Zoe. The case study has also addressed the family relationship difficulties, particularly around Tina and John arguing about their working hours and who should be looking after the children, so I feel as though there needs to be quite a lot more information around what's happening for the family. There's also the grandparents who are playing quite a big, caring role in looking after the children before and after school for some of the week, so it would be good to talk about that a little bit more. And also just addressing the risk and protective family, risk and protective factors that are present within the family and how that's impacting on the kids and the school as well. So that's what Component 3 kind of addresses. So the next component is Component 4, which is quite targeted in addressing children with mental health difficulties. So I feel as though the case study has utilized Component 4 quite well, it focuses quite a lot on the mental health interventions for Tom in particular. So for example, teachers were able to recognise some of Tom's underlying mental health difficulties at the time. There seemed to be a school policy that was followed in terms of referring Tom, in terms of speaking to previous teachers and raising concerns with Tina as well. From there, Tom's teacher referred him to the school councillor for three sessions. I would probably want to know a little bit more about who the school councillor is. Is the school councillor a psychologist or a chaplain or a social worker? It would be good to get more information about that. The councillor did address some anxiety, concerns, but it appears that there were some time constraints. So then the school councillor had to refer externally. From there, Tom was seen by a GP due to some physical complaints, which led to a discussion around psychological concerns that were happening for Tom. And from there, the GP looked at a possible referral to CAN and then some one-to-one work with an ATAP psychologist. Lastly, the case study discusses that a student support group type meeting would be set up at the end in terms of linking it all together and where to go next. So it looks like the school has done really well in linking the family and the students in terms of the component for capacity. So just checking on time. Do I have a little bit more time? About half a minute. Okay. So just the next slide is just some further comments. I mean, there's so much I could talk about but just briefly... Sure, yeah. It looks as though Fernbac family have utilised all the four components quite well, particularly around component 4, as I said, and probably component 3. It would be good to talk a little bit more around what the teachers and selves can be doing for Tom and Zoe in the classroom. I've just touched on a little bit of on the Kids Matter, the ETLS approach, which is a useful tool on their website around how to address common Zoe's behaviour. In terms of the CAN's referral, we probably wouldn't go... Go down that path at this stage due to the lack of severity, I'd say, but probably we would do some other support, such as on-site or the old child China... China's program, or the triple SOs in terms of some work at the school and some possible family services and looking a little bit more around risk and protective factors for Zoe and Tom. So there's lots to discuss, but that's just a little bit of a snapshot of what it looks like from a primary welfare officer perspective. It's illustrated well the relationship between Kids Matter program and that particular family too, so thanks. Yeah. Very much, Sarah. Yeah. Michael, would you like to proceed now and your reflections from a GP's point of view? Thanks to you and thanks for that, Sarah. I love it. I read the Harper's story and it criggled some thoughts that I hope will provoke and promote some discussion. Feelings and anxiety are universal and one of the challenges of childhood is learning to recognize and name strong feelings such as anxiety. It seems to me that's the first step to understanding them, managing them and living with them. And this process can be retarded if adults discount children's feelings, as we've all heard people say. What's he got to be anxious about? He's only a kid. Others may collude in their child's avoidant behavior and therefore promote anxiety. And of course, living anxiously is very often modelled by anxious parents. Professor Tim Ocherwood is Professor of General Practice at Westmead and I like his tip which I think is relevant to our talk tonight, our discussion tonight. In most consultations, particularly in general practice, it's important that the Psycho-Social Inquiry proceeds in parallel with the Biological Inquiry. The value of this tip was powerfully illustrated to me by another child who was sent home from Fernbark Primary School. She came to see me, seven years old, a people who had frightened a teacher by complaining of the ruin, swaying and having difficulty seeing. But really after careful listening and thorough examination, it became clear that this presentation, at first sight of biological disease, was in fact the effect the anxiety triggered adrenaline. And I was pleased that I got that one right, but roofily reflected on the fact that I had missed the Psycho-Social Inquiry when Tom Harper had previously presented with Baylake. Of course, there was plenty to be listed back then. In absence of accessible local pathways to quality care, it is here for doctors to medicalise Psycho-Social distress. What we've heard about Kids Matter at Fernbark is really an excellent example of how improving health literacy in the community increases the capacity of the community to support parents and children managing strong emotions and other similar issues. To the Harper's. Some preliminary thoughts. The fact that Tom did well at school last year is encouraging and pointed, I thought, to strengths in the way his family had been functioning and that would be something I'd want to celebrate with them. The fact that Tina and John recognised that their arguments have had an impact on Tom is another strength that I'd want to draw attention to and celebrate. The fact that there are ongoing arguments suggests an area to be worked on. I thought it was good that Tom did so well at school last year. That made developmental disorders unlikely. The fact that he often plays alone made me think. And whilst there are multiple word flags in the case study for anxiety being a problem for both children and possibly their father, I need to keep in mind that Tom's behaviours may reflect that he's having difficulty coping with increased academic demands of moving up to year one. And so wrapping up, before I rushed to intervention stroke therapy with this family and family members, I'd be really keen to be clear about where each of them were as individuals and as a group on the cycle for change. Do you have these preclinical employers or are they ready for action? Because if they're not ready for action I'm going to proceed slowly. Thanks Vicki. Thank you, Michael. Lynn, you're talking from the psychology perspective about the Harper family. Yeah, thanks Vicki. I thought a few sort of initial thoughts as I was looking through the case study. I felt quite hopeful reading through and seeing that there's some challenges and there's some work to do and people have identified that I also think this is a time for opportunity and the school's awareness and responsiveness which is due to kids better and the work that's been happening there for two years, it hasn't just happened like that and it doesn't always work, but the work of kids matter I think has really shown the capacity of schools and families to work together and identify concerns at a pretty early stage. And the parents have been willing to hear that. The family's not at crisis point and there's a few more options. It means like Michael just suggested we can go a little bit slowly, text things out. We don't need to rush to a crisis response at this point. And I think the children are young enough through effective interventions for the families to grow and develop at this stage and strengthen the family unit. So I think it's really hopeful in terms of the timing of this but we're not waiting until they're adolescents and then it's much harder to encourage young people to seek help. And this is trying to tease out what might be a complex web and we could be saying well the why now is really to do with the change that's happened with Tina returning to work. But I think there's more to it than that and I think we'd be tempting just to say well it's an adjustment period, we'll let them go but when you actually look at what's going on underneath the level of conflict and tension that's been there for a while and things that are happening at school both Tom and Zoe and Zoe of course has been sort of left out a little bit that show in externalising behaviours which we tend to notice that Tom's been targeted a little bit but there's things going on for Zoe as well there's previous concerns when you do a little bit beyond the current situation we know that Tom's been difficulty separating during his early schooling so there's a bit of a history of this and development leads there might be some things that are happening as well and Michael suggested around the learning challenges that might be going on to Tom and Zoe as well which is getting older and what's happening in the world so there's a lot going on in this family even though it might present as a time of change anxiety between the family and looking at who should we focus on is another important point I think and again Michael has talked about the patterns of behaviour with families and anxious families and anxious children but do we focus on Tom which is kind of where the story's gone so far that Tom's been targeted for the intervention but clearly the family is also experiencing some challenges so I think looking at this child within the context of family is really important and we know that if we want to support children we can really do a lot to support them by supporting the adults in their lives in parents' primary people so looking at what's going on in terms of their family anxiety and tensions, communication style what's actually happening with them I think it's also really important to remember that parents can find it very challenging when a school talks about concerns with their child so it's quite hard sometimes to hear that when you're doing your best and you might be seeing some concerns and then when people talk to you about those that they're noticing them at school and your children are not happy and struggling with things it can really damage confidence so I think that being aware of that building their self-efficacy promoting their resilience which will then so on to the children as well looking at the strengths which is what Michael talked about as well what's worked before I think those messages are really important and again that hope when it's coming through is crucial. Social support again not being alone with struggles so parents are sort of getting a sense that this is something that a lot of parents and families struggle with anxiety is not an unusual thing family changes, family dynamics and pressures on families is very common so lots of families go through this so it really helps for families to hear that from others who are going through similar things enhancing parenting skills obviously how do we deal with these sort of situations is really important part of that family communication pattern and getting some information about anxiety so it's clear that there's some anxiety happening whether there's other things as well you need to check that out but certainly the anxious signs that we're seeing getting some more information about that can help on this matter to have that information other adults and alive there's this family, grandparents are having a really important role to play here so they've got a caring role at the moment and that might be a change in the grandparent role might be spending more time with them we don't know, they might have always played a very active role so some hope for them is probably really important because getting to school at the end of the school day that can be really challenging so the grandparents are bearing the brunt of that it seems that the moment so including them and getting their perspective because they've been through parenting they've also got some insights probably that we should really use so I think that would be really useful thing to do and then the classroom teachers and school staff and this is something Sarah talked about is part of that worth of chief matter that the school is really aware of and really wanting to be responsive and supportive so they're dealing with Tom and Zoe in the classroom throughout the school day and having to respond to issues like attendance or issues that are happening for them and the teachers are often quite anxious themselves and wanting to do what's best for the children instead of family not make things worse so they'll really be looking for some support as well and may well be feeling quite anxious you've got anxious children in the classroom it can be fine it can trigger your own anxiety and kids might have provided some tools like the battle fund that Sarah mentioned as well they can use collaboration and effective communication is really important so we've already seen that that's already started but if we're going to be looking at some external mental health support being arranged it's very important that we have this idea around collaborating together working towards the same sorts of goals being clear about roles being clear about what communication is happening what information can be shared and what information is kept private developing short term plans around the main priorities so they're there for each party and hearing the voices of children I think is still important and maintaining the regular contact between home and school so the people are on the same path the children are getting similar messages that the people are really working together meetings I think are really important and we've seen that that's starting to be to be set up as part of that process and I think the school psychologist or councillor can be a really good link pin for that work can really be a person to pull that together can kind of have that sit between health education family to really bring people together and I guess lastly again that we're turning to that hopeful notion there's lots of interventions that we know have a good evidence base around working with children around anxiety and there's more and more that are emerging along the way so we've got a whole range of different approaches that we can take some of them can be in a therapy situation with the children possibly with parents the universal social emotional school development that Sarah talked about that will be happening in kids matter schools and it can be really helpful as part of this overall universal sort of and targeted approaches that can happen to be comprehensive parenting school training might be useful parents and teachers adult resilient programs can also play a role in here and now increasingly we're looking at online programs that are being explored and being evaluated and there's one particular that's being looked at at the moment and mindfulness as well is another kind of tool that's coming with mainstream that might be really useful so I guess you know finishing off just in that hopeful notion again we know that there's good evidence behind these kinds of approaches and so again to have trust and faith that we can be working together to really provide support to the family many thanks for that Lynn and finally we have Sally presenting her perspective as a social worker thanks Sally I'll agree with what my fellow panelists have said so I'll try not to repeat what people have said but just taking the eyes out of what I've written the importance of taking a developmental history and getting good cross-sectional information to obtain a sense of the depth spasiveness and suffering that the anxiety causes Tom but particularly in the assessment phase I think it's important to keep as open the mind as possible as to what's happening and certainly in the information gathering one also gains a sense of the dynamics of how different parts of the family system or professional system may relate to each other with an anxious boy the importance of seeing both the parents and potentially the grandparents without Tom so that there's a clear space to both take a history but get a sense of how Tom is seen within his family family unit and what the different perspective also the importance of seeing Tom on his own in an age appropriate way to get a sense of how he thinks and feels and as Lynn mentioned the use of play with a child this age you know listening for his anxieties there's a reference to sort of nightmares about dreams somatic worries, school friendship and separation anxiety there's a hint that separations are maybe painful in terms of thinking about the family I guess one's trying to get a sense of is this an anxious or overwhelm family and is this a sort of a more recent thing there's a suggestion about the mother's return to work or is this more a longitudinal thing over time and to get a sense of that in terms of understanding the effects on Tom there is this question as Zoe is symptomatic as to whether it might be useful to see the whole family I think again in a sort of open hearted way to hear how the family manages stresses and changes and transitions I've seen the meaning of separation there's a bit of a reference to separation anxiety change and developmental transitions what they mean in this family the also this thing out for the sibling relationship there's a reference in the case study of Tom pushing his sister and I just wondered without any sort of clear conviction about it but whether there were sort of perhaps sort of quite set roles in the family are boys the externalizers and girls the internalizers are always seen as naughty and are good in internalizing and have anxieties in a different way so sort of listening out for what are the roles that the characters have within the family and do these roles enhance secure attachments or create rivalry also just that last thought about is there a parallel between there's a reference to the parents having different opinions and arguing and also the fighting between the sibling so sometimes there is a sort of echo in what's happening in the sibling group as to what's happening for the parent in terms of referrals about sort of risks and challenges you know that it sounds like there's a clear case for Tom to be referred that the school councillor has a sort of limited time capacity but just the whole delicacy of referrals of how is the referral seen you know the more agencies involved the more one has to be aware of different professional language and there may be different goals or views on what would be useful so important to keep the sort of collaborative task in the mind of anyone seeing Tom but any referral acts as a bridge to another service which may or may not succeed that important to listen for in the suggestion of a referral of how is this referral seen is there an anxiety about the mental health referral which actually may complicate it being a successful referral unless that sort of works through a bit the advantages perhaps saying what sort of known but just the advantages of the ATAP system is that it has this wonderful level of accessibility but it doesn't completely support the practitioner to do family therapy family work if needed so it's something to sort of keep in mind in terms of what might be the needs if it emerges that it's more a family based anxiety and is there a family agency that may be maybe more appropriate in terms of thinking of collaboration our overall theme of tonight's discussion I found this quote which I was quite fond of that collaboration is never easy which is why it's more talked about than practice it requires a great deal of work I sort of feel collaboration is a bit like motherhood no one's against it but it's a much harder job than it sounds and that it takes work and that it takes everyone keeping an open mind to what each of us have to contribute the dangers of professional rivalries and defensiveness and anxieties and misperceptions about what different professions may do and I think just as often as these sort of emotional anxieties that might be in the air in collaboration often just the lack of time compromises how much we're able to do this successfully also the issue of consent for information is important to work out and that in itself takes quite a bit of time and working out what needs to be shared and what needs to be private I prefer in working with families and if I was working with Tom I prefer this idea of private using the word privacy rather than confidentiality because I think it captures something of what's emotionally needed there are some areas that he may need privacy about but one might need to negotiate around what are the areas that his parents may need to know that he worries about and equally what areas again the school may need to know if there's significant worries that are there for him at school so all of that takes quite a bit of negotiating and just some service thoughts just thinking Sally it's Vicky could I just ask you to just summarise this last slide because he's starting to run out of time yes yes perhaps just to keep in mind that the family system and the professional network may actually end up as complex as each other and so for people to stay aware of that to try and resist sort of fragmentation in the work and that the more I guess the second point is perhaps the point I want to emphasise is the more anxiety about there is about the family the more vulnerable the system is to fitting and that the important family remain at the centre of any intervention I'm sure everyone knows that but I just think it's always worth saying that again but also emphasise the importance of people having supervision as well to help with that look thank you all four of you for those complimentary presentations highlighting the issues from a systems and a family and a school perspective we now move on to some questions and discussion our panel members have put in some questions as well and I'm wondering if any one of you, Sarah or Sally or Lynn would like to pose your question to to one another I'm happy to pose. Okay thank you yeah I've mentioned already a couple of times technology and the role of technology that's coming into play and I mentioned the Brave Program is one of those programs so I'm just curious and interested in how people are feeling about that and the role that online support online programs families, children accessing and schools accessing online programs when they might have sort of a thrill and what the benefits might be but also what some of the caution might be and how might it have a role in working in a collaborative fashion as well. Yes so Sally, Michael, Sarah any one of you have a comment about that? Yeah I mean very briefly I'm not sure about the cautions but I did have a family in with a very young child with anxiety this week who has a teenager who refuses to come for treatment so he's well and truly a pre-contemplator and I wondered particularly for an adolescent that if an online anxiety program might be ideal any other comments about that? Oh it's Sally here just to add to that I think probably I imagine we'd all agree we wouldn't watch it as instead of the possibility of in-person contact particularly with Tom I wouldn't have I'd certainly not rushed to any sort of online intervention given his age and vulnerabilities but I think just thinking of Zoe if I think sometimes when there's more shame involved regarding a difficulty it sometimes helps the online interventions can help form a bridge to helping people, young people have some courage for seeking help from there but and I think some of the kids helpline research also supports that young people who feel a lot of shame about their difficulties often prefer the but more the sort of using using their online counselling than on the phone counselling so I think that's an interesting thing to keep in mind um can I jump in? You're certainly I haven't had any experience personally with children accessing online programs as yet but the first thing that came to mind was outside the case that is children on the spectrum on the autism spectrum the high interest in using computers and technology and I guess that that their inability to interact socially at times it can kind of take that away that might be just a little bit more accessible for them at the same time we don't want to limit their social interactions and therapeutic interventions but there could be just another perspective to use their children on the spectrum given their interests and just kind of take down the walls that might um limit their user on that so it's just another perspective but I am interested in reading a little bit more about the Bay program and if anyone has used it and I guess how it's worked for the kids that have used it but I'm not aware of anyone in our schools that have used it at this stage that's definitely something about maybe one of our participants has and they can type into the general chat okay can I just say that I mean I think that was a very interesting part of the discussion it's really important for me to hear that we don't focus on Tom I think that some people might have the notion that you can take Tom out of this family fix him up and then put him back in it and I think that doesn't appreciate the shades of grey yes well I think probably a lot of this would have a family focused approach and each individual in the family in their particular needs including the grandparents yeah Sally you had a statement or question which actually relates to a couple of questions that participants submitted as well would you just like to read that out have you got it in front of you or yes thanks Vicki it's just a sort of clinical dilemma and it is after the referral has been made to the ATAPs worker Tom's father rings both the GP in the school to say he's upset he hasn't been informed that this was happening he speaks at length that the family is falling apart with both children being more anxious since their mother returned to work he says the children need a mother not a mental health worker any thoughts on how to respond those in the framework of collaboration that's also remembering that we are collaborating with parents as well so they're part of the collaborative picture yeah so would other panellists like to comment on that I think this father if he has been left out has every reason to be upset about that and it goes back a bit to my concluding point about being sure where everybody in this family is on spectrum from pre-contemplation to deciding to act and I mean with this sort of family this sort of stuff is usually easy to sort out once the family court's involved and we've got separated families then it becomes a nightmare but my approach to Tom as Sally has posed at Tom's father would be to invite him in to agree with him that things shouldn't have got this far without him and see him and his wife together to discuss the issues yes do you want me to Sally, Lynn, Sarah yep Sarah you're sure if you want to come in yeah so I think I'd be concerned that Tom's father hadn't been aware of any of everything that happened so far but I think at the end of the case study where the emphasis was on bringing a meeting together that would be a timely time for Tom and father to come in and look about what's going on for him and why he hasn't been involved what his goals are for the kids and discuss a little bit more around his comment about mum not being a mental health worker what is it that's going on for the family so I think having all the parties come to a meeting would be really useful. It is difficult to get all the parties to collaborate due to time constraints and things like that at the one meeting but I think that would definitely solve a lot of Tom's father's difficulties around that so I think that would be I know at the primary school level that's what I would be doing and I find the most success when we have our student support meetings and have all the parties there put all the discussion on the table and have an action plan to help with the content OK thanks Sarah or perhaps we'll move back to some of the questions that the participants have submitted over the last few days or whenever and one of them is coming back to the core primary task I suppose for tonight addressing the issue of collaboration and what somebody has asked what other barriers that the panel see as assisting in blocking a collaboration what specific barriers would you identify just one or two perhaps for each person but the big question I think one of the biggest barriers that wasn't present in this particular scenario is getting the family on board so people might raise a concern with the family so people in the school might raise a concern and parents might not be ready to hear that so it's a bit like what Michael was saying about contemplation whether they're recognising some concerns whether they're open to hearing that and without that support it's really very difficult so that's a barrier before you can even start to look at referrals and sometimes that's very real I'm just looking at statements that some participants have put in how do you approach parents without offending them is one statement another one is if parents don't want to collaborate to support their child they're in denial with the word use so it's very difficult to get things started and how does one manage that so others have comments about barriers to collaboration I think the two things I'd say collaboration takes a lot of time that we often haven't quite set aside enough time and I think often systems have a risk of being driven to solve a problem without working through a problem and we might describe that in our patients but it's also in our system that we have to go slowly to work through what's going to be the best outcome for Tom and his family and I think systems often need to sort of slow down to work it through properly go ahead Michael sorry I agree with that I think that but it just comes back to motivational counselling and the cycle of change I mean if if you can't invite parents to share with you that they perceive a problem then what you have to do is keep on holding them and keep the relationship going and do what you can to move them on from pre-contemplation but there is certainly no point in darting ahead of achieving the mother of the parent the family being with you and being ready to act to comment on that one sorry Sarah yeah well this is something that's very relevant in our schools teachers are often saying to me that they're concerned about the kids how do they go about it and what we find is I guess I kind of call it planting the seed kind of raising it if it's concerned early on in preps but the teachers can see parents aren't really receptive to taking those concerns in that over time perhaps towards the middle primary school years unless things become quite severe it would be addressed earlier but just kind of building those relationships and that's where Kids Matter really comes into it building those relationships and support through the school early on can eventually help bridge that gap and hopefully the parents come on board a little bit later but unless like Michael said unless we're ready unless the parents are ready to come on board then we can only support the kids as best as we can at the school level yes do you think having Kids Matter in the school creates over time a certain culture and therefore makes these kind of supports more more presentable or more acceptable to families yeah I think so I feel the school that I've been has had a culture shift towards mental health and well-being particularly for teachers it's getting there more slowly for parents but just having the material on the website through the school through the newsletters discussions around mental health there's little bits that are happening everywhere that are throughout the school that I think is helping bridge the gap and that stigma around mental health disabilities and making it more acceptable to understand the mental health presentation of our kids so I think so I think our schools have still got a long way to go but I feel Kids Matter really helps bridge that gap I guess if you're seeking cultural change it does happen all over quite a long period of time and I think that's what Sally kind of alluded to yeah so I was going to say there has to be some patience here with this yeah and that's why Kids Matter is supposed to be done in a year it's not a program it's the overarching initiative that we're into our we're into component three now at Kingsley Park and I don't think we'll be finished so that's four years of rolling it out and then after that we will go back to component one to ensure that we're everything is maintained so it is a slow change but it needs to happen for when everyone is ready to get on board yeah another question or statement was collaboration initiatives bring challenges about integrating different values of teams and people so I suppose just your observations about and it's fairly complex to ask I guess but it's sort of central to being able to collaborate from a systems perspective how do we accommodate different approaches that different groups have or different sectors have and different goals how do we what kind of mindsets can we each have to accommodate these differences maybe Lynn could I ask you to start Sure I think language is one of the biggest challenges because sometimes the value systems or the approach and the interest is quite similar people working towards the same thing but might not be alive so I think it's a terrifying taking some time to build a relationship build trust check out language listen share ideas and try to check out what is it that we're sort of saying and we're actually saying the same thing even though it's coming across in different ways so I think that can overcome a lot of problems but it takes time which is one of the challenges Again time and there's so much pressure to reach targets nowadays I think yeah Sally do you have observations about that Yes I think it's this sort of language and I think there's also anxiety that that gets in the way of professional sharing there's always the confidentiality thing that needs to be worked out which is right and proper but I think we can sometimes hide behind confidentiality as a way of protecting ourselves from fully engaging with our colleagues whether it's teachers or other mental health professionals or the GP we can hide behind confidentiality as a defensive practice which may not be in the best interest of the family or the young person but I don't want to minimise confidentiality it's still a very important thing No a number of participants did raise that you know how do you exchange information is it possible to exchange information if you don't have consent from parents but maybe we'll come back to that Michael do you have observations about the I guess the challenges of different approaches and goals and how we may overcome them I think that the mental health professionals network has inaugurated a meeting and disadvantaged a little suburb close to me here and that has produced a lot of respectful collaborative interaction in which people have felt mutually valued and been delighted it's been a in fact one whole professional group like early childhood nurses have actually stated that they felt valued for the first time so getting people together having the opportunity on a regular basis to have that discussion which generates respect Meeting outside the case conference sort of idea Yeah and Sarah do you have any further comments about the different challenges of competing or differing goals and approaches Yeah well Yeah it's similar to what everyone has said already getting everyone together in a meeting format to put all of their ideas on the table documenting it as well putting it all in one we might call it a behaviour support plan or something like that where all the goals are shared and they're explicit and consistency between the teacher, the parent and all the other professionals involved is crucial for any gains to be made for the child I mean I've got the thinking of one student who their team of people working with him we send a group email every week on how he's going at school and how the therapies are going outside of school with the consent of that parent and there's been so much communication around that and it's benefited him he's had such a good year so that's just one example where communication has worked really well and that's the collaboration between the professionals but that was set from the beginning of his intervention so it was quite clear that that communication was going to occur and so that's one example from my school anyway although it's a great way to use email and internet yeah it's perfect or in a way that leads on to another question here somebody has asked how do you strategies are discussed with the parents and the child in the school setting or the psychologist or the private practitioner outside the school but how can they be translated into the school setting so that the ongoing work at the school can be followed through what do you see as difficulties about achieving that maybe I could start with you Sally it is a challenge what I find a useful sort of just a way of thinking like if I was seeing Tom and I was going to see his parents for a review session I might say something to Tom like your words in here are private but are there any of the things that we think about that you'd like me to talk to your parents about or would you be happy for me to talk about the themes of what we talk about and usually children are agreeable to that sort of negotiated confidentiality and I wonder if that same sort of theme can be with the family in the school I think it's very important people's words are kept private so we're not repeating what people say because that's just a form of professional gossip really but we translate it with the information into a formulation that might be useful to the school in thinking about how to manage Tom or how to manage Zoe and I think if we can do it in that way if there's a disagreement with the professionals not a disagreement with the criticism of the parents because they said such and such that if we can sort of bear that I think the collaborative work can be an important breach to sort of keep all parties together as much as possible Yeah maybe what the question was also asking was the person has prepped on the work and the family here how is that and I guess you have answered it to some degree how has that been translated back into the school and into the classroom so maybe I could ask someone else to think about that Sarah would you like to comment on that Yeah I guess from what I'm hearing from the teachers in my schools is the key for them is what are the strategies we don't they understand the confidentiality of what the child has been saying to the private practitioner but it's about what strategies will work for them in the classroom so keeping it really simple I see yeah so making it applicable like if they're feeling anxious what can they do in that moment or what can they do in those early signs of feeling anxious they're the key things that the teachers want to know about and have it documented so other staff are aware of how to assist as well in case they're not there for the day but they're just those little things that are just so crucial for preventing things like anxiety in the classroom or if they are feeling anxious then they know what to do Okay and Leigh do you have anything oh sorry Mark go on Look I agree with that and I think that things can often be very simple and easily overlooked and in our case study one of the things that Tom wanted to know was who was going to look after him after school and the fact that that moment passed without that being firmly and clearly addressed was a miss and so that was a simple strategy for managing a seven year old's anxiety and on this occasion was missed Thank you and Leigh do you have anything further about this one? One thing that's not sort of to do with the case study but what comes to mind is an initiative that started in Victoria called Cassia which is Royal Children's Hospital and schools working together in parts of Victoria and some other models in our country and this is really looking at mental health practitioners coming into schools doing some work with all staff so it's sort of early intervention model working with some children and families that was targeted but then also working with the school as a whole so it was really being staff along and having them in the school so I think that kind of approach it's a bit like the kids matter model really where you're sort of doing that kind of universal work so you're prepping if you like and having the staff when they have a particular child and family they've got some backgrounds and they've got something to contextualise that in so I think that kind of approach Okay thank you Can I just quickly Of course I know that we did do Cassia the Cassia program that Linda mentioned that Kingsley passed this year twice so we did it with a group of two and three students and then a group with preps and one students so I was quite heavily involved with that and it's very thorough that the whole parent background presentation is taken in very thoroughly and what's been really useful for us is is assisting the parents in particular in how to help their kids and then the strategies for the teachers in the classroom and also if there were further concerns from those kids and they were able to be referred into ELMS which is our version of CAN so we found that really useful so thanks Linda for bringing that out I forgot to mention that That kind of is associated too with some other questions relating to schools particularly I suppose I'll just read out a couple of them what can be implemented in schools to encourage and increase children's well-being meaning you know what prevention and early intervention I guess kids matter contributes to that and what can people are curious about how they can help break down misunderstandings about mental health problems in school settings and how can we support children so that they're not subject to sort of negative comments so perhaps if we start with a question about yes acknowledging kids matter but what can we do in schools how can we support schools to be more I suppose more receptive to supporting children and families where certainly children have some sort of behavioural emotional problems maybe Lynn could you pick that up I think kids matter the obvious one that jumps out maybe thinking about what kids matter does and I think one of the things that happens with schools is that there's lots of different language again I keep talking about language but schools talk about well-being they talk about resilience they talk about mental health often they're not wanting to talk about mental health because they're concerned about the stigma as well so part of what kids matter does and that approach is really trying to break that down and trying to bring all of that together if schools are already doing a particular program or doing initial issues that might be anti-bullying focus or brilliant focus bringing that together so you're actually understanding it from that mental health lens and understanding well-being in a holistic way using language that speaks to that community so I think understanding that well-being is sort of connected to all of these other things and making sense of that and not going off on a whole range of different initiatives because I think that can be tempting that you go off and do one thing and then you look for something else so I think that's what kids matter as a framework bringing all of those things together and you keep it alive you keep it fresh and you can do new things is part of it that you've got an overarching kind of lens that you're looking through and keeping it together and not bombarding people and confusing them by a whole lot of different terms and programs that are just coming and going in the school. I think that's really important. Yeah, there are several questions that where there's that concern is demonstrated about how to help schools work with children and kids matter obviously is the stand out example of that at the moment. Sally, do you have any observations about that? I just really wanted to re-say what Michael said and his thoughts about the nature of childhood is to experience anxiety that to grow up to separate from another to go into grade one all of these developmental changes are accompanied by anxiety and that I think sort of I'm not very fond of the word normalization but something about getting hold of that idea is that anxiety isn't something to be stamped out it's something to be contained and managed and understood that I think that's an important sort of frame of mind that also can reduce something of the stigma but I think that requires a whole cultural shift for that to be to happen or else everyone's frightened of the anxiety which is part of the stigma. Yes, yes. Thank you, Sally. Look, we haven't got long, about six minutes left so would each of you just like to make a statement about to summarize your perspective on what's been discussed this evening? Could I ask you first, Michael? Your reflections on what sorry, your reflections on what we've been discussing just very briefly. I think they can be summed up by the concluding sentence in the article The Current Medical Journal of Australia by John Giovanese from Adelaide He says, we need to give children the gift of being good at feelings of being able to make sense of uncomfortable but healthy sadness anger, fear and shame rather than the gift of feeling good which is shallow and evaporates in the place of adversity. Excellent. And is the Medical Journal of Australia accessible? I'm a fairly biased speaker. Oh, any biased description. Okay. Oh well. Yes, well just maybe there are ways people can get hold of that. It's a great quote. Thank you. Sarah, how would you like to sum up our discussion so far tonight? I think it's been a really good discussion and I'm really glad to see primary school mental health put in place. I think kids matter is growing and I would love to see it in more primary schools as I've seen firsthand on how effective it has been just in one of my schools. I feel like there's still a long way to go in terms of funding and putting more money into mental health and education. One initiative I didn't get to talk about was safe minds and I think that's something that we're safe minds. Yeah, it's an initiative put forward by the Department of Education in Victoria so if the participants wanted to look at that a little bit more online it's part of under the umbrella of kids matter as well in some part and it does enable parents and teachers to have a look a little bit more about approaching mental health around some of those physical questions that the participants talked about in terms of how do we talk to parents about a little bit of those concerns they might have in the classroom and a safe mind gives a really good perspective around that as well. I think knowing what resources are out there and utilising them is really crucial because there are a lot out there. I think there are some resources attached to tonight's webinar as well. Sally would you like to just summarise what your reflections are about our discussion this evening? I want to say here to the John Juridini quote I think that's wonderful and I sort of sometimes feel that the actual sort of descriptions of mental health our language often get in the way of the collaborative processes that the anxiety about mental and what that means I think often gets in the way in a different sort of culture we might be calling this problems in living and be able to approach health in a slightly different different angle and I guess I would also want to just appreciate all teachers are on some level whether they like it or not mental health workers are something of the appreciation of that Thanks Sally Alene would you like to conclude with your reflections thanks Thanks Vicki just to show it to all of you above I guess it's coming in now but I think the importance of this work the importance of respecting family children teachers and all the workers and the different perspectives they bring so I think that was sort of the sexual what it's like to me Well thank you to our panel members Sarah, Sally and Michael and did I leave someone else me Sarah, Sally, Michael and Lynn of course and collaboration is certainly incredibly complex and that quote that Sally gave us much earlier this evening kind of you know the sort of almost we want to collaborate we're all on the same page in one way but there are the hidden reefs underneath the waters of it that get in the way and maybe sabotage and I mentioned earlier supervision and having support so that negotiating collaborative processes is made perhaps a little bit easier or less complex the importance of talking to one another working together keeping communication open using the internet as Sarah described a little while ago and not forgetting we are collaborating collaborating with parents and their children as well so it's very worthwhile but it is very time consuming and to develop collaborative practices takes a long time it's not something one can just do in the snap of the fingers so that concludes the webinar I just have a couple of things to let you know think about establishing special interest networks yourself through the mental health professional network and please do complete the exit survey there are webinars coming up next year one next year is supporting mental health or victims of family violence in February so that's one to plan for and thank you all very much for coming along tonight and your questions that you submitted and your comments online so we'll say good evening and thank you very much


One of the questions that I ask people is, are they willing to joint venture or team with another company to help facilitate contracts? Because what that is the gist of working in the federal arena is that you have that wonderful ability to be able to pull people in. So Justin, I can tell you in the past where I've needed like HubZone or 8A or something like that, I've always pulled people in. I can tell you also that I know someone in the Facebook group, they were able to track down a friend of theirs who had a GSA schedule and they teamed together to go after projects. So she did a lot of the work, the market research and all of the legwork. And this person already was on a GSA schedule but not successfully winning contract. So I would consider that approach if this is something that you really wanted. Otherwise you could just pass. Listen guys, there are literally millions of opportunities out there. You don't have to be stuck on one particular opportunity. So now if this is something that you really, really have to have then if you believe like I know in my past when I had a contract now for say Eric, I can give you this job if you've got a HubZone person. So if you believe like you've got a HubZone person available then or you know that if you've got that person to get the contract I go find me a HubZone person. So in the same regard for you Justin, if you know that you can get that contract, right? By being on a vehicle then go find somebody who's on a vehicle, pull them in, give them a cut and get the contract, make the deal and make it work. Hey GovCon Giants family, this is Eric Coffey. I'd like to tell you about a new membership option that YouTube has created and that we here at GovCon Giants TV are taking advantage of. If you notice on our screen you'll see a button that says join. When you click the join button you'll see different options for people at different price levels, whatever suits your fancy.


Ladies and gentlemen, the founder of the Medici banking dynasty, Giovanni di Bicchi di Medici, said to his children on his desk bed, quote, stay out of the public eye. His words certainly beg the question, what do bankers know about money and banking? And to develop a meaningful answer to this question in the Austrian economic tradition, I have to start right at the beginning, and that is with the process of civilization. It denotes the developments through which man substitutes the state of division of labor and specialization that is peaceful and productive cooperation for the state of subsistence, that is violent hand-to-mouth existence. In his magnum opus human action, Ludwig Mises put forward a praxeological explanation of the process of civilization, making us understand the cause of social evolution. To Mises, two factors are at the heart of the process of civilization. First, there must be an inequality of wants and skills among people. This is a necessary condition for making people seeking cooperation. Second, man must recognize that higher productivity is possible through a division of labor. Mises thus assumes a minimum intelligence among human beings and the willingness to adhere to this intelligence in practical life. Once people engage in the division of labor and specialization, the need for interpersonal exchange arises. The primitive form of this exchange is bartering. A barter economy has its limitations, though. For instance, it makes people's exchange opportunities dependent on a double coincidence of wants. Assuming a minimum intelligence, people will realize that using an indirect means of exchange is economically beneficial. Using an indirect means of exchange increases the opportunities for exchange as a double coincidence of wants is no longer a requisite for making trading possible. The indirect means of exchange that becomes universally accepted becomes money. In Principles of Economics, Carl Manger theorizes that money emerges spontaneously out of the free market activities and that free market money emerges out of a commodity such as precious metals, gold, silver. Mises later showed with his regression theorem that this must indeed be so for praxeological reasons. Money must have emerged out of a free market and it must have emerged out of a commodity. Money is an economic good like any other. As such, it will be economized like any other good. This means that people will demand more convenient ways for holding and exchanging their money proper. What is more, an inequality of wants among moneyholders implies savers that are those who hold excess money balances and investors that are those who demand money in excess of the actual holdings. It is against this backdrop that two kinds of money businesses would emerge in a free market. Deposit banking or money warehousing and loan or credit banking. Deposit banking offers holders of money proper, custodian, safeguarding and settlement services. For instance, holders of money proper can deposit their commodity money with a deposit bank against a money certificate in the form of a bank nor oversight deposit. Credit banks would refinance themselves by obtaining genuine savings that is issuing interest-bearing bonds. Savers will exchange their savings in the form of money proper against such bonds that by earning a yield. The market interest rates will thus be determined by the supply of and demand for money proper. And so the market equilibrium interest rate will reflect the societal time preference rate. In other words, in a free market there will be quite naturally a profession which may be called banker. Some bankers will work in the money warehousing business or deposit banking, others in credit banking. To be sure, in a free market deposit banking and credit institutions will represent legally separate entities. And so we would have the deposit banker on the one hand and the credit banker on the other hand. At this juncture we should remind ourselves that in a free market there are only three ways of acquiring property. That is in a non-aggressive way. Homesteading, production and voluntary contracting. In reality, however, things may be somewhat different. Franz Oppenheimer pointed out that quote, there are two fundamentally opposed means whereby man requiring sustenance is impelled to obtain the necessary means for satisfying his desires. These are work and robbery. One's own labor and the forcible appropriation of the labor of others, quote ends. The logic of human action tells us that there is, in fact, there must be for the individual and economic incentive to aggress against other people's property. Two interrelated praxeological insights explain this. First, we know for sure that an earlier satisfaction of one's is preferred over a later satisfaction of one's. We also know for sure that a satisfaction of one's associated with low costs is preferred over a satisfaction of one's associated with high costs. In other words, individuals try to achieve their ends with as little input as possible and in the shortest period of time. Second, the process of civilization does not extirpate man's inclination to aggression. Individual A will aggress against B, that is, against B's property, if and when he gets away with it. That is, if the benefits or expected benefits for A aggressing against B will be lower than the costs or expected costs he has to bear by doing so. It is the individual's economic incentive to aggress against other people's property that is at the heart of the emergence of what is typically called government. A government can be understood as a territorial monopolist from compulsion an agency which engages in institutionalized property rights violations and exploitation of private property owners through taxation and regulation, for instance. To answer the question, what do bankers know about money and banking, it is necessary to take a closer look at the various forms of government as the latter will provide us with important insights for answering this question. One can make a distinction between government with a low time preference and government with a high time preference. At the one end of the spectrum is, and here I would like to borrow a term put forward by Mansa Olsen, is the roving bandit. The latter represents a form of government that has a narrow interest in the welfare of society and as a result his theft typically approaches 100% of society's income. The roving bandit. The roving bandit does not have to share in the damage his aggression causes to society. The time preference of the roving bandit is therefore relatively high. He takes as much from his victims as possible and there is next to no economic incentive to restrain his stealing. At the other end of the spectrum is the stationary bandit. Like the roving bandit, he also holds a monopoly of coercion by being government over his victims. However, the stationary bandit has an encompassing interest in society's welfare. He wishes to keep his victims producing. The more his victims produce, the more there is to take for the stationary bandit. Sharing in society's losses, the stationary bandit will make sure that his thievery is limited. The higher the losses in production from thievery are, the lower will be the level of aggression at which the stationary bandit's take is maximized. The stationary bandit's time preference will therefore be lower than the time preference of the roving bandit. Taking a closer look at the stationary bandit, one can make a distinction between private ownership of government, feudalism, monarchy and public ownership of government, democratic republicanism for instance. The caretaker of a privately held government maximizes the present value of total income which results from expropriating the property of the ruled. A monarch for instance holds a monopoly of expropriation over his victims and his time preference will be due to his encompassing interest relatively low. In contrast, the caretaker of publicly owned government will maximize his current income. His time preference will be therefore relatively high. Public ownership of government means majority voting. The majority of the people decides about who will serve as a temporary caretaker of public ownership of government. The average voter will support those politicians who are expected, rightly or wrongly, to improve the voter's economic situation. A voter has every incentive to act in this way, irrespective of the fact that the income he may obtain in this way results from expropriating fellow citizens. The caretaker of public ownership of government in turn has an incentive to secure the majority of the voters. He will favor policies of expropriating and increasingly so. The typically few high income producers contribute to the benefit of the typically large group of less productive or non-productive people. The important insight is public ownership of government will lead to an ongoing erosion of the encompassing interest of the majority of the people in the market income of society. Or in other words, society's time preference will increase. The rise in society's time preference will decide for explaining the emergence of fraudulent banking or the fraudulent banker for that matter, which is epitomized by a pure fiat money regime. We know that the caretakers of public ownership of government wish to expropriate resources from the public at large. This can be done most conveniently by first, obtaining control over money production, second, replacing commodity money through fiat money, producing money through credit expansion. The banking industry and the bankers are therefore a natural ally for government's savory. Government and bankers are in cahoots. Thanks Michael for the expression. For logical reasons, those in government and the bankers will collude for establishing a pure fiat money system. Bankers realize that they would earn additional revenue if and when they're allowed to issue new money balances through credit expansion, or ex nihilo, that is making loans beyond the amount of money proper they hold. They understand that fractional reserve banking is a fairly profitable undertaking, and so the deposit as well as the loan banker will be in favor of merging deposit and credit banking. The temporary caretakers of public ownership of government are very much in favor of fractional reserve banking. Being the first receiver of the new money, government can expropriate resources from the owners of things. And having monopolized law, government will declare fractional reserve bank illegal. Engaging in fractional reserve bank, however, is risky for the banker. He knows that if and when his counterfeiting is detected, a bank run ensue would be forced out of business or something even worse might happen to him. For government, bank failures are fairly undesirable. It would bring political and economic problems and defaulting banks, first and foremost, endanger access to credit and money on easy terms. Government will therefore greatly support us by the bankers, set up a center bank, thereby greatly encouraging all banks to inflate the quantity of money in a combined effort. Even with the center bank in place, however, the risk of a banker is not entirely limited. What is needed is that the center bank holds the money production monopoly. This is why sooner or later commodity money will be replaced by irredeemable paper or fiat money. To this end, government will make it legal for bankers to suspend the redeemability of outstanding money, substitute money proper. One may wonder, how do government and bankers get with this? That is, fraudulently extracting resources from producers and contractors by issuing inflationary money. Is it a lack of knowledge on the part of those who are on the losing end of the counterfeiting regime? Or are the costs of revolting against a pure fiat money regime prohibitively high from the viewpoint of the individual? An economically reasonable, that is praxeological, answer to the question can be found with what I call collective correction. Collective correction means that individuals, once government intervenes in society's monetary affairs, will increasingly develop a disposition for violating other people's property. By taking advantage of government coercion an individual can reap the benefits from aggression against the property of others. While he has to bear only a fraction of the damage his action does to society as a whole, he has every incentive to act in this way. He would have to bear the losses of whatever opportunity for violating others' private property he passes up. A pure fiat money system will lead to collective corruption on the grand scale. As is well known, government can secure its support simply by letting the public or parts of it share in the enjoyment of the receipts fraudulently extracted from natural owners of things. For instance, government will offer reasonably paid jobs, in particular for the intellectuals and the secondhand dealer of ideas. It will also provide firms with public contracts such as, for instance, for construction and building projects. And with growing government handouts a growing number of people and businesses will become economically and socially dependent on the continuation or even further expansion of government activity. Quite naturally resistance against a further expansion of government and the fiat money regime which necessarily means further violations of individual property rights will decline. Clearly, bankers play an important role in spreading collective corruption. It may suffice here to say that a growing number of people will start investing their lifetime savings into fiat money denominated deposits and bonds. Sooner or later, people will develop a great interest in supporting government policy and upholding the fiat money regime by whatever means are deemed necessary. Where do these insights lead us to? In the remainder of my talk, I will argue that collective corruption, once it has become sufficiently widespread will lead to hyperinflation. By which I mean an accelerating increase in the quantity of fiat money leading to an erosion or even a total destruction of the purchasing power of fiat money. Of course, those in government and bankers have a common interest in avoiding hyperinflation. They prefer a kind of inflation that goes on unnoticed, that is a form of inflation that wouldn't spin out of control. However, once collective corruption has become widespread and the banking and financial industry has become highly important in terms of financing government and serving as an important horde for people's lifetime savings, the pendulum has already been swung towards hyperinflation. From praxeology, we know for sure that a fiat money boom will ultimately end in depression. And we also know that efforts to escape this depression by increasing the quantity of fiat money will even further increase the damage it might at best postpone the day of reckoning. How will the majority of the people respond to an approaching depression? If and when people can expect to rank among the first receivers of the newly created money, which is the case once collective corruption has become sufficiently widespread, the answer appears to be obvious. The majority of the people would prefer the running of the electronic printing press over letting government and banks defaulting. And under such conditions, such an incentive structure, the fiat money system would end up in hyperinflation. Ladies and gentlemen, in view of what has been said above, we can therefore conclude. First, if and when public ownership of government takes hold, commodity money will be replaced by fiat money. Second, fiat money leads to collective corruption, possibly on the grander scale. And three, once collective corruption has become sufficiently widespread, a fiat money regime will be destroyed by hyperinflation. From what has been said above, it follows that we know that once a fiat money system has been put into place, banks and bankers have joined, some of them willingly and knowingly, some of them unknowingly, the vast criminal enterprise that is the state. And being a self-interest being, the bankers should be expected to know a lot about money and banking. And this interpretation also makes sense of the words we just heard from Giovanni di Bicchi di Medici at the beginning of my talk, who said to his sons, stay out of the public eye. Thank you very much for your attention.


Low State Ritz-Carthé Circle, Second Laugh Hit, Dixie Dugan. The Grape Nuts Flakes Program with Mary Livingston, Phil Harris, Dennis Day Rochester, and yours truly, Don Wilson. And back with us after an absence of five weeks, Jack Benny! Of course we've all heard how it takes two to make a bargain. Well, truer words were never said when it comes to modern shopping. Because it takes two kinds of currency, cash, and ration stamps, to buy many of today's foods. So here's a thought to put in your pocketbook on your shopping expedition next time. Nearly all foods, let's face it, have gone up in price. Gone up anywhere from 2% to 75%. But there's at least one big exception to this general wartime rule. Grape Nuts Flakes is America's fastest growing breakfast cereal, and because you folks have been switching to that big 12-ounce economy-size package, you're paying on the average less for your Grape Nuts Flakes today than you did in 1939. So, with the price of many foods where it is today, it's great to know you're doing both your family and your budget a favor when you serve more crisp, toasty brown Grape Nuts Flakes. For they're a real flavor treat, they provide important whole grain nourishment, and they bring you real savings. So plan to buy several packages at a time in the big 12-ounce economy-size of unrationed Grape Nuts Flakes. Not anybody played by the orchestra. And now, ladies and gentlemen, we would like to take you to Jack Benny's home in Beverly Hills where Jack is convalescing from his recent illness. The time shortly before noon today, the place Jack's bedroom. Take it away, Beverly Hills. Let's see. I got two teaspoons of cherry syrup in it. A couple of drops of menthol. I think it needs another dash of gin. There, that's enough. This kind of medicine makes the cold a pleasure. Oh, Mr. Benny. Mr. Benny, wake up. What is it, Rochester? Well, what do you want, Rochester? It's time for your cough medicine. I think you'll like it better now. I put more gin in it. More gin? You mean to say this cough medicine I'm been drinking has gin in it? You couldn't have that silly grin on your face from just plain sight. What? You may not believe this, but you've been snoring sweet Adeline. Well, I might have known you to make my cough medicine wrong. Believe me, from now on, I'll have my prescriptions filled at the drugstore. Okay, boys, but you'll find very few pharmacists with the imagination I got. Now, to want imagination, I want my medicine right. Now, put my electric heating pad under the covers. My feet are getting chilly. Electric heating pad? That's the toaster with a towel wrapped around it. I don't care. Plug it in. Yes, sir. Answer the phone. Hello? Mr. Benny's residence? Woodward extension? Oh, hello, Sugar. How are you? Hmm. Well, I don't know, honey. I'll have to find out. Oh, Mr. Benny, can I have tonight off? I want to go down to Central Avenue to see my girl. No, absolutely not. Looks like you'll have to come out here, honey. So... Rochester, you know I'm not feeling well.  Tomorrow's Monday. I got a date with my Monday girl. Your Monday girl? Maybe I could switch my Tuesday girl to Wednesday and make Saturday a double-header. If it's standin' bald, you don't ever... Whoops! Whoops, pull it out! Pull out what? Pull the plug! Pull the plug! My toes are caught in the toaster! Quick, pull it out! My foot burns. Wow, pour some ice water out of Rochester. Hold still, boss. There, that's better. What's the matter, Jack? Somebody give you a hot foot? No, I got my toes caught in the toaster. Your toes caught in the what? In the toaster. Could happen to anyone. Oh, sure. Everybody's making toast in bed nowadays. It's all arranged. We're using it for a heating pad. Oh, Rochester, what are you doing with that bottle of cough medicine? I was holding up to the light and some of it ran down my throat. Well, why were you holding it up to the light? I told you, some of it ran down my throat. Put that bottle down. Yes, sir. How do you feel, Jack? Do you think you'll be able to make the show today? I've got to. I can't disappoint my public. Just think, Mary, people have been deprived of hearing my voice for five long weeks. You'd be surprised how fast they went. Well, I'll admit that Orson Welles did a pretty good job. Pretty good? He's one of the most polished performers I've ever worked with. He is, eh? He's the most beautiful speaking voice I've ever heard. Oh, he has, eh? Gosh, when he says, good evening, this is Orson Welles. I get goose pimples all over.   I was sick in bed five weeks. He didn't even send me a basket of fruit. I finally had to wire him. The least he could've done, you think, would be to... Well, look who's here. Hello, Phil. Hiya, Mary. Hello, Phil. Hiya, Jackson. Boy, you have been sick. Well, I imagine I am a little pale. A little pale?  Oh, I'm not that bad. She was at the front door, Rochester. Oh, it can't be my girl yet. She just called. It might be for me. It's my house, remember? I answer the door. Okay, okay. Hey, Jackson, I got a surprise for you. Alice Faye, now appearing in Hello Frisco, Hello, made a dozen donuts for you with her own little hands. A dozen donuts? Where are they? Out in the car, I'll get Rochester to help me carry them in. They're that heavy, Phil. Leave them in the car. No, I gotta get them out of there. My tires keep going down. That hairs is really pumping these gums. Well, I'm only guessing, but I'll bet my temperature just went up two points. Well, Jack, if you have a fever, you ought to stay home and let Orson handle the show today. That's a little fever. I've had it for five weeks now. One minute I'm hot, the next minute I'm cold, then I'm hot, then I'm cold. You sound like a shower bath at a cheap hotel. I don't care what I sound like, Orson Wells is not going to do my program today. Guys, I'm sure going to miss wealthy. Without him, the show won't have no refinement, no culture, no class.  Anyway, what's all this raving about Orson Wells? Gosh, when I was in third grade in walkie-gain, I was a genius, too. I did something no other pupil ever did before. What'd you do? He joined the Navy. All right, my record still stands. Say, boss, the doctor's here. Do you want to see him? No, Rochester, no. I've been lying here in bed all week because I can't find my pants. You're pressing them under your mattress. Well, show the doctor in. Okay, here he is. How do you do, doctor? Well, well, and how's my little patient? Shall we take that nasty cast off your leg today? I got a cold in my chest, doctor, not a broken leg. Oh, pardon me. I was thinking of Claudette Colbert's Cocker Spaniel. He's coming along fine. Well, I'm glad to hear it. Now, doc, would you mind examining me? I got to go down to NBC and do a broadcast today. Why? Is Orson Wells sick? No, look, I'm getting better. Now, now, please examine me. All right, I'll take a look at your chest first. Now, roll up your night shirt. Okay, here it goes. How do I look, doc? My, my, you're kind of caved in there. Yeah.  That's the only skin hammock I ever saw. Oh, don't be so funny. Hey, doc, hey, watch your cigarette, doc. That's my mouth, not an ashtray. Pardon me. Now, let's see. I think I'll tap your chest. Well, go ahead, tap me. Now, hold still. There seems to be a piece of metal in there. That's a bullet I got years ago when I was hunting moose and sasscatch a while. It's a bullet you got from a Spanish dancer in El Paso. Ah, Rosita, she finally ran away with a bullfighter. I wonder where she is now. I wonder where the bullfighter is. I could use some meat. Ah, Rosita, well, can I do my show today, doctor? Yes, you'll be fine. I must run along now. W. C. Field St. Bernard is out of Brandy. Goodbye! Hey, Jackson, I wonder if that doctor's any good. Oh, he must be. He delivered Whirl-A-Way. Hey, I hope, I hope Don and Dennis get here pretty soon. Then we can have our rehearsal and get started for the studio. Hey, Jackson, what's the idea of rehearsing here in your bedroom anyway? Well, I'm saving all my strength for my public. After all, I've been pretty... well, I'll be darned. Oh, Rochester! Why are you pouring my cough medicine in those cocktail glasses? I thought it might liven up the party. Now, you put that medicine back in the bottle. Never cough at the party. Dennis should be here by now. It's almost one o'clock. One o'clock already? How about some lunch, Jackson? Okay. But remember, Phil, we have rationing now, so I can't dish out food like I used to. Like you used to? Yes. You got so many meals out of a leg of lamb one time, it got mad and kicked you. Well, that settles it. There'll be no lunch served. Rochester, the lobster salad, hot rolls and apple pie a la mode are out. There's a dream meal that can go back to the clouds. Whatever we have, don't serve it. Hey, Jackson, I was just wondering, if you still got that crazy border of yours... If you're referring to Mr. Billingsley, Phil, he's not crazy. He's not crazy. You know how he made orange juice this morning? He ran the orange just through the ringer. Through the ringer. Then he hung them out to try. He just likes to try out new things, that's all. As a matter of fact, he... Uh-uh, speak of the devil. Here he is. Yeah. Oh, hello, Mr. Billingsley. Hello, Mr. Benny. Phil, flat on your mattress, I see. Yes, yes, we were just talking about you, Mr. Billingsley. Your ears must be burning.  I've got a new hat on. Oh, you haven't changed a bit. By the way, Mr. Billingsley, we're going to rehearse our radio program in a few minutes. Would you like to stay and hear it? Oh, I'd love to. I'll just hide under the bed here in case your husband comes home. Here I go.  Well, goodbye, Mr. Benny. Goodbye, you dog. Good old Billingsley. That must be Don and Dennis. Come in. Oh, hello, Jack. Sorry we're a little late. How do you feel, Mr. Benny? Oh, hello, fellas. I feel pretty good, Dennis, and I'm anxious to get back on the program. You know, I have a hunch we're going to have a pretty good show today. Without Orson Welles? Yes. Gosh, the Orson Welles program without Orson Welles. I worry about things like that. It's the Jack Benny program.  What's the matter with this gang? Oh, Jack, don't be so touchy. You always imagine that people are running you down. I imagine? Yes, you jump at conclusions.  Well, how else can I take it? A heel is a heel. You said it. There you are. I imagine things, eh? Well, let's get started with the rehearsal. Rochester, pass the scripts around. Yes, sir. Everybody gets a script and a glass of cough medicine. There'll be no cough medicine. I read this script, boys. The little nectar won't hurt it. Rochester, whenever I need you in the capacity of a dramatic critic, I'll let you know. Now, let's get started, fellas. Now, Don introduces me in the show, and then I come on, and I say... Who can that be? Come in. Hey, it's Miss Harrington, Mr. Welles secretary. Hello, Miss Harrington. Hello, Dennis. Good afternoon, everybody. Hello, slugger. Hmm. My, what an odd bedsheet. It has blue eyes. This is me. This is me. I'm pale. You certainly are. I have news for you, Mr. Benny. Mr. Welles is about to pay you a visit. Orson? Orson's coming here to visit me? Yes. He'll be here shortly. Rochester, I want this room tidied up at once. Yes, Miss Harrington. I want a chair placed beside the bed. Yes, Miss Harrington. And put an X on Mr. Benny's forehead so Mr. Welles can spot him immediately. Oh, look, I'm not that pale. I'm Miss Harrington. Would you mind sitting over there on the corner? We were just starting to rehearse our program. Rehearse without the master? Mr. Welles won't like it. Nuts to Mr. Welles. I know just how you feel, Daddy. Well, I'll be darned. She's human. Tension, everybody. Mr. Welles is about to make his entrance. Mr. Welles, Mr. Welles. Come in. Gee, you'd think he was Frank Remley or something the way they're jumping around here. I haven't say. Well, Merritt. Well, Merritt, it's nice to see you. How's Jack feeling today? I feel well enough to do my broadcast, brother. Wasn't that Jack's voice? Jack, where are you? Right here, they forgot to mark me. Look, can't you see my big blue eyes? Oh, yes, they're gorgeous. Thank you. You're so pale, Jack. Well, you see, Orson's been so cloudy lately, I haven't been able to get any sun. I sit out in my backyard every day, but nothing happens. I'll fix that. Miss Harrington, take a note. Yes, Mr. Welles. Get in touch with the Weather Bureau. The sun must shine tomorrow. Yes, Mr. Welles. See what I mean, Daddy? Hey, maybe he can do it. Oh, by the way, Jack, I noticed a lot of orange fields hanging on your clothesline. Is that to ward off evil spirits? No, Mr. Welles, see, my border was making some juice. Now, if he'll excuse us for a few minutes, Orson, we'll go ahead with our rehearsal. Oh, I certainly don't mind if I stay and watch, do you? No, no, no, not at all. Now, as I was saying, fellas, Don introduces me. Then I command... Pardon me, there doesn't seem to be a chair here. What? No chair? Mr. Welles doesn't have a chair. Oh, my goodness, here, Orson, take mine. No, Orson, take my chair. Take mine, it's got a pretty cushion on it. Take my chair, Orson, it's peachy. I'll go out and hang on the clothesline. For heaven's sake. Now, let's get going with the rehearsal with Mr. Welles' standing, sitting, or floating around the room. Now, the first thing to do is, Orson, come down here. He knows more magic.  Run over the dialogue? No, that'll never do. No, no, no, no, no, no, no. What do you mean, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no? Comedy jack should never be rehearsed. Repetition destroys its sparkle and spontaneity. But Orson... The important elements of a variety program are the songs and music. Now, Dennis, I want you to run over your songs so we can get an idea of its length. Now, wait a minute, Orson, this rehearsal is my business. You're not even going to be on the show. I know, but I shall be listening. It's about time we listeners had something to say. Sing, Dennis. Yeah, sing. I see what you mean, sister. Well, do you think it'll do for the program? Well, Dennis, I think Mr. Bennish should answer that question after all he's running a show this week. Darn right I am. Your song was swell, Dennis, but it's a little long. I want you to cut half a minute out of it. Cut half a minute? Cut of that beautiful ballad would ruin it. Might have said. Tell you what, Dennis, I want you to add a half a minute to it. Add? You want him to add half a minute and destroy its musical climax? You never thought of that. I mean, leave it alone, Dennis. Leave it alone. You want him to leave it alone and sing? Now, wait a minute, Oris. Orson? Oris? It took him 10 years to build up the name Orson Wells. I made it Oris in one second. Look at Orson.  I wish I knew. So do I. Look, Orson, it's getting late. You mind? Oh, you know. Look, Orson, I'm sorry I killed your gag there. Or I'm glad. I don't know which. Orson's getting late. Do you mind if we get on with the rehearsal? Of course not. I'll just glance through this manuscript here on the table. Is it a screenplay? No, that's my autobiography, Orson. I've been working on the story of my life since I've been sick. An intriguing title, Jack Benny from Rags to Radio. Yes, I was going to call it the loves of Jack Benny, but I haven't done so well. My. This is a thrilling opening. I, Jack Benny, was born on a farm near Waukegan, Illinois many years ago. It is thrilling, isn't it? A great day of great rejoicing on the farm. Chickens were cackling, cows were mooing, hogs were grunting, and father was cock-eyed. What a celebration. Young Jack Benny from his very earliest days. Pardon me for interrupting, Orson, but we've got to get finished with our rehearsal. No, no, no, this is interesting. Go ahead, Orson. But Jack, now, I've got to rehearse the sponsor's message yet. You've got to yet? Oh, yes, the sponsor's message was done. Done. As long as I haven't been on the show for five weeks, I thought we'd concentrate on me. Now, just a minute, Jack. You can't seriously believe that we listeners tune in to the Grape Nuts Flakes program every week just to hear about you. But Orson. Of course not. We want to know how those toastie browns, sweet as an up little plate, they're getting along. But Oswald. We want to know. We, we want to know if they still. Now, you know I can't louse up the sponsor's message. No, no, no. I've got to, now, break them. I've got that multi-rich flavor. And if they still. Well, the sponsors? Yes. There's still America's fastest growing flake cereal. But Orson, look it. I think that people want to know. Darn that night shirt. But Orson, after Don delivers his message, can't I talk about myself? Can't I tell people my cold is better? Jack, I wouldn't take any bows on that cold but you're strong enough to have a beautiful nurse. Oh, well, I'll, I'll tell them anyway. Well, well, and how's my little patient? Shall we take that nasty cast off your leg today? Jack, I'm not a cocker spaniel. Look, but as long as you're here, you can give me an aspirin. All this excitement has given me a little headache. An aspirin? Here you are. Thank you. That'll be five cents, please. Look, put it on my bill. Now, if I can just swallow the thing. Would you like to grease the track with a little cork medicine, Miss Bennet? I don't need any chaser. See, it's down. Say, that was a pretty, pretty big pill. It didn't look like an aspirin to me. Me neither. You neither. You're the doctor. Well, you don't have to get so huffy about it. I just happened to give you a sleeping pill by mistake. What?  A sleeping pill? He, he gave me a sleeping pill. Gosh, I can't go to sleep. I got a, I got a show to do today. Remember, Don, you introduce me, and I'll come on and say, I'll say. Well, Orson, looks like you'll have to do the show today. Be glad to, Mary. Now, come on, everybody. Let him sleep. Those bills are wonderful. I'm headed for Central Avenue. I came back for the cork medicine, folks. A traditional service. And one of your big jobs is keeping the family well fed in spite of wartime food restrictions. Well, your job will be a lot easier if you serve more un-rationed whole grain cereals more often. Cereals such as delicious toasty brown grape nuts flakes. For our government's nutrition program urges that everybody gets the important nourishment of the whole grain cereals every day. And in each luscious bowl full of malty-rich grape nuts flakes and milk, you do get that important whole grain nourishment that includes many of the same essentials found in foods that are scarce. And friends, to enjoy the swell-tasting goodness and the whole grain nourishment of grape nuts flakes, you don't have to give up a single precious ration stamp to last for plentiful, nutritious grape nuts flakes in the big 50, 12-ounce package tomorrow. Thanks, Orson. Good night, folks. No ration stamps needed for hot grape...


Who do you have winning the three-point shootout, Steph or Sabrina? Sabrina, I'm taking an underdog. Okay, love that, love that. I'll have to go with Steph, I think you'll get it. I think I said Sabrina earlier, so I'm gonna stay with Sabrina. As much as I love Sabrina, I gotta go with Steph. I go with Steph. Steph. I go with Steph because I've seen Steph, you know what I mean? I'm gonna go with Steph. I probably have Steph, but I'm not gonna doubt Sabrina. I don't care about that one. I'm already working. I got Larry.