Okay, y'all, I decided to turn the camera on for a quick chit chat. Taking my hair down, I set my hair with the Design Accentuals Almond and Avocado Moose. We gon' see how this turns out, y'all. So, y'all, girl, what is going on? Oh, you know what? My hair is tangled at the ends here. What is going on? What y'all doing? How y'all up to? Girl, look at that length. Yeah, how y'all up to? What have y'all been up to? Girl, speak proper English. Yeah, I know me. Y'all, I may get some scissors and cut this whole. Everything's a whole to me. I need to watch my language. I am so sorry. So, y'all know how we do this. We talk about what I've been watching on YouTube, what I've been watching on, well, personal life, what I've been watching on TV, and that's it. So, let's talk about personal life. I got some notes here. Hold on, girl. So, I know y'all are thinking, Vivian, where the hell do you think you're going with these COVID numbers? Crazy, I know, girl, I know. So, girl, get it together. I had let this into a playground, locally here now, right around the corner, that JB has a YouTube channel, and that I would film, basically, do a review of their facility and load it up for them. So, that's what I'm gonna go do. It's film in there, mask up, and I will say no one goes in this place. I feel bad for them, but on the same side, I feel safer knowing there's not a lot of kids in there. When we've gone, I've never seen more than 10 kids in this indoor facility, and typically a place like this will have at least 50 kids. One day last week, it was just JB and a toddler. So, we're gonna go today is Saturday, and I'm pretty sure it's gonna be pretty packed, but we're not gonna stay long.  I know y'all, but this is crazy. Like, their pizza is really good, and I'm a picky eater, and I'm like, this pizza, it's off the chain, Ben. Ben is one of the volunteers that worked there. He's so sweet. He's like 70 years old, and y'all know I love me some elderly people. So, anyway, I gotta be doing that. The temperature here in Phoenix has dropped. It's very cold. So, we're gonna go to Walmart. I ordered JB a jacket. Look, I don't care. I will order clothes through Walmart in a minute, $13 for his jacket. And then I ordered some, what is it? It's just a pick up, y'all. I don't really go into the stores and shop anymore. I still do the majority of my stuff pick up. What about y'all? I don't care.  Literally, I have a pick up at Walmart, pick up at Sally's, and then pick up at Fry's. Stay in my car, literally in and out each place, 10 minutes or less.  I have not been to the mall. That's a lie. We went to the mall once. That was way back in the summer, not doing it again. So, we don't really, we don't do anything still.  Like, the few places I told y'all we went was locally. We went to Tucson. We went to Sedona twice. There was nobody there. It was quiet, which is good, but it's like, and most of the restaurants were closed, which is good again, but it's like, what can you do? So, we just stayed at the pool near the pool. This is during the summertime. But right now, since the numbers are off the chain, we ain't going nowhere. So anyway, heads up, JB may interrupt me. I shouldn't even speak that into existence, but we know it's true. All right, y'all. Yeah, homeschooling is going good. For a minute there, we had a little bit of drama with JB, but he got it together. Yeah, and y'all, besides that, nothing else is really going on. You know, just taking everything one day at a time. I asked my husband, asked me what I wanted for Christmas. He's like, what do you want? I'm like, oh, Chanel. So, he's gonna get me some perfume. Excuse the background, y'all. He's like, is there anything else you want, girl? I was like, no, I'm good. Like, honestly, y'all, I don't even know what I'm gonna get him. He didn't even use the cologne that I got him for file this day. It doesn't matter. I don't know what I'm gonna get him. What y'all done with your Christmas shopping? JB has a few more things coming in. I need to order three more things through Amazon and that's it. Ooh, y'all, now I will say I have been nasally and last week I was actually coughing off it on for like two days. It's all allergies. It is all allergies. When I tell you my allergies are off the chain. So, yeah, y'all. Look, I'm looking at these people. Look y'all, I can see people through my window and they can see me. So they're like, like, if you really looking in here you can see me. Someone waved at me anyway, bad girl. I'm doing my twist out. You need to leave me alone. Anyway, y'all, what I'm watching on YouTube. Girl, I've been watching Throwback Queen's channel and she does stuff from The Real Housewives. I forgot how petty The Real Housewives of Atlanta like season seven and eight. But I'm not, I have honestly have not watched Real Housewives of Atlanta the past seven, excuse me, the past two seasons, y'all. It's not like, I still like reality TV. Trust me and believe because every now and then I will catch me a 600-pound life. And what is that 90-day fiance? You brushed your teeth, baby? Okay, so what, no, that wasn't the plan. You still can't have that. And this is the thing, y'all, you're just working my nerve. This is the thing, because the numbers are crazy, we stop, we're postpone taking him to the daycare for a while, right? But I'm in the middle of a huge project at work and JB keeps interrupting me, my meetings.  It is really becoming difficult. If we weren't in this damn pandemic, I could do it.  Sorry, y'all, the only other, basically the daycare is like 15, 20 minutes away, 20 minutes away. So back and forth, it takes me 40, so back and forth 40 minutes to an hour, you know? Stopped to get on the 17 and come, it's in Glendale. We don't, you know, that's another city. So there's nothing nearby, nothing nearby. So a lot of the places don't even do after-school care anymore, because there's not enough numbers and stuff. So it's meaning there's not enough kids signed up for after-school care. So I get, what's my point? It's really busy at work, really busy at work. And I have to work during Thanksgiving. I work Thanksgiving the day after Thanksgiving and I sent an email to my manager and voiced my opinion on some things and she's like, I got me some help, you know? Someone there, but I have to train her, which is fine. I'm okay with that, you know, as long as I can get some help. So I'm okay, y'all. So yeah, nothing that's going on, but besides that work is good. You know, I've been busy, but it's been busy for purpose, so I don't feel like I'm overwhelmed. Not at least not right now. So, yeah, y'all, besides that, oh girl, let me tell you something. So y'all, what I've been watching on YouTube, like I said, I went all the way around Throwback Queen, looking at some of her videos. There is someone that I saw now, she's making videos. I kind of touched on this in my vlog, so I'm not gonna talk about it a lot here. There was a young lady that it had been rumored that she had trigger warning. It had been rumored that she had committed suicide. Saucerace Smith. This was like six, seven months ago, right? And I remember, Shelley, I remember you had made a video about it at Hutchison.  And I'm like, that's not cool. Like you shouldn't even play it like that. Why did I see, and I'm late, this has been a month. She is not dead.  She posted a video saying this horrible rumor, meaning the rumor that she supposedly committed suicide caused her to basically avoid everyone for a while. Now the thing that was a little bit upsetting, let me just say this too, and I know I'm all over the place y'all, excuse me, I am happy that she is alive. But something is off here. And the reason why I say that is that I used to be subscribed to the sister years ago, but I was, it was after she had had her son that something to me with me in her country wasn't meshing well. Like I felt like we weren't getting the entire story from her. So I unsubscribed. Now I did watch some of her videos every now and then because of some of her stuff I do like. I do like, but you know, some of it I couldn't really 100% rock with. I'm just being honest. And that's okay. You know, you don't have to watch someone if you're not really rocking with them. But now this latest stuff with her, she made the video that, you know, that was a rumor. And because of the rumor and people really not used in common sense, she just decided not to say anything. Why would you do that? Like I'm not saying that she faked her death. I'm saying why wouldn't you come forth and say, hey, you guys, I am alive and well, at least to the people who, cause I was like really sad, not really sad, but I was sad about it and I was empathetic. But why wouldn't you say anything? You know, I'm at people and I think even lovely T.I. did an Instagram post. Like, and we don't know what may have happened behind the scenes. And I'm a wrapped this up because I know a lot of y'all don't even know who this person is. But anyway, so I went back to her Facebook page, right? Cause I always tried to do a little bit more research to figure out what's going on. And whoever even manages her Facebook page had created a post. There was a picture of her with, and so I'm like, I don't understand what's going on. What is this? If y'all, I don't know. You know, I'm not gonna speculate on it, but I think that at the end of the day, like I said, I'm glad she's alive and well, but I hope she really does, she needs to get some help because something there isn't right. Something's not adding up. So she's not dead and a lot of people called it. So anyway, y'all, besides that, have y'all been noticing the increase in deaths? I know 2020 has been something else, but specifically in the music industry, and we all know the music industry is evil. It's gonna, you know, conspiracy theory, call it whatever, but so who was it? Bobby Brown's son died, passed away. The babies, the rapper, the baby, his brother committed suicide, and did he commit suicide live, y'all? I don't get why people do that. 21 Savage, brother was stabbed to death overseas. I just feel like, and like I said, call it conspiracy theory. I feel like somebody's collecting death. Like they collect, we're collecting lives at this point. Like people are dying left and right. And not only in the music industry, we all know, you know, but I heard about that Instagram influencer or model, she was murdered. A lot of black women are being murdered by loved ones, either a husband or a boyfriend. It is absolutely disturbing the amount of people that are being murdered and 20, why am I whispering, murdered in 2020. Yeah, so, yeah, so so many people are checking out of this. It is sad, but there's something about the deaths that are occurring in the music industry, and they have been occurring, let's just be real, that just doesn't sit well with me. Like I said, I feel like, you know what I mean. Like we just time to pay up, and you're gonna pay up with this death, really, seriously. So y'all, I guess this is a okay twist that it's defined. I'm gonna put on my clothes here in a minute. Girl, what I've been watching on TV, so y'all, the undoing with Hugh Grant and Nicole Kippen. When I tell you I finished all 11, I was here for all of every episode, honestly. I loved it. That husband, without giving much detail, so those of you who haven't seen it, the husband who was played by Hugh Grant is the epitome of a master manipulator, narcissistic individual. I bet if anything, once we see what happens in season two, you're gonna see that he pinned these two women against each other and was telling them a different story. So, yeah, I absolutely love it. What else am I watching? I watched The Invisible Man a couple of weeks ago. I don't know if I mentioned that or not, and what are my other chitchats? I watched that. Girl, why did JB and I watch Crumpas again? I say again because I already saw it, but JB never, he's never seen it. I was scared as hell, but JB's looking at me like, Mama, seriously, this is funny. I'm like, uh-uh, this is scary. Yeah, I'm trying to, I tried to watch Jingle Jingle, and I know it got great reviews and all that, but I don't really care for musicals, to be quite honest. Like, I was like, yeah, I love the hair. I'm here for the fashions, and then when they got up, held up some presents and started spinning around and seeing it, I was like, wait a minute. JB looking at me laughing, I said, wait a minute. This is like a musical. Yeah, I don't really care for musicals. I know y'all, you know, let me know if it's really worth it. Then I may try to watch it again. Again, this Jingle Jingle on Netflix. What else am I watching? Oh, so the new Selena series came out yesterday? Yeah, yesterday Friday. I don't think I'm gonna watch it.  Is there something else we don't know about? Like, seriously, I just, is there?  Yeah, I mean, and I don't even care of the fact that the girl, the young lady who plays her, I guess people would have said that, you know, she's very thin, the actress that plays Selena in the Netflix series. She's very thin. She doesn't necessarily have the great, you know, not great, I don't want, I don't want to say that. She doesn't have the same type of body type as. So let me look up, y'all, this other one that I added to my list is called The Third Day with Jude Law. Oh, it got a low rating. 6.5, is anyone watching that? It got a really low rating. And what is this on? Is it on Netflix or HBO? Believe it's on HBO, yeah, it is. And so I do like Emily Watson. So I'm thinking about watching that next because I'm done with watching everything. One of my old co-workers told me that, you know, she watched The Crown, which I'm like, I don't know if I really want to watch some old British people, but I may watch that. Y'all know what I still am holding on to. Y'all don't think I'm crazy. I don't know why I'm holding out for this. Game of the Throne. One show that I have not, well, I have not seen not now episode, but it's on my list. And I'm like, I need to watch it. I need to watch it. I don't know why. Game of the Throne. This is what I did with my hair. It is what it is. All right, y'all. Talk to you later. Bye.


Everybody forced here ripping 2022 dynasty baseball hobby case 13 left side serial numbers We'll do the random right now to see who's got what number and then we'll open the case. Good luck Say 9 5 and 4 Name is first one 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 and 9 Got Kevin M down to Zhang Han L and numbers nine times 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 and 9 10 down to 7 All right, you got Kevin M with 10 John a 4 Frank L 2 Utah 6 Frank L 9 Christopher L 8 John a 3 MOD 5 Kevin M with 1 and Zhang Han 7. Let me get the results posted I'll get you a link for them here that comes and we'll get started All right bowman is down to 7 now Yes, ain't kings can make it 2-0 tonight. It'd be awesome Be in on uh kings 2-0 anything so dream on redemption dynasty autograph patch card of buster posie This will be random to everybody in just a moment here As it is not a one-of-one. So it'll be random to everybody And we just don't know the number So good luck on that buster posie patch out. It should be number to 10 on that one doesn't have any other parallel But yeah guys plenty of um Star Wars basketball and football as well as the 2020 bowman next we got to get filled up. They're all breaking tonight Down to six on bowman now. Thank you very much everybody that's grabbed a spot so far I hope you pull some heat there See a few more spots come in for Origins h2 also very nice Oh, it's a mariner Is it him? It's him one of five rookie patchado julio rodríguez Aka him kevin with the one spot Huge card huge card second Julio of the night as well pulling some sick stuff Out of dynasty Him referring to uh austin reeves Yeah, I do got Reese Hoskins patchado nice three color patch out of one of 10 Before that's like the off-white end of the white Reese Hoskins patch out of one of 10 one spot again was kevin miggy two or five four color patch auto Frank L two spot Frank's got some nice cards coming his way for sure. That's a sick card Four color patch out of Miguel Cabrera all timer right there and last dynasty card of the night Is an azi albis 10 of 10 kevin m with a 10 spot high number hit Three color patch auto azi albis and that is gonna do it. Let's go ahead and do this random for the buster posi now again. It is a Uh patch auto redemption no parallel so it's random to everybody here. Good luck. We'll randomize it's seven There's a four over there four and three seven times Whoever's up top gets it One two three four five six and seven it's going to kevin m there you go kevin Thanks again everybody We are on to bowman


When we often think about ways of restructuring the government often it requires sort of a sense of nobility, right? It's like, oh, we're gonna take away power from ourselves, you know, we're gonna rein ourselves in You know, we're gonna elect in good good people that you understand how dangerous and bad government is and therefore They're gonna be able to act on the greater selves and yada yada yada The reason why I think this is such an interesting Political approach and something that that that that I I expect to gain traction over time Is that it creates more crowns? Right it allows it allows for smaller fish to become bigger fish By the ability to redraw lines Right and and I think that that self-serving sort of aspect While it's something that we often do not like to talk about I think is important For seriously considering how do you how do you reform a system without collapse? And then I think there's an there's an additional level lever here Where you know when you have the ability for public referendums to break away I think that has you know, we've seen it play out with with brexit with Results there. I think people, you know, it's been a little disappointing I think but brexit was an example of a popular popular referendum used to break away a tie from a larger political entity You know in recent years, you know populist democratic leaders Have been sort of uniquely positioned to you know stick it to you know, whatever the the larger Ideological persuasion of the elite the global the global elite whatever you want to have you want to see it Out there right being able to to consolidate with a sort of a popular approach to You know resetting political lines. I think I think it's a line, you know, unfortunately, unfortunately, we're living in such an error of your democracy and civil liberties that are very hostile, I think in their nature to Liberalism and the messesian tradition, right, you know, these are all affronts to property Right. So these are things that we do. We are inherently distrustful of because they allow for Various forms of positive rights that create tyranny upon others But given that we live in an age of democracy and civil rights We have to figure out a way of challenging the status quo From a perspective that will appeal to normies raised in this era of democracy and civil rights And so therefore I think popular referendums to break away from a state capital to Empower the voice of their populations by improving their standing on the federal level to create representation For a minority group. However, you wanted to find that To to have their voice heard Well, there is going to be that pushback from this broader partisan conversation that permeates everything I think that is ultimately the strongest footing out there that has had success against prevailing political wins And that's why I think this is something There's there's growing discussion out there about Secession, right and a very good book breaking away the case for smaller polities by by ryan mc macon at the at the mesis bookstore Um, there's been, you know, that that conversation has come up national forces come up with a mainstream conservative circles Um, I think in the short term, they're very real practical issues there Danny McCarthy, I think has some very interesting insights on that I think this is a is a natural middle ground That needs to be taken more seriously And I I think that's that's again the the the examples of switzerland You know, I think that the left has has had a the birdie sanders crowd has benefited a great deal Um, particularly in the conversations of healthcare, right by often misrepresenting but pointing to real life examples of how those very Sophisticated europeans do things and why can't you know, why can't us yanks have it as good as the swedes do in their medical system? Um, I think you know pointing to well, hey, those swiss are doing all right, you know, perhaps we should take something out of their book Um, I think that also helps in trying to how do you get someone who is not going to You know read nations by consent to mary rothbard get on board by nations by consent And I think this is a way of getting to that that middle ground


I'm gonna tell you the story of Candido, an indigenous leader, this is not his real name, from the fictitious but very real country I'm going to call Forestopia. I'm gonna tell the story of indigenous land titling in four parts, from the types of rights granted to the implementation of the process, to the granting of the title, and to the outcomes for indigenous communities. Candido's in his fifties, and he's been a member of indigenous organizations in his community since he was a child, working for their land rights. He became a leader in the community, he joined the Federation of Indigenous Communities in his country and then took the struggle to the international level as well. Scene one, the content of the rights granted. Candido's organization joined with representatives of many other indigenous organizations internationally to pressure their governments to pass constitutional amendments recognizing indigenous rights and including the right to their ancestral land claims. They took their case to the international courts and to the United Nations, and they were very successful. 22 countries have signed ILO Convention 169, which recognizes the rights to indigenous rights to ancestral land, and over 140 countries have voted for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People. Because of his organization's success, Forestopia started getting a lot of attention. So the forest administration started creating new categories to recognize indigenous lands. The state forestry authority created community forest contracts, community forestry concessions, co-management regimes, the environment ministry created a new category called community protected areas and another one called extractive reserves. None of these mechanisms, however, actually grants long-term rights or recognizes ancestral or customary claims. Candido's community was sought out by the state forestry authority to offer them a community forestry contract. This would grant them temporary rights for 20 years over a part of the land that they claim. All they have to do is hire a forester to do their management plan, pay the fees, fill out the application, unfortunately this costs several thousand dollars, takes about 100 pages to fill out and takes about two years. Candido argues with other community leaders that accepting this kind of contract would make it more difficult for them to get their land title to their community because it would accept the forestry agency's authority as the legitimate authority over what they consider their historic lands. The leaders agree. So they threatened to take their government to the international court. For the sake of brevity, we need a little bit of magic here. The government, let's say they give in, they decide this is not a complicated process, the government decides they passed the laws and the legislature, they're going to recognize community lands, they create the rules and regulations for doing this, little bit of magic, but we move on to scene two, getting the process implemented. Candido's community applies for recognition and for title. First they have to prove that they're still an indigenous community, which fortunately because the majority of the community still speaks their native language, this isn't a complicated process. But they need to deal with a few problems inside their claim. Two present communities have settled inside their claim. As well, there's an individual, wealthy investor who has a title to a land inside the area they've claimed. There's also a logging concession and various other people living there. So they approach Mr. IM bureaucrat from the state land agency who says, sorry, we don't have the budget, the personnel or the capacity to deal with all of these problems. After six months he reports that the legal office says, actually you need to deal with the office of national delays because they're the ones in charge of demarcation and don't forget to send in your soil samples because they need to go to the national soil administration which is the one that in their lab is going to decide what the actual vocation of the land is. Finally a national NGO agrees to help them with demarcation. The state land agency declares a temporary moratorium on all land sales while demarcation continues and this releases a massive resource grab. A group of loggers in Cahoots with a village leader starts logging in one side of the territory and taking 50 to 75% of the trees. The community members see this happening and say, oh my God, we better get involved or there's gonna be nothing left for us. At the same time the government approves the private land owner's title because it did pre-exist the claim but seven of his other friends plus four military leaders have also showed up at this land office with fake signatures on witness documents saying that their land purchases also occurred prior to the moratorium. Scene three, the granting of the right. Candidate's village finally receives the title, the president shows up to hand over the title, gets on all the covers of the newspapers but the title turns out to be only for 25% of the area originally claimed. Relatives and friends of those settlers already living there are arriving on a daily basis and no politician in Forestopia wants to lose the votes that he fears he would lose to take on solving all of these problems. Scene four, Candidate travels home after months of trying to fight these issues in the capital and he finds the forests are dwindling, the settlers are defending their rights with armed guards, the company has started mining in the territory and the community's divided over those who want the jobs from the mining concession and those who feel they should not accept that because of the ecological risks. Candidate files a petition to the international court to change the name of his country from Forestopia to Forest dystopia. Scene four has been conducting research on land reforms for about a decade now. Since the 80s, governments in Latin America, Asia and Africa have begun to recognize community land rights in different ways but with a lot of the problems that I've presented here and many, many others that I didn't have time for. Opposition to community rights comes from those who want those resources and lands for themselves as well as those who see different vision of national development that think that giving lands to indigenous territories for example would interfere with that vision as well as from conservationists who fear that local people will destroy forests. Tenure security is a problem before, during and after reforms. Before reforms, what kinds of rights are going to be granted, who gets the rights and how can those rights be exercised and protected over the long term. Global witness reports that between 2002 and 2013, 908 people were murdered in their defense of environment or land issues with Brazil accounting for half of those murders followed by Honduras and the Philippines. Tenure security is not guaranteed by certifying registering or titling community lands though it may be part of helping resolve some of these problems. Finally what happens in practice depends on the role of the state and particularly individuals within the state. The state is not monolithic but there are key people who are often in the minority trying to make change. It also depends on collective action and support networks with NGOs and donors. Our current research is aimed at helping understand many of these multifaceted problems and on working with multiple actors to build capacity from the community level through the implementers to the policymakers at multiple scales. Thank you.


Hi everybody, Jeff Hemmelt from S-M-M Sports.net here with coach Andrew Bordelon after the men's soccer team fall 4-0. The Johns Hopkins here at Mustang Stadium. And coach, the turning point seemed to be the first half. Your team was down 2-0 late. Adam Diabagatti had a breakaway that just missed the far post, could have turned the tide, made it a one goal game, instead you go down 2-0 at the half. So was there a little bit of optimism going into that halftime break after Adam? Just missed that chance. How was the halftime team talk? Yeah, I thought that there would be some optimism coming out of that, but I don't think that we came out the second half and played the way that we're capable of. We had a simple let down, again on another set piece, and like I said, teams like Johns Hopkins and them, they'll make you pay. Your goalkeeper, Mike Tringale, told it up 10 saves today. And if it weren't for him, I mean, hard to think about obviously, but it could have been more than four goals if it weren't for Mike and Annette. Right. Well, yeah. I mean, we need to make it where he's making two or three saves a game, yeah. So again, another tough defeat for you. How do you keep the team optimistic, and how do you keep these guys going? Well, you know, like I said, conference is right around the corner. You started a brand new season. You know, if they're not optimistic about that, I don't know what we can do to be optimistic. Like I said, it's a new season coming, and I hope that we get a couple of decent performances in before we start conference. Fair enough, Coach. Again, thanks for the time, and we'll see you back here next game. Thank you. Coach Andrew Bordelan with me after Stevenson falls for nothing to Johns Hopkins here at Mustang Stadium.


Live from London, England, it's theCUBE, covering AWS Summit London 2019. Brought to you by Amazon Web Services. Welcome back to London, everybody. This is Dave Vellante, and you're watching theCUBE, the leader in live tech coverage. It's been an incredible week for theCUBE, three events this week in London. I think we had six events worldwide. We started out yesterday with a public sector session, a special mini session we did for Teresa Carlson at AWS headquarters, and we did an impact investor event last night, of course, all day here at the AWS Summit in London at Excel Center. 12,000 people, we're going to wrap up now. My good friend, Kim Myers here, he's the managing director of MCI Experience. Kim, thanks for coming on. My pleasure. First time on theCUBE. You got to give you a sticker. Thank you, mate. You know, great to see you. It's awesome. Great to be here. To have you.  We've had a lot of conversations about this. You and I go way back. We do, yeah. Brand is everything. It's every touch point. I mean, you were telling me a story last night and I'll let you pick it up from here is of Apple, when you see the Apple logo. But so why is Brand is so important? What's MCI Experience and how are you helping brands? Yeah, well, Dave, I think it's really amazing. Like this event today, you know, we have a lot of technology out there today. We are really digitally enabled and that's great. I mean, it's amazing what we can do now with technology. But, you know, it also is a little distracting. And in fact, there was a recent study that said that kids haven't developed social skills because they feel more comfortable communicating online. You know, so I think the technology is really great and it's important. But that human to human connection is really the thing that makes the difference. And I think brands are starting to recognize that that actually live experiences do cut through the clutter, the digital clutter. And getting people together with common interests, getting them engaged, letting them participate, really makes a difference in terms of their affinity and loyalty and even advocacy for your brand. So MCI Experience does that? Yeah, that's, we essentially work with companies across a lot of industries, but certainly the tech industry at helping companies develop ways of engaging with their audiences in more meaningful ways. And actually, it's a very human-centric approach. So basically the way we look at it is it's not so much about logistics. That's important, of course, right? You got to register people. You got to have so many breakout rooms. You got to have all that stuff. Got to have, you know, weights and everything. But it's really more about understanding your audience and where they derive benefit and making sure that you're meeting that need. And that's really where your brand starts to benefit. So we use a design thinking methodology we're really very focused on the audience using empathy and ideation and, you know, just really, really getting to know who those guys are, like this crowd, and making sure that every touch point of the experience, how it smells, the temperature, the lighting, everything. Smells. How it smells. 70% of your memory is from smell. You know, and yet we never even think about it. It's weird. Yeah, when you're at an event. Yeah, you don't even think about how it smells. You don't even want to smell the event. I think that's like right, exactly. So it's that sort of multi-sensory engaging aspect of what we do is what MCI experience specializes in and working with clients to help them sort of look at new ways of creating experiences that really engage their audiences and really create community around those audiences in terms of loyal fans and customers. So we're here at Amazon.  Yeah. What are your thoughts here, just walking around? Well, as I was saying, I think we were talking about this earlier. You know, a developer crowd doesn't like flashy marketing because they're suspicious of it, right? Yeah, not like you, Dave, that's high, right, exactly. And this is perfect tone. I think the tone created here is great. It's a little rough and ready and that's great. And that's how it should be because that's developers are more interested in the content than the show. And I think it's got the audience bang on. So how do you use data to inform this brand experience? Yeah, so data is becoming obviously really important and event technology is, you know, it's amazing today, the kinds of things we can do. I mean, we can track people and monitor them and take their temperature. I mean, if we want to, you know, you can do an amazing number of things. See how they smell. Exactly, see how they smell. And the thing about it is that data is important, of course it is, but insights even more important. And that means using data in the right way, the right analytics, asking the right questions, not just relying on demographics, but really getting to know people and building personas and understanding who your audience is. And I think that's the two things need to fit hand in hand in hand. Data is plentiful, actionable insights you're saying are not necessarily. Not necessarily, not necessarily. And that I think is really, really important. You know, we call it empathy planning, but it's kind of like walking in the shoes of your audience. Like, would you like this? Would you be happy with this? Or would you find this long queue to register annoying? You know, you have to sort of, you know, actually get in there, get in their shoes and feel it just like they're going to feel it. Well, sometimes it's hard to predict. I mean, this is a pretty large venue, but it was packed today. I don't think they could hold many more people. So I guess you have to say, sorry, we got to cut it off at this because of the experience. I mean, make hard decisions like that. Is that what you kind of recommend?  I don't know anymore. But you know, one thing about the audience now is that they don't need to be polite and they don't need to pay attention to boring content and they don't need to do any of that because they're empowered. Right, exactly. How many events have I been to where the entire audience is like looking at their phones or their iPads or their computers and checking out on the content, you know? So if you really want to engage people, you need to make sure that the experience really resonates with them. And having said that, you need to use technology because we live in this kind of on-live world. And people say to me like, well, what's on-live? Like, you ever drive a sat-nav?  And so I think that's really important that we recognize that you can't tell people to turn their phones off. You can't necessarily use technology in an interruptive way. It needs to be part of how people live their lives around those things. So I've observed that we do a lot of these events and these events have become like rock concerts. And sometimes you say, wow, this is sort of over the top. Now, that's not, if I'm inferring right, that's not necessarily a bad thing if your audience is into it.  Maybe that's an okay thing. I think it is an okay. There's really understanding the audience that is the key. It is understanding the audience that is a good okay thing.  You know, you want people to get really fired up about what you're doing. And by the way, they're going to give you your brand credit for that.  It was amazing. There was great entertainment. There was also great content. There was great networking, you know, and the beer wasn't all that cheap. So, you know, you get all that stuff together and you have a really great time. So you're now building out a team in London. I am, yeah. MCI experience. Tell me about the team and your vision. Okay, so MCI is a big company. We're in 63 countries around the world. So we're not small fry. But the truth is, you know, the big part of our business has been PCO, is PCO, professional congress organizers, a lot of association events and that sort of thing and meetings, planning and that sort of thing. And of course, today, experiences are changing and it's not about just the logistics. It's really about, again, understanding your audience, using strategy and creative to create compelling experiences. And that's what MCI experience is doing. And we're doing it here in the UK. We're getting set up and it's going really, really well and we're going to roll it out. You know, it's going to go around the world. So we're working with some fantastic brands, doing some fantastic projects. So we're all really excited about it. So follow-up question.   You've worked at IDG, you've worked at GPJ, you've worked at Freeman and on and on and on. You've seen it all. You've been around too much. Yeah, exactly. But you've seen the good, the bad and the ugly. And now you've taken that experience and you're bringing it to MCI experience, no pun intended, and you're trying to build out a sort of a next generation experience platform. But other than the fact that you're awesome, why should I work with you? Well, I'll tell you, I think most of the clients that we work with come to us saying, we don't know, we don't know. And I think that's really, really important. I always tell this story. It's called The Drunkard's Paradox, where a drunk man is underneath a lamp post patting the ground and another man walks by and says, so what are you doing? And he says, I'm looking for my keys. And so the other guy gets down on his hands and knees. He's patting around and then he says, did you drop your keys right here under the lamp post? He goes, no. I dropped them across the street in the dark. Well, then why are you looking here? Because the light is much better here. And I tell you that I have a lot of experience in this business and events professionals and even some experienced agencies tend to look where the light is better, not where the breakthrough ideas are. And I think we are committed to making sure that we work really closely with clients, really understand their brand, really understand who they're trying to build relationships with and beg, borrow and steal from other disciplines in an intersectional way to create new kinds of opportunities for engagement. One of the things that the mantra inside, one of the many mantras inside of Amazon is raise the bar. I was at their UK headquarters yesterday and see raise the bar signs all over the place. It's not a rinse and repeat culture. And that's really what you're saying here. That's easy to rinse and repeat. It's easy to look for the keys where the light is better. The light is better, right? But that's not transformational. That's not transformational. It's really awesome having you. I'll give you the last word on the conference. Well, I think the conference was a great day here. And I think just testimony to that is how long people stayed.  And they were engaged and lots of great conversations were going on. So fantastic, well done to AWS and to Amazon web services. And yeah, more to come. Kim, pleasure having you. Thanks for coming to theCUBE. All right, thank you for watching everybody. That's a wrap here from London. Check out siliconangle.com for all the news. Thecube.net is where all you'll find all these videos, wikibon.com for the research. This is Dave Vellante signing out from London. Thanks for watching.


Welcome to a welcome back to Norris Cove. If you are new here, I am Yoshida. I am a self-employed hairstylist. I'm also the owner of Norris Cove, which is an online stationary shop where we sell stationary goods such as budget information, budget inserts, and functional stickers. I also like to plan my life minimally and functionally using a planner. If that sounds like something that you are interested in, do me a favor, hit that subscribe button, also hit that notification bell, leave me a comment in the comment section letting me know that you're new so that I can welcome you to the Cove. But today, you guys, we're going to do our closeout finally. We have so much to do. I used to be like, I don't have that much content to put up, baby. I'm overflowing with content that I'm trying to fit it all where it needs to be. Let's get to our closeout, you guys. So, this was the month of February. Let me get a pin out so I can go over this. I think I've completed everything. I just want to hit and kind of get the numbers. I've kind of already closed it out, but I just want to go over it with you all. So, for the month of February, let me, I do have some explaining to do, okay? Not bad explaining, but let me explain something to you. In one of my videos, I talked about how, let me go to my regular planner. That way, it's a little more visible. I talked about how I calculate what I made for the month. As you can see, Friday and Saturday, it failed at the beginning of the month, which is the first and the second. What I do is take those two totals together, and that is going to continue on to the rest of March, okay? But then, for the month of February, let me see if I put it in here. So, yeah. So, what I did was, this is the total from these two days. Again, the first of the month fell on a Friday and Saturday, but everything here goes to January. So, for the starting the month of February, we had $570 for these two days. Then I would calculate the next week, the next week, and then the next week. Well, and then here. And then, so here for February, these days here was $770. I hope it's not confusing. It makes sense to me, but I hope it's not confusing. So, what I did was that first week, I made $785, but actually the beginning of the month was 570. That next week, we did 1405. The week after that, we did 1453. The week after that, we did 1340. And then last week, we did 1770. So, if we add all this up together, I still came in over 5,000. So, let's do 570 plus 1405 plus 1453 plus 1340 plus 770. $5,538. Now, if we just did week to week to week to what we made, we're still at 5,000, but let's do it. 785 plus 1405 plus 1453 plus 1340 plus 770. So, 5753, but I just realized something too. Last week, I'd have to redo that because last week we came in at 1491. We had estimated 700, which is still good because for the month, it had been 770, but if we tacked on that, we were well over. Let me add the difference. We're almost 6,000. We're over $6,000 for the month. Perfect. Let's not even go there. So, for bills, we came in at, we paid an extra $112 for last week. And let's do the bill total. So, we're going to just do actual, yeah, let's just do actual 394, 24 plus 784 plus 510 plus 553 plus, I forgot the 81, and then 670 and 397. So, we came in at $2,912.44. That ain't making no sense for bills. Something's not adding up here. Well, let's go on. Savings, we saved a total of, I put down here 70. This is what we have left. And then over here, debt payoff, we paid a total of $616 in debt payoff here. Let's do the total and expenses. I have 344 plus 155 plus 301, 15 plus 66.75. And that's $866.90. Synchron funds, we did 112 plus 166 plus 260 plus 254 plus synchron funds, 285. 1000, that's about right, $1,077. That's what we did in synchron funds. So, now, let's take this out. And let's do our income budgeted for the month. Do I have a budgeted, let's add a budget. Let's see here, 700, 1300, 900, 1300 plus, 770, 4,970. So, let's come down here. We've estimated 4,970. And actually, I always keep it about 4,000. And then we ended up making 5538. Okay, bills, we've estimated, let's do a total, 424 plus 1165 plus 643 plus 1248, 1248, 81 plus 557.54. We've estimated 4,000 and 38, 38, 35.  Yeah, 291, 1244. And then savings, we didn't really have a, that's, yeah, that's right, right. Let's do 70. And then that pay off, we estimated 469. We came in at 616, 16. Look at those numbers there. And then expenses, let's skip down here. Sink and funds, I'm going to go to the Sink and Funds right quick. We're going to estimate 112 plus 35 plus 117 plus 153 plus 150, 767. That's what we estimated. And we ended up spending $1,077. Okay. Now for expenses, let's see what we estimated here, 67 plus 80 plus 40 plus 67. We estimated 1,021. And we ended up spending $866.90. So our budget is closed out. Let's take all of this subtract from our total income. So we had 55, oops, 35, 38. Subtract 291, 2.44. Subtract 70. Subtract 616, 16. Subtract 1,077. Subtract 866. At least this was $4.50. Something's not right. Let me try this again. Maybe I made a mistake. 35, 38. Subtract 291, 2.70. Yeah, we still got like $4.50. That didn't make any sense. I think that would probably be, I'm trying to figure out where we lost $4.50. Let me go off camera and try to get these numbers right. Okay, you guys. So I don't know where our $4 is coming from. Let me, everything added up. Perfect. I don't know where we're missing $4.50. I'm going to try this one more time. Subtract 2. Yeah, I don't know. Let me try to make them even numbers. Let's try that. We don't know where the $4.50 went and we can't worry about it because after I went back and made everything even numbers, it put me like at a negative 6. So we're going to leave this alone. February's closed out. We're going to figure it out somewhere. Maybe these numbers that I put here aren't matching what's in here, but that's going to take a whole different video. So we are closed out for February. I hope that wasn't too long. If again, if you are new here, thank you for watching. I will see you guys in my next video.


Let us start we are happy to have Ashok Sen with his last lecture about the instant tones in string theory. So, let me remind you that in the last lecture we had introduced this open string propagator and also how to deal with this and the idea was that this was the expression that would have gotten from the wall sheet picture and this is the string field theory picture. And in the string field theory picture ok we can resolve the divergences for the negative L0 states and for L0 equal to 0 states we can I mean somehow use insights from quantum field theory to deal with this corresponding divergences and for positive L0 of course both are finite. So, you can use either the string field theory or the wall sheet picture. So, this is for the open strings now we also have closed strings. So, in the current problem we also have closed we have opened and closed strings and if you recall the discussion in the first lecture the external states are only closed strings, but the internal states and we open or closed. So, this means that we need closed string propagator also and it has a structure very similar to this it is proportional to L0 plus L0 bar inverse where these are the homomorphic and anti-holographic generators and this we can also express as integral 0 to infinity dt can the wall sheet picture gives you this and the string field theory picture directly gives you this and this is the connection between the two pictures. So, in principle we can deal with the divergences associated with closed strings also in the same way, but there is certain simplification for closed strings at least for the current problem that if you look at the L0 plus L0 for Eigen values they have the form k square plus m square where k is the momentum carried by the closed strings up to a proportionality constant. So, the difference is that the closed strings actually carry momentum which open strings did not and because closed strings carry momentum we can adjust k. So, we can analytically continue k k square plus m square positive at least for at low order this is always possible the order at which you will be working this is always possible at which means that you do not really need the power of string field theory to deal with closed string divergences you can just do it by analytic continuation because by analytic continuation you can make this integral convergent because once this is positive then of course, this integral is convergent and the wall sheet has no problem. So, you do not need string field theory please at low order and equivalent you have saying this is that we can integrate out can integrate out the closed strings. So, in the language of string field theory this will mean that any contribution to diagrams that has a closed string propagator we can redefine into the definition of the vertices interaction vertices ok. So, just closed strings they do not will not appear in the propagator. So, this means that effectively the we have external states as closed strings closed strings and internal states will be open strings. And we will use the notation where closed strings will be denoted by a wave line and open strings will be denoted by straight line ok. So, we will see that in all the diagrams that will be drawing these will be the external states and these will be the internal. Now, let us recall the discussion that we had on the first lecture. So, a leading order the only divergent contribution was the annulus partition function right that we dealt with. So, at first sub leading order so, we had several divergent contributions. So, first so, you always have e to the minus c over gs. So, let me write down the whole expression then exponential of annulus and we had a disk 2 point function of disk 1 point function ok. So, n minus 1 of these sorry n minus 2 of these and 1 of this ok. This is on sub leading because compared to the case where you have altogether n disks with one closed string partition of partition h this has ordered gs. Will there be some combinatorial factor like n minus 2? Because this you know yeah we will write down the combinatorial factor in a few minutes right. So, I will write down the expression for these diagrams I think then it will become clear. Thank you. Then you have e to the minus c over gs exponential of this and then sorry I should separate out the diagrams. So, there is a confusion first diagram the second one will be annulus 1 point function and then disk 1 point function ok. So, we will have n minus 1 of these and 1 of these and then there are 2 diagrams that I will draw together. Then you have the product of disk 1 point functions as n disk 1 point functions n of this and then you can have a disk with 2 holes ok or a torus with 1. These 2 I am drawing together we will just take the sum of this because both of these have Euler number of minus 1 ok. So, this is the leading contribution and these will give extra factors of gs because of this Euler number minus 1. So, these are all of the same order. So, to write a convenient expression for this we will introduce 2 or 3 quantities gs times f omega 1 omega 2 will be by definition the disk 2 point function divided by the product of disk 1 point function 2 disk 1 point functions and omega 1 omega 2 are just the energies ok. So, let me label. So, this is 1 and 2 here and this is 1 and this is 2. So, that is the definition of gs times f gs factors have taken out because this goes as 1 over gs whereas, this goes as 1 over gs square. So, the net ratio is of order gs then gs times g omega will be annulus 1 point function divided by disk 1 point function and then I will define gs times c as just the sum of these 2 and the point function is that all of these are divergent. So, f g c are all divergent. So, let me write the expressions for divergent part.  This is perhaps a slightly tangential question, but is there an unambiguous answer for f finite or g finite or is it somewhat scheme dependent as in quantum field theory? No, we will first I mean once you define what if divergent is then this is finite this is unambiguous. So, you will just subtract of the divergent integral and then declare the rest as finite. I see, but that what we define as a divergent quantity is typically scheme dependent. Well, that is after we do the integral we will separate out. So, the point is this will be an integral f is an integral with a diver with an integral which diverges at certain ends right. We will take a particular quantity and subtract it. So, that the integral is finite then that becomes unambiguous right. We have to define it that way. Then all the ambiguity comes in defining the divergent part and we will see. So, the whole purpose of today's lecture is to see how to extract the divergent part right. We will try to make the divergent part into unambiguous finite pieces. So, that will be the main goal. Thank you. What is the difference between the two diagrams? Between the two diagrams that you drew. Oh this this is a disc with two holes ok. This is a torus with one hole right. So, this is this is not a hole this is a doughnut think of a doughnut and cut out a hole in that right. But as this is like having a disc with two holes, but both have on a number minus one that is why I have put them together ok. But this is how nobody has calculated this so far ok. So, we will not this will not be of too much importance today at least ok. So, the divergent parts I write them as integrals of this integral. In fact, we had seen before I had just given it as an example ok. So, basically what happens is that f is an integral and once you subtract of this part from the integral then the rest of the integral is finite. So, f finite that is unambiguously defined ok because you have just subtracted of the divergent pieces ok.  Similarly, g the divergent part of g this is double integral again this is something we have seen before. Because these are this is divergent integral from v equal to 0 and x equal to 0 and this is divergent from the v equal to 0 and. So, again we will write this as a g plus b g ok where these again we do not know these are all both divergent integrals. Let me write the amplitude in terms of these quantities. Minutrile factor also become clear. So, let me call it a 1 a 1 because this is the first sublating order one stands for its first sublating order. So, if we look at these definitions ok this. So, you are trying to sum up sum these and if you look at these definitions you can easily convince yourself that this has the following structure is g s times the leading order contribution. The result is basically product of disks with this exponential of minus c by g s and exponential of the annulus partition function times. So, this comes from these diagrams and the point is that these two could be any or any pair out of the right that is why we have those sums and similarly here this could be any of those ends right that is why you have that sum. And now if we use this fact that if we write as a finite plus f divergent and f divergent and g divergent has this kind of structure. So, we can write this quantity as finite contribution plus minus 1 by 2 is 5 right. The finite includes a finite and g finite contribution which I am not worried about. There are these many f's because of this each pair gives an f n edges as you can see right c is only once then we have this energy dependent contribution. So, bg times sum over omega square and af times sum over omega g omega. But this quantity after I use the energy conservation the energy conservation will come at the end right we have seen the integral over the y will give energy conservation. So, this leading order result has is delta function. So, once you use this these two can be combined one term which is bg minus half right I just use the sum over omega j equal to 0 to convert this into sum over omega j square. In this af sum g can be less of g less than k. So, the point is you include the j equal to k term right in that case you can put a half and they just do free sum over j and k that for that term vanishes right. And the extra term that they are including is the j equal to k term that you have to subtract off that is how you get this. Sorry this is bf af has already gone there ok. So, now let me disturb the strategy. So, our goal will be then calculate these numbers right af and gg and bf and bg ok. As I said c will not calculate, but fortunately because we have n dependence here. So, the way this comparison goes with the matrix model is that matrix model result gives a result for all n. So, once you know the result for all n you can just take appropriate linear combinations to eliminate c. So, by comparison the matrix for comparison the matrix model we can actually figure out what af, ag and this combination is. And the important point that will become the significance will become clear later is that this combination is what appears in the expression for the S matrix element this bg minus half pf. We want to express the sum over Feynman diagrams. Once you do that then L0 less than 0 contributions automatically become finite right because you will get them as 1 over L0 instead of the integral. But there will be divergent contributions from the L0 equal to 0 states ok because 1 over L0 is infinity. But we have seen how to deal with this L0 equal to 0 states. There are the origin of the L0 equal to 0 states first there is a Bosonic 0 mode which is the translation mode. That mode we saw that you are instructed to integrate at the very end the integral over y right. So, the path integral should not include that right. The path integral which leaves the Feynman rules that should not include the y integral because y integral has to be done separately at the very end ok. So, we remove the L0 equal to 0 contribution from the propagator. So, the L0 equal to 0 contributions will come from the translation modes and also the two gross modes which are there which are there in the signal gauge right and the string perturbation theory gives in the result in the signal gauge. But you saw that those modes also should be removed because those are not physical right. We are treating the integrals differently by look integrating over the gauge invariant variables and dividing by the volume of the gauge group. So, all the L0 equal to 0 modes will have to be subtracted from the propagator. So, that gets rid of all the divergences because the divergences came from L0 less than 0 and L0 equal to 0 modes. But this is not the end of it. Phi if what you call was out of signal gauge mode right the C0 equal on the vacuum mode ok. This is not included in the wall sheet expressions because the wall sheet gives the result in the signal gauge. So, this has to be explicitly added into the propagator. And finally, this is something that I will try to explain later, but let me write this anyway. We have to account change in the Jacobian or corrections to the Jacobian psi b not to y theta to alpha change of variables. Namely we had seen for example, that we had psi b0 equal to k1 y right and we have calculated k1. But this is going to get corrected and because of these corrections the Jacobian of change of variable from psi b to y will have additional terms ok. And those additional terms will also contribute to the amplitudes and they have to be taken in back up because they are not accounted for in the wall sheet formulation. And the same thing is for theta to alpha k2 times alpha. These all also get corrected. Describe the analysis of the f ok. And then I will just write the result for g. Because once you do the analysis for f it will become at least part of the procedure will become clear. So, f this was the disc 2-point function. It is it will be more convenient to represent this as a 2-point function on the upper half plane ok. We have a map from the disc to upper half plane ok. For example, u equal to 1 plus i z over 1 minus i z. So, if this is the disc coordinate unit disc this is the upper half plane. And it is very convenient yourself that this as z takes value on the upper half plane u takes value on the disc unit disc ok. So, there is a map from disc to upper half plane. So, we will work in the upper half plane. So, in the upper half plane there is an SL2R invariance. So, we can fix three quantities. So, we will fix one of the closed string vortix operator at the point i ok. i you can see from this that that corresponds to u equal to 0 right. That is like placing the vortix operator one of the vortix operator at the center. And the other one I will place at i times y ok. And then let y vary from 0 to 1. If y goes out of this range then you can do a z to minus 1 over z transformation to bring it back. So, the reason that I have parameterized this by y is because this is a variable y that appears in the expression for f ok. So, this integral of course, came from the y sheet. And the y that you see here is exactly that y ok that I have introduced. And so, you see the divergence as y goes to 0 here corresponds to the divergence when this goes to the boundary ok. That is the that is the source of the divergence and that is the that is what you have to deal with. So, let me draw the Feynman diagrams. And again I have integrated out the closed string. So, there will be no closed string internal propagator. So, two Feynman diagrams that you have to deal with this I will call diagram A. And the other one is I will call diagram B. So, this is like a contactor no internal propagator this is with one open string internal propagator ok. And we will see that this is the one which is going to be responsible for that for divergence because this has the 1 over n 0 right where the divergence will come from. So, this 2 point vertex roughly is a 2 point function of one closed string and one open string ok. So, in the upper half plane we can think of this as a 2 point function of one closed string and one open string ok. Because this is one closed one open. And by S L 2 R invariance we can always choose the closed string at I and open string at 0 ok. Because now there are only few things to fix we can fix all of them. Unlike in the case of 2 closed strings where there are 4 things 4 variables. And so, we could fix 3 of them, but one of them had to be integrated. But to calculate this Feynman diagram we need more ok. And we need more because we see that you need off shell there are off shell states right this internal propagator is off shell ok. So, just by saying that we have vertex operator insert sense at I and 0 does not specify the amplitude fully ok. We have to specify little more and I will now explain what extra ingredient that you have to we need for calculating this Feynman diagram. So, for calculating off shell amplitude off shell interaction vertex ok. So, interaction vertex is external state on shell off shell ok. So, local coordinate basically some arbitrary complex coordinate system you can it is up to you to fix ok. But you have to say what coordinate system we are going to use around sorry around around this point and what coordinate system we are going to use around this point ok. Because in you have to insert the vertex off part in that coordinate system ok. And that makes a reference if the vertex operators are off shell ok. Because if the dimension 0 primer is then it does not matter ok. So, for on shell vertex operators which are dimension 0 primer is it does not matter what coordinate system you use right because they are controlling invariant ok. But for operators which are not dimension 0 primaries right which is typically the case for generic off shell states we have to specify which coordinate system you are using you are inserting the vertex operator. So, that is the meaning of local coordinate z is the global coordinate z the UHB coordinate typically around the function z will be a function of w some function that you have to specify. And in general this function can be different around different vertex operators ok. Around the one vertex operator you choose 1 w another vertex operator you choose another w. Once you have chosen this local coordinate ok and you have found the functional relationship between z and w then the vertex off part is inserted where if this notation is basically the conformal transform of v. So, in other words you do not insert the vertex off part directly in the z coordinate system you specify some local coordinate inside the vertex off part in the local coordinate system. But your correlation function final correlation function is being calculated in the z coordinate system right z is the global coordinate on the upper half plane. So, you have to convert from the w to z and this f dot v basically does that that v is inserted in a w coordinate system, but this tells you what it becomes in the z coordinate system. So, I will write down some examples of what we mean by f dot v this is the ghost field c we know has dimension minus 1 right it is a primary, but it has dimension minus 1. So, this is f prime of w inverse on c we can write down explicitly what this is and the f of w of course is z right. So, if you are trying to calculate the correlation function of a c if one of the off shell states was c then this is the vertex off part this is what we insert in the correlation function of the derivative of c right this is not a primary. So, you have to do more work, but this is the w derivative of f prime w inverse times c okay and you can work it out by chain because in principle this is not simple, but you can always work it out what this f dot a given operator is. So, the idea is that if we take for example this vertex right what suppose we are trying to calculate this 2.4 x this is a this 2.4 function. So, this will be given the upper half length 2.4 function this will be given by some f c f o or w prime f o dot okay we have to choose this functions f c and f o it is completely up to us to choose and then the 2.4 function that this off shell 2.4 function will be given by this. So, now you can ask that I mean if there is a so much choice in this choice in the how we choose f c and f o right that looks like the off shell amplitudes are completely up to us to define right it is not a unique object and indeed it is not a unique object. So, different choices of these functions give rise to different apparently different string field theories. But what one can show is that these different choices that gives rise to apparently different string field theories are all related by field definition that you take string field theory constructed with one particular set of choices of this and string field theory constructed with another set of choices of these functions. There is a change of fields a redefinition of fields that takes you from the first string field theory to the second string field theory. So, all physical results at the end should be independent of how you choose this even though the intermediate steps will depend on how you choose this. Maybe if I do some explicit calculation it will become a little clearer. Can you just choose w equal to z as a gauge and about this? Yeah, you can. But there is a better gauge than that otherwise. Is there a better gauge because otherwise we would not have discussed this no you just say w equal to z and. Well, we will choose almost w equal to z right. But I mean final result should not depend on whether you choose w equal to z or not. No, no, okay. Yeah, but you can certainly choose w equal to z. We are interested in so our goal is to compute this diagram right. This in this diagram the external states are closed strings these are all on shell right closed strings are not internal propagator. So, external closed strings are on shell. So, you do not really need a choice of this. So, because this is on shell whatever you take this to be right it is a invariant. Okay, so the result does not depend on what choice of fc you have made. So, we really only want this we have to make a choice of f4 and we will choose open string vortex operator equal to z by lambda sorry lambda z. Well, lambda is an arbitrary constant and if what I have told you is true then the final results better be independent of lambda right because this is a choice that you are making. And so it is always a good idea to use some parameters so that at the end you can check that the result is independent of that parameter to make sure that you have not done something wrong. Okay, so this lambda will solve that purpose for us. So, with this then f dot v f dot some v open of w if this is primary of dimension okay you do not need primary because this is just simple scaling. Okay, so this will be let me just make sure that I have the lambda to the minus. So, now with this we can now try to calculate this diagram right that diagram sorry. So, there is one straightforward we are doing it which is that you take closed string vortex operators are fixed. So, you take every possible open string state calculate this two-point function using this formula right because the closed string is inserted at i and the open string is inserted at 0 but with this scaling right so that you will become factor of lambda to the minus h for every open string state.  However, the water identity is a conformal field theory gives you another way of doing it right and I will tell you what the result of that water identity analysis is. So, for this let us write this 1 over l 0 as integral 0 to infinity dt e to the minus t times l 0 and what I am going to give you is to say what happens for every t right you have to replace the propagator by this. So, what we insert here is not 1 over l 0 by e to the minus t l 0 right the t integral will be done at the end okay and I will give you an algorithm to calculate this. So, CFT water identities tell us the following. So, we take two copies of the upper half plane why two copies because why we have one upper half plane coming from here one upper half plane coming from here okay. So, two copies of upper half plane let us call this the z and z prime as the upper half plane and so correspondingly we have a local coordinates w. So, w is will be equal to lambda z and here you have w prime equal to lambda z prime okay these are the two diagrams corresponding to these two vertices. So, each so this has a closed string vortex of water one inserted here and just two inserted here okay and the open string vortex of water inserted here and they are being and you have this matrix element of e to the minus t l 0. So, what the CFT water identity tell us is after you sum over all intermediate states that corresponds to identify blue and w prime w w prime equal to minus q where q is equal t to the minus t. So, CFT water identity tell us that this diagram after you sum over all intermediate states but the propagator replaced by to the minus t l 0 okay is equivalent to calculating a correlation function on a remote surface where you identify w and w prime by this. Now, since w and z have this simple relation this can also be translated as lambda square z z prime as minus q or z prime equal to minus q over lambda square z. So, this is now a single upper half plane parameterized by the coordinate z we can also use z prime it does not matter take coordinate z and z prime is given in terms of z. So, z prime is not a new coordinate anymore. So, now look at the vortex of water of upper positions. So, one is at z equal to i and if you are using the z coordinate system it remains as z equal to i. Two was at z prime equal to i but that corresponds to let me write as z as q square over lambda. So, this z prime is i that corresponds to z equal to i q over lambda square. So, this means in the upper half plane we have one vortex of water at i and the vortex of water at i times q by lambda square. And if we recall this is what you had called y. So, we conclude that y has to be identified as q over lambda square which is equal to minus t over lambda square. So, we were free to pick lambda as we like. So, how do you guarantee that q over lambda squared is necessarily between 0 and 1 if we are. Well, you cannot ok I mean you are free to choose lambda as you like, but you should choose it so that things are singular. Right. Right, but ok you can choose it in any way you like let me complete this and it will become clear right what the rest of the integration region is right. But it is that that you have two singularities which have to subtract it out right. So, it is better to choose lambda sufficiently large so that that does not happen yeah. So, that is otherwise it will be like a singular field definition. The theories are still equivalent, but under a singular field definition. So, this means that as t goes from 0 to infinity y goes from 0 to. So, this basically says that this diagram A that you see this covers a region I had told you that the way string field theory gives rise to the usual once it amplitudes is that each diagram covers part of the integration region. And by this correspondence we see that this diagram A corresponds to the integration region 0 less than y less than 1 over lambda square and hence the rest of the region has to be covered by the diagram B. So, this must cover 1 over lambda square less than y less than. See this will be the definition of the of the of these partings. Because this is the sense in which I said that a string field theory is designed so that it reproduces a once it amplitudes. So, the general procedure is that you calculate all Feynman diagrams and you see how much of the modular space you have gotten and whatever you have not got you declare as a new contact diagram there and you do it at every stage. And here you see that if you have taken this lambda in a wrong way right. So, that y extends beyond 1 you basically have to subtract of that.  So, that should be the definition of these partings easier to take lambda to be sufficiently large so that that does not happen. So, now we are in a position to do the analysis. So, let us take the original integral right let me I will explain how this is done. So, you have this divergent part half integral d y y to the minus 2 1 plus 2 omega 1 omega 2 y. This I am not going to split into 2 parts integral 0 to 1 over lambda square d y y is to the minus 2 plus. So, second integral is of course, is e this will be half.  So, no problem with this right this is the divergent part is here you can see the y go y equal to 0 region is here. So, here you have to change variable from y to t. So, here you change variable from y to t and that relation was y y is to the minus t over lambda square. So, if you make this change of variables you find that this is half integral 0 to infinity dt lambda square e to the t plus 2 omega 1 omega 2. Now, you can see that this is e to the power h with h equal to minus 1. So, this corresponds to L 0 equal to minus 1 state ok because it is like e to the t minus t L 0 that is what we are comparing right. So, this corresponds to L 0 equal to minus 1 state ok. So, you should replace this by half lambda square times 1 over minus 1 1 over L 0 right that is this contribution. This one is L 0 equal to 0 state, but L 0 equal to 0 states you are supposed to remove this contribution means that this is a contribution L 0 equal to 0 state in the propagator, but you are supposed to remove them. So, just drop this. So, you can add this to this right the 1 over 2 lambda square just cancels between this minus half lambda square and here. So, total minus half plus the result that you get from this Feynman diagram are there questions? Now, we are not done yet we have to do one more thing which is that in this diagram now you have to take the contribution of the phi propagator right because you say we have to remove the 0 modes right, but you have to add back the contribution from the phi propagator right which is not there in the original worksheet expression. So, you have to calculate a diagram like this. Now, if you recall the action had phi square plus phi is a real field. So, from this you follows that the phi propagator ok if it has half phi square you have been 1 right that is the for real field that is the standard convention right because it is phi square it is phi propagator is half and then you have to calculate these 2 point functions right, but you know how to calculate this right the 2 point function. So, this is what x. So, we basically have this half of this times. So, this is 1 times. So, this is half of a upper up plane 2 point function of the close to in vertex operator i and f dot phi if you recall the phi was the state it was multiplying c 0 on the vacuum which is the phi vertex operator is the derivative of c this is the first vertex operator the second vertex operator. But since this has conformal at 0 this is the same as and you can show that this correlation function actually is 0 ok that is by some symmetry of the close correlation function. So, because in this particular example the phi exchange just vanishes ok, but this is not generally true I mean generally we will get contribution from phi exchange. In fact, even if you had taken a different look coordinate system in instead of this if you had taken w equal to lambda z over 1 plus a z for example, right then this will no longer vanish. This will no longer vanish, but this will also be different this analysis is also be different right at the end this dependence on a just cancels out.  I may be losing my mind, but it looks like the first integral over here has a lambda squared and the second one has a 1 over lambda squared and I am I do not see why they cancel and you only get this log lambda squared term. Oh I think I made a mistake somewhere this is actually lambda squared. Okay cool yeah yeah thank you because it is a dy over y square right so it is a 1 over y and the lower limit is 1 over lambda square ok. Now I will not have time to describe the full calculation of g ok, but let me just say so g divergent gets contribution first the Feynman diagrams ok that analysis basically is the same as what I described except that it is slightly more complicated because there are more diagrams and more complicated diagrams and then the phi exchange ok. Once you have identified the Feynman diagrams then every open string propagator you can possibly replace by phi right so that you have to calculate separately, but the calculation is exactly this that you have to calculate the phi propagator is half and then you have to calculate the appropriate vertices and put them together, but there are two more contributions that come from this Jacobian and that is the last thing I am going to say. So recall that we had this relation psi b not equal to q1 y and this was based on the study of how the psi b couples to a bunch of closed strings right y of course always couples as it to the i omega y so that there is a confusion, but psi b not how psi b not come couples to a bunch of closed strings and the point is that once you have some additional closed string background that changes how psi b not couples changes and as a result the relationship between psi b not and y also changes gets modified at higher order ok. So typically at the next order it takes the following form. So this f is some known function and the c of c omega is the massless closed string field the Fourier component of the massless closed string field. So basically this says that when you write the make a change of variable from psi to y you get a Jacobian that gets an additional factor of 1 plus gs integral d omega which you can exponentiate and write an exponential of gs to this order. So it is as if you have gotten an additional term in the action which is linear in c, c is the closed string field and if you have an additional term that is linear in c then you will get an additional one point function additional contribution to one point function right. So besides the annulus diagram that we studied this is an additional this will give an additional contribution to the one point function that is not captured by the wall sheet Feynman diagrams right because wall sheet does not know about the fact that you are making change of variable from psi b to y to carry out the integration over y and a similar effect exists and again there are connections of a similar kind. So these Jacobians have to be taken into account ok and at the end of it so you have to sum over all of this. So the Feynman diagram phi exchange then the one point function of c that you will get from this Jacobian and the one point function of c that you will get from this Jacobian. So after you add all that the Jacobians so you get g divergence omega as omega square log lambda square by 4 but this is supposed to be equal to a g plus b g omega square ok. So by comparing this we see that a g is 0 and b g is half omega square very half log lambda square by 4. So at the end of all this you have a f b f a g and b g c as I said has not been calculated ok because that is a more complicated calculation. Now you see that f and a g are independent of lambda ok which is what it should be right they appear in the S matrix formula for the S matrix b g and b f are not independent of lambda but if you recall the S matrix involved not b g and b f separately but only in a particular combination that means that was we had a b g minus b f by 2 right this was what multiplying omega square sum over omega j square and you can easily convince yourself that if you take this combination right this half log lambda square gets cancelled and you get this combination as minus half log 4 which is lambda independent. So this lambda independence of the final answer is a consistency check that you are doing things correctly ok and in fact you can introduce many more parameters because every time you have a new cortex right you have a lot of freedom of choosing the local coordinates. So you can try to introduce as many parameters as you like and make sure that at the end everything cancels right because that is a check. So there is a balance that if the more parameters you introduce the more complicated the calculation is right but the advantage is that then you can at the end you can check if the things all cancel the extra dependence ok. And these results actually agree with the matrix model results the matrix model results are evaluated numerically ok. So the comparison is numerical but it is quite a good accuracy this minus half log 4 0 and the half or minus half right they agree with what you get from the matrix model calculation which is the dual calculation ok. So I think I will stop here I think there is a time. Is there also this third contribution which you mentioned it has not been which contribution I mean this torus yeah yeah so that has not been calculated and matrix model gives an answer I mean it is in fact says that this should be 0 the sum of the 2 but that has not been calculated. But is there some essential difficulty or is it just like. So it is like a genus 2 calculation right I mean it is a square root of a genus 2 calculation so that that is the difficulty but I do not think that is any essential difficulty in that. So we can leave it as a homework for students here. Yeah and the other thing I should have said that I listed those 7 cases where the annulus partition function has been checked right this has been checked only in 2 and half examples. So there is a lot to do here. Okay these are normal questions let us take a shock for the great set of lectures.


This is my job center in first grade. I know that first graders really love to have a job in class And so I've created this job center and each child is assigned a number I put a number on just a little tiny clothes pin And I clip each of those numbers onto a job and so each Monday students come in find their clip And they can see what their job is now the first week of school or really the first month of school I go over these jobs several times and we talk about what their responsibilities are so that they can then remember that The grounds crew people they help clean up the ground and keep our room nice and tidy And the postmaster is responsible for taking anything to the office I find that in first grade and probably most grade students really enjoy a classroom job And this is just how I have organized it


This is the first of three short video clips about research ethics review at the Open University. It is primarily aimed at OU staff and students, but our principles and practices may be of interest to a wider audience. The Open University's Human Research Ethics Committee, which we usually call HREC, provides a service to all staff and post-grad students. HREC must be consulted about any research carried out in the university's name, which involves human participants. This is because ethical principles are very important at the Open University and must underpin our approach to all research. Ethical research practice is enshrined in the university's code of practice for research, a code which sets the standards expected of all OU researchers. HREC operates on the basis that the OU's reputation for high standards is maintained whilst enabling researchers to carry out their projects. As in other institutions, researchers at the OU carry out studies, which may involve gathering or accessing data that can touch upon difficult and sensitive areas. In all research settings, we aim to protect research participants from unnecessary harm or distress. We also aim to protect researchers from any potential dangers and remind them of the Open University's highly prized reputation for an ethical approach.