TLO was pop We are on twitch. We are live about a time. You see this we won't be so just leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post Notification bells. Let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK Right behind me is a warning screen Please read it and adhere to what's going on over here YouTube check it out if you review it. I'm here This is all I'm here for you know what I'm saying If you want to catch alive or to watch any previous lives go to twitch.com type in that username the first one at the bottom of the screen Don't forget we do got merchant. We got a patreon You get me The link to all of that is down in the description man. Let's get it to this. This is The truth about UK homelessness It's not just about money and housing what is it about this is from Robloak bloke Robloak Let's get into it copyright disclaimer under section 107 of the copyright act 1976 Allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism comment news reporting teaching scholarship and research Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing Non-profit educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use No copyright infringement intended. All rights belong to their respective owners. I wasn't prepared to it went past quick this time Let's get it to it Military vessel This lady just went crazy on this rap.  All right, let me focus man. We didn't come here for that. This is a serious video Homeless people in the UK are collectively referred to as rough sleepers and according to unofficial estimates There are over 300,000 people in this category This is double the number five years ago These individuals are not refugees or immigrants from Africa or Asia. They are citizens of the united kingdom itself Homeless people here are not just adults or middle-aged men. Is this the same narrator from um From the netflix show wildlife or in the wild It's a great narrator voice Recently there's been a significant increase in the proportion of women and those aged between 16 and 24 They are young strong and generally in good physical condition Yet they still wander and sleep on the streets Do that discord next Tents look strangely out of place in the commercial areas of if you're ever in miami And you go down seven seventh and seven street Seventh and second on a corner of seventh and second you look down second street bunch of tents Unlike there's a little village of tents of cities Set among the offices and shops with cars and people passing by these tents are however the only shelter these people have Most of those sleeping rough don't even have a tent in which to shelter Instead they lurk in various public spaces in the city like sidewalks parks bus stops under bridges And at the corners of buildings Homeless people come from various backgrounds and circumstances yet. They've all found themselves on the street Many rely on welfare and charity while others find intermittent work some survive by begging The distinction between the homeless and beggars is not always clear Some homeless people have jobs but sleep on the streets due to insufficient income to pay for accommodation Conversely some beggars have homes while others find themselves both begging and homeless Some beggars choose this path as an easier way to earn money Finding it faster and more convenient than working Some beg because they don't have a job like this girl A lack of paid work extends from health issues Particularly problems with her leg which hinders her ability to secure steady employment I've got an emphasis here. They think well i've got a six-week degree of protection I've got scoliosis clip-off feel syndrome rheumatoid arthritis in my knees or my spine They think that i'm going to be in a wheelchair but i'm in poverty so I'd rather Get 12 pints a week. It's cheaper. So that's what i'm here to earn All right, so you're sitting here hoping that you'll get 12 pounds a day in order Yeah, I get food so I can take home and then I need things like I need things like an underwear And smelly's obviously because I haven't got anything, you know, I haven't got any clothes just what i'm wearing Um, so i'm trying to get Benny to get all that stuff as well I got a question. I didn't know it's like work from home jobs in the uk Or are they all taken or is it harder to get them? I know it is hard to get regular jobs, but The sight of homeless people leaning against the wall of a shop or curled up on the sidewalk raises questions How did they end up here and how can they be helped? It is clear that there's no single cause of homelessness But we've got a whole mattress out here How do you do that? It is partially the result of economics, families, social structure and the problems faced by the individuals I was homeless when I was 18 Why? Um, so I came to Cardiff from Northwest England when I was 17 to live with my mom Um, and things didn't work out on my 18th birthday My mom was in a violent relationship with my stepdad. I'm basically rather than Chucking my stepdad out. She chucked me out Um, so I ended up being homeless on the streets. Basically, I got a very homeless when I was That's the craziest origin story like Like it's a common one though. Oh my parents my mom picked her Abusive boyfriend over me That's a bit low. That's why but you got to think about man. That's the manipulation mental factor going on in your mom's head that Can't even control at that point. It's 18 18. Yeah Been homeless on the streets. Basically, I got made homeless when I was 18 18. Yeah Um, me and my mom, I grew basically. She kicked me out. Um, I had nowhere else to go And went to the huggered They give me floor space. Um, I was being super rough since Let me tell you something As an 18 year old when you reach the age of 18 and your parent tries to kick you out say no Say no Just say no I'm not going I'm not leaving call the police Hey me personally That never happened to me, but in america at least call the police Yeah, she's trying to kick me out and I live here Who's this your mom? Yep I live here. I don't worry about where am I supposed to go? Ma'am, he does live here. He's been here 18 years He gets mail here You have to be victim You got to go through the court system simple Buy me a little time and then I go out. Yes It will not be a peaceful existence between you and your parents, but you will not be homeless 100% Having health problems or issues with family members doesn't necessarily result in homelessness though The underlying reasons are often insufficient income or the lack of a supportive family that accepts and cares for them Individual backgrounds and personalities can of course play a big part And uh, I feel free when I'm homeless I don't have any uh, you know when I get going to cut off my family and I left that flat It was like I cut A weight off and I'm free. It's nice to sometimes just pick up myself and go anywhere I want You know No burdens. No, you know, just just me and that's it Most of the homeless people we encounter are men as living rough poses a greater risk for women Nonetheless, the number of homeless women is on the rise Another factor preventing escape from living on the streets is drug addiction I was on drugs. I'm on the methadone script now So I'm coming off that off the works. I'm off the drugs now. Are you cleaning up? Yeah. Yeah, I'm on the methadone and hope Methadone. Okay, like technically. Yes, you're clean, but like Can't you become addicted to methadone as well? Just as bad as you know what I'm saying? Just as bad as you was on other stuff It's not holding me. So I'm not very well at the moment. Um, I'm only on 30 emails, which is nothing, you know to what I was smoking Um 33 knows it's nothing, you know, but I've got doctor's appointments tomorrow And they're going to say I think so hopefully because I don't want to go back to using, you know See what I'm saying Her pink sleeping bag and personal belongings were packed into a black bag before she left to find a good place to beg If she can collect enough today to pay the rent the sleeping bag won't be needed tonight When she's out of sight no one knows if she is still abusing drugs So she just left to sleep in there The cabinet is full of new syringes in sterile packets while the yellow bin contains the used ones The cycle of drug addiction and hard to find money needed to support the habit Is how many people end up stranded on the streets, which in turn makes it difficult for them to get off drugs The hugard center is a homeless shelter run by an NGO. It provides clean needles for homeless people who use drugs While this doesn't do much to stop drug abuse At least clean needles can reduce other health problems which come from using a dirty needle I think one of the important things is is we're trying to meet people where they are at the moment And pretending people are not using drugs and not providing them with needles Just means that they're going to put themselves in danger and if they're putting themselves in danger We're not looking after their welfare. So we're very much going to meet people where I understand where they're coming from we're like With this part but like And it's certainly at a certain extent it feels very enabling They are at the moment and and not like I'm sure you're trying to convince them as well Oh, maybe you should take this mother down or go and see some counseling, but They're just really there for the free clean stuff, you know stressing they can suddenly give up You know using substances Even with free clean needles drugs cannot be taken in the center There are many who take the view that this may actually encourage homeless people to continue using drugs But the provision of clean needles has long been an accepted practice in many european countries Probably because it has been shown to significantly reduce the number of drug related deaths and infections While easing the burden on state-provided health infrastructure It's sometimes difficult because when people come to need exchange very often It's because they want to use drugs at that moment But obviously as we get to know people and build up trust We can actually help them further. So for example, we've we've had I think it was something like 90 people You know last year who we got into rehabilitation programs So that's getting clean of drugs Now we wouldn't have been able to do that if we hadn't met them where they are now rather than Expecting them to to be abstaining In addition to the clean needle service There's also an emergency room for use during the cold british autumn and winter When outside temperatures can fall below zero for several days at a time So this is our emergency overnight stay accommodation So if we're not able to put people in the hostel, which is most of the time because there's always full Rather than having people out on the streets people can come in here And it'll be safe and warm. We'll have staff here all the way through the night. We'll provide breakfast for people And we have what we call the pods here The space is divided into small cubicles with just enough space to put a bed The rooms doorway has gaps at the top and bottom so the supervisors can easily check on the well-being of the occupants Inside the room. There are personal belongings and a winter coat hangs in the corner Some rooms have towels and clothes draped over the door There are a total of 20 bedrooms like this here But there are not enough for the number of homeless people across england. I guess this is kind of helpful, but this is crazy This is like a like a fitting room of beds Tens of thousands of homeless people are on waiting lists for shelters Because public private and emergency shelters have been full for the last decade While budget constraints hinder the building of new ones And why can't you build more? Um, well, it's just behind what the finance is for it and we do get we do get funding for everyone Homeless men and women dwell in a small hall where men huddle on benches outside the rooms In the small kitchen the staff are serving hot soup beans and fish A homeless man is enjoying his soup in the corner while two others stand in line Instead of giving away free food It is sold at a very low price which the homeless can afford This policy aims to raise awareness about the value of food and promote a positive attitude towards homelessness To prevent them feeling that they are begging for whatever is provided People's looks The looks off people really Yeah Because they look at you like you're a bit on a day on the bottom of their show and we're not But yeah, we're all human beings at the end of the day. Sorry There'll be ain't got a house to go back to when things like that But yeah, there are some drug users and some alcoholics on the streets, but we're not all the same It's about me. I don't touch drugs. I don't subscribe and I never touch drugs in my life I don't touch drugs. I don't subscribe and I never touch Drugs in my life That's gonna be hard for me to sit here and believe That's cat I'm calling cat, but okay continue The first step in recovery is admitting A bright purple double decker bus runs slowly down the road This vehicle is not like the city's regular buses because it's been designed specifically to serve the homeless In addition to insufficient emergency housing, a surprising number of homeless people appear willing to live close to starvation Eating meals on the roadside instead of having a full meal or sleeping in a warm shelter shared with other people There are rules and regulations that must be followed when living in the shelter Such as specific entry and exit times to avoid disturbing others Many people don't like this lifestyle and choose to live freely outside More importantly when drugs are involved the users tend to avoid the shelters where drugs are strictly prohibited Huge amount of people because of the stress and strains of the face and taking drugs and Alcohol abuse which adds pressure to families and sometimes families really don't know how to cope with that And so the only way very often they can cope is by you know Putting their family member out because it's disrupting the whole family When the homeless people don't come to seek help at the shelter The purple bus provides a mobile assistance service Bus is a good platform to engage with I've seen these with like the van versions It's our vision, aren't we? People not as an institution So it is a public space because we are bringing the service to the service users and there are sleepers Who normally wouldn't engage with the institution Uh, so it's you know, they can jump on And jump out of the bus as they pleased and they will still get their support as much as they Would like us to support them with A warm drink on a cold day a piece of soft bread and freshly baked pastries Along with the smiles and hospitality of the staff Create a sense of refuge Actually, you know homeless people who are transient who are chaotic Who have issues they they don't want bureaucracy They want a simple process that would help them initially to get off the streets It's as simple as that and unfortunately we provide this we we've got a very simple approach To to to helping people we listen to their needs and address what they need Us to address initially and from then on they they move on it's their decision In addition to food the inside of the bus is arranged like a small lounge or waiting room Where the homeless can take a temporary but welcome rest There's even a washing machine ready to be of service to anyone who needs to wash clothes When the bus is parked volunteers prepare drinks and snacks to distribute to the homeless While people wait to receive food staff will engage in conversation to build trust Which may eventually lead to further assistance being provided This young woman left her home at the age of 18 due to domestic violence After 10 years of living on the streets and relying on this bus for sustenance She was finally granted permanent housing assistance from the government Now you have the threat. Yeah. Yeah What's your plan from now? Um, just moving on with my life really getting a job. Um I'm just making myself proud looking forward. Don't not looking back So, yeah What are you a new job? Um, I don't I don't care. I don't care. I just want to say job Daily income and like something to wake up for in the morning and go out to work come home Just that just routine normality. Nice. Nice company really. Yeah, they're amazing people amazing people They've got hearts of gold So, yeah, it's amazing. It's amazing what they do amazing. Yeah. Yeah, basically basically, yeah If you want to see more great content all over the world, please like the video Oh The issue of homelessness in England is becoming increasingly serious Real estate prices in london continue to rise in a city, which is already one of the most expensive in which to live in the world Meanwhile, the income of ordinary people and social welfare benefits have not kept pace Moreover the availability of affordable housing for low income people has decreased And the organizations which provide accommodation are facing budget cuts The policy of reducing housing welfare payments for people aged 18 to 25 Has resulted in rising numbers of new homeless Especially among the young and female population Individually they have stories of facing domestic violence Experiencing failures in life struggling with drug problems and dealing with other personal challenges I don't really I don't know. I don't know why there's more homeless women now than there was back then We've seen regular females that Decided to to to be street homeless or new females, but They help they want to they want to get move on from from street homelessness And find accommodation relatively quickly so they're more motivated because they recognize themselves as more vulnerable on the streets Than men would feel obviously things like substance abuse is a major issue amongst young If I was homeless, I feel vulnerable as a man I'm vulnerable out here It had been being G locked, but still But also we're seeing a lot of people who have Never really had the opportunity to have a settled life So they've been looked after by the local authority. Perhaps we have people who have been abuse victims as children And so very often people just haven't had that stability that we all need when we're growing up Sociologists have discovered that the number of homeless people varies based on urban development The more developed a city becomes the greater the number of homeless tends to be The rapid increase in the homeless population has driven the british government to allocate a budget exceeding a billion pounds to tackle this issue Nevertheless simply offering shelters and distributing food Will not resolve the problem of homelessness It is a complex problem on the streets and in the shadows There are those who have both unwillingly and intentionally become homeless 10 out of a 10 going on the Spotify playlist Dramatic That's it. All right. See y'all don't leave like comment subscribe turn on the post Let me know what you think of this entire situation. I'll just play let me know what you think man Is this cap?


to why in the morning if it's Tuesday you know how we do it's entrepreneurship Tuesday a Y254 channel is where you can find us across all our social media handles at Michelle Ashira is where you can find me across all my social in this particular session we dive into an interview that looks at the art of business branding or but I had the branding of your own business because it's the most important investment that you can actually take on especially if you're starting off in a business even if you have a well-established business it's something that you continuously you know rebrand change a few things here and there so in studio I am joined by Edwin Washira who is the co-founder of space rock designs he'll be talking to us all about matters pertaining interior design and deco and you'll be majoring on matters pertaining the art of branding so make sure you stay tuned remember at Y254 channel is where you can find us across all our social media handles at Michelle Ashira is where you can find me across all my social Edwin yes happy Tuesday thank you how are you I'm fine Karibusana so take us through what is like expected of us if we come to space rock design what is there for us to see what happens at space rock designs thank you Michelle for having me here you're much very much welcome as anti so space rock design is a small business I would say small because you are aiming to be to go far absolutely and majorly we deal with the interior designs from design from installation and so on and major we major on windows that is in interior designs offering services like cutting rods installation of cutting short furnishing widow brides and so on so space rock design is a small business called by two young passionate designers one is an interior designer there the other is a marketing or a branding designer that is graphic designer that is what you normally offer so we normally measure on how we can combine the ideas of interior designer and graphic designer to come up with that something interesting in our offices and in our homes you've touched on now what the business does and definitely the marketing aspect of it but for someone who's watching this and they wonder what is the difference between interior design and interior deco exactly majorly on interior design it is from the idea you come up with idea exactly after now the house is done or the office is done we come up with that we come and share the ideas with you with the clients and you see what can be done there that's where they come now after you decide we plan the idea now they come afterward so they who is all about creating this beautiful place exactly and design is all about you know as you said idea partitioning and everything so there's one need what sort of educational background does one need to be an interior designer one has to get to have a background idea of the information of the interior design that is there's a course by name of interior design which is offered a major in our area in our town they are there and with that background you can be able to manage or to get an away on how to get ideas of interior deco or interior design so basically as you know my senior designers because in interior there are so many way one can define himself or herself but from the background with a background of interior design you call yourself a designer and that's where as special designs we are okay so for one to be a designer interior designer one has to be licensed and recognized but for want to be an interior decorator you just have to be passionate about the whole process of creating beautiful spaces yes okay in our country maybe you are not yet there but that should be the way we have to get away like we know even the engineers have to be licensed but now when you offer interior design you have to cover the background information because it's too bad when someone go and give a long information or misguide the client on how to do his planning for home for offices and so on yes it's not good it's not good okay so what is your role when it comes to the company which is space rock design being in special design for the last three years I've been there to help in building the blood I would say so and that's come from my background where major I majored in graphic design and printing and later we went to branding so in special design I'm there to help build the brand and Brad building a brad is not a one-day event so it's a process so we normally come they come up with idea we share idea with a few friends who are creative I who are in creative fields and we help build the brand that is basically what I would say so from coming coming up with a website coming up with a social media platform coming up with the e advertisement and so on so you had the marketing department exactly all right so how long does it take to build a brand when it looks sad for someone who's looking at this conversation and they're wondering probably then the stage of starting a business or actually even rebranding so how long does it take to build a brand like I've said it's not a one-day event and I would say to take it takes a lifetime it's a lifetime process because I'm always happy when I see even a big companies making their brand or renewing their brand every day every day every day and that's why we all you have to strive every day as a company even if you are well-branded or our offices are well-branded you have to keep or to keep learning more on how we can brand more so it's not a one-day event it's not a stage when maybe you're growing but even when at matured stage a company has to keep on branding you have to go back to the drawing board exactly okay so for someone because I believe like for want to get into branding if you want to brand your company you have to you want to create a certain image for your own company so how do you as a marketer as person who has done this for a couple of years what are your major tips when it comes to just creating a brand which has a favorable image for potential clients probably could give us a few tips okay first you have to understand the the current market or the target market let me say so so you have to understand if you're targeting young people you have to go with something or you have to brand something that will attract the young people your if you're targeting a certain people maybe like now how you understand this middle class there and the other class you have to know what exactly to offer when you are marketing so that the the main target can be able to or can be can be pulled closer to you so that is one of the main tip then on the other thing you have to know the product that you're offering you have to understand your product where all your services where and also you have to know like a company you have to know about your competitors let me say so you have to get those tips and see how your competitors are doing and you try to not to beat them or to fight them but to offer something unique from them so whenever you're marketing whether through a card or advertisement whether through social platform whether through in a form you have to make a way to get sure that your product or your services is being sold better than your competitor still on that aspect of products and services yes now probably if I'm selling product or even services coming up with different rate card for my services and also pricing for my products so how do I determine the what of my brand determine the word you tell by maybe the what comes from there and before that you have to know after your target after you have reached your target how is the response so one is one one way and then the other way to maybe to to know about your brand is to see maybe after your burden is there any response that is coming from the the customers or the so on and also you have to keep on maybe your brand has to be something that is interesting to everyone yes all right take me through back let me take you back to the company okay space rock I would like to find out what is your niche in the market so that even though we are still having this conversation so that we can know how you're breaking through into this competitive market when it comes to your design yes as I would say it's about uniqueness how you offer services how you how we sell our product from the what go I remember back then when we are starting as a side also we used to just to apply just to sell something or to make a sale but after they realized we have a big plan to grow and to become a big brand probably maybe over there in the whole world that is our dream and when you are selling a product our uniqueness is to give the best product from the time we meet our client when you are sharing with them the ideas that you want to offer we start by giving them the best from their houses we analyze the houses we check on their rooms we check on their likes what they like most from the colors and so on and that's what we normally offer so our uniqueness is how we approaches so we approach people differently our client differently I always say they are different type of let me say interior designers there are different type of people who sell let me say like an example cuttings there are people who are suppliers and then they are designers who are us so when you are selling the suppliers just sell the product as we try to give something that you'll be looking the next ten years and you're happy that you got the best but you're not just making the sale for you just to get the product of me just to make the sale even when you offer in the services like when you are doing our widows when you do our vertical braids for the offices make sure it give you something that in the next ten years we relate why this was done so from from the bridge that you offer someone can understand there was an aspect of understanding the theme of the company understanding the the corporate them and so on from for the cutting rods we make sure that you give that some that is of good finish today there are so many things the product especially in our market some are just too maybe they will not last for more than a year but the product we strive to offer or the surface is it is safe to offer is something that will stay for years okay what I'm hearing is that you're speaking about quality and number two that you're putting your clients desires into heart when we're just coming up with these different plants of their spaces yes okay take us through when it comes to marketing and I own a business and I've you know set aside what I'm bringing to the table the market gap the niche so where should I majorly focus on when it comes to marketing especially especially during the early stages of my business maybe it's a business startup yes so where should I focus majorly on when it comes to marketing in order to attract new clients and also retain the existing ones exactly first marketing is wide and I always tell all our partners business first of all the best marketing strategy is to offer the product the best product that is number one okay then the second one is when you offer the best product how do you relate to the client that you are giving the service so majorly is good to offer an after sale service that will make sure that after you leave to that client he or she is a happy person and that person will definitely refer you to the other person so that is one of the strategy before even you go to how to reach many people first of all the one that you have whether you are I remember first first say rose to our self we made our say to our self so we had to do our installation in our own home so and we paid our self so from us what we offered to our self we were happy and you are sure that when whoever you visit our place we like that that product and that is number one when you offer a good quality product then number two when the customer is happy and get referral is now how you approach you are and talk about the after sale after sale is after you have done the sale you have finished with that client as we try to engage our client even afterward to say thank you and so on and also to get feedback yeah exactly to get their feedback that is always our number one process that you normally try to get you get there they have feedback then from there after now you get the referrals how you had the other client so after add you our marketing strategy or how I can maybe help the other person we are starting is always to show what you had offered this hour a very unique way today if you're offering an installation you show an after and after and before and after what how the place was before and after your installation that is a very very very number one let me say number one way to market yourself people has to see what exactly you do and always a new starter always tell him or her to always be persistent never get tired to tell people what you do every year you go I remember us everywhere even after you go to church after you are stepping out to make sure one or two people knows what you do in your social media make sure everyone understand what you are yes the word of mouth then from there you reach out to all your friends your colleagues wherever you are working your family members that is always a good way to market yourself when once you grow people will be coming to you will not be there to reach out to them but people will be coming because of how you have been persistent also you have to learn to be very patient you cannot make a sale in a maybe after our first advertisement maybe we need to make advertisement for the whole of the year one year before make one sale so you have to be very patient a new starter you have to be very patient that one I have to repeat and how is the business during the first year because you guys have been there for approximately now getting to four four years so how was the business during the first year in first year I was very tough let me see so I remember I remember I remember even during our first year our first year I remember I was working somewhere so I was not able to be there full-time and my partner was the one who was running the business you know our challenges you offer services so services need people to be there absolutely I remember one time we got a good project somewhere outside town it was in a like keep here there and it was a big house a hotel and you had to go for all the services in that house and that person was just available as my partner and I remember that period you had to move around from town to there and you remember when you're starting there are so many challenges and now you are somehow disappointed because he never managed to offer the way the best product that was supposed to be and our project project for from our rates we say it was not very successful but from that we learned a lot we learned from our mistake from that and that is what has helped us even from the the projects that are followed so every time you have to understand that there are mistakes that come when you're in business they are failures there are some time you fall down but you have to learn always to to to stand up and make another step there's no feeling it's actually learning exactly so what would be your advice for someone who has started a business and it's not doing well things are very tough and like they had this mentality after I registered my business I'm in operation I'll be you know my sales will be skyrocketing everything will be just so good on my side so I'll be advice for that person who is at the verge of just giving up exactly to everyone who is starting this one is to you that it's never easy in a business it takes courage it takes someone to be very patient it takes someone to be very persistent so even if the business is not working how you expected you have to learn maybe to make another step you have to learn from those mistakes and redefine yourself see how you check but look back and see how you can at least strategize yourself see whoever the mistake maybe your mistake was how maybe you offered the product or you offered the service see on how maybe you can prove your product see how you can reach out to your clients in a unique way and definitely whenever you give your best you always get best resort so and finally in business don't maybe look on how to make money that one I always tell people look on how you are going to be a brad look on how you are going to empower the people yeah and solving problems exactly make sure you empower everyone whoever is on your side whoever you are working with look on how you can strengthen your team the team you are working with maybe you ever sometimes you normally think that our team it's a very big team like a large working working team but whether you are to or you are really that is enough team to empower each other so you have to strive to empower each other and is the time whereby if you are the you are the founder you are the accountant you are the HR and also you are the person to go for installation and so on basis you do everything at this particular point so I'm one person who advocates for business startups so I'll still stick on ties who are starting off in their businesses and for someone who's starting off in their business and they're looking at branding and how can they brand on you know reasonable budget exactly it all it always starts small but they branding sometime we always did maybe it's a big billboards we see on our roots but having a small business card or a small e-card with the flyer with all the details of what you offer is enough for the starters then a very unique way is to brand through a social platform you can just do a naked and post there make sure your your every day someone's get to know what you are offering so for starters don't just think that you big a branding is a big something you see on our road or you seem vehicles branded but that's more than you can brand yourself with is very enough make sure someone if you have a business by the you have a registered name of you have a business name make sure everyone is getting to get that name every time whenever you once one wake up get to see your name that is for us I would say that is what you have been doing every morning you have to make sure when someone's get to Facebook when someone's get to Instagram when someone's get to Twitter has to get our names there in the morning when you speak about just branding on a budget yes most people go for social media which is an amazing platform apart from that well I like what you've mentioned which is the business card I believe most of us especially young people we we don't really think on that yes aspect of just having business cards we think business cards in quotes they're supposed to be for you know big business owners well established businesses but the fact that you've brought it up it's very very important so when looking at when it comes to interior design I learn when you're having this conversation you guys were here also we're differentiating between interior design and interior decor yes and one thing that's just called my attention is the fact that you out here we might meet people who claim to be interior designers and interior decorators how can we ensure that we don't get scammed and we actually get to work with the credible company or individuals yes first of all for interior designers like like you said there's a difference between design and decor from the words you can understand this design and decor design is actually coming up with an idea yes yeah so we you sit down and you draw you come up with a design of exactly what is expected and deco is now the final resort yes and most of the interior designers or rather interior designers should be professionals so they have to be the people who are disturbed the actual thing that is now let me just use an example of the house these are the people who can come in and study the room study the house and see what is supposed to be put here then when you come to deco now deco are the actual things is an implemented implementation of what was designs before so the people who do deco or people who do the final thing I don't want to say that they are not profession but there is not necessary that they have to be from a certain field of that interior design but interior designers have to get there the field have to be well prepared or well maintained with the interior designs services all right take us through couple as you wind up take us to some of the challenges that comes with this particular space of business there's so many challenges number one is especially in your planning because you have to understand the ideas that can't have so many at the time that you find the ideas that you have are not the actual idea that the current is having so those are one of the major challenges that you face because you have to convince or we try to work well with a client to be able to understand the idea that you are trying to come up with then the other challenges now the actual thing when implementing our market today we have to get the like now we work with the uniqueness I don't want to come and do a design in your house the same that I did for another house so you have to come up with something unique so even the product that I market you have to get very unique product but you can see some charges are there so you find the the same fabric that were there 10 years ago as to the ones that are here do you feel like your client or potential clients people were watching this if they ever go for consultation in a design firm interior design firm and they go all your advice for them before they get into should they have like a specific something they want to help you guys or yes sometime we like that when someone's come with an idea first then we can sit down and share the ideas together we share views together so from from your idea we can see the ones that can work the ones that cannot so my advice is it's good even if your client maybe don't have a background it's good to get an idea of your house to know like preference of what you want like colors or the furniture that maybe you may prefer then we can come and sit with you and see which are okay with you which are maybe it may not be fitting also back to the offices where maybe sometime you forget because our interior designers stay in the offices we always like when there's something a company or maybe a business has that is an idea so once when we come and share with you we always feel good when before you had an idea like now maybe you want to partition your office you have to know maybe I want a reception area I want to have a manager desk I want to all those idea you just get the ideas then as you come and sit down and now come with the and come up with a blueprint exactly okay so what a couple of mistakes that you have seen when it comes to branding that probably people should look out for especially on branding sometime we forget to set up product well there are so many way you have seen our branding and they fail because like I said when you are doing branding you have to know your target market so whatever your branding whether it's something to something to do with the maybe clothing or any business you have to know where how you are you reach out the target market so so many mistakes are done when you are doing marketing or you are doing branding sometime it's because people are not aware of their product so I always tell people to study the product even if you are person who is doing branding and you have been given a business by someone or a business outside there stay and study their business ten start what they offer and try to study it exactly so whatever you're offering it can relate to whatever you are firing yes okay because it's funny enough it's actually transmit because if you're not as much as involved in the business then we comes to marketing and branding when it comes to just you know putting out the message out that wouldn't be the same yes you have to be involved in fact I like when I see a business where there is someone who is on maybe PR who is there to sell the product so you have to get someone who study or who understand the operations of their business so when you are doing the final branding you can be able to offer exactly what is supposed to be offered but when you just rush somewhere give someone a job to do branding someone who is not even aware of what you're offering may be a bit difficult and may come up with some mistakes all right yes where does the future look like when it comes to the company I don't give a time frame but you can give us your time frame so what does the vision look like our dream you have been working on five years let me say not the specific strategic plan but our idea was to in the five in a period of five years of this time we are growing we want to see a business which has changed made of many people especially in our homes we want to see a business which is offering offering some solution for some things we've seen our houses so our future is to try and convince people to work on their homes many times they forget to work on their homes so that is the future that you are working on then you are looking on a future where a business that can empower young people basically I say young people because our field or the interior design business is wide it's a business that is calling almost all careers or professions because this is a business that will call electrician this a business that will call painters this a business that will call carpenters and so on so we are looking on a business on a business that will empower all those people especially those who are trying to come up and it's a business that I believe and I pray that is will come to offer back to the society because all the materials that you use is a business there is a business that getting from a local market so we believe that in our in the in future our business will be given back to the society creating job opportunities creating all job opportunities and so on so how can people find across all social media handles if they want to reach out to you to have you know this conversation or even be potential clients yes so we are on Facebook we are on Instagram we are on Twitter by name space rock designs we have our website that is www.spacerock.co.ke and we have a phone number business number okay and that is 0719 874818 and the other one is 0731 491 292 all right thank you very much Edwin Washera for creating time to be with us talking about the art of business branding all right so that is Edwin Washera co-founder of space rock designs we were having a conversation about the art of business branding so make sure you stay tuned we have so much coming your way right here on why in the morning on entrepreneurship Tuesday so make sure you head on to all our social media handles that is at why too far for a channel at Michelle Ashera is where you can find me across all my socials so make sure you don't touch that die I will be right back with so much more right here on why in the morning


Felly mae'n blygu ychydig. Felly mae'n blygu'n gweithio'n cyffredinol newydd yma, ac mae'n gweithio'r ysgrifennu. Felly rydych chi'n rwy'n bwysig, Professor Richard Black. Maen nhw i ddweud eich cyflawn i Gaerthog. Felly mae hefyd wedi cael ei wneud i'r ddechrau. Mae'n ddweud eich cyflawn i'r ddechrau, a bydd yn edrych i'r ddod yn ddod i'r ddod i'i gweithio, ddim chen gwybod eu bod yw'r gwaith. I gwybod bod yna'r gwaith o'r artist yn Richard yw'r geograffiddio gyda'r rhaglen. Mae'r gwneud yw'r lleig yw hwnnw yn geograffydd gwybod yw Oxford, i gyfweld y PHD gyda'r roi Hulweysau. Mae'r gwneud yn Yn Llywodraeth, ac mae'n gweithio'r colegrach yn Yng Nghymru yn 1989 a 95. Ond mae'n gyntaf oedd yn ysysig yma. Felly mae'n gyntaf yn 1995 ac yn gyntaf o'r profesor yma, yng Nghymru ar y ddesig 2003. Richard head of the Sussex Centre for Migration Research which over the last decade has produced extremely important research reports on a number of issues and not only that but trained a number of numerous practitioners and other academics who've come from that centre. Between 2003 and 2009 he was the director of the Development Research Centre for Migration Globalisation and Poverty which had diffid funding and very much what those research projects were about was looking at migration from a different perspective, really moving away from migration as maybe being the result of under development to looking to how migration is actually much more complex and also works as an engine to get people out of poverty. So it was research which was undertaken in order to try and make migration as beneficial as possible for those of the poorest in society. Richard then went on to become head of the School of Global Studies, it always sounds to me like you've been made supreme ruler of the universe when people say that title, Global Studies, which was established at Sussex in 2009. Professor Black's research focuses not only on international migration but forced migration and post-conflict return as well as the related social and economic and environmental transformations. One of the most interesting areas he's been researching recently is to look at the environmental impact and what happens to migration patterns in those circumstances and that's led to a number of important recent publications. He was also editor of the General Refugee Studies from 1994 to 2009 as well as part of a EU funded project on migration from Africa to Europe which he did between 2009 and 2012 so he's no slouch on you, Pro-Director, and I'm sure he's going to bring some of that energy to so-as. But from 2012 he's been heading the project Migrating Out of Poverty which is a research consortium which includes universities from South Africa, Kenya, Ghana, Bangladesh and Singapore and he's also won many awards including the Royal Geographical Society's Back Award for Contributions to Public Policy and in 2012 Richard was elected at an addition of the Royal Academy of Social Sciences, I can't speak, sorry, just excuse me, I'm going to take a breath and start again, the Academy of Social Sciences, there, I got it out. So you can see by looking at his body of work that Richard is in a part of an important group of scholars who have helped establish migration studies in the UK and also been a significant voice in migration policy in the UK and beyond and actually looking at his body of work I thought it really exemplifies how far migration research has come in the last two decades. You know we're now used to analysing things in much more complex terms which I think why things like David Cameron's intervention is so frustrating because it suggests two things to me, in a way we've come a long way we understand migration in much more complex ways than we did before but there's still maybe an ongoing gap that is a problem for migration researchers between what we talk about in universities and policy initiatives and the very narrow binary narratives which still dominate public debates which are often centred on very simplistic arguments and I think we're all aware and worry about how maybe we can transform that relationship between what's happening in the academy and what's happening at ground level. So in relation to what Richard is addressing tonight, the moment he's conducting research on immigrant integration in the UK particularly relating to recent Eastern European migration and also African migration to this country which I think is what you're talking about roughly, I was interested to see that in his abstract Professor Black has diaspora in inverted governance, I'm not really sure what that refers to but also the other thing I thought we had an email exchange about which of two talks he was going to do and the first one which you actually said was your preference was based much more on modelling but Richard was worried that it would not be suitable for a cell as audience so I don't know what that says about us but we're made of stern stuff I think we can take it. So the title of Richard's talk tonight is Superdiversity and Supermobility. Is there an order to migration and what he's going to be looking at is this what's been becoming apparent more and more in the last couple of decades which is that forms of migration are becoming increasingly diverse and increasing in numbers and on the other hand borders are increasingly being closed down. So what happens in that situation because migration doesn't stop, it takes other forms and it develops in new ways. So I think that's what Richard will be talking tonight and especially how migration flows are connected to local conditions and dictated in large part by local job markets but also local policies towards immigration control. So I will hand over to Richard now. He'll be talking to us in about 50 minutes and then we'll have a question and answer session afterwards. Thank you. OK, well thank you Paru for those very kind words and I'd like to start with a couple of apologies and the first apology is that I'm not going to talk about migration and development nor indeed am I going to talk about migration and environment. They're both topics on which I have done quite a lot of work and which I'm very interested but I felt challenged to try and address the diaspora issue as I'm speaking to a centre for migration and diaspora studies and there's no particular meaning to putting diaspora in parentheses. So linked to that, a second apology, is that this is very much an experimental talk. As Paru said, I suggested two possible talks, the one that was my preference. I'm actually glad in a way that I didn't do that because that was a modelling heavy presentation that I do want to do as my work has started moving a little bit more towards modelling and you'll be pleased to know there is a logistic regression model in what I have to tell you tonight but only one. So it's a little bit experimental and so I apologise in advance if I either go really short in terms of the amount of time that it takes to get through this talk or indeed end up rushing at the end because I haven't given this talk ever before and I'm working a little bit on exactly how long it's going to last and then the final apology I wanted to make is to my colleagues who've been working with me on this, as the head of a school and dean of a faculty as the equivalent here or a pro director, the time available to actually do research of course gets whittled away at all ends and it is some time since I have personally been in the field talking to migrants which is something that I both like to do and think is crucially important if you are going to talk about a subject that you have some connection with the subjects themselves but inevitably my work over the last few years has moved into more collaborative projects. I found that quite an exciting thing to do too indeed collaborating with people who think about the world in completely different ways to me including economic and climate models who are some of the people that I've been working with recently but I do need to apologise to them because what I present that is essentially the outcome of our joint work and in some cases really their work I may not present it entirely the way that they would do. The people I should give a name check to are first of all my colleagues in the MAFE project, the Migration from Africa to Europe project which is a collaborative European project co-ordinated by the National Demographic Studies Institute in Paris involving a number of different European and African institutions over the last four years which is a project that actually has only recently come to an end and on which we are still publishing and that's one of the reasons why it's very much in my mind one of my tasks last week in this when I was not thinking about the REF which incidentally is submitted. Yay, submitted, was to try and progress a paper on what explains migration from Ghana that we're hoping to send off fairly soon and some of that is in here and the second group of people that I want to give a name check to is some of my absolutely brilliant PhD students that I've had the privilege of working with over the last few years at Sussex who have taken an amazingly diverse set of approaches to migration which I have struggled to keep up with in many respects. So the people whose work I'm going to feature in this talk include Fran Meister who's now working at the European University Institute who's done some different kind of modelling of the homophily, homophily of social networks, we'll get to that at the end, Prosper Oesema who's now at the Centre for Migration Studies in Ghana as well as still working for the Ghanaian Government which is what he was doing before he did his PhD whose work was on gender and migration amongst Ghanaians in the UK and back in Ghana and David Rubyan-Ling who's just finished his PhD although it's yet to be vivid on Sierra Leone and Diaspora communities again in London and back in Sierra Leone. So what I'm going to try and do in this presentation is to set out some ideas that is based on this diverse set of work and try and draw some connections between them in particular in relation to two bodies of literature that I think are developing at the moment which I'm interested in, one on supermobility and the other on superdiversity and I hope although I hadn't actually read David Cameron's comments this morning I try not to read David Cameron's comments actually but I hope that what I have to say will have some relevance to the current debates about immigration in the UK because I think that there is actually a genuine concern not limited to sections of the Conservative Party but actually more widespread in UK society including various fractions of UK society that maybe migration is somehow getting out of control and notions like superdiversity and supermobility can be read in a positive way but they can also be read in a negative way the impression that if things are getting so complex that maybe that complexity means that they are beyond understanding and in that sense beyond our control and therefore constitute a worry in terms of public policy and the future of society and I want to try and address that by asking the question of whether there is still some order to migration in the world and particular migration from Africa to Europe and from other places to the UK whether this is a manageable thing or not so that's broadly speaking what I want to try and do let me see if I can do it so let me start with what do I mean by superdiversity and supermobility and why should they be connected I mean at one level of course you can't live in London without hearing about and seeing its growing diversity Harry said that a number of years back I was a student in London and I also worked in London at the beginning of my academic career and at that time I lived in Hackney I think probably still the most diverse borough in London at that time there were already over 100 languages spoken in Hackney and the council had to deal with in terms of translation services in order to service its very diverse population and that was 20 years ago and even at that time London of course was a hub for diverse world music cultural and artistic events just as it is today and I don't know if any of you went to hear Manu de Bango at the Barbican last night and I was hoping that I was going to go but unfortunately didn't of course London is a vibrant diverse interesting city but the argument about superdiversity is that there is something new about this diversity or at least an increasing recognition that diversity itself is multi-dimensional so superdiversity is not just about there being lots of different cultures and languages in London it is something more than that and of course it's the anthropologist Steve Wertevech who's tried to theorise this as superdiversity not just diversity based on ethnic or national origin but also on diversity of religions, diversity of migrant trajectories diversity of legal statuses, diversity of workplaces indeed also diversity in the workplace and if true that's important because we tend to think of diversity primarily I would say in terms of ethnicity or national origin or at most in religious terms yet this does not encompass, at least according to Steve does not encompass the full nature of actual and potential cleavages in current society in the UK so that's superdiversity I'll come back to it a little bit more detail in a bit but what about supermobility and why talk about these two phenomena together well in some senses I suppose you could argue that the flip side of superdiversity is supermobility it's not just that people in some places particularly the big global cities like London, New York, Toronto have come there from a variety of other places through various routes but also an argument that migration itself has become more diverse with people less tied to one particular place now of course the notion that people are less tied to one particular place is also associated at least in part with another concept that Steve Vertebec was prominent in championing a decade or so ago the concept of transnationalism which I'm sure will be familiar to all of you this is the notion that people's social, economic and political worlds increasingly transcend national borders indeed we might say that Steve's observations on superdiversity derive from his and others observations on transnationalism a few years earlier on which now there is of course a very big literature yet it seems that there is something more going on here transnationalism, interesting as that literature is I would say very often still refers to individuals who might previously have moved say from Mexico to the US or from Turkey to Germany along one of those migration corridors that we're familiar with who are now living transnational lives that involve living in Mexico and the US simultaneously whether physically or emotionally perhaps also somewhere else at the same time but that much of that literature doesn't actually involve the diversification of places in which people are living it's more a transcending the national boundaries but along the traditional migration routes and yet even 20 years ago before the transnationalism literature became popular in the UK Nick Van here from Oxford's Compass Centre on Migration observed back in the 1990s that Ghanaian migrants just to take one example were already spread across nearly 50 nations diversifying from Britain and then Germany and in Ghana people who live in the diaspora are sometimes called hamburgers because of the prominence of Ghanaians living in Hamburg something I didn't know until I started working in Ghana but then also various neighbouring countries indeed of course Ghanaians had been moving to Nigeria and other neighbouring countries alongside moving to Britain and Germany but also to many other countries and continents including certainly North America but also South Africa and the Middle East and more recently China so we might ask in this context as places become more diverse do individuals' trajectories also become more diverse so that the aggregate set of migration trajectories become more complex and can we perhaps call that supermobility moving on one slide and the world according to the economist the question is if migration is more diverse and migrants are more diverse if traditional migration corridors like South Asia or Ireland to the UK or Morocco to France or Turkey to Germany or Mexico to the US are no longer sufficient to characterise typical migration you'll see the economist already has many other migration systems in its graphical display and I would say that that doesn't begin to encompass the complexity of migration flows that we currently have in the world then is what we are left with simply complex lacking order, a form of entropy or can we identify new patterns and trends that are amenable to explanation and in addition there's the related question what are the consequences of these super diverse or super mobile patterns for source and destination areas and that's what I want to try and address in the context of both quantitative and qualitative evidence and I've already mentioned the collaborations in particular the MAFE survey the MAFE project a logo down here at the bottom funded by the European Union this is new survey material from a retrospective longitudinal survey of African migration from three countries Ghana, Senegal and the Democratic Republic of Congo in fact it's from five cities in those three countries I'll come on to that in a moment to six European destinations that's Britain, the Netherlands France, Belgium, Spain and Italy this project gives us a much clearer picture on how African migration to Europe has changed over time and what is driving both migration itself and the way that it is changing now it is just one survey a form of evidence needs to be understood in the context of other evidence but I think it's a very interesting survey I'm happy to talk more about the nature of the survey in particular our way of achieving a longitudinal survey through retrospective interviewing which is a technique that is open to some criticism indeed is quite heavily criticised by some but not all of my colleagues in economics another discipline that appreciates the value of longitudinal surveys but it's one way at getting at change over time and one way of producing data on migration that otherwise frankly in terms of micro data on migration is sadly lacking and as a consequence our understanding is inhibited by the lack of that data now I'm going to try and compliment that with three detailed cases by three of my Sussex based PhD students one on the social networks of Pacific Islanders Tongans, Vigeons, also some Maori's from New Zealand living in London and Toronto that's Fran, Meisner another on the gender relations of Garnayans living in London and back in Accra that's Prosper and the third on what we might call diasporic engagement by Sierra Leoneans living in London also informed by a period of field work in Freetown and that's David these case studies have actually used techniques that have ranged from multi-sided ethnography through to more formal interviewing and also in Fran's case to network analysis which I'll speak a little bit more about towards the end of the lecture when I get to her heat maps of homophily so the lecture at a glance I realise I've already spoken for quite a bit of time but here's what I'm planning to do I'm going to ask what is the nature of contemporary superdiversity and supermobility with specific mention of London and Toronto as destinations and West Africa and the Pacific Islands as origins I'm going to ask, try to give you some answers indeed on how African migration at least to Europe has changed over the last 30 years and what might explain those changes whether we are looking at a diversification or not, how we should understand that does new African migration is it simply more diverse or does it have patterns and if it has patterns what are those patterns and then also move to the question of whether mobility propagates diversity or are there ways in which diversity is held in check by mobility are there patterns in diversity and looking specifically at the Pacific Islanders case what are they and how might this tell us about patterns in diversity more generally as I say it is a experimental lecture I don't know if I'll answer all of those questions but I'm going to give it a go and I'll try and conclude by reflecting on what might be important ways of moving forward. So let me come back to the question of what is the nature of contemporary diversity I've already talked about Steve Wertebec and in his 2007 seminal paper Steve argued that new migration is super diverse because new migrants are diverse across a range of variables including ethnicity, immigration status rights and entitlements labour market experiences gender and age profiles and patterns of spatial distribution and it's a lot of forms of diversity and the idea is that this has led to new smaller and less organised legally differentiated and non-citizen immigrant groups that actually challenges the prevailing framework of multiculturalism which tends to assume ethnic cultures as the key dividing lines in society and this notion that Steve has put forward has generated frankly a lot of interest and not simply interest within the discipline of anthropology that Steve comes from for example there is now a growing literature in sociolinguistics a few that we do here at PSOAS of course where the study of linguistic diversity shows that named languages are perhaps becoming denaturalised and that multilingualism for some is becoming the norm in other words the predictability of socio-cultural again the predictability of the socio-cultural features of the category migrant are disappearing migration might have less salience as a explanatory factor in understanding what is happening to society or indeed completely contrasting work in sociology that is focused on for example the internet as a space of superdiversity whether the internet is taking us beyond citizenship in a different way to something that we might call netizenship actually I hate that word I hope nobody picks that literature up but the point here is that in addressing diversity we need not just to address ethnic diversity but multiple and overlapping diversities having said that and as a broad sweep it strikes me that whilst this might exist probably does exist in cities like London perhaps also Brussels Amsterdam a few others I do wonder whether this is really an emerging global phenomenon to be super diverse for sure London has multiple origins of migrants, multiple routes of entry, multiple waves of entry, migrants coming with different skill levels, different languages, different religions the conditions for superdiversity are perhaps there in London but if we look at the other example that we have for example in France study which I know a little bit about from visiting and having another student work on Toronto perhaps in Toronto even in modern Toronto what we are talking about is still much more classic ethnic diversity and indeed notwithstanding Soes's studies of multilingualism in Africa which of course is not a new phenomenon at all there seems to be a lack of examples of multi superdiversity in Africa and indeed in much of Asia and the Middle East I pose the question can we think of Singapore or Johannesburg or Dubai as super diverse cities in the way that Steve outlines One of the problems I suppose is that we have not really had the studies that would investigate that and it's also true I think to say that although there has been a lot of interest in the concept of superdiversity much of the work that has tried to pick up that label and that idea has still fundamentally focused on cultural ethnic or national diversity and struggled to cope with those multiple different forms of diversity Indeed I am not sure that those studies also are able to transcend the binary migration corridors that we are familiar with and that I have mentioned earlier in the lecture Reflecting on superdiversity it strikes me that superdiversity is an interesting notion something that is worth exploring but something that we are only at the beginning of exploring and that is far from becoming a global phenomenon If we turn to super mobility just to say a little bit more about this should we be celebrating super mobility as well or should we perhaps be worried Super mobility of course is a concept that is not caught on in quite the same way in the migration and diaspora studies literature as superdiversity it has It was first coined I think by Dhanis Riscandaraja Jill Rutter and Maria Latori in a paper for the Institute of Public Policy Research a few years ago and actually it's not so much the concept that I suggested migration becoming more diverse it's actually the notion that people are moving to increasingly diverse sorry it's not that people are moving to increasingly diverse locations in diverse ways which is what would be the flip side of superdiversity rather in the IPPR study it's about people being less interested in citizenship in the places that they move to So the IPPR report which was titled Beyond Naturalization Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility published in 2008 Danny I love Danny to bits he's a great guy for a grand statement which of course is important but not always completely accurate they argued that fewer people are interested to take up British citizenship but that's actually in some respects quite a narrow claim and not necessarily a claim that is borne out by the evidence of growing populations of British citizens naturalized British citizens living in other parts of the world indeed it strikes me that British citizenship is as popular as ever there is no move beyond the notion of citizenship albeit that there is a move beyond the notion that citizenship needs to be enjoyed by living in the country that has provided you with citizenship So I think that Superdiver Supermobility sorry is a concept that has some legs but not necessarily in the context that it was originally coined Indeed it's been picked up by quite a number of recent studies of immigration to the UK but primarily studies of Polish and other Eastern European immigration to the UK to explore for example why Polish people might not want UK citizenship and how the Polish language remains a key unifying force for Polish people who are increasingly mobile but of course the Polish case is incredibly specific the Eastern European case more generally in the UK because it involves movement in what is essentially a free movement zone where citizenship does not matter you do not need British citizenship to live a life with more or less complete rights in the UK as a Polish citizen of course current changes within the Conservative party might move us away from that position but at least at the moment that is the reality of the situation now if only some places are becoming super diverse perhaps the diversity of destinations is at least affecting more places certainly there are new destinations in the world's migration systems notably places like Singapore Malaysia, Thailand Korea, Hong Kong can expect a growth of new destinations in Asia as Asian economies take off and indeed in other parts of the world as economies move ahead there have also been changes with the growth of what one of my former Sussex colleagues Mike Collier calls fragmented migration complex patterns of movement in which for example people moving from Africa to Europe apparently become stuck in places like Morocco or perhaps find that it is better to stay in places like Morocco or indeed Libya or at least at a particular moment in time that it is better to stay in those places than to move on to their original destination we also need to take into account the growing significance of south-south migration indeed internal migration which is a different thing altogether not my subject here but I would note that many poorer people are arguably trapped in these kinds of shorter distance less secure forms of migration less secure both in the sense of being more seasonal more subject to disruption over time and less guaranteed that you can continue to be a migrant but also less secure in the sense that the people who engage in those migration flows are often very vulnerable to a variety of economic and political shocks so to conclude on this I would say there have been significant changes in patterns of movements that are not free for all and many barriers to movement such as political barriers but migration is still very much challenged by the overarching system indeed a recent macro analysis by Hainder Haas at Oxford with his collaborator I've only written a surname down here which I can't even pronounce Chaika anyway a very interesting recent working paper which challenges actually the common idea that there has been a global increase in the volume diversity and geographical scope of migration although they do also note that many small island states in particular have seen increasing dispersion of their populations and that some destinations interestingly notably Europe have witnessed a greater diversity of origins from outside Europe itself and also destinations for example the shift to southern Europe becoming a destination so I want to move on and look at this in the context of Africa and what I'm going to say next draws on the MAFE longitudinal data collected retrospectively over a 30 year timescale for three African countries similar surveys are starting to become available for other countries too although not all of them like the MAFE data are ending up in the public domain hopefully such data will help us to overcome some of the problems and I haven't gone into this but I think there are some problems with the aggregate country level data analysis that Hein and his colleague have done albeit that I think that's a very interesting contribution to the debate so moving on to some of the MAFE data let's start with how has Africa migration changed over the last 30 years and what might explain that change so we can see from this slide for example that in Ghana and Senegal what we've done here is we've grouped migration across three kind of broadly speaking decade old time spans and then we've grouped it into migrations to other African destinations migrations to Europe and migrations to other destinations and we can see from this that in Ghana and Senegal the share of first migrations that are to Europe have indeed gone up from about 20% in the late 1970s and 1980s to about 50% in the 2000s in Ghana from about 30% to about 60% in Senegal but in the Democratic Republic of Congo the proportion of migration going to Europe has actually declined and in turn whilst Ghanaian migration has certainly diversified with other destinations growing the observations of Nick Van Heer a few years ago Senegalese migration has not diversified with other destinations actually declining just to note these surveys were carried out as I said in five African cities Kinshasa Acra, Dakar Kumasi and Cape Coast so what explains some of these differences what explains the nature of changing migration for the three Ghanaian cities that we surveyed over that period of time regional opportunities to migrate to Nigeria decline indeed there was a period in which Ghanaian migrants were expelled from Nigeria with political upheaval in the 1970s and for those living in Dakar and Senegal more broadly the traditional destination of Cote d'Ivoire dried up in contrast for those living in Kinshasa and especially the broader Democratic Republic of Congo big new opportunities are opened up to move to Angola and South Africa just as the predominantly asylum route to Europe was becoming more restricted what is clear though is that overall migration in all three of these African countries is increasing this graph shows the lifetime probability of migration of individuals over that 30 year period it's growing in all three countries although growing most in the country the Democratic Republic of Congo where the migrants have been able to go to other African countries yet although the Democratic Republic of Congo probability to migrate has nearly doubled the probability of that migration to being to Europe has gone from more than a half chance of it being to Europe to just 15% of new first departures being to Europe I should say all of these for each individual in the survey represent an analysis of their first migration not subsequent migrations which are of course in some sense linked to the first migrations and therefore not independent events so this is not really contributing to super diversity in Europe nor really is it evidence of super mobility the lifetime probability of even those most positioned to move in these big large cities in Africa is still quite low and even this growth in migration here needs to be interpreted carefully for example there are there's other literature that suggest that the growth in migration from Africa at the moment can be seen as a particular stage in Africa's development what there is though is a considerable amount of diversity within these movements and just to move on to look at some of this from the position of the destinations and also I would argue helps us to understand this emergence of diversity where it is as something that has meaning and explanation and not simply as some form of entropy so specifically movement to the colonial metropoles has always been and much of it remains more legal i.e. people arrive with a right to remain and more skilled in nature especially Garnayans coming to the UK and Congolese going to Belgium indeed it's worth recalling that another IPPR study a few years ago called Beyond Black and White which contributed much to public discussion of diversity showed that the most educated fractions of British society were indeed those who were born in West Africa Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone and so on in contrast the new flows the growth of migration from Africa to Europe is not a diversification of a particular flow to new destinations it's a genuinely new flow new flows that are in general more clandestine the arrival of Congolese in the UK to seek asylum or less skilled Senegalese coming to Italy or indeed also Congolese coming to UK are less skilled than the Congolese going to the Netherlands or Ghanaans coming to the UK Britain in particular has been particularly attractive for its skilled migrants because of its education sector let's not forget that students are in statistical terms at least another migrant group if we move on to another way of explaining this change and I don't know how much of this you'll be able to read but let me just quickly talk you through it the key conclusions are on the right there anyway this is a logistic regression analysis we've done to test the argument that education is a significant factor in explaining the changes in migration what this shows is that education and especially tertiary education is a key correlate of whether individuals move or not the only other really significant correlate apart from age which we know is clearly important although interestingly it's not shown as important in the regressions for Congo the only other really significant correlate is having relatives already in Europe who of course can sponsor a legal move or facilitate an illegal one and in contrast wealth shows much more patchy correlations where it is important at all those who are generally better off move in Congo those who have assets move in Senegal macroeconomic conditions on the other hand are generally not important at least we've only tested macroeconomic conditions in the country of origin and one of the things that I like to put into this regression bearing in mind that this is a multi-level regression and I'd like to add in the macroeconomic conditions in the destination my hunch would be that if we put that into the model that will show up as quite significant indeed if David Cameron ever asked me for advice on how to reduce immigration what I would probably say is if you destroy the economy immigration will probably collapse of course he's gone some way to doing that already anyway in other words across the last 30 years and at least three African countries there is little or no correlation between poverty and international migration and insofar as we have some more diversity in Britain from the arrival of greater numbers of Africans it is not because the continent is poor nor indeed does it look as the eminent economist Hatton and Williamson would argue that African migration will grow if Africa becomes less poor I've spent a lot of time probably too much time on introductions and the changing nature of African migration to Britain let me move swiftly on to some of the more qualitative evidence and the super diversity stuff is there a relationship between migration and diversity and does the experience of people being in a super diverse place lead to new and more diverse outcomes my first case study is that of David Ribbon laying in East Street Market in Warworth this asks the question what is the nature of the intergroup encounter in a super diverse market space a space that has for example Afghan grocery stores Kurdish fruit and vegetable stores Chinese medicine, Caribbean music Nigerian snack foods as well as English traders selling second hand clothes fresh fish, perfume and children's toys obviously there is much scope here for diverse encounters but what do these intergroup encounters mean for the emergence of cross cultural relationships does super diversity matter the literature actually so far on this suggests that it doesn't matter that much indeed although we might think and the home officers argued that contact between many different nationalities in such places leads to improved social cohesion actually that was the home office under the last government I'm not sure that the current home office thinks the same thing Valentine has shown in contrast how this civility in public space is often based on social expectations of politeness that don't necessarily relate to a love of distance and indeed can be a mask for more negative ambivalent feelings ranging from indifference to outright hostility indeed Armin has argued that positive encounters are limited to spaces where interaction is compulsory such as the workplace sports clubs and arts projects where there remains much less diversity in interaction and Lawrence suggests that increasing diversity can for those without strong interethnic ties already actually have adverse effects on interethnic evidence turned to David's evidence focusing on three traders in East Street Market one British one Sierra Leone and one Afghan shows how they play the diversity game but are fundamentally drawing on traditional conceptions of what it is to be British or African or Afghan and in the latter two cases selling a conception of home that is more traditional in many respects than the homeland itself the notion of Sierra Leonean in East Street Market David argues is more Sierra Leonean than Sierra Leonean in Sierra Leone understand Sierra Leonean to be if that makes sense yet there is a point of contact between them as traders and that does as Vertive X suggests override ethnic differences and indeed David found that there are other lines of connection such as religion between the Sierra Leonean and the Afghan who are both Muslim whilst on religion it's also worth noting that another part of David's work with Sierra Leonean is focused quite a lot on religious sites and religious observance where there was an interesting convergence of Christian and Islamic beliefs with a highly porous boundary between the two so some molding of cultures in a real superdiversity way although indeed I don't know if she's here but I understand this is also a feature of Janssen's work here at SOAS on chryslam in Lagos not perhaps usually viewed as a superdiverse city although of course it is a city that's had in migration from many different parts of Nigeria and Africa more broadly and in which perhaps the same processes are going on moving quickly another case study is that of Garnayans in the UK this time through a qualitative study of gender relations in a variety of sites conducted by Prosper here we're not talking about similar people from different places but dissimilar people men and women from the same place the evidence of Prosper is again that contact with new experiences and diverse groups of people does lead to change but it does not necessarily lead or really lead to a greater diversity of attitudes or to a substantial amount of cultural or social transformation so traditional Garnayan gender roles are challenged by contact with many different people and in particular by the different prospects for Garnayan men and women in the UK labour market women in the diaspora often encounter more opportunities in a super diverse city such as London but men experience disempowerment where their opportunities are narrowed somewhat and certainly their relative opportunity compared to women is much reduced but he also found that this is not experienced on the whole as an enduring change return amongst this group does not lead to a perpetuation of those changed realities once people are back in Ghana if this is true that a super diverse context does not necessarily lead to diverse views perspective actions respects the question why one way of exploring this is to look at patterns of sociality among migrants in other words how do people interact with each other and this is what Fran has tried to do in relation to Pacific Islanders and if you were confused by the translation page here goes another one Fran's thesis has tried to ask whether there are patterns in diversity which is kind of what I've been talking about and looking specifically at the Pacific Islanders case what might they be and what might this tell us about patterns in diversity more generally Fran's thesis developed from the notion that super diversity demands a move beyond ethnically focused analysis as I was saying and yet we seem often unable to move in that direction falling back on ethnic diversity by some proxy for example religion or language taking London and Toronto as the locations for her study she used personal social network analysis to look at how diverse are the networks of migrants she made a little bit more challenging as well by looking at migrants who in statistical terms are categorised as other in all statistical analyses people from the Pacific Islands and the nature of the networks in London then led her also to include New Zealand Maori's in this analysis so the graphic here shows visually the level of homophily ie sameness for a series of networks each of the columns here is a different network with a label and I don't know if I can make this work no I can't maybe I can I'll make this work it needs an internet connection this is on the the website of the institute of religious diversity in Gertingham which Steve Vertavec runs Steve and I were friends co-supervisors in this work actually this is rubbish because it just how it's supposed to be is that you move your cursor over figures come up one by one I'm going to get rid of that and go back to the presentation but anyway each of these shadings shows a level of homophily so each column is a different network centred around an interviewed migrant what it shows is that there are a proportion of networks that share the characteristics of being composed of mostly or all migrants but also others that include migrants so if you take migrants as a measure of homophily there are all of these networks have an homophily value of one in other words they are networks where everybody in the network is a migrant but there are plenty of other people who have networks where fewer and fewer people are migrants actually this is not necessarily that they're migrants this is sameness in relation to the category of migrants that they have a homophily value of one because the network is composed entirely of non-migrants but I think they're mostly entirely of migrants so the same is true for many other dimensions of diversity measured but importantly there is relatively little overlap between these networks in terms of the degree of homophily with the exception that there is some overlap between networks that included lots of people who had been in the city for similar amounts of time and networks that included lots of people of the same visa category so there is some degree of networks for example here's a network where migrants whether they're migrants how long they've been in the city and what their visa category is all the same here's another network where all three of those are the same so there is some clustering of networks that share all of those characteristics but otherwise not that much clustering of diversity across different dimensions and this is a mechanism for displaying that diversity of diversities indeed it's not the case that the longer people have been in the city the more likely networks are to include migrants and non-migrants so this analysis is more supportive of the idea of super diversity and importantly it suggests very firmly that there is not much of a relationship between diversity itself and diverse forms of mobility so let me try and sum up super diversity is a phrase that is entering the academic canon it's moved beyond its discipline of origin and it points to a process that is both distinct and arguably growing we also clearly have a world in which migration is still in place and we also have a world where we clearly have a world in which migration is still increasing as a phenomenon in other words people are becoming more mobile even if super mobile doesn't quite capture it and indeed wasn't really coined with that in mind yet it is difficult to analyse super diversity and all too easy to slip back into the analysis of ethnic diversity only or some proxy for ethnic diversity moreover when we put super diversity and growing mobility together it is all too easy to conclude that old patterns are breaking down that the world is simply getting more complex but that is not necessarily true and indeed for some that might be fine if we think of biodiversity for example as an analogy biodiversity is complex to understand but at another level profoundly simple the more diverse and complex an ecosystem the more resilience it has the more chances of adaptation to change, evolution and progress that's why we think biodiversity is in principle a good thing yet for others as I alluded to right at the start that complexity is a challenge if we look at the debate about immigration to Britain although it has in the last couple of years become genuinely poisonous for a long time there was a popular discourse not against immigration per se nor really about fears about immigrants taking our jobs or putting burdens on our healthcare I mean after all many of our doctors are immigrants rather it was a perception that it was somehow out of control a perception indeed that talk of super diversity or super mobility feeds into but my takeaway message is that we can start to understand that complexity and we should of course qualitative social sciences always look to understand complexity and still does but it's often better at challenging stereotypes than it is at providing alternative synthesising narratives what is new I think is the development of quantitative techniques and better the availability of new data longitudinal data that enables us to draw more general conclusions without having to make assumptions that are so colossal that they impede rather than aiding understanding the case studies that are highlighted include two pieces of classic albeit multi-sided qualitative research but they also include two more quantitative examples that I think are quite exciting for the future study of migration, mobility and diversity the first personal social network analysis and the associated graphical representations of network diversity of which I frankly only scratch the surface these can be applied to other more complex or dare I say more representative cases than the Pacific Islanders and Marys that were the subject of what I've talked about here and second multi-level event history analysis which holds out the prospect not just of understanding what explains migration in the first place but also and I haven't talked about this at all the extent to which migrant trajectories are changing and why and what the implications are for diverse places of destinations both are developments that I hope to be associated with in the future and I hope that you'll share at least some of my enthusiasm for thinking about them thank you for listening


Everybody's Tim McFart here at Mountain View Dodge. I just delivered this brand new 2021 sport to Leon, local business man and alls here. Leon, thank you very much for the business. I appreciate it. If we didn't have COVID, we would be able to do more of the handshakes, but we appreciate your business all the time. Very good customer bars here at Mountain View Dodge. So you know where to go, Mountain View Dodge, thanks.