Is a biochemistry major or biochemistry degree worth it? That's what we're gonna be talking about today, but before we get into that, make sure to gently tap the like button in order to defeat the evil YouTube algorithm. On this channel, we talk about college degrees, personal finance, careers, and opportunities that are gonna lead you to success. And we also go over some of the common financial traps that so many people fall for. If this sounds like something that interests you and you haven't done it already and you're new here, go ahead and hit that subscribe button and ring the notification bell so that you never miss out. With that being said, let's jump right into it. Today, we are gonna be talking about a biochemistry degree and whether it's worth it or not. So a biochemistry degree is basically gonna be the combination of biology and chemistry. Chemistry is more of a physical science that doesn't really focus on living objects, whereas biology does focus on that. And so biochemistry is going to be a chemistry but focused on living objects like humans, for instance, or cells. About 8,700 people graduate with a biochemistry degree per year. And you do have quite a few different career options when you graduate with this degree. Now, you guys know the drill in these videos. I'm gonna go over the most important sections when it comes to evaluating different types of degrees. The first section we're gonna be going over is going to be salary. With a biochemistry degree, you'll expect to make around $47,000 a year starting out and $95,000 in mid-career pay. That is relatively good, especially when it comes to the science-related degrees. Now, if you were to become a biochemist, you would make around $94,000 a year, but unfortunately most biochemists have to get a doctorate. You could also just become a chemist or material scientist and this one doesn't require a doctorate and you can make around $78,000 a year.  It is one of the more flexible degrees when it comes to the science ones. Science degrees in general are a little bit tougher to get a job, especially your first job right after graduating college. However, biochemistry is gonna be one of the better ones. You still might have a little bit of trouble getting a job, you probably want to make sure that you plan ahead, maybe do an internship or network, but overall, if you are able to get a job, the salary score is going to be relatively good. With this one, I'm gonna rate it eight out of 10 when it comes to salary. Next, we're gonna be talking about satisfaction and I always like to break this down into two important categories, which are meaning and then job satisfaction.  Now, when it comes to meaning, a biochemistry degree is going to be higher than average at about 60%. That means that 60% of the people who got a biochemistry degree when they got their job, they think that it positively contributes to the world significantly. Science-related degrees do tend to have higher levels of meaning and this one is no exception. You can see this when you compare it to art-related degrees or finance-related degrees where the meaning score tends to be relatively low. Now, if you were to become a biochemist, for instance, their meaning score is about 60%, whereas their job satisfaction score is gonna be even higher at 70%. And you see this with a lot of the other careers that you might go into when it comes to a biochemistry degree. So this degree, on average, is gonna score higher when it comes to meaning as well as job satisfaction. Now, of course, this is extremely subjective. One person might think this is awful, whereas another person might think it's a 10 out of 10. But overall, from the research that I've done, people who get science-related degrees and they actually are able to land science-related jobs do tend to be pretty satisfied and happy. For this one, I'm gonna give it a satisfaction score of eight out of 10. Next, we're going to be talking about demand. Now, demand is extremely important, especially when we're talking about science-related degrees, because a lot of the time, if you just have a bachelor's degree, you're gonna have a very hard time finding a job. Now, I will say that out of a lot of the science-related degrees, biochemistry is gonna be one of the better ones when it comes to finding a job with just a bachelor's level degree. But it's still a science-related degree, and so therefore, it might be very difficult for you to get a job, especially when it's your very first one out of college. So if you became a biochemist, for instance, there's about 34,000 jobs available right now. It's growing at 4%, which is faster than average, meaning over the next 10 years, there's gonna be around 1,400 jobs that pop up. If you became a chemist or material scientist, there's about 93,000 jobs available right now. It's growing at 5%, which is slightly faster than average, meaning over the next 10 years, there's gonna be around 4,300 new jobs. Now, considering the fact that there's about 8,400 new graduates every single year, that's okay, but it's honestly not great. And you see that science-related careers in general are growing at about 5%, which is slightly above average. So again, good but not great. It's nothing to scoff at, but at the same time, it's nothing to get excited about. Now, one test that I always like to do is to go to monster.com and then type in a keyword like biochemistry degree and see how many of the listings have that as a keyword. So for instance, about 3,800 of the job listings have biochemistry degree as a keyword. You can compare that to a really good degree like computer science, for instance, where there's 136,000 listings or a really bad degree like anthropology, where there's only about 800. So again, it's better than a bad degree, but it's not something amazing like computer science. So it is a science degree, and one of the big problems with science degrees, I mentioned this before, is the fact that many people think that they can graduate with a science degree with a bachelor's and they'll just be able to get a job. After all, science is the S in STEM, right? And all STEM degrees are great. The truth is out of the STEM related degrees, science is definitely the worst out of the four categories. A lot of the time people will get a bachelor's degree in biology or chemistry or any number of different science related degrees, and they will find that they're unable to get a job with just a four year bachelor level degree.  This happened to a really good friend of mine where she planned on going to medical school and so she got a four year biology degree, that makes sense, right? It's a pretty good pre-rec. She ended up not going to medical school and she was stuck with a bachelor's degree and she couldn't find a job. So she ended up going back to school and she eventually got her doctorate. And I've talked to everyone before on this channel about how you want to make sure to avoid graduate school unless you know exactly what you're getting yourself into. I always recommend trying to get a degree in undergrad where you can get a job with just your bachelor level degree. And then once you know that you can get a job, at that point, if you decide to go back to grad school, that's great. But the key thing here is that it's your decision. It's not something that you have to do, it's your choice. Overall, this one is gonna be better than a lot of the other science related degrees though. I'm gonna give it a demand score of seven out of 10. Next on the list, we're gonna be talking about the X factors and this could include all kinds of different things that don't fall into the other three categories. So for instance, we're gonna talk about the skills that you learn, how easily automated it is, how easily outsourced it is. And one thing I always like to talk about is how flexible a degree is. So an example of a very flexible degree would be a business degree. You can combine business degrees with all of their types of degrees and they work really synergistically. With a business degree, you can work in just about any industry and just about any business and a bunch of different types of jobs.  It would be relatively easy with a business degree to switch careers, whereas there's a lot of degrees out there where it would be much more difficult. Now unfortunately, science related degrees in general are not going to be the most flexible ones. However, when it comes to flexibility, out of the science related degrees, biochemistry is gonna have one of the highest scores. Now when it comes to the skills that you learn, you are gonna learn some analytical skills, problem solving, the scientific method and don't get me wrong, these things are going to be transferable to other types of careers. However, ZipRecruiter created a skills index where they ranked how valuable skills are on the open market. So how much are companies willing to pay people who have various types of skills? And the skill of biochemistry came in at an index score of about 42, which is very average. In fact, it might even be a little bit below average. So biochemistry as a skill is not ranked very high. That doesn't mean that it doesn't have value, it's just on the open market, what companies are willing to pay people for different types of skills, it's not great. Now in terms of difficulty biochemistry on this list by the tab.com, which I don't think is very accurate, it comes in as one of the top 10 most difficult degrees. I think realistically it's probably more like one of the top 25 most difficult degrees, maybe top 30, but it definitely is going to be one of the more difficult ones, it's not a walk in the park. Now another thing I like to talk about just because I think the perception here is so far off, the perception is just so far off from the reality is the fact that science related degrees do tend to be regretted. Biological and physical sciences tend to be the second most regretted type of degree out of all of them. About 35% of people regret getting this degree and the reason for that is because it's hard to find a job without advanced degree or a license. Now I think a lot of this has to do with the perception that all STEM related degrees are just golden, you know, you get a STEM related degree and you're going to be good to go. That's not necessarily true, especially when it comes to the science degrees. You're going to want to do other stuff in order to learn skills that people are going to want to hire you for. So you're going to be networking, learning extra skills. It's probably a good idea to also do an internship. And most importantly, you need to make sure to look ahead, have a really good plan, know what your goal is and then reverse engineer it and figure out what steps you need to take in order to get to it. And that almost always involves figuring out what type of career you're going for and then contacting people who are currently doing that career themselves. I talk about this stuff quite a bit in other videos so I don't want to go over it too much in this one, but I think you get the idea. Now, one thing here is that science related degrees do tend to earn more over a lifetime than your average degree. Your average degree will earn around $2.4 million over a lifetime, whereas a science grad will earn around 2.6 million. So it's nice to know that science degrees are above average, although not by very much. Overall, when it comes to X factors, I think this one is going to be a little bit better than some of the other science related degrees, but it's still not amazing compared to all degrees. I'm going to give this one a seven out of 10. So the pros here, biochemistry degree does pay pretty well if you're able to get a job. And again, if you're able to get a job, you're probably going to be relatively satisfied. On top of that, when compared to other science related degrees, you're going to have a much better chance of getting a job with just a bachelor's. However, the cons here, it's still a science degree. So if you don't do your research, there's a very good chance that you'll have to go back to school in order to get a master's or a doctorate to get a job. In terms of the demand, it's relatively average and it's not going to be a very flexible degree.  Also, depending on where you live, there's a very good chance that you'll likely have to move somewhere in order to get your first job. Once you get your first few years in, it's going to be much easier for you to find a better job somewhere else, maybe somewhere that's closer to your family, for instance. But getting those first few years is very important and so you'll likely have to move somewhere. Overall, I'm going to give this one a 7.5 out of 10. That's relatively good. As long as you do your research and you plan it out, this can be a great one. And again, this is always extremely subjective. For one person, it could be a one out of 10 and for another person, it could be a 10 out of 10. I always recommend that you guys do your research and watching my videos is great, but it's a good idea for you to research on your own. Another thing that might help you is if you checked out my college degree ranker down below in the description. It is a work in progress. I'm basically making it better and better every few months and my plan is to make it the most thorough and accurate college degree ranker that exists. If you haven't done it already, go ahead, gently tap the like button, hit the subscribe button, ring the notification bell, comment down below any thoughts, comments, criticisms, et cetera, share the video and whatever you do, don't click out. Check out my other videos right here. I made them just for you. ["The Star-Spangled Banner"]


Hi, I'm Jamie Lemke and I'm a senior fellow in the Hayek program. Hi, I'm Bobby Herzberg. I'm a distinguished senior fellow in the Hayek program and Mercatus Center at George Mason University. Hi, I'm Pete Betke. I'm a university professor of economics and philosophy here at George Mason University and the director of the FA Hayek program for advanced study in philosophy, politics and economics at the Mercatus Center. I'm here today to talk a little bit about Eleanor Ostrom because it's the 10-year anniversary of her winning the Nobel Prize in economics. And I think it really speaks to the importance of Lynn and her contribution across the social sciences both as a woman and as a very careful and collaborative scholar. So if I had to sum up Eleanor Ostrom's contribution in just a brief phrase, I'd probably say that there's no one-size-fits-all solutions. I think the main contribution that Eleanor Ostrom made to economic science was to explore the foundations of human sociability. So I think she demonstrated that you didn't have to be one dimensional, that you could be multi-dimensional in the way that you approached it, and that if you continued to work hard even when people were trying to discourage you from continuing down a path you could really break through. And I think that's what the Nobel Prize committee saw in her work. One of the stories that always sticks with me in terms of her academic contributions and the way that maybe being able to make those was complicated by the fact that she was a woman is at UCLA, her initial, the denial of her application to be in that economics PhD program. I think it required a very special personality and diligence that I think is hard for, at least it would be very hard for me to keep going given all the barriers that she faced. But I think the fact that someone could have been told no by the establishment and then go on to do so much at the level of actually winning this profession's highest award, I think it's a good lesson, the lesson I take from it is to be open and to listen because she was a lifelong learner, but also to not listen too much, especially when people try to close doors for you. The difference was Lynn was driven by the work and by the beliefs that the work was so important and by the support of her husband, her spouse, Vincent Ostrom and her colleagues at the workshop. And so if I was to say to a young economist or young political scientist, what could I learn from Eleanor Ostrom's example? It would be one, follow your curiosity and allow that curiosity to guide you. Two, have tremendous perseverance and grit in pursuing your curiosity. And three, take advantage of whatever opportunities that are created by others to lower those roadblocks that you face and then when you or yourself are in position of power do what's in your ability to do to lower those roadblocks or impediments that face younger scholars that are coming up that are also similarly discriminated against either because of their characteristics or their ideas. One of the things that I think is most unique about her work is the fact that she went out into the field so much. Really going out into these places and into these communities, talking to people and really learning what their constraints were on the ground and the situation that faced them on the ground was something really important to bring to this institutional economics conversation. What Eleanor Ostrom brought to that conversation that I think was exceptional was that she really wanted to look at rule systems as this holistic framework and try to understand them from the bottom all the way up to the top in their full institutional detail. She taught me about what was different about institutions. It was that you could not leave out all of these other factors that were coming in. It was going to be complex distilling it down to its most abstract form while useful as a first cut would not be adequate in the end. And so she set out to say, I think we need to incorporate these and I'm going to find a way that I can analytically do this with some precision and some care but still keep the complexity and all of the sort of interesting nuance that she brings. She gave us a sense of institutions that was significantly richer yet still analytically precise and careful and so I think that's really how it differed. So an idea that both Eleanor Ostrom and Vincent Ostrom really stressed was going beyond dichotomies, going beyond the binaries. So one of the ways they tried to begin to break down that dichotomy was to bring in these alternative typologies of goods like the common pool and common pool resources and like club goods. So I viewed that transformation and changing boundary rules and coming up with different creative ways to enforce exclusion that's part of her project but I would say it doesn't encompass the entire project that there are also many different types of ways in which rules are created and resources are dealt with. It was really important to them. I think they thought of people first. You needed to understand one of the things that they discovered and field studies for example when you went out into the field you realized there were lots of other things people brought to that decision setting that you had not anticipated. Maybe someone's uncle had irritated your family in a past period and so in that circumstance they weren't going to agree and no matter what your theory said and so their focus on real people and all of the things that they bring allowed them to look at the institution from the perspective of that person and not from a top down how what are the best rules for some on average person and so I think that became really important as they see like a citizen and not like a state. One of her last projects was to try to have a collaboration between us here at George Mason University her team at the workshop at University of Indiana or Indiana University and also at Arizona State University and the center that was being formed there for complexity and the human sciences and evolution. One of the things that the governing the commons is such an important book for is looking at how people in situations of extreme social conflict or the potential for extreme social conflict nevertheless find through their creativity through their diligence through their cleverness institutional fixes so that we turn that situation of conflict into the opportunity for cooperation and that's her real lasting legacy is how it is not that people resolve social situations perfectly or harmoniously by magic but how real people being creative being clever being industrious are able to come up with solutions to problems that allow them to stumble through and live better together than they ever could in isolation with one another and it's that project and how that's the foundation for a self governing democratic society in which we govern with each other rather than allowing anyone to govern over us is the lasting legacy I think of Lynn's Nobel Prize her life as a scholar and what I hope that people continue to work on for the next 10, 20, 30, 40 years in living through the legacy that she set for all of us on how to be a lifelong learner and a social scientist of consequence.


It is important to take plenty of time to do a good job of skinning. It is much easier to skin a deer while it is still warm than after it has cooled. When removing the hide, always cut out with the blade of the knife toward the skin. This procedure is referred to as cutting inside out. It protects against meat contamination from hair and dirt on the hide. When skinning a deer, follow a specific order and sanitary procedures throughout the process. Start at the top with the back legs and work your way down, rolling the hide away from the carcass as you go. This way the carcass stays clean. Begin skinning by making a cut along the inside of the hind legs from the hock to the cut made between the legs. Complete skinning of the leg and rump by removing the hide back to the tail. Skin around the tail, leaving a portion of the tail holding the hide. At this point you can continue pulling the hide down over the back. Continue skinning along the flank, keeping the hide pulled back away from the carcass. Skin along the side over the breast.  Skin the hind legs, flank, and fore legs to approximately 3 fourths the depth of the side. Continue skinning down the carcass. If the head is still attached, remove it by carefully cutting between the back of the skull and the first vertebrae. This particular deer was shot in the shoulder, so part of the shoulder has already been removed. Remove the bloodshot meat and get it away from the other meat so it won't contaminate it. Once skinning is complete, inspect the entire carcass. Make sure there is no dirt, intestinal fluids, or fecal contamination left behind after the internal organs are removed. If there is, remove it at this time. Thorough trimming is the only way to ensure that you've removed the contamination. Once the internal organs have been removed, the inside of the carcass can be sprinkled with a generous amount of food grade salt to help stop bacterial growth.


Hi and welcome to the session. I'm Kanigan and I'm going to help you to solve the following question. The question says which of all the following sequences c part is 1 by 3, 1 by 9, 1 by 27 and so on is 1 by 1 9 6 8 3. Let's now begin with the solution. Given geometric progression is 1 by 3, 1 by 9, 1 by 27 and so on. Let of the given GP 1 by 1 9 6 8 3. Now in the given GP the first term that is A is equal to 1 by 3 and R is equal to 1 by 9 divided by 1 by 3 and this is equal to 1 by 9 into 3 and this is equal to 1 by 3. We know that general term of a geometric progression is given by Tn is equal to A into R to the power n minus 1. Now in this question we have assumed that nth term that is Tn is equal to 1 by 1 9 6 8 3. Now Tn is equal to A into R to the power n minus 1. So this implies A into R to the power n minus 1 is equal to 1 by 1 9 6 8 3. A is equal to 1 by 3 and R is also equal to 1 by 3 by substituting the values of A and R we get 1 by 3 into 1 by 3 to the power n minus 1 is equal to 1 by 1 9 6 8 3. Now this implies 1 by 3 to the power n is equal to 1 by 1 9 6 8 3 and this implies 1 by 3 to the power n is equal to we can write 1 by 1 9 6 8 3 as 1 by 3 to the power 9. On comparing powers we find that n is equal to 9. Hence 1 by 1 9 6 8 3 is the 9th term the given GP. This is our required answer. So this completes the session. Bye and take care.


So I do see that, that has been something I have had to work on is kind of changing that of like, I'm your employer, I'm not your friend, even though I still want to be your friend. You know, like, I'm like, okay. So I'm like, I have to find this fine balance of like, listen, I love you and I care about you, but I also have to like, reprimand you if I need to.  That's been one of the biggest things that I think I'm working on now is really separating the line of like, you know, when we're in here, we're all business and that's it, you know, no outside, no this, no that, we're strict business.


Anyway, so next up we have actually a double header, as it were, we have Liddy Zeng and Paul Frises. Yeah, more or less. Paul Frises. All right. And so Liddy's a software engineer at Google under the tech Infa network systems area. He is an active member of GRPC repo and most contributing to GRPC Python focuses on API design, distributed systems tooling. Prior to Google, he got his master's degree from CMU and had several years experience in tech startups at Beijing. And then Paul, who's also speaking as part of this spot, has been working the last four years as a software engineer at Skyscanner, had a chance to build, run and own many Python services at scale and production, mainly on async.io. Gave him an opportunity to contribute to GRPC, as well as several other projects in the Python ecosystem in the open source community. So they're going to be speaking on, unsurprisingly, GRPC Python extensions and async.io. So welcome to you both. Hello. Okay, let's get started. So hello, everyone. Welcome to join our talk today. We're going to discuss how we build GRPC Python, how it utilizes Python extensions and how it integrated with async.io. If you have any questions, feel free to post it in the Discord channel. It's called hashtag talk GRPC and async.io. So please allow us to introduce ourselves again. So this is Li Li Zheng. And I'm a software engineer at Google. I have been a maintainer of GRPC Python since 2018. Paul, do you want to introduce yourself? Yes, thank you. So this is Paul. First of all, I wanted to provide a great thankful to SkyScanner for funding my time for working on that project the last year. Sadly, I'm no longer a member of the SkyScanner family. I'm currently working at ono.com. As most of you, I'm a Python enthusiast, but what I do like more is solving any kind of engineering problem. And I try to do my best also these last years for contributing to many different open source projects. Passing over to you, Li Li. Okay. So next, let's get started. So what is GRPC? As the name suggests it, GRPC is an RPC framework that built upon HTTP2 as its transport protocol. So it's meant to be fast, lightweight, and it is designed for distributed systems. So it carries some highlight features, for example, streaming RPC, and various load balancing policies and ways to do the load balancing. And we also provide interceptors. So you can engine logic at any stage of an RPC. We also integrate well with Potobuf. So it enforces your API contract. Currently, we're getting around $400,000 per day. And on the right side is our cute new logo. And her name is Golden Retriever Pancake. And she's cute. So there's another reason for you to try out GRPC today. So before introducing GRPC Python, we have to introduce GRPC Core. Core is actually the component that handles all the HTTP frame processing, serving compression, security, load balancing, all this complex stuff. And Python is just a thin wrapper over it. As you can see, it handles so much functionality. It would be unwise to build it again and again for each different languages. So many languages like C++, Python, Ruby, we are just a thin wrapper over it. And in total, we have 14 supported languages. And it gives us not only better performance, but it also lowers our maintenance burden. Okay. The also gives us some frictions. For example, sacfolds. So Python developer really doesn't really familiar with sacfolds. And we have seen a lot of complaints about don't know how to debug it and it's complex. And also memory leaks. Python's memory management model is very different from C++ once. It is very error prone when we are trying to manage the lifecycle of C++ object in Python space, as well as compilation across platforms. So compilation in Linux and Mac OS probably will be easy, but how about compile on Windows? And to solve the compilation part, we not only distribute our source code, but we also distribute binary wills. So JPC-Python users don't need to worry about that. What does Python C extension actually look like? So C extension, they are module written in C++. On the right side is a short example of it. As you can see, all this code, what it does is it creates a module and you're trying to print the hollow world. On the first line, you can see the header Python.Edge includes all the API you needed for manipulating Python objects within C++ space. It's quite complex to write. Also, the API itself varies from version to version. So to make things easier, people are trying to come up with simpler ways to do it. For example, like better C++ framework and glue code generators that helps to ease the pain of writing glue code. And there are many ways to write C extensions in the market, and I'm going to talk about only three of the represented ones. So first is PyCliff. So PyCliff, it is a templating language. It works really well when you're just trying to expose C++ interface into Python space. But if you're trying to do something more complex than that, when you're trying to meddle around with the threading model, life cycles, and it won't be sufficient. But next is Py by 11, which is a portable lightweight header-only C++ library. And I can't really complain. But it requires people to code in C++. Since this is a PyCon, so I put it in the drawback side. But if you are a C++ fan, maybe it's a plus for you. And finally, Sysen. So Sysen is a language very similar to Python. It's very easy to develop, and it's adopted by NumPy, SCIPy, and TensorFlow. However, even though the language itself claimed to be a superset of Python, but it's not a strict superset, you will see some cavea, you will see some weird quirk of Sysen language itself when you're trying to use it. So eventually, GRPC-Python team decided to use Sysen because it is similar to Python. So when GRPC-Python users want to take a step ahead to help improve the library, they can. So let me introduce how does Sysen work in a minute. So, for example, we have a prime checker. So it does very simple mass computations. You try to loop over numbers and try to see if it is a factor of the number you are checking. And we put it in the right place. You can import it just saying import prime checker and then use it. What about Sysen? So first, Sysen not only compiles Sysen-specific code, you can also compile Python like, entirely Python source code. But down below is a Sysen version of it. You can try to import library from C or C++ with C import and you can also define static variables like C def double root. And after that, you can compile, Sysen provide tooling for you to compile it into thousands of lines of C++ code and your setup tools will help you to compile them into a shared library object. And when you put the shared library object in the right place, you can just import it like any other Python module and use it. So when you are trying, so if you have ever trying to debug a Python extension, you will find out it's a hard challenge because when you're trying to do GDB Python, like Python 3.7, when you're trying to see the backtrace, all you can see is evaluate a frame, evaluate a frame, evaluate a frame. It does nothing, like it makes people mad. However, this is a problem troubling the Python maintenance as well. So they come up with this Python.gdb.py script built for GDB. It ships with every single C Python source release and you can find them in your installation folder. In your source code, in your downloaded source code folder. After the Python GDB mode is turned on, suddenly GDB understands all the Python variables. So you can see Python's backtrace, you can see Python code, and when you're trying to print some variable, it doesn't say PyObject, but instead it tells you what's inside that PyObject. And next, so with all the effort to make Python work with C++ and finally we got a jrpc Python working with jrpc core, but there is still one problem troubling us. So let's say we have a jrpc server and it's calling methods from jrpc core. And it's running in a POSIX thread. So both Python threads are POSIX threads, unless you're using gevent or eventlet, and they will try to monkey patch all the standard library including threading and swapping out the POSIX threads with code routines. And, okay, so we have a valid thread and then in order to make it a server, we also need a polling thread and a bunch of executed thread. Each one RPC will consume an entire executed thread. So with limit number of executed thread, it also limits our concurrency. To make things worse, there is this global interpreter log that is restricting all the POSIX threads. So it not only makes the performance worse, but it also causes deadlocks when we are jumping from Python space to C++ space and back to Python space. Okay. However, we find a solution. So next, Paul will discuss how we solve this challenge by using ACIO. So let's leave the stage to Paul. Thank you so much. Could you stop sharing, please? I'm going to share it from my own. Where's the button? Okay, got it. Can you see my screen? Yeah, we're good. Perfect. So I think it was almost one year, one year and a half ago, when we started that initiative together with a lady and other members of the GRPC community. It was at that time that at the SkyScanner, we were looking for, because we were making a transition between HTTP or we were trying a transition between HTTP and GRPC. We had some of our main services running with Python and CIO and we didn't have any solution for moving from HTTP to GRPC without giving up on the CIO. And this is the time when we started Disney together with GRPC for trying to solve that problem. So what was the first headache that we had? As most of you will know, when you are running a CIO application, when you are using the wait syntax, basically what is happening behind the scenes is that you are returning back the control to the loop, providing a future, which basically would be called later for waking up the task that was put in sleep. This pattern, which is the main pattern that is being used by a CIO, was not reproducible by using the primitives that they were exposed by the C++ interface of GRPC, because basically the main interface for pulling events was a blocking interface. Not only this also, we needed a kind of IOM manager system that would allow us to implement all of the socket network operations using the Sankyo. We were facing two different problems here. The first one, the IOM manager, was something that was addressable since GRPC was providing a way for overriding the custom IOM manager, but there was no unblocking primitive for pulling the events for the GRPC code. Other frameworks like GEven and Node.js because different circumstances they were able to address that issue. But suddenly the GRPC sub-C++ team they implemented a new compression queue callback which basically was based on callbacks. So basically instead of having something that would block you, you would be able to configure a callback which basically would be called when the event was there, which would allow us to chime this event through an Sankyo filter. So yeah, I think we had pretty much what we needed for starting that initiative. And we set Eureka. And after a few time, after some days we managed to have a first solution which basically used a new custom IOM manager, a whole replacement of the all network operations also using the callback completion queue. And the results were quite good. In the graph we can see the performance difference between between the synchronous client which is the version that we already had there versus the new implementation that was an Sinkyo native implementation. For the client, for example, we went from not more than 10k queries per second using genericals to almost 20k queries per second. And in the server we also had really nice posting moving from almost 5k queries per second to more than 15k queries per second. So we were happy with the results that we got. But then another headache came into our plates which was basically, as I already said, we had already one client implemented which was the synchronous one and we had a new one which was the asynchronous one. And it presented some challenges because the synchronous stack would be there for a long time, maybe forever. And one of the possible issues that we could face in the future would be, for example, having an asynchronous application, a server, which basically calls a third-party library which behind the scenes uses the synchronous version with the solution that we had on the table it wouldn't work. So we had to address that situation. For addressing that situation we thought in different ways for addressing it. The first thing that we thought was, okay, let's try to rewrite the whole signal stack by using the synchronous one. So all of the synchronous function would end up basically calling an asynchronous call. But this, we didn't have a clear idea that if it would work at last or not. And also the amount of work that it would need would not be negligible. The second solution that we put on the table was, for example, changing a bit, changing a lot the C++ implementation by providing a way for having two coexisting stacks at the same time, running at the same time. But that seemed to not be also an easy solution on the table. And finally, we found out the solution that which the amount of changes that seemed to need was affordable. Which basically was, let's have one thread where all of the GRPC IE operations would be executed and in that way we would be able to not block the synchronous client that could be run on top of an asynchronous application. And the first tools that we got by using that technique were quite good. So the impact on the performance which was one of our main concerns was almost negligible. But then we start experimenting some deadlocks. When we started experimenting these deadlocks we started experimenting on random deadlocks at the moment that we tried to, for example, pass all of the synchronous test suite over an asynchronous context. And then is when we realized that we were having problems with some with between some JIL acquires and some acquires in the mutex of the GRPC code library. And then for addressing that issue we had to put the proper JIL releases and then is when the performance went down in a in a substantial way. So basically the problem that we were facing before adding the proper release of the JIL is basically we had two threads, one thread calling a GRPC function which would acquire a mutex which at the same time would make a call to the callback which will trigger a Python function that would like to acquire the JIL. But at the same time but at the same time we also had a thread which was trying to acquire the JIL it managed to acquire but also made a syscall to the GRPC core and try it to acquire the mutex but was not the mutex was already located by the other thread so we were facing a simple deadlock here. And for addressing this deadlock the only way was always if we have to call a GRPC core we had to release the JIL first by releasing the JIL what happens that we surfaced a lot of contention on releasing and acquiring the JIL and this is when the performance gets impacted a lot. And then we went for a second solution which basically in this second solution which we call Polar thread we basically gave up on trying to use the callback compression tool we gave up on using another IO manager was like starting over again we basically what we did is basically we implemented the solution where we will have a new thread this thread will be pulling the GRPC core and every time that we will have a new event from the GRPC core will be waking up the evan loop thread of a Senkayo. And for doing so but at the same time avoiding as much as possible the contention for acquiring the JIL we will be doing this by trying to avoid as much as possible Python code so even we implemented that thread by using Psyton most of the code that was executed for pulling and for waking up the evan loop was using basically C++ So basically this solution was really good had all the good benefits for example we removed the burden of having to maintain a new IO manager and the good thing is that the performance degradation was kind of affordable. So Aureka again, so for the client for example we managed to keep the same performance that we got in the first solution but we had a significant impact on the performance for the server but it's still a good boosting compared to with a synchronous one and passing over to Lili. Okay, so thank you Paul for introducing our Async IO integration. The GRPC Async IO API has been released as expanded API since 1.25. Feel free to give a try. Also it already passes all the Intel tests which means it integrates well with all other GRPC languages and with historical version of GRPC. Also what integrating is with Google Cloud platform clients and we're expecting some of them to be released in quarter three 2020 and the API reference can be found on GRPC.io website. Thank you. I'll take questions. All right, so does anyone have any questions here? I'll give it a minute because sometimes these creep in and meanwhile while we are waiting anyone who is in the anyone who's hold on, my brain just left me. So after the Q&A everyone can talk in it. What was the name of your talk again? See that's the thing is trying differently at GRPC there. Yeah. So in the talk GRPC and Async IO you can go to that room as well for further discussion afterwards and just looking to see if anyone has any questions post them here in Zoom or on Discord if you have them there and we'll just hang tight for a moment. And like we're still in Camilla in the last talk my speech teacher used to say if you don't get any questions usually it means that you presented really well. Thank you. So yeah, it actually it looks like it looks like you're good. So yeah, hop over to talk GRPC and Async IO on Discord and enjoy that conversation there. And thank you both for being here. Actually I have to do this work for me.


Call the order the meeting of the 10th meeting of the 2012 2013 Common Council of the clerk read the quote of the day Good leaders make people feel that they're at the very heart of things not at the periphery Everyone feels that he or she makes a difference to the success of the organization When that happens people feel centered and that gives their work meaning Thank you Call the roll, please 15 present There's quorum present oldenman vernacorn is excused Pledge of Allegiance will all the men all the men want them and please lead us in the Pledge of Allegiance Pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands One nation under God Indivisible with liberty and justice for all Thank you Motion for approval of the minutes all the men Think mr. Mary make a move motion to approve the minutes second Then moved and seconded to approve the minutes of the previous council meetings. There any discussion or changes? Very none clerk will call the roll 15 eyes motion carried Mayor's appointments Honourable members of the council hereby submit the following appointment for your consideration Marilyn month my order to be considered for appointment to the historic preservation housing rehabilitation loan Commission to fill the unexpired term of Jason Shane whose term expires 421 2014 signed by the mayor That will lie over And Mario Chiotala to be considered for appointment to the mayor's international committee term to expire 422 2013 signed by the mayor that also will lie over public forum Yes, we have won this evening David Gartman David if you could come up to the front, please David can I have your home address? 5509 Mending Road and you will have five minutes. Thank you I'm also a town chairman in a town of Wilson Several of you that have been here before I was here back last fall to discuss the situation I don't want to call it a problem at the dog park because luckily I believe there's been no problems But there's a situation that could occur and that's in the discrepancy of the policing for the dog park I won't get into all the details One of our citizens Phil Marsberger you probably read his letter to the editor did a good job I'm in total agreement with what most of the facts he put out there were accurate So so I guess what brings me here again from last fall was that you know how things go we negotiated back and forth It was my thought as a town leader that in the negotiations here with turning McLean that perhaps if you hadn't next about 300 feet of that dog park many years ago many I believe to get the I wild subdivision in probably was on that happened What that leaves is two-thirds of the area that's police by the sheriff's department with no defined line That's not good policy. This is a highly utilized Facility and in the future something could happen So what we were proposing was then to have it the interior of the park only a next not the trail road to it So in the process concerned citizen or two had concerns to my town supervisors and in the process come up with Changing the town's position So the town's position is conditional that it would revert back to the town if it's not a dog park that has been supported by the Board of Wilson that'll be your choice here The other alternative because I think it needs to be fixed and that would be this is my opinion only as a joint Powers agreement for that legal description of the interior to have policing I would suggest also we maybe consider ambulance service addressing it to if there would ever be an ambulance call So it's clear not that if there's discrepancies of orange cross or sheboygan should respond So that's your task tonight. I'm pretty limited. This is a public forum I'll stay here this evening if you'd have any further questions, but I if nothing's resolved I think because of the public's interest and safety here I think the town would have to put an indefinite perhaps closure to the facility until this gets resolved somehow Or else I've had some comments from perhaps maybe just for town residents. Hopefully it won't get there I like shared services. I think this was a success story, but like anything else when you start out with an agreement It's pretty hard to cover everything without Overlooking something. I think it's something that hopefully we can all get together on so thanks so much And I'll be in the back until you're close at a topic tonight. Thank you. Thank you, David Thank you To the consent agenda home and him Thank You mr. Mayor I make a motion to accept and file RO as an accept and adopt all reports of committee Second it's been a movement seconded to accept all our O's and accept all reports of committee to one through two thirteen So any discussion? Very none clerk will call roll 15 eyes motion carries Three one communication will be referred to finance and DPW For one an arrow from chief administrator officer will I will lie over to the November 19th meeting? To through four seven will be referred For eight all the diversity for eight Thank You mr. Mayor. I'd like to pull for eight for just to pull it forward and file it For eight you're asking for yes, are you filing the arrow? Yes Is there a second? second I Would hope that the council would not file this it's a Resolution for the acceptance of the Budget of the mayor's executive budget By the statutes in the municipal codes of the city this mayor is responsible for bringing forward a budget and To do this without any discussion. I think it is unprecedented much less What you're doing is saying we're going to just accept the budget as is and go to November 19th with the current budget I think we need more discussion on the budget and we would hope we would do this Well, I'm in Hammond Thank You mr. Mayor. I think every committee is vetted their respective budgets I know you have some thoughts on that and I think Document 4.2. That's going to strategic fiscal planning will be the opportunity to discuss that when it does come to council on the 19th there'll be opportunities to make changes and adjustments at that point so sending it back and going through the whole process over again Doesn't seem to make a whole lot of sense in a very efficient use of time. Thank you. I think it just gives a not an honest Comparison if we have both of them there all the men born Thank You mayor, I'm not going to support Filing this for the reason that I do not I do not support the two documents that are being held over to November 19th And I was I appreciate your efforts for what you've come up with so far mayor, but I was hoping that We would have come up with more even at the committee of the whole but it hasn't happened so far So I'm not going to support sending this or filing this tonight I hope it does go to strategic fiscal planning, and I hope maybe we can have another discussion on Making some more cuts to the to the 2013 budget that we can in fact get rid of the Garbage fee by coming up with enough cuts to do so. Thank you Thank you any other discussion Motion is to file Okay, hold on just a second You just want to file because I've got and refer strategic that would not be part of the motion is that correct? Okay, let me take that out. Okay, the motion is to file Eight eyes seven nose We are always fine Resolution five once through and five two will be referred Resolution five three lies over I for resolution by Alderman Heidemann will be referred to public works and finance reports of committees Six one report from long licensing condition conditionally recommending the common council to renew the taxicob license number 69 77 Alderman Vandewilie Thank You mr. Mayor. I move the RC be accepted and adopted Is Edwin layman here this evening He is here a Little bit of history with mr. Layman on June 9th, 2011. He appeared before a long licensing and he had At that time between 2008 and 2010 he had six driving violations Long licensing approved his application three to two and now he came to us again for a renewal, but he had It's a renewal yet. It's not because he came later than June 30th And since his last renewal last year his license last year He's had three additional violations and one included speeding while driving a taxicab So we denied his license five to zero Thank You sir, would you like to speak and address the council? Come on up to the front, please Can we give you a name your full name Edwin layman Edwin? Okay, go ahead Not really sure what to say about this It's pretty important that I'm able to drive in the city of Sheboygan As of this point, I'm driving in Manitowoc and I'm really not making it There too much and I'd like to come back to Sheboygan I don't really know what else to say, but I'd like To be able to drive in Sheboygan was a taxi driver. I enjoy my job. I enjoy the community I Mean if any other violations Come up. I mean you can pull them right then and there, but I'd really like to drive back in Sheboygan Thank you. Is there any questions? The applicant Thank you All of them in born I'm sorry. I have nothing all of them in Vanuwilly. I Somebody's beeping all of them in calf Thank You mayor Some of those violations That came before our law and licensing June 9th last year Was a 2008 drive over center line 2009 improper towing 2009 failed to yield that stop sign 2009 defective speedometer 2009 speeding 2010 loud music and 2010 a seat belt violation on June 9th a law and licensing the vote was three to two To to grant I was one of the know Then last week came before the committee again since he had the Taxic cab license presently not driving a taxi in the city of Sheboygan And had a tire squealing a speeding in 2012 and another speeding in 2012 while driving a taxi And that is why the float was a five to zero two to nine Thank you. Any other discussion hearing none the clerk will call the roll 13 eyes two nose Motion carries Six to an RC from law and licensing conditionally Recommending that the common cultural not renew the taxi operator license 94 11 Alderman van Thank you, mr. Mayor. I move that the RC be accepted and adopted They move and seconded that the RC be accepted and adopted under discussion Alderman Is Roxanna Ramirez here this evening? She is here She did not appear at our either of the meetings that we invited her to so I guess now that she's here I would ask that we refer this back to law and licensing It's been moving seconded to refer this back to law and licensing. Is there any further discussion? Hearing none clerk will call the roll bill 15 eyes Motion carries six three Recommendation from law and licensing recommending denying taxi license number 89 36 Alderman abandoned Thank you, mr. Mayor. I move that the RC be accepted and adopted Second it's been moving seconded that the RC be accepted and adopted under discussion Alderman van is Shelley King here this evening She's not here. She did not appear to either the meetings that we invited her to so we did deny her license Is there any other discussion? Hearing none the clerk will call the roll 15 eyes motion carried six four by a Communication from law and licensing recommending tax denying taxi drivers license 96 25 Alderman van the will Thank you, mr. Mayor. I move that the RC be accepted and adopted second It's been moving seconded that the RC be accepted and adopted under discussion is Noah Yang here this evening He's not here. He also did not appear to the two meetings that we had invited him to so we had to deny the license To any other discussion Hearing none clerk will call the roll 15 eyes motion carry Six five a report a committee from salary grievance recleaning and recreating section numbered eighty two one twenty six of them This will cold to compensate for overtime Alderman bracelet Thank You, mr. Mayor. I move that we accept and adopt the RC and pass the substitute ordinance Second moving seconded to accept the RC and accept and adopt the ordinance under discussion Alderman born Thank You, mayor van Akron. I was wondering if our HR manager sandy Rorick could come forward and Explain exactly what this means before we vote on it, please Sandy want to pull it down just a little bit the mic there you go After act 10 was adopted last year there were several changes that occurred in our non-represented employees and that took effect in January The City Council agreed to follow the Wisconsin and Federal FLSA laws, which means that overtime is Calculated based on hours worked Not hours paid during the week so in the past people were taking vacation or received holiday pay And that time was counted towards overtime for calculating the time and a half wages a Few months ago several employees asked the salaried grievance committee to take a look at several different benefits and the ones the one that the salaried grievance committee decided to Take a deeper look on was the Paying people for overtime when they worked or where they took vacation and holidays So we did a little research and found that a Survey which resulted in 12 minutes municipalities responding Nine of those municipalities do recognize vacation and holidays three do not of those nine that do recognize it at this time quite a few of those about 50% are Looking at unions expiring the term at the end of this year or 2013 and at that time they will look at those benefits again MRA is a organization that we belong to that is an employer's organization and MRA Says that 56% of the employees that they represent Do not recognize vacation and holidays As a city what this would mean to us is an increased cost and any benefit we take a look at that Year-to-date our exposure would have been about 50 50 to 55 thousand of actual monies paid out in Projecting the remainder of the year with the five holidays actually six holidays left We're looking at doubling that that cost Going into 2013 so any other questions? Any questions element Bellinger thank you could you Tell you recommended to follow the F. What was that the FL SA the Fair Labor Standards Act and that was what? Group to see it was at the your department that recommended that or was that it was a city city Administration department went through the Common Council last year and it was the council's recommendation So is it normal protocol to go through salary and grievance kind of like? To do something like this or what the first time in a long time that this was a recourse because there was no union Representation anymore, okay, so in the past they would bring it up during negotiations Okay, thank you Any other questions all of them and born Thank You mayor Sandy of if we vote no on this the So if we vote no on the substitute ordinance, then we're going to go back to the Ordinance that was proposed on June 18th. That was the one that's attached here I believe I I believe I was at that salary and grievance meeting and then or did we pass that previously? I don't think we did because you were going to do your research correct We didn't have a specific ordinance that was proposed prior to this. We had discussions So if we vote no on the sub ordinance What about this this this attachment from June 18th that dealt with the normal work week full week schedule? Non-exempt employees is five days eight hours a day 40 hours a week. What that had to do with was scheduling Compensation comp time if somebody works Sunday They could work Sunday through Thursday, and that was a 40-hour work week And then Friday may or may not have to be worked If they worked Friday, they would get overtime on Friday So what that had to do with was in the past people could bank their Overtime and they could use it on a future date and that resolution reduced that to say if they worked overtime During the work week, they could only take comp time during that work week. They couldn't bank it Okay, did we pass this yes, we did so if we vote no on the substitute this is still in effect correct Thank you. Any other questions all of them in Donahue There was a substantial discussion on this matter in salary and grievance the proposal came and Do correct me if I'm if I'm incorrect at Alderman Raisler, but on a two-to-two vote There was a concern on my part and the reason that I voted in Not to allow the use of holiday and vacation time In counting towards overtime was in my mind We were providing a benefit that was built on a benefit and that did not seem to me at least to make sense So that the ordinance as written Overall and particularly we did not have financial information available to us at the salary and grievance committee Does seem to make sense There was some discussion in the committee With respect to allowing holiday time to be used in the calculation of overtime And I think there was more of a consensus and again I'm sure the chair will will correct me if I'm wrong more of a consensus among the four of us who were there To allow the use of of a holiday time so in the Christmas week for example if everybody is off and then One works a number of hours During the rest of the week then that holiday time would count toward Would count toward overtime So that seemed to be a compromise at least at the time of the committee meeting that well The vote actually was two-to-two on the on the issue but on in terms of the holiday using holiday time There did seem to be more of a spirit of Compromise there. I'm not quite sure where to take it at this point And I would certainly defer to our chair or to other members of the committee in that respect but I wanted to To indicate why I would vote no against vote against the ordinance change as proposed Alderman racelor Thank You mr. Mayor actually the vote was two-to-one or we wouldn't be here right now. I Believe Alderman Cough had to leave so it was two-to-one anyway Why I supported this at the committee level number one is We want to kind of go back to the private industry and and look at how they handle some things and I guess I'll ask all of you if Whether it's the beginning of the weekend or the the end being Sunday for the work week or Saturday If you're going to call a plumber to your house You're not going to pay a straight wage and he's not going to gain a straight wage is either The same be true if it's a holiday now heaven forbid. It's a holiday on a Sunday then all bets are off as far as what you're going to pay and that's kind of what I based my argument or discussion on for the Salaries and grievance as well if the employee has scheduled time off which is scheduled way in advance and they had planned up being off I think it's up to our managers to determine whether or not They should have those people come into work additional hours and whether it would be over time Or not and if they are off on a period of time and say we have a snowstorm where they have to be called in I think it's only fair to compensate them at the time and a half As we previously had Forever and ever so I did support this And I will support it again like I said I think that the employees are going out of their way to to be available a lot of this deals with call in times not necessarily just Scheduled over time and there's nothing currently in for any call in that compensates anyone other than a two-hour at straight pay at this time So I think it's only fair for the employees and I think it's a good trade-off for the city. Thank you Thank you all the memories all the men versing. Thank you, Mr. Mayor I actually echo some of the thoughts that all of them downing who had a whole person downing who had with it being a benefit on top Of a benefit my only real big issue is where you get an extra hundred fifty thousand dollars from the cover this cost That's a big cost that we how many times have we discussed the budget that we're adding another hundred fifty thousand dollars on top of that You had the financials of that. That's what's gonna cost us to okay this taxpayers money another hundred fifty thousand dollars to cover Holiday pay or actually a vacation pay considered as over time. That's my real issue with that The bit maybe send it back to committee and do the holiday pay as counted on there But not vacation pay, but I can't support this the way it's written right now. It's because of the expenditure. Thank you Any other discussion seen none clerk will call the roll six eyes nine nose The motion fails six six Report a committee committee from public works recommending authorizing appropriate city officials to execute an amendment to the shared dark dog park agreement all of them in board Thank you, Mayor van Akron. I would make a motion to Send this to refer this to the finance committee second It's been moved and seconded to refer to finance under discussion all of them in board Under discussion since our public works meeting and this did pass at the public works meeting on a vote to two to one However, I've been way to aware of some additional financial Considerations that we were not made aware of at the public works meeting Perhaps finance chairman Hammond would want to just briefly comment on those before as the reason why we should refer this to finance. Thank you All them in him Thank You mr. Mayor You know on the surface I have no problem with the shared dog park I do think there's a couple things that the agreement doesn't address For example, if the dog part ceases to exist and there's a detachment who pays for the detachment In other words de-annexing who pays for that It's been brought to my attention. There's about a Somewhere between 11 and $1,200 fee that we have to pay to the state For annexing that hasn't been addressed who's going to pay for that Some law enforcement costs again Those haven't been at least to my knowledge to my knowledge. Haven't been addressed it who's going to pay for that So I think it makes sense to at least Take a look at the financial aspect of it. I think everybody thinks it's a good idea You know to have one set of rules one set of You know one jurisdiction if you will for that for the dog park But I think we just want to take a look at the financial aspect of it first Thank you all them and him and thank you any other discussion Motion is to we refer to finance Click will call the roll 12 eyes to nose one of stention motion carries Ornances introduced seven one will be referred other matters Other matters eight one resolution by Alderman Hammond and Decker Authorizing transfer of appropriations 2012 budget Alderman Hammond. Thank you again. Mr. Mayor. I'm moved to pass the ordinance like it It's been moved and seconded to pass the ordinance. Is there any discussion? It's actually a resolution Hearing no discussion clerk will call the roll 15 eyes Motion carry now other matters Thank you, Your Honor a 9-1 is an arrow by the city clerk submitting various license applications period ending June 30 2013 and June 30 2014 I'll go to law and licensing 9.2 is an arrow by the city clerk's communication support associates regarding the environmental activities and site conditions summary update for the remodded in property and city parking lot I'll go to finance 9.3 is an arrow by the city clerk submitting communication from Ryan Noel Zimmerman requesting a waiver from the sex offender residency restrictions in order to live at 14.09 South 17th Street So moves there I


This video will guide you from the North Tower's Car Park to the Social Sciences Research Centre for access to the UK Data Archive and the Institute for Social and Economic Research. From the car park, proceed between the towers for 140 metres. Then turn right at the sign towards the health centre. Continue around the right hand side of the health centre for 60 metres. Finally, proceed 55 metres down the slope towards the glass doors.


Dr. Sanjay Sanyal, Professor Department Chair. This is going to be a demonstration of the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall. I'm standing on the right side of the cadaver. This is a supine cadaver. Camera person is on the left side. This muscle that we can see in front of us. This is the Suas Major and the Suas Minor. This tendinous portion is the Suas Minor. It takes origin from T12 and goes all the way down and forms the ileopectenial arch and gets attached to the ileopubic eminence. And it divides the sub-inguinal space into a lateral muscular compartment and a medial vascular compartment. Through the muscular compartment passes the ileo-suas tendon and through the vascular compartment passes the external iliac vessels. So this is the Suas Minor. Under that, this major muscle that we see here, this is the Suas Major. This whole thing. It takes origin from T12, L1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and as it descends down, it forms a tendon which merges with the tendon of this muscle here. This is the iliacus muscle and the combined ileo-suas tendon then goes through the muscular compartment of the sub-inguinal space into the thigh and it gets inserted onto the lesser trochanter of the femur. At the place where it crosses the hip joint, there may be an ileo-suas persa to prevent friction. Unilaterally, when this muscle is acting, it produces lateral flexion of the lumbar spline. When it acts bilaterally, it produces flexion of the lumbar spline, especially when the person is sitting. When the person is standing, the ileo-suas together cause flexion of the hip. The Suas Major is referred to as the lortotic muscle. It is responsible for maintaining the lumbar lortosis and indirectly it helps to maintain the thoracic kyphosis. The next muscle as I've already mentioned is the iliacus muscle. This acts in conjunction with the Suas muscle as the ileo-suas tendon and its main action is flexion of the hip. The next muscle that I wanted to show you is this one here. This is the quadratus lumborum. It is shaped like a quadrangle and in the lumbar region, hence the name. It takes origin from the upper border of the iliac crest posteriorly and from this ligament, the ileolumbar ligament. And as the fibers ascend up, they give multiple slips to the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae and the muscle then gets inserted onto the 12th rib. The action of this muscle again is unilaterally it produces lateral flexion of the lumbar spine. When it acts bilaterally, it produces extension of the lumbar spine. By virtue of the fact that it is attached to the 12th rib, it is useful as an accessory muscle of respiration during forced exhalation. And it also helps the diaphragm during forced inspiration. Coming to the nerve supply of all these muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, the Suas major and the Suas minor are supplied by the lumbar plexus. The iliacus is supplied by the femoral nerve. This is this one here, L234, posterior division of the lumbar plexus. Quadratus lumborum is also supplied by the lumbar plexus. Coming to the fascia of these muscles, the quadratus lumborum fascia or the sheath is derived from the posterior eponeurosis of the transverse abdominis and the internal oblique muscle. And that eponeurosis is called the thoracolumbar fascia. And the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia forms the quadratus lumborum sheath. If we trace the quadratus lumborum sheath above, we find that it forms an upper free margin, which is traced by my instrument here. This is the lateral archivate ligament, which gives attachment to the diaphragm. The Suas sheath is derived from the transversal spacia. And just like the quadratus lumborum, it also has an upper free margin. This one I picked up here. This is known as the medial archivate ligament, which also gives attachment to the diaphragm. Let's mention a few clinical correlations. As it goes down, the ilio-suas tendon, it can get irritated by means of pelvic appendicitis. And then it produces spasm of the Suas major and the iliacus muscle and the flexion of the hip. The patient walks with the hip flex position. And that is known as the Suas sign or the Cope sign. And if we passively extend the hip in such a situation, it produces pain. And that is known as Suas test or the Cope's test. In infection of the lumbar vertebrae, that is known as KD spine, pus can track laterally and it can collect under the Suas sheath. It can be visible in a CT scan as a swelling on the lumbar region. And this pus can then track down like this. And it will go under the inguinal ligament and it will stop in the region of the lecetro canter. That is known as Suas absis. This is the transverse CT scan of the abdomen to show a right sided Suas absis under the Suas sheath. When the quadratus lumbarum gets attached to the 12th rib here, between the lateral border of the quadratus lumbarum and the 12th rib above this place where my finger is located, this is the potential site of a lumbar hernia. And this region is referred to as the superior lumbar angle of Greenfield Leshaff, which is really a site of hernia. There can be another site of hernia just above the iliac crest, but that is not visible from the inner surface. It is more on the outside. That is known as the inferior lumbar triangle of Pethi, which can also be a site of lumbar hernia. Just by way of encapsulation, now we are showing the same muscles on the left side of the abdomen. I'm still narrating from the right side, the camera person is on the left side. In this particular specimen, we cannot see the Suas minor, but this muscle that we can see here is the Suas major. Suas sheath has been removed. The next muscle that we see here, this is the iliacus muscle, which takes origin from the iliac fossa. Third muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is this one here. This is the quadratus lumbarum, which I have already described on the right side. All these were covered by the respective sheath, the quadratus lumbarum sheath, the Suas sheath and the iliacus fascia. To continue, the posterior muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, they constitute the bed for the kidneys. So therefore, these muscles, the quadratus lumbarum, the Suas major, they are the posterior relations of the kidney. And when we are doing a nephrectomy by means of the posterior approach, we have to go through these muscles. And in between these muscles and the kidney are these nerves, which are the nerves of the lumbar plexus, which have to be safeguarded. And this hollow that is produced on either side of the abdomen, by virtue of the projection of the lumbar vertebrae in the middle and the hollow of the posterior abdominal wall, these hollows are referred to as the para vertebral cutter. The kidneys are located here. So these are all the points which I want to mention about the posterior abdominal wall muscles. Thank you very much for watching. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal, signing out. Mr. Kendal Kambarbhaj is the camera person. If you have any questions or comments, please put them in the comment section below. Have a nice day.


Osu token security matters now to Keduna State where 28 more abducted students of Bethel Baptist High School have regained freedom after 20 days in captivity. The kidnappers had stunned the school premises earlier in the month and taken away about 140 students to an unknown destination. But it was a time of joy as the 28 reunited with families. Habila, the Rafa report is presented from our studios. 8 years of joy as 28 students abducted nearly 3 weeks ago reunited with relatives. The students were picked at a location where the captors dropped them. Some are unable to walk. Due to the stress they had undergone at the hands of the kidnappers. The president of Baptist Convention Reverend Israel Akonji receives the students at the school and attributes their release to prayer and the work of security agencies. A lot of efforts were made. Our number one effort was prayer. We prayed and prayed and prayed. Number two, we were gathering together to show our concern and to encourage one another concerning these children. Number three, we informed the government that this thing had happened and spoke at various level to security agents. We spoke to the governor of the state and the governor of the state said he was going to do his best to be able to ensure that the children were out. We have waited three weeks now and finally we are grateful that we have this batch that has come. The Caduna State Chairman of the Christian Association of Nigeria Reverend Joseph Hayab explains that there is more work to do. We wanted all of them to come back the way all of them were taken but we are having them in badges. But let's accept it this way and hope that the distance or the gap between this first batch and second batch will not be long. And we'll have the whole children back. So we prayed, we put pressure, we cried and now we will continue because the children are not all back. So our prayer will not stop, our pressure will not stop, our cry will not stop until when we have all these children back and not only these children until when everything about kidnapping in Caduna State stopped. The students were kidnapped when bandits stormed their school in large numbers, shooting sporadically at about 1am on July the 5th. More than 140 students were taken that day and two soldiers killed as they tried to rescue them. Bethel Baptist High School is a few kilometers from Caduna Metro Police and along the Caduna Kachia Highway.


And maybe that's why because he look he looks like he just got hit by lightning What is happening Yeah, this one crosses our carries the 8-bit late, but it's the shock is not because the 8-pin fell late It's because the ball hooked that much Tom Clark mm-hmm commissioner the PBA there as well How about the the gang of misfits there in the back Gang of misfits I mean that as a compliment. Yeah, I know Three in a row to start this title match for your one C. Jacob butra When does Vegas need to import energy and quality and entertainment, but guess what? They had to this one Oh What happened there? There's that was a little filthy a little anger behind that one after that Split the second frame Jacob but for pop to a great start applying pressure early is exactly what you want to do So you know a young player like Michael Holloman Big shot coming up for him here 21 titles later Hall fame Credentials And it's not just Jacob's approach to the foul line, right? I mean it's everything that goes beyond that as well how he holds the ball and the release is bizarre Oh, he runs to the foul line. He rolls his wrist now. It's still high Robin. He gave out a little extra airtime Had a more resounding thud on the landing as soon as it left his hand you can see him trying to walk it out Cut the deficit to three with a strike here You kidding me His brother Jonathan can't believe it. Yep, one of the worst breaks I've seen Probably since the 7-10 pocket splits from Belmonte. This is a great shot and oh my goodness solid nine unreal Yeah, the crowd is watching the replay diddle for Jacob. Yeah All right, here's the situation Michael Holloman has to strike out to shoot 211 to force Jacob Butchruff to mark How big the eighth frame was for Michael Holloman when he left that solid nine on a three-bagger Jacob Butchruff congratulations. Yep Congrats young man. You deserve it You're looking live U.S. BC Masters championship match fourth major of the season MLB whip-around coming by in just a matter of moments Chris Don trail big hurt waiting in the wings Michael Holloman your two seed trying to end on a good note that a boy But the story is gonna be that man in his celebration in just moments a lot to be proud of if you're Michael Holloman though first year on the tour Had no expectations to make a show this season much less to major much less as a two-seat And here he is the native of Collierville, Tennessee just outside of Memphis Had a chance to win and get into the PBA playoffs next week in Portland.  That's how you conclude send a message to the field. You're not going anywhere down the road Let's step aside now because it's this man show close so many times And finally a major Hens to Jacob but Russ camp. It was just a matter of time for Jacob Butchrup It's been so close back-to-back runner-up finishes at the U.S. Open Oh, by the way, there's still a U.S. Open down the road along with the PBA playoffs Jacob Butchrup has thrown his hat now for consideration Into the player of the year race. Yes Jason Belmonti has just been served notice his girlfriend Rachel So close so many times But all the way today for Jacob in Vegas Kimberly with the winner All right, so Jacob. It's a lot of emotion. I just saw out of you But right now let's do this trophy presentation Carl Keelik from USBC president Please do the honors Jacob on behalf of USBC board of directors that are 1.3 million members Congratulations on being this year's masters champion But it also looks like a lot of relief coming out of you right now second-place finishes the past several Majors that you've been in today that comes to an end putting the words what this means to you I'm speechless After the second US Open that was that was It was hurting because back-to-back years and I'm just like am I ever gonna get an opportunity like this again And today it all changed and I can't thank everybody all enough for the support and who do you dedicate this win to? First off, I want to say thank you to Team ebonite international Rob Snelli and Shawn the this whole week and Josh Blanchard back home He he without him the last couple of tournaments. I I don't think I would have been able to finish it off True friendship right there. Congratulations on your win To our title number six his first major and that player of the year race just got a little bit tighter