Thank you very much. First of all, thank you for the organizers for inviting me. And I am Leonardo Erman from Buenos Aires, Argentina, from the Conea, which is a nuclear energy agency. And OK, I will talk about the World Trade Network and the applications of the Google Matrix on this network. The idea of motivations is try to understand and try to analyze, model, or visualize the network that can be huge with a lot of information. For this work, we will focus on the Watering Network, which has the information of all the trades in the world for different products for the last 50 years, more or less. We have analyzed other kind of networks, like Wikipedia and universities coming from the World Wide Web, also others coming from software or from applications. Bitcoin, maybe I will mention some of that. But the main idea here is to focus on Watering Network. These are different views of networks. These are the Google Matrix that are ordered by page rank values for different networks. And we can see very different behaviors of very different kind of networks in this picture that I will explain later. OK, the database we will use comes from the World Trade United Nations Commodities Trade Network, ComTrade, which has the information from 1962 for all countries. The whole countries gives the information to ComTrade for all the imports and exports for all kind of products. We will use here the classification with this protocol, but we will choose 61 products in order to have a more good qualification of data on 227 countries for 2008. Number of countries are changing, and number of products we will fix in 61, the classification of products. The trade volume is given in dollars, so we will build networks that will have a dimension of 13, 227 times 61, more or less. It depends on the year. So this number of almost 14,000 nodes will have. OK, let's focus on the matrix we will have. We will do two different approaches. First approach will be to have the total money from one country to the other in dollars. And also, we can see the same kind of money matrix. We can build it from a specific for a given product. Then with that, we can build different kind of Google matrices. So yesterday, Klaus introduced a Google matrix. The idea is that we can build a page rank. We can compute page rank, which is a centrality measure, which is a spectral focused. And it's very good for directed network. It's very easy to compute. It depends on incoming links, the page rank. And then we can compute a chain rank. We will depend on outgoing links. And it has no local properties. You cannot reconstruct your page rank knowing only your neighbors. You need to know the whole matrix. It is like we can think, OK, page rank kind of infinite time limit of a random walk. So how we will build the matrix? Suppose we have this kind of matrix. In this case, the matrices will be weighted by the amount of money that suppose these are countries and these are the amount of money that it spends or buys from one to the other in a given year. So the recipe for building the Google matrix is the following. The money matrix of this network will be as follows. Suppose here the first and second node, they don't have outgoing links. So the columns are empty, 0 with 0s. Then suppose here the third column, it has 4,000 goings to 4. So we put 4,000 here and 2,800 to 6. So in this way, we build this matrix with each outgoing links is put in a column. So this matrix is positive and real. Then we make a matrix that is non-negative, but it's stochastic like a Markov process where the sum of all columns is normalized to 1. When we have 0s in a column, it's called a dangling node and we put 1 over n in each element of the column. And on the other elements, we normalize to 1. The good thing of this is that now we have a Peron-Fravenius theorem for non-negative matrices. And so we know that the largest eigenvalue is 1 but could have some degeneracies. So finally, we build the Google matrix with the dangling factor. And in this case, we have chosen 0.85. And the good thing of this matrix is that now we can use Peron-Fravenius theorem for positive matrix. So we know that we have at least one gap, which is at least 1 minus alpha. So we have a very good convergence of the system and so we can compute patient of the matrix, which is non-trivial for directed and weighted matrix. So with this money matrix, we build G Google matrix and we can build G star matrix, which is the same approach but using the transverse of the money matrix. So inverting the time. Here, of course, the information is there. You cannot cheat. Outgoing links are very important. It's not like the World Wide Web that you can increase your position adding some outgoing links. Here, it's not possible. These kind of things are. So the main idea is also to compare this page rank and chain rank to the simple volume ranking, like export rank and import rank, which measures the importance of a country by the volume that they import or they export. The total money they import or export. So this will go k bar here and this will be patient and chain rank. The good thing, now that we have these two definitions, we can use two dimensional ranking. OK, from data, we know these are the number of countries, how they evolve in time. And more countries are created in time from the 1960s. In red, you can see the distribution. OK, this continues, but we end up in 2010. But it continues. But data is not very reliable for the last years. So the amount of money here is in logarithmic scale, grows more or less exponentially. And the average number of links here also increases due to globalization. We want to have a democracy in countries, but not in product. I will explain this in some slides. So we will use two different approaches for the World Trade Network Google analysis. The first one would be to focus in a small matrix given by the number of countries. And then we can see for all commodities or we can see for a given product. And the other is to build the multiproduct World Trade Network, which will have these 61 products and the same amount of countries. So it will be a higher dimension. So if we want to analyze, for example, for a given product with this approach, it simply will have to compute only patient. With the other approach, OK, we use some personalized vector in order to have a democracy in countries, but not in products. But so we will work in a larger space with larger dimension. So if we want to compare these two rankings, we will have a list, suppose, of patient ranking this way. And if these are cars, suppose cars trade, here we have to take out only cars from a longer list. So but this is how Google works also. It gives a list and you take the position of a given, in this case, product or search. So these are how many matrix looks ordered by importance of the country here and here. So in the top it are more rich countries here. And these are how G and G star looks. And they are normalized each column to one. So this is why we say this is more democratic in countries because we give the same weight for all countries. And we see the distribution of countries of patient and chair rank and import rank and export rank. And they follow a C flow. But in export and imports, it's more like it has an exponential tail. But in patient and chair rank, it's a C flow. What about the spectrum? The spectrum of this Google matrix, we can see, for example, for all commodities, this is a spectrum in the complex plane. We have with alpha equal one. So we have one eigenvalue equal to one. And for all commodities, it's more symmetric matrix because usually the market is more symmetric in this way from imports and exports. So this is the whole spectrum. And it's close to the real. It's close to the real. When we see, for example, food, now it's getting more wider. And if you go inside for more specific kind of product like cereals, it's getting wider. And suppose barley, now the symmetry, the matrix is far too symmetric because usually when you buy from one country to the other, you buy barley, you don't say the same product. It's not balanced in a given specific product. So we can compute also this kind of information would be in the correlator. We can define a correlator between patient and chair rank. If the matrix is diagonal, this would be one. But it is symmetrical. And these are different networks. And the values of their correlators, usually networks coming from the worldwide web can have very large correlators. But other kind of networks, they have zero correlators. In our case, we'll be here in the watery network. So we'll be more similar to the cases of networks coming from the worldwide web. OK, this is an example of how suppose barley, how it looks the network, but in the KK Star plane. These are the networks only in this subset. OK, but these are for cars, the positions of the countries. The main thing is that, for example, here, Ukraine is the first country in exports of barley. But it goes to the sixth position in chair rank, which is related with export. But so what is the difference between export rank and chair rank is that you can have a lot of volume of exporting in a given product. But the chair rank measures not only the volume, but also the importance you have in the network. So for example, Ukraine has the largest volume, but it has not a central position in the network of this network. And on the other hand, USA is the opposite. It has the eighth position in volume and goes to the third position, because they can choose a better position in the network from the sales of barley. The same things can happen with cars, suppose. And now we can analyze how this ranking for all commodities evolves in time. This is the plane of K. So this K I haven't mentioned, but it's the position in page rank value. Page rank is a real value. K is the integral number that is the first K position is for the largest p-value. So here you have the most rich countries, in the sense that they have the largest page rank and chair rank values. And these are the positions. Sometimes we have this region that means that a position of chair rank is better than position of page rank. So these are a kind of good position in an economical point of view, because you are better exporter than importer in some way. On the other side, in these positions, you have the opposite countries that are better in importing than exporting. So this can be a dangerous region. So let's see, this is in 1962. Let's see how this is evolving in time. This is the year evolving. So we can see different things. One thing is that this part is more or less frozen. And here we have a very large movement of countries. We can see that some countries are always in this region and some others are moving. We can detect that here that we would have a lot of information. Suppose here you can see Greece always moving in this dangerous region. And OK, maybe we can mention that we can detect also some crisis due to spending a lot of time in this dangerous position. We can see a kind of solid state phase here and a kind of gas state due to mobility or velocity here. So we can go further and we can define velocity in this two-dimensional plane. Velocity square will be defined as the change in patient and the change in J-rank position, the changing from one year to the other to the next year. So we can define also the importance, which will be the sum over K and K star. So lower K plus K star will be most rich country or important country in this network. So we can see here that these are the density, the number of countries for a given importance or yes, in the network. And it's more or less uniform. OK, the case here, here in the last part of this importance, we have very, very small countries like Ireland and this kind of small countries. But I was saying that the most importance are more or less frozen here. These are relative comparison between countries. You could be in a crisis, but if the first country continues to be the first, it's not visible here. So when the country is this K plus K star grows, you can see that the velocity also grows. The points are the real data here. The red is the average for this data. And the blue one is a smooth average. So you can see that here it grows more or less linear then it's uniform. So here we are in the gas position and then decreases. But this is due to that we have very small countries that cannot go to very important positions. So if we analyze with more detail what is happening, suppose these are page rank, position and chain rank for these are here four countries and these are the five countries. But for different scale, it's the same. But with different scale, we can see that the frozen part of the solid state in a page rank is United States always in the first position. Then Germany and UK have some switch here. And then you have France, Japan. And you can see here that they are going up. In export, it's a little bit different what is happening in chain rank. United States lost the first position here. Also we have Germany going to third position and Japan fourth. And these are related with exports is chain rank. And so someone is entering here, which is China. China moved to the first position. China is this Xi'an cube and was very far away, like for 18th position, something like this, entered to the first one. So we can see that China is a kind of deposition in these two states. And on the other side, we see that UK goes from second position in the 60s to maybe now more than out of the top 10 positions. So maybe it's a case of sublimation. And one interesting thing we can say here, if we see the trajectory of Argentina, suppose I'm from Argentina, but it's a good example to show the position in exports in the last 20 years is more or less uniform stable. But you can see here a peak in Peshland, which is related with imports. This peak is located in the next year after the crisis that we have in 2001. So the main idea is that when you have a crisis, the idea you can export in the same way. But imports, you cannot do it because you don't have money. So this is a peak. And so we can use this kind of information in order to detect crisis also. I will mention this later. But let's focus in this part. So now we want to do a very small model of the World Trade Network. Usually the models of the World Trade Networks are defined in this way, are called by the gravity model of trade. These are defined like the money that one country sends to the other, buys to the products to the other, depends on the mass of each country, a constant and the geographical distance between these two countries. This model works well, but it's a symmetric model. From IEJ to GI, it is exactly the same. In these pictures, we have the plot of money matrix elements IEJ as a function of GI. So this is a symmetric thing, but you can see that if the matrix, the money matrix, the symmetric will be in a line here. This is from 1962, and this is from 2008, which looks more or less similar. But this is far away to be aligned. We have a very directed network, which is far to be symmetric. So this in log-log scale, you can see this state that this gravity model will show only one line here. The only change between 62 and 2008 is, OK, it's more dense. And also the scale has changed 100 times. The money matrix in dollars. And this is how it looks. The money matrix is supposed for a given product like petroleum, which is other kind of things, very different. So we can define a very simple model in order to analyze this, which was the simplest model of random model you can do. It's like taking two different random numbers between 0 and 1 and divided by a j, and you will end up with this kind of money matrix. OK, normalized in another way, but this is very simple and it works very well for our system. So this is the real data for money, this difference between position of chair and patient, and the sum over two of these two of the 50 years we have analyzed for the old countries. And this is density plot. And with the model, we use the same number of points. We have this kind of for one run of the random model when we obtain this. So it looks similar. OK, we were talking about crisis. We can define a balance, which is the difference between chair and patient values divided by this weight, which is the sum of the patient and chair values. So in 2008, suppose we can do a kind of table for top countries with negative balance, in this case. And taking into account only the most important countries with weight larger than 0.05, so almost 20% of countries. This is the rank, but this is a global rank without this. So Greece was in the first position, Spain, Romania, all countries that they were close to the crisis, they were in a bad position of balance. So if we do the change of balance in time, and we analyze the list for the whole period, we can see very specific crisis only ordering these values of the change of balance. Usually it works like I said. When you are in a bad position, you have to increase your balance, and then you can decrease it if you have a good balance. OK, let's move a little bit to this multi-product watery network. All of the first part was done with the first approach. With multi-product, we can define also balance, but balance of countries, for this is also 2008. But now analyzing a large matrix and tracing out over products in order to obtain the balance of countries, this is how it looks, the import-exports balance. With import-exports, everything is more uniform close to zero, but some African countries will have different values here for import and export of balance. But with patron and chair rank, we can see that, for example, the balance of China is very good, because the export position is much better than the imports, and we have other kind of information, and we think it's more visible with patron and chair rank. Other important thing we can do with multi-product network is we can also make a kind of ranking of products products. They don't have interactions in the data we are using, because it sells all kind of products, what are the sales from one country to the other, but doesn't use any information of what does the country inside. We don't have information that one country sells, buys one thing in order to produce the other, so we don't have interactions between products. But with this approach, we can do it in the same way. We have two parameters. We have countries and products. So if we trace out our countries, we obtain the ranking on products. So these are the ranking of products in the diagonal using the imports and export rank, which is diagonal. And using this patron and chair rank approach, we can see a very rich behavior that we have the same kind of information of countries now in products. Here we can see that the most imported products here are related with technology, machinery, cars, and these kind of things that are imported for a lot of countries, but exported only for a few. And on the other hand, these positions are occupied by the food. Suppose this red belongs to the first category, which are different kind of food, it could be not very visible, but different kind of food. And this is how evolves also in time the ranking of products. OK, let's move to what's happening with the spectrum of the system. For the multi-product world trade network, we have almost 14,000 nodes, so it can be diagonalized numerically in exact way. So these are the eigenvalues. And we have seen, Wikipedia, Klaus mentioned yesterday, that there are some in the eigenstates of given eigenvalue different from one. We have the information of a community. We can see the same kind of things here in the world trade network. We will see, for example, this is G, and this is G star spectrum. And we will analyze these four eigenvalues. What are the eigenstates related with these eigenvalues? Here, we take two real eigenvalues, and here two complex eigenvalues. But all of them with the large modulus, because in other case, the information is not very reliable. These are the participation ratio of this spectrum of all the eigenstates. So all these four cases are more or less localized, very large small values of participation ratio, which is this quantity, which measures the number of nodes that appears in a given eigenstate. So close to 0, we see that we have a delocalized, also because we have a degeneracy close to 0. But these four eigenstates in red, violet, green, and blue, and these are ordered by decreasing order of modulus of the values, normalized to 1 in this case. So we can see that they are localized in 10, more or less in 10 nodes. Each node here is a given product for a given country. So if we analyze what are the important nodes in these four eigenstates, we have that in the red, the top 10 nodes are related with the same product. In all cases, they are related always with the same product. And these are the communities. Suppose in red, we have sugar. And this community on blue, we have the community of the products of fertilizers, and also not only the community of fertilizers, but for a given region. This is a community. So we have South America here, Brazil, Bolivia. So of course, this is not a very good tool in order to obtain communities because you have to diagonalize a very big matrix. But on the other hand, you can analyze that the communities are present in the eigenstates of this matrix. We have done this also with larger matrices, but could be more expensive using different numerical methods, like Arnoldi methods, and could be very difficult. OK, now let's move to the reduced Google matrix that was used, explained yesterday by Klaus also, and analyzed by, in some cases, with Katia. The idea, I won't talk again, I want to explain everything, but the main idea is that we have the system, and we want to analyze what happened in the subset of the system. Now the subset will be our system, and the rest of the nodes of the network will be the environment. So the Google matrix can be divided in these four blocks. GRR, we have the direct links, and then we can write GR in this NR space. And GR has three different parts. The first one is the direct link. The second one is related with the projector, with the eigenstate, the page rank, and is more or less proportional to page rank. Could be maybe the largest part, but the most interesting one is the one, the part that is undirected links, but they have more information than page rank. So this is the approach that was introduced in this paper. I will mention here some plots that were done with Celestan, who is there, and in collaboration with Dima and Joseph. So for petroleum, we have chosen here our subset of interest, is the petroleum of the European countries. And we have also Russia here, because it's the first exporter in petroleum, the first in chain rank. So we want to see how, for example, how Russia affects on the other countries. But first of all, we will see these 28 countries, how it looks the matrix. And you can see here direct links of the matrix. And these are the 28 countries. And this is, sorry, this is GR, the reduced Google matrix. This is the direct links. These are the direct links. These are the part of the matrix, which is more or less proportional to page rank, the projector with the first eigenstate. And these are the second and third and all the other eigenstate projection. So the main thing we can see that here, the direct links between countries are very large. In this case, these are the trace over this matrix divided by n, not the trace, but the sum over all the elements of the matrix divided by n. And it's close to 0.3. It means that it has 30% of the weight here. And usually, for Wikipedia and some other networks, it is close to 1%, because here it's very well connected. The market of petroleum in this is a community in some sense that is well connected. The part proportional to page rank is, in this case, 0.65. But usually, it's very large. It's 95%. And here we have the undirected links without the diagonal term. And in this case, it's almost 4% of the weight. So we can see here some undirected links from, suppose here is from Malta to UK. And here we have different cases, like direct links here. We have, for example, Netherlands to Belgium. It has a very direct link. We can build from this g, a reduced network. We can build a kind of other kind of network, which is the four-friend networks. The idea is to take the four most important outgoing links of these Google metrics. And if we do this, we obtain this network. Here you can see that there are some countries like Netherlands or then France, maybe Spain or Germany that are in the central position. It means that all the flow of petroleum, the four most important elements, goes to Netherlands or these important countries. This is what we have. If we change the order of the links or the time, we reverse the time, it means the direction of the arrows. And we take also the four most more important. And we obtain this, that Russia is the most important. Here, this is the order of the money flow, if we want to see it like this. So it means that Russia exports to almost all countries of Europe and also Netherlands here. A lot of things can be done with this database. We can compute also the sensitivity of balance. This is the change of balance when we change a matrix element of the Google metrics. So what happens for it? And this will indicate how it depends on the page rank of these countries and chain rank of these countries, the difference by a change of one small change of the Google metrics element. This is for Russia. And for Russia, we see that here in blue, the change is very small. And in red, we have Italy and Netherlands, which are more affected. With Saudi Arabia, if we change Saudi Arabia, how it affects to European community countries and with USA also. And you can see that they are very different. So you can identify the sensitivity for a given country and given product, how it affected the change in price of only one element. The same thing can be done with gas. And with gas, it's more visible that if we change gas in Russia, it has very different behavior. Here was before 2008. So before the pipeline that has from Russia to Germany. So gas affects the neighbors of Russia because it has a very different market. OK. I will mention that we were also working in other kind of networks. We have analyzed Bitcoin network, which is open. The only thing you have to do is to build the metrics. And also, we would like to analyze Interbank Payment Network, but this is very difficult to do because information usually is hidden. We have tried to convince some people in order to give the information. But this was not possible. So this is an example of a paper of Soramaki in 2007, how it looks the Interbank Payment Network. And the thing we have done with Bitcoin is to obtain all the information now until the year 2013. The number of notes for Bitcoin is the order of 10 millions or something like this. So it's large. Now we cannot analyze 10 million metrics. But we can take some part of the spectrum. We did it with Klaus. And we have seen that the genetic efficient of this Bitcoin network is much worse for money, for volume than for patient and children, which is more democratic. But we have seen that Bitcoins are also the largest amount of Bitcoin belongs to only few users. And other things, Bitcoin network is not very good because they are changing users' names all the time and they move the money from one account to the other and we cannot identify people from users and there could be. And this is the good thing of Bitcoin for that it's very difficult to identify someone there. OK, I will move to a different thing only to mention that all these rankings we have done with Google Matrix analysis. But here we will use other kind of protocol of algorithm that comes from ecology in order to rank also countries and products. The idea is very simple. In biology you have a network, bipartite networks, which are networks that you have links from one set to the other and you don't have links between these inside each set. So usually in ecology you have, suppose this is a network of bacterias and phages that affects the bacterias and you have bacterias that are more susceptible here. That is more susceptible means that you have a lot of phages pointing to them that affects the bacteria. And very bacterias that are hard to infect like this one. So only a few phages, this kind of networks occurs in real network. And you have generally phages that points to almost all the bacterias and more especially that points only to this part of the bacterias. It's not, you don't have especially that affects too hard to infect the bacterias. The same thing can be done, for example, with animals, some species and some islands, some regions or some plants or insects and plants and these kind of systems. The idea is to order here suppose plants and animals in a way that given the dimensions of the bacterias and the dimension of phages here and the number of links you could make a curve here. And the idea is to do permutation of the matrix in order to have almost all ones here on all zeros here to decrease the distance of the ones, the zeros here with this curve and the ones with this curve also. So after all permutations you can do, you obtain a ranking of plants suppose here and of animals here. That animals that could live in some places and places that they live very much animals. OK, the same thing can be done for imports and export. Now we need a binary network. So we have a weighted network but we define a threshold in order to have this matrix. And after that the idea is to decrease zeros here and ones here and this is for 2008 for countries and for products. In this way, we have other ranking that we call ecological ranking. This is how the money matrix looks for products and countries when we analyze imports and here when we analyze exports. And but we define a threshold and we put one if it is larger than the threshold and zero if it is below. So the rankings we have found are different from patron and children rankings and they are different also with volume matrix we can say some examples but they are very different. And the information we have for example is something similar we have obtained for products, for multi-products that here for imports the most common products are related for imports with this technology and machinery blue and black and for exports more related with food. It's more easy to export food than machinery. But if we see only the money rank of products we will see that it's more related with imports because rich countries that takes imports are more expensive with these products so it governs between these two, these are the least. OK, I think I will stop here. The conclusions will be that we have analyzed the water network with the Google matrix approach and we have done in this two dimensional space we have done several things like modeling, visualizing and analyze also the spectral properties and obtain some communities there and the good thing of this approach is that once you have the information you can do a lot of things with Bitcoin we did it and we hope to have more information about some other economical systems. OK, thank you very much for that. Thank you very much. Questions? Were you able to identify the origin of the crisis of products in terms of imports? The origin in products? With crisis here the bad thing is you cannot predict nothing. The only thing you can do at least for us is to analyze the past and see, OK, we have a crisis because you need a difference between two years in order to identify. We have seen crisis in countries. We have analyzed crisis in products. You mean maybe I don't know what would be a crisis in a product? Yes, because we have seen a peak for Argentina. Yes. And what is this peak? The meaning of this peak is that this is a ranking. So it's a ranking of countries. So this peak is that it goes from, suppose, 45th position to, I don't know, 70th position in the whole world. These are crisis of a specific country or a specific region because they move a lot compared with other countries. Global crisis are not so easy to detect because the whole world is moving in a bad position. But so USA in a global crisis will remain to be the first. But what the meaning of this peak is that the position in exports or in J rank, which is related with export here, is more or less the same. But the import position, like a page rank position, goes from a good position to a bad position in some way. So it means that you cannot import more for this year because you don't have money. You cannot take debt. So the only thing you can do is to go to a worse position. Then due to the exports, maybe you can spend the next year because you're moving in balance a lot. The next year, maybe you can buy more things and recover your position, more or less. Here we can see that it never recovered perfectly, but this is the meaning of it. Yes? I have a question for the same slide. Yes. So to detect crisis is interesting, but maybe it's already too late. Yes. Can this technology be used to anticipate in crisis? It's not a big signal. The only thing, OK, I mentioned that these regions are dangerous in some way. So if you are all the time in this region or you move a lot in this in K position, you move to the left here and then you move to the top. So for sure you will have a crisis. For example, if you see evolution, you can see the movement. So Greece is very visible here. It's always in this position, but I don't know exactly when the crisis will arrive. But we know that if it spends a lot of time here, we will have a crisis. But to detect something, to say something about the future in economics is not so easy. We can say that this is a dangerous region and this will be a good region, but no more than that, at least for myself. More questions? Where is France on the graph? Sorry, can you show me where is France? France is here. France is here, but we have a lot of flags. And it's in a solid state. So it's not very visible, but it's here. Now it's with the United States, UK. Maybe it moves a little bit, but we have to do some zoom here in order to see France. Here you can see the position of France. It's in the fourth, goes to the third, in fourth, fifth, and it moves like this, the red one. I have one question. I think you had a slide that was showing that the page rank chain rank difference is better than the balance difference. Try to understand why page rank is a better indication of the crisis than the balance itself. So this slide you're showing so quickly. I'm curious of like this one. No, it has other information. We are not saying that we can detect the crisis better, but it has other kind of information. This is important and export. And you will see that the most largest and smallest values are most of them here in Africa that maybe small countries can affect a lot because this balance is normalized with the SAM over P. So small countries can have peaks. And here, using page rank and chain rank, you can see, for example, what would be the most important exporter in the world in those years was China. But China here, using import and export, because you divide by the total weight, it's not very visible here. It's in the Sian part. But with page rank and chain rank, it's very easy to see it. But it has other kind of information. Our information is global, and it's related with Google metrics. And the other is local information. And it can be done only with volume. OK, thanks.


Everybody forced here ripping four boxes of 22 23 Bowman Chrome University basketball hobby. It's for Jeff M There we go Jeff. Let's find a wemby. Let's find a Clark scoop. Let's find them all refractor Jared McCain Invicta Ernest Uday jr. There's a Derek Lively on the inserts Jordan Wall sky scraping refractor first moment auto Jalen Hood Shafino number to 499 Jalen Hood Shafino Purple Shimmer first woman Keshon Barthelamy first woman refractor Chris Murray aqua shimmer first woman Bryce sensible number to 299 Collins one more auto coming here Let's make it a good one sky scraping Jaris Walker refractor Lauren Betz first woman Lauren Betz Invicta Tyrese Proctor Philip house key there the answer First woman auto Nick Smith jr. Nice guard there as well Nick Smith jr. A couple of nice autos. All right solid first box for sure I'll leave a Boston base refractor Tyrese Hunter and a purple mini diamond first woman Lauren Betz That one is numbered to 399 Invicta Caitlyn Clark Clark insert there to lapowski orange true orange First Bowman Kyle Lofton That's out of 25 15 to 25 Kyle Lofton. It's orange there first woman refractor auto jet Howard Out of 499 jet Howard purple shimmer first woman Kijani, right?  All right two more here two more here to find a Big card refractor Colin Chandler. It's got a Clark sky scraping Aqua wave first woman Brandon Murray Number to 299. So they don't go as late as we do They can't Start earlier and later refractor a Geron Holmes Amari Bailey, I feel like I've had to do that before Yeah, that's honestly what I'm thinking I do it next time. It's a good idea So I think once I'll it's like one time I had it at home and like I didn't have any clean Forks I was like, I don't have time to wash one that takes way too long. Let's grab a spoon Seth tremble first woman base auto Yeah, I can make that work too lasagna wouldn't be that hard It's like like noodles would be tougher like like linguine or something first woman there. You have purple shimmer Gigi Jackson Angel hair. No chance Longer noodles no way Jalen bridges refractor come on cards Come on cards lively insert purple mini diamond first woman MJ rice It's a 399 refractor if it looks like a para fettuccine. You just have to chop it all up JJ Starling and Victor Big kahuna Nick Smith junior short print I could be my body weight in Fettuccine And a refractor first woman auto Brendan Murray 176 of 499 next time we pass it home. I'm trying everything with a spoon Do it at all differently Even like my cereal with a fork I'm gonna do that. I'm gonna do some field studies Last box for you Jeff Johnny, right drew Timmy refractor auto. It's a solid one there to 499 Zags legend purple shimmer first woman chance Westry refractor Jordan Walsh lively insert again True purple PJ Hall Clemson color match Number to 399 refractor Devin Carter first moment Invicta Oscar Sheeboy There's one more auto coming up here at some point First woman auto race Thompson base base race. Oh, come on Giants You do better than this Sky striping Nick Smith junior Sam poldewenby redemption earlier during group breaks. Well, I think it was just one today out of the Seven cases we ripped refractor Ayanna Patterson Jordan Walsh Invicta and then aqua first woman Brandon Miller There we go to 299 Nice one on the back there for you Jeff. That's him Nick Smith juniors and Brandon and Brandon Miller Good stuff Appreciate the ornament. We will get these out to you


I'm Salvatore Bobonis and today's lecture is liberal non-democracies, the European Union and United Nations. The European Union and to some extent the United Nations cherish democracy as a core value, but intergovernmental organizations like the EU and UN can suffer severe and fundamental democratic deficits. Many of their member states, in the case of the EU, all of them are democracies, but the organizations themselves are organizations of states, not of people. As a result, though they often espouse liberal democratic values, they do so through fundamentally non-democratic means. They are thus open to criticism and heavily criticized for their undemocratic decision-making structures and perceived hypocrisy in promoting liberal democratic ideals. The European Union is a treaty organization of 28 member states dedicated to, quote, respect for human dignity, liberty, democracy, equality, rule of law and human rights. At least their 28 states as of recording in April 2016, the United Kingdom will soon hold a referendum on whether or not to remain in the European Union. The European Union is an incredibly complex, state-like bureaucracy, governed by no less than seven major sovereign bodies. The European Union is state-like in the sense that it exercises many of the powers of a state, even if on a technical legal sense it is merely a treaty organization of 28 member states. Sociologically, the European Union, from the perspective of people who live in it, is in effect a state. The seven major bodies of the European Union are the European Parliament, European Council, Council of Ministers, European Commission, Court of Justice, Court of Auditors, and European Central Bank. I don't think anybody outside the European Union and a few academic specialists really understand what each of these seven organizations does, and even within the European Union only a minority of people probably understand the difference between the European Council and the Council of Ministers, for example, or between the Council of Ministers and the European Commission. These are incredibly complicated, highly overlapping organizations. For example, both the Council of Ministers and the European Commission are composed of 28 members appointed by member governments, I'm sorry, and the European Council. All three have 28 members representing the 28 European countries. The only part of the European Union bureaucracy that is directly accountable to the people of the European Union is the European Parliament. This is elected in a way similar to the way national parliaments are elected by single member districts, in which people represent the people of their district in Europe. But the European Parliament has relatively little power compared to the other big institutions of the European Union, and the reason for that is clear. The European Union started out and remains a treaty organization, which means that the heads of the countries that are members of the European Union want to maintain control over policy. They don't want to hand it off to a true democratic representative body like the European Parliament. But the result of the lack of popular input into these institutions generates a democratic deficit that leaves people feeling as if they don't have a say in their own governing, in the laws that fundamentally determine the ways they can live their own lives. The European Union is often perceived as telling European citizens what they have to do and what they have to think, despite the minimal popular mandate of the European Union to do so. For example, the European Central Bank imposed austerity programs on Greece and the countries of southern Europe in the wake of the 2009 Euro crisis. European directives on the privatization of rail operations sparked protests across Europe, portrayed here in this photo of Union members protesting against the privatization of railroads. The European refugee policy, especially the September 2015 refugee sharing plan in which the 28 countries of the European Union agreed quotas on how many refugees each country would take, are perceived as highly undemocratic as agreements over which the people have had very little input. And the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, a treaty with the United States similar to the Trans-Pacific Partnership that's currently up for ratification. The T-TIP has been incredibly controversial, and in fact, as of recording in April 2016, President Obama is meeting with German Chancellor Angela Merkel to discuss the T-TIP, to promote it in the European Union, against or despite the fact that an overwhelming majority of European Union citizens oppose the T-TIP treaty. In short, the European Union is a basically liberal organization without being a fundamentally democratic organization. The European Union supports individual freedoms in human rights at home and abroad, but those freedoms and rights are often construed as the freedoms and rights that are of interest to a narrow political class. Most Europeans themselves will never experience being a refugee or being persecuted on account of religion, that is, they will never personally benefit from the rights that are actively promoted by the European Union. As a result, the EU is often perceived as supporting such freedoms and rights for generalized others, not for the citizens themselves. Now, of course, in a political legal sense, in the approach taken by lawyers and political scientists, individual rights of freedom and human rights are universal and are applicable to everybody, and in theory, every citizen benefits. From a sociological perspective, in a sociological sense, such rights are much more important to disadvantaged minorities, to groups that are likely to be vilified by the majority than they are to most ordinary people. In short, in a Christian majority country like Hungary, you are much more likely to value the right to freedom of religion if you are a Muslim or a Hindu than if you are a Christian. Just as the same might be true in a Muslim majority country, you might value freedom of religion more if you were a Christian. So from a sociological standpoint, rights promoted by the European Union are perceived as being rights for generalized others, not as rights for us, the people, the in-groups that form the majorities in those societies. Perhaps inevitably, given the fact that countries have vetoes over all sorts of policies in the European Union, the EU seems to promote negative freedoms much more aggressively than it promotes positive freedoms. Once again, from a sociological standpoint, this reduces the value of the freedoms guaranteed by the European Union. If the European Union guarantees freedom from persecution, well, the only people who value it are the people who are likely to be persecuted. On the other hand, if the European Union were promoting the freedom to enjoy a secure livelihood or the freedom to go to a university of choice for free, that kind of freedom would be more valued by the majority of citizens. Of course, those kind of positive freedoms are not the kinds of freedoms that a treaty organization like the European Union can provide. Those are the kinds of freedoms that only national governments can assure for their citizens. As a result of all this, the European Union appears to be, and in many respects actually is, primarily a neoliberal institution. It promotes negative neoliberal freedoms at the expense of positive freedoms that would provide greater social welfare for its citizens. If the European Union is a liberal organization with a democratic deficit, the United Nations is much more so, and is often also accused of a neoliberal bias. All of the kinds of shortcomings that I've just discussed that plague the European Union plague the United Nations even more. It is a distant, poorly understood bureaucracy in which people have no direct say via direct voting and in which they are represented by their national governments with the added problem that at least half of the governments in the United Nations are not themselves democratically elected governments. While the EU and the UN may seem distant and even irrelevant to many people in high income countries, in fact, they wield great influence in other, poorer parts of the world. The European Union plays a major role in the politics of the countries of the former Soviet Union, the Middle East, Africa, and even to a lesser extent in Latin America. One only has to look at the current Ukraine crisis or the recent conflicts in the former Yugoslavia involving Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the secession of Kosovo from Serbia to understand that the European Union has enormous reach within the region or, for that matter, just look at the Syrian refugee crisis and the importance of the European Union in that. The European Union has influence because neighboring countries desire to join the European Union. Thus, Serbia, which just had elections in April 2016, voted for a pro-European integration political party that is a political party that promises to attempt to join the European Union. The European Union has influence because countries desire to trade with the European Union. The fall of the Viktor Yanukovych government in Ukraine that sparked the entire Ukraine crisis in 2014 was prompted by disagreements over a trade pact between Ukraine and the European Union. The European Union has influence because individuals in neighboring countries desire to travel to the European Union. So, right now, there is an agreement between the European Union and Turkey to give Turkish citizens in the future visa-free travel to the European Union as a reward for Turkey's cooperation in keeping other people, Syrian refugees among them, out of the European Union. And finally, there's a desire to emigrate to the European Union. Many people in poor and middle-income countries want their countries to remain on good terms with the European Union so that they themselves may be able to travel to the European Union. And this has been especially important in the countries of Eastern Europe, bordering the existing Eastern European EU member states, and in Latin America because several European countries, in particular Italy, Spain, and Portugal, have very liberal policies for people of dissent, people of Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian dissent, whose families emigrated to Latin America in centuries past who now want to claim European Union citizenship. So, for many reasons, both ordinary people and elites in countries across this wide part of the world, the neighborhood of the European Union, have a strong stake in European Union policies and pay very careful attention to them in a way that people living in the United States, Australia, or Japan might not. Similarly, the United Nations, while being largely irrelevant in the lives of people in most rich countries, is virtually an occupying power in many of the poor countries, especially of Western and Central Africa. They're United Nations peacekeeping missions in Africa. The International Criminal Court has indicted the leaders of African countries and the leaders of rebellions against African countries. And all sorts of UN organizations are very instrumental in helping to set the economic and health policies of countries, of poor countries all around the world. The recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa was primarily attributed to poor world health organization support for West African countries. Now, most of us would not look to the world health organization to help our countries deal with a disease outbreak. But in many of the poorer countries of the world, of Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, the United Nations and its organizations like the World Health Organization are seen as important parts of the governing structures, the governing bureaucracies of those countries. Key takeaways. The European Union is an emphatically liberal organization that nonetheless suffers from what we call a democratic deficit. Built-in veto structures help the European Union and the United States, I'm sorry, built-in veto structures help give the European Union and the United Nations built in biases towards negative freedoms over positive freedoms, thus leading them towards neoliberal policy stances. And finally, the European Union and United Nations wield great influence in mainly poor parts of the world that have little representation in the decision-making of these bodies. I'm Salvatore Babonis. You can find out more about me at SalvatoreBabonis.com, where you can also sign up for my monthly newsletter on global affairs. Thank you for listening.


Picture this, it's the mid-2000s, and you're a developer at Nintendo. You're coming off the GameCube generation, during which you've made incredibly solid work, but the sales figures for your games have been hamstrung by low-console sales. Nintendo's higher-ups have a plan to turn things around, and that plan is motion controls. And you look at this brand new controller designed to resemble a TV remote, and you think to yourself, what am I going to do with this? According to Satoru O'Wata, Nintendo developers at this moment in the company's history were grappling with no small amount of unease. He said, I'm sure that a lot of the development teams involved in continuing series of games had many concerns when the conventional controller design was suddenly reinvented as the Wii remote. While I'm sure that with the right amount of adjustment, the remote can add a new dimension to the gameplay for any game, my initial impression, which I came to quickly, was that there would be games that take to the remote easily, and those that present more of a challenge. There was one development team, though, that were absolutely thrilled by the Wii remote. So excited were they about this new technology, that they volunteered to develop a launch title for the system, even though they were Nintendo's go-to handheld team. This team was, of course, the WarioWare team, and it's no surprise that they were eager to lead the charge on this new hardware. WarioWare games traced their lineage all the way back to Nintendo's earliest, weird attempts at experimenting with technology, and making toys that refused to play by the rules. With WarioWare move it, returning to the idea of waggly motion-controlled micro-games, it's time to explore why WarioWare matters. As we noted in our video last year on the origins of Wario, the original WarioWare game grew out of experimentation on the ill-fated Mario Artist game for the Nintendo 64 disc drive. This may have been the origin of WarioWare, but it was by no means the origin of the culture of creativity among WarioWare developers. Gunpei Yokoi would not live to see the creation of the WarioWare series, but his guiding influence can be seen throughout these games. Initially hired to maintain the manufacturing presses that created Hannah Fuda playing cards, Yokoi's natural interest in toy making caught the eye of Nintendo's president, Hiroshi Yamauchi. Yokoi was the first Nintendo employee to be given a research and development job relating to toys, and he absolutely knocked it out of the park. Yokoi had a knack for finding unorthodox uses for otherwise ordinary technology. Discovering that running a light electrical current through a human body could cause a light bulb to illuminate, he invented a love tester. While it claimed to measure attraction, it was actually a genius way for young couples to hold hands in public at a time when such things were to boo within Japanese culture. When he learned about a light sensor, Yokoi dreamed up an electronic shooting gallery, long before the concept of amusement arcades even existed. This same technology would later be used to create light gun games for the Nintendo entertainment system. It was from Yokoi that Nintendo got the often repeated mantra of game design, lateral thinking with withered technology. The idea that a new application for existing technology was better than chasing the latest hardware trends. This would later manifest in the Nintendo Wii's motion controls. Yokoi's team, Research and Development 1, were Nintendo's superstars for a time, but they were eventually overshadowed by Research and Development 4, a team led in part by a former R&D1 developer who had been mentored by Yokoi, Shigeru Miyamoto. Hiroshi Yamaguchi's managerial style was unusual for Japanese companies at the time, where most business leaders attempted to foster loyalty by treating their employees well, Yamaguchi deliberately pitted his development teams against each other. Nintendo employees weren't just competing against rival companies, they were at war with other teams within Nintendo. Thus as Miyamoto's team began to sell huge numbers of software titles for Famicom with hits such as Super Mario Brothers, the Game Boy team, R&B1, were tasked with making portable versions of their rivals work. This didn't sit well with the developers, and the Super Mario Land series of Game Boy games eventually pivoted away from merely copying Mario games to creating their own weird twisted alternative take on Nintendo's mascot. More so than Mario at the time, Wario games were driven by radically reinventing gameplay. Even after Gunpei Yokoi's departure from Nintendo and subsequent death in a tragic car accident, his design philosophy remained ingrained in his former team's design philosophy. Developers like Yoshio Sakamoto were taught by Yokoi, and strove to find new ways to utilize unorthodox hardware within Nintendo games. This can be seen in the second WarioWare game for the Game Boy Advance, WarioWare Twisted. While WarioWare Move It might be the most recent WarioWare game to feature motion controls, it is far from the first. Just as the first WarioWare game was started as a side project by developers looking to experiment, WarioWare Twisted began as the work of Rhythm Heaven director Kazuyoshi Azawa. Working alone, he strapped a motion sensor to a Game Boy Advance cartridge, and came up with a series of micro-games that involved physically rotating the gaming handheld to solve puzzles. When Azawa showed off his prototype, one game that made everybody laugh involved a simulated record player, Satoru Awata himself. At this point, the president of Nintendo took a particular shine to this, placing the Game Boy Advance on a swivel chair and spinning it round to change the speed of the record. Said Sakamoto, I'll never forget that time either, because as Iwata-san was spinning that chair round and round, he'd occasionally say, this is ridiculous, with a big grin on his face. WarioWare Twisted released in tandem with the Nintendo DS WarioWare game, Touched, which similarly made use of new technology in unusual ways. While by this point R&D1 had been restructured and merged with another development team, the WarioWare developers continued to jump at every opportunity to experiment and push the boundaries of what Nintendo games could do. At a time when many Nintendo developers were uneasy about changing hardware, Gunpei Yoko's successes were showing the company how to embrace lateral thinking, and they were doing it with Wario, the oddball, experimental anti-hero. Thus, when Sakamoto and his colleagues first heard of the Nintendo Wii and its motion controls, they already knew exactly what to do. It was the same thing they'd been doing for their entire careers. Goro Abe was quietly confident about using the Wii for Wario right from the start. He later said, I noticed that the other teams were looking at the remote and nunchuck and saying things like, how are we going to make the best use of these in their discussions? But we felt the opposite and, to tell the truth, were a lot more optimistic, saying things along the lines of, if you've got one of these remotes, you can pretty much do anything. There was no shortage of ideas for microgames this time around. The team managed to come up with over a thousand potential games and created storyboards for each, before whittling this down to around 200. Thus, while other developers within Nintendo were still trying to wrap their heads around the new control scheme, the WarioWare team led the way in showing just what this new technology could do. WarioWare smooth moves with the fourth best-selling launch title for the Wii in Japan, after Wii Sports, Wii Play, and the Legend of Zelda Twilight Princess. Now, as Nintendo favours us with another motion control WarioWare game in the form of WarioWare Move It, it's worth pondering the moral to this story. There's a lot of freedom that comes with marching to the beat of your own drum.


NGC 4696 is an elliptical galaxy in the Centaurus cluster. In fact, it is the brightest galaxy in the cluster. This composite image was taken in a study of the galaxy central black hole. It shows a vast cloud of hot gas in red, surrounding high energy bubbles 10,000 light years across in blue. The green dots in the image show infrared radiation from star clusters on the outer edges of the galaxy. New observations from Hubble have revealed the intricate structure of the galaxy in greater detail than ever before. Astronomers have found that each of the dusty filaments has a width of about 200 light years. These filaments knit together and spiral inwards toward the center's supermassive black hole that's flooding the galaxy's inner region with energy, heating the gas, and creating streams of heated material. It appears that these hot streams of gas bubble outwards, dragging the filamentary material with them as they go. The galaxy's magnetic field is also swept out with this bubbling motion, constraining and sculpting the material within the filaments.


Hello I'm Daddy Gamer and today's freedom livestream spotlight goes to Hawkeye NL. He's been over on hitbox for the last couple of weeks now and he's been playing games like The Crew, Borderlands 2, Minecraft but he's also been playing War Thunder. War Thunder is one of them games we haven't really seen much on hitbox but he's been really enjoying it. Let's have a look at his stream and see how he's been getting on. Hawkeye stream seven days a week from around 7pm GMT time which is 2pm central time and he's been playing games like War Thunder. War Thunder is an aerial combat game and he's been having a lot of fun explaining to the viewers about different concepts of the game, why he's doing what and how it's benefiting his gameplay and he's also been inviting viewers along to play with him. As well as with The Crew he's been running around in a three man crew so he's always got a slot open for a viewer to come along and get boosted through some races, ask advice about cars, what modifications to get, stuff like that and he's also been doing Minecraft. He's currently doing a Let's Play series of Infinity which is available off the Feed the Beast launcher and he's also doing Dire Wolf 20 and he's been talking about getting into a custom mod pack as well. He's also been doing Material Energy 4, Sky Factory 2 so he's been doing a lot of different Minecraft games. He's always been playing Borderlands 2, this is a new thing to his stream and he's been running around with some friends going through some of the campaigns on there. If you want to check out his stream there's a link in the description below. Don't forget to like the video and leave us a comment about what you think of the show and if you want to see more of it and also if you want to get your live stream spotlighted simply post a comment below with some details about your stream and a link to it so we can check it out and we'll try and get as many done as we can. So until next time I'm Daddy Gamer, I hope you've enjoyed watching and I'll see you all soon.


Guess what? On Sunday, I actually have a red fishing video. I caught my first redfish, first time ever going red fishing. It was absolutely amazing. The footage is unreal, guys. When I mean it is unreal, it's probably the best footage on my channel. Comes out Sunday. Welcome to another video, guys. Freakin' hot outside, out here on Father's Day, with my dad. We're go-kart racers today. So we actually are here at uh- Hashtag bring dad back. Hashtag bring dad back. If you want dad back, I brought it back in this episode so you guys can enjoy it. I know this is an efficient video, but I was like, you know, we're going here and might as well whip out a few go-pros, vlog camera, vlog the whole thing, and film something different. You know, I want to add variety. I don't want to just be on the lake all the time or just filming boat stuff and truck stuff. You know, let's widen the range. If you guys want to see that, be sure to pop that like button. We're out here on the one-year speedway go-kart uh- racing. As you can tell out there, there's a few people out there right now. There's not, there's only about seven of us here right now. That's one thing you wanted to go do. So we're out here today. We're in here. I'm gonna have a good time taking down the Mr. Mayan himself, kicking it back. I don't know about that. I'm gonna take down the king today. I don't know about that. But we actually got down with our first race. I'll play here in a second so you can watch all the way through. I'm not gonna say anything, but you can watch that whole race through. I forgot to film an intro. That's my bad. But go ahead and get it started. Yes, that's what I get for getting letting off once you catch me. I'm not doing that next time. Your best, your best lap was just slightly faster, but at the end. So he, so he won this one. I did. I went and said, you're wearing a good one. He spun out. I do believe how much work out it is on your arms. Was it fun? Yeah. Now your arms pumped. Oh my God. You get your forearms ripping. Like a whole bunch of people. Whereas like Friday and Saturday night. Grip like that last one. I took that corner how I was taking it. You'll have to tell me what you think. We just got finished doing these gay part things while I didn't do it. Super, super hot out there. I had a good idea for a video and you'll have to tell me if you guys, a fishing video, him and his dad versus each other. And tell me what you think about that, Steve. You said it wouldn't be fair because you went me. It's not fair when I'm getting back boated.  Don't you be talking about my little worm? So what do you think? If you think they should have a competition on the boat. And how we should. And what they should do. Leave a comment. Catch you guys. No, you gotta do what you say on the phone. Thanks. Bye. Thanks. Bye. That is a wrap for this video, guys. Thank you guys so much for watching. I hope you guys enjoyed it. We are doing something different on the channel, guys. Like every single, every single upload. We're just trying. I'm trying so hard to give you guys a variety. If you guys want to see me race my dad again, because I won one and he won one. We have to crown a champion. We have to crown a champion. So if you guys want to see that, be sure to smash that like button. Be sure to comment below on what you guys want to see next. I hope you guys enjoy this one, guys. This was honestly really fun making it. It was honestly a blast. But guess what? On Sunday, I actually have a red fishing video. I caught my first red fish first time ever going red fishing. It was absolutely amazing. The footage is unreal, guys. When I mean it is unreal, it's probably the best footage on my channel. And that is no joke. 100% best footage on my channel comes out Sunday. I'm actually going to go inside and start editing it right now. Thank you guys so much for the support. I love you guys so much. Be sure to smash that like button, subscribe, and click the bell to send you post notifications. And I'll catch you guys in the next episode.


Are there any Parsons?  I didn't see any jury. Well, they was around. Anyway, what difference does it make? You gunned down Wendy Jones, and he was one of our most beloved and respected citizens. I heard he was the town drunk. Well, now that he's dead, he's one of our most beloved and respected citizens. I don't care who he was. I didn't kill him. You've got the right to hear a few words from a preacher. Unfortunately, our preacher's out of town, but luckily, we got Farley Millard here, and he's a feed-and-grain salesman, and he owns a Bible. No, thanks. Now, what does that mean? I don't want any feed-and-grain salesman praying over me. I don't want anyone praying over me. I don't believe in that stuff. You ready, Max? You've got one more inalienable right to speak a few last words, and I mean a few. We don't want one of them things where the dam takes off with a declaration of independence. We're gone. Well, I'd just like to say that this is the lousiest town that I've ever been in. Well, I've met a better class folk in a San Francisco opium parlor. Drunken pool hall bum would be considered too high-toned for these parts. And as for your system of justice, well... That's enough! You see what I mean? He was just one breath away from the declaration. An Indian squaw. Ed claims Wendy was the father that he was acting as the avenging angel. Wendy was going to be the father or something? That's what Ed says. On time. Given his gun, and don't you never come back. You heard her. I'm not guilty. Even so, we don't want no fast guns in this town. Fast guns right alongside with lepers in this law-abiding community. Can I ride back to town long enough to get some food? That's the way out, son. Don't press your luck. You don't have to. I'll be back. When? Whatever you do, don't leave town. Wait. Never give up hope. Well, I didn't know he was going to act like that. I never would have lied for him. Lied? You would have never! I thought he was cute. There ain't a man around here I'd have as a gift. And he took a bath every so often besides. I'm excited about you coming here. We ain't had a preacher here in over three years. When our last one left in such a hurry, he didn't even say goodbye. He was a pious man, but he had a yellow streak down his back. We're all looking forward to meeting you for the first time. All looking forward to meeting you for the first time? Hmm. I don't know how long you'll be willing to stay, but you'll be welcome every minute of it. I got a posse after me for something I didn't do. About that they're a parson, but, uh, we're a little too far off to catch that they're a caller. Is there anything we can do for you, Reverend? Either you boys ever heard of a town called Castle Walk? Well, yeah, it's in Arizona. Sure ain't much of a town, though. How far is it from here? All about 150 miles. It's over yonder in that direction. How's your church attendance been lately, boys? You boys see that branch over there? Uh, yes, sir. But he hates your profession. Yeah, I can see how I would. I want you boys to go and sin no more. Uh, we surely won't parson. As soon as we can afford not to. Uh, preacher, you mean it's a good if that kill us as we was riding up here.  Just as much as I am. Say nothing about no word. We've got to stay here and live with them. All right, let's get going. Where it been said. That's right. I wrote you a letter telling you not to come. No, you wrote me a letter welcoming me to Castle Walk. I wrote you that letter? Yeah, but things changed. First, Mr. Ross said it was all right for us to have a preacher. And then Mr. Ross changed his mind. Gentlemen, what the hell is going on here? Reverend! Did you see? That was a word that came straight from the Bible, folks. All I know is we've got a heart broken little widow here. You did say you were the widow? And these are my children. She's 18. You probably do in my saddlebag. You can borrow mine, Reverend. The deceased was probably a simple man, so I'll just say a few simple words of my own and not bother to dip into the Bible today. It's ashes to ashes and dust to dust. It may not sound like the best deal in the world but it's the only deal you're ever going to get so you might as well learn to live with it. I didn't know the late deceased, but some of the works he left behind are mighty impressive. But what did he die of? He was shot in the back. May the full wrath of the Lord fall on people who shoot other people in the back. It's a rotten, sinful way to make a living. Amen. Thank you enough, Reverend. I'd like to say more, but Mr. Ross only gave us half an hour to get out of town after the fuel. You're leaving town? You taking her with you? Mr. Ross said we all had to go. Who is this Mr. Ross? He's a mean, miserable, murdering thief, and he runs everybody in this part of the country. There ain't a soul of us that had a single solitary happy day since he rode in here and took over. He's gonna hear every word that you said? At least I got to say something that should have been said before I died. Why is he running this woman out of town? My husband, Sam, was the only man in these parts to stand up to Mr. Ross, so he had Sam killed. He let us take one wagonload of our things. We'd better get started. Ma'am, the only place you're going is back to your ranch. I'm sure with the help of all these fine citizens that we can make Mr. Ross see the air of his ways. Reverend, you don't understand the situation around here. Mr. Ross is a powerful, powerful man. He's got money and influence. And he's got 20 top gun fighters working for him. Well, I tell you people what I really think of you. I'm gonna tell you something about gun fighters. Now, Ross doesn't have 20 top gun fighters working for him because there ain't 20 top gun fighters in the whole US of A. Now, what Ross probably does have is about 15 cowboys that wear guns for ornaments. They do just fine at shooting up a saloon or making some terrified dude dance a little jig. But Ross has probably got about three men who are pretty good at getting their guns out of their holsters, but no good at hitting anything once they do, which leaves about two or three men that might honestly be called gun fighters, not top gun fighters, more like second or third raiders.  How come you know so much about gun fighters, Reverend? The Lord's work takes one to many places in many climes. Matthew 31. There ain't no Matthew 31. Well, there ought to be. Widow, I want you and your family to get in the wagon. I'm gonna drive you home. You're gonna sit next to me. Oh, I don't know, Reverend.  Where's your faith? My faith is in good shape, Reverend. And if you're willing to take the risk, so are we. Get in the wagon, kids. Less than the Reverend to go and home. The lives of this family will be on yours. In town, and they're pretty liquor-deaf. That was their first mistake. You ride my horse, son. Okay. What about this? Mr. Ross is a skunk of doubtful parentage. Mr. Ross is so low, he could walk under a rattlesnake's belly wearing a high hat. And that's what I think of Mr. Ross without ever having met the man. Now, that was indecisive, cowboy. Could have very easily cost you your unimportant life.  Be my guest, ma'am. Your guest! I was carrying that coat over my arm when the shooting took place.  No, not tonight, honey. I'd imagine that Sunday in church would be where he makes his first play. Aren't you scared at all? Well, I'm scared, all right, Sally. Not the kind of scare that would make me knuckle under to the likes of that Ross. Is there a sermon tomorrow, Reverend? Tomorrow? Tomorrow's Sunday. I've lost all track of time in the last few weeks. I thought you said the synagogue is. Yeah, that's not bad, either. I thought you probably had some favorite passage from the Bible to illustrate your point. Oh, I do. Several of them, as a matter of fact. But what's your favorite passage from the Bible that would illustrate that point, ma'am? I think it would be Luke 12. Christ says, do you think I have come to give peace on earth? I came to cast wood, it were already kindled. Says that in the Bible? Well, I told you, Luke 12. Oh, Luke 12. Yeah, that Luke, he really knew how to turn a phrase, didn't he? I've seen you close up the services. I'd appreciate that. You don't have a battle around. Seem to have misplaced my glasses. Did you turn to that spot, Luke, that your mother was talking about? It's right here. I don't wear glasses. That's something you're right. Here's chapter 10 and verse 34. Luke says pretty much the same. Come to send peace on earth. I came not to send peace, but a sword. He's not reluctant to use the occasion calls for it. He might become downright irritated if you don't use the sword, or the gun, or the rope. People get the kind of lives they deserve, and I guess they do. Women and children, and when their women won't mate, these people don't deserve any kind of... Exactly what you got. The awful thing it is to kill a man. And at the most, a man for wasting his life at the order of some tin horn dictator. I haven't quit before the fight even got started. Mark pretty much church today, that's all. Body on the side. The name is Mr. Ross. The name was Mr...  I think I can take him, Mr. Ross. Don't think. Here's your chance, boys. Grudge is against him. Draw on me, and I'll kill him for you. You don't look all that fast to me. I want you out of town. Who killed Sam Underwood? You were one of your men. Find out if I have to take a whole bunch of you to pieces. Give me the word. I'm sure I can beat him. I'll go on back to the ranch. It's 10 o'clock, and there's a four-bit fine for being late. Took a trip up the Cheyenne altercation between one of the top gun slingers. He didn't want no part of the fight, but this gunny was drunk. He kept at it, and finally the kid had to go for his gun or get blasted right there, and he struck that gunny flat foot. Why, he was dead before God got the news. Found out this kid's name was Ernie Parson. What are you doing here in Castle Walk dressed up in that preacher's outfit? It's the wrong guest, Billy.  They'll hang me just like I did if they catch me in the hills, and he was already, so I took his clothes and horse, and moves in mysterious ways, boy. If I do stick around here, how much help can I count on from these? Almost none. Almost none? Dinners of Castle Walk? Just as sure as I am, is at hand when you will hear of wars and rumors of wars. Be not afraid, for this must first take place. Nations will rise! I brought you some lunch. Didn't know preachers had to practice. It's either that or watch the collections. That's a real bad joke I stole from the Methodist. Oh.  I don't know. Why? Well, uh, you're a very attractive young girl. Almost two youngs, a matter of fact. Most of the girls around here are married by the time they're 13 or 14. 13, huh? Well, I'll have to look into that. Why? They had the lucky ones. Even if they don't get a trip to Phoenix out of it. Is that the price of marriage around here, a trip to Phoenix? No, but it sure doesn't hurt. Look, do I have to keep on calling you Reverend? Oh, no. Call me Ernie. Ernie? My full name's Frank Ernest Fleming. All my good friends, they call me Ernie. Is there anything in your faith against marriage? No. Not in my faith. Sally, uh... Sit down. This conversation isn't going in exactly the direction I'd plan.  I was real glad that my parents believed in it. But, uh, well, there's other things, too. You don't know what I'm talking about, do you? I know what you're talking about. It doesn't matter. Oh, it's these clothes and these collars. It's just, I'm not going to get anywhere dressed like this. I don't see that it makes much difference. You would if you were dressed like a nun. It's just the wrong outfit for what I had in mind. It's real important. Yeah, I know of him. My blessings on him. And he's working for us. He's the best. You can take him, King. You sure he's working for us? Yeah, and he's looking for you. Although he don't know who you really are. That doesn't matter. Or does it? Where's he at now? He's at the men's loom when I left town. The ranch alone. We didn't get very much accomplished today, did we? He's breaking all around us. You all that sure you can beat me? You're all that sure I can?  Call himself a gunfighter. And you know dang well you did, Jake. You're going to give Ross $1,000 back? If you're a rummy standing around, don't see where the bullets hit. All of a sudden you've got the Miracle Count. They're on their nut town and they're about to hang. And in rides this gal and saves your neck. You'll see she's your preacher's body. You find this letter that brings you right here to this here town. The one that wound up here. Ever been needed before. You want to stop the thing just a little bit more?  Face that bum out of town. And he's not going to give you your $1,000 back either.  Just don't make a big thing out of it. Get dressed and get out of here? Remember not, I've got to do it. Turn your back, Sal. I know it's a bastard, but I'm thinking as you are. Why not? I'm not going far.  Put some kind of marker on it with my name. Tyrosha found my body and buried it in the hills.  Start giving him trouble in ways he never dreamed of. If I left you the next little while, well... That's the way you're dressed. You don't like the way you look. Some people don't have to stay dead unless they want to. I'm the preacher's ghost. Billy, I'm sorry. And it's been a long time since I've been safe anywhere. Isn't tomorrow Sunday? It sure is. Let's go to town and tell everyone that we're having church services tomorrow morning at 10. Sal has leveled to end up one of the youngest widows in these parts. And she's been a widow two years. No, Grace Dorthy only been married a week and a half when her husband fell down a mine shaft. You know how old she is. If I stay here and fight it out with Ross and his men, chances are very good that I'll be killed. But on the other hand, we could leave here tonight and get married the very first time we come to. And go someplace we both like and settle down and just have a wonderful life for ourselves. It's all up to you, Sally. You just say the word. You said never throw yourself in between a man and what he thinks he's got to do. I pointed in that answer. No, it's all right. I got the strangest feeling that I've been pointed straight toward this shootout ever since the day I was born. It wasn't a thing in the world I could do about it. Billy says it's God moving in his mysterious way. Well, I just don't know. You bear religious Sally. Talk and talk. Can't you be quiet and get on with what you're supposed to be doing?  A lot of you thought I was dead. And that my ghost was raging through the hills wreaking my vengeance on Ross and his men. What were your feelings? Angry ghost raging in your hills? You came out to see if I was alive or if I might not be hurting you people.  I didn't know I was doing that well. What do you want, Ross? Sitting on a stack of Bibles ten feet high, I'd bet money that you were lying and I'd win. The moment we've been waiting for. Look, sir, how could you believe... Ross, A.D. You are going to believe...  Anybody can make...  I didn't mean to create any dissension amongst the preacher's flock. Now you're going to be married tomorrow morning at eleven. You're all invited. I don't know. It's not forsaken town for good. The place here in the church will be at the Mint Saloon. You can say what you want about those people at the Mint. But they know why they're there and they do something about it. One of my feelings, and I'm never wrong, that I should get out of this place. Oh, perform the ceremony. You're the only preacher around here. Says I can't delegate my... How long to be my wedded wife? You go on from there. And bypass the town and they're circling around and they're coming in that way. Please let us down again. Only counted fourteen including Ross. How long before they get here? Not more than five minutes. Well, Ross, otherwise I won't stand a chance. We'll have to finish this thing later. Get you from the windows or the keys to the hardware store.  Ross Frank Fleming's body. When he moved boys to New Frank, they figured that you'd switch clothes with him. Well, if he wants me, he's just going to have to get in line behind Ross and those other thirteen men. That'll make you think we're going to live through this thing. My horse will meet me out back, huh? They'll meet me back at the ranch. We'll take off from there. No, I ain't going to do anything as far as I have. I ain't going to go no further. What are you talking about?  Or not knowing who you are or what you are or what kind of a life she's letting herself in for. You think if I told her everything, she still wouldn't ride away with me? Well, of course she would, Ernie. Because she's eighteen and you're her first love. Well, that's good enough for me. Ernie, you take care of Sally with the other.  You think I could just ride off without telling her why? I'll tell her. Yeah, then what happens to her? She'll be tore up for a while, but she's young. She'll get over it in a month or two. Yeah, but I won't get over it in a month or two. I'll get your horse. I'll get it myself, part of the country. And you're not one of them. And I've been hearing about a gunfighter named Ernie Parsons and some interesting goings-on in a town called Castle Walk. Now, they'll believe everything you hear, Reverend. Oh, I don't. That's why I'm on my way to Castle Walk right now to investigate these wonderful stories. Maybe you should get them a real preacher now. They seem very happy with the one they had. They had a gunfighter, not a preacher. God moves in mysterious ways. Just from an unknown admirer that thinks certain girls should have a trip to Phoenix, even if they don't get married. Things that happen to you when Castle Walk might be your call to the kind of work you've been destined to do and solve the problems of Castle Walk all come that way than it was when you arrived.  No thanks.


Dr. Ranjan Shetty, interventional cardiologist in Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. Tavi is one of the same procedures which can be done, but like all intervention there would be some risk. Generally in most centers success rate is above 95% of Tavi. The great advantage is it's not a surgery, it's interventional procedure. It's done through your leg, just like it is done for an angiogra. So when Tavi is done there is no stitches, there are no scars at all. The recovery is immediate. It is most of the time done under short general anesthesia or even some time not even that. In 45 minutes patient can actually sit up from the table. In 2 days they can recover. As you realize the other surgery takes much more longer time for recovery in elderly. So I would say in an eligible patient there are lots of advantages of Tavi or Tava. Thank you.


Right now time has come for us to pray and we're gonna pray for our city This is a very important time because Jesus is awaiting our prayer Because God is waiting for you in my voice We are partners with God in this on this earth God doesn't do anything on this in this earth without you or me being involved We are his hands. We are his feet. We are his mouthpiece And today he is expecting you and me and he's expecting our prayer before we pray I want to share if you can lift up my mic just a bit. I want to share a story from the Bible It comes from the story of Abraham So God comes to Abraham and says Abraham, you know the city of Sodom and Gomorrah. Yeah, this city is bad They've done many bad things. I hear that I hear their outcry from the city.  He begins to talk with God and say God What if there what if there's 50 righteous people?  It's unlike you God?   He continues to bargain with God and he says what if there's 45? God says I won't destroy it. What if there is 30? God says I won't do it. What if there is 20? He said I will not do it. He got down to 10 said God what if there's only 10?  First of all God wants to know if you are concerned for the city God wants to know if you are concerned for the city that you live in today See God is here in this place. His presence is here See Abraham he did not live in that city. His personal safety in his personal well-being was not at stake It was his relative that was there But Abraham was concerned for the city He was concerned for his relatives and he was asking and bargaining with God to spare the city God wants to know today. Are you concerned for the city you live in today? God wants to know do you carry a burden because this is the city that I live in This is the city you live in this is a city where your children live in this is the city where your parents Where your family where your friends live in and God wants to know if you are concerned for your city If you're concerned the drugs are destroying our city If you're concerned that hatred and crime is staying apart our city If you are concerned today that divorce is eating up our families. Are you concerned today that there is Despite the advancement of the medical field. There is more and more sicknesses and more incurable disease that being discovered God wants to know are you concerned for the city? Does your heart Care for those that are hopeless and lost those that are dying out of drugs and those that are popping pills because they're anxious And they're fearful and they're they they're they they're contemplating suicide and point number two A god is willing to settle what you bargained for God is willing to give us god is willing to give you for whatever you ask him tonight If Abraham if only Abraham would have gone down to five The city saddam and gamora would have been spared Today god is awaiting you're in my prayer today god is waiting for you on a story of Abraham And lot and saddam and gamora god clearly shows us a picture that god is interested in your opinion in my opinion God is interested in your desire god is interested for your concern, but is your concern your city What you willing to ask god tonight for we're asking as a church for thousands locally and millions globally We believe that god has chosen us and raised us up for such a time as this to rescue a generation To set our people free to bring hope to the hopeless to bring healing to those that are sick To bring salvation to those that are lost Today, I want to ask you are you concerned for our city? And what are you willing to ask for today? I invite you to pray with us today to ask god for thousands locally and millions globally I want you to ask god that Thousands and thousands of people will be set free from drugs Thousands of people will be healed from incurable diseases That thousands of people will find hope and thousands of people in our city will find Jesus I want you to lift up your voice right now Together with us and begin to find that place in your heart Begin to find that concern in your heart for our city and let's begin to pray and cry out before god Let's begin to ask let's our city will be destroyed But what satan is doing in our city? Let's our city will be destroyed by sin by immorality in it because sin in itself is destructive But if god comes if god will come and intervene on our behalf as we pray god will show his mercy God will show his grace he will pour out his spirit a no flesh and we will see salvation in jesus