Okay, so last week we dealt with the question of idealism and the problem of knowledge and we looked at the ways in which it proves impossible to solve the problem of knowledge. If you examine thoughts on an individualistic basis basically if you tear it from its social and historical conditions and you know if you start out from the position of an abstract individual it will be impossible to really explain thoughts and now we have to move on to this if you like scholastic question as Marx called it to the question of what thought really is what the real process of the development of thought is in real history rather than just endlessly wondering whether or not it's possible to have knowledge and this outlook the Marxist outlook on what thought is and the the necessity of looking at it in its real history is summed up brilliantly in Marx's famous thesis on Feuerbach written at the beginning of his career in which he shows that even materialism that the materialism that existed prior to Marx especially in the example of Feuerbach had not really fully broken with idealism and as a result it's it's struggled with the same problems of explaining thought. Marx explains in in this that and I quote Feuerbach wants sensuous objects really distinct from thought objects in other words he wants to accept the independence of material reality he goes on but does not conceive human activity itself as objects of activity in other words contained within his philosophy was a hidden assumption that somehow although the material world exists independently of man mankind in so far as it thinks is somehow not part of that world. Now Marx revolutionized in these thesis on Feuerbach philosophy in which you know it's only about two pages long the thesis on Feuerbach so it's an incredibly potent bit of philosophy and not only does he pose the question historically in terms of you know humanity being a part of the natural world having emerged from the natural world but he also this this outlook also opens the door to treating thought socially right rather than in terms of the isolated individual and in just two sentences he really destroys the rigid bourgeois idea of human nature or human essence as he calls it. Marx says and again I quote but the human essence is no abstraction inherent in each individual in its reality it is the ensemble of social relations so Marx explains that Feuerbach and indeed in fact anybody who doesn't grasp human nature in this way but instead treats it or rather must because they don't treat it in this way must treat it as an abstract way and must treat human nature as because not a product of history and of society as something that is somehow present from the beginning in each human individual sort of in its entirety you know so each person taken separately has the same dose if you like of human nature given to them for some mysterious reason and if you think about it it's the same basic standpoint of bourgeois people or people who think in a bourgeois kind of way when they say in response to for example you saying that you are a socialist they might say oh what about human nature this is kind of a notorious argument that any socialist has to contend with almost on a daily basis and the again the hidden assumption of that is that we have sort of in built within us a rigid human nature that somehow maybe in our genes or in our soul and it's sort of the same in each individual right it's not a product of history it's doesn't it's not found in society and in the particular relations of a given society but it's instead just sort of imprinted on each person 100% and taken separately and therefore the real origins of it remain a mystery for these people isn't really anything they can say they can just assert that human nature is this way then these theses on Feuerbach end with the famous probably the most famous single sentence in philosophy which ironically is the sentence in which Marx essentially shows the limitations of philosophy when he says famously that philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways the point is to change it and that you know really I think sums up Marxist philosophy in a sense now this this outlook rescues the the problem of mind as it or the mind body problem as it's often called from its abstract one-sided treatment in most of philosophy and it poses the question in its proper context and it doesn't necessarily provide in itself all of the answers for how we think but it it puts in its proper context and allows us to start looking at it in the right way and and to find the right tools for explaining it and so materialism now emerges as far more than the mere assertion that the material world exists independently and prior to the thinking individual now materialism or dialectical materialism shows that thought is part of the material world it's not just that it depends on it is actually part of the material world thought is a natural thing essentially and therefore it follows that we would be able to change the material world with our thought since it is part of the material world right so thought is treated now unlike in Feuerbach and other earlier materialists thought is treated as active and not passive and in fact thought can only be thought precisely because it is active that's what distinguishes it from mere sensation right which simply sort of registers what is happening to the body but thought is able to then react back upon the natural world precisely because it is part of the natural world is made of the same stuff effectively or comes from the same stuff and Marx also explains in the 1844 manuscripts which were written around the same time and the man must have an object to be must be an object rather to have an object and in other words again we are part of nature and this again is a very revolutionary way of thinking about problem at the time there is fundamentally no barrier between our thoughts and the material world since our thought is a product of one part of the material world and in order to think we must every day breathe in fact every every second we must breathe every day we must eat we must drink and we must find shelter and all of our powers including thoughts are natural powers which we direct towards survival in the in the natural physical world right and if we stopped doing that then of course we would stop thinking and so as Marx says and I quote again a being which does not have its nature outside of itself in other words what he means is does not depend on the natural world to exist in other words have to ease in things a being which does not have its nature outside itself is not a natural being plays no part in the system of nature a being which has no object outside itself is not an objective being a being which is not itself an object for some third being has has no being for its object i.e. it is not objectively related its being is not objective a non-objective being is a non-being now translating that into plain English what he's arguing against essentially is any kind of non-materialist worldview that would have things like God the soul or ghosts or anything like that as these find as fundamentally non-material as spiritual beings or something and standing outside of the natural world and what he's saying is that essentially well as soon as you define it in that way you're effectively admitting it doesn't exist since to exist means to interact with the rest of the world or physical objects and to be able to do so you have to be part of that or you have to yourself be physical essentially and that applies of course to any not just those who believe in God or talk about ghosts but also those idealists who would argue that the thought is fundamentally non-material or cannot know the material world because it's a different thing to it and therefore because we are natural to our core we are fundamentally natural means nothing about us is non-natural immaterial and therefore we need the rest of nature to survive we must eat we must drink etc then as a result of this we also suffer because you know we can be deprived of those things that we need which Marx explains again in the 1844 manuscripts and this then lays the basis for understanding in their proper context all of our emotions our interests and therefore ultimately our thoughts which of course depend upon those things we couldn't have thoughts if it weren't for the fact that we need certain things that's what drives thoughts essentially so thought seen in this way it's not a magical property it's not some some sort of special spiritual substance which is somehow occupying a body but is instead a product of or a reflection of that particular beings natural beings needs physical needs fundamentally not only this but Marx also explains that we don't simply interact with nature on an individual basis but actually through and via society right so you know the foods that I eat and the clothes that I wear are almost in every case not actually produced by myself right they're produced by someone else in society or in reality many people in society there's a vast chain of of labor and exchange which enables the production of these things so that I can buy them in shops and use them that is really how I survive it's through society it's not as an independent individual very little of what I consume is made by myself and this applies to everybody so any attempt to explain how we think and what ideas are that doesn't take into account this fundamental fact of our existence will necessarily be false and abstract and we'll treat again once again we'll treat thought as a kind of magical and a mystical and therefore a mysterious substance that comes from you know who knows where so these these writings of Marx are really revolutionary and retain all of their validity I think now last week we discussed how philosophers like human Kant concluded that since the ideas that we use to gain knowledge such as time cause and effect since these ideas are very abstract and are not already found in our experience of concrete objects in other words I don't experience time itself and they concluded that these must be properties of the mind right and fundamentally not of the material world and now I think we can begin to make sense of that a bit more because you can see the similarity from that point of view with the point that Marx is making about Feuerbach treating human essence or human nature as present in each individual rather than as a historical product and a changing product of history and of society and similarly this this idea that our ideas and our abstractions are sort of result can you know it's seeing them as products of of the inherent structure of the mind present in each individual and not coming from experience or from the natural world that is a product of the removal of society and history from the study of thought essentially in philosophy in reality of course our ideas all of our ideas do come from experience but not the experience of each individual taken separately but the collective experience of humanity and that means fundamentally the labour of humanity the social labour of humanity the means by which we live as Engels says and I quote mastery over nature began with the development of the hand with labour and widened man's horizon at every new advance man was continually discovering new hitherto unknown properties in natural objects on the other hand the development of labour necessarily helped to bring the members of society closer together by increasing cases of mutual support and joint activity and by making clear the advantage of this joint activity to each individual in short men in the making arrived at the point where they had something to say to each other in other words thought and language developed as a result of the production of tools the trouble is however this history the real basis of our thought is hidden it's been forgotten in the passage of time for various reasons but one reason that it's been forgotten is of course the the onset of class society in which a layer of society does very little or in fact no laboring at all and lives off the labour of others and instead deals only in ideas and abstractions in other words members of the ruling class and Engels explains this as well he says in the face of all these images that is culture and religion which appeared in the first place to be products of the mind and seemed to dominate human societies the more modest productions of the working hand retreated into the background the more so since the mind that planned the labour was able at a very early stage in the development of society to have the labour that had been planned carried out by the hands by hands other than its own in other words he's talking about a ruling class that uses its its education and the development of labour to live off the labour of others and therefore relegated the role of labour in the production of ideas into the background or completely disappeared it entirely so again understood in this way we we not only begin to understand the real origins of thoughts but we also begin to explain some of the problems of thoughts for example alienation which is hinted at in the quotation I just gave if human nature lies in the ensemble of of social relations and in real history and it's a product of that history and changes in with time and if the individual must live in and through society in order to survive then of course social problems social contradictions such as class society are bound to produce psychological problems if you like and so in a capitalist society the one in which we live the individual of course depends on society for everything as I've described but cannot exercise any real control over that society or even understanding in fact even bourgeois individuals business owners don't really usually understand how capitalism works in fact they have an interest in not understanding how it works and they can't control the market rather the market controls them so this impersonal market really decides what society produces who is fired and who isn't who is paid what etc and ultimately decides what is produced and in what quantities so no real human understanding of the overall process under capitalism is possible and Marx explains that thanks to social labour humans are the very first animals that can sort of well obviously that think and that can subject their own activity if you like to investigation other animals of course also have to produce things in order to survive but they don't really make tools or in very rare cases they do make some very primitive tools but generally they don't make any tools and they just depend upon their own natural characteristics their own physical properties in order to survive and that's what they do one generation to the next it never changes they don't develop any culture that learns and transmits certain things it's true there are some small exceptions to this but generally that is overwhelming in the case with all animals whereas because we labour and we create tools that are independent of our bodies we can obviously change these tools right we can invent new tools and we can discover new properties and things and as a result our tools can be perfected over time and with that the way that we work and the things that we produce obviously changes and develops and therefore the social structure is changed in this in this process right and therefore in turn our ideas of course and our culture changes as well and that's the real kind of basis for our ideas and the real kind of logic to to the development of thoughts over time which of course animals cannot do however once again in capitalist society because it is the market that dictates this process not contrast human beings that produces how we produce and what we produce we lose control over this process so although in capitalist society we have never before we have attained a level of mastery of toolmaking if you like that has never been achieved before I mean vastly superior to anything that has been achieved before our understanding of the properties of the natural world etc is incredible but at the same time our understanding of our own social structure and our own process of labour is has actually fallen in a sense we have lost control over that we don't understand the real logic of the market or Marxists do but society as a whole does not and cannot do that under capitalism and so this has a certain effect on our consciousness of sense of alienation a lack of control over our own fate you know a sort of obviously a boredom at work a lack of any connection with what you're producing what you produce has really nothing to do with what you consume and you don't get any say in what you produce at work you're told what to do and you might be fired one day and your whole community might be destroyed because of certain changes in the productive forces maybe you know you're in the industry that your community was built around suddenly ceases to be productive and is destroyed and that's it basically your town is ruined essentially that's the fate of humanity under capitalism we're all familiar with this idea right that that's that we that the technology that we have sort of is out of our control essentially and that this therefore explains not opens the door not just generally understanding how we think but also to understanding the problems of thought such as that of alienation and finally I just want to also draw attention to a something that may at first appear almost non-materialist in this outlook this revolutionary understanding of of how we think that Marx developed Marx and Engels developed over 150 years ago still escapes many I mean it's not really taught in schools and it's generally slandered in the education system and in the media so scientists and philosophers who are concerned with the problem of mind how we think basically generally ignorant of this this this philosophical outlook and you know make mistakes for example one of the most common ones in terms of how we think would be for scientists involved in the study of the brain and the nervous system to seek an explanation for everything about how we think and why we think purely within the structures of the brain which first of all at first glance appears thoroughly materialist and that's something that we would agree with now obviously we do accept that the brain is is is the site of thought is you know is indispensable to thoughts but there's more to it than that Trotsky said the following the brain is the material substrate of consciousness does this mean that consciousness is simply a form of manifestation of the physiological processes of the brain if this were the state of affairs then one would have to ask what is the need for consciousness if consciousness has no independent function which rises above the physiological processes of the brain and nerves then it is unnecessary useless it is a it is harmful because it is a super superfluous complication and water complication now this might seem as if he's developing an idealist outlook saying that the brain has almost got no control over thoughts um but actually it's nothing of the sorts there is more to materialism than simply explaining the structures of the brain and there's more to the material foundation of thoughts than the brain there's also the question of society as we have discussed which is of course also a material thing the brain does not simply equal consciousness and if it did then consciousness would merely be a passive byproduct that would never change like you know the bile that is secreted into the body it would just be a kind of in fact some scientists actually propose this that maybe consciousness is a sort of um like a kind of spell just a sort of accident they even call it like a fluky byproduct of the processes of the nervous system like it's basically plays no role it's just a sort of like the cherry on the cake it doesn't add anything it's just like a like a fluid that is secreted by the brain it's it somehow has this property of feeling um and sensation um which of course as Trotsky explains well that would be very expensive and sort of ridiculous thing actually consciousness rises above emerges from its material substrate as Trotsky calls it and in turn conditions it and this goes back to our earlier point about consciousness being an active and not a passive thing it actually changes it has the power to change one's behavior right um and how does it do that is that magic well no the the real determining factor in thoughts is society right and this is obvious when you think about it i mean if if if somebody was born with the exact same physical structures let's say they're an identical twin but they were brought up outside of society weren't introduced to language weren't introduced to the discoveries of of human thoughts would such a person have the same ideas and think in the same way as their identical twin who who was brought up in society clearly they would not so it's the the the logic of society and the history of society that produces ideas to go back to what we were talking about earlier it's labor the labor process the discovery of tools the ability to create new things and discover properties and and with that the structure of society changing over time that's really what produces and determines the ideas that we have and then we using our brains are able to internalize those things and to communicate them with language and therefore our brains kind of become more than the sum of their parts if you like they are able to absorb things that by purely by their own physical properties they would not be able to do because of this external social structure basically and and i think this this this outlook really often escapes a lot of scientists even working today but it's something that Marxist philosophy is is more than capable of explaining now to conclude then on the same note that we've concluded really the previous weeks since society produces thoughts since it is society that produces thought and not simply the brain or the soul or anything else it follows that the problems of society the contradictions of a society that we have briefly discussed today would if you like inhibit thoughts right and sort of mutilate it in a certain sense and hold it back so we cannot really call ourselves today a fully self-conscious species if you like because we don't as i've discussed we don't control our fate we don't understand why society does the things that it does why we have economic crises for example we don't why there is so much greed in society we don't really understand the or control these things and so as Engels says to win real self-consciousness for humanity and and freedom then humanity ultimately requires and i quote requires something more than mere knowledge it requires a complete revolution in our hitherto existing mode of production and simultaneously a revolution in our whole contemporary social order in other words we need to socialize the means of production we need to put into working people's hands real control and conscious control over what they produce and how society needs to plan the whole of its production in a harmonious way to meet the needs of humanity and only when that is done in other words when we achieve socialism can we say that humanity has fully attained to self-consciousness


How big is that win in context of where you guys are at with the division right now? I mean, every game at this point, this has got to be so huge. Yeah, I mean, we know it's going to come down to a lot. After the beginning of spring and we get off to a good start and it's just, this is the way baseball works and every game right now is definitely more, more meaningful quote unquote, but the way we prepare is as if we were playing any other game. Yeah, I remember Bonds doing it. Sammy and McGuire, yeah, it was McGuire and Soso's vague, but Barry Bonds breaking it was, I mean, seeing him hit it and put his hands up and his son being at home plate. But I mean, having a front seat on the on-deck circle for most of these has been amazing. You've done a lot as a hitter, but to see Aaron not just hit 55 homelands, 56 homelands, but to still be going up in terms of trajectory, in terms of how well he's hitting. What's that like for you to see in late summer? It's just, it's incredible. He just the thing is that you would never know. You would not know he's walking around with 60 homelands under his belt. He just comes in and does his work and goes about his business, and that's the beauty of him. It's the times he wouldn't do well or hasn't done well. You would never know. And when he's going, like he's pretty much done all season, you can't really tell. Anthony, I apologize if you were asked this already, but Aaron Boone said he thinks the only reason that judge did the curtain call is because he didn't really want to disrupt you and your preparation for your at-bat. Do you agree with any of that? Yeah, I just, I did say that. I was, because I looked at Boone and I was like, and he looked at me and he's like, yeah, I don't know if he's going to take it. Because we are down. That's the type of team it is. I gave the belt to G tonight and I said this is the way you would want it, because that's how selfless he is. I'll walk off Grand Slam or 60 homeruns. It's a tough decision there. But it's just, it's awesome. I'm happy he did it here. I hope it's the next one here and the one after that as well. It's a special place to do it. Such a team guy. You know, when you see him hit that 60, is there almost that extra motivation for you guys in the dugout to try and get that one even more so? Obviously you're in the pennant race, but knowing he would want that 60 at the combina in a win? No, I think we're always motivated. I think when he hit it, it energized us for sure. Just seeing someone hit 60 homeruns live, it's just, it's just incredible. But the way this team is, I think we're always trying to scratch and call. Judges unbelievable in his own way, but have you ever seen somebody hit more bullet line drive home runs than John Carlos in? No, I don't know what the exit velocity on it was, but I hope whoever caught it had a glove on because I was coming in hot.


The Cavalcade of America presented by DuPont. The DuPont Cavalcade of America wants to remind its listeners of the 1937 annual Red Cross Roll Call. There is no need to remind you of the worthwhile work this organization has done and is doing the world over. If you have not already joined, we know you will want to send your membership subscription to your local Red Cross chapter as soon as possible. This evening the DuPont Cavalcade tells the story of one of the greatest natural botanists that ever lived, John Bartram. Bartram collected, cultivated and cross-bred plants and flowers, not merely for ornamental purposes, but to increase their usefulness to mankind. In his garden were many plants used for medicine and chemical purposes. Today, many plants and flowers are used by the chemical industry as materials for study and research. John Bartram can be compared with a research chemist who works for the comforts and conveniences of his day and age. This method of improving existing conditions in many fields is aptly expressed in the DuPont pledge, better things for better living through chemistry. As an overture, Don Voorhees and the DuPont Cavalcade Orchestra play Cole Porter's melodic old-fashioned garden. The DuPont Cavalcade moves forward. John Bartram was born of Quakerstock in 1699 in the township of Derby, about six miles south of Philadelphia. By the time he was 24, he had a farm on the banks of the Schoolkill River, which was given to him by his bachelor uncle Isaac. Shortly afterwards, he married a girl named Mary Morris. One day we find him plowing in a field as his wife approaches. Come on there. Go on. Oh boy. Well Mary, what does the out here in the field? It's such a lovely summer day, John. I thought I'd bring thy lunch out and join thee. That was a kindly thought. We'll be pleasant in the shade of the ocean. Come. Oh boy. How pretty the fields look. All white daisy. See that sod? How tilted were your plow turned. Why, it looks like a bonnet. When did thee ever see a bonnet with flowers on it? Not at friend's meeting, surely? No. And I'm glad we don't put them on our heads. They'd be out of sight of our eyes. Look Mary, how these flowers are made. It seems to be a regular scheme to them. Careful and exact as a snow crystal. Why, I see nothing but white petals in the yellow centers. They're all alive. No, not really. If you look at the center, you'll see it is not all alive. There's a division among these close packed yellow quills. I wonder what they're for. Well, it makes small difference. Since neither we nor the cattle can eat them. It seems strange. I've turned up so many millions of them and never before even thought to look at one. Mary, I'd like to know something about these flowers and vegetables and herbs that grow around us. And how could they do that? There's no time for learning things with all the farm work on thy shoulders. I'll make time for it Mary. I must know about these things. John Bartome had been self-taught. He could read and write and figure. But he had little book learning as it was called in those days. For the next opportunity he has to leave his farm work, he goes into the city of Philadelphia and enters the bookstore of a friend. Mr. Campbell. Oh, Mr. Campbell. Aye, coming. Ah, Mr. Bartome. I'm glad to see you in town. What can I do for you? I want a book that'll tell me all about flowers. You mean the vegetables and grains? No, I mean flowers and trees and shrubs and medicinal herbs. I want to know all about them. I've heard you're a good farmer, but I had no idea you're interested in botany. Is that what they call it? Aye. Well, what's the best botany book? There aren't many good or bad, but here's one I've recently got over from the old country. It's the latest, but whether it's good or not, I don't know. Can I see it? Here you are. You'll notice it's by a young man by the name of Linneas. He's living in Liden, Holland. Why, the book's in Latin. Aye. All books of science are written in Latin. I don't know Latin. Isn't there one in English? A few of the more popular scientific books are translated into the volga tongue, but this one is too new for that as yet. I'm afraid if you don't know Latin, you won't know botany. Then I'll learn Latin. You've got a good book for that. Aye. Aye, here is a good Latin grammar. It's a hard stepping stone to the knowledge I want. It does seem strange. You must learn Latin to know the little flowers that grow under our very feet. Well, I've taught myself what I know now. I'll teach myself more. If other men can master Latin, so can I. With the help of a schoolteacher, Bartram learned enough Latin in three months to read the scientific revelations of Linneas of Latin. It made a profound impression on him, and he determined to let nothing stop him in the compilation of a complete record with description and samples of all the vegetable life of America. One evening he comes home late for dinner and is greeted by his wife. Mary! Well, John, where's he been? It's late. Mary, I have great news. With a fine new parcel of land. More land? Where? I just bought it at the sheriff's sale. Five acres of it. Oh, it's a fair sight on the school field. It'll need some draining down by the water, but the upper land is dry. Too dry, in fact. We must manage to get some water up to it somehow. John Bartram, has he taken leaves like senses? He can't even farm all the land he has. I'm not going to farm this land. Then what's it to be? A garden. A garden? For the kitchen? No, no, just for flowers. Some of it will be from medicinal herbs, but most of it just for fine trees and flowers. I think they must be daft indeed. Trees and flowers grow everywhere. I know, Mary, but the joy will be to see them grow not everywhere, but all in one garden. Trees and shrubs and flowers from all over the colonies. From England even, and Holland. Oh, it'll be a rare sight. And new things will come of it. You wait and see. But trees don't grow overnight. It will take a long time to have thy garden. We're young. We'll see a lot of it bloom. But even if we don't, there's no harm in leaving good work to live after us when we're gone. And that's a long time to wait. That's one thing we've no time for. Waiting. I'll begin to plant our new garden tomorrow. The fine stone house, which still stands in the park, which was Bartram's original garden, was begun by Bartram's own hands. He used to work on it sometimes by moonlight after the necessary farm work was done. In 1727, his wife, Mary, died. Undaunted, Bartram went on with his work, for he had two little sons, John Jr. and William, to provide for. When part of the house was finished and the nucleus of his garden planned, Bartram found he had a house and a family without a home. In 1729, he married Anne Mendenhall of Concord monthly meeting in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.  John! Save thy voice, Anne. I'm right here behind these bushes. Oh. The garden's getting so full of things. It's like a jungle. What brings you here? A letter from England. From Peter Collinson? Yes. Let me have it. Here it is. Oh, I hope. There's only everything. Anne. He got the shipment I sent in. And everything in good condition? Wait. No. Only what I had in the cedar box and some of the presents. But John, who would steal such things from thee? Rats, my dear, and insects. He writes me to try again with the roof. The next time to ask the captain of the vessel to put the box under his own bed. And I thought all would be well if the box escaped water soaking. There are many vexations between here and Europe, my dear. But more than water keeps it apart. Look here what he writes. He sent a copy of my letter and some of my cuttings to Linnaeus. Linnaeus, the great botanist at Leiden. Isn't that wonderful? The correspondence between Bartelman Peter Collinson, the world merchant of London, continued for 35 years. Collinson saw a great opportunity for people in Europe to learn about the plant life of the American wilderness. Botanists are naturists in England, Sweden, and Holland, received many shipments from Bartelman and sent him samples of rare things in exchange. Bartelman's estate grew in size. His fortunes increased moderately. He was busy and happy. And on each New Year's Day he kept open house. The festivity that ushers in the year 1751 is one of the best. I'll pass the punch, Harvey. Yes, Missy. Have you seen Mr Bartelman? Well, here in the hall telling some pooks, Harvey. Has Mr Franklin arrived yet? No, ma's been insured this week. Yes, there he is, talking to ma's John. I get his coat and hat. Well, let me have a glass of punch for him. He must be cold after his ride out from town. Yes, yes. I'll pass the punch, Harvey. Yes, Missy. Mr Franklin, welcome and a happy New Year. Thank you, Mrs Bartelman. A long and happy life to you. Thank you. You must be cold. Let me offer you a cup of punch. I'll accept the cup from your hand with honor. He's a courier to his fingertips, but he takes no more punch than I do. Still on a cold New Year. You know I try to be temperate. Is it strong? Oh, indeed, no. We make it from our own fruit. I use good side dishes. And you press it well, both in the making and on me. I'll drink a toast to you. I'll drink to your amazing capacity for work. Thank you. And I'll drink to your thoughts on all men's work. Work? John is more like a gypsy. Well, ma'am, I never could understand how he could keep so long away from home. From home? Why, I'm home the whole winter long. And all spring he's on horseback collecting blossoms in the Alleghenies. Last summer it was shrubs in the caskles. And last fall he went all over Virginia gathering seeds. Well, I have a seed that needs sowing, friend bottom. Indeed. Give me the name of it. But I hope it has an English name. But I'll look after our other guests while you do gossip. All right, my dear. Come into the library, Mr. Franklin. It'll be quieter in there. You don't mind a moment of serious talk on such a happy day? I'm happy to hear you talk no matter what it's about. Sit down, Mr. Franklin. Sit down. Thank you. Some years ago, we spoke of the need of an organization to encourage the arts and sciences in the colony. Oh, yes. The American Philosophical Society. I remember it very well. We drew up a draft of it about seven years ago with your name at the head of it. Ah, that was at your insistence. Well, you place mine next. Mines are good neighbors. It's too bad that society is not. It's too bad that society didn't come to life. It will in time. I'm afraid we were a little ahead of the season with him. Yes. It was nipped by a frost of inertia. But we'll have it yet. But one thing we are sure to have, because I can control that action, it is a standard book on medicine. I've always been interested in the study of medicine. The plants of America have many amazing medicinal properties. No one knows them better than you. Whose book are you going to publish? It's Medicine Britannica by Thomas Short. And I want you to write an appendix for it on American medicinal plants. I'm afraid I don't write very well. My spelling is full of invention. Well, many can spell and write too, and still say nothing. Whatever I know is at your disposal. Thank you. Now I'm assured the book will be useful to the whole world. You're prejudiced, my friend. Americans may have heard of me because I've dropped in on them in person from Nova Scotia to Florida. But the world is a larger place, except for Collinson and a few others. I'm a stranger abroad. That isn't what Linnaeus gave me to believe. Linnaeus? Ah, there's a botanist. Some found fault with him at first because of the way he arranges species and genera. But year by year they find him right. He's the most learned and brilliant botanist of them all. He has even higher praise for you. I've sent him hundreds of samples for many years, but he knows nothing of me except through what I send him. Then it is true that a man is known by his works. For Linnaeus says, you are the greatest natural botanist in the world. In 1765, Barton, to the interest of such influential English friends as Collinson, Lord Petrie and others, was appointed the king's botanist. This honor included an annual salary of 50 pounds, which helped him to finance his important work of collecting specimens and cultivating hybrids. For the purpose of getting seeds, Barton took long exhausting trips alone on horseback every autumn. One year his route takes him to Virginia, and in due course Barton reaches the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, where two men have arrived before him and are waiting to cross by the lower ferry. Whoa, whoa! Now the fellow must be deaf. No sound asleep. Yet, Louis, your fellow ought to wake the dead. Oh, this is provoking. If he had to fall asleep, why didn't he choose our side of the river? Your pardon, gentlemen. But do I understand there is no way to raise the ferryman? We certainly can't reach over and tap him on the shoulder. Well, I'm not so sure of that. A dozen years ago, you could throw a stone that far, George, and did it often right here at this very spot. Well, I could try it. If a stone hit against his barge or near him, it might startle him. Here, hold my horse, Lou. Glad to. Here's a good round stone, George. No, I'd rather have one as flatter, like this one. Yeah, perhaps this one. Yeah, but I'm afraid I might hit the rest of it. I hope you do. Well, I'll aim not to. Now, stand clear, Lou. I need to space the ground for this.  Well, here she flies. Right to the mark. Yes, right to the flagging next to his foot. That startled him. Now he'll hear me. There are no need to call, Lou. He sees us now. Here he comes. Well, I guess, George, you're still as young as you feel. My friends, that was a truly amazing throw. I doubt if the average man could throw half that far. Oh, it's just a trick I've had since I was a boy, sir. I would take pleasure in knowing a man who can throw like that. George Washington is my name, and this is my good friend, Louis Willis. Colonel Washington. Well, this is a great honor. I'm glad to meet both you gentlemen. My name is Bartram. John Bartram. The botanist? Why, yes. I've heard about you many times, sir. I have a plantation on the Potomac. Do you go far on your journey?  From there, I'll go up the James River to the mountains. Well, that's a long trip, sir. I doubt you can accomplish it before snow gets bad in the Appalachian. I don't loiter much on the way. Well, I should say not. I've heard, George, that Mr. Bartram made one trip on horseback from the Catskills through the Alleghenies and into Virginia to Williamsburg a distance of 1,100 miles in only five weeks. Is that true, sir? Yes, that is true. You gentlemen want to cross?  Yes, sir. Hey, get her up to the shore. There we are. Please stand at your horses' head, gentlemen, when you get them on board. Yes, we know. Come on.  Come on. Easy. Steady now. Steady. I wonder if you realize, Lou, the tremendous significance of Mr. Bartram's botanical expedition, not only in developing natural beauty, but also as a contribution to our agricultural progress. The fruits of his labor will return regularly and as beautifully as the spring. Bartram's devotion to his work was matched only by his tremendous energy and endurance. He collected seeds and plants needed in Europe and exchanged them for species which were sent to him and introduced by him into this country. Even at the age of 66, he explored the St. John River in Florida to its source. In 1777, his life work ended, but the results lived on after he was gone and as the colonies he had known became states, their capital was the city of Philadelphia, so near to his beloved garden. Bartram's garden became a favorite haunt of the patriots who molded this country's history. Thomas Jefferson, who lived just across the river, often used to come there with the age of Franklin to discuss the future of the country. One day in 1794, after the federal government had been inaugurated, President Washington and Alexander Hamilton are showing Bartram's garden to the renowned French patriot visiting the United States, Count Talleyrand. This is the Dark Avenue, Count Talleyrand. And beyond, there is a grove of hybrids created by Bartram. It is beautiful, Your Excellency. I am continually amazed at this state of luxury, science and civilization I find here on so new a country. The great work has been done here. It has only been begun, sir. And there's one place I like above all others, a bench under an eschelous parvier entwined with a luxuriant Tacoma. Oh, by such a name it must be wonderful to see. It is, Hamilton, and it's right at hand. Will you sit here, Count? Thank you, Mr. President. Eschelous parvier? Why, this is only an Ohio buckeye with a trumpet creeper vine on it. But isn't it beautiful? Beautiful, yes. But what practical use, what scientific purpose is served by all these beauties? What does it pull? Well, aside from its value, do you see him of living plans? Let me offer you an evidence. This pair from Lord Petrie's pear tree. Oh, thank you, Excellent. You'll find it delicious. And you'll find an increasing number of pears like it in the future. I see. It has been used to improve this strain of pears all through the colonies, eh? Yes, all through the state. Oh, about dawn. The abbey is one way. We all do that yet at times. Think of the patience of a man like Bartram, knowing all the time that he couldn't possibly live long enough to see the full fruition of his labor. There would not be a career suitable to an impetuous man like our secretary of the treasury. But the world has need of both such men. And our countrymen will enjoy the fruits of Bartram's labor. Even as we eat and enjoy this pear. Exactly. When you are refreshed, Count, we must see the herb garden. Bartram has given us a greatly improved strain of medicinal herbs. There's a strange chemistry in flowers that gives us many useful things. Can you put it that way, Mr. President? Bartram's work as human is great important. And perhaps Bartram's garden here was not for him alone, not even for us, but for the future. Yes. The seeds planted here will bear fruit for future generations throughout our land until Bartram's garden becomes all America. Bartram's garden was not merely for beauty, but for usefulness to succeeding generations. Poppy, foxglove, coca, hippocac, glucose, noxvomica, cinchona, and saccharose were among the species represented. Today the chemistry of flowers is supplying industry with a new source of raw materials. DuPont salutes John Bartram, pioneer Bartonist, as a leader in the cavalcade of America. Speaking of growing plants, here's news from the south. Dispatches from the southern states say that the cotton crop is probably the largest ever grown, with picking practically completed estimates indicate a bumper yield of more than 18 million bales. And thanks principally to research chemistry, that cotton will reach the public in more than 10,000 different forms. In developing such a great variety of new uses for cotton, chemists have created countless new products that serve nearly everyone every day. And by so doing, chemistry has opened entirely new markets for the cotton farmer's crop. The DuPont company is one of the cotton growers good customers. DuPont used 12 and a half million pounds of cotton in textile form last year. Fabricoid coated fabric produced in a wide variety of colors and surface effect for book binding, upholstery, luggage covering, and women's handbags is virtually an all cotton product, or it is created by coating a cotton textile base with a cellulose solution made from cotton. Tontine washable window shade material also comes from the cotton field via the chemical laboratory. Cotton seeds, which not so long ago were regarded as a nuisance, supply materials used by DuPont in producing such important products as paint and industrial explosives. And until recent years, this was known for cotton linters. The short fibers or fuzz left clinging to the seed after the long staple cotton is removed. Now DuPont chemists transform cotton linters into products such as rayon yarn and duco finish for your car. And cotton linters provide a raw material for pyril and plastic used today in making articles ranging from toothbrush handles and scuffless heels to safety glass. Safety X-ray film and photographic film are other uses, and even some of the enamels with which women tint their fingernails are of cotton origin. Yes, chemistry has done remarkable things with this snowy white fiber from our south land. And new products made from cotton are still coming from the test tube, bringing with them new industries and new jobs. Nine DuPont plants located in various parts of the country employ 7,000 people products that can trace their ancestry to some southern cotton field. In this story of cotton in the many ways chemistry has found to put it to work for you, we see one more example of what the DuPont company means by its pledge. Better things for better living through chemistry. At the request of a large number of our listeners, we have decided to repeat one of last year's most popular Cavalcade of America Broadcast. The Seeing Eye, the story of how dogs are trained to help the blind at the Seeing Eye headquarters in Morristown, New Jersey, will therefore be the subject of our broadcast when next week at the same time DuPont again presents the Cavalcade of America. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Thank you With a cold, please call the roll. There are eight present And Alder and Donahue and Alder person Rosemary Trester are excused Please stand and join me in the Pledge of Allegiance to the play of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands one nation under God Indivisible with liberty and justice for all Next we'll move on to approve all the minutes from our last council meeting on August 20th All the person wolf. Thank you mayor and make a motion to approve Thank you for that motion and support the minutes are before us. Is there any discussion? Seeing none all those in favor, please signify by saying aye. Aye opposed Motion passes next and we'll go on to public forum city clerk. There is no one this evening Thank you Next is mayor's announcements I'd like to call up two individuals from our HR department Sandy Halverson and Jenny Lawrence. Please come forward Tonight we have a proclamation celebrating national payroll week Whereas the American Payroll Association and it's more than 20,000 members have launched the nationwide public awareness campaign that pays tribute to the nearly 150 million people who work in the United States in the payroll profession and who support the American system of paying wages Reporting worker earnings and withholding federal employment taxes And whereas payroll professionals in the city of Sheboygan play a key role in maintaining the economic health of the city Carrying out such diverse tasks is paying into the unemployment insurance System providing information for child support enforcement and carrying out tax withholding reporting and Depositing and whereas payroll departments collectively spend more than 2.4 trillion annually complying with the Madrid of February and state wage laws and tax laws and Whereas payroll professionals playing increasingly important role in ensuring the economic security of American families by helping to identify Non-custodial parents and making sure that they comply with their child support mandates And whereas payroll professionals have become increasingly proactive and educating both business and community about and the public at large And state officials to discuss both improving compliance with government procedures and how compliance can be achieved at less cost To both government and businesses How do I now therefore Mike me understand by virtue of the authority vested in me as mayor of the city of Sheboygan to hear By proclaim the week in which Labor Day falls is National payroll week And I hereby recognize the efforts of the Sheboygan residents who work in the payroll profession and employees that manage the payroll system For the city of Sheboygan. I'm proud to present these to these two girls this evening. Thank you very much for coming and all the great work You do and next I'd like to call up Deidre Martinez the executive director of the Sheboygan County Chamber of Commerce this proclamation whereas there are more than 265 local chambers of commerce serving villages towns and cities throughout Wisconsin and Whereas the Sheboygan County Chamber of Commerce provides a wide variety of services to their members including advocacy and Economic development and whereas the chamber also promotes tourism and other community events and whereas the chamber also works to solve critical economic challenges including the labor shortage to include and also to encourage entrepreneurship and Whereas the Sheboygan County Chamber of Commerce is a critical community partner in a problem solver with the unique Ability to work with stakeholders from both private and public sectors And whereas the chamber does not always receive the recognition and credit They deserve for making Sheboygan in Wisconsin a better place to live work and play And whereas the Sheboygan County Chamber of Commerce was created more than a hundred years ago and currently has 823 members and whereas the Sheboygan County Chamber partnered with the Sheboygan County Economic Development Corporation to develop the someplace better workforce attraction campaign now therefore I'm like Vanderstein by virtue of the authority vested in me as mayor of the city of Sheboygan to hereby Proclaims September of 2018 is Chamber of Commerce Month in the city of Sheboygan And I commend this observance to all of our citizens Diedra Next we have an announcement about the Board of Water Commissioners There'll be an election held on September 17th That'll be at our council meeting in two weeks if anyone is interested in this position They can submit a letter of interest to our city clerk and then be a candidate for that election coming up Next move on to the consent agenda Which will include items 2.2 through 2.18 all the person will thank you mayor I make a motion to accept and file all our oaths accept and adopt all our seas and pass all resolutions and ordinances Is there a second? Thank you very much the Items on the consent agenda are before us then All the person Phillips Yes, mayor I'd like to request that item 2.10 be pulled from the agenda and voted on separately The reason for this is that I would like to abstain from voting on this particular topic and just to give a brief explanation It's because of my position as executive director with Glacier Lakes Conservancy, which is serving as the purchaser for In this agreement Negotiations between parties began long before my time with either Glacier Lakes Conservancy or the city In my year of employment with Glacier Lakes I've come to know this property pretty well and I think that it has a lot to offer the community It's currently as it stands undevelopable and virtually un-farmable due to the fact that the majority of the land is wetland habitat But upon acquisition of the land GLC would be working with the DNR to open up the land to the public so that they can enjoy it for a scenic beauty and Education and passive recreation So I would appreciate the support from the council on this topic Thank you very much all the person Phillips then we'll vote on Item 2.10 first is there any further discussion on this item? See none with a clerk, please call the roll on 2.10 Seven eyes one abstain motion passes then the other items on the Consent agenda or before us is there any discussion on any of the other items? Seeing none will the clerk, please call the roll for the remaining items on the consent agenda Motion passes under reports of officers items 3.1 through 3.5 will be referred to various committees Under resolutions item 4.1 is resolution number 87 of 1819 by all the persons Wolf and Donahue authorizing the purchase of 908 Michigan Avenue by the city of Sheboygan all the person wolf Thank you, Mary. I'd like to make a motion to suspend Suspension has been requested is there any objection to suspension? Seeing none, please proceed. Thank you, Mary make a motion to pass the resolution Thank you for that motion and support under discussion all the person born I'm wondering if Chad Pellecek could tell us what the city intends to do with this property at 908, Michigan Yeah, could you please give us a brief explanation? This property is what we know as the club Michigan property and the Attorney representing that has been working with the city to Transfer the property to the city. I think the the benefit from the city standpoint is should this property be In the city's hands for some time there's the opportunity to relinquish some grandfathered zoning requirements that allowed it to be Behaviors that I don't necessarily want to state here, but that people know what goes on at club Michigan by us taking this property over those grandfather clauses will be Removed and the city would plan to look at either one using some black grand dollars to renovate the front of it the facade and selling it as a Occupyable business or just putting it back on the market But actual plans haven't been determined at this stage, but our whole goal is to remove those grandfathered zoning requirements Thank you. Are there any is there any other discussion? See none will the clerk please call the roll Eight eyes Motion passes Item 4.2 will lay over Items 4.3 through 4.7 will be referred to various committees 4.8 4.8 is Resolution number 94 of 1819. This is our 2019 budget and I'd like to call forward Administrator Hofflin to give us Explanation and background on the budget that he's presenting Thank You mayor I'm pleased to be able to present Tonight some additional details associated with the 2019 executive program budget. You all should have had on your desk tonight a three-ring binder Copy of the proposed budget Again, if you have any questions along the way, please, please let me know. I'll stop and respond to them A link to the budget is available on the city's website In the next day or so a budget in brief will be available For the public who don't have an interest in going through 462 pages. It's probably 20 pages total Let me start out by saying that With this 2019 proposed budget It was developed in accordance with the city's mission statement As well as the city's vision statement The vision both of these statements Are part of the city's strategic plan Which was approved by the Common Council January of 2017 Some things That are external to the city were significant drivers in the development of the 2019 budget some of those External factors are not new to the city. So many of you who have been alders Who have reviewed and ultimately approved budgets in the past are familiar with these first is the state's tax-loving limit also the city's goal to maintain eligibility for the expenditure restraint program A policy statement that you as a common council have approved in the past is to have equalized tax rate at consumer price index or lower and Consistent with the fund balance policy to maintain a minimum of 25% in the general fund Specifically on the tax-loving limits the state limits the city of Sheboygan for its percentage increase to be a combination of 60% of new property tax-based increase and potentially increases over and above based upon any additional debt service cost Our calculations are that the city is allowed to increase its tax-loving by 1.91% This past year we had a 41 million dollar net construction increase However, most of that increase was located in Tiff districts and as a result a lot of that new tax revenue Is not available to use in our general fund wages health insurance cost or other costs utilities as an example To give you a sense how that 41 million in net new construction appears to prior years Last year was really sort of a banner year for the community 94 million was the net new construction in 2015 construction year 47 million in the year prior in 2014 17 million so Really 2016 construction year so the 1 1 2017 value was high the most significant project in our community during that construction year was acuity Expenditure restraint program Again 60% of the city's net Property tax-based increase plus CPI Using the best information we have We will not know what the official number is until probably the last week of October 2.3 is what it's trending at so for 2019 the city is estimating 3.24% is an allowed increase in our expenditures the Again the 2.3 is a CPI the 2019 executive budget recommends an equalized tax rate decrease of 4.32 so again For the newer elders, there are two tax rates that are often referred to one is an equalized tax rate That's when the market value for a property is used Equalized tax rate is the only way to compare one community to another And as a result It's assuming that all property is valued at it a hundred percent or its market value if an equalized tax rate Is used as this slide identifies the tax rate that I'm bringing forward actually drops by 4.32 I think it's a little over 40 cents per thousand However, if you consider the assessed tax rate next slide Assessed tax rate is what the city assessor has as far as the value on our books and When when all property owners in the city write checks one year to another This is probably the best way to gauge the increase in the taxes So again what you write a check out one year to another The recommendation is for a 19 cent per thousand increase So if you have a hundred thousand dollar property, it's 19 dollar increase that 19 cent increase is a tad under 2 percent. It's 1.99 percent This compares to a 19 cent increase last year Or 1.97 the prior years five cents and the prior year actually decreased by four cents And again, these tax rates are to fund the next year's budget. So even though we have 2018 it's the tax rate approved in 2018 to fund 2019 fund balance Again consistent with the city's goal of maintaining 25 percent fund balance in the general fund again, this is Critical for the city as we try and maintain our current credit rating by Moody's credit service The proposed 2019 executive budget is recommended to be at 42 percent Approximately a year ago when we were looking at the 2018 budget the Fund balance percent was 56 percent but if you recall 5.5 million was transferred out of the general fund to the capital projects fund and that was equivalent to a 14 percent of our fund balance percent So we went from 56 subtracting 14 down to 42 percent Next slide. This shows it a little bit more graphically the purple on the bottom Is indicative of 25 percent of targeted fund balance and then the Light gray in the back is where we were at again, you can see that significant change from 2018 amended to it should be 2019 So we are roughly Between the 9.5 and the 16.1 we have roughly 6.6 million of additional funds Which make in essence up to the 42 percent? Next slide as you go through the document you'll come across some pages that really Help summarize. What's what's transpiring for the 2019 budget? This is one of those pages that is I think a great summary of of if you're financially sort of focused or or Have an orientation for numbers on page 53 of your budget book. This page is located On that page the details of this page are located on that page Couple things I want to point out Overall general fund expense sort of the first line that goes across You'll see that the general fund budget overall increases by 1.27 percent or a little less than half a million dollars To fund the 2019 budget the levy required is recommended to increase by $195,000 or only a 1.2 percent increase Other changes as far as where the levy is going for 2019 You'll see some additional funding in the special revenue fund Accounts specifically. This is for the Mead Public Library 225,000 of additional funds in the debt service Fund general obligation debt fund and a slight decrease in the capital projects fund So down toward the bottom you'll see total tax levy 446,000 and ten dollars or a 1.9 percent increase Overall expenses second line from the bottom Going from one point. I'm sorry 122 million approximately to 128 million approximately or a 4.9 percent increase Approximately six million dollars some of you are aware that In October and excuse me in November December, we will be refinancing one of our short-term notes our Bond anticipated notes our notes anticipated notes and as a result We will We will have a transaction In November and then in January that corresponds to that refinancing. So we have a Payoff as far as money coming in from the investors, but then of course we need to pay off the The the short-term note anticipated notes in January. So we have roughly 8.4 million dollars of really kind of a limited transactional activity If we were to take out that 8.4 million Comparing the 18 budget to the 19 budget We would actually have a 2.4 million dollar decrease or a 2% overall decrease in expenditures Next slide, please a property tax levy. This gives you a sense as far as where that That levy money property tax levy money is going the bottom chart, which I think is red shows that it's fairly consistent on the on 2015 it's roughly 16 million and In 2019 it's 16.4 million. So not a lot of change in the general fund As far as is assignment or allocation for property taxes Toward the top again that purple is See my notes is debt 2.9 is the two fifth year 2015 and it increases to 3.4 in 2019 so you're seeing roughly a half a million dollar increase over a five-year five-year trend This last year again comparing 2018 to 2019 As I mentioned earlier roughly a half a million dollar increase or a 1.91% increase No real changes in transit and No significant change in capital next slide, please again shows that four hundred forty six thousand and ten dollars and shows again where the money is going to be Coming from and where specifically is going to be spent so two hundred twenty five thousand or roughly half of the new funds In the form of property taxes will go to debt service. The rest will go Primarily for general fund operations last year at this time that that first line Was eight hundred and sixty four thousand and the amount going to debt service was three hundred and ten so we Overall had a one almost a one point two million dollar increase in the levy last year again primarily due to that Significant increase in that new construction Next slide please personnel changes a point for for accounting assistant point six for a human resource generalist point two for assistant city attorney a full FTE in the IT Fund which would be We hope to recruit and hire and have this person on board July 1st of 2019 We had one position that's actually transferred from the wastewater utility fund to engineering So no net change, but again at transfer and then we had three positions Then I'm recommending reductions Actually, the library already took action for a two and a half FTE position reduction a half a position will be subtracted out of the clerk's office That is linked to elections and then a quarter FTE Reduction from the cable TV fund studio production technician all in all in all 449 positions in the city are being proposed for 2019 that compares to 449 for 2018 so no net change in personnel as far as numbers Next slide please general fund revenues, which is one of our largest budgets This gives you a sense as far as the largest pieces of the pie property tax levy is on the sort right side and on the bottom left side is Intergovernmental revenues These are our number one and number two sources of revenue between the two they represent 81% of our revenue in just these two sources And that percent is this exactly the same as 2018 Next slide please some of the This gives you a sense as far as the different categories of revenue one thing to note is If you go all the way down to the bottom where it says Interfund transfers and applied fund bouts These are really the only two categories where you're seeing a percent change as far as the makeup of the overall budget the Interfund transfers there's actually a decrease of roughly half of a percent and And in applied fund bouts recommendation to go up half a percent and I'll get into the details in a few minutes Next slide please general fund revenues Again property taxes increased hundred ninety five thousand in the general fund Transportation aids again. This is a state program or the formula Recognizes Local government expenditure so the more we spend on streets the more that they subsidize or provide the city with Transportation aids and in light of the significant changes that you as a council have made as far as funding street programs In Sheboygan we expect to see an increase of 199 thousand for the 2019 budget Applied fund balance. I'm recommending that we increase the amount of fund balance used to balance this budget roughly a hundred excuse me two hundred and eighteen thousand dollars for Interfund transfers the municipal court Will send our way to the general fund from their fund 103,000 less We did in 2018 I have a hundred ninety two thousand of money transferred out of tid ten There will be zero transferred In 2019 and then the ambulance fund based upon our Estimates and projections we think it's us. It's a safer number to reduce That transfer by a hundred and ten thousand dollars Next slide This is a pie chart for the 2019 proposed expenditure budget again in red huge Piece of the pie This is public safety Includes building inspection and includes civil defense and includes police and fire 56% second is the green slice. This is public works So between the two represents at 81% of the overall expenditures are in those two categories There's an increase roughly of 3% over last year respectively, it was 55% and 23% the reason for the relative increase in costs associated with those two categories of Services are really due to health insurance increases as well as wage increases Non-personnel capital way really no significance. So it's all about the settled contracts or the anticipation of contracts being settled next Expenditures again, these are the major categories The changes as I mentioned public safety public works 1.9% increase in the share of the pie Going to public safety and roughly eight tenths of a percent for public works between 2018 and 19 a 1.2% overall increase that compares to a 3% increase going from 17 to 18 significant general fund expenditure changes elections going from four this year down to two is Meredith's best estimate of fifty one thousand dollar savings adding that human resource generalists of forty seven thousand dollars Forty seven thousand dollars. Yes assistant city attorney on level two Overall, this is a four tenths, but a two tenths of a FTE increase over what was identified in the of the official approved 2018 budget At a cost of thirty four thousand Forty thousand dollar estimate cost to purchase land adjacent to an alley Additional sand salt costs for snow and ice control additional forty thousand and again if you recall last year when we had no Contract settled we put all the anticipated costs for those wage increases in a wage adjustment reserve account on the Contingency page with the expectation that all our contracts will be signed Prior to the start of the new year we placed Those increases in the individual budgets, so no longer. Do we have it in one pot? Sort of at the tail end of the budget all the wage increases are in the appropriate locations throughout throughout the budget document So there's a decrease of roughly one point two million dollars in that wage adjustment reserve account some of the specialty type funds Park forestry and open space. This is a special revenue fund projects Are JC Park swimming area thirty thousand dollars evergreen park area to ten thousand and resurfacing ball ref park tennis courts seventy thousand block grants some projects are urban forestry emelash bore dealing with that issue public service contributions a hundred fifty five thousand and North 10th Street is an eligible street for block grant funds Park impact fees the next fund Additional walkways again. These are in many cases to conform with ADA Optimist Park ball ref park and Kiwanis Park for a total cost of forty thousand related to this effort Me public library again the public the me public library board has approved the 2019 budget the city's contribution. I'm recommending to increase by sixty three thousand four hundred ninety two dollars roughly a two percent increase over their 2018 contribution of tax dollars in 2017 to 2018 that change was a little over thirty thousand or a one point two five percent increase For the five prior years, there was zero percent change in property tax levy allocation from this from the city overall, so they've sort of right-sized their budget and Made do with at least limited changes or no changes from property tax levy to fund their operations Ambulance fund Based upon estimates for 2018 and trying to project them for 2019 The recommendation is to increase the charge line item by a hundred fifty thousand again. This is over the 2018 adopted budget And then the transfer the general fund An increase of 110,000 correspondingly an increase in the general fund transfer of 110,000 Harbor Center Marina fund Many of you are aware that The fund balance for this fund is is a negative fund balance and we've carried that negative fund balance for for probably a decade or more Starting last year In 2017 the city started to transfer funds out of our convention center fund Which has a healthy fund balance So 2017 746,000 was transferred this year. I'm recommending in 225,000 be transferred and then for 19 I'm recommending an additional 225,000 be transferred One of the questions that came up during the last two years of our moody credit service rating call was What's the city doing with this negative fund balance in the Harbor Center Marina fund? So I think as we attempt to reduce that negative fund balance We're showing that we're make you know Making healthy transfers as far as funding from our other accounts to this fund in 2016 for comparison purposes, we were negative 3.3 million At the end of 2019 we should be close to 2.4 So again, we're moving the right direction trying to reduce that negative fund balance Next is debt service fund Oftentimes I get a question of how much effort How much property tax levy money is going to? Pay our debts or our general fund our general obligation debt Service fund and I think the easiest way to sort of communicate is how much of our tax rate is Going for this purpose I'm recommending again that 225,000 that equates to a one cent on the equities tax rate and you can see To the 2018 rate 17 and 16. They're all relatively similar For 2019 the plan general obligation debt issue is roughly 11 million dollars We'll get into a few minutes. So what makes up that 11 million dollar to planned debt issuance Next is where we at at the end of each of these years 2016 through 2019 our net debt outstanding and our ratio For the it going down to 2018 at the end of 2018 we expect to be at roughly 35 million For net debt outstanding or roughly 25 percent for those of you keeping track our our debt policy Has a stated a maximum that is 60 percent So we are significantly significantly lower than than 60 percent being at 25.2 With that additional 10 million and change of new issuance plus the payment of principle in 2019 It will grow from 35 million to 41 and a half million Net debt outstanding or just Tad under 30 percent next slide major activities in the capital project fund are The recognition that we're going to receive significant federal grants in 2019 one of the significant projects is two lines down the Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge 3.8 million 80% of that project will be paid with federal funds another major Purchase will be the fixed route revenue buses 1.3 million 80% federal funds other activity is Again finishing up on the city hall roughly 3 million again at this point most of that those funds are being paid with Fund bounce transferred from the general fund Superior Avenue 1.1 million from North 29th to Taylor and Then boots and sports complex the 590 The funding source for that came out of a tourism fund a couple years ago For capital improvement fund North Avenue is our largest project from Calumet to North 21st Street fires completion of fire station number one renovations a Bus wash Indiana Avenue trail right-of-way purchase and the miscellaneous streets Those include Geely, Georgia and North 10th Street Just to mention that Indiana Avenue trail our net cost is expected to be 1 million So one and a half will come from other sources Other capital funds located mostly in our TIF districts a South Point landscaping the signage We don't into we do not anticipate completion of that this construction season. So These two aspects of the project will occur in 2019 this is where some of the accounting goes for that Indiana trick Indiana and Indiana and a trail 1.5 million Infrastructure in tid 17 2.5. This is associated with the street surrounding Badger state lofts the former tannery or Coakley storage Half a million dollars to begin the process of designing a new parking structure as a companion facility Amenity for the fresh tack the innovation district and then last is tid 16 the Halperin Fountain Plaza improvements, which we expect to bid out January 1st 2019 estimated cost is $400,000 Insert internal service funds no change significant change expected for workers compensation fund liability insurance fund for health insurance, this will be on the finance and personnel committee when they meet next week Recommendation is a 10% increase in overall premium cost So the employer portion goes up 10% the employee portion goes up 10% This will ultimately total roughly $600,000 Significant recommendation on the benefit side is a reduction in the HSA contributions to individual employees 158,000 and change reduction from 2018 level Again the goal for this fund is to maintain What is a policy statement by the Common Council to have no less than three million dollars fund balance at any point in time? Wastewater utility fund Recommendation is to increase rates affected January 1st By 7% which will bring in additional half million dollars other significant projects that are proposed is the Lakeshore Interceptor Pipe is to inspect it clean it at a cost of 300,000 And you'll see the digestion cover Aeration blower replacement and sewer line reconstruction Relying Program for roughly a million again with the city's aggressive street reconstruction projects or programs There is a corresponding need for us to check out the Sanctuary sewer and either replace or rely parking in transit real no material change in services for these two funds the bolt facility fund no material change and that's operations and Again copy the budget as I mentioned is available on the C's website hard copies So a three-ring binder similar to what you received will be available at City Hall meet public library and As I mentioned the next couple days a budget brief will be available for for our residents who are looking for a more summary Version of the budget again appreciate your your time this evening and look forward to Attending the meetings with the management team as they make presentations in the next couple weeks to your committee commissions and boards. Thank you again Administrator Hoffman, thank you very much for the budget presentation report And I'd also like to commend the finance department led by Nancy busse and in our new finance director Martin Halverson for all the work that they put in to assist you and then we also have to command all of the department heads and our budget analysts carry For all the work that's been done to bring this budget together for us to consider So the budget documents that will be referred to the standing committees This is going to be your opportunity to ask questions and pick them apart and And then you can make your referrals to the common counsel and we're anticipating that the budget will come up for approval at our first meeting in November Next we'll go on to reports of committees Item 5.1 is RC number 126 of 1819 by the finance and personnel committee to whom was referred by direct referral resolution number 80 of 1819 by all the person's rent flesh and Born authorizing the appropriate city officials to execute a vacant land To purchase with racetrack road LLC and recommends approving the resolution other person rent flesh Thank you for the motion in support. Is there any discussion on the motion? other person rent flesh Say a few words about this Chad, can you add on to this? So racetrack road LLC is the Van Horn property. There was discussion I think in the previous council Session maybe about selling this 2.79 acre parcel In the business park This would be the piece of land between the parcel of land that Van Horn bought south of Rust Darrell on racetrack road And then basically between their parcel and the new self-tailor drive that's being extended through there It's a remnant piece of property under the agreement. We'll be selling the property for one dollar Primarily to provide them stormwater Facility improvements and access to the new tailor drive With the assumption that they'll move forward and develop about six million dollars as a new car dealership any other questions our discussion See none will the clerk please call the roll seven eyes one no Motion passes Item 5.2 is RC number 127 of 1819 by the Finance and Personnel Committee to whom is referred direct referral resolution number 82 of 1819 by Alder person's inflation born authorizing a transfer of the appropriations in the 2018 budget for TID 19 and city hall renovations and recommends approving the resolution Alder person renflash Often pass the resolution Thank you for that motion in support Is there any discussion on the motion? Seeing none will the clerk please call the roll Alder person born Motion passes Item 5.3 is RC number 128 one second Eight eyes. Thank you Item 5.3 is RC number 128 of 1819 by the Finance and Personnel Committee to whom is referred direct referral resolution number 83 of 1819 by Alder person's renflash Born authorizing entering into a development agreement with waters edge development of Shabuigan LLC and recommends approving the resolution Alder person renflash Move that we accept and adopt and pass the resolution Thank you for that motion in support. It's up for discussion Alder person renflash This is the condo development On north 15th Street west of glass a coffee house area We're anxious and excited to see something starting Okay Chad would you like to add something to that? Yes, so this is following up to alderman renflash's comments. This is a 32 con 32 unit condo Development that'll be one in two bedroom units with one in two car garages I believe there's six buildings proposed to be constructed as part of it It's a total project of about seven million It'll be completed in two phases over the next two years and the city is giving about a ten percent development incentive 350,000 for phase one and 350,000 as a tax rebate through the tiff district as phase two progresses so the plan is to have the entire 32 units completed by 2020 Thank you very much. Any other discussion all the person born But Alderman renflash and Chad said is that I believe the Anticipated price point for these condos is going to be between 200 and 250,000 dollars Thank you All the person Phillips Man Chad It's on a vacant parcel of land along the Sheboygan River basically west of the Richardson Clearance Center, so the old Richardson Clearance Center Just west of their west of north 15th Street their street right away And then it's a about a two and a half acre parcel right along the river. That's undeveloped anyone else See no more lights with the clerk, please call the roll for passage seven eyes one no motion passes Under general ordinances items 6.1 and 6.2 will be referred to the city planning Commission Under other matters received after the agenda was published. I'll turn it over to city attorney Charles Adams 7.1 is an arrow by the city clerk submitting various license applications for the period ending December 31 2018 June 30 2019 and June 30 2020 that'll be referred to the licensing hearings and public safety committee 7.2 is a resolution by Alderperson Wolfe authorizing the purchasing agent to enter into a contract for the purchase and installation of new Baseball Park lighting for the Wildwood Sheboygan a's merry test We can now baseball park complex on a cost-share basis with the Sheboygan a's baseball organization That'll be referred to the public works committee Alderperson Wolfe. Thank you mayor. I make a motion to adjourn Thank you for that motion in support all those in favor of adjournment. Please signify by saying aye. Aye opposed Motion passes. Thank you for your time tonight


Self-identity. The concept of having the self-identity is a common philosophical question. What does a sense of self mean and can a sense of self change? Self-identity is characterized by the way in which we see oneself, not visually seen, more like an emotional connection to ourselves. I very often say, I don't know what my sense of self is, I don't know who I am. And that's a common theme among most of my videos. I don't know what I want to do, I don't know who I am. I'm currently going through a time in my life where I really don't know who I am, what I want to do. At the moment I feel like I have no sense of self-identity. I have literally no idea what I want in life, and that is terrifying. The biggest question I ask myself is, who am I? It's such a big question. Like, who am I? I'm currently in Brighton and I want to talk a bit about sense of self. A lot of this video is going to be done through voiceovers and players. I just wanted to give a brief intro. Hi everyone, I'm Lydia. Welcome back to my channel. If you're new here, make sure you hit the subscribe button. I make videos every single day, pretty much. Apart from this week, I've planned a load twice rather than seven, but a big deal. You know, I had deadlines. I'm currently in Brighton and it's amazing. I'm looking at it. It's also the evening. I don't know until, like, then. I'm living life where I just go with whatever I think I'm doing, which is kind of what's part of this little trip to Brighton. I just thought in the morning, I was like, I want to go out. I'm going to go to Brighton. I won't. See, it was allowed. I'm in Brighton today and it's pretty cool. I like it here. It's windy and cold, but who cares? Look at it. I've got the suit. You probably can't hear a word I'm saying. Here, I want to dedicate to self-improvement, self-development and really finding stability in my life and finding what I want in life. I just want to focus on finding myself. Is that worth it? I don't know what it is. So, yes, I have no sense of self, but I'm working on it and there's what this year is going to be about for me. So, train station. Look around and dream me on this journey. Also, if you like me doing videos like this, let me know and I will be making more. Let me go. I haven't properly smudged my make-up today, but that's fine. It's really cold. I should have worn a coat. Wear a coat, out, guys. Look through.


Today we're going to learn how to use orbital diagrams to describe the way that the electrons are organized within an atom. The orbital diagrams will show the energy level, the sub-level, and the number of electrons in each orbital. If you recall from the periodic table, we can use the sub-blocks are divided up on the periodic table with the first two columns being in the S sub-level, the next six being part of the P sub-level, the middle ten are part of the D sub-level block, and the bottom fourteen are part of the F block. So we are going to organize these electrons based on their sub-levels, where they lie, and also their period numbers, which is going to indicate their level number for some of the sub-levels. So if we choose an element, let's say oxygen. Oxygen has an atomic number of eight, which means it has eight protons and it also has eight electrons. So we have to organize our eight electrons. To organize our eight electrons, first we're going to start on the first energy level, which is going to be designated by our period number. So it's going to be energy level one. Our first, our only sub-level on the first energy level is S. So the first two electrons from hydrogen and helium will fill the one S sub-level. So if we use a box to represent our block, our orbital, one S, we're going to use arrows to represent our electrons. We're going to draw one arrow pointing up and one arrow pointing down. By drawing one up and one down, it represents that they have opposite spins and those electrons will not repel each other as much. So that takes care of the first two electrons for oxygen. If we go back to the periodic table, we'll see that that's the first row, the first two electrons. Now we're on to the second row of the periodic table. And the first sub-level that we come to on the second row is S. So that's going to be two S. S again has only one orbital. So one box, it can hold a maximum of two electrons. So now we have four electrons total that are organized, but we have to get to eight. And the next level and energy level after two S is two P. Now oxygen lies in that two P energy level and sub-level. It is actually the one, two, three, fourth element over. So that means there are going to be four electrons in the two P sub-level. The P sub-level doesn't have just one orbital. It contains three orbitals, so we're going to draw three boxes. And this is two P. When we organize our elements into this sub-level or our electrons, we're going to put one electron in each box first. So this will be our fifth, sixth, and seventh electrons. We're going to put them into each orbital individually first. And then any leftovers will come back and start pairing them up. So our eighth one, we will have to pair up in the first box. So this would be the correct orbital diagram for oxygen. What you would not want to do, if this was your two P sub-level, you would not want to put a pair in a pair and leave one box empty. You would want to do it the way I showed you originally, spread them out, put one electron in each box before coming back and making a pair. So this would be incorrect. So orbital diagrams actually show you the number of electrons in each orbital. If we choose another example, let's go back to the periodic table. And let's say we wanted to do sodium. Sodium has a total of 11 electrons. So for our orbital diagram, it has 11 electrons that we have to organize. So first level and sub-level, 1s, it contains one orbital. It can hold two electrons. The next level and sub-level is 2s, s contains one orbital. We can put two electrons in there. So that's four out of our 11. Next comes 2p, p contains three orbitals, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. That takes care of the first 10 electrons. If we go back to our periodic table, we'll see that sodium, well, after the 2p sub-level, we come to 3s. Now sodium is the first one in 3s, so it only has one electron. So our energy level and sub-level is 3s. We only have one orbital for an s sub-level. We're only going to put one electron in there because that makes all 11 that we need to organize. So those are examples of orbital diagrams. And this can be used to display the organization of your electrons within the atom.


Have you ever heard about the stone spheres of Costa Rica? In the 1930s, while clearing jungle to make room for banana plantations, the United Fruit Company stumbled across ancient stones that were so perfectly spherical that they were never even considered their significance at the time. In fact, bulldozers were used to get them out of the way and they were even blown up as the workers speculated for gold. Astonishing, right? The sites around Costa Rica had been evaluated by very few over the years, but as of 2010, the site has been evaluated as a UNESCO-protected World Heritage Site of major importance to the history of humanity. Wait till you hear this. The Finca VI Archaeological Site is not only of major interest, it is also a complete mystery. Why these stones exist is the subject to much speculation and guesswork at best. But the fact remains, we don't know why they exist, we don't know how old they are, and we don't even know which civilization these things belong to. They are simply a mystery. Though many of the stone spheres were moved, researchers have found that they were often arranged in lines or triangles. But Finca VI revealed two groups of stone spheres in a straight line, parallel to each other, oriented east-west and approximately 130 meters apart. But why? Why go to all the trouble to create such elaborate and unique stonework? Some believe that the stones came from Atlantis, and were polished smooth by the water. Others believe they are the work of aliens. Local legends hold that the ancient natives had a powerful potion that could soften rock. In the indigenous Bribri culture, it's believed that Terra, the god of thunder, used a giant blowpipe to shoot these cannibals at the gods of winds and hurricanes in order to drive them away. Could there really have been a secret civilization that existed in Costa Rica thousands of years ago? What are the stone spheres representing? What are they there for? Many of the spheres are made of granite like rock, yet the granite rock quarries were often 25 or 30 miles away from the location of the largest stone sphere. How then did the sculptors move such heavy stones? Some of the stones, after all, weigh 16 tons. If the granite stones were moved before they were sculpted, then a 9-foot cube that would be needed to sculpt a sphere 8 feet in diameter would weigh a whopping 24 tons.  Could they have been a deliberate attempt to map out the stars or something like that? Who knows? Whatever their purpose was, the fact remains that they were created for a reason of high importance that is almost unimaginable for us to understand. What happened to the civilization that created them? Why is there no records of their existence, and how did they suddenly vanish? Much like we see in the ancient Mayan ruins, the jungle reclaimed the area over a very long period of time. Could there still be places in the deep jungles today that we are still to discover? What do you guys think of these ancient stone spheres? We would love to hear your theories, so please comment below. As always, thank you for watching.