Given the challenges with getting palliatives to the last man in Nigeria, is the government already considering any adjustments to the national identity or any other scheme to ensure that all Nigerians can be accounted for going forward? Yes. First, thank you very much, Mr. Pasopojuan. Let me say again how deeply honored I am to be back here again at the platform and to commend you again for giving up this very important platform for national compensations like this year after year at great cost. Thank you very much. To the question, I think that something that's, of course, one of the great silver linings in this pandemic cloud is really the fact that we must do something about data and it was ramp up what we're doing already, but we are a little further up than maybe imagined. If you recall, when we were instituting the social investment program, especially the trader money, market money and all that, one thing that we did then was the enumeration of petty traders, street side traders and artisans, etc. And we did so with the assistance of Nigerian startups, young Nigerians who did the enumeration, the verification, install the payment systems and did an excellent job. We enumerated over four million of these informal traders and one of the very important things with that is that we are now at a point where it has been demonstrated that by using local resources, local technology, locally developed technology, etc., it is possible for us to enumerate accurately, practically every Nigerian. This four million feet was achieved in a period of under three months and we're 200 million. So it's entirely possible for us to get the digital data, the thumbprint data, the facial capture, practically everything that we need to do. So I think that this is something that has shown the tremendous possibilities and we're certainly ramping that up now. The Honourable Minister for Humanitarian Affairs has been doing quite a bit of work in that respect. A lot of the things I think that she's been doing is in trying to ramp up enumeration all over the country with the assistance of NIMS and also with the assistance of the Ministry of Communications and Digital Technology. So I think there's a great opportunity here and I believe very strongly that something comparable to the Aadha scheme in India where over 1.2 billion people enumerated technology has made it possible and I'm entirely certain that we can do so. And we have the local capacity to do so which is the more exciting part of this economy. All right, I want to ask this question. Given the financial impact of unexpected risks like pandemics and the oil shocks, are there any thoughts on how this will be approached going forward in terms of restructuring Nigerians' economy to be able to thrive even when things like this are called? Well, first let me say that there is no way of over-emphasizing the difficult economic situation that we're in if we assume that oil will be at 57 or at least that's up 60 somewhere. And we suddenly find ourselves selling oil at $13 and sometimes slightly lower. Obviously, that presents a significant challenge. It also means of course pressure on external risk. Pressure on funding and financing of infrastructure projects that all of our capital projects are currently threatened. It of course also means that support for states is also, I mean, or even state allocation from the integration account is addressed. So there are a lot of significant challenges today. But again, I must emphasize that these challenges also present to us significant opportunities for doing something that could permanently turn around our economic fortunes as a nation. And I think that part of what we're trying to do and Mr. President, I'm sure, as you've noticed, has done a number of things. The first thing, of course, was to constitute a meeting of the principal minister of the economy and thereafter he set up the economic sustainability committee, which was meant to look at what to do during and post-COVID and what sorts of economic plans may be required in order to weather the storm. And I think that some of what has transpired and some of what we're seeing is that we need to do two crucial things, just speaking broadly. One is focusing on the use of our local resources, focusing on the use of our local resources. The second is in the creation of jobs, of jobs, of decent jobs that would make a difference in the lives of people. Now, let's just talk about focusing on local resources as part of the thinking through the planning for this period. Look at road building, for example. We usually have to import food. Now, we may not have that, we may not have that space to import, but we are a major limestone resource country. We have, we are net exporters of cement. We've seen that the country can be built. So rather than use bitumen, import bitumen, we can focus on the use of limestone. And these are some of the studies that the Under Minister of Works is doing at the moment, and his team and ministry of works. So we think that by the use of local resources, we even see a concrete road being built already. The road that Dangot is building all the way to the toll gate in Lagos. That's a concrete road. We think that we can actually build cheaper roads using concrete. And that's just one example. The other, in using local resources, is in our focus on mass housing. Now, today, you know, we have a major housing deficit, but a lot of what we use even in building is important. But we know that we can build, we can build using local resources. So one of the plans that the is being thought through at the moment, and I've been put together for the president's subsequent approval, is a mass housing scheme where you have the states giving land up for purposes of building low cost housing. So for example, let us say that a state like Carnot State gives 10,000 hectares of land for housing. So what we do is that we ask that the artisans in Carnot, the local artisans in Carnot who make windows, who make doors, who mold blocks, and all other components of building, we engage them on the sites. In some cases, they will actually be on site using local materials to produce the components, including doors and windows and other components such as that. So we're able to provide jobs for the large artisan communities in those states. We're also able to provide opportunities for builders, architects, civil engineers and all of that. We already have the capacity to even just using our online resources alone, we're able to engage 500,000 young men and women into our empire scheme. So we can use the same platforms and expand those platforms to ask for young Nigerians who set up little companies, little construction companies, small construction companies, composed of engineers, of architects, and all of that, who can now build for those houses, who can now build the houses. So in Carnot State, for example, we may have 100 small companies bidding to build those houses. Of course, we're going to have to look at police control issues and all of that. But one thing that that will provide is several hundred thousands of jobs. We now look at how the government can become the purchaser of last resort in that kind of arrangement. In other words, how will those houses be off-taken, who will the off-takers be? One of the major problems with mass housing, of course, is the fact that you have a situation where mortgages, you are not able to write mortgages in order to ensure that the pipeline remains uninterrupted. In other words, from building to purchase. But we have thought through the possibility of government being, as I said, the purchaser of last resort. In other words, government actually takes the role of buying up some of those houses through the mortgage banks and all of that, and then we write mortgages from there. So you can have the police taking up several thousand houses. You can have the cooperative groups of civil servants, of private sector individuals taking several thousands of those houses. So that's an example of using local resources, using local industries, creating jobs and creating opportunities. Another, of course, is in agriculture and the value chain, the entire agriculture value chain. That, again, is a significant opportunity. We have seen that not only do we reduce our dependence on imported food, and that means dependence on foreign exchange or purchase of food when we ramp up local agriculture. It also means that we're able to provide local jobs rather than exporting those jobs to the countries that are supplying rice and supplying all of the basic food items that we have. So we believe that agriculture, again, using a mass agriculture scheme, which is being designed in consultation with the Ministry of Agriculture, the CBN, NISTAL and several of the important government agencies and the private sector. So we think that by ramping up agriculture, and this is small holder agriculture, each state providing heritage that can be used for agriculture, and the federal government working with the private sector, providing inputs, providing seedlings, improved seedlings, providing fertilizer for each of these small holder farms. The small holder farms themselves working with private out growers. Many of these private out growers have shown tremendous success with their farms. They have farms like Bukangbuna that have shown tremendous success with out growers schemes. We have several others that have shown tremendous success just using these out growers schemes. So what we intend to do is to leverage on those successes, create even around those private sector successes more heritage with the collaboration of the states and the private sector. So we can bring in hundreds or thousands of more individuals into farming. We must also, of course, improve the violent chain. One of the critical problems we have is with processing. So for example, we find that storage is a problem, but these are problems that we're also thinking through to resolve. Processing is another area where we require a lot of investments and we can do a lot of private small investments and large investments in processing as well. So I think we have found ourselves in a situation where we realize that the way to go is to ensure that we leverage on agriculture, provide the jobs in agriculture, reduce food imports and already our food imports, as you know, have dramatically dropped. At some point we're spending something in the order of about 16 billion dollars as of 2016, 2017. As of 2018, that had dropped about 10.9 or so billion US dollars has dropped even further in the past one and half years and it is bound to drop in the next in the next problem. So local food production, building up the value chain, developing rural roads for transportation, using stone this time and again, this is another use of local resources to develop our rural roads. We really think that we can achieve significant improvement in our facilities, in our ability to cope also with the pandemic. But I think also a point that I should also make is the development of the NSME sector. Now, there are so many initiatives around that as well and we believe that very many young Nigerian business can benefit in this time from some of what the federal government is looking at doing in collaboration with the states and the private sector, especially with respect to funding, to providing easier to access funds for MSMEs and through this period also in looking at rural support for MSMEs and also trying to see how we can create fresh opportunities for MSMEs and especially even small businesses. So there's quite a bit that can be done in this season, there's quite a bit that can be done at this time and I think that this opportunity is one that we mustn't pass on. We must ensure that we do as much as we can to change the narratives of the Nigerian economy, provide more jobs, provide more opportunities for people and I'm sure that this is something that we can do with the support of all of the different sectors, the private sector and the government. Last question and one of the reasons why we held this platform even though it was in the midst of I mean very difficult situations was because two things we wanted to bring government closer to the people and let leaders have direct conversation with the people to reassure them of things that were happening and also to make people understand that there is light at the end of this tunnel. So there's something that I think has disturbing the hearts of a lot of Nigerians in business and it's the fact that the Naira is taking a beating in the parallel market due to the oil price fall combined with the economic impact of COVID. Does the government have any plan to help slow down the anticipated inflation that they come? Okay well with respect to inflation I think of course you'd appreciate that there is always that tension between inflation and growth and in thinking through economic policy at this time we must also admit that if we're going to spur growth especially by increased spending, local expenditure, domestic expenditure, we must make room for some for some inflation but I think that the critical thing is how to respond to that inflation and one of the things that we would use of course there are several tools there are fiscal tools, there are supply side tools and all that but I just want to focus a bit on the supply side tools that we use. It's important in my view to increase productivity in Nigeria it's not important because we have the resources, we have the human resources, we have the material resources that we can use so improving productivity, increasing the stock of goods is an important part of ensuring that you have the goods so you don't have too much money as I say you know chasing too few goods. So productivity is an important part of what we are of our focus and I just pointed out what we intend to do in ramping up food production. If you can ramp up food production food is of course one of the major items that baskets like that is used in considering inflation. If we can ramp up food production, ramp up the logistics of bringing food especially to the urban areas we will be able, we will be able to significantly control inflation at the same time if we're able to provide people with jobs, if we're able to provide jobs and we've looked at some of the ways by which jobs that can be provided we will also because of productivity because people are rendering services and creating money we will in many senses be able to reduce the inflationary trends so those are some of the supply side type steps that can be taken. Of course you know we're also very conscious of how to ensure that we do not lapse into a situation where because of the fall in value of the Naira we find ourselves we find ourselves with projects that remain uncompleted or finished because of the foreign exchange component of those projects. Let me just say that one of the important things that we are doing is looking at how to ensure that our funding especially the foreign exchange component of our funding is as much as possible protected but this is funding for specific infrastructure so despite the fall in value of the Naira we insist that we must continue and the President has said this repeatedly that we must complete our infrastructure projects so there's a sense in which this also means our restricting the use of our foreign exchange to the very productive purpose of completing infrastructure projects that is absolutely important we must ensure that we do not either we complete rail rail roads power sector some of some of the investments in power sector especially in renewable energy etc so those are some of the very important things that in allocating our resources in such a way that we do not jeopardize any of our infrastructure projects so for purposes of the fall in Naira I think another point which can be made is that if we are careful enough in what we're doing and I think that that is the way that we tend to see especially with respect to some of the fiscal measures that we're taking we see ourselves being able to ramp up foreign exchange foreign exchange earnings especially in exports for food items and there is tremendous opportunity out there to export food items many countries of the world the UAE the Arab countries are asking for several different things they're asking for several different food items there is a great deal of demand of food a great deal of demand while we're thinking of local production there is also significant opportunity for export so we think that we can ramp up our earnings there we think that also in the mine in the mining sector we are reforming our seasonal mining processes we are looking at and of course we now have gold refining where we have a mega gold refining facility there are one or two others coming we think that we can also with the export of some of our solid minerals we can also ramp up we can also ramp up foreign exchange earnings so there are significant opportunities for rounding up foreign exchange earnings but aside from that you know of course that we are also looking and we have made a few attempts at concessional borrowing and some of that concessional borrowing will of course help the deficits that we have at the moment in our foreign exchange earnings we've heard of course of the IMF concessional borrowing and there is also a world-bound concessional borrowing AFDBA a few cheap loans that we are looking and taking these of course will also in the short to medium term show up foreign exchange reserves and show up our earnings so that we are able to to some extent control all right sir I want to say thank you very much once again for lending us some of your time for to hold this discussion with us on the platform and to let you know that we also acknowledge the work that the government is doing in this pushback against the pandemic thank you very much thank you very much it's always a special privilege and an honor and a pleasure to be on the platform and thank you so much for the great work that you're doing and also to say that in this pandemic we're all in it together and we must all just cooperate with each other cooperate with the government try and see how we can adopting a whole of society approach get involved in taking responsibility for ourselves for our neighbors and for our nation I think that we'll get through this much stronger we'll get through this much stronger economically much stronger as a people and I'm very confident that Nigerians will with our resilience our strength and innovation that will see that we'll go through this in great shape thank you very much all right sir thank you so much


Hi, my name is Gavin Fry. I'm a spiritual therapist and a leadership mentor to entrepreneurs over the last 40 years. A little over a year ago, a very good friend of mine turned me on to George Cowell and his work. And I signed up for the Master Heart for this year, 2022. I am so astonished at the contribution that's made to me personally, to my business. George, to me, is a rare jewel. He deeply is anchored in his heart. He cares. He's funny. He's extraordinarily experienced at elements involved in running a business, from all the particulars having to do with social media and online training courses and from every gamut. He's incredibly generous. He over delivers. And the nature of George's work is you can tailor your participation in his program to meet your own needs. This year, I published a book for the first time. I got myself up on social media in a very active way. I wouldn't have done that without George's encouragement. I've also been doing a lot of publicity and I've just barely availed myself of all the resources that he so generously makes available to Master Heart participants. I can't speak highly enough about who George is, about his dedication, his, he lives in overflow. He loves to serve and he models being authentic in a business. He knows how to be in his heart and he knows how to live authentically, personally and professionally. He's a great teacher.


Hello, it's another episode of Brutal Battle Beer Break. I am your host, Carlin, as always. Today, we're gonna be trying a beer I've never had before. I've never had anything from this brewery. It's from South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, to be exact. Didn't know there was a Columbia, South Carolina, but hey, now we all do. So this one is an IPA, as people might be able to guess. Love IPAs. This is called Sacred Heart. It's by a brewery called Conquest Brewing Company, and this IPA is 7.2% alcohol by volume. So we're gonna give it a shot. There you go. Oh, Sacred Heart. It's a heart wrapped in like, is it like thorns or some crap? Yeah, it's like a flaming heart wrapped in thorns. Oh, so I mean whatever. I don't think it's all that special. It is important to note there is a bottle date on this handwritten, by the way, which however you can do it, as long as you're putting a bottle date. Uh-oh. It's starting to bubble up a little bit. So it's August of 2014. So not the freshest at this point, but I mean whatever. We'll give it a shot because sometimes IPAs, they do fine. Um, that if anyone has not watched it, go back and watch my episode for um, the last one I did for Deschutes. Uh, it was their Chasen Freshies, FreshHop IPA with Mosaic. As that warmed up, it got significantly more citrusy and was very, very nice. Which leads me to something that I'm just thinking about at some point just drinking all my beers room temperature. I don't know. We'll see. So this one, a lot ahead, so it's going to be pretty damn carbonated. Um, very orange-ish, very hazy. I can't see through it at all. Can you see through it? I can. I feel like a brownish-orange dark coloration to it. Hmm, pretty malty, but there's some nice hops to kind of back that up. It's got this nice kind of earthiness, a little bit of like a honeysuckle note on the um, on the nose. Honeysuckle. Some, obviously, some citrus. There's always, you know, some citrus in IPAs. Well, not always. There are really piney IPAs out there, which I do get a little bit of pine in this as well. But there's some nice citrus, but it's like much more like deep citrus, like kind of like a dehydrated orange. You know how to like really make it more sugary and like really concentrate the um, the juice. So less light.  Kind of bread-y, um, in the flavor. Earthy, get a bit of that pineiness. I get some of that kind of honeysuckle type flavor to it, which I was getting in the nose. Um, very earthy. Tastes a tad bit like dirt, gonna be honest. Just a tad bit like dirt. But it's not terrible. Uh, it's not great though. I'm wondering how much of this is the age and how much is actually just the beer, but I probably let this warm up a lot more, but I might end up dumping this beer. Gotta be honest with you on that. We'll see where it ends up for me, but not the best. Very, very earthy, piney.  It's just kind of like it's malty and it's like honeysuckle and dirt kind of very earthy malty. So, um, not huge on this as it's tasting right now. Wouldn't recommend the Sacred Heart IPA. Oh, I'm getting some heat, like a tickle of heat in my throat from this too. It's only 7.2% alcohol. It's kind of weird. Shouldn't be doing that. So, um, a lot of strikes against this one. Wouldn't recommend it. Don't try it. I pretty much guaranteeing that even when it warms up, it's not going to be that much better. Anyway, thank you so much for checking this episode out and go get yourself a beer. One better than this.


So, we want to move from links to networks instead of sending across just one link between a pair of devices. What if I want to send from my computer here to the Facebook web server in the U.S.? Of course I don't have a link to it. So the only way to reach some web server in another country is to send via a set of links. And we say a network is made up by combining a set of links together. So move on to networking. A lot of communications problems, there are many communication problems to solve to make our applications work well. How do we solve complex problems? Anyone written any software? What do you do when you write software? Do you write all your code in one file, in one big sequential function or object? Some of you do, probably, but what should you do? Different files, different objects or different functions, I'm not a very good programmer, but so you break things up into smaller chunks and you say you write a function to do this task and you write another function to do a different task and then you combine those functions together to do the more complex, complete task. So this concept is called divide and conquer. We've got a large problem, we divide it up into smaller components and conquer those smaller components one at a time. We do the same in communications. We divide and conquer, but in communications instead of talking about functions, we talk about concepts and we divide the tasks for communication into layers. So the name we give them is layers and the idea is that some tasks for communicating between computers are assigned to one layer and other tasks to another layer and so on and the way to communicate is to, you combine those tasks by layering them on top of each other. So we get some form of stack of layers. So we'll just introduce those concepts and look at a real example of layering and we sometimes call the way that we form layers a protocol architecture, so let's get onto that. Here's one of our old pictures about an example of communicating across the link. Some of the things you know so far from this course is how to get data across the link. You know different ways to convert the data into signals, so you know that we need to transmit signals and there are different ways to convert that data into signals to be transmitted, different types of signals, different types of links, wired wireless. Those tasks of getting bits or our data as a signal across a link we allocate to the physical layer. It's about dealing with the physical signals, actual signals that go between the computers. So the name given to those tasks is the physical layer. There are many tasks in there. Another thing that we need to do to be able to communicate between two computers across a link, what we saw in the previous topic, not multiplexing, but the one before was even if we can send some data across a link, sometimes we'll have errors. So we have some protocols to tell the source to resend or we have some other protocol to tell the source to slow down, flow control. So this and some other tasks of getting the data efficiently across the link are referred as the data link layer. Still about the link, but focusing not on signals but on the data. So there are different tasks involved and commonly it's separated into the physical layer, getting signals across a link, data link layer, making sure that data across the link is delivered correctly. So we've seen some of those tasks already. But now what if we move to a network? And this is our old picture of a network. We have a source that wants to communicate with this destination and we now have a set of links, a link from our source to some intermediate device. Some device who's not there to create data, it's not there to receive data, it's there to help me getting data from source to destination, say to forward the data on. So we have a link here. We know how to communicate across a link. We've got techniques at the data link layer and physical layer to do that. And similar across the next link and the subsequent links, we can communicate across individual links, but there are a few other problems to deal with. How these intermediate systems behave when they receive data is one of them. How they send it on to the next one. How do they do that is one problem. We'll see that in the next topic. Another problem which is a bit more obvious to you, but maybe not from this picture. Let me find a different picture. This is from, not so important, it's from the next topic so you have it there, but this is a picture of a simple network. So there are some computing devices and some intermediate systems, these green boxes. And some links between them. A wants to send data to F, where does it send it? A sends to where? A sends to four and then someone said seven, why not five? Why not one? Right, so you see there are multiple paths from source through to destination via these intermediate systems. So the question becomes, which path do we use? So now in a network, even though we have a set of links, we have this problem of choosing the path from source to destination. And I think you know of some algorithms to find the shortest path, Dijkstra and so on, and it's used in the internet or in communication systems. We would call it routing to find a route from source to destination. And that's not the next topic, it's the topic after that, the ways to do that. Many different ways. Shortest number of hops or links, maybe some links are cheaper to use than others. So choose the path which has the lowest financial cost. Or some links have a higher data rate than others. So choose the path where we get faster data transfer. That's the problem of routing and that's one problem that we need to deal with to communicate from source to destination via intermediate systems. And we'll classify that problem of finding the path as part of the network layer. The network layer involves tasks to allow us to get data across a network. Not just one link, but across many links. Finding the path and then how do these nodes send it on. We'll see that in the next topic. So let's say we know how to do that. We can find a path, what's left? How does the source communicate with that destination? Say the source is running a web browser. In a web server. Well we usually need some other things to help us communicate efficiently as well. Not just finding a path. What if I found a path, I send my data, it gives to A, it gives to B. B is just a computing device and luckily it has an error. The data gives to B and B loses it. What do we, what should we do? Who should we send? We should resend because many applications will not work if the data doesn't get to the destination correctly. We should resend, but resending across the link may not help. Because really the failure is not across the link but at the computer inside the device. So what we'll often do is say in the same way as the error control we saw, okay, the destination didn't receive it, there's no act coming back. So the source computer resends, sends it again and hopefully it gets there the second time otherwise it keeps resending. So we need such retransmission scheme from the source through to the destination. We looked at it across links but the same is applied across a network from source computer to destination computer. And your computers do that today using something called TCP. And that is not really related to the network layer. We often consider that that's to support applications. Not all applications need that. Web browsing does, email does, but some say video streaming, voice calls do not need retransmissions. So we say that there are some other tasks which are just needed on the source and destination to help transport the data from source to destination. The other things we need is, for example, with HTTP, we need to specify the format of the messages, the format of the web pages so that our applications can communicate on source and destination. So there are a number of tasks that we need to get the network to communicate at the network layer plus some other tasks need especially the source and destination so that our applications can communicate. So one way to think of that, so we divide these tasks into layers. So the concept divide and conquer because communications is complex, we separate all those tasks, we separate them up and group them corresponding to the types of things they need to do. And the idea is then for each layer of tasks, we design and implement a protocol that will solve that problem. And then we select one to use. It makes design and implementation easy or easier than having one big piece of software or hardware that does everything. It makes upgrading easy. Again, you need to upgrade some link here. Then you just change the physical or data link layer, but you don't have to change anything that happens on the source or destination. So the end computers don't need to change just across that link we can upgrade. Maybe give a new version of the technology. We can select implementations from different vendors, different companies and mix and match, which makes it better for consumers. As long as those layers are standard, that is they have a standard interface between them. The problem being we often have many overheads. We send from one layer to another it introduces some overhead of processing and also of data and the designs may be suboptimal. Let's look at how we can split the communication tasks into layers. And we can talk about a layered architecture, how we combine our components in some layered manner. So far we've said there are tasks involved with link communications, how to get data across the link. We've already called them the physical layer and the data link layer. There are tasks involved with network communications, how to get data across the set of links, like finding a path. And there's some tasks involved with supporting applications, making sure web browsing works well, making sure our file downloads work efficiently. So I'll group that as application support. Note that support for applications is only needed on these end devices, the source and destination. My intermediate device doesn't care whether I'm using web browsing, file download, email. It's just the source and destination that cares about that. This is a general view of these division of tasks. Some people have come up with standards that say, how we exactly divide the tasks up. And they give names to layers and actual protocols for layers. Others have sort of formed over time, some views of what are the layers that should be used in the internet. So a standard we'll see in the next slide is called OSI. And then we'll see the example that we use in our course and we use every day as an internet five layered model. Let's go through two examples. First one, who's heard of ISO? ISO, standards organization. They create standards in many things, with weights and measurements, with management systems, communication systems, many systems. So it's a standards organization. And in the 70s, they created standards for network communications. So many devices can communicate. And they call to open systems interconnection. ISO, this is a spelling mistake, I get confused. This is OSI, not ISO. ISO, OSI. And they come up with a specific architecture saying for communications, you should divide into seven different layers. And they define the set of tasks which correspond to each layer. And actually they develop protocols for each layer. So you could go and buy products, they implemented the protocols at the different layers. That was developed in the 70s. Around the same time, other people were working on different models for communications. So there were some people working on building what became the internet. IBM had their own approach. So in those days, before the internet, different companies were developing their own way to communicate. Apple had Apple Talk, Novel had some different layered model. OSI was an international one. But it turned out that another thing happening started in the US and expanded was they used some protocols called TCPIP. TCP and IP and they became more popular. People use that for different reasons. And the ISO OSI model became less popular and is no longer used today, maybe except for very, very old systems. But the concepts and the way that they define layers is still taught and it's still used to describe systems. So it's useful to know what the layers are. And it's useful to be aware that there is this common seven-layer OSI model. But today, and we'll see in the next slides, with the internet, we can view the layered model slightly differently. But what were the layers? Here they are. Which is layer one? What's the first layer? We start at the bottom. So sometimes we refer to the layers by numbers. So layer one is the physical layer, layer two data link, layer seven application layer. They're the names of the layers. And I've tried to just summarize, sorry. I've tried to summarize what roughly the tasks are for each of the layers. Physical layer is about, they specify the interface between the device and the network. So the signals which are transmitted, the transmit power, all those electrical characteristics for electrical signals. So what we've studied about sending bits as signals corresponds to the physical layer. Data link layer, like we've said, flow control, error control across a link. So those two are related to getting data across a link. Network layer, getting data across a set of links, finding a path, for example. There are many other things there, but that's the main purpose. Then the next four are really about making applications work well. And they split it into four different parts. Transport is about getting data reliably across the network. Source to destination. Any questions on the session layer? How's this session going? The session layer is about some applications before you transfer data, you make some agreement. We're going to transfer this amount of data in this manner. So we establish a session. For example, a voice call.  There's some answer message and then you transfer data. So we can think of that as a session. So the session layer was about how to manage sessions between applications. Presentation layer was about converting data between different formats. One computer creates an image in this format, but the destination computer wants it in a different format, so the presentation layer had the role of converting, also encryption. Application layer is about specific things that some applications need. For example, the format of emails, the format of webpages. How file downloads work. That's related to the application layer. So that's the rough description of the tasks involved in those seven layers. I will not test you about OSI seven layer model. It's nice to know the names of them. You may see it in other places. I will test you about these ones though. This is the one we will use. So what happened is that around the same time, some other people were building networks using different approaches. And in the US, there was a research network. The Advanced Research Projects Agency, APA, started to connect a few universities together. So a few universities wanted to share their large computers. So they created a network called APAnet. And they designed two very important protocols for this. This was in the 70s or late 60s. TCP and IP. And they designed them and some other things and they created a network between universities and some government organizations in the US. And eventually connected to other organizations in other countries. And it grew and it become what we know as the internet. So the internet today was built upon these networks using TCP and IP. So we often refer to it as the TCP slash IP protocol suite or protocol architecture or TCP IP layered model. It's got different names. Or simply just the internet protocol architecture. Internet or TCP IP, we really mean the same thing in this instance. In this case there wasn't any organization creating a standard saying this is the layers. In OSI some people got together, created a standard saying these are the seven layers, this is what they should do. In the internet it was more ad hoc. People just did it. So there was no official document saying this is how it works or this is the protocol architecture. But generally it was divided into five layers. Some people have a different view of four layers. And some people name the layers differently. But for this course we're going to define the TCP IP five layer protocol architecture as these five layers. And you see it's very similar to OSI but we cut out two layers. Physical layer, data length layer same as before getting data across the link. Network layer, getting the data across the network. Routing for example. Then to support applications there's a transport layer which is making our data delivered reliably across the network. And all the rest is grouped into the application layer. There's no presentation or session layer. There's no standard definitions so the names change. That is you may see another textbook or someone in right on a web page with different names. We will use these but be aware that sometimes you'll see slightly different names. And sometimes there's some overlap. So it's not clear cut and where the layers are separated. But it's very useful to think of all communications from this model of deal with signals at the physical layer. Deal with getting data across the link at the data link layer. Deal with getting it across a network, a set of links at the network layer. Making applications, allowing applications to transfer data efficiently across the network. The transport layer. For example, email, web browsing, file downloads, secure logins, database applications. They all need reliability. That is if we send data across the internet and it's lost somewhere all of those applications need it to be retransmitted. So instead of having the application handle that retransmission it's offloaded to the transport layer. That does the retransmission for all the applications that wanted. So in fact, TCP is the protocol used at the transport layer that handles retransmissions. It doesn't matter what application you're using. TCP will do the retransmissions for you. Which means if you create your own application and your own communication protocol between applications, you don't have to worry about retransmissions. You just let TCP do it for you. Let's just finish with a few examples and a little bit more terminology. I'll just jump back, sorry, in this one. Remember, not all devices need to implement all layers. The intermediate devices don't need support for applications. So in our five-layer model, generally they don't worry about the transport or application layer. And in fact, some devices don't worry about the network layer. For example, a modem or some amplifier or repeater is not concerned with the networking aspect. It's just concerned with improving the link communications. So not all devices implement all layers. We can talk about layers from layer one, starting the physical layer at the bottom up to layer five at the top. And sometimes we talk about devices with respect to the layer that they operate at. So a router, like a, well, this is a bad example, but a router you may have at home for your internet access. You may have Wi-Fi, ADSL, a wireless router, for example. We can sometimes think as a layer three device, because it implements the physical layer, data link layer and the network layer up to layer three. This Wi-Fi access point only deals with the physical layer and data link layer. It's a little bit different. It doesn't need to do any networking aspects. We'll see that when we look at LANs. And we call it a layer two device, because it implements up until layer two. A modem or an amplifier or repeater is usually just dealing with, say, amplifying physical signals. So we think of it as a layer one device. A host is the source or destination which implements all five layers. My laptop, your mobile phone is a host. A web server. Where are they implemented? So from a host perspective, there are protocols used for each layer. Maybe we'll jump back to where after we see examples of protocols. For example, application layer includes HTTP, FTP, secure shell, many protocols that specific applications use. You access a database remotely. There's a protocol for doing that. You send an SMS or you send an instant message. There's a protocol for doing that and many different protocols. So they are application layer protocols. There are many. At the transport layer, there are not so many. And there are two main ones, TCP and UDP. TCP deals with several things. One of them is reliability. Your application sends data, TCP makes sure that the destination receives the data. If it gets lost somewhere in between, TCP will try and fix it for you. That means your application doesn't have to deal with it. You let TCP deal with that. At the network layer, the core protocol and what makes up the internet is called IP. Which stands for? What's IP stands for? The internet protocol. The core protocol of the internet in its name is the internet protocol. And we'll study that in a bit of depth. So essentially every computer that is attached to the internet uses IP. It may not use TCP or UDP or it may select different ones here. It may not use HTTP, but the main thing in common is IP. At the data link layer and physical layer, there are many different technologies. Ethernet for wired LANs, wireless LANs, there's SDH, PDH, many many that I cannot list here. Technologies really that implement the data link layer and physical layer. So that's some examples of the protocols. Where are they implemented? If you think of your laptop, your home PC or even your mobile phone to some extent. A rough separation is that application layer protocols are implemented in applications. In user processes. In your web browser. In your voice application. Skype, whatever application you're using for communications usually implements an application layer protocol. Like HTTP is implemented in Firefox. Your messaging application. Facebook Messenger or whatever secure chat, tech secure, they implement the protocols for sending instant messages. So that's at the application. The transport layer and the network layer. Network layer, primarily IP plus some other supporting protocols. Transport layer, TCP and some others are usually in your OS. So if you look in the source code of your OS, you'll find some files which have the code for TCP and IP and others. And that's common across most systems. The data link layer and physical layer, how to send signals. How to retransmit across the link are often associated with your LAN card. In a computer or in general your network interface card. Whether it's a Wi-Fi chip, a LAN card, your GSM module. But the hardware part is usually implementing the physical and data link layer. There's some overlap but that's a rough separation. And in fact the example of TCP-IP operation is not relevant here. So that finishes this topic. You should in summary definitely remember those five layers of our TCP-IP five-layer model. And start over time to remember what tasks are allocated to each of those five layers. Over the remaining lectures we'll continue moving on about networking, aspects of networking. And then we'll finish with some more examples of how IP works, the network layer. And a little bit about transport and application. So we've really done with these two, we've got a little bit more. But we need the rest of the time about network based communications. And that will start tomorrow.


Welcome everyone to class. Thank you Zalutoli, Jeffina and Anita for joining class this morning. We are going to begin our study of Romans chapter 12. So we will, before we study each verse in detail, we'll read through Romans chapter 12 so that we can get an understanding of what we are going to study today and maybe on Friday as well. Okay, before we study Romans chapter 12, we'll just pause for a word of prayer. So can I ask Zalutoli to lead us in prayer please. Yes, Pastor, let's pray. Father God, we come before your presence in the name of Jesus. Father, as we begin our session for the book of Romans, I thank you for the life of Pastor Selena. I thank you for the grace, the wisdom to teach you this morning, Lord God, and Lord, you have prepared each one of our hearts to receive what you have instilled for us, Lord. Thank you Lord. We give you praise. We give you honor in Jesus' name. Amen. Amen. Thank you, Zalutoli. So we'll read Romans chapter 12 that is totally 21 verses and there are four of you so each of you can read five verses each and maybe one of you can read six. So we'll get done with that. So can we begin? Somebody read verses one to five and then somebody else can continue from five to ten and so on. Romans chapter 12 verse one to five, I beseech you therefore brethren, by the mercies of God, your body is a living sacrifice for the acceptable to God, which is your reasonable sacrifice and will not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the remedial of your mind that you may prove what is that truth and acceptable and perfect rule of God. For I say through the grace given to me to everyone who is among you, not to think of himself more highly than you ought to think, but to think soberly as God has dealt to each one, each one a major fate for us. We have many members in one body, but all the members do not have the same function. So we bring many are one body in Christ and individually members of one another. Thank you, Zalutoli. So can somebody else read from verses six to verse 10 or to verse 11 please? Having then gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us, let us use them. If prophecy, let's prophesy in proportion to our faith or ministry, let us do it in our ministering, he who teaches in teaching, he who exhorts in exhortation, he who gives with liberality, he who leads with diligence, he who shows mercy with cheerfulness, let love be without hypocrisy, abhor what is evil, cling to what is good, be kindly affectionate to one another with brotherly love, in honor giving preference to one another, not lagging in diligence, pervading in spirit, serving the Lord. Thank you, John Paul. So can someone else read from verses 12 to 16 please? Romans chapter 12 verses fell to 16, constantly rejoicing in hope, steadfast and patient in distress, devoted to prayer, contributing to the needs of God's people, pursuing hospitality, bless those who persecute you, bless and do not curse, rejoice with those who rejoice and weep with those who weep, live in harmony with one another, do not be haughty inside the self-important exclusive, but associate with humble people, those with realistic self-view, do not overestimate yourself. Thank you, Jeffina. So can someone finish reading the rest of the verses from verses 17 to 21 please, anyone? Anita or Georgia Hamilton, would you like to read verses 17 to 21? I agree. Repay no one evil for evil, have regard for good things in the sight of all men. If it is possible, as much as it depends on you, live peaceably with all men. Beloved, do not avenge yourselves, but rather give place to wrath. For it is written, vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord. Therefore your enemy, if your enemy is hungry, feed him, if he is thirsty, give him a drink. For in doing so, you will keep calls of fire on his head, do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good. Amen. Thank you, John Paul. So we just finished reading, for those of you who joined in, we were look studying, we're going to study Romans chapter 12. So we just read through the entire chapter of Romans chapter 12. Now, in Romans chapter 12, Paul is turning his attention back to the church, to the believers. So now he's connecting back from where he stopped in Romans chapter 8, till Romans chapter 8, through his letter, he was connecting with the believers. He was writing to the believers on how to live a Christian life, how to walk in the spirit, how to crucify the flesh, how to rejoice even in tribulation, knowing that nothing can separate them from the love that is in Christ Jesus our Lord. And we studied Romans chapter 9 to 11, where in Romans chapter 9 to 11, Paul goes off in like, like a little excursion, so to say. You know, when he's talking about the Israelites, what does God's plan for the Jews, for the Jewish race, the Jewish nation, the people of Israel, and then he comes back to where he stopped in Romans chapter 8, talking how to live the Christian life in chapter 12. So he says, you know, keeping in mind the goodness of God, and all that Paul has explained thus far, which, you know, is explained about justification from guilt and penalty of sin. He's talked about adoption in Jesus Christ and identification in Christ. He talks about how we are placed under grace and not under the law, how the Holy Spirit is given to us and the Holy Spirit lives within us, how the Holy Spirit works in us, enables us to the person in the work of the Holy Spirit in our lives. The promise of help in our affliction also talks about the assurance of our standing in God's election, the confidence of the coming glory, the hope that we have, the eternal hope that we have, the confidence that nothing can separate us from the love that is in Christ Jesus our Lord, the confidence of God's continued faithfulness in our lives. And he's saying in the light of all this that we have received, the light of all his mercies that we have received in the past, in the present, we will receive in the future. Paul is saying, or he's begging the believers and he's saying, here, this is what I want you to do. He's saying, I want you to present your bodies as a living sacrifice. Okay. So he says, you know, he's turning his attention to the believers, the brethren, the believers at Rome, and Paul is making, you know, this solemn request. He says, I beseech you therefore, therefore means, you know, whatever I've told you in chapters written or told you in chapters 9 to 11, in view of all that, you know, you've understood God's plan for the Jews, you've understood God's plan for the Gentiles, you've understood the severity of God, you've understood the goodness of God, that God is good, but he's also severe in his judgment, in his wrath, in his punishment. He's a God who's compassionate, but he's also a God of truth and justice. So in his dealing with these people, there is this coming together of his goodness and the severity of God. So he's saying, I want you to think of how God is working, how he has worked with the people of Israel, and when they rejected him, he gave them up to their own blindness, their own ways, and now he's extended his goodness to the Gentiles.  He tells them in chapter 12 verse 1, I want you to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service. And we know that in Romans chapter 8, Paul talks about the body. He says, you know, he says, keep the body under the power of the Holy Spirit. In verse 13, he says, put to end the sinful deeds in your body and you will live. And now he's continuing with the same thought. In Romans chapter 8, Paul mentions how Jesus broke the power of sin on the cross, and how the Holy Spirit is at work in us to overcome the flesh, and how we can walk in the Spirit and not yield to the dictates of the flesh. And so he's saying in the view of all this, you know, what should be our response? He says we need to present our bodies as a living sacrifice. So when he says the word we need to present, he's saying we need to make a deliberate choice, okay, which means it is a willing, intentional and a deliberate choice. It's not something, a choice that just comes automatically once we are in the family of God, once we become heirs of God, co-heirs with Christ Jesus, once we are part of the kingdom of God, once we are born again. But he's saying you need to make a deliberate choice, which means he's saying that, you know, you need to make a willing, intentional, a deliberate choice, you know, willingly, deliberately make this choice to make your body or to make our body as a living sacrifice. Now why does he use the word sacrifice here is because Jews were very familiar with sacrifice, their whole life, you know, their whole culture was so blended together with sacrifice that they had to make day in and day out. So in the Old Testament, you know, they brought their sacrifice as part of their worship, as also part of sin offering as well, and also part of the festivals that they used to celebrate, but, you know, they brought it as part of their worship and they sacrificed animals or birds, grain, oil, whatever. And now Paul is saying, you know, you need to offer yourself. It's not bringing some animal grain or oil or bird, but it's saying you have to offer yourself. So the sacrifice you are to present is to be put on the altar. And the sacrifice now is not some animal or bird or grain. And he's saying, put your body there. He's saying, offer your body. And this is not a one time sacrifice. It's a living sacrifice. Okay. Which means that my body is alive. It's not dead. Okay. Which means that, you know, I need to make the sacrifice daily. And hence it's a living sacrifice because our body is alive. We are called to do what God has called us to do. But at the same time, we have to offer our bodies as a sacrifice on the altar. Okay. And hence it's a permanent sacrifice, which means you, you know, you keep doing it every time. And he says you need to present your bodies wholly and acceptable to God. So how do we offer our bodies? It's a living sacrifice by keeping our bodies wholly and acceptable and pleasing and honoring to God. So when we do this constantly, every day, you know, keep our body wholly set apart for God, it is something that is pleasing to God. And he's saying that this is your reasonable service, which means you think this is your thoughtful worship. This is your act of worship. Some translation says it is your intelligent form of worship or it's your rational logical worship. So let's think about it this way, you know, if I go and beat myself with whips and cut myself and, and all of that, it's not, and I say that it's an act of worship.  But Paul is saying you keep your body wholly and acceptable to God. So when you do this, this is your thoughtful and intelligent worship to God. So how can we, can our bodies be this wholly acceptable, thoughtful, intelligent worship to God? How can we make this daily sacrifices every day?   Now, we are constantly on the Internet. We're constantly on our phones. We have access to so much of Internet content.  And there are things that are content or graphics that are not honoring to God, or, you know, we get magazines, we get even our newspapers talking about the ones that we get here in Bangalore, you know, the additional magazines has, you know, a lot of images and graphics which are not honoring. And I, whenever I look at those images, I always think I'm sure these men and women, you know, have, you know, pics taken of them when they are well dressed.  And sometimes it's so embarrassing to keep these newspapers as, as Christian believers in the, in our, you know, in our halls or in our, the first room where we entertain guests can be so embarrassing for us. But, you know, when, the moment we see things like this and, you know, we don't want to give it a second look or we just, you know, look away, whether we're watching a movie or watching a commercial and add and we see something that is this pleasing and this honoring to God, the moment we turn away, we have offered and thoughtful and intelligent worship to God. Okay. And the moment I've done that I've offered my body as a living sacrifice, I worship God right there and then. So even when it comes to our thought life, you know, which can be very secret then, you know, sometimes our thought lives can be so messed up, you know, thinking thoughts that are with, you know, lustful, evil thoughts, wicked thoughts, and we can choose whether to linger in those thoughts or whether, you know, to give up those thoughts in the moment we give up and we've, you know, we, we don't want to think those thoughts or we don't want to indulge in those lustful or wicked or evil thoughts. You know, we've offered ourselves as thoughtful and thoughtful and intelligent worship to God. We've offered our bodies as a living sacrifice, and we have worshiped God right there and then. So Paul is saying in the view of all that you have heard, brethren, offer your bodies as a living sacrifice was to he says, and do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is good and acceptable and the perfect will of God. And so he begins this verse two by saying and and means also. Okay. So not only present your bodies as a living sacrifice, only an acceptable and pleasing to God, but he's saying also do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind says, do not be conformed to this world. That means not be conformed to the don't pattern your thinking, don't pattern your lifestyle, your behavior to the ways of the world, but be transformed. Now the word transformed here is a word metamorph for in Greek, where we get the English word metamorphosis, which we all know is the metamorphosis is which is the the the the animal that comes to our mind when we think about metamorphosis caterpillar to the butterfly. Okay. So, you know, there is such a change from a caterpillar that is a worm that is just, you know, crawling on the on the ground to something that is so beautiful that is flying in the air with such vibrant colors and and just so beautiful it looks. So, you know, so he's saying so undergo such a beautiful supernatural change in the way you think live and behave. So Paul is telling us, you know, by the way that we think behave and live, we need to go through undergo through such a beautiful and supernatural change. So he tells us how this transformation is possible. How is this transformation possible? He says by the renewing of our mind. Okay. We know that when a caterpillar is undergoing metamorphosis, the first thing the caterpillar does is it eats. It eats and it eats and it consumes a lot of green leaves. And you know, when as it's eating, it expands. Now, why does it eat so much because it's preparing for a change that is going to take place and then it soon disappears into that cocoon and inside it all the changes are taking place and then comes out a metamorphosized butterfly. Okay.  Now, we know that the mind has to do with our mental faculties, the way we think, the way we reason. Now, the best way to explain a renewed mind is in Isaiah chapter 55 verses seven to nine. Okay. I like to read that for us. It says, let the wicked forsake his way and the unrighteous man his thoughts and let them return to the Lord and he will have mercy on them and to our God for he will abundantly pardon. God says, for my thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are my ways your ways, says the Lord. For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts. So shall my word be that goes forth from my mouth, it shall not return to me void, but it shall accomplish what I please and it shall prosper in the things for which I sent it. In verse seven of Isaiah chapter 55, you know, God is speaking to the wicked, to the men of this world, the women of this world. He says, I want you to forsake your ways and your thoughts, just let go of them and turn away from your ways and thoughts.  Verses eight and nine, he says, my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are my ways your ways. And verse 10 says, as high as the heavens and above the earth, so high God's thoughts and his ways to the thoughts and ways of the wicked, such a huge difference. So here the implication is that, you know, God is saying, I'm going to help you to take on my ways and my thoughts and this is going to happen. When you take on to my ways and my thoughts, verse 11 he says, by the word of God, the word of God is going to help us to take on the thoughts and the ways of God. So what is renewing of the mind? It's the process here that we read in Isaiah chapter 55 verses seven to nine. It is giving up my ways, my thoughts, and taking on God's ways and the thoughts of God. And as I take on God's thoughts and God's ways, you know, it's going to lead me into a transformation. I'm undergoing a transformation. I'm no longer going to take on to the ways of the world like the wicked, but I'm going to begin to take on or to walk on the higher levels, the higher ways and the thoughts of God. And this can happen only by renewing of my mind, which means we train to leave the ways and thoughts we were used to, you know, our old ways and thoughts are all sinful ways and thoughts. And we take on the ways and thoughts of God. And how do we take on the ways and thoughts of God is how do we know what are the ways and thoughts of God is basically his word is word that tells us shows us his ways, his nature, his attributes, and what are his thoughts. So right here in this chapter 12 are, you know, some of the ways and thoughts of God of God that is given to us, you know, he talks about forgiving, he talks about showing love, we look at that in a little bit. But you know, like the caterpillar, which eats and keeps on eating leaves, we also need to keep on eating and eating and consuming the word of God. Okay, the more we meditate on God's word, you know, what it does is it renews our minds, our minds automatically begin to take on or think the ways and thoughts of God, our minds begin to think new and different ways just like God would think and God would do and we would begin to align our thoughts and ways to thoughts and ways of God. And this process is, you know, is the process of renewing our mind. And a renewed mind actually results in our transformed life, you know, because we are able to think and behave differently, we're able to think and behave Christ-like, because we're taking on his ways, we're taking on his thoughts and basically we will behave like Christ. We will portray the divine nature, we will manifest the divine nature that is in us. So, like I said, you know, here in chapter 12 itself, you know, Paul suggests ways and thoughts that God has given to us about forgiving others and showing love. And he mentions in the very last verse of this chapter, he says, do not overcome, do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good. Okay. Now the way of the world is what?  You know, I will do twice as much as what you have done to me. Okay. And why is there so much of evil in this world? Because everyone is repaying others twice as much evil that they have received and it keeps multiplying. Right. But God says, do not be overcome with evil, but overcome evil with good. And he says, if your enemy is hungry, what should you do? Feed them. Okay. If he's thirsty, give him a drink. Okay. This is not a natural response. Right. You know, we would want nothing to do with our enemy. But when we renew our mind, when we are chewing on God's word, we take on God's ways and thoughts, you know, we are transformed in a way of our living, in our thinking, we don't overcome evil with evil, but we overcome evil with good. Okay. So Paul mentions the renewing of your mind is not only one that brings transformation, but also does something else. What does it do? We're able to prove what is the good, acceptable, and the perfect will of God.  Right. So, you know, when we renew our mind, we can prove and test and determine, you know, through testing what is God's good, acceptable, and pleasing will like in the lab when they test samples, they come to the conclusion. Right. So also when our mind is renewed, we can test, we can prove, we will know what is a good, acceptable, and the perfect will of God. So he's saying that renewing of your mind is not, is not only one that brings transformation, but also will help us to determine what is the will of God in each and every situation and circumstance that we face in life. Okay. So can we know the will of God for our lives in various situations? Yes. The word of God says, and he uses three adjectives here. What does he say about the will of God? It is good, acceptable, and pleasing and perfect. Now, people say that there are three levels or three categories of God's will. And that is not right. Paul is not you giving us the categories of God's will. He's just using three adjectives here. So a renewed mind to the very thoughts are able to say which is good, acceptable, and the perfect will of God. Now as a cross-reference, you know, let us look at Ephesians chapter five verse 17. Okay. Can you please turn in your Bibles to Ephesians chapter five verse 17. Can somebody read that please? Ephesians five 17. Can somebody read Ephesians five 17? Therefore do not be unwise, but understand what the will of the Lord is. Amen. Thank you, John Paul. So says do not be unwise, but understand what the will of the Lord is. Okay. Now connecting this to Romans chapter 12 proves the good, acceptable, and perfect will of God. Now the struggle with connecting Ephesians five 17 to Romans chapter 12, what we're studying now here about God's will being good, pleasing, and acceptable, which is Romans chapter 12 verse two. Okay. So connecting these two things together, no struggle with believers is, you know, many believers struggle whether they should use their minds. Okay. They think whether I should use my mind or I shouldn't use my mind. Some don't want to reason, understand, and think. They think using their mind or thinking in itself is bad. They just want to be led by the spirit. Okay. And they mess up in hearing the inner witness of the Holy Spirit. And most often, you know, they're not led by the spirit or the inner witness Holy Spirit. Most often they're led by their own emotions or their presumptions or their own imaginations. And they think it's the Holy Spirit leading them through the inner witness of the Holy Spirit. On the other side, there are people who, you know, one have one nothing to do with the inner leading of the Holy Spirit. They just want to go purely by reasoning, logic, thinking, you know, they want to just go by that. And they don't depend on the inner leading of the spirit. Okay. But as believers, we need to learn to blend both. It says here in Ephesians 5, 17, do not be unwise, but understand what the will of the Lord is. Okay. We need to be intelligent people. We need to use our mind, a renewed mind, which is a mind thinking according to ways and thoughts of God. At the same time, we need to also be led by the spirit. So we need to be sensitive to the voice of the spirit that comes to the inner witness of the Holy Spirit, the inner promptings, the stirring within the inner voice, the audible voice. We learned all about this in Ministers Foundation in the first year. Okay. But oftentimes, you know, the renewed mind and what the Holy Spirit are saying are in agreement. Okay. I repeat that again. Oftentimes, what the renewed mind is saying and what the Holy Spirit are saying is in agreement, because a renewed mind has already been trained or is aligned to think in the ways and thoughts of God. So with your renewed mind, you are able to know the good, pleasing and acceptable and the perfect will of God. And the Holy Spirit is also giving you the witness, the inner witness, to the good, pleasing and acceptable will of God. And so we need to walk with the two. Okay. We need to walk with the renewed mind and also with the inner witness of the Holy Spirit. So what the, the Holy Spirit is telling us and what the renewed mind is also telling us, you know, when both are going together, there is a great confirmation that you're using your renewed mind, which is able to understand what the will of the Lord is. And you have the inner witness of the Holy Spirit. That is what the Holy Spirit is saying. Yes, this is the right thing. Go ahead with it. Do it. Or this is the best for you. So it's not wrong to use our mind.  He wants us to use it. And it's important that we don't have a carnal mind, because a carnal mind is enmity with God. A carnal mind goes against the standards and the will of God, but it's important to have a renewed mind. So when we need to come to that place where we are thinking with the renewed mind and also listening to what the Spirit is saying in our hearts, and when these two are in agreement with each other, this perfect unity and harmony, and it's like a train, you know, running on two rail tracks, no, two rails of the railway track. And when it runs on the two rails of the railway track, the train is going very, very smoothly. Okay. So that is was two for us, was three. He says, for I say, to the grace given to me, to everyone who's among you, not to think of yourself more highly than you ought to think, but to think soberly as God has dealt to each one, a measure of faith. So saying, through the grace that is given to me, Paul knew the grace of God that was given to him. He knew he had the grace to be a leader, an apostle, a minister to the Gentiles. And hence he could tell the church that through the grace that was given to him, you know, I am telling you what to do or I'm beseeching you. So also, you know, you and I know the grace that has been given to us, know the grace that has been empowered upon us, so we can operate in the grace and we can operate out of this confidence of the grace that we have as an empowering over our lives.  So he's saying, be level headed in what you think about yourself. Now, we can apply this for those of us who are in ministry, you know, when our ministry grows and people enjoy, you know, either about study groups or our worship or the church that we have begun or our sermons. We tend to think that everything is happening because of me. Okay, everything is happening because of me. You know, we think I am very gifted by God, I'm highly anointed, I'm anointed of God, you know, and we begin to think like this, you know, your whole view of yourself or the whole view of myself gets very inflated. And we are no longer thinking soberly about ourselves.  So he says the first step, and he says, this is the first step towards your downfall or your failure. So Paul is telling us that at all times we think soberly, be level headed, you know, keep your feet on the ground. Okay, and he says, as God has dealt to each one a measure of faith, so he says, God has given to all of us a measure of faith, you know, we all started out with a measure of faith that God has given to us, we keep growing in this faith that God has given to us, but we need to think aligned to that, we need to keep thinking aligned to our faith, we need to stay level headed, don't get inflated about how you think about yourself. Okay, we'll move on to verses four to eight. Before that, anyone has any questions? Any questions versus one, two, three? Okay. Then no questions. We'll move on to verses four to eight, verses four to eight, Paul is talking about the functioning of the body. And all of these verses in verse four to eight are very familiar to us. So verses four to eight, he says, for us, we have many members in one body, but all the members do not have the same function. So we being many are one body in Christ and individually members of one another. Can someone else read verses six to eight, please? Anyone likes to read six to eight? Romans chapter 12 verses six to eight. Having then gives deferring according to the grace that is given to us, let us use them. If prophecy, let us prophesy, if proportion to our faith or ministry, let us use it in our ministry. He who teaches in teaching, he who exalts in exhortation, he who gives with liberty, with liberality, he who leads with religions, he who shows mercy with cheerfulness. Amen. Thank you, Jeffina. So here we read that, you know, just like we in our human body, we have different parts. Okay. And each part in our body have different functions, but all of them have to work together for the perfect wholesome functioning in our body. So also we are one body in Christ. We're all individual members in this body. You know, we all have different functions. Each of us have different gifts according to the grace that is given to us. Okay. So here if you look, you know, like to highlight these words, function or functions, gifts and grace. So in the body of Christ, all of us have different function or functions, gifts and grace. Okay. Now function is what we do or how we serve in the body of Christ. The capabilities are the talents that God has given to us. And the grace is the empowering upon our lives to exercise the gifts and to fulfill the function. So God has given each one of us a function and the gifts and grace to fulfill that specific function or functions that he has given to us. We can develop the gifts and grow in the grace, which means how we function can get better and better even as we continue to develop the gifts and grow in the grace. And we know that the word of God says that, you know, more grace is available to us. James chapter four verse six says he gives more grace, you know, and he says, therefore he says God resists the proud but gives grace to the humble. But the first part of this James chapter four verse six, he says, six says he gives more grace. Okay. So the gifts can develop as I give develop, it gets us better and better and more sharper and helps us to, you know, improve in the function that God has called us to. Okay. And then in verse seven, he mentions the functions. He mentions prophecy. Again, he talks about serving ministry, which is serving, talking about teaching, exhortation, which means, you know, you have a function of encouraging people, giving, leading, showing mercy, you know, so what he is actually listing here in Romans chapter 12, verses six to eight is the membership gifts. Now, this membership gifts are different from, sorry, the membership gifts is different from the gifts of the spirit, and is also different from the ministry office gifts of the spiritual gifts. And we need to know that these are all just manmade titles and it is not God given title. So what he's listing out here for us is basically membership gifts. Okay. So we all, when we are baptized the Holy Spirit, we all receive the gifts of the spirit. Okay. Membership gives are basically like the functions each one of us have in the body of Christ. And then we have the spiritual gifts of the ministry gifts, which the, where Jesus Christ himself gives specifically to each one of us, like some of us are called the office of being a prophet or a pastor or an evangelist or a teacher, you know, the five-fold office gifts that we have. And that is specifically given by Jesus Christ specifically to people. So he's saying having then gifts. So the difference and the distribution of gifts is all due to grace that has been given to us. Okay. Now the spiritual gifts of the ministry gifts is not given on the basis of merit because God chooses who to give them to. Okay. So in the ministry gifts, the spiritual gifts are given according to the discretion of the Holy Spirit. We read this in 1 Corinthians chapter 12 verse 11 it says, but one and the same spirit works all these things distributing to each one individually as he wills. Okay. But Paul says, whatever is your function in the body of Christ use them. This means that, you know, either the capabilities God has put in us to fulfill our function. Each one of us has been given different membership gifts. And these membership gifts are all related to the function we have in the body. And there's grace of God that is empowering us to exercise this gift to fulfill the function. Okay. This is called membership gifts because you are a member or a part of the body of Christ. And God has given you certain gifts to help you to fulfill certain functions. Okay. And we must encourage believers to discover their gifts to carry out their functions. Okay. The more the laborers who are actively engaged in fulfilling their function in the body of Christ or to the body and for the body, the more healthy and strong the body of Christ is going to be. Okay. So hence in our local church, you know, we need to let every believer know that they have been given one or more function or functions or gifts. And every believer has been given the grace from God to serve in that function. So in chapter 12, Paul begins by saying, you know, present your bodies, then renew your mind and he's saying, serve in the body of Christ. So verse nine, following the focus is more on our relationship with others in the body of Christ. And what we do in our relationship with others, especially in the body of Christ, and also with others who are outside the body of Christ. Okay. So that is Romans chapter one versus one to eight. We will stop here because we just have one minute more. Anyone has any questions? We'll continue with Romans chapter 12 on Friday. Any questions? Romans chapter 12 versus one to eight. Okay. If there are no questions, we will stop here. Okay. We'll continue with Romans chapter 12 verse nine onwards. On Friday. Thank you everyone for joining class. Have a blessed day and a blessed week and I will see you on Friday. Thank you.


Hey, Psych2Goers and welcome to another video. Psych2Go would like to thank you immensely for all of the love and support that you've given us. Today, we explore yet another perspective on a disorder rampant world over. So, let's begin. Depression is the most commonly diagnosed mental health condition. Yet it comes with a ton of stigma. Have you often seen depression being brushed off as sadness or people being judged as lazy, unmotivated or moody because of their depression? With a condition that is heavily stigmatized and overlooked, it's important to know that depression is a real disorder. It often affects every area of someone's life and is much more than simply feeling sad. It affects you in every area of your life and is something that needs to be treated, just like any other condition, physical or mental. Before we begin, we ask you to not use this video as a medium for self-diagnosis. We aim to help you learn more and to better understand depression through our videos and calcating compassion and being better able to help those suffering. If you resonate with any of the signs mentioned, seeking a professional opinion is the way to go. With that said, let's take a look at five things you should know about depression. 1. Depression doesn't need a reason. Can you pinpoint just one trigger for your depression? Does it only occur at a certain age? Depression can come on for any number of reasons and happen at any time, from childhood through old age and it can develop for a plethora of reasons, known or unknown. For some, it develops through life events such as death or other traumatic events. In other cases, it can be caused by stress from work, home or school life. While those reasons may be easier to spot, there are others that are hidden. Genetics play a huge role in everyone's life and deeply affect a person's behavior. Did you know depression can be inherited in the same way physical ailments or personality traits can? Other factors contributing to depression can be attributed to weather, hormonal imbalances, brain chemical imbalances, and all of these can certainly overlap with each other as there's usually more than just one cause. 2. Depression is not just feeling sad. Do you feel sad from time to time? Well, that's perfectly normal to feel down sometimes. But here's the thing, just feeling sad is nowhere near having depression. Some people with depression may not even feel sad at all. Yeah, really. So sadness is not synonymous with depression. Depression shows itself in many forms, from lacking motivation, feeling apathetic, an increase in irritability, and so on. Depression is a condition that tends to last far longer than a simple bad day. While sadness certainly may be a part of depression, it comes with an array of other symptoms, both mental and physical. It renders daily activities a struggle. You feel excessively tired, have unexplained aches and pains and lose interest in your favorite activities. Other issues can include difficulties with making decisions, brain fog, forgetfulness, along with sleeping and eating issues. 3. Depression is a health issue. Did you know depression even affects brain chemistry? People with depression often have significant differences in brain structure and chemistry. Imbalances in levels of brain chemicals, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are increasingly observed. It's often comorbid with other conditions and can, in some cases, lead to other issues, like a substance use disorder. If left untreated, it can worsen, making a person's life a living nightmare. Cases where someone has self-harming thoughts, urges or actions are classified as a medical emergency and require immediate help. 4. Depression affects your life. Does keeping up with important tasks related to either work or home feel more like a challenge as of late? Is it inexplicably tiring for you to go out with friends or to engage in your favorite activities? People with depression often feel that they're struggling in virtually every area of their life. It often affects every aspect of a person's life. For some, they may develop unhealthy coping strategies, like addictions, that only make their life harder. A lot of the mental effects are one thing, having issues regarding sleep, unexplained aches and pains, and lack of energy is the whole other part. For some, it feels like life's too overwhelming to keep moving forward, and so they resort to self-harm. Depression is a health issue and should be treated as such. 5. Depression is treatable. Contrary to popular belief, you don't have to just live with it. Depression is highly treatable. Yeah, you heard that right. According to the American Psychiatric Association, over 80-90% of those with depression respond well to treatment and learn to manage their symptoms over time. But here's the catch. Are all of your fingers the same size? Doesn't everyone have a different set of fingerprints? Then why should the same treatment work for all? Depression can be treated through a variety of different methods, and it's different for each person. For many, attending regular therapy sessions with a licensed therapist significantly improves their quality of life. For others, they may need to take medication. In other cases, and often in tandem with medication and psychotherapy, involves lifestyle changes, like making significant changes in diet, exercise, hobbies, or meditation. They can often lead to improvements. Working with a mental health professional helps to find out what the best treatment option is for you. It's not something that simply goes away and can be significantly improved with proper treatment. Depression is very real and can get overwhelming, but you shouldn't have to fight it all on your own. Don't be afraid to ask for help, nor let the stigmas attached deter you. No matter how bad it gets, there's always hope that things will get better. Reaching out to a psychologist or a counselor and getting the help you need not only improves your life, but also encourages others to break away from the stigmas and seek help. We hope we were able to give you further insight into depression. Do any other aspects come to mind? What are some more things you wish you knew before about depression? How has it affected you? Let us know in the comments below. If you find this video helpful, be sure to hit the like button and share it with someone who needs to hear this. Subscribe and hit the notification bell icon to get notified whenever Psych2Go posts a new video. Thanks so much for watching and we'll see you real soon. And as always, take care.


My name is Sue Fife. I'm the Director of the Information Management section at Dear Science Australia, which plays a role across the agency in coordinating data and information management and delivery, including library and records management services, but also basically our long tail of data management and metadata management and delivery and data storage. In terms of information management culture or change, the principles are the same. So the case study that I did use from Dear Science Australia was one we'd already been through over 10 years in introducing electronics. Particularly all the principles of changing information management are the same. It actually started the planning stages over the last two years, for also sharing organizational change only happens if a critical mess is reached. In both numbers with management and the staff on board, the more people doing it, the more it becomes a culture of the agency, the more everybody gets involved. Which quite a few actually do, is that they run out of steam before the critical mess of staff are actually converted and they fail to actually continue to change or to continue to build on the original change of systems and processes. So in terms of cultural change, you need to change the hearts and minds of people. So basically that means the four main hurdles that you need to actually get across are cognitive, people that have to understand why you need to change. The limited resolve I want to put all of that and doing some other exciting science or whatever, this is just war and garter management. Motivating additional politics because the visionaries are often shot down by the people who have been doing something for a really long period of time and they really understand their own being in detail, but they can't quite grasp the first thing therefore you need is a really clear vision of why the agency has to change, what the change will look like, what the future state of the change should look like. This is usually involved quite a bit of extensive strategic planning and design. Before even the agency commits the science of Australia, this particular move towards electronic document and data management with papers by consultants that went to the committee putting forward the business case for electronic documents and records management to replace the paper management system that was happening at the time. And then of course once the vision is in place, it needs to be communicated. The first place to start with the communication is with the executive. If you don't get your executive on board, there's no way you'll ever change. Pretty much always involve staffing resources and changes to ICT systems. It's very expensive to make these sorts of changes, but also to long-term resources to make this change happen over the long term. The way that we kept our executive engaged in continuing to ensure that their staff, they promote the staff all the way down through the levels from division heads through group leaders, through project leaders, into the general levels of the head or division head would receive their trim statistics, which actually made every single person in their particular branch or division of who was using trim, who used it often, who didn't use it at all. They tend to like a little bit of competition and this way they were actually being forced to continue with each other on how well their particular division managed over a period of time. Okay, so we've got the executive on board. We have to get everybody else on board. You need to focus your energies on building a group of powerful bodies, but that will include the people who are best at data or document management or records management or whatever the changes that you're trying to make. People who do that and naturally think that way in each of the divisions that those people over. They have a lot of influence on everybody else, so it's a really good place to start. Now the next thing, apart from communicating to people, is often facilitated or works through tools, some sort of tools, maybe you need to enter metadata or in our case they need to enter, they need to use a tool to do their electronic records and everybody do this is to make sure that that didn't as the office week. This is actually if you want, for example, or Microsoft Excel or whatever other, or even their emails, whenever they press save, it takes them straight into saving in trim. They actually have to go to another step to save it elsewhere other than in trim. So the actual tool for doing the thing in the right way is part of their normal everyday work practice. Not only that, trim super containers. Trim has been described as a big black hole where you just dump stuff in and you have to do these complicated searches to find anything again. If you actually put a structure of super containers into your trim, people have something that actually replicates what they were used to doing when they were saving their files in Windows. So the Windows file structure sort of appears in their trim interface, showing them where their files are stored and it doesn't need to be with the way that the trim works or anything. But you don't stop there. I think how many version changes of our electronic records and data management system to increase functionality, to increase integration, to give it a better look and feel and to make it easier for people to use and also more consistent with the way people are thinking in modern times. So as technology changes, we're also changing our trim to keep up. At the moment we're considering how we're going to integrate it with social media tools because that's just something that's starting to happen in our agency. But unless we can save our social media records, as you might call them, in trim, then we're kind of missing out there as well. So we've made changes to the system in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008 and just recently in 2012 to keep our technology up to date and the processes of how people do it, how the modern world technology is changing. In any culture or change, like looking at sticks and carrots, you really, really have to use both. Whatever you can think of as a stick or whatever you can think of as a carrot, our big winner, how we changed our agency from about 10% usage of our electronic supplement management and records management system to about 50 and now about 80% is the biggest jump was during this time when we actually had people's wages increase based on the whole agency reaching a 50% level of usage of trim over a three month period. So people weren't going to get a pay rise according in the certified agreement unless 50% of people in the agency were actually using trim on a day-to-day basis to do their document and records management. I know that not all of your institutions are going to be able to do something like that but that's one benefit of being in public service. We have really good control of what people do. We also have the ability in everybody's individual performance agreement, so the agreement you make for what work you're going to achieve over the year which is assessed at the end of every year of putting the use of trim for record document management record keeping into that performance assessment. So there's all sorts of little ways you can influence what people do in their work but that's not all. A lot of this is actually about communication and learning. People need to be trained. People need to learn, understand why it's good for them and find out what they need to do. Everybody learns in a variety of very different ways so you do need to target all these styles of learning and communication. Overall, what we found out and what I heard at another information management strategy conference is pretty much that people aren't going to pick something up and learn particularly well until they've had a personal experience with something themselves that's proven to them why doing it this way is actually better for them. So that involves a huge amount of time and interaction with people on a person-to-person basis. I think I've got a slide here of what we offer in GA to target people, to target all the different styles of training for people in terms of electronic documents and records management. Training, induction for all new styles. We'll grab them as they walk in the door and I'll talk about that a little bit more later on. Refreshers for current employees, one-on-one training, group training, seminars, a mandatory e-learning package that people have to go through every year. Information sessions, updates. It looks like a team and a vision and branch meetings each month and a huge amount of self-help materials in a whole variety of different formats available on the internet. And also a hard copy manual, so there's things that people can refer to if they like working through things themselves. But even that wasn't really, really enough. It wasn't until we actually got a girl working in the records management unit that had a marketing background from university studies and she sort of said, well actually we need to think of this in a more systematic way and think of it by developing a marketing strategy to overcome our problems in training and getting to people. And that might sound complex in that you need special training or whatever to be able to do that, but really not. It's just a way of actually thinking, what are the problems? Why aren't we getting to people? How do we best get people to look at these things on our individual-based art and have a look at who we need to target, our solution to and for the problem? How we could possibly fix the problem? What's the tactic to fix the problem? And what are the sort of reasons why this strategy might or might not work? So if you do this for each of your perceived problems beginning, getting people to actually go to training, which is very, very difficult, in this case with targeted new starters, giving them a personalized email on the first day that they come to work so that they've got this really nice introduction. Here's something that's really important to work that you need to actually attend. Before they get swamped or overloaded with anything else, then you'll actually paint the culture before they learn about bad culture from other members. Even more important, make sure that there is an ongoing implementation. You can't make a change, you can't invest millions of dollars or even hundreds of thousands of dollars in making a change. People forget you need to have an implementation team that keeps the momentum going over the long term for your staff. So of course that was just our records management unit, but it was our records management unit ensuring that their focus was on supporting training and building awareness continually through personal service to the agency in what they do.  The key factor we found is having really excellent personalized responsive client support. Anybody's having difficulties with trim or any problem at all, you actually proactively go out there and find their problems and identify them through some of the methods that we have of actually picking up problems including things like audits or just statistics that are coming in for how many people are using this or that. But your client support, each person that's involved in pushing this change through is going to be a really key factor. And just to show how long and slow it is, I've only shown since 2007 to 2012, remembering back in 2004, I think we had about 10% each. It's a long, slow road, but even after 10 years of working on this whole implementation, it's still increasing. People are still actually using trim for document records management more and more across the agency. Thank you.