Actually, we all are operating from our respective homes, so sometimes there's a problem of connectivity also, sir. Okay. All right. What about your college is closed completely now? Yeah. It's closed, sir. It's closed. Okay. My college, yeah. My college is completely closed and we are operating from our home. And we are offering, yeah, we are offering online lectures. All right. All right. All right. And you are teaching space law now? No, no, international law, sir. Okay. Very good. And I would really, you know, want you to come someday to Nagaland. And we would really love to welcome you, sir. Have you ever been to this site, not just India? No. No, not unfortunately not.  Oh, sure, sir. Thank you. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Okay. So, our H.O.D. site is there and we will start now. Dr. Ramu, do you want to start now? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. We are going to start now, just in a moment. I'm right here, I'm right here. Thank you, sir. Thank you, sir. We're waiting for you. Okay. So, let's begin. Shall I start?  Thank you. Thank you very much. I didn't know. Yes. Thank you, sir. All right. So, welcome all of you to this international webinar. Today's topic is going to be very interesting. Many years ago, the British explorer George Mallory, who was to die on Mount Everest, was asked, why did he want to climb it? He said, because it is there, well, space is there, and we are going to climb it. And the moon and the planets are there and the new hopes for knowledge and peace are there. Yes, the space is there. Humanity has been sharing a curiosity about the space since time immemorial. For thousands and thousands of years, we have been dreaming about the space. We have been thinking about the space. We have been attempting to reach out to the space, but finally we succeed. When Neil Armstrong set its foot on the moon, that was a moment of joy, satisfaction, happiness, but also was a moment of responsibility that mankind has encountered. So, that small step of mankind, that small step of Neil Armstrong taught us so many things. It was Yuri Gagarin. It was Neil Armstrong. And from Neil Armstrong till now, we are now dreaming to go to the Mars. We are going to beyond the Mars. We are entering into interstellar space and we are dreaming to go beyond. However, the one important factor that we need to consider is a legal aspect involved in the space exploration. As I often say to my students that nothing can be separated from law. Law will always be with you, right from your birth till your last breath.  So the space exploration cannot be an exception at all. However, it's relatively a very new area. The law is still in the process of development and I was just discussing with Professor Hopi and therefore it is very important to have a discussion on this very important topic concerning the space law. I teach international law to my students at MA level, MA political science, as well as a sixth semester. And in this labors, there's a part which is dedicated to the space law also. And I'm sure my students will benefit it from this lecture. My friends will benefit it from the lecture and the most important aspect that I want to discuss with you is the possibility of ideas, the sharing of ideas. And this is how I see this particular lecture. So to talk about the space law and various aspects related to it, we have a very special guest today. He is Professor Dr. H. C. Stephen Hobay, who is the director of the Institute of Air, Space Law and Cyber Law, as well as co-director of the International Investment Law Centre Cologne. He is a member of various scientific associations. In fact, he is the vice president of the German Society of International Law. He is scientific in compasses three books on public international law, European law and space law, as well as editorship, as well as editorship and 350 articles on German public law, public international law, international investment law, air law, space law and cyber law. He teaches as a guest faculty at various universities in Europe, Africa and Asia. When it comes to the position that he has held, he is an International Institute of Space for Global Directors, International Academy of Astronautics, a full member, International Law Association, International Space Law Committee, European Space Law Board of Directors, International Chair of Farmers, International Community, German Society of International Law, IA German Hunch, member of advisory board, German Association of International Law, IA German Trans-Tracer, European Air Law Association, member of the Committee of Management, American Society of International Law, he is the member of it. He is going to discuss with us about the threats to the outer space environment, the dangers of space debris, legal consideration. This is a hotly debated topic at this point in time all over the world, and academia as well as in the policy sectors.  Parts of rockets and fuel as well as other particles threaten space objects tremendously since they fly at a very high velocity and can thus destroy even functional space objects like satellites. Shielding of space objects against space junk bigger than one centimeter is possible. Again this background, first the international legal order for human space activities will be looked into in order to find out whether there are provisions designed for the protection of outer space and the celestial bodies. Moreover, new legally non-binding so-called space debris mitigation guidelines will be presented that aim at protection in a however imperfect way. Finally the question will be asked whether and for whom there is a legal duty to clean up outer space from the space debris particle. So before I invite Professor Stephen Hobay to take a charge of the stage, I request head of the Department of Political Science Dr. Rimae Longman to kindly welcome sir. Dr. Rimae Longman please. Thank you Dr. Ani. I hope I am audible. Yes sir, you are audible. Okay. Thank you very much Dr. Ani and for giving me this time to welcome our special guests for today's lecture. Just to inform our honorable speaker, sir, we used to organize a series of webinars during this pandemic period and we touch upon various issues which are in fact emerging issues in nature. So today sir, we are indeed very happy to have you on our floor to talk about problems at the outer space. So Dr. Ani has already informed every one of us here in our college, especially the faculties of the Department of Political Science and we are happy to learn that such an international figure you yourself is coming over to our platform and going to deliver a special talk on a rare topic, many people hardly take up such a topic. So we are very fortunate in fact to talk about today's topic with you sir and we are really, we are looking forward to hearing from you and as Dr. Ani, our moderator has already mentioned, you know, as part of our syllabus, we talk about international, you know, we teach international law to our students and we are, you know, talking about, you know, laws of the seas and laws of the space and today this is a great, you know, opportunity for both the teachers and students of the department to learn together from you and therefore we are looking forward to hear from you and then I hope that towards the end of the session during the Q&A session, I believe that many of us will be, you know, asking to know, you know, more things from you and we are looking forward to get session as well. So thank you very much and I, on behalf of the entire, you know, Texas College political science family, I heartily welcome you once again on behalf of our department and on my own behalf. Thank you very much. Over to Ani. Thank you. Thank you. Dr. Rime Longman. Sir, now I request you to kindly take a charge and request you to kindly share your thoughts with all of us. We are really eager to learn from you. Thank you so much. Can you see it? Yes, sir. Okay. Fine. Sorry. I had some problems. And you can hear me as well. Sure, sir. Loud and clear. Okay. Thank you very much for your very kind introduction, Mr. Head of Department and yourself. It is for me a very great pleasure. I would like to take this opportunity to, and an honor, of course, to have the opportunity to teach to you on the matter of space law. Myself, I'm, so to speak, a born international lawyer, but very soon I got, when writing my PhD thesis, I got into space law ever since. I'm fascinated by that subject. And the more the years go, the more movement we see. Because at the beginning it was just governments that were doing space, space affairs, space activities. And now we have more and more private activities like Space X with Elon Musk and other great radials who are doing things that may go into five, 10, 20, 30 years. You mentioned via the moon towards Mars or even beyond. And that may give and open unique chances for space transportation throughout the space. Nobody thinks about these things we talk a little bit about touristic activities. But it may go on and what people don't think about at the moment may become possible in the future. Let's think great. And let's see that this may in fact be an opportunity. But for this being possible, for this being developed in the future, we need a space environment that is free from toxic situations that we have at the moment. And my lecture today entitled protection of the environment of outer space, the danger of space debris legal considerations will deal with these problems and will deal with what mankind has done and what the legal profession has done so far in order to keep the environment and find the rules for keeping the environment proper. What we can, well, I may start with some things that are not familiar to all of you. We have five international agreements, five international agreements in outer space. That is international law, international treaties that currently determine human activities in outer space. The most important one being the outer space treaty of 1967. Then the registration convention, the rescue agreement, the liability convention and finally the moon agreement. And in these international agreements, you find more or less the important provisions that determine the respective behavior. But as we will see very soon, when international legislation came into place that started in the 1960s and then outer space treaties of 1967. This was before mankind really was concerned so much about environmental protection because this really started off in the 1970s. 1972 was the big stock on conference on the human environment and after that we had international environmental law. But not in 1967. So we have to diagnose that international space law kind of lacks specific provisions that deal with the cleaning of outer space. And we will see in this lecture what the international community has done instead in order to get along with this problem. We have a provision in article one of the outer space treaty, the first provision of the outer space treaty of 1967, which kind of says the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries irrespective of the degree of economic or scientific development and shall be the problems of all mankind. This provision indeed does not specifically mention the clean environment. But with a little bit of interpretative creativity, you can say if outer space shall be the province of all mankind, it is considered as you can see in article two as no, it's not subject of national appropriation. No sovereignty is allowed. All states possess and have the property on outer space. It's an international common space and all countries, be they small or big, be they developing countries or be they highly developed countries, shall have a possibility to use it. And if you interpret this article one of the outer space treaties in its first paragraph in that way, you may say then you may have at least an intrinsic obligation to leave outer space clean and to take measures, first of all, to prevent outer space from being kind of made full of waste and secondly do something about existing waste and outer space. You know, therefore, I think with a little bit of interpretative creativity, you can actually say yes, indeed, outer space law deals with the general obligation to do something for the environment. But as you all know, because you're lawyers, this is a very general obligation. It's not a specific obligation that kind of, you know, obliges country X or Y or Z or enterprise X, Y, Z to actually do something in order to clean outer space. Therefore, it's nice to have but not really very helpful. Moreover, we have another agreement, the moon agreement of 1979, which in its article seven says in exploring and using the moon, states, parties shall take measures to prevent the disruption of the existing balance of its environment, whether by introducing adverse changes in their environment, by its harmful contamination through the introduction of extra environmental matter or otherwise. States, parties shall also take measures to avoid harmfully affecting the environment of the earth through the introduction of extra terrestrial matter or otherwise. So you see, this is a more precise language. But first of all, it just deals with the moon and other celestial bodies that means moon, Mars, Saturn and what you have on those planets around the earth or around the sun, to be more precise. And it kind of is also a bit falling short of a precise obligation. Article four paragraph one of the moon agreement reads, the exploration and use of the moon shall be the problems of all mankind and shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development. You regard shall be paid to the interest of present and future generations as well as to the need to promote higher standards of living and conditions of economic and social progress and development in accordance with the chapter of the United Nations. So you see very precisely that the moon agreement at least does something more concrete, but in my opinion is not concrete enough. Moreover, the moon agreement has been ratified only by 18 countries. This is not even a tenth of the international community and therefore the value of the moon agreement is rather limited. Then we have one article in the outer space treaty, namely article nine, which in its four sentences is something close to a provision on environmental protection. It's a very long provision, so I'll read any of the first sentences to you. In the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, states, parties to the treaty shall be guided by the principle of cooperation and mutual assistance and shall conduct all their activities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other states, parties to the treaty. So there shall be given due regard to the corresponding interests of all other states, parties to the treaty. This is important, but it is not very precise. What does that mean? You may use outer space. You may excave, let's say, minerals from Mars or from the moon. And what shall you do? You regard to the corresponding interests of all other countries. So you may say you shall be careful, but is this really precisely that what you shall do? I am not certain and I think for a lawyer this is not strict enough. Moreover, the second sentence, say, parties to the treaty shall pursue studies of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth, resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter and where necessary shall adopt appropriate measures for that purpose. This is very general. This is not very precise. We have the same dilemma as we had before also with regard to article one of the outer space treaty and the third and fourth sentence of article nine of the outer space treaty again the same. We have then some other conventions that do not directly deal with outer space but that may be introduced into space legislation through article three of the outer space treaty because article three of the outer space treaty allows to implant other provisions. The NMOD convention that is called the Environmental Modification Convention of 1976 says each state party to this convention undertakes not to engage in military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread long lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other state party. I'm entirely unclear whether we can use it. What we can perhaps use, and this is now a proposition I have to make is that there are some customary law principles or some principles of international environmental law not specifically addressed to space but to be transferred to space via article three of the outer space treaty which reads as you can see in the bottom line states, parties to the treaty shall carry on activities in the exploration and use of outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies in accordance with international law including the charter of the United Nations, the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international cooperation and understanding. This provision basically says and there is unanimity outer space law is part of general international law. Therefore provisions of general international law can be applied in outer space as well via article three of the outer space treaty. But they must inter alia then be principles of environmental customary international law. The principle of sustainable development for example, the principle of intergenerational equity, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the principle of equitable use of natural resources. The most important principle is of course the polluter pays principle saying that the one that have caused a pollution must care for its eradication or pay for damages. It is however unclear international law how many of these general principles have already acquired the legal status of customary international law. So therefore we must be reluctant and I'm rather hesitant to accept those as really principles of customary international law. When and in what phases of space endeavors can now be there a danger and what is the typical danger for a space mission. The danger exists in that mankind now since 1957 Sputnik one has launched space objects like satellites into outer space. And for one reason or the other these space objects were not fabricated in a way that they were safe but there were little split offs of color, of some let's say antenna, parts of an antenna, part of metal. So and if this as such is something that you say well it just happens. Yes it just happens but there is an imminent danger and the danger is that the velocity in outer space is very very high. I come to the exact speed in a minute. It's very very high and through these relatively high velocities even small pieces are very dangerous weapons.  These are these rock pieces. Then you can destroy for example a satellite that can happen maybe in the pre-launch phase where you have to take care of the the the manufacturer particularly in the launch phase where you have toxic components and the post launch phase. So in all phases you can have that. Where can dangers exist they can exist on the earth in the atmosphere and outer space. Through normal operations a failure in international behavior can also be the let's say responsible for that if for example through the willful shooting the willful shooting of a weapon into outer space the destruction of a satellite these things are called anti-satellite weapons and they are deliberately done in order to destroy in order to destroy space objects in order to test these weapons that they are really safe. This scan and of course this then causes great, great parts of space debris millions of pieces of space debris. If you therefore look and compare the outer space environment 1957, 2005 I referred to the you know the ranking right-hand side 2018 and then the forecast for 2030 you see there is an imminent danger currently as you can see on the left-hand side we may have an estimated 150 million man-made small objects bigger than one millimeter an estimated 700,000 objects between 1 and 10 centimeters more than 21,000 objects bigger than 10 centimeters and if the impact velocity is 10 kilometers per second you must multiply this by 3,600 in order to get the hourly speed and then you have some ideas 36,000 kilometers per hour this means that there is a very, very high impact velocity we have approximately 1,000 active satellites here you can see for example what the deliberate destruction of a Chinese satellite to the anti-satellite weapon she has brought what acceleration of the number of debris later there was a collision between two satellites a non-functioning Iridium 33 satellite and a Cosmos satellite Cosmos 2251 that gave much less numbers of debris almost all pieces of debris in the geostationary orbit and in the low earth orbit the geostationary orbit is about 36,000 kilometers above sea level low earth orbit is several hundred kilometers above sea level they are catalogued by Russian surveillance and American surveillance it is pretty obvious where we have these things if we now see what's the risk the risk of collision in earth orbit is between debris pieces makes even more debris between manned functional objects and debris can be very dangerous between manned functional objects an impact velocity with a 1 millimeter object brings a degradation some object that is bigger than 1 centimeter brings a potentially catastrophic loss and between 1 and 10 centimeters it is these are so-called deadly objects so you can see the farmer with an old satellite or the international space station with a hole in the outside furniture so you see anything bigger than 1 centimeter is able to destroy even intact big satellites now this is the danger of what can we do can we do little? who has to do something? how can we do something? there is a first lecture learned because the situation is very difficult and the likelihood of collisions is relatively high it's the first and primary objective to try to prevent or minimize the risk of the development of debris one tries to make any generation of space debris illegal it is probably not but if there would be legislation saying try to avoid the generation of space debris then we might come at the end of the day to some prohibition of the generation of space debris is there an obligation to prevent or at least to minimize the generation of space debris? questionable is there an obligation to prevent or at least minimize the risk related to space debris? questionable is there an obligation to collision avoidance in particular exchange of data and maneuvering? probably yes what about space traffic management? do we have something? do we have space traffic routes and outer space? not really yet what about the legality and the duty of removal and recycling of space debris? what about an allocation of financial burden and the transfer of technology? questionable my immediate summary is and principle states are under the obligation to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction and control do not cause damage and to respect the environment of outer space all of areas beyond their jurisdiction and control such has been confirmed by the International Court of Justice to be part of customer international law and is also enlisted in Article 3 of the IOC draft articles on the prevention of transboundary harm from hazardous activities of 2001 these can be applied to outer space there is a due regard principle and duty to avoid harmful contamination as we can see in Article 9 there is a global public and community interest in outer space, Article 1 and 2 there is an interrelation with general international law by operation of Article 3 there is an absolute minimum that states obligation to prevent and minimize risk related to space debris that is the minimum obligation is states shall try to prevent and minimize risks related to space debris but there is on the other hand a lack of concrete binding rules reflecting the appropriate means of the exercise of due diligence during the conduct of space activities space debris is a complex multi-dimensional problem with safety concerns, security concerns economical interest, financial burdens and liability as well as ethics and it needs an operational framework now a very interesting thing started to develop there was a working group established by space agencies called that met together for the first time 27 years ago as inter-agency debris committee IADC so it's not a formal space conference it is an informal meeting in the inter-agency debris committee and this debris committee introduced the question of space debris on the agenda of the scientific and technical subcommittee there are two the outer space committee with two subcommittees the technical and the legal subcommittee in 2002 the IADC the inter-agency debris committee tabled for the first time space debris mitigation guidelines listen again space debris mitigation guidelines for the avoidance of space debris that was updated in 2007 we have still discussions going on mainly in the space debris in the scientific and technical subcommittee much less in the legal subcommittee because of course some countries are afraid of drawing concrete consequences from the fact that outer space and the most populated orbits are full of debris what do the space debris mitigation guidelines have as a context they define space debris as all man-made objects including fragments and elements that are in Earth orbit atmosphere that are non-functional non-functional small objects man-made space debris mitigation guidelines are applicable to missions planning in the operation of newly designed spacecraft and orbital stages so mission planning it is before a concrete satellite has been launched the scope is the UN guidelines do not outlaw a certain type of space activity the UN guidelines provide guidance on how to conduct space activities in principle in order to prevent or at least to minimize harmful byproducts of space activities and the UN guidelines do not address remediation space traffic management and global space situational awareness of particular importance is remediation that means the cleaning up from existing pieces of debris I come to this at the very end of my speech so we take that currently we have non-binding guidelines which I will present to you in a minute that ask humankind and days who use outer space in specific orbits to use it with space objects that are safe and that cannot split off and try to get it safely off the orbit after the end of its lifetime it is just the mitigation the avoidance of space it does not say something about the cleaning up and legally speaking these are two different coins of one balance now these are the seven space debris mitigation guidelines the first says limit the debris released during normal operations space systems should be designed not to release debris during normal operations to prevent the production of space debris even when undertaken space activities that are perfectly legal in general if this is not feasible the effect of any release of debris on outer space environment should be minimized if the release cannot be prevented in its entirety the effects are to be minimized so try to minimize the danger try to minimize the coming into existence of space debris full fragmentation then second minimize the potential for breakups during operational phases for example, get your satellite into another orbit make it on a passive stage in order to call this a grey-yard orbit that is kind of gives no danger of collision anymore third, limit the probability of accidental collisions in orbit so take it off the most frequented orbits for avoid intentional destruction and other harmful activities the intentional destruction is what I've just said for military users that you intentionally destroy your satellite in order to test your anti-satellite weapon shouldn't do that minimize potential for post-mission breakups resulting from stored energy limit the long-term presence of spacecraft and launch vehicle over the stages in the low Earth orbit region after the end of their mission and finally limit the long-term interference of spacecraft and launch vehicle over the stages with the geosynchronous Earth orbit region after the end of their mission so from the very early time of preparation of the mission through the fabrication of the space object until the very end of the mission in the grey-yard orbit or the sink and passing through the re-entry of the Earth atmosphere all parts of the space mission shall be planned in such a way as to avoid the generation of space debris. Is that possible? Yes, it is possible space debris mitigation is therefore possible try it with uttermost care what about the junk that is up there? First of all, there are methods to actually bring it down bring it down through, let's say, the tethering you see that in the first picture the tethering, the capture of debris using throw nets or harpoons contactless technologies of eye and eye and beaming and solid propulsion or sail-based de-orbiting You see, these three possibilities do exist and it could be a very worthwhile effort to concentrate your business on the cleaning up of specific orbits from existing pieces of debris but what about the legal situation what about the legal problem is there international obligation to actively remove the space debris? I think it's doubtful how is to be decided whether a space craft is of value? Third, is it allowed to remove objects of other space actors? You think, well, this space object, this satellite is of danger just take it that it is not mine then removal without consent is probably not allowed as Article 8 of the Outer Space Treaty says the consent of the launching state is needed what if the state or registry is unidentifiable a conflict between jurisdiction and freedom of use of others and the self-help in case of necessity what about the jurisdiction through the principle of sustainability so we have a lot of difficult legal questions that does not make it same at the moment whether we can have a beauty to remove existing space debris I summarize, the greatest problem for space travel which will augment in the future because of the privatization of certain space activities and give the opportunity of space transportation that means transportation into outer space transportation through outer space and transportation from outer space back to the earth this new era is likely to be endangered by tiny pieces of space debris the size is already pretty high but the outer space is also very high but the most important orbits we have a considerable number of debris and we have a debris of a certain size bigger than 1 centimeter that can be deadly for intact space objects like satellites therefore one must think of preventive measures on the one hand to fabricate space objects in a very safe and robust way in order to avoid the generation of space debris and we must have guidelines in order to avoid the generation of space debris avoid the collision and orbit in this fun satellite safely either in a gradient orbit or bring that back to the earth, to the earth atmosphere catch them with respective catching nets or harpoon them so there are technologies but it is unclear whether there is already a duty a legal duty for remediation this also depends very much on whether we can implement the polluter pays principle very difficult with regard to tiny pieces of space debris the computer, the polluter pays principle of the outer space and that brings me to the end of my presentation I hope that you got an impression of our problems and outer space and I am happy if you found this of some interest thank you very much indeed Thank you Professor Hovey for your enlightening presentation it was really a wonderful experience for all of us let me just inform you that this topic is completely new in this part of the world in this part of India as well we have been speaking about the environmental concerns on the earth but when it comes to the question of the space the situation entirely changes when it comes to the legal complications when it comes to the silence of the law when it comes to policy measures we somewhere feel that there is so much needs to be done on various fronts so couple of questions are waiting for us so first question is coming from Miss Priyanka Jaule and she is asking is there any possibility to measure damage done by space debris so that it will help to calculate liability under polluter pays principle so her question is revolving around polluter pays principle so what is your take on it Professor? well to measure damage yes I mean in case a satellite is dysfunction you can say it costs the renewal of the satellite and the satellite can cost you may have an idea between 7 and 15 million euro or let's say 15 million dollars so that's a lot of money small pieces can do have big effects and therefore we must come to something that is I think the most important point that I was not talking about today that we have traffic rules for outer space that everybody knows precisely were to go and were not to go thank you so much sir Miss Priyanka is asking another question as well and her second question is what regulations you think will be helpful to monitor private sector activities and make them accountable very sensitive question in case of government India's policy also to invite private sector players in the space industry so I think this question is very valid thank you very much for this very good question the outer space treaty itself in article 6 recognises the permissibility of private actors being active in outer space and using outer space but only under the condition that they are under the close of a launching state of a state that is that takes up responsibility therefore for any developed country who considers to be a space nation an international no a national space law is required where you have detailed the requirements for the launching of a settler particularly you need an insurance in order to prevent the country that can be held responsible after damage and to give this country the possibility to have recourse against your insurer so it is up to the country to regulate in its national space law these respective regulations and the requirements for private space launching sir just to further this discussion I have a question what is the absence of national legislation we know very well that what is the status of space law in India or any other country overall at international level so when it comes to the absence of policy measures when it comes to the absence of specific national law then how to level the responsibility SpaceX is really minted money they are exploring space they have done a number of launches also so how do we level the responsibility I am not sure about what the American government share a kind of legal relationship with them but is there any law present in America that could keep a check and balance on the activities of SpaceX with reference to the environmental protection of the space first of all the United States has also national space laws problem yes they do have and of course SpaceX gets a permission from the American launching authority FAA before launching these things the precise requirements I don't know rather than how far questions of environmental protection are taken into consideration I have no idea so I cannot answer that but in principle yes there is national space legislation and this is necessary because on the international space law it's always the launching state as you can see in the liability convention always the launching state that is liable for damage let us take the next question from the question is can you use of artificial intelligence and machine learning be generated to solve space debris problem use of artificial intelligence and machine learning be generated to solve space debris problem something to do with technology thank you very much for this very good question I believe yes on two accounts first of all in the process of manufacturing space objects like satellites I think artificial intelligence can kind of heighten the quality of the fabrication and secondly in the process of cleaning up orbits probably technology can help as well in order to discover pieces of space debris these are guesses the first is no guess the second is a guess but I think this could be in fact possible and we see really how much this very high tech branch is depending on the progress of technology thank you sir but do you have any idea about what is the present situation because especially when it comes to the question of relationship between artificial intelligence and machine learning it is a hypothesis I believe they have not yet reached to that stage in the technology because still the earth orbit the usable orbits is still stuffed with serious particles of space debris so I think it is a hypothesis but yes it is going to be helpful in the future but how do we see the threat in the present time what you must understand is the following technology will be ready probably with the help of artificial intelligence to clean up but the costs are so immense that nobody now private enterprise is interested at all to tackle this problem everybody does as this problem would not exist would not be pertinent would not be urgent it is urgent but nobody wants to touch it because it is so highly expensive so in my idea it would only be possible to later on come with some very innovative idea of founding a fund in which countries that launch satellites must pay in and that actually has the purpose of reimbursing from paying damages very possible very possible thank you let us move to the next question the question is coming from the United Nations guideline doesn't talk about cleaning up but what can we do to stop minimize future filling up of this kind of waste so this is a question from the internet connection could you briefly repeat the question I didn't get everything sir question is according to recent studies there is 200 tons of earth waste later on our moon most of them are waste of spacecrafts voyagers and even plastic bags as United Nations guideline doesn't talk about cleaning up but what can we do to stop minimize future filling up of this kind of waste especially in the context of our dreaming to conquest the Mars thank you thank you I mean the points the first of all the problem must be addressed secondly in the process of fabrication the mitigation guidelines ask for a better technology to fabricate space objects third of course it is an absolute no go and I'm not aware for example that any junk is thrown away from the International Space Station which is a permanent station and outer space so far so I think the the increasing technology will enable to be better with regard to the generation of space debris but it will take some time right sir thank you now in this context you know there is some different type of question has come from Mr. Ash Chaturvedi he's asking that in the era where we are moving towards space war does countries are really ready to talk about the cleanup on one hand we are speaking about using usable space orbits for military purposes we are thinking about the space law there have been talks going on so in this context of highly volatile international political environment is it really you know wise or are countries really ready to talk about space environment space cleanup what is your take on it sir thank you well whether it's wise or not I cannot judge I think it's simply necessary because everybody as article one of the outer space treaty and article two say everybody is proprietor of outer space and the celestial bodies and everybody and we know how useful for example the use of outer space for telecommunication purposes is we get TV from outer space we get some other mobile possibilities from outer space so if this is all not possible anymore that would be detrimental for mankind and therefore I think it's more a matter of logic and of money of course that we must continue with these efforts right sir thank you so much however when the question of you know the space environment comes another question comes about at the parallel level the other question might rise about the dreams of man to explore the space right on one hand it is technology on the other hand it is environmental concern and on the earth also right we have experience that you know sometimes people prefer to look away when the question of progress and development comes right so therefore you know sometimes it is very difficult to visualize that how wise a humanity could be you know legally as well as morally okay to think about the space environment but sir I hear the question again coming back to you know the legal aspects of a space environment you know as we know that space law is still standing on a very slippery ground right and there is no clear cut directions there is no clear cut principles laid down it comes to the principle of common heritage of mankind so don't you think that actually you know the country the space especially the traditional space fairing nations like say you know and then Russia and all those you know they should come together form a common minimum program form a policy to take an initiative to clean the space chunks because ultimately that is going to environmental concerns are there but that is going to affect our progress also you know so just want to know what you think about it all the organizations coming together and forming a common minimum program could you summarize the question again because it was kind of you know disturbed acoustically oh okay my question is that when we speak about the international space law right we all know that international space law is standing on a very slippery ground right there are no clear cut principles and even if there are clear cut principles you know expressed on the paper there is no proper implementations there is no proper accountability also and we all are okay those who are teaching international law practicing international law are very well aware of it now here when the question of international space environment concern comes right and as you rightly mentioned that the question of funding is there question of technology may not be there right then why not the traditional space fairing nations like Russia like the United States European Space Agency NASA they should come together and form a common minimum program to initiate the space cleaning drive why is it not possible thank you very much so far you have seen that there is already this club that came up with the space debris mitigation guidelines right sir but what is however this goes very slowly step by step the point really is that any part of remediation costs so much money and nobody wants to be the only country doing it and I believe also outer space is far away it is not so pressing for many people as our problems on earth would be so very unfortunately this is not a question of priority for the international community that is really sad to know I mean concerning the human ambitions I mean concerning the human ambitions it is really sad to observe sir it is very sad indeed sir I had a discussion I remember with Professor V.S. Mani when we were discussing about the prospects for India as a space fairing nation and I remember we had a long discussion on it and his concern was also the same that whether the Indian policy makers are willing to take the responsibility that is very important you are opening up the sector that is possible the private players will be entering right but what about the question of regulations absolutely absolutely is there a last question because I have another meeting to go to yes sir one last question one last question and we will conclude sir the question is from Dr. Rimay Longway has asked the HOD of political science sir we came to know about UFO sightings from time to time the question is UFO or space debris are these UFOs contributing to space junk problem now you see how would you take it you mean UFO yes it is UFO an identified object so he is hypothesizing that how does that contribute to the space jet problem very good question very good question well you know probably well we say the definition for space debris is that this thing is non-functional so you may ask yourself whether UFO is still functional and I think the common opinion is it is and that it brings even people from other stars other worlds to us so I would be hesitant to bring in to list UFOs under space debris I must say but I'm very grateful and I will give it further consideration thanks very much for that one thank you thank you so much sir there are no more questions and definitely psychological of the people the minds of people people would be more interested in talking about the space now thinking about the space and yes as Carl Sagan has mentioned our next destination is beyond the galaxy in the space our final home is not the earth we have to go beyond thank you sir thank you so much for your time for your knowledge and most importantly this is an area where people are not willing to talk because people have no idea about this part of the knowledge and our Nagaland University has been very kind to include international law in our syllabus in the sixth semester of political science as well as at the MA level international law and we have space law in the syllabus as well so our students have extremely grateful thank you very much for this invitation I've seen from this very very vivid discussion that there is a lot of interest and talent at your school so I'm looking forward to really to visit you we keep contact you can distribute my presentation if you're interested in that and you can write to me as well on my email address so I'm open and I'm very I think you do your step forward and I hope that the time comes when the COVID is kind of considerably less about us that I can visit when I come from Gujarat or Delhi, Gujarat and then I come to you in Nagaland and maybe again over space debris and maybe I have better news than today thank you very much sure sir thank you so much see you sir thank you we'll keep in touch thank you to all of you on behalf of department of political science that's of college for giving you a precious time thank you so much have a great evening ahead thank you so much all of you


Okay, thank you everyone. I think it's sharp three o'clock in Oslo and I would like to welcome you all to this session, which is actually defined as the non-session and the non-health. It's probably also not directly education, which was just before us, but we have some very interesting speakers and topics for this session. Actually four different interesting uses of the DHS2 platform in sort of non-traditional domains and areas. We are very happy to have Jessica Herrera from Plan International. She is a Digital Development Officer on Youth Employment. She will open for us and later we will hear from Monica Sigrist from Frontline AIDS and Uwe Vasse from GIZ, as well as Georgina Hill from Pamur Jaleo project. So if you are ready, Jessica Herrera, please get us started. You can share your screen, I hope. Okay, I'm going to start sharing one second. Okay, can you see my screen? No, it's perfect. Yes. Okay, perfect. Okay, well good morning, good afternoon and good evening. I know we're coming from all parts of the world. I'm really happy to be here. As Nud introduced me, I'm Jessica Herrera. I'm part of Plan International in the Youth Employment Solutions Team and I'm happy to talk for a few minutes about how we're using DHS2, the tracker app for youth economic empowerment programs. So first of all, to start just a little bit of who we are, Plan International is an international humanitarian child center organization based in 72 countries worldwide. We're divided into donor countries and program countries. Then specifically for youth economic empowerment, our goal is to transition one million marginalized and vulnerable young people, especially young women, to decent work by 2020. And then we aim to do this by complimenting our programs through digital ecosystem. And this is how we call in Plan DHS2, we call it Yes Me, the Youth Employment Solutions Monitoring and Evaluation System. This is how it comes together, complimenting programs through different digital products. We have, for example, Yes Academy, which is an e-learning platform, and we have TESA, which is a chatbot that connects young people to economic opportunities. So through Yes Me is that we're planning on tracking and wrapping everything together. I'm going to show you a video that takes like a minute or two so you can see how the digital ecosystem works together. Let me know if this song comes through. Through Plan International, she learned that girls and boys should have equal chances to pursue their own goals, that she could work for an employer or become an employer herself. But Alma couldn't attend classes in the city. She needed another option. Plan International's Yes Digital Ecosystem offered her one. It provides courses for young people like Alma, which have been developed by experts who understand the country, the market, the opportunities, and what works and what doesn't. So they can learn what, when, and where they want. After completing her course, Alma was ready for the world of work. Plan International helped her find a place at a local company thanks to strong partnerships with the private sector. Alma was lucky, as her placement led to a permanent job. By monitoring Alma's progress every step of the way, we're gathering data to enhance and maximize the impact of the programs we offer. With one billion young people entering the labor market in the next decade, we need evidence-based, scalable, and effective employment solutions now. Plan International's digital platform provides these solutions. We are working across Africa, Asia, and the Americas so that young people like Alma gain the skills they need to succeed in the world of work. But we can't do it alone. We need more and better partnerships to scale up our programs and create decent job opportunities for everyone. Alma was able to realize her ambitions and live the life she imagined. Every young person deserves that chance. Together we can make it happen. So this is how the digital ecosystem comes together. We plan to be monitoring and evaluating the programs that we create from the beginning all the way till the end to make sure that young people are transitioning to work, and then we can keep on scaling up our programs. Sorry, it's starting again. So for the Yes Me implementation, Yes Me, specifically DHIS, too, in plan, we have implemented across three regions in 10 different countries, and we have implemented also in seven different languages. So we've been able to contextualize specifically to each country program, making sure that all the way to the sessions that are being implemented, the different interventions have been included in Yes Me so that each youth employment or entrepreneurship practitioner can be tracking the progress of each beneficiary that enters the program from the beginning that the young person starts a program with Plan International all the way till the program exit, and we've been implementing different strategies so that we can also track this beneficiary's journey even after Plan International. So we can assess the impact of our programs all the way to five years after the intervention. To give you a little snapshot on how the tracker program looks for us in one of the projects, we have the beneficiary registration, and then here's where we collect all the specific data in terms of personal details. If the person's over 18, then we don't need to be necessarily tracking guardian details. Then we collect a baseline to make sure that we can assess what the situation of the young person is at the time, and then by the project exit we can assess if there was any change in the behavior, in the situation, in the conditions. Then we go through an enrollment process in which we register this beneficiary in either an employment or entrepreneurship track, and then also we have different activity details, different sessions, different interventions. These are just some examples such as internship, apprenticeship, all the different trainings that are being handled, mentoring opportunities. Recently we've added also a COVID track to make sure that we can track also the cash advance that we're giving to these entrepreneurs. So through these session details, we're able to track what young people are staying on the program and which ones are dropping out, and that way we can track each step of the transition to employment. Then we have the project exit, and then we have the follow-up, and our aim is to be following up up to five years to tracking this individual beneficiary. Specifically, the data from USME, we look at it in two different perspectives. We look at individual level and the program level. For the individual level, we like to understand the situation of the beneficiary, identifying patterns, trying to reduce barriers in terms of getting employment, which is in the end the aim of the program. Trying to see if in different stages of the employment or entrepreneurship program, young people are dropping out. This is something we can avoid in our program, and also trying to match the skills of young people to the job. In terms of program overall, we aim to achieve more decent work opportunities, maximizing the impact, increasing the quality. We're able to assess if our indicators are showing that we're transitioning the most amount of people from registration all the way to program exit. We're able to transition them to decent work opportunities, and also with the evidence base that we're able to obtain from USME to facilitate scaling up through partnerships and through more funding opportunities. Just to highlight some specific challenges, the data security and youth safeguarding. Since we do collect a lot of sensitive data, we give waivers, either to the guardian or to the young person itself. Then we're able to limit as much as possible through use of roles in DHIS to make sure that the people that have access to the data, it's very limited and just specifically necessary. COVID-19 has created additional limitations on how we collect data, because usually we collect the data in interventions, in trainings, in physical interactions with these beneficiaries, but COVID-19 has put that limitation for us. There's been different strategies either through phone calls or we're in the process of prototyping a chatbot through Facebook to see if we can collect this data in other ways. We customize per country, which is a challenge in terms of time and resources having to translate and then just be able to contextualize each program to make sure that we're tracking the right areas. Lastly, youth are very mobile, it's a challenge to be able to monitor these young people after they exit the program, because they tend to move a lot. In terms of last, to close with a few of the successes, yesterday has been implemented in 10 countries in three regions. We have over 5,000 practitioners using it across the federation, being able to collect data and analyze it through the program. It's been implemented in seven languages and we have over 21,000 beneficiaries enrolled in YesME in the last five years. Then I think this closes my session. Thank you so much for the time. If you have any questions, I'm happy to answer them. Thank you. Let's maybe keep questions and ask people to post their questions to the community of practice web forum, which I posted a link to in the chat. I'll post it again now. We'll do questions at the end, but I just want all the presenters to have a chance. Please let's proceed to the next presenter, which is Monica Sigrist, Senior Advisor for Human Rights Data Systems at Frontline AIDS. Please, Monica, go ahead. Thanks. Let me just share my screen as well. All right. Is that looking good from your end? Yes. Great. Okay. So good afternoon, everyone, from Brighton in the United Kingdom. Bonjour à tous les francophones. Merci. My name is Monica Sigrist and I'm a Senior Advisor Human Rights Data Systems at Frontline AIDS, and I will be talking to you for the next 10 minutes about Frontline, how Frontline AIDS is using DHIS to monitor and respond to human rights abuses and violations using rights evidence action or React for short. So just to tell you a bit about who we are. So we're an international NGO working on the frontline of the world's response to HIV and AIDS for about 27 years now, working with marginalized people who are denied HIV prevention and treatment simply because of who they are and where they live. So we work with communities in more than 40 countries taking local, national, and global action on HIV health and human rights. So together with partners on the frontline, we work to break down the social, political, and legal barriers that marginalized people face. So we were seeing increasing stigma and discrimination and criminalization of people living with HIV and other marginalized populations in many places. And in response, we developed rights evidence action. So React, what I'll be saying for short, which is a community-based human rights monitoring and response system. So what React does is that it enables civil society organizations to document data about human rights violations experienced by individuals in the communities. So it provides and refers these individuals to services, whether legal or health or other public services, and then uses this data to inform quality human rights based HIV programming, as well as policy and advocacy at national, regional, and global levels. And then this work is supported on the information management side by DHIS2 using a tracker program. So this schematic illustrates in a nutshell the React program a little bit. So I'm going to talk you through this diagram. On the response side, this is illustrated by the green arrows. So this is all about a reactor, which is a person we've trained on the React methodology, meeting with a client to take down their notes and listen to their testimony and then provide or refer them to services or human rights program or an emergency response fund. And then the pink arrows illustrate the monitoring aspect, which is about documenting this information in an information management system, which is DHIS2 for us, which allows for the monitoring and analyzing of human rights data to inform programming, influence decision makers, evidence for advocacy, resource human rights programs. So React as a system has been used by frontline aid since 2014, but it was only in December 2019 when we moved React data entry into the DHIS2 platform. So we have about, I guess, 10 months of data now, or React within DHIS2. So just to get a bit DHIS2-y on this, the React data collection tool is based on a generic template, which is customized for each country implementing React based on things like the national human rights context and the population groups that the program is working with and the types of programming, whether it's a service delivery program or an advocacy program. And then from the frontline aids perspective, we also want to review the data collected at a global level across the countries implementing React. So in order to do this, the first thing we realized is that we needed to create a single program, so a single tracker program as analytic functions cannot compare data between programs. So we built one tracker program and then used program rules and org unit groups to hide things so that end user only sees the questions in the form that are relevant to them. The management of React information has been devised in accordance with the general data protection regulation of the EU. So we limit as much as possible the need to document personal information and use things such as unique identification codes to track clients in the system. So this is different from the auto-generated ones that DHIS2 can do for you because it's based on individual characteristics of the person to make it more easily retrievable like if the client forgets their code. However, we still wanted it to be system-generated in a sense to minimize data entry error. So I'll just show you a very quick video. There's no sound, so don't worry if you don't hear anything about how that works. Pay attention to this field which says, well, this is the Portuguese version. Just how it populates based on questions like what is the initial of your first name, what is the initial of your last name, which region of Mozambique are you from, date of birth and so on. And then it generates this code which we then used to track the individual. So almost identical to an auto-generated one, but slightly different as well. Then case information. This is an example one, it's not a real case, so don't worry. Just for demonstration purposes where the actual details, the testimony is documented about what the client has experienced. And then this is a repeatable program stage which means that each client has a record and every time they return to a reactor, the reactor will add cases to that kind of record. So over time, you have a collection of incidents, of human right incidents, a single individual has experienced and maybe you can relate it to changes in the human rights context or laws or policies and see how that changes, which is a great feature of Tracker, so longitudinal data. Then moving on to the analytics side, it's very important to us that data documented by reactors in DHIS2 is used by themselves as well as civil society organizations to inform quality human rights based HIV programming and to use that data as evidence for policy and advocacy. So to help in this, we developed these reactive dashboards as a starting point for reactors to start thinking about what they want to analyze. Just wanted to highlight the mapping functionality in particular because we did something a little bit different with this. We wanted to highlight plot spot areas within a country where we're seeing a high concentration of human rights abuses and violations. However, for safety and confidentiality reasons, we don't want to pinpoint areas on a map but rather just sort of show it at a higher district or province level. This functionality was not available at the time in terms of linking an organization unit value type data element to the maps app. So this is actually a custom map solution that we built with support from VAO systems, but it's working very nicely as you can see. I'm just going to play again a short video clip just to show you what sort of standard react dashboard looks like on the analytics side. So as you can see, we use a mixture of quantitative tables and infographics and we track things such as the profile of the client, the types of perpetrators, the types of incidents, and then what services were provided or referred. And this of course can be further interrogated by partners and identify links between these two different various different elements. So also to talk about some of the challenges, data safety and security is always a concern with users in the system in terms of it's understandable because of the sensitive nature of human rights related information. However, this is usually more a perception of security as a challenge rather than our actual experience. So users are worried about it but as I have demonstrated, we have built in some data confidentiality features such as the use of unique identification codes to minimize documenting personal information. We make use of informed consent forms as well if any personal information is going to be documented user roles to limit what different users can see. We also make use of various THIs2 features such as two-factor authentication, obviously things like session timeouts top with that. And usually once partners think about this in relation to what they were initially using, so paper-based methods or other tools like Excel, we normally want them over by the end of the training in terms of safety and security. Managing complexity is a big one because we use program rules and organization unit groups to customize a base template for different organizations in different countries. We have hundreds of program rules to manage now and every new country that comes on board and we customize things for them, we have to make sure that it doesn't have any impact on the data collection forms of the previous countries and users that are using it. So just something that's ongoing. Obviously in this context, can't have a presentation without talking about COVID-19. So in relation to COVID-19, we were no longer able to deliver our face-to-face React trainings on the React methodology to partners. Obviously we saw a reduction in program activities as well which given that we just only launched in December 2019, we were a bit worried about how partners would be able to continue programming activities. And then lastly around languages. So we do work in some obscure countries perhaps such as in Ukraine and in Georgia and the interface languages did not exist yet or DHIs too. Successes. So we're currently implementing React in eight countries. We're using DHIs too and with six more in the pipeline, this information has been implementation sorry has been staggered so they didn't all join in December 2019. In fact, the last country was Uganda which was only last month. I think so we've got that happening. It is also encouraging for us to see that partners are managing to actively use React in DHIs even in the context of COVID-19. So we've got about a thousand clients in cases documented which is great because we've seen that COVID has exacerbated a lot of human rights situations. So it's something that partners can still use. Let's document this. We've also been working a lot with UIO and the language, the translation database and have made significant contributions to the Ukrainian interface language. So if any of you are working in Ukraine, a lot of that is front line aids. The language then we've also translated React in DHIs too to six database languages. This is a bit easier because obviously you can control this. So it's allowing for data collection in all these languages which is great as well. Just to close off, I want to give one example to show how human rights data collected using React has been turned into evidence. So this is an example from the Middle East and North Africa region. We supported an organization called Menarosa to train focal points in the countries that they work in on React to document the experience of gender-based violence of women living with HIV and then React was used to identify and drive responses and to raise visibility of the issue and influence decision makers. So if you want to read more about this and if you Google Menarosa and silent stories, it'll be the first thing that comes up if you're interested to see what that looks like. Here is a quote from one of our React users and it just illustrates how React is a tool to arm activists and human right defenders to continue to make the necessary advocacy noises and arm themselves with Evident which is now the panacea for any advocacy and development initiative. And yeah, that's all from me. Thanks for listening. Thank you so much, Monica. Very interesting two presentations we've seen so far. Some similarities and a lot of innovation as well even in terms of language. So thanks. I'll hand right over to Uwe who is working on health insurance and actually universal health coverage. So it's sort of health but it's the financial bit. So Uwe, the floor is yours. Please stop sharing, Monica. And Uwe, start sharing. Yeah, okay. Can you see my screen? Yes, good. Yeah, thank you Knut. Thanks for having us. As you mentioned, we are working in health insurance. So non health is not really very correct. You don't get rid of this. Let me start by introducing the team. Actually, this was planned as a shared presentation. But since we are offline for technical reason, I just do it as the only one. And actually, I am the one who has done the least work on this. So the people you see on the slides right now, Yugita Saurav from Hisp India and my direct colleague Saurav from GIZ. They have done most of the work of it and all the credits go to them. They are in the community of practice. Knut has shared the link already. So if you have questions during the presentation, they will be ready to answer and they will be the competent ones. What is open image? We call it open image with an E. Although you might want to spell it open image, but we have voted we want to call it open image because in Kiswayli, you would also read it open image, of course. It's a software for managing health insurance schemes, but also other health financing schemes like voucher systems or capitation systems. And it's an open source product. It's a global good that is in the catalog from digital square listed as a global good for health insurance operations. And the aim is, of course, to contribute to the improvement of the universal health coverage worldwide. We have several live up and running productive implementations. Most of them in Africa. Tanzania started when it was migrated to Nepal, where it is running the national health insurance scheme now. We have a few pilots coming up. This is changing a lot. So I'm not even very sure whether this list is up to date. We have a pilot coming up in Djibouti. They are working on this for the health insurance there, Zandibar for health insurance scheme and also in Gambia there for financial transactions. And then we have country assessments in a number of countries. And we will have a new catalytic fund starting this year that will give us the opportunity to also support certain implementations. If an organization decides to go for open MS, we could have a bit of budget to support that process. And you just have to approach us. Okay, that is open MS, the software itself. I'm slowly bridging over to DHIS2 now because those are our main workflows and business processes that we are supporting. Enrollment, then the claiming process, claim entry process, verification of insurance status when the patient seeks service in the hospital and then the claims management where the hospital sends a claim to the insurer and the insurer is doing the review and adjudication of the claims. So the final stage reporting and monitoring is a module that we decided to build on DHIS2. We didn't want to do our own software developments just in the sense of the open HIE software architecture. You might have heard of open HIE. I'm not going to explain it here. If you don't know it, please Google it. And if you work in health, this is a very important architectural framework. From the beginning, we said we want to integrate into that. We want to be part of it. And we set up projects to have open MS talk to like BAMNI, open MRS, and also DHIS2. So yeah, basically, when you want to report on insurance data from open MS, you can export them to DHIS2. There was a dashboard that was created like on beneficiary reporting, how many people are insured, what's the coverage in certain regions that we have about 25 indicators, claims, the number of claims, amount of money that was claimed, that's about 50 indicators and then a few indicators on operations and like the processing times and the insurance systems, how long does it take for a claim to get rejected or paid. Basically, it's an installation of open MS in the organization. We have objects from that database in open MS that we push through fire interfaces. Fire is a standard internationally renowned on specific data exchange formats. And through those standard interfaces, this DHIS2 application is able to pull data on a nightly basis, for example, into tracker program entities. And then the analytics can be done over here on the DHIS2 side. Normally, this installation would not be in the national implementation that you use for HMIS. Normally, that would be within an insurance organization on the same server infrastructure as you would have open MS. Technically, in the tracker, of course, we are using data elements there. And for us, it was important to have the technical names specifically mapped to fire resources. So if there is claims response as a resource and fire and the attribute there is called process note, what we in open MS would call claim status. So here we are compatible to fire. And if you want to use the dashboards with another insurance management system, a lot of insurance companies worldwide have their homegrown systems, then you could, let's say, that way you have pretty good chances to use the dashboard because of the standards. Technology framework for the adapter, that thing that is pulling data from open MS and pushing it into DHIS2, that's a piece of software built on Java. And basically, it is like doing the data exchange. You can schedule it in a corn drop, like every 24 hours normally you would do that at night. And it will also do the metadata sink, for example, the health facilities and the location before pulling in new data. Of course, if you have different definitions of health facilities in the source system than you have in the reporting system, then the whole thing will not work. So you have to do that first. Let me give you a few links. Of course, you can download the presentation on the sketch page for this session, and then you can click on it. This is a link to the page that explains to you how to access the demo instance, which is online right now. Then we have a wiki page just summarizing most of the resources and the documentation in our open MS wiki. You can download the dashboard configurations for import into DHIS2 from GitHub repository and also the adapter. The adapter is a bit not yet final, so please be careful with that, not yet for productive use. Outlook for the next phase or the next coming month. There's a rollout project starting for the dashboard in Nepal now. It will also be Hisp India now taking the developments and really verifying it in the field. At the same time, we are looking at the dashboard closely to see whether and how to adapt it for Tanzania. Then a question into the room, like especially at Knud, who is experienced with the W8s old packages. Of course, we want to make this available for as a global good, just like open MS. The question would be that we would need some guidance on how to package this further so it can maybe eventually become part of the official DHIS2 content packages that could be distributed to other insurances as well. I think that the normal partner page, some of them are throwing money at us, so we should mention them with the Swiss Development Cooperation and the German Ministry of Development Cooperation mainly. That was it. Thank you for your interest. Please feel free to ask your questions to my colleagues. Thank you very much. That's really interesting and just to actually respond to your request for packaging. We would very much like to work with you on how this can be standardized and offered as a resource. Yes, we started with WHO and WHO is the main focus for developing content packages, but we really do want to do this as a more general process, also certainly outside of health. Even in education, we also want to offer packages. So, yes, let's continue that discussion on how to make all of this great work available more broadly. Also, very impressed by your simultaneous AI French translation. That's very nice.  Yeah, well, but at least it looks impressive to me, not a native speaker. Again, ask for people to pose questions in the community of practice. We might also have a bit of time at the end, but let's move on now to the last presentation, which will be by Georgina Harris-Hill, who is a co-founder of Pomogealeo in Tanzania. So, Uwe, please stop sharing your screen and Georgina can start sharing. Thank you.  Can you see it? We can. Yes, no. Yes. It's not. Okay, so my name is Georgina. I am the founder of Pomogealeo UK and I'm the director at Pomogealeo Tanzania. And I'm just going to be talking today about the use of the HIS2 in a social welfare setting about the system, the Tanzanian child services system, which is a data capture and case management system for childcare institutions, or more generally known as orphanages. So, Pomogealeo is a small charity based in Tanga, Tanzania, and our main work is around transforming care for orphaned and vulnerable children. We work to create alternative care solutions, so both preventative, so to prevent children from falling out of their family, alternative family-based care solutions, such as kinship care and foster care, and then also working to get children in institutional forms of care, such as orphanages, back into family-based care. Another one of the big areas of work that we focus on is developing tools and programs to ensure accountability towards children who are not living in family-based settings. Just to expand upon the problem that we've gone about solving, more than 8,000 children live in children's homes within Tanzania, about 8 million children worldwide do. According to Lumos and a number of the other large NGOs that monitored this issue, approximately 80% of the children residing in orphanage care or childcare institutions are not in fact orphans, contrary to popular belief. So there's a real knowledge gap about why they are there, how they got there, and who they are, and for too long it's been assumed, and therefore policy and programming has not been aligned and programming has been missing the needs of these children. Up until development of the solution, the government was not collecting any form of digital data and reports were manually written, and only including things like name, age, and gender of the child. Tanzania, like many other countries, majority of the orphanages or childcare institutions in the country are privately run by small charitable organizations, and in turn what we find is there's very low compliance with the laws, contrary to the fact that Tanzania has fantastic laws governing this issue in the law of the child at 2009. And I think also more importantly to highlight is that children residing in childcare institutions are at higher risk of all forms of abuse. There is a lot of focus recently as particularly in most countries are starting to become aware and talking about the risks of orphanage trafficking and importantly also to mention is that the UN General Assembly in 2019, it was the first time that all member states officially recognized the damage and the harm that childcare institutions caused for children and made an official commitment to transition away from institutional forms of care and start to invest more in family-based care. But the second end of the problem is we really don't know, and we still don't know globally, what are the issues that the children are facing? Why are they there and how can we better serve their needs? So why do we need a data solution? Children who reside, as I said before, in childcare institutions, we don't really know much about them particularly in Tanzania and I can say that that is the case for a lot of the rest of East Africa and data informs programming. So without the right data we don't know which kind of problems we need to be solving to ensure that these children can be transitioned back into the family. And I can give an example of that. When we started looking at the data that we collected through the use of the TCSS system, we started to realize that the major reason that children under the age of one were entering into orphanage care was maternal death. So we were able to look at different age demographics and different triggers that were causing them to enter and through that we were able to work on developing a program that addressed that problem at family level and this year in our region we've had, so in our district we've had no child under one enter the care system because they've been able to be helped through alternative programming. The other reason for a data solution is that there's lots of great laws, policy, and creations of this children's rights framework, but data allows us to translate these into measurable indicators and reduce corruption that is very evident in the system and increase levels of accountability. Our journey, as I said before, we were a very small charity and we started off with a piece of paper and a pen and we walked around and individually interviewed all the children in our district who were residing in a child care institution. We then transitioned that into a Microsoft access database and with that we went to the ministry. When we arrived they said great, we were able to produce some really shocking figures and highlight issues that for a long time had been assumed but never known and many of these issues excitingly were solvable but now we had the day to prove it but then came up the challenge that Microsoft access really wasn't going to work if this program was to be scaled in any way and that's where DHIS2 came in. In Tanzania as many of you may know it's already being used to monitor health outcomes, there's a lot of trust and acceptance in the model so we looked at creating working with a developer in Zanzibar to create an Android app and web tracker system. What does it do? So at the beginning of the TCS system we have a aggregate data collection where we capture all the information of why a child is entering into care and we get that really great ability to analyze the data of what is where these children are coming from and what the cause of entry. We're able to then use follow-up interviews so capture the children as they are residing in these homes. We created different follow-up timeline of events so we can start to track things like family visiting, education and health. As part of the case management system we added the ability to create exit strategies and each exit strategy now comes with an action plan that's required which is really important for increasing accountability and ensuring more compliance with the legal frameworks. We're also able as part of this case management timeline to if a case in exit strategy fails we can show that it fails and then create a new one so it really gives us that history of a child's experience whilst they're in the care system and this is really important because children often spend many years in orphanages and staff turn over meant that historically this data and this information about the child themselves was being lost and not only for a case planning and to be able to help the children in the way that is child-centered is this data important but also children have the right to know their story and their history and so actually through this we're able to keep a track and really great knowledge about where children come from and why they're there. Another feature that we added in was the ability to create red flags so things such as a child running away or if a child's case hasn't been had any updates to it for six months. In the care system as well particularly in Tanzania that this was an issue children were being left in orphanages for years at a time and no updates were being made so by doing this and creating the bespoke dashboards to each layer of social welfare they're able to increase the accountability structures and if a red flag goes onto the system we're able to create a way that certain tiers of social workers have to follow up on these issues so that creating accountability structures for children is so important and lastly we worked on the referral mechanism so within that we can refer to other stakeholders who need to be involved in the case planning for children so for example if the child is looking to be going into kinship care with a grandma and the grandma needs access to poverty reduction services we're able to within the system generate these referrals in a way that is allowing increased connectivity and increased accountability and just broadening that circle and bringing in other NGO stakeholders but previously hadn't actually explored providing services to children within institutions as I said at the beginning many often assumed that they're there because they have no family and so through this data we're able to actually bring in a wider network of people and through the referral mechanism allow them to see that these are actually children that need their services to the successes so far we've captured all the children within the region into the database we've hosted a training for social welfare officers on how to use the system and given out tablets for them to go out into the field and start tracking in real time children's planning cases and also as they enter into the children's home we have connected with the ministry of social welfare who are monitoring the project as well as a case study and they are really excited we've got really great feedback as well from them about how it is working and the big thing that we're really excited about is we're seeing change in practice we're seeing less children enter more children going into families and this is where we are really a big advocate for database solutions to this problem we're also seeing such as more children now are being known to the ministry level that need to be adopted or fostered that data previously was not able to be exchanged so easily and therefore children were being left in situations that are not ideal for their development and so through data we're able to create that communication pathways to really start to change practice and see a huge improvement in the way that case management occurs as for children was hiding in child care institutions future plans so through the use of the data we were able to identify two key areas that were really in non-compliance with the law one of them was that children were being illegally and irregularly referred into the care system and so addressing issues like orphanage trafficking we were able to design key interventions and trainings to rectify that issue and the other one being that over 90% of children did not have an established exit strategy and so by the end of 2020 our goal is that all children will have an exit strategy created and that is able to be monitored by the various levels of government to see the number of strategies created and what they are so that we can start planning for those children and we still have some of the social workers in rural areas that we would like to train as well on in using the tablets and providing them with a tablet and we hope to be able to do that by the end of the year and we're really excited about the potential of rolling this out nationwide as far as we're aware we there is no other system nobody else using DHIS to to monitor children in orphanage care or child care institutions and we really believe that although this is not an area that has got a huge amount of global attention it is so important because these children really need to be seen and I need to be heard thank you for listening to me I welcome any questions and I just wanted to reiterate the point that through the use of DHIS too we're really able to amplify the voices of children that were previously ignored we now know their issues better we're serving them better and we're changing practice through the use of this system so thank you very much and I welcome any questions thank you so much Georgina that's very inspiring certainly for people who work on the technical side to see to see that it's actually the data is actually really useful for for for this and unfortunately we don't have very much time I know I know there are two sessions coming up in just five minutes one on server management very technical and for everyone else there's about 14 different additional interesting use cases that will be presented in the so-called use case bizarre but I think I think we've seen some very very nice presentations today I hope this is not just of inspiration but it can lead to some further discussion in the community and and cross fertilization within but maybe we can take one or two questions if you want to put it in the chat I see a lot of applause in the chat or of course continue in the community practice any burning questions before for any of the presenters before we wrap up maybe people are just too overwhelmed there was one question that has been answered I see on the community practice well I do hope you will take this opportunity to to forge new relationships and you've seen interesting ways of using the platform it's also interesting to hear that people had issues with cross program analytics which which we are actually putting as a high priority for future releases but but it seems like all all of you have been able to do quite a lot with what's already there so thank you very much to the presenters Jessica, Uwe, Georgina and Monika and I'm very grateful we'll post this session also as a YouTube video on the YouTube channel thanks everyone and see you in the next sessions


Hi, and welcome to our session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says, by using the properties of definite integrals, evaluate the following. Integral of cos x to the power 5 from 0 to 2 pi. Before solving this question, we should know that integral of fx from 0 to 2a is equal to 2 times integral of fx from 0 to a, if f of 2a minus x is equal to fx. And this integral is equal to 0 if of 2a minus x is equal to minus fx. You should also know that integral of fx from 0 to a is equal to integral of fa minus x from 0 to a. The knowledge of these two properties are the key ideas in this question. Let's now begin with the solution. Now, in this question, we have to evaluate integral of cos x to the power 5 from 0 to 2 pi. Now, here the upper limit is of the form 2a. So we will first apply the first property. Now, let fx is equal to cos x to the power 5. Now, f2 pi minus x is equal to cos 2 pi minus x whole to the power 5. Now, cos 2 pi minus x is cos x. So this is equal to cos x to the power 5. And this is equal to cos x to the power 5. And this is equal to fx. 2 pi minus x is equal to fx. Therefore, fx is an even function. From the key idea, we know that if f of 2a minus x is equal to f of x, then integral of fx from 0 to 2a is equal to integral of fx from 0 to a into 2. So by using property integral of cos x to the power 5 from 0 to 2 pi is equal to 2 times into integral of cos x to the power 5 from 0 to pi. 2a is equal to 2 pi. Therefore, a is equal to pi. Now, again, let gx is equal to cos x to the power 5. So let's use the second property, as here the limits are from 0 to pi. Now, g of pi minus x is equal to cos pi minus x whole to the power 5. Cos pi minus x is minus cos x. So we have minus cos x to the power 5. And this is equal to minus cos x to the power 5. And this is equal to minus gx. As d of pi minus x is equal to minus gx, so this implies gx is an odd function. 2 times integral of cos x to the power 5 from 0 to pi is equal to 2 into 0. And this is equal to 0. Hence, our required answer is 0. So this completes the session. Bye and take care.


In sports news, the 2023 Chairs for Change initiative has ended with over 18 schools across four education districts in attendance. In the individual category, Ihiya Nitshuku Michael from Iratis Senior Grammar School defended the title he won last year while in school, Iratis Senior Grammar School emerged as the winner by defending the title he won last year. According to the initiator of the program, Fela Bancolimo, Zepropos is to impact the lives of school children in Lagos. This continues to see the impact in the lives of the students. So you see students that were averaging their academics, but they joined the Chairs for Change and had a dream very well. You see guys and girls have left secondary school, also come back and the facilitators in the Chairs for Change have been impacted that in their life, and they say, okay, somebody did this for us, let's continue and be part of it. So for us, that's what excites us. But beyond that, it's the project that applies around our school, over the past eight years, having consistency in supporting Chairs for Change, very few organizations do things like that. And so for us, it's the partnership that excites us and the impact that happens. Those of you who have come through the process of the two-selected mentoring and other programs, they will be the categories you have to be blinded to as far as taking all of them. So who have become the grandmaster of the two schools, whether the grandmaster or the grandmaster of this country? Yes. Chairs, what you're doing is helping the child in different aspects of this life. Like I've said before, it helps them to show people how you're critical of thinking and what you're doing. But for the students, each of them are the one that Chairs can't really impact because we are in school now, so Chairs can't help us improve our grades and all that. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


What is up YouTube! I wanted to circle back to my last video about my technical analysis on Tesla and if you haven't seen the video, I'll link in the description, go ahead and watch it. I know the audio is kind of bad, I'll be getting a microphone here pretty soon, so bear with it and yeah, take a look. Basically I wanted to go back to what I was saying in that video about the price targets and I was saying that the price like it was going to be between 240 and 250 and if you look at the price right now it's literally at 240 so my analysis was spot on so pretty happy about that. I did make some money on that. I might say I made money because I'm still in the trade so I want to see what price action does if I see any signs to get out then I will get out but I wanted to follow up with that video and make another video so stay tuned I'm gonna go through what I think may happen next with Tesla but it's one of those times where you just gotta watch in and see what the sentiment is so yep stay tuned. Alright guys welcome back to the Tesla technical analysis so from my last video I said that the price target I have would be at about 240 and lo and behold the price is exactly at 240 so I made a little bit of money on this move right now. That being said let's see what Tesla might do next so downtrend is over you could put a new trend or is it that I would say so hi hi hello hi hi hi cuz it's at 240 we'll see what it does tomorrow if it pushes up or the sentiment says it's going to go down looks like on the daily is finally opening above the 50 day and let's see if they'll open and close above the 50 day that's a very good sign yeah the MACD line is above the zero so that just kind of tells you it is finally becoming bullish let's go into the hourly chart okay alright so I believe that it's just going to be kind of going in an uptrend might have a couple of pullbacks I'm looks like after it broke this trend line as I was saying this is a very important level it broke this trend line it came retested and now it the price is about here somewhere 240 so now this was pretty good made some money on this so let's see what it may happen next so this looks like a wave one to me very small pull back not even through 38.2 extension usually the wave 3 is the big wave and it should get to 100 so I still think we're in a wave 3 it's just been kind of consolidating it almost touches 61.8 now it's just been kind of in this range now bounce above the 61.8 so let's see if it's able to push up to the 100 which will be the next target for me so the next target for me would be about 255 right here that's my next target and again it's not gonna be a linear straight up move you know it's gonna kind of comes to 240 then it may do this and then bounce off of the string line and do this and bounce off the string line but I think at some point in the next three weeks I believe would get up to this price 255 that's my price target and a wave 3 will be done we'll have some sort of pullback so pullback may look something like so this is where 2 gets to here so it may pull back to the 50 which will be this might be the wrong 50 between 236 230 and then I'll go back up for wave 5 so that's what I believe is going to do slow and steady rise now that's it


Hello, I'm Lieutenant Griffin Stangle, Blue Angel number seven. And I'm Lieutenant Kaitlin Forster, Blue Angel number eight, and we're so excited for the joint-based Charleston Air Expo April 9th and 10th. Hope to see you here. Go Navy!