I have saved pretty much every single note I've taken over the last nine years of university. I mean seriously, I have files and files of handwritten notes and then loads of files of computer written notes on my iPad and on my laptop. Over the last nine years or so, I feel like I've tried out a whole bunch of different studying techniques and I've finally been able to find the one that works best for me. What is up guys, KarmaMedic here and welcome back to another dose. In this video, I'm going to be reviewing nine years worth of notes all the way from back in high school and to my undergraduate degree and now in medical school. A lot has happened during that time so let's take a trip down memory lane to see how much has changed. So let's take this all the way back to 16-year-old Nasser about to start high school. Now for me, high school marked the beginning of the IB exams and for any of you who've taken the IB before or are currently studying it right now, you'll know that it is content heavy. During this time, I stuck to the note-taking technique that I think most students do at that age which is handwriting lots and lots of notes. Unfortunately, I don't have the actual workbooks that I wrote during my time in high school. I actually ended up burning all of them in a big dumpster fire right after I graduated but we're going to skip the high school and move on to first year of university because it was pretty much the same note-taking technique. So let's go all the way back to my very first semester in my very first year at the University of Toronto. So I actually haven't looked in this folder since I wrote them almost 10 years ago now which is quite a nostalgic trip for me to go through. Oh my gosh, Physiology 300, Immunology 340, HMB I think was Human Medical Bioscience or something I've completely forgotten. As you can see, my study timetables have not changed one bit. But anyways, let's go back to the very beginning here. So during this time, my general strategy was to take notes on individual pieces of paper and then staple them together into these little workbooks. And that way I would know that for one course, HMB 265, all the notes I'd ever need for the exam would be in this one little workbook. This was too much information to learn and memorize and study for the exam. So what I had to do was take these notes and condense them down into something much, much smaller. So when I would condense down my notes, I would make something called an important things document. So what this would do is take something like a 20 page workbook, like one of these over here, which is actually quite a lot of pages, tons and tons and tons of notes, and I would condense it down into literally just a couple of pages. So now instead of a single lecture, taking up one or two full individual pages, a single lecture now only takes up this much space or this much space or this much space. And this important things document would literally be like my North Star, my guiding light for what I needed to know for the upcoming exam. It was only filled with the most important of information, no fluff, nothing extra, just what I knew was coming up on the exam. And that way, right before the exam, all I had to do was read this little important things document over and over again until I understood the material or it was fully memorized and ingrained in my brain. Now I'm pretty sure this is how most of us started our studying journeys, you know, before we learned about active recall and spaced repetition and all of these things. And that's probably why I stuck to this note taking method for so long, up until I moved into semester two of my first year at the University of Toronto. So in my second semester in the first year of the University of Toronto, I got a Surface Pro 2 tablet. Now this tablet was absolutely amazing and it completely changed how I thought about taking notes at university. I could be in the lecture hall looking at all the slides on the screen, but then if I ever needed to write something down or draw a diagram or draw an equation, I could do that using the pencil on the tablet surface. Because before that you either had a computer with the slides, but no pen and paper, or you had pen and paper, but no computer with the slides. Now I don't have the actual Surface Pro 2 to show you. Unfortunately, it died many, many years ago. It actually didn't last that long. I think about three or four years. But what I do have is all the notes that I ever took on it because I was using Microsoft one note. So this over here is the first semester where I was taking the handwritten notes that I just showed you, that I just showed you guys before. And then when I went to the second semester, I started taking notes on this tablet. Now, as you can see, the most amazing part of this is that I was actually able to save handwritten notes in a digital way. So instead of having to carry around pieces of paper in a folder like this, it all lived inside this tiny little tablet that I could access from anywhere in the world, even now pretty much 10 years later on my computer. And what I loved about it so much is that I could actually draw diagrams. Here in physics class, you know, we always had to do these free body diagrams. There were all kinds of equations going on, maths obviously as well, so much of that. And then also if I wanted to as well, I could have all the lecture slides here on the computer. So I could put the lecture slides on here and then I could annotate them using that pen and pencil or just write notes in a separate document. So what I started doing here is that I would still take my handwritten notes based off of the lecture and the information that came in the lecture, but I unlocked all these new capabilities. So now I could take screenshots of lecture slides and I could include them in my notes instead of having to draw out these diagrams by hand literally copying them whenever I needed to. So before when I was handwriting notes, I would need to re-copy and rewrite most of the information on the slide itself and then add on my own handwritten notes, whereas now I could just annotate the lecture slides directly. Now my studying technique hadn't changed very much. It's just the medium in which I was studying had changed. So now instead of writing everything on pen and paper with those little booklets, I could do that with these digital notes over here and I could take them anywhere that I wanted. I could pull them up anytime without having to search through the papers. It was great. But the problem with this studying method is that I was still just passively taking notes. I was transcribing lecture slides onto a piece of paper or onto my tablet and just reading that information over and over and over again. There wasn't really much active studying and active consolidation of this information. And the bad thing about that is that it obviously took a ton of time. Like it takes very, very long time and it's really inefficient for learning. Look at the title of this.  So these were kind of the efforts that I was making to stop spending so much time writing notes. I was really trying to force myself and tell myself Nasser just write down what is important because this was all taking so much time. So as I started progressing through my undergraduate degree here we move into second year and here we move into third year. I started realizing that I just don't have enough time to do this whole handwriting business. And so instead what I adapted to doing was sitting in the lecture and typing down everything that the professor said.  And back at the University of Toronto we didn't have any recorded lectures.  So making sure I got that information was really important. So as you guys can see here I'd have the lecture slides on the left and then just type down pretty much everything that was being said as aggressively as I could as fast as I could to make sure I got all the information. Now the good thing about that was that I got all the information so when it came time to study I had this comprehensive complete set of notes that I could work with. But the bad thing about that is that during lectures when sitting down and typing this information as fast as you can it's a very very passive process. I could literally just be sleeping like this typing away. I could be having a conversation with my friend to the right of me. I could be watching someone streaming a football game on a computer in front of them whilst still typing down all that information. Which definitely means that I was not understanding it well. By the way this is one of the hardest courses I've ever taken in my life Immunology 340. Oh my goodness this was such a tragic tragic difficult course. Anyways I'll make a video complaining about this another time. So this is kind of the note taking style that I had in my final years of university. It was mostly just typing down everything as fast as I could as much as I could so that when it came time to study I had this comprehensive set of notes that I could work with. Now during my final year at the University of Toronto I was doing all of my exams that I needed to pass to graduate and get a good grade that would allow me to go to medical school and on top of that I had to study for this huge huge medical school entrance exam called the MCAT. Now at this time I could take absolutely no risks. I needed to get into medical school. I wanted to get into medical school. It was everything I wanted since I was a kid and I didn't want to take any chances. I had always known that handwriting notes just worked well for me and helped me learn and memorize the content in the best possible way for me but it took so so so much time which is why I adapted my methods over the years etc but because there was so much at stake in this final year and for this exam I said you know what I'm going back to handwritten notes and so that is exactly what I did. I studied for the MCAT by continuing to take notes in class in this handwritten way because it was a good way of storing all of the notes and then when it came to actual hardcore revision for this MCAT exam I ended up going back to my basics. Going back to handwritten notes because that's what worked best. That's what I felt safest with and that's what I felt the most comfortable with and I hoped would be able to let me score well on these exams to be able to get into medical school. So yeah this was a pretty intense summer and then final year in university doing the best that I possibly could to get accepted into medical school and these are actually the notes that I wrote for the entry exam to get into medical school here in the United Kingdom and these are the same exact notes that I have for sale on my Etsy store. I just digitized them, updated them and made sure they were even better than when I hand wrote them but if you're ever wondering this is what they started like you guys can you can purchase these notes on my Etsy store I'll leave a link in the description down below if you're interested but anyways that's it for my final year and for the MCAT now let's move on to medical school. So moving on to year one of medical school now I felt like my previous note-taking methods had worked for me after all they allowed me to get accepted into medical school and I was happy with my grades at the University of Toronto and so I kind of kept doing the same thing but with a bit of a change so my Surface Pro 2 was dying on me at this point it was becoming very slow I couldn't write on it anymore and I couldn't afford to buy a new one or anything like that so what I ended up doing was I just used it as a sort of organizational tool for my lecture slides so we had the big module over here then lecture one lecture two lecture three lecture four lecture five etc and that way I could have those lecture notes anytime I wanted easily organized quick to find etc on one half of the screen then I would take my typed notes on the other half of the screen so since I had discovered that typing notes was way faster and way more efficient than handwriting notes and I was saving plenty of time which allowed me to go out and have fun and do all these extracurricular activities outside of medical school like start this YouTube channel I started typing notes a lot more so what I would do is I would have these lecture slides on one half of the screen then I would open a word document on the other half of the screen and I would literally write the module name over here the lecture headings in pink and then the individual slide headings in light blue those should be light blue yeah they should be like this I don't know why they're not but anyway let's move past that now even this typing out all this information would take quite a lot of time and effort so what I would do is use an optical character recognition software so what's something like text sniper allows you to do is it allows you to take a screenshot of an image that has text on it you take the screenshot and it copies that text to the clipboard so if I show you guys here I copy paste now I have all of the text literally copied over there and if I was to do that over here it even copies the number one number two number three everything so I could very quickly transfer information from these slides to these notes now obviously in the process of doing that I learned and remembered and memorized absolutely nothing but that wasn't the point all I needed to do was make these notes so that I would later print them out and then go through them and review them and revise them this was just the note making process it wasn't the learning and the revising and the reviewing process that was for later just to give you a sense of this document it's absolutely huge and this is like one of I think five documents for that year how many pages it's 50 000 words 51 000 words 68 pages um so yeah absolutely massive but it had everything every single piece of information that I could possibly need I had there and then you know as I say I would literally take it here it is right over here and I would print it out and there we go I would have everything that I needed right over here there's my printed out notes and then I could annotate on top of them with different colors I could write different pieces of information on top of them and this was this was great this was amazing for me I really enjoyed this period of my note taking and my studying because these notes were just so neat and they were fully comprehensive I had everything in one place I mean look at this this feels like a work of art to me you know I've screenshotted all the lecture slides I have all the information I'm able to write on top of it with the equations I mean I thought this was absolutely amazing now the only problem with this like I said is that I would spend most of my time making these notes and less time reviewing and reading and learning and understanding so this was great for my aesthetics of my notes but not very great for actually learning and consolidating all of this material so then about halfway through my second year of medical school in 2018 I knew that I needed to make the very difficult decision the very difficult change of going back to handwritten notes now since I had already been in the digital age taking digital notes well typing notes pretty digital um and not really using paper except for when it came to exams to study I didn't want to go back to handwriting notes like this you know I was I'm over this I had done this for so long I think it was five or six years at that point and I was getting tired of taking these big folders with me every time I'd go abroad for Christmas and Easter and holidays and things like that taking these was not fun at all and so I made probably the best decision of my life and I got an iPad now this iPad right here honestly might be the single best purchase I've ever made in my life it completely revolutionized how I study how I learn how I take notes how well I did in my academics in university this single tiny thin paper like thing has completely changed my life one of the best things that happened when I switched to this iPad in comparison to the other tablet that I had was that it was extremely fast and smooth yeah that was great but I could also search through my notes through my handwritten notes and find anything that I wanted on top of that the battery life was great it would last throughout the entire day unlike the other one that would last about two hours before I had to charge it I had all these different colors and tools and shapes and stuff that just made my note taking experience so much better now my note taking technique here was fairly similar to what I was doing in my earlier years at the University of Toronto I was handwriting these notes now they were much neater and much better organized but then when it came exam time I would still condense them down into this which is just a much smaller amount of notes in comparison to the full amount of notes up there then I would read this smaller amount of notes over and over again until I felt like I completely understood it or I had memorized it well enough to go into the exam so yeah for my second year and my third year the iPad was my primary note taking device I've made tons of videos about the iPad and how I've used it how I make notes on it etc I'll leave linked somewhere up over here if you want to check them out but for now I think let's move on to the summer of my third year of medical school when I started studying for the USMLE step one in the summer of my third year at medical school I decided to write the USMLE step one exam now honestly this wasn't even an exam this was just an absolute monster this thing completely burned me out I spent about four to five months sitting at this desk for 10 hours a day studying for this exam and I've made a bunch of videos all about that exam and all about my time studying for it you can check them out on the channel if you're interested I think it's um some pretty interesting videos they're very brutal brutal studying period but basically the vast majority of what I was doing was taking handwritten notes in this book over here and this book was meant to act as sort of the central hub that had all of the information I would possibly need for this exam so if I ever needed to find a specific piece of information or if I ever needed to review something this book was going to have it now what ended up happening was that you'd have pages like this with just a ridiculous amount of notes on them and just so much so much so much dense information impossible to remember impossible to memorize this was really a very very difficult exam a very difficult period of studying for me I also did this for this book here Pathoma which was kind of like a condensed important notes version of a lot of the information from the first eight books so after I'd written down all the information I would possibly need in both of these books I took out my iPad and I then condensed that information into shortened important notes so here under the USMLE tab if we go down to USMLE step one notes and let's say cardiology for example I took all the information I learned about cardiology in these two books and then I condensed them down into as little as little as little as I possibly could but unfortunately because this exam is so huge and ridiculous even that the condensed condensed information turned out to be a lot a lot a lot I mean look at how many pages are here 13 pages of really what I consider to be only the most important and need to know information for this exam for the cardiology section and I have this again for every single subject we've got neurology over here again a massive document of just tons and tons and tons of notes I've got reproduction gastrointestinal system dermatology micro I mean literally everything you can imagine and then this document high yield facts so every time I came across a fact that I thought was really high yield and really important that I absolutely could not afford to not know or forget I would add it to this document and what I ended up with was this 64 page document of just endless endless endless notes and this is one of three of them we had this very important to know before the exam look at this document look at all this writing absolutely crazy I told you this was not an exam this was an absolute monster eight to ten hours a day for almost five months that's what this work represents right over here and then also I was using other resources that were more video based like sketchy medical and sketchy micro on farm so here we have all the bacteria you know there's the video that accompanies all these notes and then I would take my notes over here and I have this for every single bacteria and virus that we needed to know it was a great time now during this studying period as I mentioned before it completely burned me out and by the end of it I just started hating notes like I had this deep hatred for sitting down at a desk and writing things with my hand I felt like I had spent my entire existence for the last like half a year doing just that and I was done no more notes for me after writing this exam in the summer and then having a short two week break and starting my fourth year of medical school I had exactly this much motivation for my medical school and so this was a turning point for me I knew that I needed to do something different I knew that something had to change I needed a more efficient way of doing my notes of learning and understanding this material whilst also still attending medical school and being on the wards being in the hospital being motivated to learn handwriting notes and condensing them whether that was on my iPad or in paper forms like this was just not going to work anymore enter the almighty god of note-taking apps notion so by this time my fourth year of medical school was in full swing and I was spending tons of time in the hospital on the wards actually on clinical placement talking to and examining and dealing with real-life human patients and so since most of my time was spent there I had no time at all to be sitting down and handwriting notes after listening to the lectures and the tutorials so two months into my fourth year of medical school I completely stopped taking notes I realized that I wasn't paying attention in the lectures I wasn't writing down the information in a useful active way and it was basically just being a waste of my time and this is when I changed my studying methods and techniques to a much more active one I started using past paper questions and notion to build out my study notes and to practice and to learn and to revise for my exams so this is my medical school notion page we've got a whole bunch of pages here an organization of my different rotations in medical school but what I want to point your attention to is this uh conditions list which I've made over the last couple of years so now instead of handwriting notes and condensing those notes and then reviewing and reading those notes the only thing I was doing was doing past paper questions so past paper questions provided by my university or by online past paper question banks like quest med which I have an affiliate link for if you guys want to check it out I'll leave a link in the description down below I would do questions from those question banks and then use the information that I learned in the question to make my notes now this way very importantly I wasn't working from the notes towards the exam I was working from the exam towards the notes now the benefit of this is that you focus on exactly what you're going to be tested on if you start with the entirety of the notes and then try and pick out the information that you might get tested on in the future that's going to be very difficult but if you start with the actual questions and then work backwards to expand your knowledge on that topic then you're actually focusing on what you need to know so each one of the conditions in this conditions page is organized very neatly by a body system and then further organized by for example here cardiac and vascular and each one of these notes has the presenting complaint for the patient in blue the investigations in yellow and then the management in green and then on top of that I just have a bunch of other extra information that is helpful to know useful to know and that I can reference at any point that I want now the great thing about this is that for pretty much every condition in medicine at least the ones that I need to know for my final exams I have this highly organized system of finding information very very quickly and so anytime anywhere that I want whether I'm on the train whether I'm on a flight whether I'm in the hospital in the woods I can pull out my phone go on to notion and pull up these exact notes very very quickly on top of that I can search for pretty much anything that I want so let's search for syringo myelia syringo myelia so now I can very quickly very easily search for literally anything that I want I mean search for hepatic see where the word hepatic comes up in all of my notes hepatic encephalopathy jaundice chronic liver failure ischemic hepatitis butcharis syndrome having these notes like this and easily searchable means I will actually use them and review them much more often than I would if they were in big blocks of paper like this now taking notes in this way using notion isn't only useful for the progress tests or the written exams like single best answer or multiple choice questions I also use notion to organize my studying for the practical exams the oskies so this over here is a kanban board which has all of the different stations or things that we might be asked to do in a practical exam in an oski so we have for example a respiratory exam an upper limb neurological exam fundoscopy acuity cranial nerves whatever we've got a bunch of communication stations so exploring weight loss psa prostate specific antigen results smoking cessation you name it so I have them all here organized into columns by communication exams procedures histories prescribing done once as in I've already done these ones and I feel confident enough in them to move them to this column and then almost definitely coming up and whatever so the good thing about this board is you can move things between different sections so once I'm done with them here I can move them to the done once I can also move them to the bottom if I feel like they're not as useful or they're less likely to come up etc having my notes like this digitally gives me tons of flexibility for moving forward now genuinely I don't know how I would have survived the last two years of medical school if I hadn't switched to this note taking method to this studying method it's meant that I'm so much more efficient with my time I actually focus on what I need to know and what is going to come up and show up in my exams and there's just so much information there's tons of knowledge and things that I need to know and write down that having them organized like this is just completely life changing for me you know having all the information in its place you know even here with screenshots of questions and things like that accessible anywhere anytime is so much better than just the pile of folders that I had before now the scary parts of being note free and using past paper questions for like 90% of my studying was the anxiety that I felt when you know taking this leap for the first time and writing my first exam without having written a single hand written note I wasn't using my tried and tested method anymore the one that I had pretty much been using for seven years in a row and that had been working for me so well for all of that time and I just didn't know how I was going to turn out then after I scored well in the exam that kind of confirmed to me that this was a valuable method of studying and that I could get the same scores by studying in only half the time if I just studied smarter by looking at past paper questions and focusing on the high yield content not only that but I was way more interested in the content and I was having so much more fun studying than I was when I was just handwriting my notes doing practice questions when you're actively trying to figure out a diagnosis is infinitely more fun than just looking at the lecture slide writing down the notes and then reviewing those notes over and over again I actually ended up scoring very well in my end of year exams and I scored highly in my oskies as well I'll leave links to the videos that I made about that up over here for me this change to a more noteless system was driven by necessity as opposed to voluntarily because I just had such little time left to write notes and I was so burned out from writing notes that I just kind of had to do it but looking back I wish I had done it sooner if you take anything from this video I hope that it's the confidence to try something new when it comes to your studying technique we often stick with what we know or what we've done before instead of what the evidence suggests or what may be more beneficial I hope you were able to learn something from this video of me reviewing my notes over the last nine years of university from my mistakes and the things that I think went well I'd love to hear your thoughts and opinions down in the comments and it's pretty much it for me I'll catch you guys in the next one subscribe to my patreon peace so let's go all disaster


The final DLC fighter for Super Smash Bros Ultimate has been revealed, and it's none other than Sora of Kingdom Hearts fame. It's no secret that Sora is a popular choice with fans. He's also popular both with the developers at Nintendo and at Sora Limited. The name is a coincidence, apparently. Even so, according to Masahiro Sakurai, getting approval to include Sora in Smash was incredibly difficult. He said, Having Sora join was a huge undertaking, but one that everyone involved was excited to take on. It's fair to say that his addition required more coordination than other fighters. We're never going to get a full account of all the negotiations that took place behind the scenes to make this collaboration happen. That said, industry insiders have hinted at what the problem has been. The intellectual property rights for Sora are complicated to say the least. Nintendo's relationship with Kingdom Hearts developer Square Enix is healthy, hence the inclusion of Sephiroth in Smash. The problem with Sora is a third important party, the Walt Disney Corporation. Disney and Square Enix had a difficult time arriving on the direction for the collaboration that became Kingdom Hearts. Unfortunately, both companies were culling at the game with very different intentions. Kingdom Hearts director Tetsuya Nomura wanted to create something that would rival Super Mario 64. He was fascinated by the game's complex 3D camera, and he wanted to make a similar game. His colleagues were quick to point out the flaw in his plan. Mario 64's success was due in large part to Mario's existing popularity. Said Nomura, Somebody even said, The only way you could do it is with characters that are as well known as Disney's. That really stuck in my head, so when I heard we could be working with Disney characters, I naturally jumped at the chance. Nomura's plan then was for a completely original character who could hop between various Disney worlds, meeting familiar faces along the way, borrowing Disney's brand appeal to create something fresh and new. This was not what Disney wanted. The Walt Disney Corporation has toyed many times with video games based on their intellectual property, and regularly tries different strategies for making this happen. Sometimes Disney will license out their brands to third-party developers, but this is often a gamble, and there are concerns that poor games will tarnish their intellectual property. Square Enix had a proven track record, but Disney wanted them to do something very formulaic. Said Nomura, They appeared to believe that we would make whatever they wanted us to make and came up with rather specific requests such as we'd like the game to feature this character. They were really excited explaining their ideas. To be honest though, I wasn't really interested in any of them. Nomura finally convinced Disney to trust his vision for the game. They were willing to do this largely because of Square Enix's proven track record. Because of this collaboration, Sora was created, but he occupied a nebulous space on the fringe of the Disney canon. He was a Disney character, but he also wasn't, as he'd been created by Square Enix. To this day, Disney can still be very squeamish about video games. According to former Disney Interactive General Manager Graham Hopper, some licensees, like Square, invest significantly in quality and produce fantastic product, and other licensees, not so much. Nevertheless, it has been clear to Masahiro Sakurai and Nintendo for a long time that Sora is a very popular choice for Smash. The challenge has always been getting Disney's approval. Said Sakurai, I knew that Sora was the most requested fighter. Six years ago, when Super Smash Bros for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U was out, there was a poll called Smash Bros Fighter Ballot. The top fighter for the most requested new fighter was Sora. Sakurai and Satoru Iwata agreed not to share this information with the public, for fear that Nintendo fans might start annoying Disney with requests for Sora's inclusion in Smash. Nevertheless, according to game informers Imran Khan, Nintendo did approach Disney Japan behind doors. Things did not go well. Said Khan, They absolutely approached Disney about it once. Disney Japan specifically said no. Take that with a pinch of salt as it comes from an industry insider rather than an official source, by the way. We all likely never know exactly what convinced Disney to finally agree to a partnership with Nintendo, but we do know from Sakurai that it took a great deal of collaboration. Speaking of the new Smash Fighter, he said, With support for this collaboration, Sora joining the battle has become a reality. And just in awe, we had so much cooperation and because of that, we were able to have Sora join Super Smash Bros Ultimate. We're very grateful. The moral of the story is that collaboration can create wonderful things. Sora would not exist if Square Enix and Disney hadn't collaborated, and Sora could not have joined the Smash Bros roster without everyone involved working together.


In our previous lecture, we were discussing about the some of the important aspects of load Reynolds number hydrodynamics and we started with analyzing the continuity equation. So to summarize what we observed during our analysis, let us look into the slides. So we made an assumption that the flow is 2 dimensional and constant density flow and the continuity equation revealed a relationship between the velocity scales with the corresponding length scales. So we made an important comment that the length scale if the vertical direction is the y direction then the length scale along y is h but the length scale along x, it may be the total length of the channel or it may be even less than that depending on whether there are characteristic changes taking place over shorter distances. Like for example, if the channel surface is patterned with a particular weightability then it is possible that x reference, the reference length scale along x is much much less than the total axial span of the channel. With this background, let us now move on to the board to discuss about the corresponding implications for the momentum equation. So let us write, so let us consider the physical problem in hand. So there is a channel like this. You have x axis lead in this direction, y axis lead in this direction.  As obvious I am not repeating again that we are making an assumption that the flow is incompressible. So that you know the additional term, source term due to the compressibility effect is not appearing here. Now let us make an assumption that it is a steady flow. We will discuss in details about some unsteady flows. So first let us consider that it is a steady flow. So example, steady flow. So the steady flow will have del u del t equal to 0. Then we consider the orders of magnitude of various other terms. So this term is not there for steady flow but let us consider the other 2 terms. So rho u reference square by x reference that is the order of magnitude of this term. That is the order of magnitude of this term rho v reference into u reference by y reference. Now v reference is related to u reference through the continuity equation. So let us write it once more the continuity equation. Our analysis revealed that this is of the order of u reference by x reference. I am not committing whether x reference is equal to the length of the channel or not because we discussed that it depends on the physical situation on hand. And this is of the order of v reference by y reference. So v reference is of the order of u reference into y reference by x reference. So that means this term is also of the order of rho u reference square by x reference. So if this term is important, this term is also equally important until and unless v is identically 0 and this is something which is not very intuitive because intuition says that v is much much less than u if y reference is much much less than x reference. Despite that v del u del y is of comparable order as that of u del u del x because although v is much much less than u, if x y reference is much much less than x reference, still del u del y may be much much greater than del u del x. The gradient in the y direction is likely to be much sharper or steeper as compared to the gradient in the x direction. That makes up for the fact that v may be much much less than u. So the product u del u del x and v del u del y, they are coming out to be of comparable order. Let us now look into the viscous term, the pressure gradient term we will consider separately. Let us consider the viscous term. So the viscous term, what is the order of this term? Mu u reference by x reference square and this term is of the order of mu u reference by y reference square. If y reference is much much less than x reference, again I am telling that this is not always true but this is true in many cases when there is no pattern of slip or pattern of weightability along the axial direction of the channel, then you can say safely that y reference is much much less than x reference. So if y reference is much much less than x reference, then this term will dominate over the other. So you can see then then this term is going to be the deciding factor as compared to the other term. Look into the similarity between this and the boundary layer theory. In boundary layer theory, you have the boundary layer thickness delta much much less than L. So there the delta is a naturally evolving length scale. Here the y reference may be governed by the confinement height of the channel. The micro channel confinement can decide or can dictate what is y reference. But although scale wise the treatments are very similar, you have to understand very carefully that the boundary layer theory is valid for high Reynolds number whereas here we are doing a low Reynolds number hydrodynamics. So physics is completely different. Although scale wise you can see that there is some analogy. This has to be remembered very carefully that this analysis is not what we intend to do for boundary layer theory. Although scale wise they are happening to be similar. So now let us write the ratio of inertia by viscous. So let us take an example with y reference equal to h, x reference equal to L which is much much greater than h. Let us say this is an example that we take. So let us write what is the ratio of inertia force by viscous force. Inertia force by viscous force. So what is the inertia force? The left hand side is the inertia force. So inertia force is of the order of rho u reference square by L. Now we have taken an example with x reference equal to L and the viscous force mu u reference by h square. I am sorry that this is not visible in the board. I will write it at a separate place. So write it here. Inertia force by viscous force is of the order of rho u reference square by L by mu u reference by h square. So this is what? Rho u reference h by mu into h by L. So if h is the characteristic length scale of the channel, this is the Reynolds number based on h. So you can see that the ratio of inertia force by viscous force is the Reynolds number into h by L. So one very important and interesting observation is that if the Reynolds number is small, h by L we have already committed as small, then the inertia force can be neglected as compared to the viscous force. So the left hand side of the Navier-Stokes equation becomes irrelevant. So then that equation is called as Stokes equation. Stokes equation is Navier-Stokes equation with the inertial terms equal to 0. I mean approximately 0, not identically equal to 0 but approximately equal to 0 or neglected that is called as Stokes equation. So then when you have the Reynolds number relatively high, you can see that then also it may be possible that inertia force is negligible as compared to viscous force. Because the Reynolds number may be relatively high not too high but h by L is small. So the product of Reynolds number and h by L is important. This is the very important take home message that it is not the Reynolds number that we are bothered just about but it is the product of Reynolds number and h by L. So even if the Reynolds number is not too small but the product of Reynolds number and h by L that is small then this effect is that the inertia force may be negligible as compared to the viscous forces. So then what is our equation that we are left with? We are left with the Stokes equation. Let me write that. Of course it can include other body forces but here we are discussing mainly pressure driven flow so I have not included any other body force. So you have 0 approximately equal to, I have purposefully written both of the viscous terms because it might so happen that they are equally strong but still the left hand side can be omitted if the inertial force is negligible as compared to the viscous force. So for the example that we have talked the special form of the Stokes equation boils down to because this term is negligible for that example. What about the y momentum equation? What about the y momentum equation? For the y momentum equation you can make similar analysis and write, okay. Similar just replace u with v. Now the question is out of these 2 terms which term is more dominating? So to do that let us write what is the order of del square v del y square? What is that? This is of the order of v reference by h square and order of del square u del y square is of the order of u reference by h square, v reference is much much less than u reference which is true if y reference is much much less than x reference then this term is much much less than del square u del y square this is u. So now apply a logic you have these 2 equations. Now in this equation the pressure gradient term is being balanced by the viscous term. In this equation also the pressure gradient term is being balanced by the viscous term but the viscous term in the second equation is much much less than the viscous term in the first equation therefore the pressure gradient term in the second equation must be much much less than pressure gradient term in the first equation. So this analysis implicates that del p del y is much much less than del p del x if that is so if that is so then you can write del p del x approximately as dp dx okay I am writing it again because this part of the board is not visible. So del p del x is approximately equal to dp dx. So then we are left with this equation where this can be replaced by dp dx approximately okay. So in low Reynolds number hydrodynamics we get an equation if y reference is much much less than x reference we get an equation which remarkably resembles with fully developed flow that is why we discussed with fully developed flow to begin with. So now the question is where is the similarity and where is the dissimilarity. So let us write the equation. So we will divide the board into 2 parts in one part we will write the low Reynolds number equation on another side we will write the fully developed flow equation that will help us to compare. So we assume that the physical problem on hand is flow through a channel 2 dimensional situation. So fully developed flow we had del u del x is equal to 0 and 0 is equal to minus dp dx plus mu d2u dy2 right low Reynolds number this is fully developed flow this is low Reynolds number flow low Reynolds number flow does not require del u del x equal to 0 right. So low Reynolds number still you will have del u del x plus del v del y equal to 0. So in fully developed flow if there are no holes in the walls then that will mean v equal to 0 identically but low Reynolds number flow does not require v is identically equal to 0 right. So v may be small as compared to u if length scale along y is much small as compared to length scale along x but if the length scales are comparable u and v may be comparable. On the other hand when you have no holes on the wall of the channel then for fully developed flow v is identically equal to 0 no question of any approximation much much less or close to this kind of approximation nothing is required. Not only that the x momentum equation is approximately equal to right although while solving problems we will not write always approximately equal to we will assume that is equal to just in the casual spirit of solving the problem. But fundamentally it is approximately equal to because the inertial term is negligible as compared to the viscous term but the inertial term is not identically equal to 0 for fully developed flow the inertial term is identically equal to 0. Not only that you see that this in place of del p del x we are written dp dx here for fully developed flow that is an exact behaviour that is an exact condition. On the other hand here in place of del p del x we are written dp dx that is an approximate consideration by comparing the terms in the x momentum with the terms in the y momentum equation. Finally here you can see that these are partial derivatives whereas this is ordinary derivative why these are partial derivatives because now u is a function of both x and y because u del u del x is not equal to 0 identically not identically equal to 0. So u is a function of both x and y so this is a partial derivative whereas this is an ordinary derivative. Many times however see these are small intricate tidbits but these tidbits are important in the conceptual paradigm but for somebody who is just interested for solving a problem maybe there is no great difference between this equation and this equation. So that is why we have worked out some problems related to fully developed flow that can give you a glimpse of how to solve related problems on low Reynolds number flow need not be necessarily fully developed. So we had made this discussion which is sort of like a comparison between low Reynolds number flow and fully developed flow. Let us now summarize these discussions as we go to the slides. Yes this is dpdx right this is dpdx yes now let us go to the slides. So I mean because of some version problem in the computer what you are seeing here as square box is basically of the order of tilde. So that has not come properly in the version of the power point used in this computer so that but assume that like well tilde has come, tilde has come properly what has not come is much much less. So much much less has not come so y reference much much less than x reference. So this much much less thing has come as a box in the slides so just take that as much much less. So h is much much less than l so v reference is much much less as compared to u reference. So we have performed an order of magnitude analysis of the momentum equation x momentum equation and have found out that the inertial term by viscous term is of the order of Reynolds number into h by l. So there are 2 cases for which the inertial term can be neglected as compared to the viscous term. We have discussed all this but every time what I am trying to do is that after discussing something we are trying to pause for a moment and summarize what we have discussed. So that it becomes easier for you to digest the material. So if Reynolds number is small or h by l is very small, if h by l is very small in that case even if Reynolds number is large small h by l makes the product small. So I will tell you like when you say large small I mean what are the typical scenarios. Let us say h is of the order of micron and l is of the order of millimeter okay. So 10 to the power – 6 by 10 to the power – 3 okay. So 10 to the power – 3 is the ratio of h by l. So even if the Reynolds number is of the order of 100 you can see that the inertial term by viscous term can be 100 into 10 to the power – 3. So inertial term may be 1 order less as compared to the viscous term. So even with 100 Reynolds number say 100 is not a very small Reynolds number but still you can have inertial term much negligible as compared to the viscous term. So to generalize here in the slides we have written the forms of the final forms of the x momentum equation with a body force term Bx which in the board when we were working it out we neglected that body force term. And then in the y momentum equation sorry in the x momentum equation we can we neglected mu del 2u del x2 term as compared to mu del 2u del y2 term because mu u reference by l square is much much less than mu u reference by h square. The similar analysis we did for the y momentum equation and then the y momentum equation has also illed the same form as that of the x momentum equation we have detailed in the board how that is possible and then by comparing the corresponding terms we figured out that del p del y is much much less than del p del x. So that we can write in place of del p del x we can write dp dx. So if we do that then the system of equations for low Reynolds number flow comes out to be del u del x plus del v del y equal to 0 and 0 is approximately equal to minus del p del x which is again equal to dp dx approximately equal to dp dx plus mu del 2u del y2. Finally we discussed about the difference between low Reynolds number hydrodynamics and hydrodynamically fully developed flow. So for low Reynolds number flows the left hand side the inertial terms are approximately equal to 0 that is negligible on the other hand for hydrodynamically fully developed flow the inertial terms are identically equal to 0 no question of any approximation is there. So that not only that if there are no holes in the walls of the channel then for fully developed flow that means that v is identically equal to 0 whereas for low Reynolds number flow v is not identically equal to 0 it may be it may be lower than lower in order as compared to u depending on what is length scale along x and length scale along y. Now let us come to the board again and discuss a little bit about the time scales. So far for order of magnitude analysis we have considered steady flows but let us consider examples of unsteady flows. So when you have unsteady flows then you write the equation let us write the left hand side anyway we begin with the full equation first because that will explain the context. If it is an unsteady problem there is one term in this equation which must be important what is that term the del u del t term right because unsteadyness means the velocity field at a given point is expected to change with time then only the unsteadyness comes. So obviously this term is important now this term is associated with a time scale. So we can write the order of magnitude of this term as rho u reference by t reference question is what is this t reference physically what is that characteristic time scale it is the characteristic time over which characteristic changes in velocity occur within the flow field okay. So now the question is that what is that characteristic time what is that characteristic time over which characteristic changes will take place. So now it depends on this term is always important but out of the remaining terms some of the terms may be dominating over the other. So based on that so you may have a time scale which is based on this scaling of this with this you may have a time scale based on a scaling of this with this that is if these two are comparable that means this is the this is dictating the important physics or you can have a time scale based on this. Let me discuss it in a more elaborate manner. So if you look into the forcing parameters here you have an advection term you have a pressure gradient term and you have a diffusion term let us say that the advection effect is in creating the unsteadiness is much more as compared to other effects. So if the advection effect is much more important then what happens then this term is of the same order of magnitude as this term because other terms are of less order of magnitude. Then the time scale that you get is called as advection based time scale. So what is the order of magnitude of this term rho u reference square by x reference. So advection based time scale when you have rho u reference by t reference is of the order of rho u reference square by x reference. So what is t reference x reference by u reference. So what is this t physically? Physically it is the time required for the perturbation to get advected by a distance x reference. If v is the velocity then the time required by the perturbation to traverse the distance x by advection is simply x by u but that is due to advection only. We next consider so advection time scale. So this is what it is we will discuss about three different time scales one which highlights the contribution of this term the other which we will do now is that highlights the contribution of this term and the third which highlights the contribution of this term assuming that this term is always important. Now what is the correct time scale of a problem depends on the physics of the problem that out of this forcing parameters which one is governing the physics. There may be situations which are little bit tricky situations when you cannot rule out the effect of one as compared to the other and then you have to really like critically discuss that whether the time scale would be advection dominated or viscosity dominated or so to say diffusion dominated time scale. So what is the diffusion dominated time scale or diffusion based time scale? So diffusion based time scale is that the situation when the unsteady term scales with the diffusion term. So what is the order of magnitude of the diffusion term assuming x reference much much greater than y reference so this is of the order of mu u reference by y reference square. So diffusion time scale is governed by rho u reference by t reference is of the order of mu u reference by y reference square. So t reference is of the order of y reference square by mu. Mu is mu by rho the kinematic viscosity. So you can see that the kinematic viscosity for a physical problem is very very important and we should discuss very carefully about its physical implication. See it is a ratio of viscosity by density. So viscosity is what viscosity talks about that there is a disturbance in momentum how fast does it propagate within a fluid. So if there is a wall if there is a solid boundary that creates a disturbance in momentum. So that disturbance in momentum is diffused within the fluid by virtue of the fluid property viscosity. On the other hand fluid has a ability to sustain its momentum. See the fluid which is flowing further away from the wall that is disturbed because of the viscous effect but that also tends to retain its own momentum because of what? Because of its inertia and that inertia is related to the density because it is related to the mass. So the denominator rho represents its ability to sustain its momentum whereas the numerator mu represents the ability to create a disturbance in the momentum. So it is basically the sustenance of the disturbance in the momentum relative to the sustenance of the momentum that is important not just the disturbance in the momentum itself that is where the kinematic viscosity comes into the picture. So you can see that this T reference so for example if y reference is equal to h then this is called as the diffusion based time scale h square by nu. So what it is this time this T reference is the time required by the momentum disturbance to diffuse by a distance h that is the physical meaning of this characteristic time. That is if you allow the disturbance to propagate then the characteristic time that it takes to traverse to diffuse is h square by nu. Now there may be physical problems where the time scale is not governed by either the advection term or the diffusion term but the time scale is governed by the pressure gradient term which is itself pulsating in nature. So let us consider an example del p del x is equal to some a0 plus a1 sin omega t okay. So we are applying a we will work out a problem of this type and see that what is the velocity field as a consequence of this kind of pulsating flow that is very important for many microfluidic devices and this kind of devices can be used as a flow meter as a pulsating flow meter that means you can measure the flow rate as a function of time using many such devices. So these have important applications in microfluidics. So when you have a pulsating pressure gradient when you have a pulsating pressure gradient then you must have this term always important because otherwise there is no use of giving the pulsating pressure gradient right. If you are giving a pulsating pulsatile pressure gradient and you want that to be physically effective in a problem then that means the pulsating term has to be important. So the pulsating term if it is important that means we can say that the corresponding time scale is nothing but 1 by omega right. You have to keep in mind that the scale is then decided by the frequency of pulsation okay. So to summarize the scale may be decided by an advection based phenomenon, a diffusion based phenomenon or a time dependent forcing parameter that is what is summarized in this slide. So time scales you have advection based time scale if x reference is of the order of l it is t reference is l by u reference, diffusion based time scale it is h square by nu or depending on the forcing parameter t reference is equal to 1 by omega. So you have to decide that which scale is governing the physics okay. Now we will consider some examples of Lore-Enoz number flows, we will consider only one example of steady flow and we will establish that the solution of the problem is quite similar to fully developed flow and then we will consider some examples of unsteady flows which are not normally covered in the undergraduate level fluid mechanics course. So we will first start with the steady Lore-Enoz number flow as an example. An example of steady Lore-Enoz number flow. So let us consider that you have x axis like this, y axis like this, h is the half height of the channel. So let us write the governing differential equation assuming x reference equal to l and y reference equal to h or 2h whatever I mean scale wise there is no difference between h and 2h. So now let us call it dp dx although you may keep it generically as del p del x but let us call it as dp dx. So now you integrate this equation. When you integrate this equation what you will get del u del y integrate means integrate with respect to y plus a function of x this is no more a constant. For fully developed flow this was a constant right. For a general Lore-Enoz number flow whether it is fully developed or not we do not care this is because with respect to integration with respect to y or differentiation with respect to y a function of x is like a constant okay. So if you integrate it once more right you have c2 as another function of x. Now you have to evaluate c1 and c2. So what are the boundary conditions? One of the boundary conditions y is equal to 0, y is equal to 0 is the center line del u del y equal to 0. Can you tell or talk about a condition when this may not be true? Just give an example give a practical example when at y equal to 0 del u del y equal to 0 is not true. Let us say both the plates are stationary. Both the plates are stationary it is a channel where both the plates are stationary. Let us say that the weightability of the 2 channels the weightability of the 2 channels they have different characteristics. So that the hydrodynamic boundary condition we will discuss about slip boundary condition later on but just as a qualitative remark the hydrodynamic boundary condition is not symmetrical at the upper plate and the lower plate. If the hydrodynamic boundary conditions are not symmetrical at the upper plate and the lower plate then at the center line the situation will not be symmetrical okay. And then in fact you cannot solve half the problem here we are able to solve for half of the domain with an understanding that there is symmetry always remember in a physical problem the symmetry demands 2 things. One is symmetry in geometry another symmetry in physics. So these 2 must be there in tandem even if the hydrodynamic boundary conditions are different you can still see that there is a symmetry in geometry but that does not ensure that there is a symmetry in the problem. Symmetry in geometry is just a necessary condition but it is not a sufficient condition. So you also have to see that there is a symmetry in hydrodynamics at the 2 walls. So if that is not the case then this is not true but if that be the case which is more often the case that we consider then at y equal to 0 you have del u del y is equal to 0. So what I am trying to do is that I am trying to give you a specific picture but trying to also create a broad picture which may deviate from the specific example. See we can work out only 1 or 2 specific examples but when you discuss about a theory your understanding of the theory should be broad based so that it can address problems beyond what we are discussing. So at y equal to 0 you have del u del y equal to 0. Plates if plates are of different weightability or weightability variations along the plate are different then the hydrodynamics which is described by the slip length we will discuss what is the slip length later on. I am not trying to that is why I told that we are trying to give just a qualitative picture at the moment. I will discuss in details what is slip length and how does it come into the analysis of solving equations and so on but for the time being we are assuming that at least it will it can break the symmetry of the problem. Different weightabilities or different variations in weightability of the 2 plates can be a factor of symmetry breaking in the problem despite the problem being geometrically similar. So then you have at y is equal to 0 you have del u del y is equal to 0. So at y is equal to 0 if you have del u del y equal to 0 then c1x is equal to 0 right may be in general it is a function of x but in this case not right. So it will literally be a function of x if you have a slip length which is varying along x. So in this case you have c1x equal to 0 what is the other boundary condition at y is equal to h u is equal to 0 right at y is equal to 0 du dy equal to 0 that means c1 equal to 0. So at y is equal to h u equal to 0 so if at y equal to h u equal to 0 then you will have 0 is equal to 1 by mu dp dx h square by 2 plus c2 okay. But it could so happen that at y equal to h u is a function of x for example at y equal to h let us say that the channel is patterned with some substrates whereas where on this shaded region there is slip and there is a velocity of slip which is different from 0. I am just giving an arbitrary example it is not absolutely arbitrary you can make engineering devices using this principle but arbitrary at least at this stage when we have not introduced the slip. So let us say that there is a slip velocity over these patches okay. So let us say these patches are slip regions and no patches are no slip regions that means at the wall you will have u as a function of x then you will have the c2 as a function of x which has really come to a constant if this does not vary along the wall okay. So in general c1 c2 are functions of x now for the specific common problem that we address for that particular case you can see that this equation is coming exactly same as the fully developed flow equation. So sometimes knowingly or unknowingly we mix up the low Reynolds number hydrodynamics with the fully developed flow and still get the same answer and same solution there is nothing wrong with it provided those considerations are still valid in this example those considerations are still valid but if you make now this functions of the velocity at the wall as a function of x alternate slip and no slip as an example then you will get this as a function of x. Not only that once you get u as a function of x you will get del u del x if you once you have u as a function of x you can calculate del u del x that means from that you can calculate del v del y because del u del x plus del v del y is equal to 0 then you can integrate that with respect to y to get the variation of v and if c1 or c2 or both are functions of x then there will be a v as a function of y otherwise also v is a function of y that we cannot bring out from this equation simply because of the fact that we have neglected the inertial terms otherwise we could have brought that out from this equation itself but if c1 c2 are functions of x that becomes more explicit that brings that comes out from the analysis otherwise that comes out from the concept rather than the mathematical analysis. So to summarize what we have discussed as an example of a steady flow let us say that like if we consider the velocity profile after evaluation of c1 and c2 we could get the velocity as a function of y and the wall shear stress. So that means that if you are working with a case of a low Reynolds number flow where you do not have a breaking in symmetry or you do not have patterned slip at the wall then you can use equations which are almost or virtually same as the fully developed flow equations and then you can solve for those equations. Now this is so far as our discussion goes for steady flows but there is an interesting paradigm that remains to be discussed for pressure driven flows which is unsteady flows. So we will start with the discussion of unsteady flows in the context of first the classical fluid dynamics and then specifically in the context of microfluidics that we will do starting from the next lecture. Thank you very much.


The Edo State Coordinator of Clean Foundation blessing Erumon says economics and poverty issues are major factors responsible for trafficking in persons and it is important. The educator used on the need dangers involved. She made the statement in Winni City while speaking during a school documentary show on preventing forced migration and trafficking of women and a girl child in Edo State. Erumon noted that they brought the message to schools believing that if the children have the right information they can say no to any act of human trafficking. To believe that if these children have the right information they can be able to say no. One of the major issues that that adds this human trafficking I would say is yes economic issues but there's also greed there's poverty so many issues but the one fact remains the same if each of these children know the danger that is out there they have the right to choose. Assume is not a bad thing but illegal migration is actually a bad thing because it involves most of the human trafficking practice which is not also a good thing in our society today so I would prefer that this teaching that is going on should encourage more youths all over the world that they should not practice this sort of criminal act. They are teaching us human trafficking the ways to avoid human trafficking how to detect those that are traffickers but what they are doing and they are educating us so that we can also spread the news to others people that are victim of human trafficking now since the result of they were not educated they don't even know what's in many of human trafficking they don't know the benefits or disadvantages or advantages like who you know we are already exposed to human trafficking so we already know if we should take that decision of like being people following the council of going abroad and other stuff.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with 2021 Hit Parade Football, Platinum Edition, Series 7, all 10 boxes, random team break, number one. Platinum Series 7 box 5 out of 10 is the only one we have but we do have a Hit Parade football mixer featuring jerseys and a box in a case of Hit Parade Sapphire Edition I think so check that out on jaspyscasebrakes.com if you missed out on this one a very big Thank you to everybody here for getting into the action All 32 are in and let's roll it and randomize it four and a two six times for names and teams one two three four five and Sixth and final time four and a two six times for the teams one two three and Sixth and final time after six we got the Panthers down to the Ravens We got the sounds of the Nuggets in Portland on in the background the game just started on This Thursday the third six times there and Here's how it shakes out Brian with the Panthers gale with the Giants Robert with the Titans Chris with the Browns Will with the Jags Matthew with the Seahawks Robert with the Vikings Matthew with the Niners Brian with the Bills Monty with the Cowboys Jake with the Chiefs Alan with the Rams Daniel with the Steelers will with the Broncos Chris with the Lions Karen with the Saints Robert with the Dolphins Barry with the Falcons gale with the Eagles Robert with the Patriots and the Bears Andrew with the Jets Ben with the Packers gale with the Buccaneers Howard with the Cardinals Andrew with the Texans Oliver with the Washington football team Eric with the Bengals will with the Colts Pablo with the Chargers Tom with my Raiders and Paul with the Baltimore Ravens so it's alphabetized by team name here and We're gonna hit the pause button when we come back We're gonna see if there's any trades and then we'll have the break stick around. We'll be right back and trade at your own risk All right. Welcome back ladies and gentlemen No trade offers not even a whisper of a trade so that list right here remains the same for this break Thank you everyone for making this happen. I appreciate it. We had Brian Croft with official last spot mojo with the Carolina Panthers 70% of the time last spot mojo hits 100% of the time. Is there a lot of playoff hockey on tonight Adam? Well, there's only two games on tonight So I mean I may have to flip to some some hockey if this Denver Portland games gets out of hand But my focus will definitely be on the Lakers Suns tonight The Lakers lose I guess I'll pay attention. It's a lot more hockey. I'm sure My report June is 17 points already It's only the first quarter He scored 17 of the 20 Denver points. Good luck boys and girls Probably have hockey on the other on the other TV out there They're talking about who's talking about trading who in the offseason Michael Porter, Jr Now, I don't think graded cards are too common in this set. So here's one though. It's a 9-5-10 Bam Ed Reed 5 out of 25 from encased 9-5-10. That's a good grade out of this encased product Purple birds Paul Norden With the Ravens nice nice on-card autographed read bless you with retirement I don't know if you're gonna find retirement cards in in a platinum edition Maybe if you enjoy it, maybe that sapphire break maybe all right, we got a dual Dual auto that's a randomizer Jersey and auto Jared golf Jersey and auto Carson Wentz from prism 98 out of 99 so that's a randomizer between the Rams Allen and Gale Eagles One happy person one sad person We met the people that do the buying for hit pray a pretty nice guys. All right, we have another dual Oh, no, Ben Rothsberger and J.P. Lawson three out of 25 One happy person one sad person Steelers Daniel Katz bills Brian Croft next one is Deandre Swift rookie ticket on-card autograph for the Lions. That'll be for Chris Lambrose four out of 50 Not bad.  I know the hit parade usually doesn't make me work Doing those randomizers, but this particular case. Yeah. All right next one. Oh Michael poor Junior sank another three That landscape mode here It's the speedy Tyree kill 14 out of 25 to color on-card auto autograph colossal relic in Jersey from NT football KC and it'll be for Jake Jake Johnson with that. This is this side up right here portrait mode Jerry Judy on-card autographs and contenders optic football rookie ticket auto for my rivals the Broncos will triggers with Denver Four more to go than a couple randomizers here forgot to do a draft Kings lineup for the Basketball game should have had Michael Porter Junior in there. All right another graded card eight five ten looks like from encased football Nice one out of nine Rookie and notable signatures DK Metcalf So this is from encased you don't get those sub grades there, but I think I've heard people say that you could look up maybe the serial number and Maybe get the sub grades Seattle that'll be for Matthew three boxes to go. There's slightly thicker card here And this is oh a little Raider Joe mojo. You got a silver and black patch. You got Henry rugs his autograph Nice prison patch auto 37 out of 49. I read recently. He definitely wants to improve this season. He's put on a little more weight It's kind of a smaller dude Put on a little more weight Feeling a little more comfortable in the Raiders offense and just being in the NFL So I hope hoping for big things Me being a Raiders fan Tom lie with the Las Vegas Raiders next up Landscape mode It's Dak Prescott 13 out of 25 colossal relic and on-card autograph from 2020 NT football Monty with the boys Think should that is he gonna be ready week one? All right final one and then Making people happy making people sad with those randomizers last one not graded Portrait mode. Good luck. It's Terry McLauren from Panini one football 14 out of 15 Nice one for the Washington football team Oliver Soria. There you go Oliver Nice That five four three two one football mixer has some Panini one cards in there. All right, so let's do these randomizers I don't know which one to do first. Let's do Guess we'll do that one first All right, so let's go to random org There's some new lists. Let's grab a couple lists here Even extra list right here all right, so the first one was Los Angeles Rams and Philadelphia both of those quarterbacks actually not with their original teams All right, and the next one here is Pittsburgh and And Buffalo Yes, we do Wayne you go to our Instagram channel at Jasper's breaks And we'll do we do like hit packs so you can try to get single high-end cards. So check that out All right, so let's roll the dice. Let's roll it randomize it Three times two and a one for both of those lists team on top gets it one. Good luck two and three Stays with the Rams. That's gonna go to Alan Murdoch with the dual relic dual auto So hopefully these two quarterbacks will do well on their new teams and boost the value of this card right here There you go, Alan next one is big Ben and JP last man two and a one three times team on top one two Good luck third and final time goes to Buffalo. That'll be for Brian Croft with the Buffalo bills Buffalo Three out of 25 on that dual autograph from that from an old upper deck set 2005 exquisite collection That's that that's 2021 hip-rate football Platinum edition series seven ten box case random team number one. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for another one. Bye. Bye


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com here coming at you with 1992, 1992 Bowman Baseball. It's a BBC sealed Bowman Baseball, and it's a random pack break.  So what we're going to do, first off, big thanks to everybody right here. We're going to double you up. There you go. Big thanks to everybody right here for getting into the action. So what we're going to do first is we're going to open up this box. Right, so if you're not familiar with this I just learned this the other day too. These boxes weren't shrink-wrapped like out of the case. They weren't shrink-wrapped. They didn't have like a little sticker or anything like on there, so they're just wide open right. So there's this company, Baseball Card Exchange, which lets you know hey this wasn't monkeyed around with. It's been it's been sealed up by us, so there's no funny business. Alright, oh and I remember we marked that break too so we know that was for break two. This is the last one we have. It's the only one we have, so thanks everybody for going in the time machine with us. Yeah, Joe P saying that this company is legit. They are. So let's just bust these out here. Wilson Alvarez and Cal Ripken on the front right here. So now the rookies that we're looking for, it's in the item description, which I'm sure everybody read. Mike Piazza, Carlos Delgado, Manny Ramirez, Mariana Rivera. We saw Trevor Hoffman rookie. I think Tripper Jones is a rookie in this, so there's a number of players that are there. Alright, so now here's the boring part. If you're watching live you're just stuck with me, but if you're watching the replay, you can definitely fast forward through this part. So we're going to label all of these in this random pack break, and then we'll randomize names, we'll randomize pack numbers, we'll match you up. I think we're gonna, I think it's there's so many packs it's probably easiest for us to do these alphabetically. So I apologize for people alphabetically by their first name, so I apologize to people who have letter, apologize to any Vince's. Are there any Vince's on this list? I didn't really pay attention, but I apologize there, but it just it just makes it a little bit easier for us to do the break itself. Alright, so there's nine in each stack for a total of 36. Again, thanks for getting in on the action. If you're watching the replay, obviously, you know to fast forward through this part until we start get to ripping. Alright, next set. Right, so this VVCE, Joe is also saying, hey, that's the company people look for for a vintage pack. It's like PSA, Beckett, JSA of the vintage wax world. So a trusted name in the hobby when it comes to stuff like this. Because otherwise, otherwise, I don't know, you're if you if you buy from a private seller, who knows what could, you know, not not to say that everyone's shady, but there are people like that out there. You know, maybe they're resealing stuff. I don't know, maybe they're maybe they're ripping open packs and replacing them with bad packs. I have no idea, but at least there's a nice layer of security here as best as they possibly can. There you go. So everything's officially labeled. That just ensures that nothing gets mixed up around here. So now let's roll it. Let's randomize names and pack numbers. Three and a three hard six six times each. One, two, three, four, five, and six. You got Robert all the way down to Michael. And then let's randomize the pack numbers three and a three six times. One, six the hard way. Two, three, four, five, and six. Right. Not that Joe P would know personally. One down to twelve after six times, but yeah, older product, maybe pack searchers out there. You gotta be careful. All right. So Robert with pack one, Jason with 14 and 27, Sam with 10 and 36, Robert with three, Joshua with six, Michael with 11, Jeremy with 18, Peter with 20, David with 25, Ryan with 33, Matt with seven, Landon with four, Josh with 26, David with 17, Chris with 24, Jeremy with 22 and 23, Jason with 35, David with nine and eight, Jason with 13, Peter with 30, Stephen Surrey with 34 and 19, Jeremy with 32, Chris with two, Ryan with 16, Oliver Smith with 35 and 21, Jeremy with 31 and 28. A lot of numbers here. Landon with 29, Matt with 15, Michael with 12. So we see Ryan Redmond's pack 16 right here. So let's get all this alphabetically, column A, and then you can still see Ryan with pack 16 right there. So everything's all set. So once again, Chris, here your block of packs right there. You're up first. David, you're after Chris, then Jason, then Jeremy, then Josh with a couple packs, then Landon, then Matt, Michael, Oliver Smith, Peter, Robert, Ryan, Sam and SKS. Sorry to the guys that are on the back end of this, but I think alphabetically, doing alphabetically kind of helps us keep it from being mixed up. All right. Or any potential mixups. We're going to pause the video. I'm going to print out these labels. When we come back, we're going to have the break. Stick around, BRB. All right. Welcome back, folks. No trades. So we're going to go in alphabetical order by your first name. So Chris Miller, one spot gets you two packs. You get packed 24 and two. So 24 is over. So 24 and two, 24 and two. Now, a lot of times the main purpose of this, let's try to open this up as carefully as possible. Back in 1992, people would just be tearing these open like no one cares. But nowadays, you got to be careful with these because you're looking for those rookies and you're looking for potential graded cards, which is the whole point of this. Some of these cards, just because of the age, can be stuck together. And that's a great early 90s, late 80s outfit there. It's 1992, so there's still carryover from the late 80s. There's gold foil, Jim Abbott. All right. And your next pack. And obviously all card ship. I'm glad that these are set up better. The other the other box we did, everything was like flipped around and upside down and everything was a bit frustrating, but should actually help this break go a little bit more quickly. And we're doing this in alphabetical order. So if you're on, if your name is sort of at the end, you can, if you're watching the replay, you can fast forward through this part or just check in a little bit later. All right. So nothing too crazy there, Chris, but I appreciate you trying. Got some blasts from the past going your way. And we'll, I'll pack up all of these in team bags a little bit later. All right.  And then Jason, you're on deck. So David with 25, 17, nine and eight. So 25, 17, nine and eight. All right. David, good luck. Stylish guys back then. I mean, this, the old, the old polo shirt still kind of holds up, right? There's Chad McConnell. Next pack. Oh yeah, these cards being right side facing the right way. Definitely, definitely helps make this take a little bit more faster, more fast, more faster, more quicker. Remember Scott Brochus? Checklist. Dave Winfield as a blue jay. Andres Galaraga. Paul Quantrill is his son, nephew. It's with the Padres, I think. And there's Jeffrey Hammons. Rock Reigns. There's David Justice. Next two. There's Hojo, Howard Johnson. Look at that.  Tom Browning. And we got a Derrick, Derrick Bell. There's a little Carlos Bayerga right here. One more pack to go. I haven't seen any of the big rookie names yet, David. Let's see. Forgot one in the last pack. Jeff Reardon, John Franco and Andy Benes. Andy Benes, I think his brother Alan Benes. Was he in the lead too? That's great. Look at that denim on denim from Chris George. All right, David, there you go. Didn't see any of the big names, but a lot of nostalgic names in here. So thanks very much for getting in. All right, next, Jason. So, and Jeremy, you're up next. Jason is up to bat. 14-27. 14 and 27. 5 and 13. And 13. So 14 and 27. 5 and 13. All right, Jason, thank you for getting in and good luck. There's Carlos Delgado. I think he's supposed to be a rookie in this. There's another Jim Abbott. Saw him earlier. Jerry DePoto. That's the Jerry DePoto, right? It's kind of wild thinking about that. Yeah, as a player, Jerry DePoto was drafted by the Indians. This is his first. Are we sleeving this? He is a general manager of the Mariners right now. Kind of weird to think of him as a player. He's like, ah, that's right. He was a player. There's Jim Abbott. And of course, Carlos Delgado. This is his rookie card. Obviously, a lot of grading possibilities here. It's mainly what we're looking for. There it is. He had a pretty solid career. All right, Pac-27. Julio Franco. It's a great shirt there. And another Derrick. And there's Eric Davis Dodgers edition. Kevin Mitchell. Pac-5 and 13 coming up. Approximately what year did they start putting autos and jerseys in cards? Late 90s, early 2000s, maybe? I think upper deck was one of the first companies that started doing relics in cards. Does anyone else know the more exact date? Stottelmeyer, Wally Joiner, Tim Wallick. But even then, I think when they first started putting relics in stuff, yeah, Joe P agrees. Late 90s, early 2000s sounds about right. I want to say it had to be upper deck, I want to say. Kind of started that. But even then, I don't think too many companies were really doing that. It wasn't like a common thing. I think I think every year or every other year, I think maybe one or two more products and companies started adding them. Maybe one or two more products are adding them. So it kind of grew from there. All right, last one, Jason. Thank you. Good luck. There's a ding right there on Dave Maliki. Cliff Floyd showing off the ups. Yeah, everyone remembers Cliff Floyd. I think he's doing some work on MLB Network now. Andy Van Slike. Part of one of the best, part of one of the best outfielding core in baseball, right? They're up there. Andy Van Slike, Barry Bonds, Bobby Bonilla in those old Pirates teams. All right, Jason, thank you. Appreciate it. All right, and Jeremy, you're up next. And then Joshua, you're on deck. Joshua Givner. Jeremy, you're up to bat. So you've got three spots right there. 18 and 22. There's 18. There's 22. 23 and 32. There's 23 and 32. 31 and 28. 31 and the pack on top, 28. So 28, 31, 28, 31, 32. And the reverse of that, 23. And then 22 and 18. All right, Jeremy, good luck. So I have a lot of ways to go. Trying to figure out, trying to see if we can find any of the big rookie names out of here. People like these blasts in the past. Anyone have any stories of any of these old players? It's Jack Morris. Someone give me a good Glenn Davis story. Remember Glenn Davis? There's Red's edition of Paul O'Neill. And there's Jim Olander, Gold Foil. I do not remember Jim Olander at all. Pedro Estacio, I remember that guy. Carby Puckett, gone too soon. There's Oral Hershizer who's doing color commentary for the Dodgers on their TV network. There's pack 22. Oh, right off the top. Nice. Jeremy Razor, Mariano Rivera. Mike Piazza, too. Tyler Brenner is a big rookie in this. Carlos Delgado. Trevor Hoffman, Tripper Jones. Nice Mariano Rivera. Let's see how that grades out. There's Matt Stairs. I think Daryl Kyle, maybe no longer with us, right? Ah, good call, Gabe. So, Gabe pointing out, hey, all the rookies are in street clothes. That makes sense. There's Aaron Sealy. And BJ Wallace. Al Morris. Pack 32. Yeah, might be retired by the time we see any of these cards get graded out. I think Beckett finally had to shut down for a little bit. Going to hiatus. It's quite a haircut there, Dan Smith. And there's Joe Randa, Gold Foil. It's quite a sweater on Joe Randa. The tucked-in sweater. Classic. There's Ozzy Guillen. Alright, two more packs to go for Jeremy. Another Mariano Rivera. Carl Everett. Nice. Another Moe. There's Charles Nagy. Anyone have a good Charles Nagy story? Didn't he have a good split finger? Alright, and your final pack, Jeremy, thank you. Big unit. Looks pretty cool there. Michael Tucker. Kent Herbeck. Alright, and that was your final pack, Jeremy. Pretty couple nice Mariano Rivera's in the mix. So, thanks very much for getting into the action. I appreciate it. Josh with a couple packs. Landon, you're on deck. Six and 26. Six and 26. Good luck. Hey, nice Mark McGuire. Alright, and pack 26. And there's Howard House. Taking a nice picture right up against the Ivy. But he's with the Brewers. I guess maybe it's just an outdoor shot? I guess there's a lot of outdoor shots here. There's Fred McGriff. Ken Kaminetti. Arthur Rhodes. Alright, thanks Josh for giving this a shot. Alright, Landon, you're up next with a couple packs. And then Matt Hennick. You're on deck. Four and 29. Four and 29. Good luck. Troy Percival. He had a pretty solid closer for a little bit. And nice. Gold, foil, Manny Ramirez. There you go, Landon. Rookie. Might be some good grading opportunities here. Could be a lot of value there. I mean, what does that go for? No, not just to satisfy my curiosity. I know this break is long enough, but just to satisfy my curiosity, 1992, Bowman, Manny Ramirez, Gold foil, I guess would be my search on 130point.com slash sales. So the actual card itself, maybe going for around five bucks. If you get a PSA 9, $21, what does the PSA 10 go for? Someone's asking 75 for a PSA 10? Not bad. Now that we're here, what about just a base Mariana Rivera? Can go for 50 to 60 bucks? 50 to 70 bucks? PSA 9, I see 160. Around there. Obviously Mariana Rivera is going to be a lot better. That's not bad for Manny Ramirez. I thought it might be a little bit lower, but obviously Mariano is one of the bigger ones. What about Mike Piazza? Yeah, I would imagine, yeah, Jim Owen saying the Mariano is the highest. The PSA 10 sold for over 700. Yeah, that would be my guess too. How about the Piazzas? Piazza ungraded, maybe 25 bucks? PSA 9, 50 bucks? Which is not bad either. Someone sold a PSA 10 for 175 last weekend? It's not bad. There's a Barry Bonds, gold. All right, Landon, thank you. All right. And then Michael P, you're on deck. Matt, 7 and 15. There's 7. Also, isn't there a Hoops game on right now? Hawks at Nix, is that what we're watching? Four games? See, where's the other game? Wait, no, there's, I think there's an NBA TV game too. There is. Sorry, Matt. The game that's further along is Wizards at Philadelphia, and Sixers are up 3-1, but no, no Embiid tonight. Jack McDowell, 15 for you, Matt. The Washington's up 40 to 39, with about 645 left in the first half. It's Rusty Meacham. And Trevor Hoffman's actually a rookie. Chad McConnell. Gene Larkin. Damien, what's up? The Chase, Mariano Rivera rookie cards. There's some just nostalgic blasts from the past year too, but in terms of, in terms of return on investment, Mariano Rivera rookie cards. All right, thanks, Matt. Trevor Hoffman's a rookie too. So is Mike Piazza. Carlos Delgado's a rookie. Manny Ramirez is a rookie in this too, so a lot of a lot of other fun stuff as well. All right, Michael P with packs 11 and 12. Yeah, SKS saying Trevor Hoffman, PSA 10, about 150 to 200 bucks. It's not bad. About $55 got you two packs out of here, so that's a pretty decent return. And it's fun. Don't discount. Just seeing like an old product from the past. It's always good to see. Phil Nevin. Next pack for you, Michael. Brian, Drew, is this the Brian Jordan that was, wasn't he one of the last, one of the last two-way players? Was that, is that a different Brian Jordan? Wasn't there like a Braves Brian Jordan that was one of the last two-way players? I think he played for the Falcons for a little bit and the, and the Braves, I want to say. All right, moving on. Oliver Smith and Peter Roses. You're on deck. Oliver Smith, you're up to bat. 35 and 21. These packs are dwindling now. You're getting there. Getting to the end. 35 and 21, 35 and 21. I don't go and get it, Damon. We posted that last night. And there's Will the Thrill. Doug Linton looks so, so polite here. Almost like a, like a high school portrait photo. Wow. Look how young Derrick Lowe looks here. I love, I love the 1992 style right here. We've got, let's see what's going on here folks. First of all, let's take a look. We've got the long sleeve polo sweater. Long sleeve sweater tucked in, no belt, right, and the undershirt. You got a white undershirt with the sweater that's tucked in, no belt. There you go, Oliver Smith. All right, Peter, you got a couple packs and then Robert Montgomery, you're on deck. Peter with pack 20 and 30. Here's 20, here's 30. I feel like that, that could still fly today. There's Curtis Shaw. Yeah, that could fly today. That's a, it's a great tie, Alex. There's Rick Green. Pack 30. Derrick Lowe again. I love that Cliff Floyd jump right there. I think I feel like that's really cool. And there's Carlos Delgado, Solomon Torres, and Gary Carter being a good guy right here. Who's that? Is that Gary Carter as well? Carlos Delgado rookie and I just, I just, I don't know if this has any value. Cliff Floyd was a solid player. He's on an MLB network now, but I just like that shot. All right, onwards. Robert Montgomery. So Ryan Redman, you're on deck. Robert Montgomery, thanks for your patience. One and three. It's this stack right here. One and three. All right, Jason Wood leads us off. There's Willa Cordero and Thomas. Nice. And Matt Williams. Matt Williams. See what we got here. Got Andy Ashby. It's Tim Wallach and Robert. Nothing too crazy there, but thanks for giving this a shot. Appreciate it. Almost there. So we got Ryan Redman. Pack 33 and 16. Then Sam, you're next.  Ryan, good luck. Greg Swindell. All right, what about pack 16? Behind Mike Stanley is Danny Jackson, Nigel Wilson, Joe Carter, Walt Weiss, Sid Breen, George Brett, Alvin Davis, Osuna. All right, nothing too crazy there, Ryan, but thanks for giving this a go. Appreciate it. Sam and SKS, thanks for your patience, you guys. I appreciate it. 10 and 36 for you. 10 and 36. 10 and 36. And SKS, you have the last two right there. Sam, good luck. Thank you. We don't have any more of this 1992 Bowman, but keep your eye out on the website all the time, jaspyscasebreaks.com. You never know when surprises like this, when blasts from the past like this appear on the website. It's always, always a little fun to do. Got Ryan Klesko. There's Klesko here. Oh, dear. This guy would bang in the home runs, right? All right, Sam, last pack. Garrett Anderson, Dave Steeb. Okay, look at this. It's like a baseball. And Bill Swift is your gold foil. Is that the name of Bill Swift? Is that the name of the Flex Tape Flex Seal guy? Maybe? All right, Sam, thank you. Nothing too crazy there, but I appreciate you getting in. Appreciate your patience. All right, and last but not least, SKS, 34 and 19. There's 34 and 19. Let's see what we got. Let's see if we can finish this box strong. See a couple monsters here, a couple monster names. Got Mark Newfield, Dave Winfield, Galaraga, Quantrill, Glenn Davis, and Joe Randa. Chris Sebo, I don't know if Chris Sebo, one of the first guys rocking the goggles. All right, and the last one. Good luck, everybody. No, not everybody. SKS, thank you, everybody, is what I meant to say. Good luck to SKS. Let's see. Some big names. We need bigger names than Greg Hansel. Tony Fernandez. We got Chris Roberts, Darren Jackson, Alice Berks, Movan, Pete Inchavilia, Tome at the end. All right, nothing crazy there to close things up, but I appreciate everybody getting into the mix. In 1992, Bowman Baseball One Box Random Pack Break Number 2. Thank you, everybody. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye-bye.