So good morning all. Thanks for popping in. I'm Wayne Morse. I'm the co-director of the Emory Center for Digital Scholarship. And my talk today is going to be really a comparison in contrast of three different projects. One starting one kind of our first iteration as a center and then one we just launched or relaunched three weeks ago. So there are some similarities and there are some differences and I think we can learn from both. At least I know that we have as a center about how to do future work and how to handle the problems that I've heard at almost every session of sustainability and scalability to make sure that these things live on past just when we're working with faculty. Website I'm gonna go through these slides very quickly just to give you all a quick basis because I really like to spend some time talking about the projects. That's a little shot of our site. We are purposely have a giant glass wall to make Digital Scholarship transparent to the outside. We are we actually are part of the library and IT services division but we sit between the library and IT and we were put there purposefully when a group of librarians and faculty and IT folks brought us all together from some centers that were originated back in the 90s. A text digital text center, digital pedagogy center, data center were all blended about six years ago now June because this committee saw the writing on the wall where faculty were trying to put their research as part of their teaching and vice versa and the digital worlds were combining. So we've come together in this unique kind of organizational structure which I would argue and I will talk a little bit more as we continue allows us to really position to draw on resources from both sides of the organization and still report up to the same the same person so we can have alignment of mission with GIS digital pedagogy, statistical analysis, mapping. So that should be something that is familiar to folks. We've added virtual and augmented reality in the past three years. And we have about 13 FTEs comprised of librarians, IT professionals and what I want to call newly minted scholars, recent PhDs. And it's been unique to blend that group together. We also have about 30 graduate students on the payroll and they fit in roles from helping patrons when they come in the door to learn that new technologies all the way up to project coordinators because we can't call them project managers because you need some special letters behind your name when you're project manager. But they have they they run our projects for us. They are active team members as part of our teams. And quite honestly, we couldn't do what what we do without them. The graduate students really allow us to scale as projects kind of ebb and flow without having to hire people or set up new types of relationships and let them all go when those projects go away. So it's really been a wonderful relationship. We have a very wonderful program to train our students to when they come on board that you can see online. So here's our principles. Focusing on Emory strengths, the collection, the faculty, the students, the region really make trying to maintain sustainable practices. That includes open source and empowerment. I can't stress the open the empowerment term enough. We just talked about it in the session I was just in earlier today. We're not the kinkos of the world, right? If you know faculty want to come in and do a project, they are active project partners. And they have to attend project meetings. And they have to understand because they're really the subject matter that makes this thing work. We're focusing and including accessibility in our initial mo use when we start our projects. So the faculty and or library patrons, or we have some graduate students with projects as well, all know that that's key. Everything that comes in our door has to be a form of public scholarship. So that's one of the things that helps us so we don't have to drink from the fire hose so much.  And that for better or worse helps us maintain and kind of manage the the need for our services. And we have to collaborate and coordinate, right? When I said earlier that we sit between the library and it, if we don't have agreements and know that we're all coming in the same direction, we're never going to get their help and we need their help. So we range just like anybody else from consultations to workshops to publish a digital scholarly peer peer review journal to all types of scholarly projects and we call everything a scholarly project that comes in the door. That's not a consultation because it helps us manage resources. So the faculty member wants a once a map that they want to have created in our GIS library and helps them. That's a project because at our team meetings, we have to know that she's out of pocket for that project. So today, thanks for bearing with me for the, for the, for the overview. I'd like to focus now on three projects, as I said, their aspects, their similarities or differences, some of the observations that we've had after we had a little time to reflect on how they went and how those, as importantly, how those things impact how we do business and how we're going to start doing business in the future. First one I was, I'm going to highlight is the Belfast Poetry Group. This is from our wonderful collection of Irish poets that lives in our Rose Library, our manuscript and rare, rare books library. The, the information of, of these poetry groups had several types of analysis that was, that was, that was brought to bear. As you can see the different types of visualizations, the different types of analysis. This Belfast Group met in the late 60s and early 70s. So along with the site, you get input about, or you get bios of all of the different authors and poets. You can do a network graph to see how, through correspondence and how they wrote, wrote and called each other out in some of the, some of their poems. You can analyze that. You can also do a chord diagram to see the strength of these relationships. And then you can see how the two different groups, because they met at two different times in history, how those two groups interact. Those were all excellent. We also did the, the map of where we think and where the correspondences came from. The key point that I would like to highlight today is this piece, the essay. This was a scholarly essay, is a scholarly essay, published by two of our team members, Dr. Brian Croxall and Dr. Rebecca Sutton-Coser. Brian is now at BYU and Rebecca is now at Princeton. But they both had English PhDs and the purpose of this site was to argue their essay using that data. And when we did this, this was one of the first projects we did as a formal center. When we did this, we had lots to learn, right? We learned about the visualizations, we learned about copyright, of course, and how things we could show and what we couldn't. And we learned how to support scholars in their work. And we thought this was going to be one of the traditional modes or one of the most popular modes we would operate under going, going forward. Unique to this project was that idea of it was presenting a specific hypothesis. There was a scholarly argument to be made from, from their work. It test, it tested a common scholarly belief by Brian and Rebecca. The scholars were part of the center. So it was they already had an understanding of what all went into the work, how our center worked. They were part and parcel with those to those discussions. They were the two primary contributors to the site. They were the ones who are we call them our faculty champions. They were they were the ones who were driving the project. And although the original site was earlier, the 2008 version was a new analysis was their unique analysis. So as I said, Brian worked in ECDS, the center, and Rebecca worked in the library. So they were our champions. And last year, about 3,500 unique visitors to the site. There are a couple of places right now speaking of care and feeding that need to be looked at again. But overall, a very successful endeavor, the things that we gleaned from this to apply to other ones or hopefully knock on wood was this idea of a single scholarly article, the net the network analysis I thought was fascinating, and we can probably reuse some of those things. Copyright considerations are everywhere all the time. So we learned a lot to that process. We did provide for the download of the data via GitHub. So the idea was that folks could download could test these these hypotheses and run data on them against run tests against that data and see what they got. Python Django is our primary development stack, which seemed to be pretty stable. And right now we're talking about moving this from an on premises installation to cloud hosting for many, many reasons. And I'll talk about that in just a second. Second project. Variations on the same corpus, different pieces of the corpus, the new American poetry project. This is part of the Danowski collection, again in our Rose Library. The initial argument for this was to talk about a scholar named Donald Allen's piece about how this how many of these authors who published and and the publications connected. So again, we're going to use some of our analysis techniques. We published the covers of the journals because we didn't have a copyright to publish every article. You could go and search some of the contributors and see how they interconnected just by their names. Again, we showed the argument of Donald Allen and what he thought were the connections between those authors. And then we gave users the possibility to go and dive deeper and see what the full collection of data showed, whether or not that proved or disproved or brought brought new things to light. One main change that I recognize was the change and how the article or the scholarly argument was brought forward. Kevin Young wrote this and he wrote this as an invitation to other scholars to come in and look at the data. It wasn't a definitive argument against Donald Allen. In fact, it kind of pivoted on that initial plan. And I'll talk about that here in a second as well. But I thought it was very interesting. It's just two or three short years to recognize the change in one scholarly argument and the data that went against that to an invitation for scholars to come up to the Rose Library and see the collection and also analyze the data that was brought forth on the site. So that was one of the unique pieces of this. There was another unique is that this had to be strongly connected to the Rose Library and to the library in general. So it's less of an independent scholar or a non-library scholar's work. It had to be very integrated in that. The scholar framed the question. He was, again, English faculty and some of our litz developers were also partnering with them in fact several because it changed, like I said, originally from the Donald Allen argument to a broader argument that Kevin Young brought forward. So the five, again, primary contributors. So we're up in that number and a little more than 3,000 unique visitors in its two or three years since 2018 or in 2018. So pretty good visibility. Again, our shared items, which we were happy to reuse. The first three are ones I spoke of already. Download for the data we thought was very successful with our initial one. So we put that up for people to analyze the data and we saw people using their own tools, software tools as one of the primary ways for them to get on to this analysis. Again, moving it from on-premise to cloud hosting, Python Django continued to be kind of our base application stack. And we really thought that we could apply some of those lessons from our initial Belfast onto this, which we did. So project number three, the slave voyages trade. Slave voyages.org, which just two weeks ago, two and a half weeks ago, was relaunched with this brand new, can't really see it, but it's an awesome graphic, brand new look and feel integration of new data from not only it started out with the transatlantic data, 36,000 voyages of enslaved people to now the intra-American database. Much more looking for, hadn't been touched since 2008. So this is a newer look, much cleaner, since it's been around for quite a while. Several different resources for the methodology involved in the site. It has a little more longevity than my first two that I showed, so it has quite a history. There's a peek at the database. One of the primary changes for this is that you can manipulate the data at a very high level on the site itself. Now this went counter to what we had had historically done with allowing for the data to be downloaded, which we do for this as well. But the history of this site had shown that one of the primary user groups are K-12 organizations and K-12 teachers. They don't have a lab where they can download SPSS and SAS and R and run against the dataset. They need this capability within the site to generate and have their students go on the site and generate research. As also did traditional scholars. They used it quite, quite heavily. They were almost 75% of the user base. So this needed to be incorporated. Did it increase the complexity of the site? Yes. By a severe magnitude? Yes. But was it necessary for us to retain and support public scholarship with this data? Yeah, it was. It is. So the site also contains some estimates that scholars put together about how many enslaved people started on the voyage and how many actually got to their destination. As I said, you can go into all of the different voyages. All 36,000. And now we've just added another 11,000 or so from the Intra American.  Export that as CSV. It's very, very powerful site. There are some visualizations about the pathways themselves that the ships took. There are several essays from scholars all over the world. Again, because this is the, I would argue the longevity of this. And also Dr. David Altus, who is now emeritus at Emory, was the one who started this. Many, many of his graduate students are now in positions all over the globe and using it for additional research and for their research and adding to the research. So you can see how many different essays are involved. So a little different from our first one where it was the essay and the argument and the data supporting it. And also different from the second one, which was an invitation for people to use the data. This is kind of a hybrid. It uses both. It uses both. It has definitive essays on board, but it also invites folks to get on to the site and do their own analysis and come up with their own arguments. It also includes an image gallery. And as of three weeks ago, the first and only one that we know of, 3D representation of a slave ship taken from 18th century plants that you can go down and see. So there's a video on the website if you all would like to take a look at that. Fascinating, powerful, and upsetting all at the same time. And you can imagine the project team. This is just from 2019 to the present and it scrolls way down beneath what my screenshot was. We both have teams back and there's two other iterations. 2008 actually was when it made the migration from CD to online. But we felt as important as I've heard in several presentations and have had heard since the last time I attended CNI three or four years ago. The importance of capturing the people who were on the project team and did work as part of that team. Be it graduate students or be it IT professionals or be it librarians or be it whomever. To have that as a record of the people who worked on this scholarly project is one of the keys. So a quick review about unique items here, the analysis of the database in multiple ways via the site, provided online, really to support that accessibility for what we're calling a non-traditional scholar. To have people actually interact with the material and the database without having to download their own their own systems. It's translated in three languages because of the importance of the data both in English, Spanish and now Portuguese especially with the addition of the intra database. The huge amount of enslaved people from Brazil up. The Portuguese language was needed. We have open educational resources, OERs as part of the site now. And as I said captured the multiple sites or the multiple sets of team members and last year was over 300,000 unique visitors. We do have additional data again from the users of the site how valuable it is and they are very vocal when something doesn't work when they'd like to add something new. So this is just one piece of the analysis and the evaluation for this site. The shared items again providing the data using the same digital ways or having digital data visualizations, scholarly articles, image collections, Python Django still is the primary stack. There are several applications that live on top of that. And this one is very interesting in the way that it's going to move from on-prem to cloud hosting. It's been lucky enough to receive several grants from the Andrew Mellon Foundation and from the NEH over its lifetime. The most recent one to do this latest update that you saw with the UIUX and the addition of the other data sets, all toll was close to half a million dollars between Mellon and NEH and Harvard and California and Emory. So we envision a time where that's not going to be as easy in the future. It's going to be more difficult. So the plan is right now is to create a consortium of multiple schools, put it into AWS, let it sit up there so people don't have to worry about, oh at our university we have Ruby and Rails not Python Django so we have to flip things over here if we're going to bring it on to ours now if you want to hand it off. So it becomes a collective resource. Everyone pays a little bit to be part of the consortium. We've spoken to at least a dozen faculty from different organizations who are interested in joining, saying is it cool for us to have it up there? Can you still write grants against it if you don't own it? It's not on-premise. And they said of course. In fact they actually prefer it that way because they don't have to fight their IT departments and worry about those things. If they can write a grant for a piece of it to add to add new data or to do something like that, that's much easier for them. They still get credit in their TNP. Their institution gets credit. They get to do their research but they don't have to worry about kind of all the other stuff that comes with moving a huge system to their local premise. So the idea right now and still it's informed the stage that each one will pay a little bit. It'll go to a kind of a collection of money to help support it and they can write individual things and they'll go in front of a group, a committee to say yeah this is good let's bring it in now. It's not. So we'll see how that new model scholarship works. I think the sciences have been doing it for quite a while. So here's all three. There were some things that we could transfer between the between the three and there were some things that probably didn't transfer so well that we learned about. So in the unique considerations role, and I kind of see it as a as a wave of complexity. Once you want to make one change how many ripples come from that and how do you handle those ripples? The bigger change you make the more ripples you have to deal with right? It's like a pebble in the in the water. More complex design when we did it for slave voyages, much more work from our developers. Actually we had to go out and partner with some external developers to get that done in the timeframe for the grant and that introduces its own rate of complexity as you can imagine. The coordination of that is something that we've learned a lot about specifically for the voyages project. Like I said the funding for that has come from multiple sources. So our project coordinator, she can't just focus on the project. She's got to focus on where all these grant funds coming from. Does every see them? Where do they all get to you know sent to? How do you how do you know disperse them in a way that makes sense? How do I make sure that the researchers over in England are getting paid for what they're doing before they send their work? So there's a whole different level of complexity and we are still we even partner with our finance folks and with our RAS unit to make sure things go through with the grant. But there's a whole another level of complexity that she has to deal with. Scholarly outcomes are unique. Some people want to make their argument. Some people just want to introduce and welcome other scholars to make their arguments. Accessibility is key, making sure that people can get access to these things. Band width of course considerations. Making sure we don't have to have any external plugins anymore. Sustainability like I said with the one model we have for voyages. I think it'll be an interesting experiment to see how we can sustain that in this in this current current times. And then the idea of bringing all these elements into the university's repository. How do we make that happen? How do we make these kind of non-traditional elements in there which is something that everybody is talking about the conference as well and we are wrestling with. So just to know that when you increase the wage or increase people in funds and time we can share our methodologies or we have shared methodologies on network analysis which is proven to be handy on not only these projects but multiple ones. Copyright guidelines have proven to be very very beneficial. And the use of having an agile team. Not only us as a group within our division being agile and being able to bring projects in and then empowering faculty to take them on out the door through a dream host account or whatever we need to do to get them to live on so we don't have to maintain all these. But really being able to go down one direction with a faculty member and say wait a minute I want to add this or I want to change and the whole team back up and go to a little different direction. I would argue that you know the IT when they're keeping people soft running or the library when they're keeping the discovery tools and everything else going for them to stop and take a right turn real fast is very disruptive. Our team it's still disruptive but not quite as much for for us. Cloud hosting I think is going to be something that's very beneficial. Like I said we we use dream host for we have currently have 47 ongoing projects in house. And most all of them have a plan to move to dream host be them WordPress or Omega or any other tools that we support. And for a few hundred dollars faculty can pay and keep all the back end going. And then we can be there for the front end to put in new data and really try to do new new new experiences new ideas. Project coordination is key. Not only to make sure that things get paid things get done communication is critical. So it's much more than just someone to convene meetings this is really an integral this is more of an IT project manager ID. That someone who knows the project knows the content knows the connections around campus. And knows how to make this happen. And it's respected in that position as well. So it's more than just to you know someone to make sure that the meetings happen this is really a key team member. And then you add in the grants and the funding and it just to give me gets more and more more critical. Continuity also is another area. And by that I mean continuity within the team. Because if we swap out a developer halfway through because of some unforeseen instance. A new one has to come in and get all up to speed and ramped up and understand what's going on. So there's that part of the continuity equation. There's also part of the continuity equation with the faculty. If they get pulled off an area and we have to show this for a while they have to understand that they'll have to go back in our in our triage line and they'll have to be you know come when it when when we have an opening in the next six or eight months. That's there's a little problematic when you get grant deadlines with that. But I would hope that they wouldn't let the grant slides. We haven't had to knock on wood somewhere to deal with that yet. And then to transfer the care and freeing. So like I said dream host helps a lot in doing this. Qualified external vendors that we have a great relationship help do that. We do have a few that we host initially you know we host internally. Some of our tools that we build open access tools. We signed SLAs with our IT folks and make sure that those work. But I'm trying to keep those at a manageable level. Simply again because we need bandwidth to do new stuff. So we're taking care of all the old stuff. We don't I can't ask people to put in 150 hours a day for a week. So. And how it's changed how we do business. Really to record some of these things and make note of them is key internally. At our at our division meetings in our publications in our blog in our presentations to everyone. Notice how we learn from these things even if it is a mistake where we have to turn. We need to capture those. We also need to recognize the pace of scholarship. So. I've been with them now 22 years. I came from outside of higher ed. And the pace is very different as you all probably know I'm reaching the choir probably on that. But that's something that you just need to deal with. You're not we're not going to you know translate. I'm not going to give a faculty member an IT SLA and have them understand what's going on. So I have to understand how to not only translate that but also work with them to make sure they understand that. Again we have to map our processes from from from our partnerships. We have several partnerships not only with our departments in schools but also with external vendors. And also with external schools and regional organizations. And also the the idea of keeping things up to date but knowing when to when when is the difference between keeping up to date and creating a new project. So it's kind of bug fixes versus new new capabilities and that's a tricky line to walk.  And that tweak really takes you know 20 hours of programmer time plus some testing and quality control. So there are still some areas that you're saying hey that's great idea but propose a project we're going to make that as as small hurdle to jump as possible and then we'll get you on your way. And the community involvement I mean like I said we couldn't do it without our partners not only internal to our division but also partners in the state and partners in the region and really outside the region like I said voyages partnerships with Harvard and with Cal so there's all different types of partnerships and those aren't going to go away. I think those are going to be increase increasingly important and there's going to be more of it especially when you talk about public scholarship.


Great Scenes from Great Plays with your host Walter Hamden and starring tonight Mr. Henry Fonda in Young Mr. Lincoln. On behalf of the families of the Protestant Episcopal Church in your own community and the Episcopal Actors Guild, we welcome you to another half hour of Great Scenes from Great Plays transcribed by famous artists of stage, screen and radio. And now your host, the distinguished actor-manager, Mr. Walter Hamden. Good evening. Our play tonight is memorable for its portrayal of one of our greatest men in his youth. It's called Young Mr. Lincoln. Now, though he's already tall and well-known out in Illinois, in tonight's story Abraham Lincoln has not yet cast his long historic shadow on our land. He's just young Lincoln. And our play deals with just one episode in his life. An episode which is an inspiring illustration of his greatness. And here to portray this man for us is the distinguished star of the current Broadway hit Mr. Roberts. I am pleased to have you meet Mr. Henry Fonda. Thank you very much Mr. Hamden. You know, we sort of always think of Lincoln as a sorrowful man of history. You forget about Abe, the young fellow full of sass, country humor and homely beginnings. His downright plainness for one, a kind of twinkling honesty and already that sense of justice burning inside him. That's what this story shows. That's the Springfield Lincoln that came to be America's Lincoln. Yes Henry, our play shows the greatness born of humility. So let us raise the curtain now on Young Mr. Lincoln, adapted for radio by Alan Sloan and starring Henry Fonda. The heart of Springfield in Illinois back in America's youngest days is like most small towns of the time. A public square formed by a courthouse and church, store and tavern, bank and blacksmithy. Plain glad people on the wooden sidewalks, the gentry and smart carriages on dirt roads. But the young man who comes riding in upon a borrowed pony is quite unlike most people. So much so, he's quickly recognized even in the state capital. Hey, hey, what are you doing in Springfield? Going to be a lawyer friend. Oh, what do you know about law? Not enough to hurt me.  And his face. See Abe, I gotta watch rightfully belongs to you. How come friend? Well I said I was to keep it till I met someone uglier than me. Boy, you've won it. If you're going on looks friend, maybe you better throw in the chain too. Young Mr. Lincoln came to Springfield to be a lawyer. Behind him, the rail splitting, the love and the loss of a girl called Anne, the hard study of law in borrowed books, a head, small cases, tall tales told down in the courthouse square. So I told him sure I'm common folks. Lord must have loved the common folks, he needs so many of them. Hey, hey, hey. How's that? Hey, look there, isn't that Steve Douglas walking there with the lady? Sure is, don't he strut though. Ah, look at that, she's gone and caught her parasol in the cottonwood tree. Look at him stretch though. Well now, my legs will come in handy there. Care it Mr. Douglas, do be careful. Excuse me, ma'am, now I'll fetch it down. There. Why, thank you, Mr. May I present Mr. Abraham Lincoln, Mr. Lincoln, Miss Mary Todd. It's a pleasure, ma'am, I'm sure. Thank you, I've heard some mighty fine things about you. Well, ma'am, just don't you believe all you hear. I hear you've got that murder case on for tomorrow. That's true, but I don't hear, Mr. Douglas, that your silver tongue has assisted the state to prosecute. There was a record I wouldn't have a chance. Oh, Balderdash, I had been approached on the matter, but previous commitments... Of a political nature? Interfered. Naturally. Well, ma'am, I'll be leaving now if you'll allow. I hope we'll meet again, Mr. Lincoln. Won't you call? Ma'am, it'll take a court order to stop me. So that's Abraham Lincoln, my... Very quaint. You should see him in court. Oh yes, what is this case you spoke of? Oh, a village affair. Two young men held for the murder of a third. Lincoln is defending the two brothers. The state requested my advice, but to my opinion it was unnecessary. Lincoln can't win. I should like to go to the trial. Would you accompany me and see him make a fool of himself? Why, yes, I'd be delighted. I'd like to see him in court. The State of Illinois is now in session. Judge Herbert A. Ball presiding. All right, Mr. Clerk, let's get started. Yes, Your Honor. The State of Illinois versus Matt Clay and Adam Clay, brothers. Is the state ready, Mr. Felder? May it please the court. The state is ready. Ready, sir, and waiting. And the defense? The defense. Oh, as soon as I fix these galluses of mine, Your Honor, I'll pitch in like a dog into a root. Last of these 12 good men and true, I got a right to challenge his jurors. Mind if I ask you, you drink? Well, yes. Cuss? Well, yes. Got a job? Well, no. Like to loaf? Yes. Ever tell a lie? Why, sure. And you're just a kind of honest man I'm looking for. Take your place. Mr. Prosecutor, it's your move. Gentlemen of the jury, the good book says, thou shalt not kill. Thou shalt not kill. What Matt Clay and Adam Clay did not heed that commandment Two against one. They came at scrub white with their deadly weapons. Scrub white. A man, an American who loved life, loved the blue heavens, the soft caress of the wind, the gentleness of a woman's smile.  And there, gentlemen, sit his murderers.  Your Honor, I would like to call Sheriff Billings as Julie Sworn Officer of the Law. Have you ever seen this knife before? Yes, sir. It's a knife they killed scrub with. Sheriff, did you see him do it? No, but a counsel will voice his objections to the court. Sheriff, what else did you find at the scene? A jug of liquor, about three quarters full. They'd been drinking? As usual, they said. That's all? Your witness, Mr. Lincoln. Sheriff, where's that jug now? In my jail. Any left? Well, some. How much? Who drank it? Well... That's all. Your Honor. Your Honor, I submit that in attempting to discredit the witness, an officer of the law, my worthy colleague is not only casting discredit upon the state, but in so doing is departing the merits of the case itself. I object. Sustained. Mr. Lincoln, I'll ask you to confine your remarks. The trial goes on. Young Mr. Lincoln makes his small points. But the trend of the trial is clear. The state has a case. And so that night, after adjournment, young Mr. Lincoln rides out from town to visit the mother of his two clients. Well, Mother Clay, I'll put you some kindling. People used to say I could sink an axe deeper than anybody they ever did see. Ah, I want you to do something for me. But first you mustn't be afraid of me. Hi. It's for my boys, I'm afraid. I know, but you've got to answer me some questions. You've got to tell me the truth. I... The Bible says to. Yes, I know. Well then, will you answer me straight? I'll try. All right then. Mrs. Clay, which one of your boys killed Scrubwhite? You've got to tell me. Was it Adam? Was it Matt then? Tell me, I'm your lawyer. You can trust me. I can't tell you. I just can't. I don't want to scare you, ma'am, but I've got a fight on my hands. I've got to know what I'm doing. I've got to know. Whose knife was it then? Adam's or...? I can't. I... I trust you, sir, but I can't tell you. Why? Why not?  But what made them both say they'd done it? Well, Matt said it because he's the oldest. And Adam, he said it because Matt's got a wife and baby, I reckon. Mr. Lincoln, I'd like to help you, but I can't choose between my boys. Just one more question. Could I stretch out here in front of the heart and do some work? Work? Writing. Sort of note down some ideas about the trial. I'll have to figure things out and eat some paper, too. Oh, paper. Well, we don't have none, but... could you use this, maybe? I reckon I could, but, ma'am, I hate to take your almanac. Hey, Lincoln! Right here! What's the trouble? Down to the jail. There's a mob down there yelling for blood. They're out to hang the clay boys. You'll have to excuse me, Miss Clay. I better get right down there. We got nothing against you, Lincoln, but get down! What's running is man enough to make me. That's better.  I'd find that big mouth of yours here telling others what to do.  Well, first time I've ever heard of you trying to break into jail. Gentlemen all joking aside, let's look at this matter from my side. You all know I'm a fresh lawyer trying to get ahead. What are you boys trying to do? Do me out of my first clients?  It's more than that, though. I can get other clients, I hope, but hanging these without the pomp and show of law, I've... That's a little permanent. The chief trouble is when you start taking a law into your own hands, you're just as apt into confusion and fun to hang somebody who's not a murderer as somebody who is. I'd get so a fella can't pass a tree or look at a rope without feeling uneasy. We sort of lose our heads. Times like this, do things together, and we'd be mighty ashamed to do by ourselves. Why, take Jeremiah Carter there. There's not a finer, more God-fearing man in Springfield. Jeremiah, I wouldn't be surprised if you were to go right home now. Take down a certain book and look into it. Maybe you'll just happen to hit on these words. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. That's all I've got to say, friends. Good night. I reckon I'll see y'all tomorrow, though, at the trial. Mr. Felder, you may resume for the state. Your Honor, I should like to recall my witness, Mr. J. Palmer Cass. Mr. Cass. Mr. Cass, just what did you and Scrubwhite do the day of the murder? Objection. Sustained? Or, um, the day of the occurrence? Well, Scrub and me had a little argument and he went off by himself. Next thing I knew, I heard shouting and I run as fast as I could. When I got there, Scrub was laying on the ground and these two fellas were standing over him. Where was the knife? Well, I on the ground between them. Your witness, Mr. Lincoln. Brother Cass, what was this argument about between you and the late Scrub? Rather than I'd say. I'd rather you did say. Well, if you got to know, it was politics. That's so? Yeah. I said I figured you had more sense in politics than Stephen Douglas. And Scrub said you had no more sense than a hand in a duck pod. You see, Mr. Todd, that man Lincoln is hopeless. Yes, Mr. Douglas, I'm afraid he is. Now let's see what further blunders may make. Your Honor, I would like to call a surprise witness. May it please the court, the state desires I call at this time an eyewitness, Mrs. Abigail Clay. Is Abigail Clay? What does she expect to gain by calling her? Abigail. I have to go. Well, I can so. I reckon there's nothing I can do about it. Hey, you stand. You suddenly swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth to help you, God? Say I do. I... I do. You are the mother of Adam and Matt Clay here? Yes, sir.  Yes, sir. You'd like to save their lives, wouldn't you? Oh, yes, sir. I'm sure you would. Now, you were present. The night Scrub White was killed... I... I've seen him fighting. Don't be afraid of me. I have no desire to see you lose your two only sons. No man could wish that less. So, Mrs. Clay, on behalf of the great state of Illinois, on behalf of the people, I offer you the life of one of your sons.  Don't prompt her, Mr. Lincoln. Let her answer. I... I can't. Mrs. Clay, don't you know that under the law both your boys are equally guilty of murder that they may both be hanged? I... I won't tell you. You can't make me tell you.  I'm offering you the life of one son. Take it and tell us which one killed Scrub. No! No! No! Don't you know that this court can make you answer that you can be sent to jail yourself? That by your mistaken affection you're deliberately sending both boys to the gallows? Don't you know, Abigail Clay? That's enough of that. Your honor, I protest against the prosecution's attempt to force this woman to decide which of her sons will live and which die. In her eyes, those boys hold equal place. Your honor, the law! I may not know much of the law, Mr. Prosecutor, but I do know what's right and what's wrong. And I know that what you're doing, what you're asking is wrong. Your honor, look at this woman.  But is she no feelings, no heart? Your honor, please. Mr. Lincoln... Gentlemen of the jury, I've seen Mrs. Abigail Clay only three times in my life. But I know everything there is to know about her. And so do you. We've seen women like her hundreds. Working in the fields, working in the kitchens, nursing the sick and helpless children. And I will tell you that such a woman will never answer the question that's been put to her here. It will take a higher court than man can summon to force her to do that and a higher justice to judge her. Mrs. Clay, I'd rather see both your sons taken from you than see you break your heart by saving one at the expense of the other. So don't, Mrs. Clay. Don't you tell them. May it please the court. The state wishes to spare the jury any more harrowing outbursts. And so I call to the stand one other eyewitness to the murder of Scrubwhite. Recall Palmer Cass to the stand. Very simply now, Mr. Cass, where were you at the time Scrubwhite was killed? Well, a hundred yards away, I reckon.  Yes, sir. I saw it. Will you tell us how you happened to see so clearly? Well, it was moon bright. I see. Moon bright. The moon was full. Sure was. Bright as day. Therefore you could clearly see which boy pulled the knife. Yes, sir. The defendants will stand up. Now tell us, Mr. Cass, which of the defendants did you see stab and kill Scrubwhite? That one. The big one, Adam. Shit me! Mr. Lincoln, your witness, if there is anything you can think of to ask him. Oh, I can now think of something. Brother Cass, can you read? By sure. That's good. But first, you were sure it was Adam Clay you saw killed Scrubwhite? That's what I said. Yep. The reason you could see him was it was moon bright. Moon bright it was. All right. That's all. And now, Mr. Todd, he's hanged his clients. What do you think of your Mr. Lincoln now? I think I'd like to leave, Mr. Douglas. Would you be so kind? Cass! You said you could read. Read this. This page. Just a line I got marked with a pencil. Read that line, J. Palmer, Cass. Read it clear and strong to the court. This here? That there. Read it. Right from the almanac. Well, I... I don't hanker, too, but... On the evening of April 16th. The night of the killing that is. John, read. The moon will be in its first quarter. It will set at 10... 21. And the murder by your own testimony took place at 11. So it couldn't have been moon bright. Could it? You couldn't have seen it. Could you? You didn't see it, did you? Did you? No, you lied. You weren't trying to save anybody's neck with your own, Cass, were you? No, no, I didn't lie. I'll tell you why that argument you had wasn't over politics, me and Douglas. Everybody knows what you and Scrub argue about. It was liquor and women and money. No, no, sir, you're wrong, sir. It was nothing. It was a friendly fight. I'll tell you what you did. He was my friend. You were dry. You saw a fight. You saw Scrub fall. You ran over and he was still living. No, no, I don't remember. I was drinking. I was drunk. I didn't know what I was doing.  I don't remember. These two boys, Matt and Adam, each knew he didn't do it and each thought the other did and that's why each confessed. And their mother couldn't say because she didn't want to hang them both. They were helpless because you killed him.  Now deny you did it now, can you? Answer me. I didn't... I didn't mean to. You didn't mean to. But you did. That's all. You're witness, Mr. Prosecutor. Mr. Lincoln, sir. That's all right, Mrs. Clay. It's gonna be all right now. We ain't got much, but after what you've done, I... I want you to take this. This. Now, man, there's no call to... Why, thank you, ma'am. Hope all my clients pay off as fast. Mr. Lincoln. Well, howdy, Steve. My congratulations. And mine, Mr. Lincoln. Well, Miss Todd, you've been here all this long while? Yes, and I must tell you... Very masterly, Lincoln. Very well handled. I reckon either one of us better underestimate the other from here on out. I imagine not. Now, Miss Todd... Mr. Douglas, if I might speak to Mr. Lincoln. Well, yes, yes, of course. Alone. Well, well, I... I bid you good day. Good day. Mr. Lincoln. Ma'am. Mr. Lincoln, I saw everything. And I think... Well, I'll just say... thank you, Mr. Lincoln. Well, I thank you, ma'am. Would you... Would you accompany me home? I'd be proud to someday, ma'am. Right now, I... I reckon I'll saddle up and kind of ride out a bit. I want to get the smell of the country in my nose. I'm riding out. Won't be far. Good day, Miss Todd. Good day, Mr. Lincoln. Not far. I think you'll go far, Mr. Lincoln. Then... very far. In tonight's powerful drama, young Abraham Lincoln's resourcefulness changed an almost certain legal defeat into a triumph. A triumph that saved the lives of two innocent brothers and brought a vicious murderer to justice. So it was that throughout his entire life, Lincoln's resourcefulness often enabled him actually to do the good he knew in his heart ought to be done. Yes, it was Abraham Lincoln's determined resourcefulness, along with his love of truth, his courage, his deep sympathy for people, and the firm foundation of his faith in God that enabled him to do so much in making a better world as he constantly made himself a better man. How can we show our resourcefulness? What can each of us do right now to make ourselves better individuals and thus help in building a better world? Well, one answer is to give freely of our hearts and our time to the one institution that must grow stronger and stronger if the world and our present civilization are to be saved from destruction. That institution is the church. If you are already a church member, you know how much the church has done to help you build a stronger and more secure life. It will help you find the warm and welcome companionship of Christian neighbors. If you are not a member of any church or one long inactive, we urge you to be resourceful now and find out for yourself just how much active church membership can do for you. In choosing a church, you may find what you want in the Episcopal church. Of course, you are always welcome at your nearest Episcopal church and its clergyman is ready to meet and talk with you to explain to you what the Episcopal church stands for and how it offers you a faith to live by in these trying times. Why not decide right now to visit your nearest Episcopal church at morning services next Sunday? That will be a resourceful first step toward building a better world by making yourself a better person. I'd like to thank our guests and especially you, Henry Fonda, for a stirring performance. Next week, friends, it will be Christmas Eve. In the significant spirit of the evening we'll have the privilege of presenting two distinguished stars in an inspiring program you will long remember. We call it Christmas Carols. Our guests will be Miss Gladys Swarthout and Mr. Lawrence Tibbet. I hope you'll join us. Music on tonight's Christmas Transcribe program was composed and conducted by Nathan Clough. Now an invitation from the church. You're cordially invited to attend services this coming Sunday morning at the Episcopal church nearest your home. If you're not familiar with its location or of the hours of service you'll find both listed in your local newspaper or church directory. Your rector will be happy to have you join his with us. Thank you.


Good afternoon. Welcome to House Regulatory Committee and we are here. We've invited Representative Pat Brennan to speak to us about S30. So, welcome. Thank you Madam Chair and thanks for the opportunity committee to present my ideas today and I've talked to Eric Fitzpatrick about a possible amendment and I'd like to run it by you guys first and I appreciate again the opportunity. In section two, and I don't have line numbers I apologize, but it's under the NICS area of the bill NICS background check. I simply would like to offer an amendment and I thought very hard about what number to put out there and I would like to see 10 I realize that's a vast departure from what you proposed so I have I will propose 15 I'm in no position to negotiate I totally understand that, but I think that's a reasonable number and it definitely doesn't, it puts a slight burden on a purchaser but it's reasonable in my opinion and that's basically what I'm offering I think 30 days might be a little too long and I'm worried about the redundancy in the application process and should a should a purchaser forget or not even know how to proceed with and I forget the terminology representative not used but the procedure for reapplying automatically fall through the cracks then the process starts over and I I really do believe 15 days.  I didn't I just wasn't certain when at first you mentioned a couple numbers I wasn't certain which number you had landed on so 15 thank you. Yes, thanks. So, committee I'm going to, you know, propose that we think about it not not vote on this until tomorrow morning but I just want to hold your people the opportunity to listen to representative Brennan and give folks the opportunity to ask any questions. That's for clarification. You're asking for 15 days or 15 business days. 15 days, 15 days because the process actually can start on a Saturday, which is a business day for firearms dealers or purchasers and in many states and on Sunday is actually a business day in some of the chains. Well, actually, did we hear. We did we hear testimony that it really is the next business day, do you have anything on that. The only testimony I remember is days ago was around the FBI three days right three days could go to five because the FBI isn't even though they're still investigating on the weekends they don't release, I get to say release the information from the following Monday. I think that's what I'm thinking and I wonder if that's the same here. I'm not certain that it will be. I did one thing to share. Yeah, so you know I've got I've got this, you know, one of the reports it's United States government accountability office and one of the things in regards to. I get this to business business days needed for the federal Bureau of investigation to determine 90% of national instant criminal background check denials. And this is, this is a little dated fiscal years 2006 or 2015 but they didn't have more more recent data compiled in for domestic violence offenses. It took 10 business days for a lot of the deferred ones to come back and that's just for 90% of them. So so I will say that well you know I understand some potential arguments to drop this below 30, I would have real concerns that the 15 days period is going to bump up against 10 business days way too often in regards to these statistics and you know someone who has a domestic violence conviction and should not get a gun. You know I would hate to see the gun in the hands of an individual like that, because 1010 business days was too close to to 15 days period. And again, we're still only talking about 90% not every case. I would like to get clarification on business days. Yes. Yeah, I'd like to get, yeah, I'd like to get clarification on, maybe Eric can help us with that tomorrow. You know if we're talking business days or not. Selena. Yeah, not to get like statistics see, but I mean, in the report that you're looking at representative not. I guess that those 10 days are the average length of time. Right, so there's like likely some that get cleared up in much shorter period of time between the, that duration of three and 10 days but some some that take substantively longer, I would imagine if if so that was really more but I guess that was a little commentary but also a question about just Yeah, that is correct and just for the record, this report is on our page. It was put under my name I believe yesterday. Any other questions or if I may Madam chair. Sure. I'm, I'm thinking on the, the 15 days and the in the business day aspect if you had. Unless I'm missing something if you had 10 business days to work with that would give you a five the 15 days would actually give you a five day cushion. And would only encompass the first weekend I believe so would give you, I don't know maybe I'm missing something I got a little head cold here going on so little fuzzy but I would say because, because what we're talking about is only 90% of the of the of the cases, you know, I would want to see a cushion in the other end to try and capture that that additional 10%. So, so I'm thinking it needs a cushion on on the other end. So that's where I'm worried about the drag towards not enough days if we just do days and not business days. And so, so again, your amendment is going to say 10 or 15 days. Well, if we were going to go business days I would, I'd like to see this pass obviously that's why I'm here. And that's at your mercy obviously so I would, if we're going to go business days I would like to do 10 business days, if we were going to just go days, I would like to do 15 I wasn't aware to be honest with you that background checks weren't conducted on the weekend because I always thought was an automated line I've watched it being done at a dealer before, and it's an automated line and I just, I don't know that it's. Disconnected during the weekend. I'm not sure I could check on that. The reason I said that is for remember right we heard some testimony that the the three days can actually turn into five if it encompasses the weekend. So that's that's why I said that. Because of that testimony I was under the impression that that something didn't happen on the weekend, I guess, where it could be extended into the up to the five days. Good. So I'll just know that you know, so yeah the the regular background check and again 97% of these don't go through the regular background check it's all automatic.  Yeah they don't turn off the computer so background checks are happening on Saturdays are happening on Sundays. It's when something gets flagged or something is. And I just mentioned that that's where you need a body in an office to check something and that's where the delay comes where if the automatic check couldn't be completed and you needed a human being to follow up that's where the the land a weekend or holiday would occur. So my answer to that would be, and I'm, this is just me I'm thinking that if it couldn't be completed. I would say on a Saturday, then by Monday. I guess I got it back up if it was if it was the call was connected and it was decided that it couldn't be. If it was located on a Friday say, and it carried into the next week, then there we are where it's going to get done in that week I would assume one where the other and if it didn't, it would be another 10 days from there, which personally I think is is plenty of time. I make any sense. I guarantee to capture all of us within that channel 15 days anyway. Yeah. We're at 97% now, I heard and I think another, another 1012 days added on to the, the three is is going to capture 2.9% of the 3% that's left. We're off the top of my head no science behind that but just a thought. Yeah. So, I'm curious what you know about the voluntary voluntary appeal. It's a BIF application. And as it states, actually in this document that the process, it allows applicants to request the next maintain information about themselves and the BIF to prevent future erroneous denials or extended delays of the transfer of a firearm. So, if you have an individual who doesn't get cleared in 30 days if that's what we're talking about there there is this other avenue for those diminishing number of people presumably that when you get to towards 30 days for them to be able to address this issue.  No, I haven't until today when representative not presented that in his testimony during interrogation but from what you just read I think that's something that correct me if I'm wrong that may go on file once you are finally okay after a lengthy delay. Is that the way that reads. I mean, if you've run I could be even a situation where even with the three day delay. I think that's part of it right now that you know if you keep on running into a three day delay and you don't want to have that. Here's an opportunity for you to go through this other process so that you don't run into that every time try to get a firearm, presumably the same thing would apply if it's 15 days 30 days or whatnot. I'm saying that it's not an endless loop necessarily if if it's 30 days if it's 30 days yeah the one has to reapply as my understanding as well. The few people that presumably are there at 30 days. But then there's this other way to prevent that from happening again. So I'm just wondering it doesn't sound like that's something you're as familiar with but and I I see where it may come in helpful for anybody who's run into obstacles in the past but I don't think I really don't think that it affects this my amendment at all and in the fact that it's it's intended for people who consistently run into issues. I think if I had to wait 30 days on a purchase I may hopefully be made aware of that by my local firearms dealer but I have never heard of that in the past and I still I think for first time buyers and and so forth with no criminal record and just a snag in the system. If we can't figure out in 15 days. If this person is is approvable then then something's wrong with the system a lot of I said earlier a lot of the system issues are reporting issues with state agencies a lot of domestic violence of cases are not reported to the next background check they're recorded but they still admire if you guys know more about this than I do but I think they still have to be reported. So yeah that's a that's a great tool. But I don't think it affects my amendment at all. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you Pat so. We're on for at 930 so we should probably some zoom whatever 1915. So we can, so we can look at your minute though. So we could look at We need to see it, you know, it'll be in the calendar. And that way we need to discuss it in a way not to consider it friendly or not. So what do people think? I'm gonna see what's, oh, so you're not, so you long, when are you? I'll be zooming in. Okay, and you're available, are you available like, when is there? Yes, yes, definitely. You do it nine o'clock. I say, let's do it nine, so we have a little time to work. All right, so yeah, it's a nine o'clock, please. Okay. So a reserve discussion until tomorrow, I'll take it when it's time. Well, yeah, and we should let, we should let Representative Brennan know that, yeah. I mean, we're still, we're still live. Yeah, we're still live.  I'm currently discussing this channel. I'm gonna copy that, it can be posted. Yeah, it's posted. Is it posted? Where'd that come from? That's right on the blue here. It's from the FBI, I just saw it online. I'd heard of this process before. It never came up, there are too many tests. Couple of them on our, yeah, pick up, yeah. So, I mean, I just want to kind of make the decision points really, really clear on this, that the 30 days certainly it's closing, very much closing that and going to any number below that is just delaying. And there are gonna be people who are prohibitive persons who are gonna get their firearms because you haven't resolved that data, the data that I know Will had cited to it, that's also on the system, a GAO report from 2016, but that covered a period of 2006 to 2015, something like that. And what they found is in the main offense or the main prohibiting factor that extended beyond three days was domestic violence misdemeanors. And my understanding is part of the reason for that, and you don't pick that up from this, but it's from previous testimony that it's not always clear in the police records that a particular charge or offense was domestic violence related. It could be just assault, and they actually have to see the charge and such to see that it was domestic assault, and therefore a misdemeanor that leads to somebody being prohibited in any event. It said that there were 70% of those kind of denials were resolved within the three days either immediately or within three days, and then an additional 10 days for 90%. But that doesn't say, you still have 10% of whatever denials that they eventually get aren't resolved. And that's a potentially significant number. That's one point. The other point is that since the COVID pandemic, the number of requests, the number of background checks that skyrocketed. And also my understanding that I read somewhere, unfortunately I don't have anything in, but I can try to find something, show this, that the number of firearms that are turned over after three days has gone up significantly as well. Price of FBI is overwhelmed. So again, I'm very concerned about going to any number below 30 days. I would completely understand it if there wasn't this other process that may be a little bit more arduous for those few people who actually get to that 30 days in Vermont that there is this alternative path that one can take to try to essentially clear the record or make it very clear. So they don't run into that delay again. So it is just really, it is closing the loophole or delaying it and halfway shutting the door. It's kind of how I see that. So I just want to throw that out there, my perspective on this. And I'm not sure where I am on all this. I'm glad we have overnight to think about it, but. Lena. Yeah, I was just going to add to Martin's recollection of past testimony. My recollection is similar that in those domestic violence cases that couldn't be resolved in three days, it has to do with both what, the reasons Martin stated, but also I think we heard at one point like variation in state law. So they're really sort of parsing out how things map to the federal prohibition from the state level and that that can take a little bit of time because there is variation from state to state. So I just want to throw that in the mix. And I guess I would say I'm concerned about shortening the number because it's not like 10 days is some magical set number that these things get resolved by. It's just that you take people's experience of five days and seven days and 12 days and 14 days and 15 days and two days and you add them all together and then you average them and the average is 10 or maybe it's a median, but it still means there's a lot of people for whom it's taking longer. And so I like where we've settled on the 30 days because I think it leaves a good buffer for that as a safety net for folks without just extending it forever. I think we've settled on a place of some moderation but that still has a good buffer of protection for folks. So, you know, happy to think about it overnight as well, but that's where I am at present. Thank you. Barbara, thank you. Yes, go ahead. So very similar to Representative Coburn. It does seem like if we're going to amend the bill, we don't want to create the Vermont loophole which would just replace the Charleston loophole. So 30 days seems to be a good catch all. And I just would hate for us to do this and not fix the problem. So I guess I will sleep on it, but you know, and would love any other research or evidence or data, but I'm hesitant to support this. Thank you. Yeah. This clarification from Will, so many numbers, days and I think it's thrown around. So we've got the three-day waiting period and you talked of, I think it was said that within 10 days, 90% of the questionable firearms getting issued are issued in that 10 days, is that right? So here's a, so figure six business stays needed for the Federal Bureau of Investigation and term it 90% of national instant criminal background check denials at this 20, 2006, 2015. And so for this one, for misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence, it was, you know, it was to catch 90 of them from 90 of them, it was 10 days. 10 days total. And it says a business day, sorry. 10 business days. Right, 10 business days, but it's not the three days plus the 10 days. Correct. Okay. Okay. Is there any other information like on 15 days? Not in this. Okay. Well, thank you. So we will adjourn and we'll be back here.


Hello and welcome to this presentation of the STM32i²C interface. It covers the main features of this communication interface, which is widely used to connect devices such as microcontrollers, sensors and serial interface memories. The i²C interface is compliant with the NXPi²C bus specification and user manual revision 3. The SM bus system management bus specification revision 2 and the PM bus power system management protocol specification revision 1.1. This peripheral provides an easy to use interface with very simple software programming and full timing flexibility. The i²C peripheral supports multi-master and slave modes. The i²C iO pins must be configured in open drain mode. The logic high level is driven by an external pull-up. The peripheral controls all i²C bus specific sequencing, protocol, arbitration and timing values. 7 and 10-bit addressing modes are supported and multiple 7-bit addresses can be supported in the same application. The peripheral in master mode supports slave clock stretching and clock stretching from the slave side. In slave mode configuration of the peripheral, the clock stretching can be disabled by software. The setup and hold times are programmable by software. Analog and digital glitch filters on the data and clock lines can be configured by software. The peripheral has an independent clock domain which allows a communication baud rate independent from the system clock. Here is the i²C block diagram. The registers are accessed through the APB bus and the peripheral is clocked with the i²C clock which is independent from the APB clock. The i²C clock can be selected from among the system clock, APB clock and the high speed internal 16 MHz RC oscillator. Analog and digital noise filters are present on the SCL and SDA lines. In addition, an SM bus alert pin is available in SM bus mode. The i²C setup and hold times can be configured by software through the i²C timing register. The SDA DEL and SCL DEL counters are used during transmission in order to guarantee the minimum data hold and data setup times. The i²C peripheral waits for the programmed data hold time after detecting a falling edge on the clock line before sending the data. After the data is sent, the clock line is stretched low during the programmed data setup time. The total data hold time is greater than the programmed SDA DEL counter. This is due to the fact that SDA DEL delay is only added once the SCL falling edge is internally detected. The time or T-sync 1 needed for this internal detection depends on the SCL falling edge, the input delay due to the filters and the delay due to the internal SCL synchronization with the i²C clock. However, the setup time is not impacted by these internal delays. The i²C master clocks, low and high level durations are configured by software in the i²C timings register. The SCL low and high level counters start after the detection of the edge of the SCL line. This implementation allows the peripheral to support the master clock synchronization mechanism in a multi-master environment, as well as the slave clock stretching feature. Therefore, the total SCL period is greater than the sum of the counters. This is linked to the added delays due to the internal detection of the SCL line edge. These delays, T-sync 1 and T-sync 2 depend on the SCL falling or rising edge, the input delay due to the filters and the delay due to the internal SCL synchronization with the i²C clock. The rising edge depends on pull-up resistor and SCL line capacitance. The falling edge depends on the IO port parameters defined in the datasheet. In order to properly configure clock speed, these edges can be either measured or calculated. They are needed in order to properly configure the i²C peripheral in the STM32 QBMX tool. Then the settings of the timing register can be automatically calculated by this tool. The i²C slave can acknowledge several slave addresses. The slave addresses are programmed into two registers. Own address register 1 can be programmed with a 7 or 10-bit address. Own address register 2 can be programmed with a 7-bit address, but the least significant bits of this address can be masked through the OA2 MSK register in order to acknowledge multiple slave addresses. The two own address registers can be enabled simultaneously. Master mode software management is very simple. Only one write action is needed to handle a master transfer with a payload smaller than 255 bytes. The full protocol is managed by the hardware. In order to start a transfer in master mode, i²C control register 2 must be written with the start condition request, the slave address, the transfer direction, the number of bytes to be transferred, and the end of transfer mode. End of transfer mode is configured by the auto-end bit. If it is set, the stop condition is automatically sent after the program number of bytes is transferred. If the auto-end bit is not set, the end of transfer is managed by software. After the program number of bytes is transferred, the transfer complete or TC flag is set and an interrupt is generated if enabled. Then a repeated start or a stop condition can be requested by software. The data transfer can be managed by interrupts or by the DMA. When the payload is greater than 255 bytes, the reload bit must be set in i²C control register 2. In this case, the transfer complete reload or TCR flag is set after the program number of bytes has been transferred. The additional number of bytes to be transferred is programmed when the TCR bit is set and then the data transfer will resume. The i²C clock is stretched low as long as the TCR bit is set. The reload bit is used in master mode when the payload is greater than 255 bytes and in slave mode when slave byte control is enabled. When the reload bit is set, the auto-end bit has no effect. By default, the i²C slave uses clock stretching. The clock stretching feature can be disabled by software. In receive mode, the slave acknowledge on received byte behavior can be configured when slave byte control mode is selected together with the reload bit being set. When the SBC bit is set, the number of bytes counter is enabled in slave mode. Clock stretching must be enabled when slave byte control is enabled. In receive mode, when slave byte control is enabled with the reload bit set and the number of bytes to be transferred is 1, the transfer complete reload flag is set after each received byte and the SCL line is stretched. This is done after data reception and before the acknowledge pulse. The receive buffer not empty flag is also set so the data can be read. In the TCR subroutine, an acknowledge or not acknowledge can be programmed to be sent after the byte is received. It is recommended to clear the SBC bit in transmission as there is no use for the byte counter in i²C slave transmitter mode. In SM bus mode, slave byte control mode is used in transmission for sending the PEC or packet error code bytes. The i²C peripheral provides hardware support for the SM bus. The SM bus address resolution protocol is supported through the device default address and arbitration in slave mode. The host notify protocol is supported with host address support. The alert protocol is supported through the SM bus alert pin and alert response address. The SM bus clock low timeout and cumulative clock low extend times can be detected with a programmable duration. The bus idle condition can be detected with a programmable duration. Command and data acknowledge control is supported through slave byte control mode. The packet error code or PEC byte is calculated by hardware. The packet error code or PEC byte is automatically sent in transmission and checked in reception. The data transfer counter initialized with the N bytes value is used to automatically check the PEC byte in reception after N bytes minus 1 byte are received. If the received PEC byte does not match the calculation, a not acknowledge is automatically sent after the PEC byte. In transmission, the internally calculated PEC byte is automatically sent after N bytes minus 1 byte. Slave byte control mode must be enabled in slave mode in order to enable the N bytes counter and allow automatic PEC reception or transmission. Several events can trigger and interrupt. The received buffer not empty flag is set when the received buffer contains received data and is ready to be read. The transmit buffer interrupt status is set when the transmit buffer is empty and is ready to be written. The stop detection flag is set when a stop condition is detected on the bus. The transfer complete reload flag is set when the reload bit is set and N bytes bytes of data have been transferred. The transfer complete flag is set when the reload and auto end bits are cleared and N bytes bytes of data have been transferred. The address match flag is set when the received slave address matches one of the enabled slave addresses. The NACK reception flag is set when a not acknowledged is received after a bite transmission. DMA requests can be generated when the received buffer not empty or transmit buffer empty flag is set. Several error flags can be generated. A bus error detection flag is set when a misplaced start or stop condition is detected. The arbitration loss flag is set in the event of an arbitration loss. An overrun or underrun error flag is set in slave mode with clock stretching disabled when an overrun or an underrun error is detected. In SM bus mode, a PC error flag is set when the received PEC does not match the calculated PEC register content. A timeout error flag is set when a timeout or extended clock timeout is detected. An alert pin detection flag is set in the SM bus host configuration when alert is enabled and a falling edge is detected on the SMBA pin. The I2C peripheral is active in run and sleep modes. In stop mode, the peripheral clocks are off and the register's content is kept. In standby mode, the peripheral is powered down and must be re-initialized after exiting standby mode. For each I2C peripheral, a bit is available for debugging purposes in the MCU debug component that can be used to stop the SM bus timeout counter when the core is halted. Here is an example of a sensor hub application that requires several I2C peripherals. One or several I2C masters are used to interface with external sensors. An I2C slave is used to communicate with the application processor. STM32F7 microcontrollers embed four I2C peripherals, all with the same set of features. For more information related to this peripheral, you can also refer to these trainings. System configuration controller, reset and clock controller, power controller, interrupts controller, and direct memory access controller. For more details, please refer to the I2C bus specification and user manual from the NXP website. The SM bus specification can be found in the smart battery system implementer's forum. The PM bus power system management protocol specification can be found in the power management bus implementer's forum.


This graph here shows simple muscle twitch when the nerve is stimulated and muscle contraction and relaxation are recorded. Now for recording this graph in a mechanical device actually the paper is moving that is why we get the graph like this contraction is upwards and there is some space right and then relaxation is there. Now suppose the screen is not moving or in case of mechanical device the drum is not moving will we get the record like this no actually it will be like a straight line the muscle will contract because the screen is not moving the liver is going to go up and then the muscle is going to relax when the liver is going to come down so we will get a straight line for simple muscle twitch if the screen is not moving. Fine with this let's try to understand the concept of recruitment of motor units. Now if you saw the video on simple muscle twitch we said there that simple muscle twitch can be recorded even if only a single motor unit is contracting some muscle fibers are contracting so we will record the contraction and relaxation and maybe that whole muscle is not contracting. So suppose if we take out a nerve muscle preparation and just start stimulating the nerve with the minimal stimulus strength so here in this diagram the x-axis is showing the stimulus strength and we start stimulating with the minimal strength say suppose a five millivolt or say suppose seven millivolt so what we see initially there is no contraction recorded right so here we got blank why because maybe the stimulus strength is not strong enough and not even a single neuron in the nerve is stimulated and none of the muscle fibers have contracted right so we slowly increase the strength say suppose to 7.2 millivolt and still no contraction is there but when we increase the strength to say suppose 7.5 millivolt we see a simple muscle twitch so this is a simple muscle twitch recorded right so what we say is that the strength of the stimulus at which contraction just occurs that is the threshold stimulus right so this is the threshold stimulus strength and below that right where no contraction is occurring that is known as sub threshold stimulus so these are sub threshold stimulus that means that when the stimulus strength is below the threshold we will not get any contraction fine now what we do is that we slowly keep on increasing the stimulus strength so maybe suppose here it is 7.8 millivolt what we see is that you see the height here the strength of contraction has increased it was here this was maximum and here this is maximum right then maybe 8.2 millivolt slowly we have to increase 7.8 to 8 millivolt then 8.2 millivolt what we see is that again the strength of contraction has increased right but after a certain point if we increase so this is say suppose 8.6 millivolt 8.8 millivolt 9 millivolt what we see is that the strength of contraction has increased here also right so this is increasing but after this the strength of contraction is not increasing any further so if we consider in terms of stimulus we said that this is threshold stimulus where the contraction is just started and these are supra threshold stimulus right supra threshold stimulus then there is a stimulus at which a maximum strength of contraction is reached right so here 8.6 millivolt a maximum strength of contraction is reached so this stimulus at which we get the maximal contraction that is known as the maximal stimulus and above a stimulus that even if we increase further we see that no strength of contraction is not increasing then this is known as supra maximal stimulus so depending on the strength of stimulus which we are using and how the muscle is contracting we have sub threshold is stimulus where no contraction is seen threshold is stimulus then supra threshold is stimulus then maximal is stimulus where maximum contraction occurs and if above the maximum is stimulus if we increase the strength of stimulus we don't get increased strength of contraction so that is the supra maximal strength of stimulus so this is known as recruitment of motor units you see initially only maybe one or two motor units were excited and we got a small strength of contraction because few muscle fibers that is of those excited motor units only contracted and later on as more neurons are stimulated of other motor units we get increased strength of contraction why because more muscle fibers are contracting now why we need to know about this concept of recruitment of motor units first of all this is a concept which body uses for force gradation in our body what is this force gradation that means depending on the amount of force which is required the number of motor units are recruited that means suppose you want to lift a pen do you want the whole muscle to contract no maybe a very small motor unit contraction will be sufficient for lifting a pen however if you want to lift a 2 kg object or maybe 5 kg object then more motor units need to be recruited then maybe 10 kg maybe whole muscle needs to contract to lift that so what is happening with increase in the load which the muscle has to lift there is recruitment of motor unit so this is one mechanism of force gradation in our body second thing when we talk about experiments which will we will see in other videos on effect of temperature and other videos basically for doing those experiments we need to use supramaximal strength of stimulus it is very important that we use supramaximal strength of stimulus for recording simple muscle twitch in those experiments because we are seeing that if we are using lesser strength of stimulus we are getting recruitment of motor units right so whenever we do any experiment we have to make sure that the effect which is seen in that experiment is not due to any other thing rather it should be based on that particular intervention only for example if we are using the temperature increase temperature or decrease temperature whatever effect is seen it should be only because of that temperature and not because of the recruitment of motor units right so first we make sure that we recruit all the motor units so we use supramaximal strength of stimulus and we are sure that we are getting the maximum strength and then we do that intervention fine so before I end just a question for you all you can type the answer in the comment section below does this graph violate all or none law what does all or none law say all on law says that either the response will be maximum or there will be no response at all so my question here is does this graph violate all or none law type your answers in the comment section below thanks for watching the video if you liked it do press the like button share the video with others and don't forget to subscribe to the channel physiology open


Hello and welcome to CMC Markets and this quick look at the week ahead beginning the 16th of October and they are coming off the back of more record highs for global stock markets, US markets, made new record highs over the past week or so. The German DAX done the same thing, the Nikkei 225 is at its highest levels in 21 years and the FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 have also hit record closing highs as well. So what does that mean for the week ahead? Well, there's a number of key factors that I'm looking at this week. One of which is the UK economy and obviously the European Council meeting at the end of the week and the current deadlock in the Brexit talks. Now, I think it's very easy to get a little bit too hung up on the on the politicking that goes around with respect to these talks. Certainly introduced a significant amount of volatility in it to the way the pound has been trading over the course of the past few weeks and it's likely to continue to do so. But I think the focus this week, apart from obviously the EU Council and the fact that ultimately there will be some shift, I think in terms of the Brexit talks and I think a little softening of tone from the European Union with respect to a willingness to talk about trade because I think when you talk about the Irish border and you talk about trade, there has to be overlap in that and I think the European Union has to acknowledge that fact. And I think that could be a theme that could start to develop over the course of the next few weeks, certainly in the context of its effect on the pound over the course of the past few days. We've seen a significant amount of volatility there, but overall we're still in the broad uptrend that we've been in since the lows in March and April. And actually it does look as if we're probably going to close higher for the first time in a week or for the first time in about three or four weeks. And the potential for that for further gains I still think remains fairly decent, particularly if we start to look at the economic data which is due out later this week. This week we start with UK CPI and I think the potential for the Bank of England to push rates higher at the November meeting and when it's due to analysis latest policy decision and the quarterly inflation report. And I think there is a concern that CPI could well head above 3%. So I think a quick reminder, CPI last month came in at 2.9%. I think if it comes in anywhere near that or even actually pushes up to 3%, I think that reinforces the case for the Bank of England to push rates up. More importantly than that, it's the relationship between CPI and wages. And on Wednesday we have the latest unemployment numbers. Unemployment is its lowest level since the 1970s which suggests that the labour market is probably going to start showing signs of becoming a little bit tight. And I think that could have significant upward pressure on wages. We've already seen wages start to show signs of increases from the lows that we saw earlier this year at 1.7%. Expecting the wages numbers to come in around about 2.1 or 2.2%. And also on Wednesday, on Thursday we've got UK retail sales. More importantly we've got Bank of England Governor Mark Carney talking to the Treasury Select Committee later this week along with David Ramston, the new MPC policymaker and Silvana Temreiro. So it'll give us a good indication as to how they feel about UK monetary policy going forward, given that we don't really know where they stand in terms of the hawkish-dovish scale. But I'm certainly not expecting anything too dovish at the moment. I think the markets are increasingly pricing in the prospect of a rate rise either in November or December. And I think if Mark Carney was to pull back from that, I think it would probably be perceived very negatively by the market. So looking at where the pound is at the moment, we've got decent support around about the 50-day moving average, which comes in around about $1.3120. And below that, obviously the lows last week are in the wake of those payrolls numbers which came in around about $1.3020. Looking for a pushback through $1.3320, if we can get through that, then there's a good chance we could push back towards the highs that we saw earlier in September. More importantly, I think with respect to hero sterling, we've seen a significant potential reversal in the context of the move higher that we've seen over the course of the past few weeks. This candle here, which was unable to push through the 50-day moving average, is also what is termed as a key day reversal, which suggests to me that having squeezed all the way up to $9030 this week, we could well look to retest levels that we saw at the beginning of the month, around about $8820, and the fact that the oscillator is starting to look a little bit overbought and could actually start to trend lower. Another factor keeping an eye out for this week is obviously the next steps in the Catalonia-Spain constitutional crisis. Now, Spanish Prime Minister Rajoy has given the Catalan government a deadline with which to state really whether or not they intend to declare independence. And I think the Catalan leader, Carlos de Puigdemont, is in a very, very difficult situation because ultimately, if he backs down, I think there's a decent chance the Catalan government could collapse and there'd be new elections. And if he does declare independence, he runs the risk of arrest, and ultimately I think he also runs the risk that there will be new elections anyway in Spain. And I think this is probably the only way that this is going to get resolved. I think it's going to be very, very difficult for Mr. Rajoy to act in any other way than try and adopt some concessions or call for new elections in Spain. And ultimately, I think that will dictate where we go to next on the IBEX. Now, we've looked at this IBEX chart here. We can see that we've been trending lower now for quite some time. And as we can see from the volatility over the past few days, we haven't as yet traded out of the channel that we've been in since May. And until such times as we do, I think it's quite sensible to conclude that any rally in the IBEX is likely to be sold into with resistance around about 10,400, decent support around about the 10,000 round number level, and a potential test lower. Let me keep an eye out with respect to the overall trend on the IBEX. That's been a significant underperformer. If we do get a resolution this week, then be prepared to see this particular index break up quite aggressively to the top side. What am I keeping an eye out for later this week? Well, I've already talked about the various speeches, the UK data, the China GDP, Chinese retail sales, and the Catalonia. But we also have US banks earning season that continues with Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs. JP Morgan has already reported that it's bond trading revenues are fairly weak. I would expect that same sort of trend to manifest itself in the Morgan Stanley numbers and the Goldman Sachs numbers. So that's it for this week. Thanks very much for listening. It's Michael Hughes and talking to you from CMC Marcus.


First question is from Brian Pata. Can you guys break down how to analyze a physique with terms like origins, insertions, muscle bellies, et cetera? I've heard these terms thrown around a lot and I'd love to learn from you guys about it. All right, Justin. Yeah, I know I got this. I'm going to defer to Justin. I'm going to steer this conversation where I want it to go. Really what you're going to look for is, you know, that sort of like symmetrical V tapering, you know, I don't know what they're all talking about. Come on guys, help me. Is that what I sound like when I talk about basketball? Yeah. 100%. Yeah. I just know enough terms to like pretend I'm in this conversation. So these are all terms that were used and created by the physique presentation spaces and bodybuilding. Well, some of them. I mean, some of them is anatomy, right? So origin and insertion is just where the muscle attaches to the bone. Yeah. But the way that they use it in anatomy and the way bodybuilders use it is a little different. Oh, OK. I'll give you that. Yeah. So these are terms that were...  He's got nice calf insertions. The insertions are the same. OK, so these are terms that were used by bodybuilders, physique competitors, the judges, bikini competition, fitness competition figure, to kind of explain what causes someone to have the right aesthetics for that sport. So bodybuilding aesthetics, what are they looking for? They're looking for a good shoulder to waist ratio. Typically, the wider the shoulders and the smaller the waist, the better. They're also looking for symmetry. Symmetry meaning that both sides of the body match. You know, you're right and left match. Balance. Well, balance means does my chest overpower my back or vice versa? Do my legs match my upper body? Do I have big upper legs, but do I have small calves? That would be... Do you have dry glutes, bro? You know what I mean? Actually, that's... That is a good one. I'm glad he said that. Yeah, yeah, it's dry glutes right there. Someone says you're very... Oh man, he came in real dry. What they mean is not only are you lean, but you don't have any water under your skin so you look like an anatomy chart, right? You're shredded. Striations refer to the lines in the muscle and all that stuff. So, origin insertion in these... In this context means how big or how long is the bicep? Yeah, I would say how long or how bubbly. Yeah. Right? So someone's gonna say they have like a long origin insertion if they have like a big, long muscle, if they have like a short, small, bubbly, like a Colombo, like a physique versus Arnold, right? Yes. Arnold would be like, oh, he has long origin insertions and Colombo would be he's got this short origin insertion. What a great example. Look at Franco Colombo's bicep if you want. You could pause the podcast, look it up, put Google Franco Colombo's bicep and then Google Arnold Schwarzenegger's bicep. And one thing you'll notice besides the different shape is that Arnold's bicep seems to be longer. It seems to get closer to the elbow than Franco Colombo's bicep does. So that's what they're talking about with muscle bellies, insertions and origins. Now in bodybuilding, long muscle bellies is... It looks more aesthetic because, you know, if I have a calf that is really short and up near my knee versus a calf that seems to go all the way down to my ankle, when you develop both of them, the one that seems to go down to the ankle is just gonna look bigger. It just seems to be more visually appealing from a bodybuilding standpoint. What a great picture. Actually Doug actually pulled up a picture of Arnold and Franco flexing next to each other and you can see the clear... You almost said naked. No. Sorry, just keep going. That's the other picture that Doug... That was on Doug's hard drive. So, you know, that's kind of what they're referring to and, you know, aesthetics in physique competition sports are more extreme but they're based off of what we naturally would consider to be healthy. So a man with a small waist and wide shoulders, what does that usually mean? Well, it means he's lean. It means he probably has good testosterone levels or at least it points in that direction. It means that he probably has good use of his arms and legs which might have been beneficial in hunting and in running. You know, wide hips and narrow shoulders probably you're not gonna be able to throw as well or run as well. But, you know, what about women? Do women have such wider hips than men do? Well, they need a wider pelvis to birth a child. So we consider that to be, you know, more attractive. Of course, smaller waist also. It's really just an exaggerated version of that. Totally exaggerated. Yeah, that's exactly what it is. I mean, it's balance and symmetry. And I think a lot of the terms that... Honestly, I've sat with many competitors and, you know, talked about other people on the stage and I think probably 80% of what you hear is a bunch of fluff. You know, people sounding, acting smarter than what they really are trying to sound like they know it. You know, the guy who's throwing like the random term. Like Sal talking about sports. That's exactly what it sounds like to me. What I hear guys talking about stuff like that because it really just comes down to that. Like having a really good looking physique coming in super lean so all the muscle is defined and the smaller the waist, the broader the shoulders for a male and bodybuilding, I think, and the better they're going to score. Yeah, and I'll tell you what, if you don't care about competing, which is 99% of the people listening right now, this is what you do. Train your whole body. Don't leave out an area. Train lots of different movements. Make sure you squat. Make sure you press. Make sure you row and you pull. Make sure you twist and rotate with your exercises. Make sure you do split stance type squatting exercises. Do all those things. Develop your whole body. Maintain a decent body fat percentage by not overeating and eating a healthy diet. And you're going to look phenomenal. Don't worry about all these insane terms and how you can exaggerate your... Translucent delts, bro. Yeah, that's not what... You don't want translucent delts. I mean, they're not there.