Gogi State Governor Yahya Bello has commended the vigilante group and security agents in the Kina local government area of the state for rescuing three kidnapped victims and a rescender of doctors. The governor said that the kidnappers had been terrorizing communities in the environs but met their Waterloo on Saturday on Idar Road. He said the Joint Tax Force of Neighborhood Watch, Vigilante's Hunters and other security agents neutralized the gang members and rescued three captives. He also urged members of the public to give useful information about criminals to the security agencies to ensure a crime-free society.


three-point contest, everybody. Some bigger names in this one, I guess you could argue. Who are you picking here? I'm going Herter. Just a pure shooter. And these are the kind of guys who live for this type of moment. Kevin Herter is never going to participate in All Star Weekend again. So, Capitalize my guy, Red Velvet. What you got, Chandler? Red Velvet. I like the Red Rocket. I like Damian Lillard. He's got the most experience here. He's shot most threes. He's going to be the most calm. That's not going to get to him. And I honestly think he's one of the greatest shooters of all time, and we don't talk about that enough.


Tenakoto, Tenakoto, Tenakoto Katua. Yeah. Kia ora everyone. We never usually get invited to speak together. Like we're usually one of us is in the audience being like, yeah, go, go. So it was awesome to even have the chance to be kind of seen and introduced as a couple. So the water to my pale is going to start us off. I'm glad I got that one. So I'm Ellie for those of you who don't know me yet and I do hope that I have a chance to connect with most of you. I have a really unique and extremely privileged background that I feel is essential to acknowledge as we start. I'm the daughter of aid workers. So I was raised in East Africa, in India, in North Africa, and actually under two really quite serious dictatorships. So I grew up on one hand hearing about social justice at the dinner table and on the other seeing not only the disparity of income inequality, like firsthand, which really strikes you when you're little. We somehow numb out to it as we get older. But then also see that the systems that we've created for ourselves are really unjust and the structural violence that they create actually seeds deep trauma. And I believe that all of us carry that in one way or another that part of healing, part of creating changes, healing and acknowledging that piece in us and being prepared to hold space for that in others. So as we go off and talk about the different pieces of what we do and weave that together, I think it's really important to acknowledge that. And each of us with our privilege to be able to be here, I think also with that comes responsibility. And it's for us to determine what that looks like, of course, and always. But there is within these systems that we're trying to change a grief, a despair and a healing that can take place. So something that I work a lot around. And one of the things that actually kind of brought us together when we both landed in New York was in a group of friends that were just kind of fending on all the cultural opportunities and the party and kind of being out of school in New York. And we were the only two that kept me like, when can we get back to Africa? She'd grown up there. And I had just spent about three years. The first two years, well, the second and third years that I spent full-time teaching, I was at a very kind of privileged private school but in a very depressed country. Gambia, you may have followed it in the news around its election recently. And I went there thinking that this was just kind of a step on the way to eventually living in Berlin and writing literature and engaging in the arts that I had studied and the arts that I love. And I was just totally derailed by the experience of living in such constant proximity to structural inequality and suffering and gender-based violence and systemic violence. It was just like everything that I still feel called to do and I still love to do when I'm at rest and in peace. I was like, I could write this but literally within, say, 800 square miles, I'm not writing that for anybody who's here, who's in my proximal community. This is not a gift for the people I'm around. I'm even actively trying to educate people up to the level that they would appreciate this experiment in literature in a language that isn't theirs. So that was a really hard place to have accidentally ended up by the fluke of where I got a job. And it totally grounded me in this idea that there's an urgency in the distant kind of suffering that people are enduring and there's a violence in privilege when you're just kind of resting in it. And so Ellie and I, after we got together, moved to Liberia, kind of down towards the bottom of challenged nations in terms of what it's come through and all of its wars and then all the different kind of types of power that are sitting there trying to grab its resources and like play with its power and so forth. And we were part of an effort, an early effort in the international development community, UNICEF in particular, to use technology to try to change the circumstances on the ground. We're like, ah, you know, now that there's this internet, there must be ways to use the internet to much more rapidly educate the entire population or change agricultural practices all at once. And there were some very well-intentioned efforts to come in with these huge tech projects and get the buy-in of ministries and then just kind of jam it down through the structures of the country. And these were all catastrophic failures, giant wastes of money, but they were good compost, right? Like these were, and not, you know, there's a thing, if this had been, if we'd been private companies and we'd been protecting our intellectual property, I kind of think of intellectual property as like plastic, it doesn't compost very well, right? So there's all these people sitting around on other people's intellectual property waiting to try to monetize it again. This was real compost because, you know, UNICEF and USA, they don't copyright these things. So we had a bunch of good ideas and set about trying to figure out how to scale them. And you're going to hear, that's like a theme that we're going to share with you a little bit throughout the talk. The one other thing I wanted to mention is, oddly, Silicon Valley in the shape of Singularity University came to recognize some of the success that the development community was having using technology and brought us there to try to make their efforts to use technology for good a little bit more grounded in global best practices. And so I do invite you to connect with me or Ellie about the program there this summer because we have a lot of control over how it's being run and that's why it's focused on climate change and environmental issues. So if you know people that want to contribute and get engaged or participate, do find us around that point. One of the things that we see from founders, though, a lot, and from the US, which is my country in particular, is this idea of the founder being a hero and the founder's story being all about them, which is a really interesting way of going about it. I like to not judge, but it doesn't seem to do justice to the ecosystem that's actually brought that person to where they are or to the privilege that they're building on. So one of the ways that we look at change is to look at process instead of the single person with the single story of transformation because what that single person tends to do is make other people think, they're special, I'm not, I could never do that. And there's a distance that's created between the change maker and the person who watches the change that almost makes them into a figure of authority and creates hierarchy. So we really want, when we're looking for leaders to encourage and when we're growing people as leaders, to step out of that model of aren't you so special because the truth is we all have these seeds within us if we know how to grow them and if we're supported in an ecosystem that allows that change to take shape. So one of the people who I've been, one of the groups who I've been really privileged to work with is a network called Women Living Under Muslim Law. They're actually a global network of feminists. They taught me to call myself a feminist. And they brought me to do sustainable leadership for them. And what I learned in doing this wellness work, it can look as simple as teaching yoga and teaching people how to breathe, but it can become also much more profound than that. Or rather, take place at a very deep level that looks unseen because the roots of your being really do start to reorient and change when you allow yourself that space to heal. One of the things I saw from them is that they were networked. There was no authority. It was completely horizontal, decentralized networked systems that were able to take someone who was, for example, like my friend Yara, arrested in Cairo for being in the wrong place at the wrong time next to a protest that was protesting and anti-protest law. And Yara got picked up. They realized she was a women's human rights defender and she was in jail for a few years. And then you need to write and speak to these people and show them that they're not alone. How do you as a community support people when things get really hard? And what we realized is it's all of us together doing this. It's not one person who's going to help get her out. She's since been pardoned by the leader in Egypt. She's not there anymore, but there are a lot of people who are still suffering for their beliefs, suffering for taking a stand and saying, I'm willing to be seen and I'm willing to be active.  And our current system tends to punish them in some way. And it's up to us, those of us who have the luxury of not being touched directly by those systems, to also stand up and say no. No. And it's a very powerful no, especially when those of us come together. So to me, when I see change, it happens at the grassroots. It happens when someone says no. When something like a spark happens in the heart that makes us angry. Why is this still the way this is? Why hasn't someone changed this already? And what I've started to notice is if I'm asking that question, why hasn't someone changed this already? Usually it means there's something for me to do. Yeah. So like this, you get a long list of projects, but you also get a long list of people who are backing you up. People who are working with you because it is not done alone. And these women, I encourage you to check them out, the Women Living Under Muslim Law Network, they are standing up for secular rights, for human rights in some of the most challenging environments in the world, where there's Islamic fascism that has come to take over countries, Algeria, Palestine, Afghanistan, Iran. So a really interesting organization to check out and support as well. And it can be helpful too if you're thinking, okay, I'm motivated by this challenge or this problem. And then a lot of us start spinning to the idea, okay, what will I do? What charity will I start? What product will I create? To remember these massive distributed groups of people whose daily experience often involves feeling unsupported, like unrecognized, unseen. If you have energy to do something but you don't necessarily have a particular direction or a particular gift that you wish to leverage at that point, often your privilege, your attention, your resources can be funneled directly to people who are actively and at their own peril engaged in these pursuits. So a similar situation, and yet radically different, is there's a lot of these organizations that people have started that have the potential to totally change the world, the ecology of the world, the way that villages organize, resources are handled. One of the ones I like to think about is called Blue Ventures. These guys started up in Madagascar and Madagascar, like many island nations that has reefs all around it, has become increasingly overfished for a whole complex litany of reasons, trawlers from other countries taking the fish that are far out, putting more pressure on the reefs and eventually killing the reef, along with ocean acidification, coral bleaching, whole mess of things making that tough. So Blue Ventures figured out how to take their sweet time about integrating into a village and showing the village what it looked like when you protected a tiny portion of that reef for long enough during a key part of the year when all the fish would like, and then it would be like 70% better than it was before. And the village could actually see that. They knew exactly how messed up that reef was before. And then they'd see what this kind of approach, this ecological approach did to revitalize what they have.  Now that takes time, right? And the issue is though lots of us have some of the resources and some of the entrepreneurial skills, perhaps some of the technologies to help that get everywhere it needs to be, which is like 200,000 or a million, two million villages around the world that have exactly the same problem, they get super irritating to see when you're like, that's a solution. So what does it look like to be humbly in support of that? Maybe some of us don't use tech and scale things. Maybe some of us are like, well, I could take that to a village and do it there. That's a great thing. We actually need to be revitalizing our coastal ecosystems everywhere, so we need to have consistency on it. Like if coral reefs have perhaps 20 more years only at the rate that they're dying, then doing this now matters a lot. So one of the things that we're always trying to do is see where are people, where have people come up with a really massive solution, especially one that honors the community that they're working within, that takes as a starting point whatever education is involved in allowing them to own that solution. And then how do we get that local thing to scale? It could be just by copy, paste, copy, paste, copy, paste. It could be brilliant systems and wonderful kind of mobile-based tools for helping people kind of scan and identify what they need. But being in support of those who hold the solution is critical and super fun also. I think there's a humility of it too that allows the work to create its own momentum. This word, emergence, I think is so pregnant with meaning for us now. Because we don't actually have the answers, but we kind of know, I think I want to go there. I'm not really sure. Okay, that didn't work that way. Okay, this way again.  You kind of adjust your path. In order to replicate to what we do at Code, we find these amazing projects that are already really good at doing what they're doing and help them scale. And it sounds really simple or it sounds really technical, but first, and then asking again, listening, asking again, listening, and then going, okay, what about this and seeing how that lands and letting the people whose solution this is be the drivers of how that looks. So it's very much like being in service or for those of us that work in the private sector thinking about the person as your client and how do you serve them. Because if they're not actively involved, if there isn't co-ownership of these things, then we're going to put ourselves up as I have all the solutions and by necessity then a dichotomy is created where you don't and then you need me. And isn't it great to feel needed? We see a lot of the charity models working on that, capitalizing on the fact that I have so much and I'm so generous and so I'm going to help you and aren't I so wonderful to do that? And it really takes away the... It doesn't allow, first of all, the experience to affect us deeply and how the work to really land, the way that it can. So great that we had that model really useful in the 40s and the 50s and the 60s and now. Here we are able to connect in new ways, able to communicate in new ways, able to listen in new ways. So I think that's really also important. One of the ways that the aid community in its sea of decades of tech failure came together is because... First of all, open source. Because we were open source and we were allowed from our organizations to talk about the failures. Where normally you would have a PR or a media team, especially at UNICEF saying, oh no, that's not how we say that. No, no, you can't say that. You can't tell them that. So we said, well, why not? There's absolutely no shame taking a page book from Silicon Valley and saying that our failures happened. We've got to grow on them. We have to build on them. So a bunch of us came together about 10, 8, 10 years ago and started to say there has to be a pattern here. There's dozens of projects. Some things really work but some things don't. How can we develop design principles that can inform our work about how to do this impact thing using tech? And what we came up with, where nine principles, simple design principles, you can find them all listed on digitalprinciples.org. But they're basically, they're not going to sound new to many of you here, most of you here, but there are things like open source, open data, design for sustainability, plan to scale, collaborate, co-design. Re-use and improve what's already there.  Yeah, I know that, but actually we don't. We are full of assumptions about how things need to go and very eager to bring our biases and our assumptions into the project. And so if we don't examine them and say, okay, this is what that looks like, I am not really thinking that far ahead, am I? In community we start to develop new ways of doing things that are more likely to succeed. And that's been really powerful because it's a huge assumption to think, oh, if I just sprinkle tech on that, it's going to be great. Absolutely not true. Absolutely not. And I could tell you lots of stories later if you want to hear of some of the failures. And one of the interesting points about the digital principles that were just kind of published about two years ago, is that because of some stealthy brilliant behind the scenes ninja work, a whole bunch of organizations and major donors are now totally constrained in how they spend their money such that it has to be in line with these principles. So there's a whole belt way of old consulting companies used to milking tons of money, tons of public money to try to solve problems whose business model is done. And there's a vacuum, a huge opportunity for anyone willing to come in and take part in solutions that they don't get to own forever and have passive income from to get access to supply chains of impact and influence that were not available to you before. So if that's really exciting and you want to hear more about that certainly during the workshop we'd be happy to talk a little bit more about that piece. But we wanted to land a little bit in a couple of things that excite us about the strengths of New Zealand in particular and how like here we're telling you some of the things from international aid and development that we think might be relevant, but I think that New Zealand has a couple of things at least that can really inform how international aid and development goes on to work in the future. One of those is the leadership that New Zealand is showing around the rights of indigenous people. The idea that there are, that the indigenous people of a nation become ambassadors within and officially recognized by international aid and development that making connections between indigenous people in different countries is part of an official policy of helping one another and learning what their practices are is something that I can, I think New Zealand is one of the only countries that could try to take such a step. It's the only country that has matured to the point in this issue to take leadership in it. And coming through international aid and development with it is an easier way than coming through the front door. That's still very much a back door where by the time people realize that oh my god like the Native Americans in Ecuador own a ton of their rainforest now. How did that happen, right? That kind of stuff can happen more easily through international aid and development than on the floor at the UN. It's not just about preventing legal personhood to a river and soon a larger national park. That sort of stuff belongs very much in the toolbox of foundations and international organizations that are looking for more permanent ways to protect that which is vulnerable and needs our support. Also Aotearoa, New Zealand the first country to give women the vote so I see there particularly being a real avenue for gender leadership because we still have more than half of the world's population not having equity experiencing disproportionate levels of violence and really that affecting economic outcomes, sure it's easy to argue that when you're talking to power but really the social outcomes are what we care about. Another piece that I'd like to bring as we land this here is this idea of change being at a different level than the systems that created the problem in the first place. There's that Einstein quote we've read you can't solve a problem the same level and I often think about that because our culture and our language in English has taught us dichotomies it's either black or it's white, it's right or it's wrong you're in or you're out and it's a very unhelpful way of thinking about the future it makes us enemies of each other quicker than we even realize and so where I sit and leading the wellness program at Singularity where we do have a lot of corporations and governments come I noticed when I first started doing that work it would be so easy to tell them that they were wrong and to come at them as you're the problem it's you. But of course with you know you do the thing where there's three fingers pointing back at yourself and I really had to sit with myself before I started to do this work and say Ellie you cannot do this this way this is not gonna work I had to find the parts of me that I was in opposition around and use the opportunity when I feel like going at someone who I feel justified to do so I could tell you all the reasons they're good reasons you'd probably agree with me many of you but it doesn't happen that way the minute that I go for the jugular the minute I start to point and go well it's you or you're wrong this space between us of heart space, of connection is gone and they are no longer safe to be vulnerable whoever they are arms dealer president of a tuna fish company is safe to be vulnerable and if I've made them wrong then I can feel really good about myself whoever I'm talking to wherever my work brings me if I can sit and hold space for them where they are without judging them then I've created a space for them to be vulnerable and that vulnerability may show up or it may not there may be a conversation impact that I see or it may happen 10 years from now maybe nothing happens it's not up to me what's up to me is what I bring to the conversation to the situation and if I can stay out of opposition with those people magic happens I've seen it and it is amazing so I would like to encourage as we walk towards our own wellness as we walk towards our own ability to affect change that we look at it as we're all in this together we sink or swim together we're all on the same boat so thank you so much Thank you


Sup guys, welcome back to the channel, welcome back to another unboxing video. It's pretty fitting actually having the selection of incredible football memorabilia behind me because basically each and every piece that you see behind me has been opened in a video on YouTube such as this one or like this one. So today is going to be no different, but what we have here is something special. This is not something for the wall, but it is in fact something for me to keep on hand to refer to for years to come I'm led to believe. This package is not only from the USPS, the United States Postal Service, it's from my man Rob. It's from a good friend of mine now and a good friend of the channel Rob Dedrick. You might see him in the live streams. He tunes in fairly frequently and he's been like I said a real supporter of the channel from from the beginning. So all I can say Rob is a huge thank you. The eagle has landed. I have the package in my hot little hands and we're about to open it. I'm not going to say I don't know what's in it, but I am going to say I'm pretty damn excited. It's what I'm led to believe is called the 2021 Phil Steel Magazine. College football related and it's about time we open it, but before we do I just want to bring up Rob's Instagram specifically the Instagram messages just so I don't forget anything before I open it up. So he sent this on the 18th of July and the date is the 25th. This arrived about three days ago. So I'm going to say let's call it a month. Took a month to get here. Not bad, not bad for these times that we're in, but we've just got a quick word here. A quick word from our man Rob prior to sending it off. He said this is the only football mag I buy and by far the best. All kinds of info from stadium capacities, field surface records to this year's forecast. Plus it will help you learn all of the FBS conferences because I think at the time I was a little confused as to how the North Dakota State Bicens had won the national championship when I'd just seen Alabama do the exact same thing in the exact same season. So I thought how can there be two national champions? He went on to explain the issue somewhat, but not fully. What I'm hoping is that this magazine will bring me closer to understanding to getting my head around the game, the great game of American college football. Guys, we're here. This is it. This is August 25th, Wednesday, August the 25th and it's about time we open this. So Rob, once again thank you for anyone else out there who does want to send me anything. Hit me up on Instagram.  It's like Christmas in August. She's thick. She is thick. And she's absolutely stunning. Look at that. College 2021 football preview. The book the experts cannot do without, believe it or not, 1995. Rob, I'll pay you back.   This is incredible. This is amazing. Look at this. References for days. References for days. Stats for days. I'm a stats guy. I love my stats. Rob, I now know why you sent this. Okay, I mean I could sit here and rattle off a few stats for you. I think I might actually. I think I might. Who is Phil Steele, by the way? Well, there he is now. For those wondering, Mr Steele. Welcome to my 2021 College Football Preview. This is the 27th edition. Believe it or not, 27 is my lucky number. It just gets better and better. And that means more than a quarter of a century. Last year was a different year for everyone in the country. I was very thankful that college football was played. While that meant very small or zero crowds with schedules being modified weekly and teams playing anywhere from 2-12 games, we got through the entire season and a national champ was crowned in the end. Given the outlook of even playing football over the summer, we were truly breathed. We were truly blessed just to have games. There were times in which I wondered if we would put out a magazine last year, but we put it out later than usual, sending the last page to the press July 8th. This year, with the transfer portal being so active, we went to press a little later than normal on June 15th, but we're able to capture the majority of the transfer moves. Appreciate that, Phil. Yeah, cheers, mate. Absolute legend, Phil. I am very pleased to report that this year I set a record talking to approximately 110 of the 130 head coaches. I feel the pages are in the best shape they have ever been in due to that factor. It is the fourth straight year we have set a record. I would like to thank each and every one of the coaches who took some of their valuable time to go over my team pages with me. The magazine has come a long way since the 1995 first edition. That was black and white. 192 total pages and covered just 86 FBS teams. As I type this, the other magazines are already on the shelves, which means they had to go to press way back in the month of April. I see where you're going here. Or May, as they have been on the shelves for a while. I would like to thank my dad, Hank, who passed away in 1989. He instilled in me a strong work ethic and a deep love for football, which will always be my favorite sport. Also, I want to thank my mother, Mary, who invested many hours in prayers into this business. My daughter, Savannah, spent hours with me picking out the pictures for the pages again this year and even worked on some of the pages the final few weeks of the magazine in the office with me. I am very proud to not only be a Heisman voter, but also a voter on the committee of 15 different awards. This is a great honor, so I invest a lot of time and effort into each award and committee that I am on. I list them in the back of this magazine. He would also like to thank his staff. He would like to thank the managers, the whole operation, the conference coordinators, seven months of effort into producing this magazine, and finally, I would like to thank you, Rob, for purchasing it and sending it to me. So what we've got here is a treasure trove of stats information, including but not limited to the upcoming 2021 college football season. Rob, you're an absolute legend for sending this. Before we get out of here, I will rattle off Phil's official 2021 top 10 Heisman favorites, as of June 15th, 2021. And they are Spencer Rattler, quarterback for Oklahoma, Sam Howell, quarterback for North Carolina, Matt Corral, quarterback for Ole Miss, Keaton Slovis, quarterback for USC, DJ Uagilele, quarterback for Clemson, Bryce Young, running back for Alabama, CJ Troud, quarterback for Ohio State, Derek King, quarterback for Miami, Emery Jones, quarterback for Florida, and last but not least, rounding out Phil's top 10 picks for 2021, Michael Penix, that's Penix with an X, quarterback for Indiana, and there's a fair few contenders and there's even more possibilities. Contenders are heavy on proven quarterbacks and running backs who could put up big stats, and possibilities are quality players who will put up big stats but aren't likely to play for a national title contender or may play for a contender that could split votes with a teammate.  And actually, I don't know if you can see this, but you can even play along at home, you can pick your favorite team, whatever team that may be, cut your little page out, stick it on the fridge, and update it each week with the results of the game if you are a die-hard fan. As I'm sure many people buying this magazine would be. Guys, what an incredible magazine, what an incredible gift from an incredible subscriber in Rob. So Rob, thank you once again, mate. I mean, what an incredible gift, man. You know, thank you from the bottom of my heart. You've absolutely made my day. And yeah, I'll certainly be giving this a good read. College football begins again for this season next week. Very exciting, fitting, very fitting that we've opened this a week before the college football season starts. So, mate, Rob, once again, thank you so much. Thank you everybody for watching. Stay tuned. There's plenty more content to come. And with that being said, I'll see you in the next one. Peace out.


Well, good afternoon. I am John Jackson, the host for today's 16th Issues in National Security Lecture for this academic year. Rare Admiral Chatfield is unable to join us today, but I want to extend her welcome on her behalf. The series was originally established as a way to share a portion of the Naval War College's academic experience with the spouses and significant others of our student body. It has been restructured to include participation by the entire Naval War College extended family to include members of the Naval War College Foundation, international sponsors, civilian employees, colleagues throughout Naval Station Newport and participants around the nation. We will be offering two additional lectures between now and 18 May 2021. And we're also considering a short summer series of four lectures to run from late June to early August. We'll let you know if and when these plans solidify. As we've mentioned in previous lectures, the college is pleased to offer certificates of participation to all viewers who have attended at least 60% of the offered lectures, 11 of the 18. We will use the honor system and will upon request awards certificates to anyone who completes 11 lectures by 18 May 2021. Please reach that milestone or expect to please send an email to Commander Gary Ross, providing the name you want to have inscribed on the document and a snail mail mailing address, so we can send your certificates out hopefully sometime in June. Looking ahead on Tuesday for May 2021 we will hear from Professor Walter Burbick, who will speak about the Arctic. Today a family discussion group meeting will follow the formal lecture to provide information to the members of the Newport community. This week's guest is Sylvia Culpa from the Personal Property Office, who will give us an update on this situation with the upcoming PCS season. So, they're on with the main event. The presentation that follows please feel free to ask questions using the chat feature on zoom, and we'll get to as many questions as we can at the conclusion of the formal presentation. Without question climate change affects the security around the world. This afternoon our speaker will explore the basics of climate change, and many of the ways it interacts with national security. The changes to climate have significant impacts on local water, food and other resources, leading to potentially destabilizing effects on fragile state systems and migration. The countries and organizations that best understand and anticipate these changes will be best prepared to fight and win in the unstable climatic environment ahead. Dr. Cameron US Navy is a permanent military professor teaching policy analysis in the National Security Affairs Department, and she is the founding director of the climate and human security studies group. Her academic interests include climate change and security, climate and energy policy, human security topics and civil military coordination during humanitarian assistance disaster relief missions. She is a nationally known expert who was awarded the 2019 eco educator award by the renewable now network. She has earned a PhD in security studies from the Naval postgraduate school and an educational doctorate in educational technology from Pepperdine University. I am pleased to pass the digital baton to Commander Andrea Cameron. Thank you so much Professor Jackson. This is a wonderful lecture series and I really appreciate the invitation to talk today. I always enjoy the variety of topics and hearing my fellow faculty speak within their own specialties. So today I get a chance to share an orientation about the breadth of climate topics. And to do this, I'll talk about climate change itself, some other trends, what it means, and then a few thoughts on the strategic implications. This is a brief throughout where the DOD is working on this, especially since there's been so much activity in the area in the past couple months. Before we get going, I wanted to explain how I got into this. My research started in humanitarian assistance, and where the DOD could help in these critical life moments when time is the essence, and that's still part of my research area. Moving on, I realized I didn't want to just focus on what we can do after the fact. I wanted to start thinking about what can we do before a crisis or maybe even prevent a crisis. So I drew on my background in development and policy, and as I did this I started looking further and further and further out in the time horizon to understand the changes coming. And that got me into human security, environmental security, and then understanding the science of climate change. And I've spent the past several years building on these concepts and how they affect national security. So as promised, I'll kick off today with what is climate change? Just a few of the basics so that you understand the context for the rest of the lecture. I'm going to share my screen. Let's start a video for you. Did you know that the Earth's temperature has risen over 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century? It might not sound like much, but think about it this way. A 1 degree rise in your body temperature can lead to a fever. 5 degrees can land you in the hospital. So guess what? Our Earth has a fever, and scientists believe Earth's temperature could rise by 3 to 10 degrees this century. Why? For one thing, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They raise the temperature by trapping heat. And warmer temperatures means, you guessed it, less snow and ice. As they melt, what's left behind are darker patches of land and water. And guess what dark colors do? Here's a hint. Ever try wearing black clothes to the beach? Not a good idea. Black absorbs more sunlight, thus emits more heat and makes you warmer. Not good for you or the Earth. Here are some other possible symptoms. A planetary fever, shrinking glaciers, shifting plant and animal ranges, sea level rise, more intense heat waves, stronger hurricanes. Experiencing any of these symptoms? It's time to seek attention right away. Remember, the planet you save may be your own. So welcome back. So that was a quick NASA video, and we'll start with a quick mini science lesson. Now I'm not a political or a physical scientist. I'm a political scientist as Professor Jackson introduced me. So when I teach my climate change and national security electives, I primarily use NASA and NOAA information and guest scientists to bring that expertise to the Naval War College. NASA has studied the Earth more than any other planet, and it's some of the best science in the world. So if you're not familiar with the science on climate change, I highly recommend websites for NASA Global Climate Change, NOAA Climate and the U.S. Global Change Research Program, and they've been putting together in the national climate estimate for the last 30 years. I've put the links in the chat. My students also really like the NASA site in particular, and if you like that Earth Minute video, there's several other ones that explain what's going on in a nice family friendly way. So studying climate is a science, and it's a science about the Earth as a system. Now I don't expect anyone in the audience to be astrophysicists or climatologists, geophysicists, meteorologists, or oceanographers. Actually, with a Navy audience, we might have some meteorologists or oceanographers out here. Welcome. But those are the fields that look at the science of climate change. But you don't have to be a scientist or even an environmentalist to understand the basics and start thinking about what it means to you. So there's a couple of big things to know about this Earth system. First, it's a closed system, and it stops at our atmosphere. Everything that happens within this system affects either the air, the land, or the water and ice. There's not a relief valve or an escape pouch. It's an enclosed system. Just like your body, if you drink a soda, it may have effect on your digestion or circulation, your breathing or your glands. That gives you the same kind of analogy. Now climate change has also been called global warming, as the video mentioned. And this is because of the greenhouse effect and the increase in greenhouse gases into the parts of the system, the atmosphere, water, and land. Now I'll show you a brief know a graph about the greenhouse gases and what they're composed of. So let me bring up my sharing here. So the most common gas is carbon dioxide. And you can see with the gray on this graph, that's about two thirds of what makes up these greenhouse gas portfolio. The other parts are methane. And the rest is nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons like freon, and then some other minor gases. And those are the gases and the greenhouse effect that the has on this global Earth system. Now when NASA and other research organizations study the Earth, they use satellites, aircraft, ships and submersibles. And they've been tracking a few key measurements to understand the state of the planet. Okay, they tracked a lot. I'm going to mention four of them to you. One of them, most obvious, is the temperature of the Earth. Another one is the amount of greenhouse gases in parts per million, as the chart shows you. They can also measure sea level rise in millimeters per year and land ice in gigatons per year. And as temperature gases and sea level are rising, the land ice is decreasing. Some of those, those are the key measurements that we've been talking about. Now the science has been understood about this closed system and how the climate would change for about 150 years. The first president briefed on this was actually Lyndon Baines Johnson back in the 1960s, which is why we've had a lot of kind of forward progress for the last 50 years in this field. It's something that our federal science agencies and our economic or commerce departments have been researching for that long. They really wanted to know and understand how it was going to affect American businesses and prosperity. In the 1990s and 2000s, we get our first indications out of the intelligence community that there's some risk here, and it's not just about our economics, but there's security risks. We finally got an official definition of climate security in the fiscal year 2020 National Defense Authorization Act and I've shown you the definition here. Climate security, the effects of climate change on US national security and related infrastructure on political stability at national and subnational levels on security of allies and partners, and on ongoing or political potential political violence and unrest. So you'll see me come back to many of these pieces throughout the rest of our talk today. I'd also like to point out that climate change alone is not the only concern here. There are many other environmental issues as well. Some way be infected affected by climate change and many others that are not. So I'm on a leadership team of at OSD policy on resource competition environmental security and stability, commonly known as recess. I'm also on the leadership team of the intelligence communities environmental security working group within both of these and the academic community climate changes only considered part of the broader environment. Within recess we defined environmental security as security challenges and opportunities arriving from changes at the environment at the local regional or global scale. Environmental security includes but is not limited to water food energy climate health and ecological security and the interconnections between these systems. In addition to the global earth system and what how we talked about climate change. There are many non climate related environmental security issues as well. Here's a few of them. You can see a list it's just a sample there are many many more unexploded ordinance is a big one deforestation illegal mining. These are some examples that affect our own military bases and also things we see abroad that our combatant leaders are working on environmental security issues that are not climate related. Now going back in our timeline. We've been working on the environment for many, many decades, but a key part was when Congress set up in 1990 the strategic environmental research and development program sort of within the DoD. We did this so we could start researching the environmental issues around our military bases. There are a couple reasons for this. First, the DoD hasn't always been so conscientious about what we do on bases, everything from the ordinance to the firefighting foam to fuel storage and transfer, etc. But also, we're building infrastructure that's supposed to last 50 years. So you have to understand what the base is going to look like 50 years from now and start planning accordingly. So researchers and engineers were way out in front on climate and environmental security. And we've developed several other programs along the way you see a couple of them here on the deck. Now I'll drop the share for a minute. So there's been a continuity of progress in these different areas for about 30 years, but let's quickly fast forward to the last couple months. The efforts you've been working on climate security really feel like this got started on January 27th, 2021, with executive order 14008 tackling the climate crisis at home and abroad. This formally gave a lot of tasks to the DoD about climate security issues. And climate change was also a big component of the interim national security strategic guidance that was released later. Last week, it was also a key part of the President Biden's leader summit on climate. So now I'm going to change up my presentation a little. I'm going to start saying this is what climate change is, what do we do about it, and then what does the DoD do in those categories. So for example, we'll talk about mitigation, geoengineering, carbon capture and adaptation. We'll start with mitigation. Within the closed system that is heating up from greenhouse gases, we can do something by lowering the amount of gases we put into the system. So when you hear about cutting emissions using renewable energy or electric cars, fuel and building efficiencies, you've hit this category of mitigation. Now with all honesty, the DoD is the single largest fossil fuel consumer in the world. Annually, we can spend over 85 or consume over 85 million barrels of fuel to power our ships, aircraft, combat vehicles and our contingency bases. This costs about $8.2 billion fluctuating with the price. That's really expensive and a vulnerability. Now previous to the DoD's interest in fuel efficiency, that mostly came out of cost rather than trying to mitigate climate change. However, little facts, since 2003, the DoD facilities have reduced energy consumption by over 20%. Since 2005, alternative fuel consumption has increased 188%. And for reasons of both cost, commitment to reducing greenhouse gases and decreasing our operational vulnerability, these types of programs will definitely continue and grow. Now operational energy is an important part of this. Operational energy is the energy required for the training, movement and sustaining of military forces and their weapons platforms in our military operations. So here's the thing, the dependence on this energy coming from fuel is a critical vulnerability. As important it is to cost save and reduce emissions, if we can find ways to provide energy and that's more sustainable, we minimize our risk. And if we have an important significant advantage on the battlefield that perhaps our adversaries will not. So operational energy is really key to this. Now that is mitigation and what DoD is doing. It's about decreasing the amount of gases put into the atmosphere. Now policy solutions around this are usually about mandating or incentivizing the type of behavior we want to change and disincentivizing the behaviors we want to stop. Now another approach to climate change and what we can do about it is called geoengineering. Geoengineering are interventions meant to counteract the gases put into the earth system. There's two big ways we can do this. One is to remove the carbon and the other is to increase our ability to reflect the sun's energy back to space. So first carbon capture is probably how you know of it. This approach removes greenhouse gases from the atmosphere primarily. With all this carbon dioxide in the air, water and land, what kind of technologies can we develop? And make sure to make sure it doesn't get into the system or it can be removed. Can we capture CO2 from the seawater? Can we scrub it from an energy plant emissions before it's released into the atmosphere or store it out elsewhere, commonly underground? Are you familiar with building more forests or planting trees like the one trillion trees initiative? This is one of the many efforts to pull carbon out of the atmosphere. Now historically the DOD has not been focused on the strategy much and it's been left to private industry, academia and other government agencies. Now you may notice that I'm referring to carbon dioxide specifically. That's two thirds of the greenhouse gas portfolio and two, that's mostly what the DOD generates. Now there are many big and small energy companies working on carbon capture, especially if we can find a way to generate energy in the process of removing the carbon. So this could fall into an area of our energy security rather than developing, addressing climate change. But the good news is it can do both. And Congress has been giving us more and more funding in our National Offense Authorization Acts to start building these types of programs where DOD research and development can partner with companies for innovative solutions. So expect to see more of that in your future as well. Another approach to geoengineering is large scale solar radiation management. It's the ability to reflect the sun's energy back out into space. Now sometimes geoengineering and solar radiation management are used synonymously. Now the most common approach is spraying into the atmosphere to block the sun's radiation from getting to the earth system as a whole. It's a high level chemical cloud. Now this is also called stratospheric aerosol injection. You might be familiar with some of the terms. This idea is built from the science behind what happened to the earth after volcano erupts. The earth had colder periods because the eruption put all these particulates into the atmosphere and they reflected back some of the sun's rays. The idea is that if we on our planet have not been able to curb the warming from our own greenhouse gas emissions, we can run a large scale engineering experiment on the planet by injecting sulfur particles into the atmosphere and manipulate the same cooling result. Now naturally this is a highly controversial proposal because it may cause more problems than it solves and we won't know for sure until we do it. It also may further exacerbate the environmental security issues we're trying to address and destabilize regions around the world. NASA uses the analogy that at best it's a band-aid or a tourniquet and at worst it could be a self-inflicted wound. It is not a substitution for mitigation and lowering the greenhouse gas emissions we're putting into the system. And it does come with significant ethical issues about whether we should do it. But it's an option so I presented it to you today. Basically it doesn't solve how the society manages the planet and carries with it a significant bout of risk. Also should we decide to do this, it would involve significant multilateral cooperation because of the scale that would be required to have an effect. So solar radiation management is a really complicated option. We've talked about mitigation, geoengineering and solar radiation management and carbon capture. So what's the big one? Adaptation. Adaptation is where the majority of the focus is when it comes to climate change. Generally speaking for the DOD in particular, these are the initiatives that reduce vulnerability, there are the preventative actions or the practices that avoid probable harm. It's where we get our environmental management, disaster management, our planning. And because there's so many military installations, there's broad interest in maintaining the mission readiness on those bases. This is where we come back to that research and engineering that started 30 plus years ago. Now hot off the press, I'll put the link in it, link for it, into the chat. We have a brand new DOD installation exposure to climate change at home and abroad. And for the last couple years through the National Defense Authorization Acts, Congress has been asking us to provide more and more information about how our infrastructure is adapting to climate change and where the vulnerability and the risk is. So this is the latest development it was in response to that executive order. And it gives out the most significant CONUS continental US hazard indicators. I'm going to share my screen again, let you take a look. So these have been kind of categorized and recategorized a few times over the years, but this is the hot off the press latest one. Drought coastal flooding, riverine flooding, heat, energy demand, land degradation, wildfire and historical extreme conditions, which is kind of the renaming of extreme weather events kind of goes into that category. What I found extremely fascinating about this report if you'd like to take a look. It talks about the risk to infrastructure by service and how each service can build resilience. I see some thoughts in the chat about things that aren't on the list. That's why it's always a list in progress. What I found really, really compelling about this which surprised me was that each service got to name their dominant CONUS hazard indicator, and they all picked drought. And that really surprised me I thought coastal flooding might be a higher for the Navy, but drought has been ranked by the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force as the number one risk. So check out that report that's a significant amount of progress and work went into that, and in a very short amount of time by my colleagues at the Pentagon. So congrats to them. So as you may remember we are in the adaptation we're adapting to climate change and what are some of the other things that we will be doing infrastructures a big one. So over 10 bases have been impacted by natural disasters and extreme weather events from 2017 to 2021. And that damage has been $13 billion. That's 13 billion that isn't going to cyber, AI space, unmanned systems, new platforms. And even the trends this will be an increasing proportion of our budget. So it's something that's very concerning and we really want to be thinking about long term, what do we need to do to adapt to the changes that are coming. Also, number two on the list was coastal flooding over 1700 DoD installations could be affected by sea level rise. The major accomplishment last year by my friends at CERDUP was the DoD regional sea level database and I put the link in the chat for you if you're interested. Now this resource looks at a variety of site specific scenarios and how sea level rise and coastal flooding will affect those bases was exceptional amount of work and a really great job. Now this impacts to base infrastructure is really important. It can impact our training. It can disrupt our deployment cycles and our overall mission readiness. Now also within adaptation is some of the things we haven't done so well in the past. And these are the things that are relatively new. One other thing that came out of the executive order is Secretary Austin created the climate working group. This includes the Joint Chiefs of Staff combatant commanders and the services. It's ensuring that we incorporate the security implications into our risk analysis strategy development and planning guidance. And this is something we haven't done a lot of in the past we're currently there's a climate risk assessment going on and that'll get that is due to the higher chain of command. But more importantly in our operations going out to the combatant commands we will be looking at our strategies our policies and our plans and planning and seeing how these will need to adapt once we understand the risk analysis better. These are things that are going to be big going forward that is relatively new work within the deal. Now I'd like to make a quick note on resilience. Resilience is what you get from adaptation, but some people use these terms interchangeably resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbances without significantly altering its structural or functional characteristics. So basically can return to normal as soon as possible. So if your base is resilient. You can resume operations after the event has passed. And if your unit is resilient, it can adjust to changes resiliency isn't just about structural integrity or mission accomplishment. There's also a big part of psychology to this, the ability of each of us as individuals to be able to bounce back in a healthy way after a disturbance. So building resiliency was one of the key words since the Obama administration, and it will continue, because our force readiness is dependent on our resilience at all levels. So adaptation is what you do ahead of time and resilience is tested in the moment. But you can see how adaptation and building resilience can both refer to preparing for the climate and environmental hazards to come. I've seen this referred to a few times so I just want to throw out some more buzzwords but sometimes they call this greening the military, all these things we've talked about mitigation adaptation. What are we doing to green the military or take into account the climate and environmental factors. So what we've talked about so far is what is climate change, and what the do do about it within mitigation adaptation geo engineering and carbon capture. Next, I'd like to talk to you about some of the other key trends on the planet as I mentioned up front I look more and more long term. So we use strategic foresight to take into account the other trends and develop plausible scenarios we can plan for. These and trends include population growth, urbanization, poverty or the inability to earn a livelihood and food and water availability. And while I review these briefly, please keep in mind that none of them directly imply instability or conflict. There is no direct causal connection between climate change and conflict. For a decade now we've been using a term called threat multiplier, generally conveying that climate change interacts with other destabilizing factors which can lead to climate. Now this was a great way to introduce people to understanding the risks. Today, the leadership the literature aims more at moving beyond this phrase and examining which specific factors after exposure to climate hazards can lead to a bad security situation. Now there are so many context specific things that can contribute to either a positive or a negative outcome, different geographies, political structures. These are all going to be important to countries managing climate related risks. Just as important within all of these categories. We have a range of policies and practices for what we can do about them. So the most meaningful question we can ask is what are the best interventions or policies that countries can adopt to reduce these risks over time. So what are these trends I've been talking about. I'll pull up my screen again. Give you some visuals. The first one is population that I wanted to talk to you about. So current growth trends is that we're at 7.8 billion people on the planet at the moment. Now that's about three times as many people that were on the earth just over 70 years ago when World War two was over. By 2023 we go over 9 billion. By 2026 we go over 10 billion and almost 11 billion by the end of the century. And you can see in looking at the chart that most of the pop projected growth is in Africa and Asia. Now by 2026 India will also overtake China as the most populated country. Another trend in this space in 2007 for the first time in human history. The urban population overtook the rural population and that differential continues to rise. By 2050, more than two thirds of the world will live in urban areas. That's about 7 billion people at the time. Now remember we're only at 7.8 billion right at the moment. Of that there's significant poverty and extreme poverty affecting one to two billion people on the planet. And most the most recent global estimates suggests that one in three people in these urban areas that are going to be so big are going to live in slum households. If you're interested in knowing more about population and urbanization, there's some great research and graphs that are interactive and I'll put the information in the chat for you. Another trend to look at is food security. Now food and climate act in two different ways. First food systems account for over one third of the global greenhouse gas emissions. And that takes into account food generation like agriculture fisheries and livestock. And then in addition, the storage and the distribution of that food. And then we have a flip side of that. It's also food insecurity. Now there's some exceptional food monitoring systems that have been created over the years. And then we're tracking about a billion people who do not have sufficient food consumption from low to lower middle income families or countries. Now remember these trends don't have to lead to instability. A lot can be done with science and technology distribution local food systems and regulations or policies to manage food security. The US even have a strategy for it the US government global food security strategy, and it's currently being updated by our colleagues at USA ID. So this is another trend to watch for a variety of reasons. The other resource we're often concerned about is fresh water. We're approaching about two and a half billion people who live with water scarcity. And with water, it's not just about quantity but it's also about quality of water. There's so many things from sanitation and hygiene to pollution to energy production. So even with the variety of good water management practices, we won't be able to prevent drought. And as you may recall, that DoD report that I just shared with you, the Navy Army and Air Force all listed drought as the dominant climate hazard to our own bases. And as I said, we also have a US government global water strategy that aims to aims to protect freshwater resources, promote cooperation, strengthen governance and increase access to water. So these are significant strategy documents that have come out just in the last couple of years. And finally, I will briefly mention global public health, which has been the focus of everyone for the last year. The pillars to securing our health were the same before COVID as they are now. How can we prevent, detect and respond to a health emergency. We even have a government global health security strategy. So as you can see my approach to teaching climate change and the corresponding trends that converge with it. It's not meant to be alarmist. It's an approach that examines the data and then explores what we can do about it. Now I'd like to get into what does this mean. Now it could mean new operating parameters like how does ocean acidification affect undersea warfare, our systems and our platforms. It could mean new restrictions like more black flag days or days where aircraft can't use runways or training can't be completed and now many readiness is affected. It could mean new mission areas or areas of responsibility that require new force capabilities. For example, operating in the Arctic, an ocean now navigable during parts of the year. And the intense cold has unique challenges that require winterization of platforms systems and people. And as we think through it, the DoD, the Navy Air Force Army and Coast Guard all have an Arctic strategy now. And you'll have an excellent talk about Arctic security with my friend and colleague Walter Burbrick next time. If you're interested, I'll put all the strategies into the chat. Another thing you could mean is that we're called upon to act in parts of the world where we haven't had a large footprint previously. And this is these open questions are really the questions of the next century. What it really means is that the military with so much capability and capacity is increasingly called upon to provide humanitarian assistance. Now we've had this long talk so far and I haven't mentioned humanitarian assistance disaster relief yet. First, as you can see, climate change and environmental security are broader topics and I wanted you to get a sense for that. Second, living through extreme weather events is probably how most of you have already experienced the change in climate. And third, as I said up front, I want to get ahead of problems with solutions and development and capacity building and policies. And humanitarian response, while the body of my research is after something's gone wrong, whether it's a natural disaster or a conflict. And we, when we're supporting USAID and humanitarian assistance missions, it doesn't change whether the event is climate related or not we do the same actions. There's also an evening lecture dedicated to humanitarian response in a couple of weeks. Those are some fantastic lectures to close out this evening lecture series. Now what is the biggest thing it means? If we're called to fight and to provide assistance, both at home and abroad. When do we start making really tough decisions about what we can and cannot support? When are we in a position that we undermine our own security by being spread too thin? And that's why understanding the science and the trends and what it means is so important. Now, I'll wrap up my talk with the strategic implications. While we, the United States, ask all the questions, so is every other country on the planet? What does climate change mean to them? What are these trends going to do and affect them? And they'll make their own determinations of what they need to do to protect their security interests. I'll talk briefly about China, Russia, a little bit about state fragility, and then I'll answer the standard question that we ask every later, what keeps you up at night? So I'll start with China. China has been a very big focus. We've been talking great power competition for a couple of years now. And I hear from a lot of people, some of them my students even, that China doesn't care about climate change, mostly because China, in their urgency to develop, became the largest emitter of CO2 since 2006. They are the world's largest coal producer and coal consumer. But saying that climate change isn't important to China is simply not true. They are dependent on energy resources for their continued prosperity and development, just like every other country on Earth. They wrote their first white paper on climate change in 2008. They looked really hard at their vulnerabilities, controlling emissions, adaptation, something called intensifying R&D, and developing renewable energy and optimizing their energy mix even back then. Now why? Because China considers themselves to be one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change. China is the world's largest developing country, the largest population. They have insufficient energy resources and an already fragile environment. So while they're still dependent on coal, they also lead in photovoltaic technology and they are the top consumer producer of solar energy by far. So when we're talking about climate change, the conversation about them is usually about how they mitigate climate change with emission reductions and their forward progress in renewable sources. But when we look at climate change and future trends, they're going to make decisions in their own interests as well. They need resources, energy, food, water, and a means to move the resources around. So what might this look like if you had some strategic climate adaptation foreign policy on the side of China? What would they be doing in the world? Well, they might be buying wide swaths of land for agriculture. They would be developing a fishing infrastructure that could fish globally to feed their people. They would be doing science research to exploit the opportunities in the Arctic and Antarctic. They'd be securitizing their resources and routes in the South China Sea. They'd be developing alternative energy at home through hydropower and solar to minimize how much they're polluting themselves. And they'd be building an infrastructure like the Belt and Road Initiative throughout the world to bring them the supplies they need. So while we may look at these things through different lenses, like this is an economics or this is a research or this is something they want to maintain their political legitimacy. China is executing big components of a strategic approach to this problem. And they are a good 10 years and thinking ahead of us on this issue. Now there are complications here. We haven't fully grasped how this part of strategic competition plays out. We largely don't understand the implications for their use of their diplomatic and economic instruments when they use them differently around the world to address the problem. And therefore we've probably underestimated their progression. We don't have a similar strategy on how to compete in this area. And I can't say how comprehensive or coherent overall Chinese planning is. But at a minimum, you could say they're leaning in to the issues and thinking them through. And at the other end of the spectrum, you might even assess that they are so far ahead of us that we may have lost a battle we didn't realize we were in. Now I briefly will talk about Russia. Now I've also heard that Russia doesn't care about climate change, which is also not completely true. Russia is concerned because they have their own vulnerabilities. Permafrost is melting, they have a lot of increased wildfires and they carry with them a myriad of environmental problems from from back in the Cold War era. But from their perspective, the changing climate also means there are net gains. They're a petrol state where most of their economy is built off of maintaining those interests. Arctic waters that open up for exploitation and commercial traffic, they can now monetize the northern sea route. And there are opportunities as agriculture shifts northward. So we really have to examine whether their net interests drive them to address the climate crisis or not. I think the book is out on that. Now, of course, there's all the rest of the countries in the world. And I would like to give some big credit to the Global Fragility Act of 2019. Because it's really driven USAID State Department and the Department of Defense to work together on looking at state fragility around the world and the consequences of that and of course climate is just a piece of that. But I wanted to mention it to you. Now, I get to answer what keeps me up at night. A colleague this morning made a very interesting quote. So what keeps me up at night in the future is migration. And what really shocked me is this is someone working at the UN Refugee Agency UNHCR. He said the people, the people who can move are not the most vulnerable. It's the people left behind. And that's a really bad situation because I think we know how the travel and the vulnerability of the people on the move. So can you imagine the dire circumstances that's a rock and a hard place for people who might be in this situation. Now, there's no such thing as a climate refugee that is not a term recognized. In fact, it wasn't until 2018 that we had any kind of international governance on migration at all. But to me, migration is the key issue of this century, whether it's internal or there's more and more urbanization or it's across state lines or even continents. This, why is it important to me because it really pushes the fundamental premises of our liberal values. We believe in human rights, we believe all people are equal and we believe in democracy and that people should determine their leaders. So what happens when your city has just tripled in population based on migration? Do you welcome these people? Do you learn their language? Do they learn yours? Do they assimilate into your culture? Do they take your jobs? Do you have to give them a social safety net to support them? Do you make them citizens? Do you treat them as equals and let them participate in your government when they might overwhelm your population? Now, I'm not defending protectionism here, but I dropped my screen share for a second to conclude the talk. But I really want to identify the tension around the world that's going to push our liberal values and human rights and democracy to its limits. So, as I keep studying the subject and I ask myself, what will we have to do to adapt in the future? The migration challenges and the pressure on our liberal values, the potential for destabilization is a huge question that is yet to be thoroughly explored. So I've talked to you today about what is climate change. I've talked to you about some of the recent developments within the Department of Defense, especially in the categories of mitigation, adaptation, what could come with solar radiation management or geoengineering and carbon capture. I talked about some of the other trends that are related to this, and then a little bit of the strategic implications. So that concludes my talk. Thank you so much for your attention. I'm honored to join you today. Maria, thank you very much for an excellent talk. I notice among our participants today, someone identified as Senator, and I wonder if that individual would like to identify themselves and add any comments. Perhaps they want to stay in the background. I just comment that Senator Whitehouse from Rhode Island has been one of the foremost advocates for studying climate and making the necessary changes. So, if it's not him, I wish him well in his efforts. A lot of great questions came in. We don't have time for a lot of them, but let's zero in on a couple that are really at the worker level, if you will. I have questions about what does a naval base do? How many of them are at risk from ocean rise? How many are actively involved in becoming less tied to fossil fuels, et cetera? And is there anything that's in a commander's fitness report that would encourage him to do what needs to be done to make his base more climate friendly? Those are exceptional questions. I particularly like your Navy focus. So one thing that has also been announced, last year the Army came out with an Army Climate Adaptation Tool, looking at those climate hazards I showed you earlier that was announced with the latest report. And it was such a great tool that the DOD just picked it up and it's launched as the DOD Climate Adaptation Tool, the DCAT. And that's exactly what we're in the process of doing. Now that this is such an intense focus area, we will be looking at base by base. I mean, we went from like 60 bases to 300 bases. We have thousands of bases to get to, but this gives us a tool where we can look at all the indicators within those climate hazards and really start understanding those risks over the long term. So that is in development, but not done completely. It's kind of installation by installation. But I do agree that sea level rise is a major concern. I did put the DOD regional sea level rise database. So if you're interested in any base in particular, feel free to look it up in there. It's an exceptional resource and what it does is it takes it out, you know, 10, 20, 50, 80 years so you can look out to 2080 and see where your favorite naval station is going to potentially get impacted by sea level rise. There is no means to put on an officer's fit rep, at least not to date, what they've done related to climate or fulfilling some of these promises, but that might be something to come. I generally don't like putting things on fit reps that only apply to a small group like installation commanders. But what I do want to take the opportunity to do is you can be a pilot or a human resources officer or a SWO, or someone who works emergency management. There is no field that is untouched by some of these issues. And if you haven't done some due diligence about thinking about what in these areas that I've talked about today applies to you, please take a moment and start thinking about it. Because these are really, really important. And I, John did my introduction, my introduction said my own words that basically, you know, fighting and winning in the future as the people who understand these threats and adapt to them better, are about ahead of time so that we're less vulnerable. So I do encourage everyone in your respective fields, please take the opportunity to think through how this threat applies to you. Thank you. I just editorially here I think a lot of times people think I'm not going to worry about cyber because some cyber expert will take care of that. I'm not going to worry about unmanned, some unmanned guy will take care of that. Climate is everybody's business and everyone's concerned. So I think you've done a great job of bringing home that message. Yeah, to use a Navy analogy, you know, everyone's a first lieutenant, everyone's a safety officer, everyone's a force protection officer and everyone will have to be thinking kind of some kind of climate adaptation or resilience in your in your respective jobs. Absolutely. One of our questioners asked about the term black land. And what does that mean in terms of the impact of ice melt. There was a little bit about that in the in the video up front and one of the, one of the things I was talking about with geo engineering the solar radiation management was, you know, the sun's energy that's coming into the planet gets reflected by the atmosphere somewhat by the clouds and then all of the white spaces so Antarctica and the Arctic have a lot of white covering them, which is now one melting and getting smaller but those are all reflective surfaces of the earth that it kind of helps to bounce back some of that energy, so that we're not absorbing the heat as much. And what happens, especially with a lot of our coal production this is one of the reasons we're really trying to minimize cold, you know that that ash and soot is covering these these reflective areas so not only are they decreasing in size but our ability to reflect that back out of the atmosphere is getting diminished, which kind of is kind of the cycle that that happens and then we get more ice that melts, more ash on top of it so we're, we are looking at that and that is a concern. There's some great kind of how much if you look at the NASA site how much the ice has diminished over the last 30 to 40 years and it's really quite remarkable. Several years back there were some press stories about the green Hornet, which was an aircraft that was going to use biofuel efforts to use biofuel on our ships. Is that ongoing or is there are we a long way from seeing anything done in that area. We are a long way at the climate leaders summit. I heard NATO talking about using biofuels. I was surprised to see that picked back up. But I haven't, I haven't heard it picked back up for the US Navy. Yeah, there was a big initiative under Secretary maybes, the greening the fleet. A few during the Obama administration. I have not heard that part picked back up as we've been picking up all of these climate initiatives that came out of the executive order. Very good and there was some you already mentioned China and India being major sources of CO2 and what they are doing is there anything more that DoD or Department of State or US government writ large can do to encourage them to continue in that area. That's a fantastic question. The leaders summit was really I was surprised because even some of the people who are not huge climate advocates, their prime ministers and their leadership were part of that event. So leadership, political leadership, internationally, a lot of these issues that I'm interested in humanitarian response or climate or environmental security. It's a team sport, and you all want to show you're an responsible international actor and you do that by standing up there with the big, the people who are important and sharing their concerns. So I was really impressed. That was probably one of the biggest takeaways I had from that leader summit last week during Earth Day was how many leaders came up, because that will be something that they will be kind of measured on is is how important it is to them and what are they doing. Are we part of the solution or are we part of the problem. Well I think that's all the questions we have time for Andrea or any final comments you'd like to make before we sign off. I just thank you I see lots of my students in the chat and several other new people. Thank you for joining me, Professor Jackson thank you so much for setting this up Commander Ross, it's been a wonderful opportunity, and I hope I get to do it again. Thank you very much. Okay what we'll do now is we'll take a five minute break and then we'll come back for the family discussion group meeting so please come back up on at 535 and we'll move into the next section. Thank you.


Abstract the graphitic carbon nitride, G, C3N4, which is a two-dimensional conjugated polymer has drawn broad interdisciplinary attention as a low-cost, metal-free, and visible light-responsive photocatalyst in the area of environmental remediation. The G, C3N4-based materials have excellent electronic band structures, electron-rich properties, basic surface functionalities, high-physical chemical stabilities and are earth abundant. This review summarizes the latest progress related to the design and construction of G, C3N4-based materials in their applications including catalysis, sensing, imaging, and white-light emitting diodes. An outlook on possible further developments in G, C3N4-based research for emerging properties and applications is also included. This article was authored by Awu Wang, Chundong Wang, Li Fu, and others.


So looking underneath the brain. So remember we have our cerebrum and our cerebellum You can also see the ponds this swollen region here and the medulla oblongata


Hey guys, welcome back to my YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rossell here. For today's video, I'm going to be showing how to split up a big video in Kaden Live into smaller chunks. I'm using again as an example this video interview I shot on Friday with Noga Levcion Nadan, who is a very interesting lady and an impact investor. Our conversation, as you can see from these two clips of my timeline bin, came to about 30 minutes. So when you have a clip like this and you're looking to use it effectively in your video marketing, I think there's really two sort of things that you can consider doing. The first is adding timestamps to your YouTube video. In fact, I'm just going to drag over my short video that I did from last night. The way you do that is pretty straightforward. You find places in your video where you want to add a chapter and you just add the timestamp. This is how I do it anyway. I break out a section in my video description and call it timestamps and then I'll just kind of add the timestamps where I move on to different topics. So if you've got a big, big long 30 minute interview and you know that not everyone's going to watch the whole thing, then one recommendation I'd make is to break that video into chapters. Now, another way that's very effective and that actually can allow you to sort of get a second life out of your content is to split a big video file into smaller chunks and distribute them via, for instance, LinkedIn native video, which as far as you know, has a maximum duration time of 10 minutes, right? So I'm just going to drag a bit of this interview here onto my timeline and show you kind of what I would do. So I'm just going to skimp past the point where I do the interview, where I do the intro, I should say, and I'm just kind of looking at where I begin to ask a question here. So in response to that sort of broad question, where are we with impact investing in Israel? In response to that sort of broad, so I'm going to just kind of start here is what I'm going to do is chop out this bit. And I just did a little intro for this video. But this is what I want to show in this video. I'm going to show how to specifically export a little bit from your timeline. So this is where I'm going to do my fade in to this part of the interview. That's a little bit because you're just kind of, you know, glancing through my timeline, I can see this is where the interview subject is speaking. And then it goes back to me. So I'm just going to pause here in our value squared funds. Okay, and I'm going to add my pause here. Now here's what here's my workflow that I'm showing in this video. There's two keyboard shortcuts for selecting a zone in Caden live. There is I and there is Oh, I will begin a selection zone and Oh will end a selection zone. So what I'm going to do is zoom into my timeline so I can see exactly what I'm doing here. And I'm going to hit the O key. And you can see that the selection has just jumped to this point. Now what I'm going to do is click on render. And I'm going to go into render project. And I'm just going to give this file a dummy name. For instance, we'll just call us test segment. Okay. And what you want to do is make sure that you are rendering the selected zone only. Right. So by default, you're going to be rendering the full project. And you want to move that over to selected zone. And then I'm going to just render this segment. And because we're only rendering a few minutes is going to take just, you know, about three minutes to render. And that's basically the workflow. So what I do is kind of go in to my interview, when this file is rendered, I'll then delete this from my timeline, user move space to put the next segment to the start, and then repeat the process by putting the end of my zone. At the next clip, I want to break out from this interview. So this is a workflow that I found that works for making small clips in Caden live, out of a longer clip, particularly useful, as I've done in the in the context of this example, for breaking up a long interview into smaller topic based clips. And then when you have those smaller clips, of course, as I mentioned, it opens up some possibilities to you that you can export that video on places like Twitter native video that has a time limit, I think of two minutes or LinkedIn that has a 10 minute or Instagram or wherever else you want to distribute your video content. Hope this was helpful. And if you do want to get more videos from me, do feel free to subscribe to this YouTube channel.